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T ng ha thit k mch in t trn Computer


<Hc nhanh Multisim- Phn 2> 1. Introduction Trong bi ny bn s c hc mt vi c trng phn tch trong Electronic Workbench (EW): Multisim v vic to nhng mch in t phn tch. S cui cng s c dng cho th nghim th 3: Chuyn t s nguyn l sang mch in (PCB) 2. Phn tch mch. Chng ta s m phng mch c thit k trong phn th nghim truc. Chng ta s thm vo nhiu thit b xc nh r mch chy thees no v s tip tc sa mch bng cch cho thm mt s thnh phn khc. Nh li mch c thit k trong th nghim trc c dng nh sau:

Hnh 1: Mch dao ng LED c bn Mch trong hnh 1 c kt ni vi mt my hin sng XSC1 gim st in p trn 2 im : u ra ca NAND v u vo ca tranzitor Q1. Trong th nghim trc, chng ta c hc cch chy m phng v m ca s my hin sng. Chng ta s hc cch iu chnh my hin sng t c hnh nh quan st tt nht. 3. iu chnh my hin sng u tin, khi ng Multisim, m li mch bn thit k v

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ghi li th nghim trc (mch nh trn hnh 1). Chy m phng, click p ln icon ca my hin sng lm xut hin ca s mn hnh my hin sng. Bt my hin sng bng cch click vo nt di cng ca ca s my hin sng. Trn mn hnh my hin sng, dng sng o c knh 1 biu din in p u ra ca cng NAND, c dng xung kim, phn ln c tr s in p bng 0 v phn nh l 5 V. Nhng xung kim ny din ra khi LED sng. By gi chng ta s quan st in p o c trn knh 2 ca my hin sng (u vo ca tranzitor Q1).

Hnh 2: My hin sng v nhng phn quan trng (ng khung mu ). Trong hnh 2, chng ta thy c 2 h thng iu khin quan trng ca my hin sng, c tn l : Horizontal v Analog. Hai phn ny iu chnh thuc tnh ngang v dc ca sng hin th trn my hin sng. quan st knh th 2, Bm nt s 2 trong phn Analog. Nm xoay bn tri trong phn Horizontal iu chnh chia thi gian trn truc nm ngang ca my hin sng. Cc nm xoay pha trn ca phn Analog dng iu chnh ring r cc knh quan st. Hy th iu chnh my hin sng sao cho sng quan st c c dng nh hnh
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sau:

Hnh 3: iu chnh chia in p v thi gian ca my hin sng Bng cch iu chnh cc thit lp trn chiu thng ng ca my hin sng (iu chnh chia in p), bn c th quan st c nhng thay i din ra u vo ca tranzitor Q1. Hy nh li nguyn l hot ng ca mch cp trong phn trc. S thay i in p din ra cc baz ca Q1 l kt qu ca s phng hay np in ca t C1. Khi in p trn u ra ca cng NAND ln n nh xung kim ( th pha trn), t s phng in qua tranzitor Q2 ( theo ng quan st c th bn di ca hnh 3). My hin sng cng cho php kim tra nhng c tnh quan trng ca mch dao ng. l: tn s dao ng ( n v Hz), ngha l s dao ng m mch thc hin c trong 1 giy. Trong trng hp ny, mt dao ng l mt chu k bt tt ca LED. Hy iu chnh trn my hin sng ging nh hnh 3, mch ang ch chy (running). Click vo nt Single (nt trn cng ph bn phi ca my hin sng), My hin sng s ch ghi li th trong mt ln chy, sau khi ln chy kt thc, nt Run/Stop s chuyn thnh mu . Click nt cursor

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(ngay bn di phn Horizontal), mt chui cc nt khc s xut hin trn mn hnh my hin sng.

Hnh 4 :cc chc nng thi gian ca my hin sng Chng ta ch quan tm n cc nt 2, 3 , 4. Nt 2 chuyn i quan st theo truc X hay trc Y. Nt 3 chn iu khin ng nh du th nht (X1),nt 4 chn iu khin ng nh du th 2 (X2). ng nh du l ng nt t c th di chuyn theo mn hnh nh xoay nt (nm xoay duy nht ngay di phn horizontal).

Nm xoay ny c gi l nm xoay nh du. Click nt 2 chc chn rng trc X c chn. Click nt 3 chn iu khin ng nh du th nht, xoay nm xoay nh du theo chiu kim ng h iu khin ng nh du th nht di chuyn dc theo mn hnh, dng li khi ng nh du trng vi mt nh xung kim. Click nt th 4 chn ng nh du th 2, xoay nm xoay nh du cho n khi ng ny trng vi xung kim tip theo. Khong cch gia 2 ng (dX=X2-X1) cng l khong cch gia 2 xung kim v thi gian. My hin sng s o chnh xc thi gian dX v 1/dX l tn s, s xung kim trong 1 giy hay s ln mch dao ng trong 1s. dX = . s Frequency = . Hz Bng k thut ny, bn cng c th o c in p chnh lch gia 2 im trn th ca mt sng nh sau. Click nt th 2 v chc chn rng trc y c chn. nh du 2 im cn o chnh p bng 2 ng nh du (by

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gi chng nm ngang mn hnh). Tng t nh trn, bn s c c kt qu cn tm. chnh lch in p gia im vi im: Peak to Peak voltage = V Mt phn tch na m chng ta s thc hin trn mch dao ng LED, l phn tch p ng trn min thi gian (transient analysis ) Phn tch ny c kh nng cho chng ta theo di dng v p ca mch in trong mt chu k hot ng. Multisim s tnh ton p ng ca mch nh mt hm ca thi gian. Mi chu k s c chia thnh cc khong thi gian nh, phn tch DC s c thc hin cho tng im trong chu k . Tin li ca phng php ny l cho bn quan st c s dao ng trong mt thi gian xc nh, m bnh thng tn s dao ng ln khin mt khng quan st c. phn tch p ng thi gian ta lm nh sau.Chn Transient Analysis t memu Simulate / Analyses . Mt ca s hin ra cho bn thit lp cc thng s phn tch, quan trng nht l : start time v stop time. Chn tab output, khung bn tri l tt c cc im trn mch c th tin hnh phn tch, chn nhng im cn phn tch (a chng sang khung bn phi).Cui cng l click vo nt Simulate tin hnh phn tch. quan st c in p nhiu im khc nhau, chn show/Hide cursor t menu View. 4. To sng vi khi To chc nng (function generator ) Vi nhiu mch chng ta cn kim tra thit k vi tn hiu u vo theo nhiu dng khc nhau. Do ta phi s dng khi to chc nng .

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Hnh 5: The Agilent function generator set to 1 kHz (1000 Hz) kim tra thit k vi cc iu kin khc nhau, t s mch a thit k trn, loi b vng phn hi v iu khin trc tip u vo ca cng NAND bng mt khi to chc nng (function generator). Khi ny cung cp sng dng sine hoc dng xung vung vi tn s nh trc. Khi to chc nng ny c 3 thit lp quan trng: tn s sng, in p (bin ) sng v sai lch in p.

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Hnh 6 By gi chng ta s thay i s a thit k trn s dng khi to chc nng. Bt u bng vic ngt b dy ni t u ra ca LED n u vo ca cng NAND. Ni u vo ca cng NAND vi mt khi to chc nng, cn thay th t C1 bng mt in tr 2 k . S mi c dng nh hnh 7:

Figure 7. S ca mch dao ng LED iu khin bi mt function generator


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Trn hnh 7, khi to chc nng XGF1 iu khin cng NAND. Thit lp thng s ca XGF1 nh sau. M ca s mn hnh ca n bng cch click p ln icon. Trn ca s mn hnh, bm nt Ampl sau vn nm xoay trn mn hinh hin th 10Vpp. Tip tc, click chn nt Freq, xoay nm trn mn hnh xut hin 100.00000 kHz. Bt my hin sng ln, chn 2 knh v m phng mch. iu chnh sao cho mn hnh ca my hin sng c dng nh sau:

Khi to chc nng cho php bn thay i tn s ngay khi ang thc hin m phng. Hy thay i tn s ca khi to chc nng v quan st tn s lm Led ngng nhp nhy. C rt nhiu linh kin in t thay i in tr theo tn s. V d, t in c tr khng tng khi tn s gim. 5. Mch khuch i mt chiu v xoay chiu (DC and AC Amplifier ) Sau y chng ta s xem xt mt vi mch in khuch i n gin s dng cc b khuch i thut ton (LM741CN)

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Hnh 9 : Mch khuch i tn hiu.

XMM1 v XMM2 l cc ng h o vn nng (Agilent multimeters), dng o dng v p trong mch in. Click p vo icon ca XMM1 v XMM2, iu chnh sang ch o DC. Trn mn hnh ng h, bn s thy u ra ca mch pha trn cho in p dng, u ra ca mch bn di cho in p m. Bi vy, ta gi mch trn l mch khuch i khng o, cn mch bn di l mch khuch i o. in p vo v ra hoc in p ti cc im khc cng c th o bi mt cng c rt tin li l Dynamic Measurement Probe ( Cng c di cng ca thanh memu cc dng c o bn phi mn hnh). S dng n bng cch click vo biu tng ca n trn thanh dng c o, sau ch con tr vo im cn o trn mch. Nu mun o dng, bn phi dng ch m phng, dng cng c xc nh im cn quan sat, mt menu mu vng hin ra, cho bn tt c cc thng s mun theo di. Chy li ch m phng, cc thng s ti im cn o s hin ln trn menu mu
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vng . Rt tin li. H s khuch i ca mch ph thuc vo in tr s dng v c tnh theo cng thc sau: - Khuch i khng o: - Khuch i o: Gain = - R6/R5 S dng cc phng trnh ny tnh cc in tr sao cho t h s khuch i bng 10 c mch khuch i o v khng o. R3 = . Ohms; R4 = . Ohms; R5 = . Ohms; R6 = Ohms Kim tra li tnh ton trn bng cc ng h vn nng. Thay V5 v V6 bng cc khi to chc nng nghin cu trn, t ch to sng sine. iu chnh cc thng s nh sau: cng ampl = 0.2 V (200 mV) v tn s freq = 1 kHz.Ni thm vo cc u ra ca b khuch i thun v o mt my hin sng. Quan st tn hiu ra c khuch i trn my hin sng. Chuyn sang quan st trn ng h a nng, chn ch AC, bn s thy tr s in p khc so vi trn my hin sng. Nguyn nhn : gi tr o c trn ng h vn nng l tr hiu dng ca in p u ra. Xc nh chnh xc in p hiu dng ny v ghi li: AC Voltage = V 6. Mch to dao ng s dng Timer 555 Trc tin hy xy dng s mch nh hnh sau:

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Tng t mch dao ng LED, Dao ng trong mch s dng Timer 555 ph thuc vo t C2. Quan st dng chy qua R1, R2 trc khi c np vo t C2. ta ni rng t C2 c np in thng qua R1 v R2 nhng li ch phng qua R2. Ni mt my hin sng ti u OUT v TRI ca timer 555. Chu k hot ng ca Timer c th xc nh thng qua vic chn cc gi tr thch hp cho cc in tr R1 v R2. t = 0.693 (R1 + R2) C2. 1 Thi gian phng (Timer trng thi off): t = 0.693 R2 C2. 2 Nh vy, chu k dao ng ca 555 l T=t1+t2 v tn s dao ng l f=1/T. Ni Agilent Oscilloscope vi u OUT and TRI ca LM555CN. Chy m phng mch v quan st trn my hin sng. iu chnh my hin sng sao cho hnh nh quan st c ging nh hnh sau: Thi gian np (Timer trng thi on):

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Hnh 11: Tn hiu trn u ra ca mch 555 o tn s dao ng, chu k, in p bt u chuyn mch dao ng v ghi li: Oscillation frequency: Duty Cycle: Switching voltages: S dng cc phng trnh trn tnh ton gi tr in tr v in dung trong mch khi : An oscillation of Hz Duty cycle of . %. Kim tra tn s dao ng v tn s m ca mch. 7. Hon thin mch to dao ng 555. T mch dao ng 555 thit k trn, thm vo mt vi thnh phn nh cu ch bo v mchCui cng hon thin thit k c c s mch nh sau:

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Hnh 12: Mch dao ng 555 hon thin. Cui cng bn click vo ty chn Transfer trn thanh menu v chn Transfer to Ultiboard ghi li file thit k di dng cn thit cho vic thit k mch in trong th nghim sau. 8. Kt thc th nghim 2: Trong th nghim ny chng ta cng nhau nghin cu t m vich thit k, chy m phng v mt vi phng php phn tch mch.

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