- 1 -

P(B/A) = P(B) = P(B/) (c lp)

P(A.B) = P(A).P(B/A) = P(B).P(A/B)
P(A.B) = P(A).P(B) (c lp)
) (
) . (
) / (
A P
B A P
A B P =
P(A
1
A
2
A
n
) = P(A
1
).P(A
2
/A
1
)P(A
3
/A
1
A
2
)P(A
n
/A
1
A
2
A
n-1
)
P(A
1
A
2
A
n
) = P(A
1
).P(A
2
) P(A
n
) (c lp)
XS y : ) / ( / ) ( ... ) / ( / ) ( ) / ( / ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1 n n
H A P H P H A P H P H A P H P A P + + + =
nh l cng XS
P(A+B) = P(A) + P(B) P(A.B)
P(A+B) = P(A) + P(B) (xung khc A.B=)
P(A
1
+A
2
++A
n
) = P(A
1
)+P(A
2
)+ +P(A
n
) (xung khc)
Bayes:
) (
) / ( ). (
) / (
A P
H A P H P
A H P
i i
i
=
De Morgan: B A B A . = + ; B A B A + = .
Hm mt : f(x) = F(x)
f(x) 0 x;
}
+

=1 ) ( dx x f
}
= < <
b
a
dx x f b x a P ) ( ) (
}

=
x
dx x f x F ) ( ) (
}
+

= dx x f x ) ( . E(X) (lin tc)
}
+

= dx x f x ) ( . ) E(X
2 2
(lin tc)
Hm phn phi XS: 0 F(x) 1
F( ) = 0; F( + ) = 1;
P(a<X<b) = F(b) F(a)
K vng
E(X) = x
1
P
1 +
x
2
P
2
++ x
n
P
n
E(c) = c
E(X+Y) = E(X) + E(Y)
E(c.X) = c.E(X)
E(X.Y) = E(X).E(Y)
Phng sai
V(X)=E(X
2
)-(E(X))
2
V(c) = 0
V(XY) = V(X) + V(Y) (c lp)
V(c.X) = c
2
.V(X)
lch chun ) (X V
x
= o
Cng thc Bernoulli:
k n k k
n n
q p C k P

= . . ) ( ; q = 1 p
Quy lut pp nh thc Bernoulli:
X ~ B(n ; p)
E(X) = n.p ; V(X) = n.p.q ;
q p n
x
. . = o
Ch :
X ~ B(n ; p) tho mn: n5 v
3 , 0
1
.
1
1
<

n
p
p
p
p
th X ~ N(=n.p,
2
=npq)
Quy lut pp chun X ~ N(,
2
)
2
2
2
) (
2
1
) (
o

t o

=
x
e x f
E(X) = ; V(X) =
2
o o = = ) ( X V
x

o
(-u) = -
o
(u)
u5
o
(u) = 0,5
P(a<U<b) =
o
(a) -
o
(b)
P(U<b) = 0,5 +
o
(b)
P(U>a) = 0,5 -
o
(a)
Gi tr gii hn chun U

P(U>U

) = , 01
) ( ) ( b) X P(a
o o
o

o

u

u = < <
a b
) ( 5 , 0 b) P(X
o
o

u + = <
b
) ( ,5 0 X) P(a
o
o

u = <
a
trung bnh ()
phng sai (
2
)
lch chun ()
t l (p=M/N)
Tng th ng/cu N, du hiu ng/cu X:
Bng phn phi tn s/ tn sut
X x
1
x
2
x
k
N N
1
N
2
N
k
P p
1
p
2
p
k
Mu ngu nhin:
Bng phn phi tn s/ tn sut
x
i
x
1
x
2
x
k
n
i
n
1
n
2
n
k
f
i
f
1
f
2
f
k
Trung bnh mu
n
X X X
X
k
+ + +
=
...
2 1
;
i
k
i
i
n X X

=
1
2 2
Tng bnh phng cc sai lch
i
n
i
i
n X X SS . ) (
2
1

=
=
Trung bnh bnh phng cc sai lch
2 2
) ( X X MS =
Phng sai mu: MS
n
n
S
1
2

=
lch chun
2
S S =
Ch : khi mu (X
1
, X
2
,,X
k
) nhn gi tr c th
(x
1
, x
2
,,x
k
), ta c gi tr c th: x , s
*2
, ss, ms, s
2
x n x.n x
2
n
x
1
n
1
x
1
.n
1
2
1
x .n
1
x
2
n
2
x
2
.n
2
2
2
x .n
2

x
k
n
k
x
k
.n
k
2
k
x .n
k
(tong1) (tong2) (tong3)
) 1 (
) 2 (
tong
tong
x =
) 1 (
) 3 (
2
tong
tong
x =
) (
2
x x ms =
ms
n
n
s
1
2

=
(c lp)
longtkt.tk
- 2 -
C LNG : X ~ N(,
2
)
Khi bit
2
Khi cha bit
2
L trung bnh tng th N(0,1) ~
) (
o

=
X
U 1) - T(n ~
) (
S
n X
T

=
Khong tin cy i xng
2 2
o o
o

o
U
n
X U
n
X + < <
) 1 (
2
) 1 (
2

+ < <
n n
t
n
S
X t
n
S
X
o o

di tin cy
2
o
o
c U
n
= ; I = 2
) 1 (
2

=
n
t
n
S
o
c ; I = 2
Khong tin cy ti a
o
o
U
n
X + <
) 1 (
+ <
n
t
n
S
X
o

Khong tin cy ti thiu

o
o
U
n
X
) 1 (
>
n
t
n
S
X
o

Kch thc mu

o

o
U
n
c
o
o
s
2

2 2 /
)
.
( '
o
U
n
c
o
o
>
) 1 (
2

=
n
t
n
S
o
c
o

2
) 1 (
2 /
)
.
( '
o
n
t S
n
c
o

>
di tin cy i xng
I I
o

2 2 /
)
. 2
( '
o
U
n
c
o
o
>
2
) 1 (
2 /
)
. 2
( '
o
n
I
t S
n

>
o
Khi bit Khi cha bit
L phng sai tng th
2 ) ( 2
2
2 *
2
~
n
nS
_
o
_ =
)) 1 (( 2
2
2
2
~
) 1 (

=
n
S n
_
o
_
Vi tin cy 1- cho trc
Khong tin cy 2 pha
) ( 2
2
1
2 *
2
) ( 2
2
2 *
n n
nS nS
o o
_
o
_

< <
) 1 ( 2
2
1
2
2
) 1 ( 2
2
2
) 1 ( ) 1 (

< <

n n
S n S n
o o
_
o
_
Khong tin cy ti a
) ( 2
1
2 *
2
n
nS
o
_
o

<
) 1 ( 2
1
2
2
) 1 (

<
n
S n
o
_
o
Khong tin cy ti thiu
) ( 2
2 *
2
n
nS
o
_
o >
) 1 ( 2
2
2
) 1 (

>
n
S n
o
_
o
Khong tin cy ti a:
o
U
) 1 (
n
f f
f p

+ <
Khong tin cy ti thiu:
o
U
) 1 (
n
f f
f p

>
Xc nh kch thc mu
L t l tng th
N(0,1) ~
) 1 (
) (
f f
n p f
U

=
Khong tin cy i xng
2 2
U
) 1 (
U
) 1 (
o o
n
f f
f p
n
f f
f

+ < <

2
U
) 1 (
o
c
n
f f
=
di khong tin cy x:I = 2

o

2
0
2 /
.U ) 1 (
'

(
(

>
c
o
f f
n
I I
o

2
0
2 /
.U ) 1 ( 2
'

(
(

>
o
f f
n
>
Sai s ca c lng
Sai s ca c lng
I
longtkt.tk
- 3 -
KIM NH X ~ N(,
2
)
Khi bit
2
Khi cha bit
2
Kim nh trung bnh ()
Tiu chun K:
) ( n
X
U
o

=
) (
S
n X
T

=
H
o
: =
o
H
1
:
o
W

= (-,-U
/2
) (U
/2
, +) ) , ( ) , (
) 1 (
2 /
) 1 (
2 /
+ =
n n
t t W
o o o
H
o
: =
o
H
1
: >
o
W

= (U

, +) ) , (
) 1 (
+ =
n
t W
o o
H
o
: =
o
H
1
: <
o
W

= (-,-U

) ) , (
) 1 (
=
n
t W
o o
Kim nh phng sai (
2
) Kim nh t l tng th
Tiu chun K:
2
2
2
) 1 (
o
S n
o
_

= Tiu chun K: N(0,1) ~
) 1 (
) (
0
o o
p p
n p f
U

=
H
o
:
2 2
o
o o =
H
1
:
2 2
o
o o =
) , ( ) , 0 (
) 1 ( 2
2
) 1 ( 2
2
1
+ =

n n
W
o o o
_ _ H
o
: p = p
o
H
1
: p p
o
) , ( ) , (
2 / 2 /
+ =
o o o
U U W
H
o
:
2 2
o
o o =
H
1
:
2 2
o
o o >
) , (
) 1 ( 2
+ =
n
W
o o
_
H
o
: p = p
o
H
1
: p > p
o
) , ( + =
o o
U W
H
o
:
2 2
o
o o =
H
1
:
2 2
o
o o <
) , 0 (
) 1 ( 2
1

=
n
W
o o
_
H
o
: p = p
o
H
1
: p < p
o
) , (
o o
U W =
Kim nh 2 trung bnh
X
1
~ N(
1
,
2
1
o ) ; X
2
~ N(
2
,
2
2
o )
Kim nh 2 t l
X
1
~ N(
1
,
2
1
o ) ; X
2
~ N(
2
,
2
2
o )
TCK: N(0,1) ~
2
2
2
1
2
1
2 1
n
S
n
S
X X
U
+

=
TCK:
)
1 1
)( 1 (
2 1
2 1
n n
f f
f f
U
+

=
1
1
1
n
m
f = ;
2
2
2
n
m
f = ;
2 1
2 1
n n
m m
f
+
+
=
H
o
:
1
=
2
H
1
:
1

2
W

= (-,-U
/2
) (U
/2
, +)
H
o
: p
1
= p
2
H
1
: p
1
p
2
) , ( ) , (
2 / 2 /
+ =
o o o
U U W
H
o
:
1
=
2
H
1
:
1
>
2
W

= (U

, +)
H
o
: p
1
= p
2
H
1
: p
1
> p
2
) , ( + =
o o
U W
H
o
:
1
=
2
H
1
:
1
<
2
W

= (-,-U

)
H
o
: p
1
= p
2
H
1
: p
1
< p
2
) , (
o o
U W =
longtkt.tk
Kim nh phng sai hai tng th
X
1
~ N(
2
1 1
, o ) , X
2
~ N(
2
2 2
, o )
Kim nh tnh c lp ca 2 bin nh tnh
. .
1
. .
: c l p
: ph thu c
o
H X v Y
H X v Y u

Tiu chun kim nh:
2
ij
2
,
( 1)
i j
i j
n
n
n m
_ =

2( 1).( 1)
( ; )
k h
W
o o
_

= +
Tiu chun kim nh:
2
1
2
2
S
F
S
=
2 2
1 2
2 2
1 1 2
:
:
o
H
H
o o
o o
=

>

1 2
( 1; 1)
( ; )
n n
W f
o o

= +

2 2
1 2
2 2
1 1 2
:
:
o
H
H
o o
o o
=

<

1 2
( 1; 1)
1
(0; )
n n
W f
o o

=
Kim nh bin ngu nhin c phn phi chun
, ?
, ?
1
: i chu n
: i chu n
o
H X c ph n ph
H X kh ng c ph n ph

Tiu chun kim nh:
2 2
3 4
( 3)
[ ]
6 24
a a
JB n

= +

3 4
3 4
3 4
( ) ( ) 1 1
;
i i i i
i i
x x n x x n
a a
n n s s

= =


2(2)
( ; ) W
o o
_ = +


2 2
1 2
2 2
1 1 2
:
:
o
H
H
o o
o o
=

1 2 1 2
( 1; 1) ( 1; 1)
1
2 2
(0; ) ( ; )
n n n n
W f f
o o o

= +