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Ti liu Phng php gii ton HNH HC KHNG GIAN
gip
cc em nm vng cc phng php chng minh hnh hc khng
gian.
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+ Cc phng php gii ton.
+ 44 bi tp n thi tt nghip THPT.
+ 100 bi tp luyn thi I HC &CAO NG.
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c k cc phng php gii ton, cc v d, lm cc bi tp n thi
tt
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Rt mong c s gp t cc bc ph huynh v cc em hc sinh.

CHC CC EM THNH T!

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CC PHNG PHP CHNG MINH HNH HC

I.Phng php chng minh ng thng song song mt phng:
Phng php1:
Mun chng minh ng thng song song vi mt phng ta chng
minh ng thng khng nm trong mt phng v song song vi
mt ng thng no nm trong mt phng.
a // b

b (P) a //(P)
a (P)

V d: Cho t din ABCD.Gi M,N ln lt l trung im ca AB, AD.

Chng minh MN song song vi mt phng (BCD).
Gii: Trong tam gic ABD c:
M trung im ca AB
N trung im ca AD.
Nn MN l ng trung bnh ca
tam gic ABD
Do MN // BD
M BD (BCD)
MN (BCD)
Vy MN // (BCD).
Phng php2:
Mun chng minh ng thng a song song mt phng (P) ta chng
minh ng thng a nm trong mt phng (Q) m (Q) // (P)
V d: Cho hnh hp ABCD.ABCD. M; N tu trn mt phng
(ABCD).
Chng minh MN // mt phng (ABCD).

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(ABCD) //(A 'B'C 'D ')

MN (ABCD)

MN //(A 'B'C 'D ')

Phng php 3:
Mun chng minh ng thng a song song mt phng (P), ta
chng minh ng thng a v mt phng (P) khng c im chung
cng vung gc vi mt ng thng b.

Phng php 4:
Mun chng minh ng thng a song song mt phng (P), ta chng
minh ng thng a v mt phng (P) khng c im chung cng
vung gc vi mt mt phng (Q).

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Phng php 5:
Mun chng minh ng thng a song song mt phng (P), ta chng
minh ng thng a song song vi ng thng b m ng thng b
song song vi mt phng (P)(a v (P) khng c im chung)

II.Phng php chng minh hai ng thng song song:

Phng php 1:
S dng nh l: Nu hai mt phng ct nhau ln lt i qua hai
ng thng song song th giao tuyn ca chng song song vi hai
ng thng (hoc trng vi mt trong hai ng thng ).
a // b

a (P)

c // a // b
b (Q)

(P) (Q) = c

Phng php2:
S dng nh l: Nu ng thng a song song mt phng (P) th mi
mt phng (Q) cha a m ct mt phng (P) th ct theo giao tuyn b
song song vi ng thng a.

a
b
P

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(P) // a

a (Q)
b // a
(P) (Q) = b

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Phng php 3:
S dng nh l: Nu mt phng (R) ct hai mt phng song song
(P) v (Q) ln lt theo hai giao tuyn a v b th a//b.
(P) //(Q)

(R) (P) = a a // b
(R) (Q) = b

Phng php 5:
S dng nh l: Nu hai mt phng cng song song vi mt ng
thng th giao tuyn ca chng(nu c) song song vi ng thng .
(P) // a

(Q) // a
b // a
(P) (Q) = b

III.Phng php chng minh hai mt phng song song:

Phng php 1:
Mun chng minh hai mt phng song song, ta chng minh mt
phng ny cha hai ng thng ct nhau cng song song vi mt
phng kia.
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Nu a // (Q)
b// (Q)
a,b (P)
a ct b
Th (P) // (Q)

V d: Cho hnh chp SABCD y l hnh bnh hnh ABCD,AC ct BD

ti O.Gi M,N ln lt l trung im ca SC,CD.Chng minh (MNO) //
(SAD).

Chng minh:
Ta c MN l ng trung bnh ca tam gic SCD
Nn MN // SD
M SD (SAD)
V MN (SAD)
Vy MN // (SAD)
Ta c OM l ng trung bnh ca tam gic SAC
Nn OM // SA
M SA (SAD)
V OM (SAD)
Vy OM // (SAD)
Ta c
MN //(SAD)

OM //(SAD)

nn (MNO) // (SAD)
MN,OM (OMN)

MN OM = M
Phng php 2:
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Nu hai mt phng (P) v (Q) khng c im chung cng vung gc

mt ng thng a th chng song song vi nhau.

Phng php 3:
Nu hai mt phng (P) v (Q) khng c im chung cng vung gc
mt mt phng(R) th chng song song vi nhau.

Phng php 4:
Nu hai mt phng (P) v (Q) khng c im chung cng song song
mt mt phng(R) th chng song song vi nhau.

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IV. Phng php chng minh ng thng vung gc mt phng:

Phng php 1:
Mun chng minh ng thng d vung gc vi mt phng (P),ta
chng minh ng thng d vung gc vi hai ng thng a v b ct
nhau nm trong mt phng (P)
da

db

d (P)
a, b (P)
a b = I

Phng php 2:
S dng tnh cht:d // ,m (P) th d (P)

Phng php 3:

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S dng nh l: Nu hai mt phng (P),(Q) vung gc vi nhau v ct

nhau theo giao tuyn x, ng thng no nm trong mt phng (P) m
vung gc vi giao tuyn x th vung gc vi mt phng (Q).

Phng php 4:
S dng tnh cht:Nu hai mt phng phn bit cng vung gc vi
mt phng th ba th giao tuyn ca chng vung gc vi mt phng
th ba .

(P) (R)

(Q) (R) a (R)

(P) (Q) = a
Phng php 5:
S dng tnh cht: Nu hai mt phng song song vi nhau, ng
thng a vung gc vi mt phng ny th n vung gc vi mt phng
kia.

(P) //(Q)
a (Q)
a (P)
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Phng php 6:
S dng tnh cht:Nu ng thng a song song vi ng thng b,m
ng thng a vung gc mt phng (P) th ng thng b cng vung
gc vi mt phng (P).

a // b
b (P)
a (P)
V. Phng php chng minh hai mt phng vung gc:
Phng php 1:
Mun chng minh hai mt phng vung gc vi nhau ta chng
minh mt phng ny cha mt ng thng vung gc mt phng kia.

a (P)
(P) (Q)
a (Q)

Phng php 2:
S dung tnh cht:
(P) //(Q)
(R) (Q)
(R) (P)

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Phng php 3:
S dng tnh cht: (P) d , (Q) // d hoc cha d th (P) (Q)

VI. Phng php chng minh hai ng thng vung gc:

Phng php 1:
Mun chng minh hai ng thng vung gc vi nhau ta chng
minh ng thng ny vung gc vi mt phng cha ng thng
kia.
d (P)
d a
a (P)

Phng php 2:
S dng nh l:Nu ng thng a song song mt phng (P),
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m ng thng d vung gc mt phng (P), th d vung gc vi

ng thng a.

VII.Phng php tm giao tuyn ca hai mt phng:

Phng php 1:
Tm hai im chung phn bit ca hai mt phng.
V d: Cho hnh chp SABCD.Tm giao tuyn ca hai mt phng
(SAC) v (SBD).
Gii: Trong mt phng (ABCD):
AC ct BD ti O.
Ta c O AC, AC (SAC)
O BD, BD (SBD)
Nn O l im chung ca hai mt
phng
(SAC) v (SBD)
M S l im chung ca hai mt phng
(SAC) v (SBD)
Vy SO l giao tuyn ca (SAC) v
(SBD).
Phng php 2:
S dng nh l: Nu hai mt phng ct nhau ln lt i qua hai
ng thng song song th giao tuyn ca chng song song vi hai
ng thng (hoc trng vi mt trong hai ng thng ).
a // b

a (P)

c // a // b
b (Q)

(P) (Q) = c
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V d: Cho hnh chp SABCD c y l hnh bnh hnh,M thuc SA.

Tm giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (MCD) v (SAB

Gii: Ta c AB // CD
Hai mt phng (SAB) v (MCD)
ln lt cha hai ng thng
AB//CD
th giao tuyn ca chng l ng
thng i qua im M song song
vi AB ct SB ti N.
Vy MN l giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (SAB) v (MCD).

Phng php3:
S dng nh l: Nu ng thng a song song mt phng (P) th mi
mt phng (Q) cha a m ct mt phng (P) th ct theo giao tuyn b
song song vi ng thng a.
Q

a
b
P

(P) // a

a (Q)
b // a
(P) (Q) = b

V d: Cho hnh chp SABCD y hnh thang ABCD (AB//CD), M

thuc cnh AD. Mt phng (P) qua M song song vi SA v AB. Xc inh
giao tuyn ca mt phng (P) vi (SBC).

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Gii:Gi N:P;Q ln lt l trung im ca mt phng (P) vi SD;

SC v BC.
Ta c
(P) // SA

SA (SAD)
MN // SA
(P) (SAD) = MN
(P) // AB

AB (ABCD)
MQ // AB
(P) (ABCD) = MQ
Hai mt phng (P) v (SCD) ln lt cha MN // DC, nn giao tuyn
ca chng l NP song song vi CD.
Ta c im P (P) v P (SBC)
Q (P) v Q (SBC)
Vy PQ l giao tuyn ca mt phng (P) v mt phng (SBC).
Phng php 4:
S dng nh l: Nu mt phng (R) ct hai mt phng song song
(P) v (Q) ln lt theo hai giao tuyn a v b th a//b.
(P) //(Q)

(R) (P) = a a // b
(R) (Q) = b

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