1.

NG DNG CA SLOPE/W
Chng trnh SLOPE/W s dng l thuyt cn bng gii hn v lc v mmen xc nh h s an ton chng li s ph hoi (trt). H s an ton (FS) l h s m bn chng ct cn phi gim i mt trt t n trng thi cn bng gii hn. Trong phn tch ng sut c hiu, bn chng ct c nh ngha: s = c' + ( n - u).tg ' Trong : s- bn chng ct; c- lc dnh c hiu; n- tng ng sut php; ( - gc ni ma st c hiu; u- p lc nc l rng; Trong phn tch ng sut tng, cc thng s bn c nh ngha trong iu kin ng sut tng v p lc nc l rng khng k n. Vic phn tch s n nh ca mi dc thc hin vi tng mt trt thng qua chia nh khi trt thnh cc mnh nh theo phng ng. Mt trt c th l cung trn, mt trt hn hp (chng hn, mt trt l t hp ca cc phn cung trn v phn thng) hay c hnh dng bt k bao gm nhiu phn thng c ch ra (nh mt trt ch nh y - mt trt gy khc). Cc cng thc v cn bng gii hn c thit lp da trn 3 gi thit quan trng sau: - t c xem nh l vt liu tho mn iu kin Mor Coulomb; - i vi mi loi t, h s an ton ca thnh phn lc dnh v thnh phn ni ma st c xem l bng nhau; - H s an ton c xem nh l bng nhau i vi mi mnh trt. Hnh 1 v 2 th hin lc tc dng ln cc cung trt trn v hn hp.

Hnh 1 - Lc tc dng ln mt mnh trt trong trng hp mt trt cung trn

Hnh 2 - Lc tc dng ln mt mnh trt trong trng hp mt trt hn hp *Gii thiu cch tnh h s an ton theo phng php Bishop Xem cc hnh v trn ta thy rng trong mi trng hp tng m men ca tt c cc ct t i vi mt Im chung c th c vit nh sau:
n

Wx

Sm R

Nf

kWe

D.d

A.a
1

Qniti

Du ngoc vung trong phng trnh (3) c ngha l cc lc ny c xem xt cho ct t c lc D tc dng vo n. Thay phng trnh 2(phng trnh gi tr ca lc ct huy ng c tho mn cc iu kin cn bng gii hn - sm) vo phng trnh 3 v gii, ta tm c h s an ton theo phng php cn bng moment.
Fm Wx c ' .R ( N u ) R.tan g '
n

2 Qni ti

Nf

kWe

D.d

A.a
1

Phng trnh (4) l phi tuyn bi v lc php tuyn N(ti y ct t) cng l hm s ca h s an ton. Trong : W :Trng lng ton b ct t c b rng b v chiu cao h N :Lc php tuyn ton phn ti y ct t Sm :Lc ct huy ng c ti y ct t. E :Lc php tuyn nm ngang ti mt tip xc gia cc ct t. KW:Lc ng t nm ngang t ti trng tm mi ct t.

R :Bn knh i vi mt trt trn hay cnh tay n ca lc ct huy ng c Sm i vi mt trt dng bt k. f : lch thng gc ca lc php tuyn tnh t tm xoay hoc tm moment. X : Khong cch nm ngang t tm ct t n tm xoay hay tm moment. E :Khong cch thng ng t tm ct t n tm xoay hay tm moment. D : Ngoi lc tp trung(nhng c dng phn b dc theo phng thng gc vi hnh v) d : Khong cch thng gc t ti tp trung D n tm xoay hay tm moment. A : Hp lc ca p lc nc ngoi lc. Ch s L v R ch pha phi hay pha tri ca mi dc. a : Khong cch thng gc t hp lc ca p lc nc ngoi lc n tm xoay hay tm moment. ( : Gc hp bi phng ca ti tp trung vi phng nm ngang. Gc ny o theo chiu kim ng h tnh t chiu dng ca trc X. Qni : Lc neo th i ca thanh neo hay lc ko hiu dng ca vi a k thut i vi ct t ang xt. ti : Khong cch t phng lc neo ti tm xoay hay tm moment. Lc php tuyn ln mi ct t c xc nh t hnh chiu ln phng ng ca tng cc lc tc dng ln mi ct t. Kt qu c l:
W (XL
W N cos

X R ) N cos
XL)

Sm sin

[ D sin ] 0

Thay Sm vo phng trnh (7) v gii tm lc php tuyn N ta c:

(XR c ' sin u sin tan ' [ D sin ] F sin tan ' F 4

Phng php Bishop n gin ho a gi thit: X=0 v E=0(tc khng xt n cc lc ct ti mt tip gip gia cc ct t). Khi phng trnh (8) tr thnh:
W N c ' sin u sin tan ' [ D sin ] F sin tan ' cos F 5

Thay phng trnh (5) vo phng trnh (2) v gii lp , ta c h s an ton F theo phng php Bishop.

2. HNG DN S DNG CHNG TRNH SLOPE/W

Phn ny hng dn vi ngi s dng thng qua trnh t tnh ton phn tch n nh mi dc ca mt bi ton n gin. 3m
= 15kN/m3 c = 5kN/m2 = 200

5m

2 1 5m
= 18kN/m3 c = 10kN/m2 = 250

1m

4m Bedrock Mi dc c h s mi m = 2 ct ngang qua 2 lp t. Lp trn dy 5m v chiu cao tng cng ca mi dc l 10m. nn nm thp hn chn mi dc 4m. iu kin p lc nc l rng c m t bng ng bo ha. Cc thng s lp t c th hin nh trn hnh. Mc tiu bi ton l tm h s an ton nh nht v xc nh v tr ca mt trt nguy him nht. Trnh t gii 1 bi ton tnh n nh bng SLOPE/W c thc hin nh sau:

I. Thit lp vng lm vic 1. Xc nh phm vi vng lm vic Vng lm vic l ni s dng cho vic nh ngha bi ton, c th nh hn, bng hoc ln hn trang giy in. Nu vng lm vic ln hn trang giy in, bi ton s c in trn nhiu trang khi h s khuch i bng hoc ln hn 1. Vng lm vic nn c thit lp ngi s dng c th lm vic vi mt t l thun tin. i vi bi v d ny, din tch vng lm vic thch hp l chiu rng bng 260mm v chiu cao bng 200mm. gn kch thc vng lm vic: - Chn Set Page m hp thoi Page.

- Chn mm trong Units; nhp 260 cho Width v 200 cho Height trong Working Area - OK 2. Xc nh t l Kch thc bi ton c xc nh theo n v mt. Chn t l 1:200 ph hp vi ni dung trang giy - Chn Set Scale m hp thoi Scale.

- Nhp 200 cho Horz 1 v 200 cho Vert 1 trong Scale - Chn meters trong Engineering Units; trong Problem Extends nhp -4 cho Minimum x , -4 cho Minimum y. Maximum x s t chuyn thnh 48 v Maximum y s chuyn thnh 36 - OK (Do bi ton xc nh theo mt v kN nn trng lng ring ca nc phi l 9.807 kN/m3. y l gi tr mc nh) 3. Xc nh khong cch li v Mc ch to iu kin thun li v bi ton theo ta mong mun thng qua ch bt im ( i vi cc bi ton khc c th khng cn thit lp). Trong bi ton ny khong cch cc li c chn l 1m - Chn Set Grid m hp thoi Grid.

- Nhp 1 cho X v 1 cho Y trong Grid Spacing. - nh du chn Display Grid v Snap to Grid chn ch hin th li v ch bt im. - OK

4. Lu d liu bi ton: Chn File Save lu bi ton II. Pht ha bi ton 1. V pht ha bi ton - Trong thanh cng c Zoom, chn Zoom Page. Khi ton b din tch lm vic s hin th trong ca DEFINE. - Chn Sketch Lines. Khi con tr dng mi tn s chuyn sang dng ch thp. Tin hnh pht ha bi ton (bm phi chut kt thc lnh v). - Sau khi pht ha xong bi ton, trong thanh cng c Zoom, chn Zoom Objects phng ln hnh va v chim y ca DEFINE.

2. Xc nh phng php phn tch Chn KeyIn Analysis Settings m hp thoi Analysis Settings Trong hp thoi Analysis Settings ngi s dng c cc la chn c mc nh nh sau: - Tp Method (phng php phn tch): thng thng chn only Bishop, Ordinary and Janbu - Tp PWP (Pore-Water Pressure): chn Piezometric lines with Ru/B-bar v chn Ru trong Choose parameter: dng tnh p lc nc l rng.

-Tp Slip Surface: Chn phng di chuyn ca mt trt (Direction of movement): t tri sang phi Chn mt trt (chn Grid and Radius trong nhm Slip Surface Option): xc nh mt trt bng cch nh ngha mt li tm cung trt v bn knh cung trt) Chn No tension crack cho nhm Tension Crack Option: khng xt n khe nt cng trn b mt mi dc

- Chn OK 3. nh ngha cc tnh cht ca t Tin hnh gn cc tnh cht cho cc lp vt liu theo cc bc sau: - Chn KeyIn Material Properties m hp thoi KeyIn Material Properties Qu trnh nhp c tin hnh cho tng lp vt liu, bao gm cc thng s: s th t lp vt liu ( Matl), m hnh tnh ton ( Strength Model), m t lp vt liu ( Description) v mu th hin lp vt liu ( Color). C th nh sau: Nhp 1 vo Matl Chn Mohr-Coulomb trong Strength Model tnh cng chng ct Nhp Upper Soil Layer vo Description Nhp 15 cho Unit Weight (trng lng n v kN/m3), nhp 5 cho Cohesion (lc dnh n v kN/m2), nhp 20 cho Phi (gc ni ma st) Chn Copy, cc gi tr va nhp s c sao chp vo hp lit k bn trn - Thc hin tng t cho cc lp vt liu cn li - Chn OK

4. Xc nh min tnh ton T hnh v phc ha bi ton chng ta s tin hnh v min tnh ton - Chn Draw Regions, con tr chut s chuyn sang hnh ch thp - Di chuyn con tr n cc im v nhp tri chut ti mi im theo th t: (0,14) (10,14) (20,9) (0,9) v tr li im (0,14). Khi s xut hin hp thoi Region Properties:

Chn 1 ti Material Type (khi khai bo vt liu chng ta chn 1 cho lp Upper Soil Layer). - Chn Close kt thc vic xc nh min tnh ton lp t 1 - Tip tc v cho cc min cn li. Kt qu cui cng c th hin trong hnh sau:

5. V ng phn b p lc l rng Cc iu kin p lc nc l rng trong lp t 1 v 2 trong trng hp bi ton ny c xc nh bi Piezometric Lines (ng bo ha). - Chn Draw Pore-Water Pressure: hp thoi Draw Piezometric Lines s xut hin

- Chn lp t 1 v 2. Chn Draw con tr chut s chuyn sang dng ch thp - Di chuyn con tr n cc im v nhp tri chut ti mi im theo th t: (0,11) (15,8) (30,3) (40,3). Bm phi chut v chn Done trong hp thoi Draw Piezometric Lines kt thc vic v ng bo ha. Khi mn hnh s c dng sau:

6. V cc ng tnh ton bn knh cung trt - Chn Draw Slip Surface Radius: con tr s chuyn dng ch thp. - Di chuyn con tr n cc im v nhp tri chut ti mi im theo th t: (15,4) (29,4) (15,2) (29,2). Min cha cc ng tip tuyn vi cung trt c v pht ha v xut hin hp thoi Draw Slip Surface Radius - Chp nhn gi tr mc nh 2 cho # of Radius Increments - Chn OK pht sinh 3 ng tip tuyn trong ca DEFINE. Module SLOVE ca SLOPE/W s dng cc dng tip tuyn ny tnh ton cc bn knh cung trt. - Sau khi hon thnh cc bc trn, mn hnh s c dng sau:

7. V li tm cung trt Mt li tm cung trt phi c xc nh kim sot v tr cc mt trt. v li cung trt: - Chn Draw Slip Surface Grid: con tr s chuyn dng ch thp. - Di chuyn con tr n cc im v nhp tri chut ti mi im theo th t: (23,25) (22,19) (26,19). Khi 1 hnh bnh hnh s c v t 3 im ny. Min cha cc tm cung trt c v pht ha v hp thoi Draw Slip Surface Grid xut hin. Gi tr trong gia s biu din s phn chia theo phng ngang v phng ng to nn li tm cung trt. - Nhp 2 vo # of X Increment v 3 vo # of Y Increment.

- Chn OK hoc Apply pht sinh li tm trt. Mt li bao gm 12 tm s hin th trong ca DEFINE. Module SOLVE ca SLOPE/W s xc nh cc cung trt bng cch dng cc tm ny. - Sau khi hon thnh cc bc trn, mn hnh s c dng sau:

8. Cc u tin v hin th hnh nh Khi thc hin ti bc ny chng ta khng cn cn xem cc im hoc ch s nhn dng cc im trong ca DEFINE. khng hin th cc im v ch s s ny: - Chn View Preferences xut hin h thoi Preferences - Khng nh du cc la chn trong nhm Geometry Information - Chn OK. Mn hnh khi s tr thnh nh sau:

9. Phc ha h trc ta Vic phc ha h trc ta vi mc ch to iu kin thun li cho vic xem hnh v v gii thch cho hnh v sau khi in. - Chn Set Axes m hp thoi Axes - nh du Left Axis, Bottom Axis v Axis Numbers trong mc Display. Nhp tn cho cc trc ta trong mc Axis Titles. - Chn OK. Khi s xut hin thm 1 hp thoi Axis Size. Tin hnh nhp cc thng s trong mc X-Axis v Y-Axis nh hnh minh ha.

- Sau khi hon thnh cc bc trn, mn hnh s c dng nh sau:

10. Ghi nhn tn cho cc lp vt liu Trong bi ton ny chng ta ghi nhn tn cho cc lp vt liu nhm mc ch nhn dng tng loi vt liu. - Chn Sketch Text: khi xut hin hp thoi Sketch Text - Tin hnh nhp tn cho lp vt liu tng ng (c th chn mc Font hiu chnh kch thc hoc dng ch). Con tr s chuyn sang dng ch thp. Di chuyn con tr vo v tr mun ghi nhn v nhn tri chut. - hon tt vic ghi nhn, nhn Done trong hp thoi Sketch Text hoc nhp phi chut kt thc. - Kt qu trn mn hnh sau khi kt thc cc bc trn

11. Hin th c tnh ca cc lp vt liu Mc ch kim tra li tnh cht cc lp vt liu m bo chng c xc nh mt cch ng n. - Chn View Material Properties: xut hin hp thoi View Material Properties - Nhn All Matls hin th tnh cht ca tt c cc lp vt liu.

III. Phn tch bi ton 1. Kim tra li bi ton Vic nh ngha bi ton nh trn cn phi c SLOPE/W kim tra chc chn rng cc d liu c xc nh mt cch ng n. kim tra bi ton: - Chn Tools Verify m hp thoi Verify Data

- Chn Verify. SLOPE/W s kim tra cc d liu ca bi ton, khi tm thy li cc cnh bo li s hin th trong hp thoi. Tng s li s hin th dng cui cng.

- Khi hon tt vic xem thng tin trong hp thoi Verify Data, chn Done 2. Lu d liu bi ton nhp Vic nh ngha bi ton hon tt. Chn File Save lu bi ton vi dng *.gsz

3. Gii bi ton - Chn Tools SOLVE, xut hin hp thoi sau:

- Chn Start bt u gii tm h s an ton. Trong khi tnh ton, SOLVE hin th h s an ton nh nht v s mt trt c phn tch (36 mt trt i vi v d ny)

SOLVE ghi kt qu phn tch vo mt chui cc file. Mun CONTOUR c cc file ny hin th kt qu.

4. Xem kt qu Kt qu tnh ton c th c xem di dng th thng qua mun CONTOUR. khi ng CONTOUR: chn Window CONTOUR

Hnh v hin th trong ca CONTOUR s c v ng vi ty chn u tin hin th (View Preferences). 5. Phng php xem kt qu Trong mun DEFINE, ta chn phng php Bishop khi tnh ton h s an ton. Theo mc nh, CONTOUR s hin th h s an ton theo phng php Bishop. Chng ta cng c th xem kt qu h s an ton theo cc phng php khc nh Ordinary v Janbu. - Chn View MethodKhi xut hin hp thoi:

- Bm vo mi tn hng xung trong Method hin th cc phng php c sn xem.

6. Xem lc tc dng ln ct t Lc tnh ton i vi mt trt nguy him nht c th c th nh mt s vt th t do v a gic lc ca bt k ct t no. xem cc lc tc dng ln 1 ct t: - Chn View Slice Information: Hp thoi Free Body Diagram & Polygon xut hin. Di chuyn con tr vo ct t bt k v nhp tri chut v lc tc dng ln ct t .

7. V cc ng ng h s an ton H s an ton nh nht ti mi tm cung trt c th c v dng ng ng gi tr. Chn Draw Contours khi xut hin hp thoi:

Chn cc thng s nh hnh chng ta s c kt qu nh sau: