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BN TNG TRNH HA HC Bn tng trnh s 3: THIC - CH Th su, ngy 25, thng 04, nm 2014

H v tn sv:Mai Quang Hong 2. HIN TNG QUAN ST, GII THCH V PHNG TRNH HA HC hi ta cho nc vo tinh th thic(II) clorua th tinh th tan ra , to kt ta mu trng, Gii thch: Khi ha tan tinh th SnCl2 vo nc th thu c dung dch Th nghim 1: Tnh cht ca Thic(II) Clorua Cch tin hnh: Ti liu: bi ging thc tp ha v c trang 85-2.1.2 Khi thm t t dd a n d vo ng nghim cha dd SnCl2 th lc d. to u xut hin kt ta trng, kt ta tng dn khi thm t t dd NaOH, sau kt ta tan khi lng a Gii thch: lc u xy ra phn ng gia mui SnCl2 v baz a thnh mui mi a l v baz mi Sn(OH)2 (kt ta trng). nhng Sn(OH)2 l mt hydroxit lng tnh nn tip tc phn ng vi lng d NaOH to phc Na2[Sn(OH)4] v tan ra. SnCl2 + 2 a Sn(OH)2 + a 2 a l + Sn( a2[Sn(OH)4] )2 mui thic(II) clorua. Mui ny tan tt trong nc v b thy phn mnh to thnh mui baz Sn(OH)Cl SnCl2 + H2O Sn(OH)Cl + HCl

1.TN TH NGHIM

Kt ta to thnh mt phn do SnCl2 thy phn SnCl2 + H2O Sn(OH)Cl + HCl Khi thm NaOH vo th s trung ha HCl lm cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu thun, chiu to Sn(OH)Cl nn kt ta tng. l+ a a l+
2O

hng khi lng a

d s ha tan Sn(OH)Cl to phc Na2[Sn(OH)4]

Sn(OH)Cl + NaOH hi thm dd l m c vo ng nghim cha dd SnCl2. Khi pha long l m c vo th xy ra phn ng to phc gia

dd bng nc th thy xut hin kt ta trng trong. Gii thch: hi thm SnCl2 + 2 l SnCl2 v HCl, to thnh phc tan H2[SnCl4] axit tetracloro thic(II)
2[SnCl4]

Khi pha long dd trn th xut hin kt ta trng trong do xy ra s hydrat ha phc H2[SnCl4] to thnh kt ta thic(II) Clorua dihydrat SnCl2.2H2O H2[SnCl4] + 2H2 SnCl2.2H2O +2HCl Mt khc: Khi pha long dd th mt lng dd SnCl2 b thy phn to kt ta Sn(OH)Cl SnCl2 + H2O Sn(OH)Cl +HCl Khi pha long th kt ta tch ra di dng kt ta trng trong, do khi pha long dd th qu trnh hydrat ha din ra mnh hn qu trnh ha tan bng axit.

Khi cho dd SnCl2 tc dng vi dd Hg2(NO3)2 th thu c kt ta mu Th nghim 2: Tnh cht ca dung dch SnCl2 Cch tin hnh: Ti liu: bi ging thc tp ha v c trang 85xm, ta nhit. Gii thch: tt c cc mui ca Sn(II) l nhng cht kh rt mnh, cn Hg2(NO3)2 l cht oxi ha mnh nn Sn2+ trong SnCl2 kh Hg22+ v Hg0 Sn2+ - 2e Sn4+ Hg22+ + 2e 2 g Ta c
0 0 0 0

=0,15V = 0,788V

(Sn2+/Sn4+) <

(Hg22+/2Hg) nn phn ng xy ra theo chiu:


3)2Cl2

SnCl2 + Hg2(NO3)2 2 g + Sn( 2Hg + O2 2 g

Sau g b oxi ha trong oxi khng kh to oxit thy ngn mu xm.

2.1.2.4 Khi cho SnCl2 tc dng vi dd Br2 trong mi trng axit HCl th ta thy dd Br2 mt mu. Gii thch: do SnCl2 l cht kh mnh l cht oxi ha rt mnh SnCl2 + Br2 Sn l2Br2 HCl trong th nghim ch ng vai tr l mi trng, ngn cho Sn l2 khng b thy phn. T hai th nghim trn ta thy SnCl2 th hin tnh kh rt mnh: Sn2+-2e Sn4+
0 0

(Sn2+/Sn4+)=0,15, trong khi Br2

(Br2/2Br-)=1,070V nn xy ra phn ng

1.TN TH NGHIM

2. HIN TNG QUAN ST, GII THCH V PHNG TRNH HA HC iu ch SnCl2 t Sn: ta cho kim loi Sn tc dng vi dung dch HCl

Th nghim 3:

c, nng(phn ng xy ra nhanh hn) iu ch SnCl4 t Sn: ta cho kim loi Sn tc dng vi kh Cl2 Sn + Cl2 Sn l4 Do kh Cl2 c tnh oxi ha rt mnh, mnh hn nhiu so vi HCl, (Cl2/2Cl-) =1,359 >
0 0

iu ch SnCl2 Sn + 2HCl.n Sn l2 + H2 v SnCl4 Cch tin hnh: Ti liu: bi ging thc tp ha v c trang 852.1.2.4 Nhit nng chy ca SnCl2 = 2470c ln hn rt nhiu so vi SnCl4 = 33,3 0c Do lin kt trong SnCl2 l lin kt ion nn khi ph hy cu trc tinh th ca SnCl2 cn mt nng lng ln nn nhit nng chy cao Cn lin kt trong SnCl4 l lin kt cng ha tr nn ch cn mt nng lng thp c th ph v cu trc ca n, nn c nhit nng chy thp.

(2H-/H2)=0, nn Sn b Cl oxi ha ln Sn+4 trong

khi Sn ch b HCl oxi ha ln Sn+2 ( tnh cht ny ging Fe kim loi)

Th nghim 4: Thic (II) sunfua Cch tin hnh: Ti liu: bi ging thc tp ha v c trang 85-2.2.1

Th nghim ny khng tin hnh: Theo l thuyt th khi ta cho dng kh H2S li qua dd SnCl2, un nng th thu c kt ta mu nu, khng tan. Do xy ra phn ng trao i gia dd H2S v dd SnCl2 to kt ta SnS. H2S + SnCl2 SnS +2HCl TSnS = 3,2.10-38 KH2S = 10-21 kcb = = 3,2.10-2 <1 SnS khng tan trong axit long.

Ha tan SnS trong amoni sunfua (NH4)2S th kt ta khng tan. Ha tan SnS trong amoni polysunfua tan ra v c kt ta mu vng. Do mui SnS b amoni polysunfua oxi ha n amoni isunfua (mu vng) v to ra S2 c mu vng. SnS + (NH4)2Sn SnS2+ (NH4)2SnS2 + (n-2)S2

1.TN TH NGHIM Th nghim 5: Thic (IV) sunfua Cch tin hnh: Ti liu: bi ging thc tp ha v c trang 85-2.2.2

2. HIN TNG QUAN ST, GII THCH V PHNG TRNH HA HC Khi cho H2S vo dd SnCl4 th xy ra phn ng trao i to thnh kt ta SnS2 c mu vng 2H2S + SnCl4 SnS2 + 4HCl Ha tan kt ta ny trong dd (NH4)2S th kt ta tan ra to thnh dd (NH4)2SnS3 ( amoni tiostanat) c mu vng nu. SnS2 + (NH4)2S (
4)2SnS3

Khi ha tan kt ta SnS2 trong dd (NH4)2Sn (amoni polysunfua) th kt ta tan to thnh dd (NH4)2Sn+2 (amoni polytiostanat) c mu vng. SnS2 + (NH4)2Sn (
4)2SnSn+2

Khi tc dng vi dd HNO3 long th Pb tan ra, sinh ra kh khng mu, ha Th nghim 6: Tnh cht ca Ch kim loi Cch tin hnh: Ti liu: bi ging thc tp ha v c trang 86-3.1.2 nu trong khng kh, ta nhit. Gii thch: dd HNO3 c tnh axit mnh nn oxi ha Pb thnh Pb2+ gii phng kh NO, kh NO b oxi ha bi O2 khng kh to thnh NO2 c mu nu. Pb -2e Pb2 NO3- +4H+ +2e 3Pb + 8HNO3 3Pb( 2NO + O2 2
2

(Pb2+/Pb) = -0,13 V +2
2O

(NO3-+4H+/NO+2H2O)=0,96V

V (NO3-+4H+/NO+2H2O) > (Pb2+/Pb nn phn ng xy ra theo chiu


3 )2

+ 2NO + 4H2O

Khi tc dng vi dd HNO3 c, nng th Pb kh NO3- v N+4 gii phng kh NO2 khng mu Pb + HNO3 Pb(
3) 2

+ 2NO2 + 2H2O

Pb khng tc dng vi HCl long v H2SO4 long v PbCl2 v PbSO4 rt bn khng tan trong nc ngn cho Pb tip xc vi axit nn trong trng hp ny Pb ch c tng tc b mt. Khi tc dng vi dd axit l m c v H2SO4 m c, th tc nhn oxi ha rt mnh H+ v SO42- th Pb tan ra, kh thot ra nhiu, ta nhit mnh. Gii Thch: lc u ch tc dng vi HCl v H2SO4 to lp mui bn, khng tan PbCl2 v PbSO4. hng do nng axit qu m c nn cc mui ny nhanh chng to phc tan vi axit HCl v mui tan hidro sunfat vi H2SO4. Pb + 2HCld Pb l2 + H2 PbCl2 + 2HCld
2[PbCl4]

Pb + 2H2SO4 d PbS

+ SO2 + 2H2O
4 )2

PbSO4 + H2SO4 Pb( S

Khi tc dng vi dd NaOH long th Pb khng phn ng, nhng Pb li phn ng vi dd a phng kh H2 Gii thch: iu kin bnh thng ch c ph bi mt lp oxit PbO2 bn, ngn cho Pb khng tc dng vi cc tc nhn khc, nn Pb khng tc dng vi a phc tan. Pb + 2NaOHd +2H2 a2[Pb(OH)4] + H2 long, hng khi cho a c th u tin lp oxit to b ph v. Pb(OH)2 c tnh lng tnh nn sau Pb tan trong a c, un nng, to phc Na2[Pb(OH)4] v gii

1.TN TH NGHIM

2. HIN TNG QUAN ST, GII THCH V PHNG TRNH HA HC PbO2 l mt oxit bn nn n khng phn ng vi HCl v H2SO4 long. PbO2 khng tc dng vi HNO3 c v long: v PbO2 l cht c tnh oxi ha, m HNO3 cng th hin tnh oxi ha mnh, nn c 2 cht ch c xu hng gim s oxi ha ca NO3- v Pb+4, m s oxi ha ca NO3- v Pb+4 u mc cao nht, khng th gim na. Khi tc dng vi kh mi xc bay ra l m c : dd c mu vng nht,c kt ta trng, c l m c

Th nghim 7: Tnh cht ca PbO2 Cch tin hnh: Ti liu thc tp ha v c trang 86-3.2.2

Gii thch: PbO2 c tnh oxi ha mnh, trong mi trng

Pb4+ b oxi ha v Pb2+ to lt ta PbCl2, gii phng kh Cl2 mi xc, kh Cl2 mt phn tan trong dd to thnh nc Cl2 mu vng nht. PbO2 + 4H+ + 2e Pb2+ + 2H2O 2Cl- - 2e l2 PbO2 + 4HCld Pb l2 + Cl2 +2H2O Cl2 + H2O l+ l
0 0

= 1,468V = 1,360

Khi tc dng vi dd H2SO4 th c kt ta mu trng, dd c mu xanh nu Gii thch: trong mi trng H2SO4 m c PbO2 va c tnh t oxi hakh Pb4+ + 2e Pb2+ 2O2- + 4e
2

Nn phn ng Pb4+ oxi ha v Pb2+ dng kt ta PbSO4 mu trng. PbO2 + 2H2SO4 dd PbS
4

+ O2 + H2 O

Khi tc dng vi H2O2 th ta thy PbO2 tan ra, si bt kh , ta nhit

Ta c

(PbO2/Pb2+) = 1,468 >

(O2/H2O2)=0,7 nn phnr ng xy ra

theo chiu PbO2 + H2O2 + 2H+ Pb2+ + O2 + 2H2O Khi cho PbO2 tc dng vi MnSO4 trong mi trng H2SO4 th Mn+2 kh ln Mn+7nn ta thy dd c mu hng 5PbO2 + MnSO4 + 3H2SO4 2 Mn
4

+ 3PbSO4 + 2H2O

PbO2 khng phn ng vi Cr2(SO4)3 trong mi trng KOH hng theo l thuyt th phn ng trn c th xy ra. Do
0

(PbO2/Pb2+)= 1,46V >

(CrO4-=4H2O/Cr3+ +8OH-)=-0,13V
2CrO4

2PbO2 + Cr2(SO4)3 +4 Tc dng vi KI PbO2 + 2KI + 2H2 Pb(

+ 3PbSO4 + 2H2O

)3 +I2 + 2KOH

PbO2 tan c trong kim c to ra phc [Pb(OH)6]2PbO2 + 2NaOH + 2H2 a2[Pb(OH)6] Trong cc th nghim trn ta thy PbO2 l cht oxi ha mnh.

1.TN TH NGHIM

2. HIN TNG QUAN ST, GII THCH V PHNG TRNH HA HC Kt ta Pb(OH)2 tan trong dung dch HNO3 to thnh dd trong sut, do xy ra phn ng gia bazo v axit

Th nghim 8: Tnh cht Cch tin hnh: Ti liu thc tp ha v c trang 87-3.3.2

Pb(OH)2 + 2HNO3 Pb(

3 )2

+ 2H2O

Do Pb(OH)2 l mt hydroxit lng tnh nn n cng tan c trong dd NaOH to thnh phc Na2[Pb(OH)4] a2[Pb(OH)4]

ca Pb(OH)2 Pb(OH)2 + 2 a

Trong dung dch c pH < 7 ch tn ti dng Pb2+ Trong dung dch c pH > 7 ch tn ti dng phc [Pb(OH)4]2Mun ha tan kt ta ta dng axit HNO3 m khng dng axit HCl hoc H2SO4 v khi dng HNO3 th to mui tan HNO3 Cn nu dng HCl hoc H2SO4 th to mui khng tan PbCl2 v PbSO4 ngn khng cho Pb( )2 tip tc phn ng vi axit. C th thay th HNO3 bng axit CH3COOH

1.TN TH NGHIM

2. HIN TNG QUAN ST, GII THCH V PHNG TRNH HA HC Khi thm dd NaCl bo ha vo dd Pb(CH3COO)2 th xut hin kt ta

Th nghim 9: PbCl2 Cch tin hnh: Ti liu thc tp ha v c trang 87-3.4.1

trng lng xung dng tinh th, khng tan do xy ra phn ng trao i gia mui NaCl v mui Pb(CH3COO)2 to thnh kt ta PbCl2 2NaCl + Pb(CH3COO)2 2CH3COONa + PbCl2 hi thm dd l m c vo dd PbCl2 th thu c dd trong sut. khi l m c to phc H2[PbCl4]. Khi pha long th

pha long bng nc th xut hin kt ta trng. PbCl2 phn ng vi phc ny b thy phn to li kt ta PbCl2 PbCl2 + 2HCl H2[PbCl4] Tng hp PbCl2 phi dng dung dch bo ha v PbCl2 l mui thy phn mnh trong cc dd long to kt ta Pb(OH)2. V vy dng dd bo ha ngn s thy phn .

1.TN TH NGHIM

2. HIN TNG QUAN ST, GII THCH V PHNG TRNH HA HC Khi cho dd KI vo dd Pb(CH3COO)2 th thu c kt ta mu vng m c PbI2

Th nghim 10: PbI2 Cch tin hnh: Ti liu thc tp ha v c trang 87-3.4.2

Do xy ra phn ng trao i gia 2 dd mui Pb(CH3COO)2 + 2 Pb 2 + 2CH3COOK

Khi ha tan PbI2 trong nc th kt ta khng tan , nhng khi dun nng th kt ta tan, dd t mu vng chuyn sang mu trong sut. ngui th c kt ta tr li .do tan ca PbI2 ph thuc vo nhit . Khi cho dd KI vo tinh th PbI2 th kt ta tan ra. Do PbI2 to phc tan vi IPbI2+ 2
2[PbI4]

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