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MC LC LI M U .................................................................................................... 6 CHNG I: TNG QUAN ............................................................................... 7 1.1. 1.2. 1.3. i tng nghin cu ......................................................................... 7 Phng php nghin cu..................................................................... 7 Mc ch nghin cu........................................................................... 7

CHNG II: TNG QUAN V L THUYT CNG NGH ......................... 8 2.1. 2.2. L thuyt chy .................................................................................... 8 X l cht thi bng phng php nhit .............................................. 9 nh ngha x l CTR bng phng php nhit ............................ 9 Phn loi h thng x l CTR bng phng php nhit ................ 9 Mt s u nhc v im ca phng php x l CTR bng nhit 10 2.3. X l cht thi rn bng phng php thiu t ................................ 11 Cc nguyn tc c bn ca qu trnh chy................................... 11 Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh chy.................................... 14

2.2.1. 2.2.2. 2.2.3.

2.3.1. 2.3.2. 2.4.

Mt s cng ngh t cht thi in hnh .......................................... 22 Cc h thng l t ..................................................................... 22 t h th cng .......................................................................... 23 t bng cc thit b chuyn dng .............................................. 24

2.4.1. 2.4.2. 2.4.3.

CHNG III: L T THNG QUAY ........................................................ 34 3.1. L t thng quay cng sut nh ...................................................... 36 Thng s hot ng ca l t cng sut nh LQ-150 ................ 36

3.1.1.

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c im k thut ca l t LQ-150 ......................................... 37 Nguyn tc v c im vn hnh l t LQ-150........................ 37 Cc hng mc c bn ca l t LQ-150 .................................... 39

L t thng xoay cng sut ln ...................................................... 42

KT LUN V KIN NGH .......................................................................... 44

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Danh mc bng
Bng 1: Mi quan h gia nhit v thi gian khi hiu qu phn hu t 99,99% cc cht hu c.................................................................................... 12 Bng 2: Thnh phn v tnh cht mt s cht thi ............................................ 14 Bng 3: Nhu cu cp kh ca mt s cht thi .................................................. 19 Bng 4: Nhit tr ca mt s thnh phn ca CTR ............................................ 21

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Danh mc hnh
Hnh 1: Biu mi quan h gia h s cp kh v nhit bung t ............ 17 Hnh 2: nh hng ca khng kh d n nhit bung t.......................... 18 Hnh 3: H thng l t RDF ........................................................................... 23 Hnh 4: S cu to ca l mt cp ............................................................... 26 Hnh 5: S cu to l t nhiu cp ............................................................. 27 Hnh 6: M hnh l t thng quay................................................................... 30 Hnh 7: Quy trnh h thng l t tng si........................................................ 32 Hnh 8: H thng l thng quay ....................................................................... 35 Hnh 9: Hnh nh thc t l t thng quay ...................................................... 39 Hnh 10: Np liu cht thi vo l .................................................................... 40 Hnh 11: S cng ngh l t thng xoay cng sut ln cng sut 500kg/h .43

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Danh mc t vit tt
CTR Cht thi rn RDF .Refuse Derived Fuel CTNH...Cht thi nguy hi

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LI M U
Cht thi rn nu khng qun l tt s lm mt v sinh mi trng th, gy nhim v cha ng nguy c tim n gy nguy hi i vi sc khe con ngi cng nh cc h sinh thi. Kinh nghim ca cc nc tin tin trn th gii chng t quy trnh cng ngh qun l cht thi rn phi c bt u phan loi t ngun. Trn c s p dng cc bin php x l khc nhau nhm m bo tn dng c cc loi rc c th ti ch, ti s dng, ng thi x l trit cc cht thi nguy hi Rt nhiu nc ang tm kim cng ngh mi trong x l rc thi do thiu cc khu chn lp nh tng cng cc quy ch ca quc gia, v t c mc tiu gim thiu kh thi gy hin tng nng ln ton cu, tng cng ngha v ca ngi pht thi. X l rc thi bao hm ng c mang tnh mi trng, kinh t v chnh tr, x hi. X l rc thi hin nay ang s dng lm gim ng k nhng hn ch ca thiu khu chn lp v gim chi ph x l t rc nh l t nhng li c hn ch l gnh nng v rt nhiu chi ph ti x l rc thi nh cc cht c hi v tro pht sinh trong qu trnh t. ng dng cng ngh t x l cht thi cng nghip v cht thi nguy hi ang ngy cng c p dng rng ri trn th gii. Tuy nhin, nc ta cng ngh t vn cn kh mi m. Trong nhng nm gn y nhiu n v ch to l t x l cht thi cng ngh v cht thi nguy hi nhng do thiu c s khoa hc khi tnh ton nn hiu qu t cha cao, cn gy nhim th cp. V vy, ti tp trung nghin cu cng ngh t x l mt s cht thi cng ngh v cht thi nguy hi ph bin hin nay. Kt qu l xy dng c cc cng thc thc nghim tnh ton, thit k l t t hiu qu t cao ng thi m bo cc tiu ch v kinh t - mi trng.

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CHNG I: TNG QUAN

1.1.

i tng nghin cu

Cht thi cng nghip Cht thi nguy hi Cht thi y t 1.2. Phng php nghin cu

Phng php lun Phng php phn tch Tm hiu sch bo, cc trang web 1.3. Mc ch nghin cu

Tm hiu phng php nhit v h thng t trong l t thng quay.

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CHNG II: TNG QUAN V L THUYT CNG NGH 2.1. L thuyt chy Qu trnh chy l mt t hp cc qu trnh vt l v ha hc, trong c th chia lm hai loi l chy ng hc v chy khuch tn. Trong trng hp th nht qu trnh chy b gii hn bi vn tc phn ng ha hc, cn trong trng hp th hai bi qu trnh vt lm bo s tipxcca cc thnh phn nhin liuv oxy. Ngi ta phn bit hai phng php t nhin liu khc nhau v nguyn l: t chy hn hp nhin liu khng kh pha trn trc (chy ng hc) t chy trongqu trnh hn hp nhin liu khng kh (chy khuch tn) Bn cht ca s chy S chy l qu trnh l ha phc tp m c s ca n l phn ng oxy ha xy ra mt cch nhanh chng c km theo s ta nhit v pht ra tia sng. Trong iu kin bnh thng, s chy xut hin v tip din trong t hp gm c chy, khng kh v la. trong cht chy v khng kh tip xc vi la to thnh h thng chy, cn ngun gy la l xung lng gy ra h thng phn ng chy. H thng ch c th chy c vi mt t l nht nh gia cht chy v khng kh. Qu trnh ha hc ca s chy c km theo qu trnh bin i l hc nh cht rn chy thnh cht lng, cht lng chy b bay hi. Din bin qu trnh chy Qu trnh chy ca vt rn, lng , kh u gm cc giai on sau:Oxy ha, T bc chy, Chy iu kin pht sinh ra chy: l phi c cht chy, c oxy, c nhit cn

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2.2.

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X l cht thi bng phng php nhit

2.2.1. nh ngha x l CTR bng phng php nhit X l CTR bng phng php nhit l qu trnh s dng nhit chuyn ha cht thi t dng rn sang dng kh, lng v tro... ngthi gii phng nng lng di dng nhit 2.2.2. Phn loi h thng x l CTR bng phng php nhit Cc h thng x l CTR bng nhit c phn loi da trn nhu cu s dng khng kh bao gm: Qu trnh t c thc hin vi mt lng oxy khng kh cn thit va t chy hon ton CTR gi l qu trnh t ho hc. Qu trnh t c thc hin vi d lng khng kh cn thit c gi l qu trnh t d kh. Qu trnh t khng hon ton CTR di iu kin thiu khng kh v to ra cc kh chy nh cacbon monooxide (CO), hydrogen (H2) v cc kh hydrocacbon gi l qu trnh kh ho. Qu trnh x l CTR bng phng php nhit trong iu kin hon ton khng c oxy gi l qu trnh nhit phn.

Cc h thng x l CTR bng phng php nhit

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Nh vy, x l CTR v CTRNH (cht thi y t, thuc bo v thc vt, cht thi nhim du) bng phng php t l mt phng php hiu qu v hin nay c s dng kh ph bin. 2.2.3. Mt s u nhc v im ca phng php x l CTR bng nhit Phng php x l CTR bng nhit c nhng u im: Th tch v khi lng CTR gim ti mc nh nht so vi ban u, CTR c x l kh trit (gim 80-90% trng lng thnh phn hu c trong CTR). Thu hi nng lng nhit ca qu trnh c th tn dng vo nhiu mc ch nh chy my pht in, sn xut nc nng. L thnh phn quan trng trong chng trnh qun l tng hp CTR. CTR c th c x l ti ch m khng cn phi vn chuyn i xa, trnh c cc ri ro v chi ph vn chuyn. Hiu qu x l cao i vi cc loi cht thi hu c cha vi trng ly nhim (cht thi y t), cng nh cc loi cht thi nguy hi khc (thuc bo v thc vt, dung mi hu c, cht thi nhim du...). Tuy nhin, phng php nhit khng phi gii quyt c tt c cc vn ca CTR, phng php ny vn cn mt s bt li sau y: Khng phi tt c cc CTR u c th t c thun li, v d nh cht thi c hm lng m qu cao hay cc thnh phn khng chy cao (cht thi v c). Vn u t ban u cao hn so vi cc phng php x l khc bao gm chi ph u t xy dng l, chi ph vn hnh v x l kh thi ln. Vic thit k, vn hnh l t phc tp, i hi nng lc k thut v tay ngh cao, ch tp hun tt. Yu cu nhin liu t b sung nhm duy tr nhit trong bung t. Nhng tim nng tc ng n con ngi v mi trng c th xy ra, nu cc bin php kim sot qu trnh t, x l kh thi khng m bo. Nguyn Quang Hng - 510303018 Trang 10

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Vic kim sot cc vn nhim do kim loi nng t qu trnh t c th gp kh khn i vi cht thi c cha kim loi nh Pb, Cr, Cd, Hg, Ni, As.... L hot ng sau mt thi gian phi ngng bo dng, lm gin on qu. 2.3. X l cht thi rn bng phng php thiu t Cng ngh t l mt qu trnh x l kh phc tp. Trong qu trnh chy, cc cht hu c dng rn hoc lng s b chuyn i sang pha kh. Cc kh ny qua cc li t s tip tc b lm nng ln, n mt nhit no cc hp cht hu c ca chng s b phn hy thnh cc nguyn t thnh phn. Cc nguyn t ny kt hp vi oxy v to nn cc kh bn vng, cc kh ny sau khi qua cc thit b kim sot nhim s c thi vo bu kh quyn. Qu trnh t CTR l qu trnh oxy ho kh CTR bng oxy khng kh nhit cao. Lng oxy s dng theo l thuyt c xc nh theo phng trnh chy: Cht thi rn + O2 Sn phm chy + Q (nhit) Vi cng ngh ny, ta c th gim th tch ca CTR n 80 90%. Nhit bung t phi cao hn 800 0 C. Sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh t bao gm: bi, NOx, CO, CO2, SOx, THC, HCl, HF, Dioxin / Furan, hi nc v tro. Nng lng c th c thu hi nh qu trnh traoi nhit t kh sinh ra c nhit cao. 2.3.1. Cc nguyn tc c bn ca qu trnh chy t c hiu qu cao, qu trnh chy phi tun th theo nguyn tc 3T: nhit (Temperature) xo trn (Turbulence) - thi gian lu chy (Time). Nhit (Temperature): phi bo m cao phn ng xy ra nhanh

v hon ton, khng to dioxin, t hiu qu x l ti a (nhit t i vi CTNH l trn 1100 C, CTR sinh hot > 900 C). Nguyn Quang Hng - 510303018 Trang 11

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Nu nhit qu cao, lu lng kh sinh ra qu ln, nh hng n thi gian lu kh trong bung th cp c ngha l lm gim s tip xc gia khng kh v kh gas, khi thi en, nng cc cht nhim nh CO, THC trong kh thi cao. Nu nhit khng cao, phn ng s xy ra khng hon ton v sn phm kh thi cng c khi en. V vy, nu nhit qu cao cng nh qu thp th s lm gim hiu qu chy.

xo trn (Turbulence): tng cng hiu qu tip xc gia CTR cn

t v cht oxy ho, c th t cc tm chn trong bung t hoc to gc nghing thch hp gia dng kh vi bc phun tng kh nng xo trn. xo trn c th nh gi thng qua yu t xo trn. F = 100%*[lng khng kh thc t]/[lng khng kh l thuyt] Trong : F l yu t xo trn.F cng ln, hiu qu x l cng cao. Thi gian (Time): thi gian lu chy lu phn ng chy xy ra

hon ton. Thi gian lu cn thit bo m t chy hon ton ca mi cht ph thuc vo bn cht ca cht b t v nhit t. Bng 1: Mi quan h gia nhit v thi gian khi hiu qu phn hu t 99,99% cc cht hu c

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Khi t CTNH, hn ch qu trnh sinh ra Dioxin / Furan, th nhit bung t th cp cn cao trn 1100 C v thi gian lu chy ti thiu l 2 giy. Cc nguyn tc trn lin h khng kht vi nhau, khi nhit phn ng cao, xo trn tt th thi gian phn ng gim vn m bo hiu qu chy cao. V d nh x l nhng cht thi c thnh phn xenllul cao nh giy khi t ch cn duy tr nhit 760 C, thi gian chy ti thiu l 0,5 giy.

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2.3.2. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh chy Khi nghin cu cc yu t nh hng ti qu trnh chy, cn c trn phng trnh chy phn hy:

Cc phn ng tip theo t chy hon ton sn phm chy l:

Mt cch tng qut, phn ng t chy CTR din ra nh sau:

T phng trnh phn ng cho thy nu phn ng t chy cht hu c xy ra hon ton th sn phm cui cng l CO2 v H2O. Ngoi ra s c mt ca cc tp cht nh N, S s pht sinh ra cc kh axt nh NOx, SOx. Ngoi cc yu t nhit , thi gian lu chy, xo trn quyt nh hiu qu chy, cn c cc yu t khc cngnh hng ti qu trnh chy nh sau: a. Thnh phn v tnh cht ca cht thi Thnh phn ho hc ca mt s cht thi c cho trong bng sau: Bng 2: Thnh phn v tnh cht mt s cht thi

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Thnh phn c bn ca cht thi l: C + H + O + N + S + A + W = 100% Trong C, H, O, N, S, A, W l phn trm theo trng lng ca cc nguyn t cacbon, hydro, oxy, nit, lu hunh , tro v m trong cht thi. Thnh phn ho hc ca cht thi c nh hng ti qu trnh nhit phn v t chy. Da vo thnh phn ho hc ca cht thi tnh c nhit tr ca cht thi v tnh ton lng oxy cn thit t chy hon ton cht thi cng nh lng kh thi hnh thnh, yu t ny lin quan ti vic tnh ton thi gian lu chy hoc th tch l khi t cht thi. Cacbon (C) l thnh phn chy ch yu trong cht thi. Nhit tr ca cacbon l 8000 kcal/kg. Nhin liu rn cha nhiu cacbon hn nhin liu lng v kh, nhng thnh phn cht tr chy t hn. Cht thi c thnh phn cacbon cng cao th sn phm chy CO2 cng nhiu.

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Hydro (H) l thnh phn th hai ca cht thi. Nhit tr thp ca Hydro ln gp bn ln than. Hm lng hydro cng nhiu cht thi cng d bt la. Cht thi dng lng v kh c nhiu hydro hn cht thi rn. Lu hunh (S) cng l thnh phn chy nhng to nhit t. Sn phm chy ca lu hunh to thnh kh SOx, gp hi nc c kh nng to thnh axt gy n mn cc thit b. Kh SOx l dng kh c, lu hunh l nguyn t khng mong mun trong qu trnh t. Oxy v nit l cht v ch. N lm gim thnh phn chy ca cht thi. tro (A) l yu t tiu cc cho t cht thi. tro cng cao, thnh phn cht chy cng gim, gy ng kt trung tm bung t v y l. Tro d ph ln b mt tip nhit ca bung t lm gim hiu qu t. m (W) th hin mc cha nc trong cht thi. m ln, thnh phn cht chy gim, lm nhit tr ca cht thi gim. Khi t, nhit tr b hao ph mt phn lm bay hi nc. Mt cht thi c m trn 95% hoc mt loi bn thi c t hn 15% thnh phn rn s c xem l khng c kh nng t. Mui v c: trong mt h thng t thng thng, nu cht thi giu mui v c, mui kim s gy kh khn cho qu trnh t. Tng lng nh mui s thng hoa, sau tp trung trn b mt l to nn mt lp x hoc ng bnh lm gim kh nng t ca l. b. nh hng ca h s cp kh H s cp kh () l t s gia lng khng kh thc t v lng khng kh l thuyt, hay cn gi l h s d khng kh, nh hng n hiu qu chy. H s d khng kh l mt thng s quan trng trong qu trnh t cht thi, c bit l trong cng ngh nhit phn, y l yu t quan trng kim sot ch phn hu cht thi rn.

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H s cp kh c biu hin bng cng thc sau:

Trong : Vtt l lng khng kh (oxy) c cp vo bungt. Vlt l lng khng kh l thuyt (oxy) oxy ho hon ton cht thi. S nh hng ca khng kh d ti nhit ca bung t c biu din nh th sau:

Hnh 1: Biu mi quan h gia h s cp kh v nhit bung t

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Hnh 2: nh hng ca khng kh d n nhit bung t Gi tr tng hay gim c lin quan ti s tng hay gim nhit ca l t. Khi h s cp kh tng (trong vng <1, thiu kh), s c mt ca oxy gy ra phn ng chy, to nhit v lm tng nhit . m bo t trit cht thi rn th cn cp d kh, v oxy cp vo cho s chy l oxy khng kh, trong c ln thnh phn nit, khi nhit cao s xy ra phn ng gia oxy v nit. Do , thng tin hnh t ch cp d kh, nhng nu a khng kh lnh vo trong l nhiu s lm ngui l, nhit gim, gy tn tht nhit. Cc l t hin nay thng cp d kh trong khong 1,05 21,1. T biu cho thy: khi t thiu kh, nhit t cao nhng qu trnh chy din ra khng hon ton, cn khi t d kh th qu trnh t din ra hon ton nhng nhit bung t thp. Da vo c tnh ny nn cng ngh t nhit phn p dng t thiu kh cho bung s cp v t d kh cho bung th cp. Nguyn Quang Hng - 510303018 Trang 18

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Mi loi cht thi em t c nhit tr khc nhau v lng khng kh l thuyt cung cp cho qu trnh chy cng khc nhau. H s d khng kh cho php tnh th tch sn phm chy v th tch bung t. Trong qu trnh t, khng phi lc no cng c th tnh ton c lng khng kh cn cung cp cho qu trnh chy v thnh phn ca cht thi u vo lun bin ng, do cn phi kim sot qu trnh t thng qua mt s thng s khc qu trnh vn hnh d dng hn nh: nhit , h s d khng kh, nng CO, CO2, Oxi, bi.. Bng 3: Nhu cu cp kh ca mt s cht thi Cht thi Lng khng kh l thuyt (m3 khng kh/kg cht thi)

12.3 Polyetylen 4.2 PET 5.7 Photoresist 10.0 Polystyren 3.9 Polyuretan 6.2 PVC 3.1 Giy 5.1 Bnh phm Cacton 2.3 5.9 Nha 4.1 Vi 9.2 Cao su 3.6 Thc phm 3.3 Rc vn (Ngun: Standard Handbook of Hazadous Waste Treatment and Disposal,Mc Graw- Hill) Trong cc trng hp c th ca qu trnh t, ta c th tnh ton lng khng kh cn thit cho qu trnh t nh sau: t va kh Lng khng kh cn thit cho qu trnh t CTR c tnh ton da trn cc phng trnh phn ng gia thnh phn cacbon, hydro v lu hunh trong phn hu c ca CTR th vi oxy khng kh nh sau: Nguyn Quang Hng - 510303018 Trang 19

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t kh d V tnh cht khng ng nht ca CTR nn kh t hon ton CTR vi mt lng va khng kh tnh theo l thuyt. Trong mt s h thng t CTR, ch cp d kh c s dng nhm m bo s xo trn tt v mi thnh phn trong CTR tip xc tt vi khng kh. Lng d khng kh cho qu trnh t nh hng n nhit v thnh phn ca kh t sinh ra. Khi phn trm d lng khng kh tng, oxy trong kh l tng, nhit l gim. Do , iu chnh lng khng kh d cung cp l mt phng php kim sot nhit l t. Nhit c nh hng n s xut hin ca cc kh gy mi trong thnh phn ca khi l. Khi t l< 787 C, cc kh gy mi c trong thnh phn ca khi l, nhng khi t l> 982 C (1800 F ) th s pht sinh cc kh gy mi nh dioxin, furan, cc cht hu c bay hi (VOC) v cc cht c tim tng khc l thp nht. c. Nhit tr Nhit tr ca cht thi rn l lng nhit sinh ra khi t hon ton mt n v khi lng CTR (kcal/kg). Nhit tr ca CTR cn c quan tm khi ng dng cng ngh t cht thi nhm tn dng nng lng hoc t km vi nhin liu trong cc cng ngh khc nh t ni hi, nung clinker Nhit tr c lin quan n qu trnh sinh nhit khi chy. Nhit tr thp ca nhin liu rn, lng tnh theo cng thc ca Mendeleep: Q (kcal/kg) = 81C + 300H 26 (O-S) 6(9A + W) Nguyn Quang Hng - 510303018 Trang 20

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(V thnh phn ca clo, flo v nit thp nn c b qua trong tnh ton nhit tr)

Trong : C, H, O, S, A, A, W l phn trm trng lng ca cc nguyn t cacbon, hydro, oxy, lu hunh, tro, m trong cht thi. Nu CTR c nhit tr khng ng k th t khng phi l gii php x l thch hp. Ni chung, nu CTR c nhit tr thp hn 556 kcal/kg th khng c kh nng t. Tuy nhin, c nhngtrng hp ngoi l. Nhit tr mt s thnh phn ca CTR c cho trong bng sau: Bng 4: Nhit tr ca mt s thnh phn ca CTR Thnh phn Nhit tr trung bnh (kcal/kg) 1112 Thc phm 1558 Rc lm vn 2501 CTR sinh hot 4448 G 4004 Giy 3894 Carton 7788 Nha do 5563 Cao su 4194 Vi 4194 Da (Ngun: Standard Handbook of Hazadous Waste Treatment and Disposal, Mc Graw- Hill) Vi cng ngh t nhit phn, th nhit tr ca CTR khng phi l yu t quan trng m nhit ho hc c vai tr quan trng hn. Khi nhit phn cht thi, sinh ra kh gas, kh gas chy sinh ra nhit. d. Nng lng Nng lng sinh ra t qu trnh t di 2 dng bao gm nhit nng ca kh l v mt dng nhit nng khc c chuyn ho thnh nhit ca thnh l, nhin liu thm vo, tro nh qu trnh i lu, nhit, bc x... Vic tnh ton d on nhit nng ca qu trnh t l rt cn thit. V nhit lng sinh ra trong qu trnh t c th c thu hi nh qu trnh trao i nhit t kh sinh ra c

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nhit cao. Nhit lng thu hi ny c th tn dng cho cc thit b tiu th nhit: l hi, l luyn kim, l nung, l thy tinh, my pht in 2.4. Mt s cng ngh t cht thi in hnh

2.4.1. Cc h thng l t Cc h thng l t c th c thit k vn hnh vi 2 loi CTR: CTR cha phn loi v CTR phn loi (phn cn li sau khi tch phn c kh nng ti sinh c em i t). 2.4.1.1. H thng l t CTR cha phn loi Trong h thng ny, CTR phi c x l s b trc khi a vo phu l t.Trc khi chuyn CTR vo phu l t, ngi iu khin cn trc phi loi b bng phng php th cng- nhng vt khng thch hp vi l t. Tuy nhin, gi nh rng ton b CTR u c th cho vo h thng bao gm cht khng chy c kch thc ln (nh t lnh...) v thm ch l nhng cht nguy hi tim tng. Do , h thng l t phi c thit k sao cho c th vn hnh vi nhng cht thi nh th m khng lm hng thit b hay lm b thng ngi vn hnh. Gi tr nhit tr to ra bi CTR cha phn loi ny thay i rt ln, ph thuc nhiu vo thi tit, ma trong nm, v ngun gc pht sinh. Mc d cn nhiu im hn ch, h thng ny vn c u tin s dng v ph bin. Mt trong nhng thnh phn quan trng nht ca h thng l t ny l h thng ghi l. N gm nhiu chc nng: vn chuyn CTR trong l, trn u CTR, phn phi khng kh vo l. C nhiu loi ghi l khc nhau ph thuc vo kiu chuyn ng, kiu rung v quay. 2.4.1.2. H thng l t CTR phn loi (RDF) H thng l t phn loi ti ngun l ci tin ca h thng l t cha phn loi ti ngun.

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Trong l t, RDF c t trn mt ghi l di ng. H thng l t phi c thit k c bit cho RDF, i khi l hi s dng than cng c trang b thm b phn t RDF hay phi trn than v RDF, hiu qu cao.

Hnh 3: H thng l t RDF c im ca h thng l t RDF c hiu qu cao v nng lng, m v tro. RDF c th dng si nh, vin trn hay hnh khi. Chi ph l cao nhng thun li trong vic vn chuyn v lu tr. Cc dng RDF u c th t chy ring hay trn vi than . So vi CTR cha phn loi ti ngun, RDF c nhit tr cao, h thng l t RDF nh gn v hiu qu hn nhiu ln do bi tnh ng nht ca RDF nn h thng c kim sot tt hn v thit b kim sot nhim khng kh cng hot ng hiu qu hn. Bn cnh , h thng ngoi vi c thit k thch hp nn c th x l tt kim loi, nha v nhng thnh phn to kh nguy hi khc. 2.4.2. t h th cng y l k thut t cht thi c t rt lu. CTR c hoc vun thnh ng trn mt t ri t, khng c thit b h tr. Nguyn Quang Hng - 510303018 Trang 23

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Vi phng php ny, qu trnh t khng trit , khng c h thng kim sot kh thi nn gy nhim mi trng khng kh v v chy h nn d gy s c nguy him.Phng php t h th cng tin li t cc cht n nh thuc n TNT, Dynamite. t cc loi cht thi c kh nng chy n cao ngi ta t trong cc l h, nhng l c xy hoc o su xung t, hoc l c thm cc thit b ph tr qu trnh t c an ton. 2.4.3. t bng cc thit b chuyn dng Vi cc tc hi nghim trng v mt mi trng khi t h th cng, cc h thng t CTR ra i vi rt nhiu mu thit k khc nhau v ngy cng c ci tin nhmlm tng tnh hiu qu cho qu trnh t. Cu to ca cc thit b t chuyn dng t cht thi thng c nhng thnh phn sau: B phn nhn cht thi v bo qun cht thi. B phn nghin v phi trn cht thi. B phn cp cht thi Bung t s cp. Bung t th cp. Thit b lm ngui kh hay ni hi chy bng nhit d gim nhit . H thng ra kh. Qut ht ht khng kh vo l khi duy tr p sut m. ng khi Tuy nhin, mt trong nhng thnh phn quan trng nht ca h thng l t l h thng ghi l. N gm nhiu chc nng: vn chuyn CTR trong l, trn u CTR, bm khng kh vo l. C nhiu loi ghi l khc nhau ph thuc vo kiu chuyn ng, kiu rung v quay. Nhng l t khc nhau th ch yu khc nhau v bung t s cp.

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Di y l mt s h thng t CTR vi cc u nhc im ring thch hp cho tng loi cht thi cng nh thnh phn cht thi v iu kin kinh t ca n v u t. 2.4.3.1. L t mt cp L mt trong nhng k thut t ra i sm, s dng trc nhng nm 1960, cha t tiu chun qui nh i vi kh thi sinh ra do t. Cu to ca l tng i n gin, ch yu gm bung t t hn hp CTR v vt liu chy. Bung t c chia lm 2 ngn nh ghi l: ngn trn cha CTR cn thiu hu, ngn di t vt liu nhm cung cp nhit v duy tr nhit t. Trong bung t, CTR c t trn ghi l (khng c bc t hoc c b phn t h tr vi bc t). Vt liu l thng l gch t nung nn tui th khng cao. Ngun nguyn liu cung cp nhit cho l ch yu l ci g, mn ca ... Mc d l mt cp cng l mt thit b t chuyn dng nhng nu xt ton b qu trnh th cng c th xem y l quy trnh th cng h bi nhit , bi, kh thi khng c kim sot m a trc tip vo khng kh. Cc cng vic nh a CTR vo l, cung cp nguyn liu chy, iu khin qu trnh chy, thu hi tro thi u do cng nhn l t thc hin theo phng thc th cng.

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Hnh 4: S cu to ca l mt cp Mt s u nhc im ca l mt cp l: Nhc im Khng gii quyt vn nhim mi trng do kh thi Nng sut thp. Ph thuc nhiu vo thi tit Cn nhiu cng nhn cho mt ca lm vic, iu kin lm vic ca cng nhn rt nng nhc, c hi, d b cc bnh ngh nghip. L vn hnh khng lin tc, thi gian ngh gia hai m t ln. Hiu qu t ca l thp. u im Thit k v xy dng l kh n gin, Chi ph xy dng l thp. S dng l t th cng x l CTR khng cn din tch t v thi gian nhiu nh cc phng php phn hu CTR nh chn lp. Nguyn Quang Hng - 510303018 Trang 26

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ti: Qu trnh thiu t cht thi

L loi l t cht thi dng bn c t cc nh my x l nc thi, c th t trit cht thi, kh thi ra mi trng t tiu chun quy nh. Cu to ca l t nhiu cp c th hin nh sau:

Hnh 5: S cu to l t nhiu cp L t nhiu cp c thit k gm nhng n nguyn lin tip vng quanh, ci ny trn ci kia. Thng c t 5 - 9 n nguyn cho mt kiu l in hnh. Vi mt trc thngng trung tm ca h thng, mi n nguyn c mt cnh khuy c gn vo trc trung tm, to ra cc khoang rng hnh vanh khuynh bn trong l t. CTR sau khi a vo l s c lu tr li cc khoang rng ny.

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Rng ca cc cnh khuy s co bn vo trong cc l hnh vnh khuyn v hng v pha tm ca bung l, ni bn s ri xung cc cnh ca lp chu nhit v i xung n nguyn tip theo. H thng cp kh c thit k pha di ca h thng. Nhit ti thiu ca l 760 F v thi gian lu t nht l 0,5 s c th phn hu phn ln cc hp cht hu c. 2.4.3.3. L t cht lng L t cht lng gm mt thng st chu nhit hnh tr, mt lp vt liu nn nh ct sillic, vi v cc vt liu gm, mt a dng li st v mt ming cp kh. Lp vt liu nn s c "lng ho" nh kh nn p sut cao. CTR th, than, c a vo l t v tr trn mt hoc di y lp vt liu nn c lng ho nhit cao. Cht thi nguy hi lng c t trc tip trong l t bng cch phun vo vng ngn la hay vng chy ca l ph thuc vo nhit tr ca CTR. Cht lng si trong l c nhim v xo trn u v truyn nhit cho CTR, c th b sung thm gas hoc du nhm tng nhit ca cht lng trong l. L c duy tr nhit khong 1000 0 C. Thi gian lu ca cht thi lng trong l t vi phn giy n 2,5 giy. Sau khi nhit tng n nhit yu cu th khng cn b sung thm gas / du v lp cht lng c kh nng duy tr nhit n 24 gi. Loi, hnh dng, kch c ca l t cht lng ph thuc vo tnh cht ca CTR, thit k bc phun, tng l v iu kin cp kh. L t cht lng c ng dng x l nhiu loi cht thi khc nhau nh: CTR th, bn, than v nhiu loi ho cht khc, k c ho cht nguy hi. Khi s dng l t cht lng vi vt liu nn l vi cho php x l CTR c hm lng lu hunh cao vi s pht sinh kh SO2 l t nht. u im t c cht thi lng nguy hi. Khng yu cu ly tro thng xuyn. Nguyn Quang Hng - 510303018 Trang 28

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Thay i nhit nhanh chng theo tc nhp liu. Chi ph bo tr thp. Nhc im Ch p dng c i vi cc cht lng c th nguyn t ho. Cn cung cp kh, nhin liu ph nh gas/du qu trnh chy trit hn, trnh ngn la tc ng ln gch chu la. D b nght bc phun khi cht thi lng c cn. 2.4.3.4. L t thng quay y l loi l t cht thi c nhiu u im bi qu trnh xo trn CTR tt, t hiu qu cao v hin nay, c s dng kh ph bin cc nc tin tin. L t thng quay c s dng x l cc loi cht thi nguy hi dng rn, bn, cn v c dng lng. M, l t thng quay chim ti 75% s l t cht thi nguy hi, l t tng si chim10%, cn li 15% l cc loi l khc. Thng quay hot ng nhit khong 1100 0 C, s dng cht thi nguy hi lm nguyn liu. y l phng php tiu hy cht thi bng cch t cng vi nhin liu thng thng khc tn dng nhit cho cc thit b tiu th nhit nh: ni hi, l nung, l luyn kim, l nu thy tinh, l nung xi mng... Lng cht thi b sung vo l t c th chim 12 - 25% tng lng nhin liu.

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Hnh 6: M hnh l t thng quay L t thng quay l l t hai cp gm: bung s cp v bung th cp a. Bung t s cp Bung t s cp l mt trng quay hnh tr chu nhit, quay vi tc iu chnh c (0,5 - 1 vng/pht), c nhim v o trn CTR trong qu trnh chy. L t c t hi dc vi nghing 1 - 5 %, nhm tng thi gian chy ca cht thi v vn chuyn t ng tro ra khi l t. CTR c np vo t pha trn ca l di dng nn hay thu lc tu thuc vo tnh cht l hc ca cht thi. Khi t CTR, l s cp quay gip cho cho qu trnh x l c trit . Thi gian lu ca CTR trong l l 0,5 - 1,5 gi, lng cht thi np vo chim 20% th tch l. Phn u ca l t c lp mt bec phun du hoc gas km qut cung cp cho qu trnh t nhin liu nhm t nng h thng l t. Tc phun gas vo l khong 3,1 m/s nhm hn ch ti a s tht thot. Khi nhit l t 800 0 C th CTR mi c a vo t. Trong bung t s cp, nhit l quay Nguyn Quang Hng - 510303018 Trang 30

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c khng ch t 800 - 900 0 C, nu cht thi chy to nng lng gi c nhit ny th b t phun du/gas t ng ngt. Khi nhit h thp hn 800C th b t t ng lm vic tr li. Sn phm kh sinh ra trong qu trnh t l s cp c t tip tc bung th cp. b. Bung t th cp (Bung t ph) y l bung t tnh, nhm t cc sn phm bay hi, cha chy ht bay ln t bung s cp. Nhit y thng t 950 1100 C. Thi gian lu ca kh chy bung th cp t 1,5 - 2 giy. Hm lng oxy d ti thiu cho qu trnh chy l 6%. Bung th cp c cc tm hng dng kh thi va c thi qua vng la chy ca b phn t du phun va c xo trn mnh lit chy trit . Kh thi sau c lm ngui v qua h thng x l trc khi qua ng khi thi ra mi trng. Kch thc c bn: ng knh:1,5-3,6m, chiu di: 3-9m Sao cho: ng knh/chiu di = 4/1 u im p dng cho c cht thi rn v lng. C th t ring cht lng v cht rn hoc t kt hp. Khng b nght gi l (v l) do qu trnh nu chy. C th np cht thi dng thng hoc khi. Linh ng trong c cu np liu. Cung cp kh nng xo trn cht thi v khng kh cao. Ly tro lin tc m khngnh hng n qu trnh chy. Kim sot c thi gian lu ca cht thi lng trong thit b. C th np cht thi trc tip m khng cn phi x l s b gia nhit cht thi. C th vn hnh nhit trn 1400 C.

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Nhc im

ti: Qu trnh thiu t cht thi

Li cun cc ht, phn t vo trong dng kh gas, thnh phn tro trong kh thi cao. Gia cng l kh. Chi ph u t cao. Vn hnh phc tp. Yu cu lng kh d ln do tht thot qua cc khp ni. Tn tht nhit ng k trong tro thi. Cht thi v c c th kt x gy kh khn cho cng tc bo tr, bo dng thng quay. 2.4.3.5. L t tng si

Hnh 7: Quy trnh h thng l t tng si Thuc loi l t tnh, c lt mt lp gch chu la bn trong lm vic vi nhit cao. c im ca l l lun cha mt lp ct dy 40 50 cm vi vai tr nhn nhit v gi nhit cho l t, b sung nhit cho CTR t. Lp ct c gi thi xo ng lm CTR b ti ra, xo trn theo nn chy d dng. Cht

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thi lng khi bm vo l s bm dnh ln b mt cc ht ct nng ang xo ng, nh vy s b t chy cn thnh phn nc s bay hi hon ton. Gi thi mnh vo di lp v c l nn gi s phn b u di y l lm lp m ct cng cc ph liu rn, nho u c thi ti, to iu kin chy trit . Khoang pha di l (trn lp v phn b gi), l khu vc chy s cp c nhit bung t t 850 920 C, cn khoang pha trn phnh to hn l khu vc chy th cp c nhit chy cao hn (990 1100 C) t chy hon ton CTR. Trong l t tng si cn duy tr mt lng ct nht nh nhm to mt lp m gi nhit n nh v h tr cho qu trnh si ca lp cht thi a vo l t. Kh thi sau c lm ngui v qua h thng x l trc khi qua ng khi thi ra mi trng. Khng kh cp vo l vi lng d 25 150% so vi l thuyt. u im C th x l c ba dng cht thi rn, lng v kh. Thit k n gin v hiu qu nhit cao. Nhit kh thi thp v lng kh d yu cu nh. Hiu qu t cao do b mt tip xc ln. Lng nhp liu khng cn c nh. Nhc im Kh tch phn khng chy c. Lp dch chuyn phi c tu sa v bo tr. Lp m c kh nng b ph v. Cn khng ch nhit t v nu cao hn 850 0 C c kh nng ph v lp m. Cha c s dng nhiu trong x l cht thi nguy hi.

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CHNG III: L T THNG QUAY L t thng quay ph hp vi nhiu quy m (nh, va v ln).y l kiu l t c nhiu u im ni bt. Ngoi hiu qu x l cao, l t thng quay cn cho php hot ng lin tc do c kh nng cp liu v tho tro lin tc; phm vi x l (chng loi cht thi a vo l t) rt rng: l c th t c tt c cc loi cht thi rn hu c kh t trong cc loi l t khc nh bn thi, cht thi dng bt, cht thi c m cao. Do c im cht thi c vn chuyn lin tc trong ng lng nn c xo trn t u ng n cui ng, trong qu trnh di chuyn v xo trn ng thi xy ra cc qu trnh: sy, kh ha thnh than v cui cng l t chy hon ton thnh tro. Chnh nh vy, m ca rc cng cho php cao hn cc loi l khc. L t thng quay: cng ngh ny tng t nh l t tnh, l quay bao gm mt bung dt hnh tr, bn trong c lt gch chu la t trn cc bnh rng truyn ng v quay vi tc 3 5 vng/pht theo dc trc ca n. nghing c l khong 30 50 theo chiu t u nhp nhin liu n u tho tro do vy cht thi c th chuyn ng song song phng theo phng ngang v theo phng bn knh ca l. Cng ngh ny c u im c th t cc loi cht thi kh chy nh bn thi do cht thi c khuy trn tt trong l quay. Nhng nhc im ca cng ngh ny l chi ph u t ln, i hi tiu chun c kh cao. Nguyn l c bn ca mt h thng l t thng quay nh m hnh sau:

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Hnh 8: H thng l thng quay H thng bao gm cc b phn: cp liu, l s cp (l quay), l th cp (l tnh) v b phn tho tro. Bung s cp: lmt trng quay hnh tr chu nhit, quay vi tc iu chnh c (0,5-1 vng / pht), c nhim v o trn cht thi rn trong qu trnh chy. L t c t dc vi vi nghing 1- 5% ,nhm tng thi gian chy ca cht thi v vn chuyn t ng rc t khi vo cho n khi thnh tro ra khi bung t. Cc qu trnh sy, ha hi (nhit phn), t chy carbon v tho tro din ra trong trng quay ny theo trnh t t khi np rc vo bung t n khi thnh tro. Sn phm kh t bung s cp tip tc c t trong bung th cp c b sung nhit lng t chy hon ton cc cht hu c trong kh thi. Cc qu trnh sy, nhit phn v t chy cn carbon xy ra c Nguyn Quang Hng - 510303018 Trang 35

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lp trn mi on chiu di ca trng quay v nh c s xo trn tt nn tc kh ha ca l t thng quay cao hn l t tnh 2-3 ln (trong l t tnh cc qu trnh sy, nhit phn v t chy cn cac bon xy ra ti mt v tr v xy ra ng thi).khi t cht thi rn ,l t s cp quay gip choi qu trnh x l c trit .Thi gian lu ttrong l l 0,5 1,5 gi, lng cht thi np vo chim 20 % th tch l. Phn u ca l t c lp mt bc phun du hoc gas km qut cung cp cho qu trnh t nhin liu nhm t nng h thng l t .Tc phun gas vo l khong 3,1 m/s nhm hn ch ti a s tht thot. Khi nhit l t 800C th cht thi rn c a vo t . Trong bung t s cp , nhit l quay c khng ch t 800-900C ,nu cht thi chy to nng lng gi c nhit ny th b t phun du /gas t ng ngt .Khi nhit h thp hn 800C th b t lam,2 vic tr li . Sn phm kh sinh ra trong qu trnh t l s cp c t tip tc bung th cp. Bung t th cp: l mt bung t tnh, nhm t cc sn phm bay hi v kh ha do qu trnh nhit phn t bung s cp. Nhit y thng t 9500C. 11000C. Thi gian lu ca kh thi qua bung th cp t 1,5 - 2 giy. Hm lng oxy d ti thiu cho qu trnh chy l 6%. Bung t th cp thng gn lin vi h thng ti s dng nng lng nh ni hi. Ni hi sn xut hi cao p chy my pht in hoc sn xut nc nng. 3.1. L t thng quay cng sut nh

3.1.1. Thng s hot ng ca l t cng sut nh LQ-150 L t thng quay LQ-150 c thit k x l nhiu loi rc thi: thnh phn hu c tr ca rc sinh hot (RDF), rc cng nghip (nguy hi v khng nguyhi), rc y t, sn phm ph thi (ha cht, dc phm, thc phm, hng hoc qu hn s dng buc phi thiu hy, xc ng vt nh nh g, vt,). Nguyn Quang Hng - 510303018 Trang 36

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Cng sut nhit ca l l 680.000 kcal/gi tng ng vi 150 kg/h loi rc c nhit tr 4.000 kcal/kg. (Ghi ch : i vi rc c nhit tr nh hn 4000 kcal/kg th nng sut t ca l ln hn 150 kg/gi). Thit b i km l t l h thng gii nhit v x l khi thi bng phng php t (hp th trong dung dch kim). 3.1.2. c im k thut ca l t LQ-150 Loi l t: L t thng quay. Cng sut: 680.000 kcal/h i vi rc cng nghip: 150-300 kg/h (nhit tr rc 2.000 4.000 kcal/h; rc c nhit tr trn 4.000 kcal/kg cng sut t s thp hn 150 kg/h). B t my: 1.500 kg/m2. Mc tiu th nc: 1 m3/h (nc s dng tun hon, lng tiu th b bay hi). Loi nhin liu/mc tiu th: du DO; 60-90 kg/gi. Mc tiu th in (max): 20 kWh. Nhit bung t chnh (l quay): 500 - 850C. Nhit bung t ph (bung th cp): 950 - 1200C 3.1.3. Nguyn tc v c im vn hnh l t LQ-150 H thng l t rc hon chnh bao gm: mt bng ti cp rc, phu np rc, mt l t chnh (l quay), mt l t ph (bung t th cp), h thng tho tro. Rc cng nghip thng cha c ng gi nn c th dng bng ti vn chuyn rc vo phu np rc. Khi vo phu np rc, nhng thnh phn rc c kch thc nh t chy vo bung t ca l quay, nhng rc c kch thc ln c cng nhn vn hnh ng trn sn thao tc dng dng c cm tay y rc vo bung t (nu mun t ng hon ton khu np rc th trc khi t rc phi c bm cht c kch thc ng u).

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Thit b ph tr i km h thng l t l h thng gii nhit v x l khi thi, bao gm cc hng mc: thit b gii nhit s cp bng khng kh, thit b tch bi bng cyclon, m-un x l kh thi kt hp 3 chc nng: gii nhit th cp, hp th kh nhim v tch m, qut ht khi, h thng ng dn kh v ng khi v thit b gii nhit nc (cooling tower). Nguyn tc vn hnh ca h thng l t LQ-150 nh sau: Cht thi c h thng cp liu a ln phu np liu. Trong phu cha, nh dc ca phu, rc c xu hng tut xung di. Ti v tr ca np rc c mt sn thao tc cng nhn ng vn hnh bng ti np rc v dng dng c cm tay y nhng thnh phn rc c kch thc ln vo bung t. Trong bung t chnh (l quay) nh dc v s quay ca bung l m rc i t pha np rc ti bung tho tro. iu kin nhit bung l t 500 - 850C s xy ra cc qu trnh x l rc nh sau: u tin rc c sy tch hi m, sau ti vng kh ha tch cht bc (CO, H2, CxHy) cht thi bin thnh than, cui cng t chy hon ton than thnh tro. Lng tro hnh thnh ri vo bung tho tro pha di l mt xe cha tro v c di chuyn thay xe khc khi y (hoc dng bng ti tho tro lin tc). Cht bc i vo bung t ph v c t chy hon ton thnh CO 2 v H2O. Hiu qu t CE (Combution Efficiency) ca l t c nh gi theo t l CO2/CO trong khi thi. i vi CTCN thng thng th hiu qu t yu cu l CE = 99,9%. i vi CTNH (PBCs, TBVTV, ha cht,) th yu cu CE = 99,99%. m bo hiu qu t nh mong mun, bung t ph phi c duy tr nhit cao (950 1100oC), thi gian lu t 1 2 giy v xy d t 6 14%. Do yu cu nhit bung t th cp cao hn bung s cp nn bc t th cp tiu th nhin liu ln hn bc t s cp. Qu trnh t thc cht l qu trnh xy ha cc cht hu c. Hiu qu t chnh l mc xy ha hon ton hay khng hon ton cc cht hu Nguyn Quang Hng - 510303018 Trang 38

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c. Tuy nhin trong khi thi cn c cc thnh phn v c nguy hi l cc kh a xt nh SOx, NOx, HCl, HF, hnh thnh do bn cht ca cht thi hoc do nhit cao to ra (nh NO2), ngoi ra cn c bi v cc kim loi nng bay hi. Vic khng ch lng xy d v xc nh ng thi im cp xy c th lm gim NO2, nhng i vi cc kh a xt khc v hi kim nng khng th khc phc c bng cng ngh t m chng hon ton ph thuc vo bn cht cht thi. V d: cht thi c nhiu cao su (nh gng tay y t) s pht sinh nhiu SO2. Cc thnh phn cha kim loi nng thng b nghim cm a vo l t (nh pin, c quy, bn thi t h thng xi m,) nhm hn ch pht sinh hi kim loi nng trong kh thi. Chnh v vy, m bo tha mn yu cu v tiu chun mi trng khi thi qua ng khi bt buc phi c h thng x l kh thi. Nhim v ca h thng x l kh thi l loi b bi, hi kim loi nng v cc kh a xt v gi tr thp hn tiu chun cho php. Ni mt cch khc, kh thi sau khi i qua h thng x l kh tha mn tiu chun cho php do Nh nc quy nh. i vi l t rc cng nghip th tiu chun p dng l QCVN 19: 2009/BTNMT (tiu chun c TCVN5939:2005). 3.1.4. Cc hng mc c bn ca l t LQ-150

Hnh 9: Hnh nh thc t l t thng quay

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Hnh 10: Np liu cht thi vo l 3.1.4.1. H thng np rc

Bng ti vn chuyn rc vo phu np rc. T phu np rc, cng nhn vn hnh dng dng c cm tay y nhng thnh phn rc c kch thc ln vo bung l, rc c kch thc nh t chy vo bung l. 3.1.4.2. L thng quay

L t thng quay l mt tang quay c v ngoi lm bng thp c sn bng cc lp sn chu nhit, bn trong l lp vt liu chu nhit v cch nhit. quay c, ton b tang c ta trn 02 b gi con ln v bn ngoi tang lp t 01 b truyn ng. Tc m t c th iu chnh c bng inverter nh c th nhanh chng iu chnh ch t ph hp vi tng loi rc. y l u im ni bt m cc kiu l t khc khng c c. Pha np rc l ca l c gn bc t s cp v phu np rc. Ca l lm bng thp chu nhit hoc thp khng r, bn trong c b tng chu nhit nh m khng b nng Nguyn Quang Hng - 510303018 Trang 40

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ln do nhit cao trong bung l. Vic b tr bc t t pha ca l lm cho dng kh gas di chuyn cng chiu vi dng cht rn nn lun to ra p sut m trong bung l. Kt hp vi vic b tr l t ph v tnh ton qut ht hp l, th ngay c khi xe tro c ko ra khi v tr hng tro vn duy tr c p sut m khng lm x kh nhim ra ngoi nh hng n mi trng lao ng. (iu ny thng xy ra vi cc l t tnh nh l nhit phn 2 cp trong qu trnh np rc hoc tho tro lm mt lng khng kh lt vo bung l lm tng p sut trong bung l). Ton b l quay c lp trn 01 b my bng kt cu thp hnh m bo cng vng. Thn l quay c dc khong 1/100 v pha tho tro vn chuyn lin tc rc t khi np n khi thnh tro trong khi quay. 3.1.4.3. L th cp

L t th cp l mt l tnh. Kt cu l c v ngoi bng thp, sn bng cc lp sn chu nhit, bn trong xy cc lp gch chu nhit v cch nhit. Th tch bung th cp c tnh ton m bo thi gian lu ca sn phm kh ha t bung s cp t 1-2 giy. 3.1.4.4. H thng x l kh thi

H thng x l kh thi bao gm mt thit b gii nhit s cp bng khng kh, thit b tch bi bng cyclon, mt m-un x l kh thi kt hp 3 chc nng: gii nhit th cp, hp th kh nhim v tch m, mt qut ht kh, mt thp gii nhit dung dch x l (cooling tower), mt thit b pha ha cht, 02 bm nh lng ha cht, h ng ng v ng khi. Ngoi ra cn c cc hng mc xy dng ph tr i km: b lng cn trong dung dch x l tun hon s dng, b cha dung dch sau kh lng v b lc cn. Trc khi vo h thng x l, khi thi c nhit cao (khong 900C) c gii nhit hai bc gim nhit xung cn khong 100 C trc khi vo thp hp th. Vic gim nhit khi c ngha quan trng v lm tng Nguyn Quang Hng - 510303018 Trang 41

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hiu sut hp th ng thi m bo an ton cho con ngi v thit b. Trong thp hp th, dng kh thi v dng cht lng (dung dch hp th) i ngc chiu nhau. Cht lng i vo t pha trn thp qua lp m v i xung phu thu pha di thp. Kh thi i vo thp t pha di ln pha trn sau theo ng dn vo thit b tch m. Trn b mt vt liu m (bng ceramic, kt cu kiu tr rng), kh thi tip xc vi mng cht lng nn xy ra qu trnh hp th cc cht nhim t pha kh vo pha lng. y l mt qu trnh ha l phc tp v cui cng lm gim nng cc cht nhim trong kh thi. Bi v kim loi nng cng c x l nh tip xc vi cht lng, kt dnh tng khi lng sau sa lng vo dng cht lng. Khi thi sau khi x l t tiu chun QCVN 19: 2009/BTNMT. Dung dch x l thot ra t thp hp th cha cc cht l lng (tro cn) v cc sn phm do qu trnh ha l gm cc mui tan v khng tan. ti s dng dung dch phi tin hnh lc loi b cn. Mt khc, nhit khi tuy c gii nhit vn cn khong 100oC, do khi s dng tun hon dung dch s dn dn nng ln. Cooling Tower c nhim v gim nhit dung dch x l v nhit mi trng. Bm nh lng ha cht bm soda c pha ch vo ng ng iu chnh pH ca dung dch x l. 3.2. L t thng xoay cng sut ln L t thng quay LQ-10 c thit k x l nhiu loi rc thi: thnh phn hu c tr ca rc sinh hot (RDF), rc cng nghip (nguy hi v khng nguy hi), rc y t, sn phm ph thi (ha cht, dc phm, thc phm, hng hoc qu hn s dng buc phi thiu hy, xc ng vt nh nh g, vt,). Cng sut nhit ca l l 2.000.000 kcal/gi tng ng vi 500 kg/h loi rc c nhit tr 4.000 kcal/kg. (Ghi ch : i vi rc c nhit tr nh hn 4000 kcal/kg th nng sut t ca l ln hn 500 kg/gi v ngc li).

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Hnh 11: S cng ngh l t thng xoay cng sut ln. cng sut 500kg/h

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KT LUN V KIN NGH

1. Kt lun Cng ngh nhit x l rc thi thu hi nguyn liu v nng lng hu dng t rc thi, xa b nhn thc ph nh v l t v loi b cc hn ch ca vic chn lp, c u im l cht thi ra t hn so vi l t rc thi, nhng vn tn ti mt ph nh. Ngha l, lun chng mang tnh k thut t hn nhng vn c mt ph nh l khuynh hng sa i ca cc doanh nghip, lun chng thng nghip ha ca l t, nhiu khch hng thiu hiu bit v cng ngh mi v bt c quc gia no cng c nhng ni gim lng rc thi, v vy cng ngh x l CTR bng phng php nhit s tip tc pht trin .

Bi vit ca em xin c kt thc y .Tuy c u t nhiu v thi gian v cng sc nhng chc chn khng trnh khi nhng khuyt im c v ni dung ln hnh thc .Vy em mong c c nhng kin nhn xt v ng gp ca thy bi vit ca em hon chnh hn. 2. Kin ngh Hin nay, cc l t Vit Nam a s l nhp ngoi, mt s l t c ch to trong nc th hiu qu t khngn nh. V vy, cn phi xy dng c cng ngh vn hnh l t thch hp cho mi loi cht thi. lm c nh vy th cn xc nh chnh xc v thnh phn v tnh cht cht thi t xy dng mi quan h gia tc , nhit vi thi gian nhit phn v t. u t thm c s vt cht k thut tnh ton thit k ch to lt ngay trong nc, gim chi ph u t ban u t gim c chi ph x l cht thi nguy hi.

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