STAR-NAMES

AND

THEIR

MEANINGS

STAR-NAMES
AND

THEIR

MEANINGS

BY

RICHARD

HINCKLEY

ALLEN

LOE

WHAT

VARIETIE

THERE AND

IS

AMONG ASTROLOGERS

THESE

DEEPE

CLEARKES

GREAT

!
PLINY'S "NATURAL HISTOtW"

G.

E.

STECHERT
YORK
LONDON PARIS

NEW
LEIPZIG

1899
All

rights

reserved

102160

Copyright,
Hinckley

1899,

by
Allen

Richard

GRATEFULLY

DEDICATE

THESE

PAGES

TO

THE

MEMORY

OF

HUBERT

ANSON

NEWTON

AND

WILLIAM

DWIGHT

WHITNEY

SENIOR

PROFESSORS

IN

YALE

UNIVERSITY

WHO

FIRST

ENCOURAGED

ME

IN

MY

WORK

R.

H.

A.

HE

MADE

THE

STARS

ALSO

6
GENESIS

1,

STARS

INDEED

FAIR

CREATURES

BE

HONEST

GEORGE

WITHER

MAKE

FRIENDSHIP

WITH

THE

STARS

MRS.

SIGOURNEY

CONTENTS

PAGE

Introduction

xi

The

Solar

Zodiac
i

The

Lunar

Zodiac
7

The

Constellations

10

The

Galaxy

474

Indices

489

"

Wilt

thou

lere

of

sterres

aught

Elles

I wolde

thee
sterres

have

told,"
names,

Quod
And And

he,
al the
which

"

the

lo,
to,

hevenes

signes
ben."
Dan

they

Geoffrey

Chaucer's

Hous

of Famr.

INTRODUCTION.

This

list

of

star-names

is

published

in

the

endeavor

to

fill is

an

ledged acknowintended
the and old

vacancy for the

in

our

popular
astronomer,

astronomical

literature.
a

It little

not

professional
of the

who,
his

as

rule,

cares

about

designations being
great
"

objects
indeed

of

study,
for

"

alphabets, numerals,
purposes
not

circles
Yet

preferable,
scholars have

needful,
this and

his

of

identification.
their

thought

nomenclature

unworthy
among

attention,

Grotius,
much of

Scaliger, Hyde,
rare

our

own

Whitney,
;

others, devoting
of of
a

their

talent in

to

its

elucidation in

while

Ideler,

century

ago,
wrote

not

without
to

authority
into

astronomy
:

as

other

branches

learning,

as

inquiry

star-names

This

is, in its very

worth

nature,

coincidently
their

research

into

the
all

constellations,
ages

and of

it is

so

much
cerned con-

more

while
with

learning
a

history
has
ever

as

throughout
had the

the

spirit
to

man

has the

itself
heavens.

subject

that

highest

interest

him,

"

starry

Old

Thomas "for and

Hood,

of

Trinity College,
sake
.
.

Cambridge, things
cannot

in

1590 be

asserted

that

they names";

were

instruction's
it is certain when that

taught
much almost

without
to

knowledge
survey
:

of

these

contributes

an

intelligent pleasure
repeat
Thomas

we

the

evening

sky.

For

all

can

Carlyle's
somebody
are

lament

Why
heavens,

did

not

teach

me

the and

constellations,
which I don't

and

make
know

me

at to

home

in ?

the

starry

which

always

overhead,

half

this

day

xii

Introduction

Naturally these
clear skies made

titles them

are

chiefly from
familiar with

the the

Arabs, whose
stars,
as

Desert
*

life and
wrote
:

very
who
course,

Al

Biruni

He and

whose
set

roof

is

heaven,
same

has

no

other
the

cover,

over

whom

the

stars

continually
his

rise

in

one

and
upon

the

makes

beginnings

of his affairs

and

knowledge

of time

depend
the

them.

So

that

shaykh
not

Ilderim

well

told

Ben

Hur

at

the

Orchard
We

of Palms

Thou
names

canst

know

how

much them

we

Arabs

depend

upon

the

stars.

borrow

their

in

gratitude,and
star-names

give

in love.

But that the

many

supposed
of the

to

have

originated in

Arabia

are

merely

country's
rule of

translations

Greek

descriptiveterms, adopted, during Ptolemy's

of H
our

the

Abbasids,2
Great

from

Claudius
of

Meydki] 2vvragi$
second

TTfc 'Aorpovofiiag,the
For

System

Astronomy,

century.

it

was

early in this khalifate,

in the

golden prime
Alraschid

Of

good

Haroun

(Aaron

the the

Just),that Ptolemy's Ivvrafa*

Greatest educated ibn Kurrah
a

was

translated

as

Al

Kitab

al

Mijisti,
among Al

Book. classes in the

a

This,
new

in

its various
;

editions, substituted while, as

it revised

the

nomenclature

by

Thabit

latter

part

of

the

9th century, (Gerard

of

eventually
of

became,
the
1

through

Latin

version

by

Cremonaeus first

Cremona)

2th

century, the
at

groundwork
in

of the
so

complete printed Almagest

its

This, published

Venice and

15 15,

showed manifestly referred

seems

composite
Latin

origin

that

Ideler The

Smyth
text

always
the

to to

it

as

the
been
a

Arabo-

Almagest.
unknown in

Greek

of

Syntaxis
into

have

practically
script manu-

Europe

until

translated monk
Abu
from

Latin of

from

Vatican
several
of of
are

by Trapezuntius (the
iThis whose
His
was

George
Raihan his

Trebizond),
ibn

editions
A. D.

the

celebrated
in

Khorasmian
came

Muhammad
a

Ahmad

1000,

designation Vestigesof authority

Past

literature

birthplace,

birun,

or

suburb, India,

Khw"rizm. of interest

Generations,
now.

chronology

of ancient

nations, and

his

and
2

even

This
and

first

organized government

among
soon

the

Arabs

began
what
to

in

749,

and had

under

"

its

ened enlightto

munificent
was

protection Baghdad designated

the
as

became

Alexandria

long ceased
his

be."
logical astroto

SThis

subsequently
in four of the

c/f l/"y/arij

distinguish
word

it from

smaller

work
be

books,

"vvra$tc. TitQafiiflkoc
of the

Our

Almagest

is

now

supposed

composed

principal

letters

Greek

title.

Introduction

xiii

of this issuing during the 16th century. have

come

From

all these words

and

kindred
a

works varied

the

barbarous
as

Graecostar-names

Latin- Arabic

that, in

orthography, appear
But there the heathen
were

in modern

lists.
so

other of the the

purely indigenous,and
Ishmaelites anterior
to

very

ancient, titles

from

days

Mediterranean

influences,
Arabs accords for of the

perhaps Desert,
"

even

from

"'Arab prehistoric in

al

Baida,"

the

these

titles

generally pastoral
we

their character, as
the nomads' words and

with

such and

an

origin.So

that

find among

them

shepherds trappings;
and tiles. repof

herdsmen

with

their maidens;
and

horses, horsemen,
other the know
not

their

cattle, camels, sheep,

It should the Arabs
" "

goats

predatory and
however,
that
we

animals archaic

; birds

be

remembered,

nomenclature of its

archaic
one

properly so called,for
is

nothing
group

nings beginseveral sequently sub"

in

respect
a

unique.

They
their

did

together
who

stars

to

form became

living figure,as
their teachers;

did

Western

neighbors,

singlestars
deviated

representedsingle creatures,
from,
"

rule that

seems

rarelyto

have

been

although the
Even botanical

case

was

differentin their stellar counterparts

used but few
stars

of inanimate

objects.
and

here

they

for

their

geographical,anatomical,
and articles, thrones
;
ornaments

terms;
stalls ;

their tents, nests,

household and

; mangers

and

boats, biers, crosses,

and nuts;
"

wells, ponds,
in the
names

and

rivers ; fruits, grains,

all of which

they imaged
class of

sky. peculiar to themselves,

Trusted such

They had,
as

too, stillanother
Al

Al

Saidak,
the

Simak,
One

Al
;

the Suha, respectively

One,

the

Lofty
;

One,

Neglected

their Changers, Drivers, Followers, and

and

Wardens None of

their Fortunate, or

Unfortunate, Ones,
were

their

Ones, Solitary
the

etc.

these early asterisms,however,

with their became titles, known
"

utilized

by

scientific Arabians, but,

to

curiosities merely interesting

"

them,

as
"

to

us.

These

were

as

of the

Arabs,"

while

were Ptolemy's figures

of the Arab
"

astronomers,"
or

distinction maintained
and first, eAbd
or
"

in this book for the last. Abu al

by
The

the

use

of

"

"Arabic"

for the

Arabian"

Persian
now

ical astronom-

the writer,
as

dervish

al Rahman

Husain,
of this
east

better

known

Al
1

the Mystic Sufi,1

was

Sage,

made
his

mention

in early distinction,
of Teheran. C.
A

Al Sufi also

known
was

as

Al

Razi, from
in

birthplace, Al Rayy,
by
the late H. C.

French
Saint

translation

of his work

published

1874

F.

Schjellerup of

Petersburg.
ir"

xiv

Introduction

964,

in

his

Description of
the
same

the

Fixed

Stars

Kazwini

following, three

turies cen-

later,with
The and the various

expressions.
we see

Arabic

titles that
some

applied
are

to

single star

or

group,

duplicate
came

titles for the

own.

that

widely separated
of which had
to
a

in the certain

sky,apparently
extent

from

various

tribes,each

nomenclature The
rest
or

of its of
our

star-names,
"

with
of

but

few

exceptions, are
is the
at
case

directlyfrom
the

Greek

Latin
now

originals, regarded
the

many
as

these, as

with

Arabian,

although

personal, being

first

only

adjectivalor figure;
and
to

merely descriptiveof
some are

star's

position in
or

the of
too

constellation

while oft-

the

result

of

misunderstanding,
But these
are now

errors

in translation

repeated transcription.
or even

firmly established

continued be dis-

corrected.
1

Vergil wrote

in the

st

Georgic :
turn

Navita

stellis

numeros

et

nomina

fecit ;

and

Seneca, the traditional friend

Graecia stellis

of Saint

Paul,
et

in his

Quaestiones Naturales:

numeros

nomina

fecit;

both sacred

of

these

heathen

authors
at least

almost four

exacdy following
years

the

words

of the
:

psalmist,who,

hundred

before, had

sung

He

telleth the number

of the stars

He

giveth them

all their names,

and

of the

prophet

Isaiah

He

calleth them

all by

name.

While
as

Seneca's the
we

statement

may in

have

some

foundation,
may
be
true

and

Vergil's assertion

to

sailor's influence should

star-naming
to

in part, yet for most the

stars

of this much

probably

look

the

Desert,
as

where
on

would
ocean,

be and

as

required and

relied upon of attentive 6th

for

guidance

the trackless

so

necessarily objects
told his

interest
of the

and Kur'dn

study.
:

Indeed,

Muljammad

followers,in
hath

the

Sura

God

given

you

the

stars

to

be

your

guides in

the

dark

both

by land

and

sea.

Introduction

xv

It

seems

safe

to

conclude sailors

that and learned

they

were

first named
"

by herdsmen,
common

hunters,
ally, gener-

and

husbandmen,
rather
than

travelers,
and

by

the

people
our

by the

scientific ; and
three well
as

that

modern from

lists
various
"

are

the

gradual accumulation chieflyfrom

the

of at

least
as

thousand the

years

nations, but

nomads,

scholars, of Arabia,
'slights,

those That

earthlygodfathers
name

of heaven
"

give

to

every

fixed star,

and

from

Greece be
now

and

Rome. that
a

It may

thought
almost of the
we

too

much

attention
but

has

been
serves

paid
to

to

stellar the
our

mythology,

hackneyed subject ;
the age

it

elucidate
at

literary history
interest.
source

stars, and should

"

of its stories that

our

commands
stars
were

least

Indeed,

remember

the

largely

the

of these

stories, Eusebius, early in

:

4th century,

assertingin his

Praeparatio Mvangelka
The ancients

believed
kindred

that

the

legends about
reference

Osiris
to

and

Isis, and

all other

mythological

fables

[of

sort], have

either

the

Stars,their

their configuration,

risingsand

their

settings,etc. chief

And charm

Proctor of this

wrote

in his

Myths

and

Marvels

of Astronomy

that

the

study
in the its

does

not

reside with

wonders

revealed

to

us

by
with

the

science, but in the lore and

in old times it has been

legends
ated, associ-

connected the

the history,

strange fancies
to

which

half-forgottenmyths

which

it has

given birth.

Yet

these

myths,
and

old

as

the
one

present forms
goes back and

of into
on

some

of

them

may
to

be,

are

but

modern

trivial when
among the where

the

dim

past
or

their

probable
banks

fountainhead
of the in

Himalayas
the
recent

the of

Ganges,

along

the

Euphrates,
serious

study
most

mythology
of

discovers

gin their ori-

connection
"
"

with

the

ancient

long earthly religions,

antedating Moses,
from

attempted explanations of
the earth and in the

natural the

phenomena,"
powers of nature

drawn and

observations
God.

on

sky

of

of nature's The

world-wide

field

of of

research
or

that five

have

endeavored need

to

traverse,
be said

containing the records

four

millenniums, it

hardly

xvi

Introduction

demands
and

for its exploration the

best

long continued, efforts,

of

the

scientist

scholar None ago

accomplished

in

archaeology, astronomy,
has

and literature,

ogy. philola
tury cen-

such, however, that, with

the the of

appeared since
of

Ideler's

day, nearly
most

; so

desire

taking

up

again this
more

ing interestto

task, and
it on,
fallen Much I have

hope

thus
I

stimulatingothers

competent

carry

done

what of my

could, although
ideal.
from

frankly confessing that

not

I have book
gether to-

very

far short been

Originalityis
widely

claimed
sources,

for my

of it has here

gathered
first time in

scattered

brought

for the and //

readily accessible
omission
;

form, although doubtless

for while I have

with did

errors

certainlywith
Penseroso, to

much

sought,

as

Milton's

sit and Of every

star

rightly spell
doth

that heav'n

show,

yet in preparing my
in the

material

I have

seen,

as

Doctor

Samuel

Johnson

wrote

preface

of his

Dictionary,

that
was

one

enquiry only
always
to

gave

occasion
to

to
was

another, that book

not

referred informed.

to

book, that

to

search

not

find, and

find

always

to

be

So

that, following him,

I set limits
to

my

work,

which

would

in time

be

ended

though

not

completed.

While quote

to

temper
from

such the

criticism
same
source

as

may

be

bestowed

upon

my

efforts, I

again

Dictionaries
to

are

like watches

; the

worst

is better

than none,

and

the best

cannot

be

pected ex-

go

quite true.

Doctor die main and

Christian der

Ludwig

Ideler's dated

Untersuchungen
in Berlin
on

uberden 2d
names

Ursprungund
is the

Bedeutung
critical Latin

Sternnamen,

the

of

April, 1809,
"

compendium
It

of information is to him

stellar
we owe

Arabic, Greek,
of the

especially.
to

that

the

translation

It is greatly
as

be

regretted that

our

dictionaries
and
most

are, too

without

tory exception, singularly unsatisfacerroneous.

to

star-titles, being however,

always deficient
contains the

often

The and

recent

Century
list

Cyclopedia of Names,
that
we

correct,

detailed, concise,

scholarly

have.

xviii

Introduction

from

that

or

from Doctor Bode's

Mr.

John

Reeves' Morrison's I papers list of many

Appendix

to

Volume

I, Part
at

2, of the

Reverend
1

Robert

Dictionary,published
have in
are

Macao Reverend

in

8 19,

with

star-numbers.
recent

also the

been China

aided
Review,

by

the The

Doctor of the

Joseph Edkins'
the
names

tions transla-

in

Reeves' School of H.

by

Professor

Kazutami
; but

Ukita,

of

Doshisha
as

Theological
to

Kyoto, Japan
of of them

he

expresses

givings mis-

the

correctness

in their stellar

application.
very and and the

Professor

Richard
the

J.

Gottheil,

Columbia
translation table of the

University, has
of the Hebrew

kindly supervised
Arabic the

and .transcription has of added the

star-names,

and

Arabic

alphabet
while
some

English equivalents
pages
were

its letters. the

to

But press
correct

his absence
will
account

abroad
for

earlier

going through
I have endeavored
sources.

errors,

which, however,
tean2 The
a

in the

Index.

The

Euphra-

titles

are

from

various

star-magnitudes are naked-eye

1884

from

the

Estimates
of the

of

the

Harvard south from

Photometry, declination,
the Uranoin

listof 4260
in

stars

north

of 30th parallel C.

published
metria The Doctor

by

Professor

Edward

Pickering, or
A. I

Argentina*
star-maps
Friedrich
at

of the of the Wilhelm

late Doctor northern

Benjamin
to

Gould, published

1879.
of

sky

which

generally refer
in his
to

are

those

August

Argelander
32*"8
stars

Uranometria the 6th of

Nor?a^

published
and of

Berlin, in 1843, wl^

Eduard Heis in

down Coelestis

magnitude; 1872.
But

Doctor

his

Atlas

Novus

1 The

original of Reeves'
volumes,
seem

list is from

the

31st volume Hi,

with

of

the

Leuk

Ltih

Yuen The with

Yuen,

in

one

hundred titles stellar

2

issued been

in the

reign of Kang
to

Jesuit assistance.
or

early native
no

to

have

arbitrarily applied

single

stars

small

groups,

apparent

signification.
term
"

The

Euphratean
in the
or

"

is used

throughout Valley,
the

these
source

pages

in
"

general
Sumerian,
The

way

for the

material

lately discovered
Chaldaean,
I have and
3

Euphrates
"

of which

Akkadian,
to

lonian, Babythis
terial ma-

Assyrian
from

is

as

yet largely undetermined.

of

references and

taken

bodily

the works

Hommel,

Sayce, Strassmaier

Epping,

sen, Jen-

Robert

Brown,
work

Junior. designed
of the
were

This

great

is

to

include

all
"

stars

down

to

the

7th magnitude

in

that

portion

of the

sphere within
the observations of
course,

ioo"

south

pole,

the

favorable
even

atmospheric conditions magnitude

stars,

atCdrdoba,
It
prises, com-

whence

made,

rendering

that

readily visible.
those
"

all stars,
stars.

the southern
that lie below

constellations,
the

with

6733
of

and

parts of the
66

ern, north-

with in

907 7730

10th

degree

north

declination,

constellations

all, with

Introduction

xix

the last-named
stars

acute

observer
to

includes of south

those

to

the

6]4 magnitude
in

l
"

5421
of the

from

the

pole
more

40"

declination,
of

eight

tenths

heavens.

Smyth

conservatively wrote
:

this oft-mooted

point

in

observational
The number

astronomy
of those
seen

by

the

naked

eye

at

once manner

is seldom

much

above
are

thousand

though from
appear
more,
to

their
almost

scintillation,and
infinite.
that
can

the

indistinct
albeit the

in which

they

viewed,

they
do

be

Indeed,
be

keen

glances
the

of

experience might
eye, sixth

the whole

number

generally perceived by
from the

naked
to

taking

both

hemispheres,is not
in about these

greatly

above

three thousand,

first

the

magnitudes,

proportions :

3000

in all. the

Professor number
to

David of

P.

Todd,

in his
stars

New
to

Astronomy
1400,

of

1897,
of of

creases inthe

5th-magnitude
"

and

of

those

6th

magnitude
and

5000,

7185

in
must

all;

but

exceptional
for confirmation list whenever authorities be

conditions
of this. noted sometimes

sight eye-

atmosphere probably generally

remembered those
are

exist

The

star-colors be

from
even

Smyth's
good

by

him

but it should
as

that

differ

to

stellar
case

tints,and
of minute

assigned
are

here

will not

accepted

by all,and

in the

objects
work

very brief

doubtful. notices alluded three and of the

to

I have

begun
that

my

with

Zodiacs,
in

"

Solar the

and dividual in"

Lunar,
"

necessarily are
;

constantly

treating of
on

Constellations
their

following these

with

chapters

the

latter,

history among
and

the

nations, cataloguing
with

early treatment

by

thors, au-

their

connection
detailed

astrology, art, folk-lore,literature,and

the

religion. The
and of their and

list of

Constellations,
with
as

in

alphabetical order,

named
their last

components
and titles, feature of

follows,
some

the
to

derivation, signification,
scientific Charles

history of
In

facts book
me

the

aspects of the
A.

stars.

this

my

Professor valuable my

Young,

of

Princeton

University, has,afforded inadequately, I

ends
to

much
return

assistance, for which,

thanks. A

although very
on

here

sincere

chapter

the
1

Galaxy
enabled

the
this

work. by
means

He

was

do

of
that

special arrangements
the

for

shutting off outside

the naked eye,

light
were

from the field of

oot

sky

under

view

; so

observations,

although by

unaided.

xx

Introduction

Where

thought

necessary,

the

accentuation

of

the

star-titles

is

given

in

the

Indices,
be

although

in

some

cases,

from

the

uncertainty

of

origin,

this

may

doubtful.

In

conclusion,
Professor

would

acknowledge
S.

my

obligations lately
of the the

for

useful

tions sugges-

to

Edward

Holden,
Van

till

Director

of

the

Lick

Observatory
for

to

Mr.

Addison

Name,
and

Yale

University
to

Library,
Messrs

access

to

volumes

of

reference

help
Vinne

in

translations;
for their

Theodore

L.

De

Vinne

"

Co.

(the

De

Press),
P.

accustomed

skill

in

the

make-up

of

my

book;
its

and

to

Mr.

J.

Cassidy,
do I thank

for

his

interest

and

intelligent
Miss

care

in

proof-reading.
of

Lastly
for

my

young aid in

friend

Lucy

Noble

Morris,
in her

Morristown,
selection

long-continued poetical
with its illustrations.

various

ways,

especially
with the

tasteful

of

And

now,

hope

that

my

work,
interest

even

imperfections,
and

may

serve

to

foster

more

intelligent
astronomy,"
I

in

the

nomenclature

"

archaeology

of

practical

submit

it

to

all

lovers

of

the

stars.

Richard

Hinckley

Allen.

Meadow

View,

Chatham,

New

Jersey,
6,

February

1899.

STAR-NAMES

AND

THEIR

MEANINGS

a
. .
.

broad

belt starry

of

gold

of

wide
are

extent.

Wherein

twelve the

animals of
Luiz de

shown,
zone.

Marking

boundaries

Phoebus'
Camoes' Os

Lusiadas.

Many
of that it

theories this
;

have but

been there
now

propounded
seems

for
to

the

birthplace

and

time
of

of

mation for-

be

general
archaic

agreement

opinion

originated,
with

mainly
the six

as

we

have

it, in

Euphratean
Cancer,
of it. the Yet eleven

astronomy,

possibly

only
and

alternate,
and later

signs, Taurus,
divided because

Virgo,
annual

Scorpio,
rence occur-

Capricornus,
of
a.

Pisces,
full
moons

twelve said and

to

in

successive

parts
of

of

Servius,

about

d.

400,

that

for

long
a

time

it consisted

but

constellations,
feature scending de-

Scorpio

its
Greece about

claws and

being
Rome.

double

sign,

this

characteristic

Riccioli,
or

1650,

cited
but

as

"

Chaldean be

"

title Hadronitho with modern much

Demalusche, allowance,1
for that row Fur-

Circle

of

trie

Signs;

this had

must not

taken while and

as

in his it
was

day
known

Babylonian
to

study
Akkadians

begun, Innum,

scholars

think
the

the

as

Pidnu-f

ha-Shame, Bull,
the
our

of which

Heaven,
from about
our

ploughed
3880
to

by
about of Akkadian

the 1730

heavenly
b. c.
was

Directing
first of

Taurus,

twelve. is
were
as

Although
it is

knowledge
that the the

that

country's
names

astronomy
the months the

yet

ited, lim-

certain
with
from

the

of

intimately probably
bald Archi-

connected

divisions
stars

of

this
2000

great
b.

circle;

calendar
to

being

taken

about

c, it

according passed
titles time in
to

Professor

Henry Assyria
"

Sayce,
Ararnaea,
the

of
as

Oxford. the

Thence

the

Jews
countries
with that

through
cates indi-

and andof

identity signs

of
for

its
a

those

eleven,

or

twelve,
as

became

people
in the

objects
2d

idolatrous

worship, xxiii,
Creation 5.

is evident

from

their

history

detailed

Book In the

0/

the

Kings,

Babylonian
the caution

Legend,

or

Epic

of

Creation,

discovered

by

1 In

fact

same

may

be

exercised

in this

regard
work,

to

much well
as

of

the of the

Euphratean
Chinese.

tion transcrip-

and

translation

throughout

as

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
"

George
biblical

Smith the

in

1872^

the
"

signs were being

Mizrata,

very be in the

similar

word

pears apthe and

come

for

Milky Way,
;

generally supposed
the form

to

original of
Targums

Mazzaroth

Mazzaloth

used

the

later Hebrew from of the

a

This writings.

word, although

of uncertain thus

derivation,may

root

meaning

"

to

watch,"

the constellations the in them

to

marking

the watches Thomas

night by coming
the learned
of Al and

to successively at Oxford

meridian
of the

; but

Doctor

Hyde,2 Beg,
more

translator

1665

Zij,or Tables, of XJlug

a

Tizini's work, derived

referred them

from

Ezor,
from

Girdle
a

; while

the

recent
so

Dillmann

Zahir,

Zuhrah,

Glittering
word the

Star, and
has been

signifying something

luminous. specially for the Greater indeed

Still this Bible

variously rendered, appearing

even

Bear, Sirius,
it has been

planets,or
to

for the constellations Lunar with Mansions. the

in

general;
zodiac

thought

signifythe
Another
name

Jews

for

the

was

Galgal Hammazaloth,
it
as

the

Circle

of the

Signs;
the

and Work

Bayer

said that

designated they fancifully

e.9 of the

Opus Phrygionarnm,
gold.
The

of the

Phrygians, L

embroiderers

in

Jewish

historian
d.

Flavius

Josephus,
that the the twelve

followed
stones

by
in

Saint the

Clement

of of

Alexandria, a.
the

200,

surmised
refer
same

twelve

breastplate

high priest might

of about
;

to

zodiacal the

constellations.
latter with the

Philo
stars

Judaeus, Joseph's
in Die character

the the

time, associated
poet
to

of

dream

modern

Johann
the

Christoph

Friedrich
as

Schiller,
its sacred

Piccolomini, thus
:

alluding
signs

ancient

opinion

to

Twelve

! twelve

hath

the

zodiac, five and

seven, ;

The

holy

numbers

include

themselves

in twelve

while
The with

Smyth

wrote

allegoricalimages
the

of

Jacob's blessing
God,
as as

have

been

identified
becomes

by

several

writers

signs of

the

Via

Solis,whence
Enoch

bow-man,
of the

Sagittarius. Hebrew
divisions
260
B.

antiquaries have
both Berosus declare

long recognized
as now

inventor the

Dodecatemory
of about

and and

[Berossos
that

written,
was

"

Chaldaean

historian

c]

Josephus
and As
even

Abraham

famous

for his

celestial

observations,

taught
this last

the

Egyptians.
while
our

to

people,
tablets

twelve

figures appear
600
B.

on

the

Denderah

This
been

was

found

on

of the
about

reign of As-sur-ba-ni-pal,
2350
B. C:
on a a

c,

although supposed by Pere

of

to

have

originally composed
found
a

supposition confirmed
tablet

Scheil, who

recently has King

2

fragment of this legend

B. c.

bearing

the

name

Am-mi-za-du-ga,
of the

of
was

Babylon,
this the

2140

It

Doctor
term

Hyde

who

first described
now a

the

wedge-shaped

characters

Persepolis

inscriptions by

cuneiformes,

word

of universal

acceptation.

4
Chaucer's

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings

line in

Troilus

and

Criseyde

"

and

Signifer his candeles

In

shewed

brighte

"

was

borrowed had
This

from

Claudian's

Rufinum,

and

referred

to

the

sky

; but

the

Astrolabe

forseide

hevenish

zodiak

is

cleped the cercle bestes

of

the

signes.
the

Elsewhere

he for

called

the

zodiac

figuresEyrish
sowneth

and

Cercle

of

the

Bestes,

zodia

in

langage
word

of Greek

bestes

in Latin

tonge

#5a,
"

the
"

original
in
our

in

The

Revelation, iv, 6,
and
"

being
"

translated Revised.

beasts

Authorized may of have the

Version been taken

livingcreatures
Ovid's

in the

Chaucer's In

terms

from

Formasque
circul

ferarum. zodiacum,
but their it the
as

manuscripts
Zodiacal
our

Anglo-Saxons
Twelf

it is Mielan the Twelve

the

Qreat

Circle, and

Tacna,
or

Signs ;
ago,

scendants, dethe

Bestiary, Oar
was

English ancestry Ladye's Waye, and

of the

of four
as

five centuries of the

knew

the

Girdle

Sky

; while

tic eclipthe

the

Yoke
or

Sky,

or

Thwart

Circle, and

the

prime meridian,
the earth's

Noonsteede, Milton,
as

Noonstead,

Circle.
accounts

in Paradise

Lost, thus

for the
:

of obliquity

axis,

if

by

direct

of the interposition
he bid earth

Creator

Some The From

say,

his

angels
ten

turn

askance
or more

poles of
the

twice
;

degrees
with
some

sun's

axle

they
:

labour say,

push'd
the
sun

Oblique
Was Like bid

the
turn

centric reins breadth

globe
from
to

th' Taurus

road equinoctial with the

seven

distant

Atlantic

Sisters, and

the
;

Spartan Twins,
thence and the down amain

Up

to

the Tropic Crab

and
as

By Leo,
As Of

the

Virgin,
to

Scales,
in

deep
seasons

Capricorn,
to

bring

change

each

clime.

Pope,

in his

Essay

on

Man,
the

called

it the
of

Solar

Walk,
and

and,
the

before

his

day,

its various of

divisions

were

Houses

the

Sun,

Monthly

Abodes

Apollo.
Dante
1 265-1321, designated Alighieri,

it

The

oblique
the the

circle

which

conveys

the

planets,
Mill-wheel often whose made
use

and cogs

called
were

it

Rnbecohio,

Tuscan

word

for

various
of

represented by

various

an signs,

image

by

The

Solar

Zodiac

the many had

great poet.

Longfellow

translated

this the Zodiac's

before Dante

Jagged
Rig

Wheel. of

But India

centuries,perhaps millenniums,
The

the

Veda

twelve-spoked wheel
children
in

revolves

around

the

heavens
abide

720

pairs [=

360 days -f- 360 nights]

in it.

And

again,
The fellies
are

twelve

the

wheel

is one;

within

it

are

collected

360 [spokes].

common

title for it in India

was

Ban

ohakra.
or

In

the
of

neighboring Persia, the Bundehcshy

about the 8th
or

Cosmogony,

in the Pahlavi of Persian

dialect,
and that

9th century,
our

queerly mixed
divisions
seven as

farrago
Twelve
or

Semitic

words, mentions
of and
a

zodiacal while the

the

Akhtars

lead the army

a

Ormuzd,

Asvahtars,

cluding planets (inand

meteor

comet), fightfor Aryaman.

of that

But
were

the

twelve

signs
into
a

country,
groups
or

as

also

those the

of four the

China

India,
of the

gathered
each of
to

four

great

marking
Guardian
a

quarters

heavens,

with

Royal thought

Star
to

; and

Aves/a,
of

or

Divine

Law,

Zoroaster zodiac.

is

mention

heavenly
the

circle

lent figures equiva-

our

Mr.

Robert

Brown,
the

Jr.,says

that

in China

Kung,

or

zodiacal
the Cock

signs, are

Tiger (Sagittarius);
the Horse

the

Hare

(Scorpio); (Cancer);
the the latest the Rat

the

Dragon

(Libra);
the Ox the the

Serpent (Virgo); (Taurus);

the

(Leo);
the indeed

the

Ram

Ape

(Gemini); [notably by
Chinese

Dog
is
a

(Aries);
zodiac

Boar

(Pisces); although
a more

(Aquarius);
of

(Capricornus).
late Doctor of about

This
de

; but to

research

Terrien

Lacouperie] points
years

western

origin

tion civiliza-

[as

4000

ago],

and

even

(a

most

tity interesting fact) to the original iden-

of the
one

Chinese
source,

pictorialwriting
yet
to

with

the is and

Akkadian

Cuneiform,

as

both
none are

springing from
the
not

prior
it

the

Chinese

Zodiac
Ram

evidently independent,
the

and

less Aries

so

cause beand

happens

include

the

Bull, which, however,

Taurus.

It is well age,

shown

on

the

Temple

Money,1

full set

of

which,

of

uncertain

is in my

possession.
zodiac, however,
sun's
as

This

Chinese
to

progressed in
in the the date of

reverse

order

from with

our

own, Rat.

opposed
It
some
was

the

annual

course

heavens,

and

began

the

known time

the

Yellow
the

Way,
and twelve

formation
before
our

being assigned to
era,

between
to

27th
the

7th centuries
months ago,

and
was

the twelve

symbols
too,

utilized the

mark

of the
some

year. of

It

borrowed,

by

neighboring
sharply minted
copper

nations

ages

its features

being
apparently
or

still

These

are

coins, somewhat
a

smaller

than

an

American
to

dime,

ot

silver and

alloy, with

square

perforation

similar

that in the

tsien

cash.

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
in China of the

current

among 6th

them.
our

After zodiac
was

the

establishment

Jesuits

in

the
and In

century
in current the

adopted, its titles being closelytranslated

the eleven

now

use.

England
John
the

Venerable

Bede, 673-735, substituted

the

apostles Apostolothe

for eleven nun,

of the

as early signs,

Corona
the the

sen

Circulua

sanctorum
to

Baptist fitly taking

Drummond,
Bible in

place of Aquarius 17th century,

Reverend been Life have of G. other in the

complete

circle.

Sir William

turned

its constellations made

into
of of them

dozen twelve

patriarchs; the
and there the
as

Townsend fanciful

the
same

Caesars;

changes
has

this

character.
a

Indeed,

Tree

Apocalypse

been

thought

type of the zodiac,

manner

bearing twelve

of

fruits,yieldingits fruit every has had

a

month.

Probably generallyone
of South

every

nation

on

earth in

solar

zodiac

in

some
1

form,
Land

of animals. has

Even

Rhodesia,

the

aboriginalMashona
a

Africa, there

recently been
the circle of its the makes

found

stone

tablet the

thirty-eight
edge
;

inches

in diameter, with
tradition

zodiacal

signs on
of

and

early Mandaean
Ur and Ruha.

figureschildren figures into

their creative

spirits

The
of

introduction

of

the

twelve

the

walls
as,
more

or

pavements

early churches, houses,

cathedrals, and
to

as public edifices,

well still

sometimes,

vate priin

is often of the

be
2

noticed while

in

Europe,
of

and the

frequently
State will recall

the in

temples
the

East

all visitors to

New in

York

Building
the

World's

Columbian

Exposition designed by
floor of the

Chicago

1893

strikingoctagonal zodiac3
and laid in brass in the

Messrs.
entrance

McKim,

Mead,

and

White,
not

hall,which, although
of that

astronomicallycorrect, greatly added

structure.

to the

interior effect

beautiful

The

zodiacal

constellations
the

being

of

unequal
into
; but

extent,

Hipparchos
spaces
now

more

divided scientifically

eclipticcircle
use

twelve these

equal
are

of

300

each,
with
the

the the

twelve

signs still in almanac

not

coincident

similarly named
north

constellations, having retrograded about

zodiac that

330

on

sphere

since their formation.

or

The
set

constellation

south Greece

of
was

the

one

of

the in

rose

or

synchronicallywith

it in

known,

later

days, as

its

pa-

ranatellon.
1 This

word
their

is

Anglicized from
the

Amashuina,
the
as

the natives this in

Baboons,
of Mashona
her volume

the nickname Land.

article

given by the Matathe zodiac in

bele
2

to

neighbors
has
much

Makalanga,
information has
Brown

Miss

Clerke

to

interesting
of

on

the

Encyclopaedia Britannka,
3

as

in

the

47th

Arthacologia.

This

is

now

in the

Boston

Public

Library.

Their

number stars,

is, if you
and
a

want

to

count

them,
them.

Twenty

number
An
A

8 after
rabic

Rhyme

quoted by

Al

Biruni.

"$e "unat
once

Qttanaione
astronomy,
the ancient research

bore

an

important part
and

in observational
and of Khiva while
"

especially in
Khorasmia finds them
"

that and well

of

Arabia, China,
"

India,

Bokhara

the in

ancient
the the

Sogdiana;

recent

established

Euphrates
first.
most

valley, Coptic

Egypt

and

Persia, perhaps

in originating

They
varying
the
were

lay
in

for

the

part

along

the

celestial
was

equator

or

in the
to

zodiac,

extent, of the

although
moon's but

theoretically each daily

motion in

supposed
orbit. in

represent
sometimes
the lunar

length

its

They number,

twenty-seven,

usually

twenty-eight
and

month

being
antedated
seem

between the have

twenty-seven

twenty-eight
or even

days,
the
at

and solar

possibly
zodiac.

long
They
indeed

general
been among

constellations,
the
to

to

earliest Al called

attempts

stellar

science;
ledge knowto

with
of the

the

Khorasmians,
an

whom
was

Biruni Akhtar made

even

attributed

great

stars,

astronomer

Wenik,
use

Looking

the Lunar
of all ages,

Stations;
as

and
as

they
in

have

largely been
and

of in the in Arabic

astrology doggerel.
tunate, forleast in

well

early poetry
were

prose,

Their

astrologicalcharacters
ten

various,

eleven

being
but

considered

the

reverse,

and

seven some

of uncertain
occurrence

influence;
of life. Their the

each,

at

India,was by

associated

with

antiquity is proved
with
this
stars

the fact that those the the

there, and
marked of

probably elsewhere,
the
our

list began

the
was

Pleiades, changed Aries,

the

when about

stars

vernal

equinox, although
to

beginning

era,

owing
from

precession,
the and fact
are

to

in of

27th of
occur
as

early series,
most

and

further of

that

many

their

titles there

in the

ancient
b. c.

books

China,

positivelyclaimed

of at least 2500

While these

lunar

asterisms
"

in the
some

main of the

agree Hindu

as

to

their

component
are

stars,
in and

"eighteen
our

are

coincident,

and

Chinese

located

Andromeda,

Aquila, Bootes,
of the and moon's 28th of that

Crater, Delphinus, Hydra,

course.

Lyra, Orion,

Pegasus, outside
in the

Nor and
can

are

their but

titles similar, except

our

16th, 17th,

China this

Arabia;
be

great
and

Sanskrit

scholar

Whitney

thought

hardly

fortuitous,

claimed,

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
they
are
"

from forms

this and of the have

other
same

points of resemblance, original."

much

that

three

derivative

They
been

been
as

disputed about,
date of their

yet

no

substantial
or

agreement

has

reached

to

the the

formation,
in

their

place

of

origin.
clusion con-

Whitney's

r"sum" that

of

discussion
moon

appears
were

his Lunar into

Zodiac,

his

being everywhere,
Sedillot,that
their source,
Elements the
was

the

stations

adopted
of Clerke in

India, perhaps

from

Mesopotamia,
this
came

their

birthplace.
they
were

Biot, early in

century,
from

said
Arabia

that

Chinese
considers in Al

origin, and
India
as

they
and

; but

Miss

that

they
Hindu
to

were

first the

published
Al in art, Yet
:

Arabia,

Ferghani's
of the Al

of Astronomy,
when up

under

Khalif

Mamun,

in the

early part
Biruni

9th century,
much looked in his
came

cultivation
the

and literature, in the year

1000

sciences

by

Arabians.

wrote,
I from
never

India,
across
was

about
any able
one

its astronomers
of them them who
out

knew
to
me

the with

single stars

of

the

lunar

stations

eyesight, and Hindus

to

point
as

his fingers.

The

knew

them them

Bakihatras, Asterisms, worship, and

in
to
some

the

Juf"r

of from

Al the

Biruni, and
list the
were names

thought
of

influential in their
months
;

selected
form
or

their in
or

but, although
do
not
seem

other

they
in the

very until

ancient
the

India, they
8th

have when

been

fullyrecognized

there

7th

century

before

Christ,

they appeared
to

Brahmanas,

Unlike

their counterparts
some

in Arabia

and
no

China,
way

each

seems

have title.

been

representedby
In

in specialfigure,
were

associated
the Stars

with
of
as

the

Arabia

they
the

Al

Nujum

al

Afidh,

Entering,
Al Manazil
in the

and al gular, sin-

Al

Bibatat,
the

Roadside
or

Inns, although better

known

Eamr,

Mansions,

Resting-Places,
halt this in in

of

the and

Moon;
rider

manzil,
in the

signifyingthe noonday
of Ben
at

of camel connection

desert.

ers Read-

Hur

will recall of the

with for Him

Balthasar, the
"

Egyptian, King
of

the

meeting
after

Magi
saw

their search

that

is born

the

Jews,"

they
his

star

in the east, and

are

come

to

worship

him.

They
the moon,

are

alluded

to

in God

the

10th

Sura

of the

Kurgan,

where,

to referring

it says

that

Professors

Whitney
article

and of

Newton
in the

have

done

the

most

to

elucidate

the

subject
on

in

all

its

details

by

their
the

1858

Journal Book
to

of the American Sun,

the
most

Oriental

Society
Biruni

the

Surra
book that

Siddhanta,
of it

Straight (or Standard)

claimed

of the

important
Al

astronomical asserted

India, and
was

by

the

Hindus

be

of divine

origin, although

composed

by Lata.

The

Lunar

Mansions

9
of years, and

hath

appointed her
of time
;

stations, that ye

might know

the

number

the

tion computa-

but and

long before
of Genesis for

the
wrote

Prophet

the

authors

of

the

Chaldaean

Creation that

Legend
ture-psalm na-

similarly;while
we

in the

104M

Psalm,

noble

Whitsunday,
He

read

appointed

the

moon

for

seasons.

In China and

they
"

were

Sieu, Houses, September

as

the

series

commencing
some are

with

Kio,

"

f Virginis,
them there reference the the

at the
not to

equinox
lunar of

; and

disposed
as

to

gard re-

merely
the

divisions, but
the
sun

also

determinant

points in

movements

and

planets.

Differing,
the

however, from
located

analogous
equator.

divisions
In the

of other of

nations, they generallywere

that

along

legends
Japan
1

country

they

were

of twenty-eight celebrated sky representatives

generals.
an

They
of

also

were

introduced voyage and in their and have

into 152

at

early day,

and

the

icler chronin the

Magellan's

found

them

known familiarly well have found

Malay Archipelago,
These
to

influence astrological

recognized. long
in the been iar famil-

Hindu,
but the

Arabic,
Persian

Chinese
more

lunar

asterisms

us,

recently been

Bundehesh,
of the

and Brown

has

and only latelypublished transcriptions and

"

translations
the and

Chaldaean, Khorasmian,
from Their
stars

of Sogdian titles,* the originals the

are

last two

Al
names

Biruni,
"

as

also

of significations

the

Coptic
with in

Persian.

and

locations
this work

given they

in connection have been

their

component

throughout
and

; and

charted

detail

by
the

liams Wil-

by

Newton. of the

Other
ana

divisions

sky, somewhat
and

analogous Greeks,
followed and of south
"

to

these, were
of
stars

Dec^

of the

Chaldaeans, Egyptians, risingsof

extent

belts each than

extending
by
ten

round
or

the heavens, the

of much

which north

other the

days
sions, ManClerke

so," but
and

greater

Lunar

in thirty-six
:

number

instead

twenty-eight.

Miss

writes of them

The

Chaldaeans These
were

chose

three

stars

in each
"

sign

to

be

the

"

councillor

gods
of the

"

of the

ets. plan-

called
year
were

by

the

Greeks
over

decans,"

because The

ten

degrees
of the eternal

and ecliptic
was
"

ten

days of the
as

presided

by

each.

college
an
"

decans circuit

ceived con-

moving, by

their annual

risings and

settings,in

between

the infernal and

supernal regions.

They are mentioned by Manilius Decane, Decanon, Degane, Deganae,

decans
were

as

Decania, by
Decima
;

others the

as

Decaniea,
of
to

and

while been

lords

the
us

known

as

Decani

and

their titles have

preserved

10

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
writer zodiacs of
on

by

Maternus appear

Julius Firmicus,
in in

the

prose

Constantine's

reign.
and

They

representations of Egypt,
as

ancient

temple

walls

monuments astrological

probably

elsewhere.

The Artist.

sky

domed

above

us

with

its

heavenly

frescoes

painted by
Allen

the

thought

of

the

Great

Throckmorton's

Sketches.

Z%t tonBttttationB)
now

designated by arbitrarylines
ancient times
to
were

outside

and

independent entirely
outlines
of the
was

of

the that

figures,in

confined

within

the

forms

they
the

were

supposed
noticeable.

represent, although any

All
stars

resemblance

only

sionally occa-

adjacent
and

to

but

beyond

these

were

called

by

Greeks

aiiopQuroi,

unformed,

frnopadec,scattered, which
A I

Latin

authors and In the

our

followed Arabians

in their extra, in their A I

informes, dispersae, disseminatae,and Hdrij

star

sparsiUs; Image.
of the

min

Surah,
the these

Outside
of

of the
some one cases

day, however,

every

is within of

limits
are

constellations, although the

upon

boundaries

not

in all

agreed

by

astronomers.

Still those

adopted by Argelander
those with of Gould the and
are

are

generally
southern Sir
;

accepted
Gould's

for the

northern

figures,as

for

the of

boundaries i. e., formed

largely agreeing
by
arcs

suggestions
of parallels

John
for

Herschel,
a

of

meridians

declination

given epoch.
The

figureswere
word alluded

variouslyknown
Zudia,
Meteors.
to

by

the

Greeks and
'

as as

lifj^ara and

Teipeay
in

Signs; 2u"fiara, Bodies;

Heaven,
but also
our

Animals;
said

Mcrt'opa, Things
,

Hipparchos
as

AaTepiopot

as

did

Ptolemy,
lxwaTai

them

Mop0a"a"c,

Semblances,

and

Figures. Pliny and

on

other

Latins

called that

them in the

Astra, Sidera,
15 15

and

Signa,

while

later the

ConsteUatio
knew

appeared,
them
as

Almagest

is Stellatio; and

Arabians

Al

Suwar,

Figures.

12

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
observations the first

gree 127

of and

south the

declination, his earliest

last in 151
; and
we

recorded with him

being in

a.

d.

find

comparativelist
work

of star In

magnitudes.
the year 1252

Europe
of Los

resumed Libros
or

its old
del

position in astronomical
de

by
the

the

compilation
of

Saber

Astronomia,
at

the celebrated

Alfonsine Tables, by Arabian

patronage
and

Moorish

astronomers,

Toledo,
El

under

the

Infante,
of

afterward Leon the and earth

King

Alfonso

X,
"

Sabio, the
the

Wise,
crown

the

Astronomer,
and their modern

Castile, who
for the
are

abandoned

for the

astrolabe and

forgot
Latin

sky." strongly Arabicized,

them
some
as

These

Tables

translations

plainlyappears
work is in the But and from
was

in
main

our

star-titles drawn from

from with

; while

the whole
tions. correc-

only copied

Ptolemy
the

necessary the in Middle 1555,

it probably
use

fairlyrepresents
16th the Matter
or

science
for

of

Ages,

in

until at least the

century;

Eden,1
the

quoted
"Then Various

Gemma

Phrysius' On
been

of Fyndynge
tables of
two

Longitude:
..."

eythcr by the Kphemerides

editions have

by

the

Alphonsus
hundred and in

printed:
1492 and

the first in

1483,

years

after Alfonso's in 154521

death;

again, in
at

1521,

all at

Venice

Latin;

Paris; in 1641

Madrid;

and, lastly, splendidlyreproduced therein

1863-

1867, in

the the

earliest accessible

Spanish text,
often been
have

with

illustrations, supposed

copies of
It
Had
was

original.
who has
so

this Alfonso
present
universe
at ;

condemned

for his remark:

useful hints for the better

I been
of the

the Creation, I would

given

some

ordering
but
as

he

was now
'

speaking
as

of the

absurd

Ptolemaic

system,

it does

not

seem

so

irreverent

it did before
II

Copernicus' day.
"

Carlyle quoted

it in his

History of
that

Fritttrkh
a

of Prussia,

it seemed

crank

machine;

that it

was

pity the many

Creator

had

not

taken

advice!

and

said

that this, and

this

only, of
the

his

wise

sayings

is still

remem-

IkmxhI
From

by mankind. Ptolemy's timc%

was

with

exception
science

of

the

Alfonsine
and
"

Tables,

no

advance continued

made
to

in astronomical
the

for

1300

years,

the
sort

Syntaxis
of astronomical
rial mate-

be

standard which
added."

of

the world's
was

astronomy,
and
to

tttWc, from
in
\" principle

nothing

taken,

which

nothing

as

Rxthanl*
ot

Fden
the

"*"

one

of lYter
tkt caUod

the

r*nn"-ip*l authors
on

of the
naxigmrors /"***
in

reign of Mary
the

Tudor,

and

the

uav.vKuoi

writings

ot

Mamr
"**v

the
/*"

e*rlv
wx*

Vespucci, Corsati,
third

Pigafetta,
book
on

andoihorv
\"w"A
oi

Ht"

"*V.t*v"
an

"*v

w"-"j"

mas

English

VtmomxM

he

\\.

puMi"heti

:n

L^n"ion

1555-

The

Constellations

13
and of the

In

the

15th century, however,

the i celebrated

it

was

corrected

copied
great

under Tatar his

the
queror, con-

of auspices Timur
was

Ulug
the

Beg, grandson
Lame,
with
our

Leng,
at

Timur

Tamerlane,
date from groups of Al the

and,

as

Tables
,

published
constellation

Samarkhand,

the
are

5th

of

July,
; and

1437. five the

The

descriptionsin these
titles of
a

Sufi's translation

of

centuries

previously,the
of the

few well
as

being changed
able

intrinsic excellence of its author

a as an

work,

as

the

deservedly great reputation

made assistants, it but

astronomer,

supported by
two

many

standard

authority for nearly

came

centuries.

Following Ulug
Gerardus with Mercator 934

Beg,

from

Europe,
on

in
were

1548-51
located About

the

globes

of

(Gerhard
laid the

Kramer),
numerous

which
es.

fifty-oneasterisms
time and

stars, besides work

inform

this

Copernicus1
was
soon

great

foundations

of modern

astronomy,
of 1602, with
so

followed. by Tycho

Brahe's 777

posthumous catalogue
the

constellations, but only forty-six

the the

stars,
the

mystic number,

and

perhaps by design, for days, was appeared

Augsburg,
author still under the
a

author, although
influence
of of

first real observer

In the

of modern year of

astrology. Bayer,
with
This the the
tained con-

succeeding

Uranometria work also

Johann
tinctured

great Protestant
occult

lawyer
in which

much

science,

the

probably
southern in the Greek

followed

Tycho.
These

spirited drawings, after Diirer, of

list of 1709
stars

the ancient

with figures, forty-eight

last
were

and

twelve the

new

asterisms.

its

noticeable

feature, with

fact that

plates
and the

of the

ancient

tions constella-

for the first time the individual

formally appeared
so

Roman

letters to

indicate

stars, and
in

conveniently taking

place

of the cumbersome
not
come

till then descriptions

vogue.1

Although
century,
of

this

did lettering had been

even

into it

generaluse fifty years

Hebrews

until before
are

the

succeeding
Piccolomini
have had

Bayer

anticipatedin
the

by
to

Siena, and
similar.

Persians

and

said

something

Dr.

Robert

Wittie, of
:

London,
Aben

in his

'OvpavooKonla

of 168 1, wrote
the

of this last

people

Ezra

tells that

they first divided

when
a

Stars into
gone forth

Constellations, and

expressed
a

them Letter

all by the
to

Hebrew the

Letters, which
and oft-times

they had
third
to

through, they
the Nature

added

second

express

shape,
new

set

of the

Constellation.

After Stdlatum
of

Bayer
of

constellations
Bartsch

were

published
in

in

the

Planisphaerium
Tables of

1624 by Jakob
of

(Bartschius) ;
Stars
at
or

in the

Rudolphitie
Rover's year, The

1627,Kepler's edition
in the

Tycho's catalogue;
Southern Saint

Augustin
same

work Doctor

1679;and
Edmund
Astronomiae

Catalogue of
from

of the

by

Halley,
of

his observations

Helena.

Prodromus its

1690, by Johann
was

Hewel,
to

Hoevelke

(Hevelius), and
new

No

lettering, however,

applied by Bayer

stars

of the

twelve

southern

figures.

14

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Sobieseianum,
of the and Reverend after also gave Doctor
new

appendix
as figures,

with did

plates, the
the Historia in

Firmamentum Britannica Crosthwait

Coelestis

John being
panion com-

Flamsteed, completed
death in 17 19.

1729

by

Sharp

Flamsteed's
stars

This

constellations,the comprised fifty-four

in in the order and of their in of

consecutively numbered
Atlas Louis de La of

right ascension
1781.
the of The AbW southern

the

following
and
"

1753,
true

again

Nicolas in his teen four-

Caille, "the
1752 his

Columbus

sky,"1

Aft moires
new

Coelum he and

Stelliferum

1763,
names
a

introduced of few and the the

groups, of Pierre the

to

which

assigned
fine

the

principal
were

implements
formed

sciences Le

arts";
from from
a

while
to
to

others

by
Le

Charles

Monnier La

1741

1755, 1792,

by 3d

Joseph
edition

Jerome
of La

Francais

[dit de

Lande)

1776
of

Lande's in

Astronomie

containing
Eliert
some

total

eighty-eightconstellations.
nine
new

Lastly,
entitled the

1800,

Johann

Bode of these in

published
were

figures
;
a

in

his

Uranographia,
Die

although
authors

by
But

La
none

Lande

2d

edition,
of

Gestirne,being
are now

issued

1805.

of these

inventions

last three

recognized.
constellations
were

The
a

greater

part of
heavens who

the

new

of
to

course
a

in the

south, time Africa New of the

"

quarter of the
Pharaoh 600

which, although
sent
a

alluded

by

writer of the

of

Neku,
b.

Phoenician
unknown the

fleet to
till the

circumnavigate discovery
at

about World
1

c,

was practically

of

the

stimulated

the Some

efforts of of these

early voyagers
left records

the

beginning
and the

6th century. them

have

of their stellar observations

among Pieter and

the

Italians of Embden

and Corsali, Pigafetta,

Vespucci,
Pieter
not

Dutch

Theodor Friedrich

(Embdanus),
But of the results and

alias did

Dircksz

Keyser,
till
tioned mena

Houtmann. works

formally appear
were

century

later in the in the Decades

;

Bayer

Kepler, although they

and in Eden's

of Peter
some

Martyr2
the

translations
on

of it and almost

similar unknown

works

and of

of

figureswere
and the
to the
now

inserted

the and

now

globes
hitherto

'Emeric

Mollineux, Jodocus
1592 the south

Hondius,
years

Jansenius

Caesius
The

(Willem Jansson Blaeu), of unfigured

an

following.
of these in itself of that

space

around
one as

pole, the object

200

observations, was

eccentric
and

pole,although
within

circular,
on

reaching
1

from

Argo, Ara,

Centaurus,

point

It

is

interesting

to

know

that

La

Caille's

observations

were

made

with

half-inch

glass.
2

Peter

ria, or
Orbe

not the great reformer Vermigli Martyr Angliera, from his supposed birthplace near
"

"

was

Pietro
His
source

Martire work of
De

d'Anghiera,
Rebus
on

Angleis
et

Milan.

Oceanic the

Novo,
to

issued
our

from

1511

to

1521,

is

most

interesting
Columbus.

information

eariy

voyages

country,

largely derived

from

The

Constellations

15
6o"
on

one

to side,.

Cetus
y
a

and and

Piscis Australis, within

the Nubecula

the

other;
of
2000

while
to

its

centre, near
b.

Hydri
Draconis

Minor,
to

was

the

pole
date

2400

c, when

corresponded
constellations. of notice that of

it

on

the
was

north. the

From of

this

fact of

came

Proctor's

ingenious argument
ancient

that

such

formation

the latest of the It is

perhaps worthy
the the

the

Ductor

in

linguas, or
Minsheu
to

Guide

into

Tongues,
at shaeus),

polyglot
word

dictionary

1617-27,

by John
alluded

(Min-

Asterisme

in the

later editions

in Eighty-four

all besides

few

found

out

of late

by

the

Discoverers

of the

South

Pole

but he gave In
our

no

detailed
there few is

and list,

doubtless in the

erred number in

in his statement. of constellations the

day

discrepancy
Ideler

accepted
modern mations. fortirely en-

by astronomers,
For,

of whom

entirely agree
described
traces

recognition of
been

although
or

106, with
had

allusions

to

others

obsolete, only Argo;

and the

of which

nearly all

lost, Argelander

logued cata-

eighty-six, Vela, Puppis,

British Association

and

Carina
of

being

included

under fessor Prologues cata-

Catalogue
in

1845 only eighty-four.

use,

Young

recognizes sixty-seven as
divided of

ordinary
the is

although

he

eighty-four, Argo being

Star

into Carina,
and

Puppis, and
Nor

Vela;

ton's Up-

Atlas,
the

1896, eighty-five ;
list of 188
a

Standard

Dictionary eightyshould I
the

nine,but forget to

latter's

star-names

disappointing. day,
the in

mention

very

popular
H. described

book

in its

Geography of
various

Heavens^ with
from

its Atlas

by Elijah

Burritt,published

editions ble visiof in

1833

to

1856.
latitude entire

This of

well-recognizedconstellations fifty
most ninety-six,

from

the

Hartford, Connecticut, 410 46'; although

included the of which

his table

those in the the

heavens maps,

appeared

accompanying
not
an

figures being
of

taken

from

Wollaston's and

drawings.
erroneous
as

Although
well
of
a as

originalwork
in much

great

scientific it had

value,
a

deficient

its stellar nomenclature,

influence
now

sale of

over

quarter

million

copies,and
in the
to
me

in the

dissemination
I
am

of astronomical

knowledge
my
own

generation
the in memory

passing
of the

away.

glad

to

pay of

here the

tribute

author, in acknowledgment
interest in the
be skies.
now

service rendered
From

stimulating a boyhood
may

eighty
modern

to

ninety constellations
; while

considered
stars
are

as

more
on

or

less

acknowledged
the

probably
this of is the

million
to

laid

down
to

the three

various

maps,

and

soon

be

increased

perhaps
work

millions upon

completion

present
of

photographic
in

for this object upon ob-

by

the

international

association world.

eighteen observatories
first instalment

engaged
these

itin different

parts of the

The

print of

16

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
whole

serrations five
or

may

be

expected
fashion

in

few

years

; the

perhaps
this writes

in twenty-

thirtyyears.
has been the

It

with
reason

astronomers

to

decry
Clerke

of multiplicity in her
graph mono-

and sky figures,

on

with

good
and

for,as

Miss

The

Herschels

Modern

Astronomy:
of

Celestial
**

maps

had

become New others

;

"

system

derangement
out

and existed been

confusion,"

of

confusion

worse

confounded."

asterisms,
waste

carved in

of

old,
had

precariously,recognued
annexed

by

some,

ignored by
as

places

the

sky

by encroaching
sextants, itself
a

astronomers
a

standing-ground
had been

for their
set

glorifiedtelescopes,quadrants,
the shore and of the
river

clocks ing meanderlutions convo-

chemical and

apparatus uncomfortable

up

by

Eridanus,
their

figure;
after hour

while of

serpents

dragons trailed
;

perplexing

through
with
to

hour

right

ascension

more

the

same

effect.
to

This

condition
to

of

things
Herschel

led

the and

Royal
Mr.

tronomical As-

Society, in 1841, Baily

made their the task the of

depute
a

Sir

John

Francis
was

attempting
of

reform.

But and
not

although improvement
the subdivision of that and

by

discarding
were

several

figures
and
were

others,
as

changes

too

sweeping
in the with least old

successful,so
stand

the will

constellations

stood

then,
at

main the of

do

they

to-day,

so

they probably remain,

The much

people. star-designations, however, popular mind,

confusion among
As
to

change
more

from

the

system

has

been

thorough, and, except

;

in the
is

has

been

practically
the and

accomplished
various

but

now

in

turn

there

in their the this Miss

substitutes,

catalogue
with
us

numbers unscientific

and

letters,

even

astronomers,

certainly

star-gazers.

Clerke

cally graphi-

continues

pilpib'e blunders,
inextricable many aliases web
as

unsettled of

discrepancies, anomalies
it has

of all
come

imaginable kinds,
to

survive has

in

an

until arbitrary appellations,

pass

that

star

often

a"

an

accomplished

swindler.

II.

What
the

were

the

dates

of formation
are

and

places
have
now

of

origin of
been

the

earliest of
but

present

sky figures
to

questions
answered,

that and

often

asked,
that

till

recently ini{"os"iMe
Greece

be

only

in part, and

tively. tenta-

and and

Rome,

Kgypt
other

and

Chaklaea. all cited

names

China,

India, Aethiopia.
to

and whi'e

Phoenicia,

perhaps
and

countries,
are

lay
in

claim

the but
we

honor, may

history,theory,
with
La

tradition that
their

all

proof;
have
not

safely a^ree
them
bv

Place

forms

and

been

given

chance.

The

Constellations

17
astronomy
wrote
now

Aratos,1
them

the
as

first from

Greek the

poetical writer
most

on

extant,
Phainomena:

scribed de-

ancient

times, and
Some
man

in the

of yore

A And

nomenclature forms

thought

of and

devised,

sufficient found.

So
That

thought
each

he

good

to

make

the

stellar

groups,

by other lying orderly,

forms. rise And thus
now.

They
At
once

might display their

took
names

the stars

and

familiar

His

sphere, probably

identical with
the
to

that of it
a

of Eudoxos about
2000

of
to

century
2200

previous,
c,
a

accurately represented
which the has

heavens think

b.

fact
; and

induced

many in the

reproduction
the the

from

Babylonia
of his much
was,
as

disagreement
the
some

poet's description with

on

sky
to

day

led

Hipparchos,

first
cases

commentator

Phainomena^

needless Cicero
our

although
sole and It

in

well-founded
astronomiae.
as

criticism ; for Still his

poem of
as now

Aratos is
now

said, hominem
source

ignarum
of

apparently

knowledge closely

to

the in

arrangement
all star-maps of its

the
an

early constellations, indispensable guide.

namesake and of had

has
seems

been
to

followed
a

have

been

versification

lost prose

by
a

Eudoxos,
great
When and other
to

somewhat
in its

influenced Landseer2

by

the

writingsof Theophrastus,
in his

run

day.
entitled

wrote

Sabaean

Researches

1823

the

poem

the
we

Phenomena read
in that

of

Aratus

was

introduced

at

Rome

by Cicero
Roman
; and

leading characters,
work the celestial been

it became and where

the
on

politeamusement
the
most

of the

ladies this with

forms
at

gold

silver
concave

costly hangings
also

had the

previously
heavenly

done

Athens,

ceilings were
Gonatas, been
we

emblazoned

figures,under
and

the auspices of Anttgonus

King
five

of

Macedonia

patron
upon,
on

of Aratos. and

It has

always
and

much of used

lated, trans-

versified, commented
Greek commentaries manual

quoted from;
"It
as

know
to

thirtyas

this work. astronomy

continued
as

be

practical
era."

of sidereal

late

the

6th

century
the
a.

of

our

Cicero

translated

it in his

youth, seventy
Caesar
our

years
same
:

before about

appearance
d.

of

Vergil's Aeneid;
Festus

Germanicus

did

the

15;
on

and

Rufus

Avienus
in

versified.itin

4th century
of

all commented Of several

by

Hugo
1

Grotius

his Syntagma

Arateorum

1600.

English
""

Aratos
the

is

supposed
work

to

have

been

the

quit alter who,

that

with

Conon,

was

shown

on

the

beechen the

bowls,

carved of the

of the divine

Alcimedon,"

Menalcas

wagers

with

Damoetasin

3d Eclogue
*

Bucolka.
engraver
and

John

Landseer,

writer

on

art,

was

the

father

of

Thomas

and

Sir

Edwin

Landseer.

18

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
of Mr. Robert

translations

the

most

literal and

useful

is that

Brown,

in Jr.,

1885.
Saint Paul's

supposed quotation
it

from the

it in

The

Acts of

of
his

the and

xvil Apostles,

28, perhaps made

popular

with
to

Christians
in the

subsequent
of the

times,
fathers. It and

for

apparent

references

it

occur

writings
Ursa

early

may

be

assumed

that, with shape,

the

the

exception
of the asserted between been of

of

Minor,

Equuleus.
been

Libra

in its present

sources

old that

have forty-eight Aries and and 432

lost in their
were

great

antiquity.
at

Yet
some

Pliny
time

Sagittarius
b. c.

formed

by

Cleostratos

548
of

and

the

rest, with
to

equal improbability, have

the

ascribed
as

by

Aristotle's 500
b.

pupil
c.,but

Eudemos from

Pythagorean Oinopides
dictation.
be the Homer
us, their

Chios

about

Egyptian
may

Whatever

facts and

as

to

all

this,we
to

know

that
were

long

line of notable in, and

Greeks,
have

from
to

Hesiod

Ptolemy,
Of Ursa

interested
the

preserved
were

constellated
b.

heavens. gave the

us

these

first astronomers
who.

Thales, 640-546
to
b. common

c,

who

Minor;

Eudoxos,

according
about
mena%

story, brought
the first to

constellations
in the that

from

Egypt,

and.

366

c,

was

publish them
satis

originalprose
ever

Phaitio-

Cicero

callinghim
whom

the greatest astronomer said nunquam His

lived

while

Hip-

parchos,1 of
founder
his
are

Pliny
and with

laudatus,

is the
are now

acknowledged
lost,except
All
; and

of

our

modern

science.

works, however,

Commentary
mentioned
that
we

the star-catalogue

reproduced by Ptolemy.
astronomers

these it is

respect
in
now

even

by

the the
our

of
source

to-day
of

certain

find
as

their country
appear
on

immediate maps,
are

most

of the

constellations therewith.

they

and in

of the

stories

connected
of the

Yet

these

unquestionably
Nile;
indeed
to

many and Greek

cases

variations
from

long antecedent, perhaps Euphrates, acknowledged

the credit While the
we

legends prehistoric,
the

observations
astronomers

Ganges,
their the have

and

always
gave
most

indebtedness

Chaldaea

and

Egypt,

but

of

to

latter. few

individual
are

star-tides

from

Greece,
in the

the heavens

characters
;

of

Argonautic Expedition
followed

largely represented
even

and

Saint uted attrib-

Clement,
the

by

many,

"

by

the great
to

Sir Isaac the

Newton,"

invention

of the
use

constellations
on

Chiron,
voyage, of

reputed

preceptor of
as

Jason,
1420

for the
c.

latter's

that

celebrated
to
were

fixing

its date

about

b.

And, coincidently as
said that

the

time the

their

formation,
of about

that 1500

good
b.

authority Seneca

they

from

Greeks

c,

The

Abarchis

and

Abrachvs

of the

Arabians.

20

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
ist

of Chaldaea.

Diodorus centuries
among

the

of Sicilian,

the

century
this.

before

Christ,

and

Lucian,
The

of three

assert later, distinctly

following are
can

the assured: head

a

native

stellar

groups

of with

Egypt

so

far

as

a:

present

be limited

thought
to

Sahu, identified
that
our some

Orion, although
etc., with

by
the

some

the

of

figure; Sept, Set, Sothis,

Draco;
the the

Sirius; the Hippopotamus,

Deer,
ones our were

part of

Thigh, Leg

our

Ursa The
1

Major;
ful doubtcorrect

Cassiopeia,although
Mena,
that
or

place
and

here. Renouf
; the

Menat,

an

immense
Antares

figure if
Arcturus may
stars

be

in his
our

statement

it included
that

Many
been
; the

Stan,
marked

Coma

Berenices; Arit,
; the
or

Renouf

thought by
that
some

have

by by
La

(3 Andromedae
a

Fleece,

indicated

of Aries

Goose,

Arietis; dm,
for Ara's the

Chow,
; the

the

Pleiades;

the

Cynooephalus,
says here
was

claimed

by-

Lande

stars

Servant,

Brugsch
a

our

Pegasus, Stan,

although
that the
we

Denderah guess
were

planisphere
Castor and

shows

Jackal
the

; the

Two
or

may

Pollux

; and

Lute-Bearer,

Bepa,

Lord, perhaps
so

our

Spica.
were

Those

far unidentified

the the
some

Stan

of the
our

Water; Draco;
La Lande

Mena's
the

Herald;
but
not

Mena's
our

Followers;
; and

Necht,

in

of vicinity others

Lion,

Leo

the

Hare, with
the borders in
b.

that

luded alindefinitely and in

to as

lying on

of

Ophiuchus
veritable the

and

Scorpio
the of that

Aquarius. equinox,
was

A then

reference in
our

is made

Egypt's
c.

history to
connected

vernal

Taurus, 3285
we

yet

astronomy
as

country

not

and scientific,

know

little of about 5200

it except
b.

with
stars

religion,the
associated of

worship
with the
or

in the

north,

c,

of the northern under the

being

god An, Annu, Typhon,

east

Ant,
of
stars
c.
as

or

On,

supposed
under the Ghizeh the

government
synonyms.

Set,
That

the and
4000

god
west
b.

darkness, recognized
was

many

of the

indicated
in c, southern

by

temples

and the

pyramids,
southern
over as
a

about
as
a

; while

Egypt
much later he

worship

of

stars,

early
southern

6400

b.

perhaps

earlier, was

presided

by Horus,
northern
; those

sun-god, although
The

occasionallyappeared
the three

divinity.

rising

stars

represented
a

youthful goddesses
stars

the dying gods setting,

; while

figure of

together

symbolized divinity.
Assertions
as

to

India

being
Jones
research

the

first home been

of made

astronomy,

and

the

place birthtury cen-

of the constellation ago,

have figures, and finds

by

many

"

notably,a
and

by
; but

Sir William modern it

seems

Messrs.

Colebrooke, Davis,
literature that

Von

Schlegel

little in Sanskrit

to

confirm Hindus

while this belief,

to

be

generally acknowledged

the

The

eminent

Egyptologist Sir Peter

Le

Page

Renouf,

who

died

in

1897.

The

Constellations

21

borrowed said
to

much have

from traveled of and of

Greece, perhaps beginning with

there
our

Pythagoras, by
the Varaha

who

is
deed, In-

and
or

even

listened

to

Zoroaster's

teachings.
same

Aryabhata,
as

5th
most

6th noted

century, reckoned
later

signs
Mihira,1

Hipparchos;
in

their the

astronomer, the
Grecian

of 504,

writing
to

constellations,used
tongue.
the
rest
as

titles, changed,
exercised
fluence in-

however,
over

suit his native

But

Arabia

also

probably
thus

them,

as

over

of Asia.
to

Professor
We

Whitney's opinion
the Hindu

this is summed
from its the

up Greek,

regard
fifth and

science Christian

as

an

offshoot

planted

not

far from
in the
course

the

commencement

of the sixth

era, ;

and

attaining

fully developed

form

of the

centuries

but

unfavorably
never

criticizes it, as
in in the of

did the

Al

Biruni.

The of

annals almost

of

China,

try counor

backward earth
or

claiming
sky,

invention
the

everything, new
to

old.
the

on

ascribe

formation
b.
an

of constellations make much said of

to
seems an

Tajao,

prime
of the

minister

Hwang
2537
b.

Ti, 2637
c,

c,

and

tion observabeen have

Pleiades,
b. c.

from

observatory
in that

have
to

erected

2608

But
ten
or

real

stellar

work

country
our

begun

only
the

about

twelve

centuries

before

era,

and

then

almost

solely in
The

interests of
of the

astrology.
Chinese
to

attainment

in the

science, probably very highly overrated,

to

however, Arabians,
while among in the

is

thought
of the

be

largelydue
the the of
our

Chaldaea,

and

later
over

on

the

times

khalifs, apparently exercised

is due
to

influence

them;
settled

all their them

recent

advance 16th

Jesuit

missionaries of the

who

in the

century,
the

during

early years
Western and
our

present Tsing
were

dynasty, and
thenceforward translations

introduced
to
a

knowledge
extent

figures. These
own

great

adopted,
called Sze

star-titles in the
Western

which

the

Chinese

Kwo
case

Ming,
of The Edkins the
b.

the

Nation visible
were

Names, only
from

became south

common,

in the especially

the

constellations

of the the

parallel of
Middle

Peking, 400.
Names,
of

indigenous saying
first about c,

titles
to

Chung
by
the

Kwo
were

Ming,
two

Nation

as

these
b. c.

that there

great
the

periods
second
an a

star-naming :
11 20

2300 the

people,

and

from

to

220

during
it
was

Chow this

dynasty, that
period,about
laid down.
In all its

plainly shows
600 This
b.

imperial origin.
chart
was

And with

during
stars

c,
now

that

drawn

1460

correctly

is

in the China

Royal Library
has been all affairs of

of

Paris.
under the

history
and the

in

astronomy

special care

of the state,

regulator of
this author work the

life, public and

and

private.
much from his

lAl

Biruni

mentioned

as

an

excellent
or
,

astronomer,

quoted

Drihaisamhita

Collection.

22

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
and

The

early Chinese
figures,in Woo,
or

included

the

twenty-eight sieu
spaces,
"

the twelve
the Azure

kung, Dragon

or ;

zodiac

four

largerequal
Warrior;
Pih

Tsing Long,
Neaou,
the

Henng
in the their

the

Dark
; and

Choo

Red And

Bird, Phoenix.

Pheasant,

Quail

Hoo,

the White

Tiger.
or

they
"

marked

off.

three general constellations,

stars

largeyuen,
Tai

inclosures,
the
rest

Tne
that

Wei,
were

circumpolar
to

; Tien

She

and

Wei, containing

visible

them. Observations

Williams' 351

of

Comets
over

is

accompanied Uranographie
to

by

full set

of maps
as

of

early
M. he that the
were

asterisms
Gustave asserted

traced

Flamsteed's his

figures;but, large
Chinoise
b. c.

is this cited

number,

Schlegel,in
could be traced
some,

of

1875,

670
In
stars to

back
even

17000 its wise

neighboring Japan
made
to

of

men,

thought
their

that

the

guide navigators of foreignpeoples, with

Mikados.
to

tribute,

the

land

of the

Aethiopia's claim
entertained

the

invention
that
"

of

the

constellations
as

probably
of the
at

can

be

only by considering
eastern

country

the

Kush

southwestern

Asia,

"

Homer's

Aethiopia,
carried way,
to

stretching along
across

Arabian
the

and of the

Persian
Babd al

whence gulfs, Mandab

a

early migrations
have Meroe

the

Red

Sea

Strait

may

astronomical
in western

knowledge directlyto Aethiopia, the

and
was

Nile, or, by Nubia,

Of and

roundabout
northward stellar

modern

thence

into

Egypt.
little is known, this
assertions the
as

Phoenician

science the

to

its

antiquityrest
nation
was a

largelyupon
times, and
them.

fact that
some

people

great

maritime bodies and

a

of ancient

hence Yet

knowledge
the father
one

of the of

heavenly
Seven the

necessity with
of the
was
1

Thales,
"

astronomy

teacher

Greeks

in the

science,

indeed
and other

of

their

Sages,

"

probably
scholar of
on our

Phoenician

by birth;
as

Samuel

Bochart,

Oriental that many

of the older

7th century,
in the

well
are

as

authorities, thought
the

groups

sky

merely reproductions of Tyrian ships: This,

such
as

figureheads might
as

the

Carthaginian, Sidonian,
for the

and of

if correct, and

account

incompleteness
character drew

Argo, Pegasus,
But the such

Taurus,

well

as

for the the

marine

of many from

of them.

general opinion
as

is that have

Phoenicians

Chaldaea

astronomy

they

may

had. der Chaldaer

"

Ideler, in his Sternkunde

of

18 15, asserted

that the
of

lations constel-

originated on
connected this
recent
seems

the

Euphrates,
"

"reduplications
and of conviction stellar say that
as

simpler
to

ideas
of

with
to

natural be

phenomena,"
with it

the

truth Indeed zodiac

growing
make

students

archaeology.
those of the in almost

discoveries
were

apparently
Akkad

safe to

at

least

first formed

in the

country, probably

prehistoric

The

Constellations

23
nations,
"

times,and

that

there,

as

among

all the

earliest
to

their order

and

harmony is contrasted
of the

with and

opposed
that location
as

the

supposed
of the have them

motion disorderly groups, from

planets."
the of the

It is also
same

probable
and

many
as

extra-zodiacal
now,
came

in somewhat the

form

we

Valley
in

Great

River,

well

as

the

myths

associated

with

them,

introduced originally
current

by Northern
as

invaders India and and

; for

Bailly said that the science

to
a

Chaldaea,
that of

well

as

in

Persia, belonged

latitude

higher than
With the

Babylon, Benares,
the chief several

Persepolis. represented
with Cuneiform their

Babylonians
the
were were

stars

chief

gods,
over

and

they

connected

constellations
to

nations particular characters

whose in

destinythey
stellar form and

thought
the

dominate. of

arranged

ideograph
bounds of

Ilu, Divinity; while, combining

Division
and the be
our

business that

their Ku-dur-ru, religion,

the
some

or

Stones, recently unearthed,

farm
one

marked with

metes

and

citylots

lands, are

often

inscribed
tutelar the ginning be-

constellation
the of
owner.

figure, probably
whatever may

representing the
conclusions
can
as

god

of

But

to

astronomy
in the

in the

Euphrates valley, it
sense

be

considered

settled

that

astrology
modern
on

present

of

the of

word the

had
sun,

its
moon,

origin there, and

and

that the

characters astrological that river and

b.

planets

are

those
The
on

current

in all ages
c,

since. the

prophet

Isaiah, 700

in

pronouncing
to

Almighty's judgment

Babylon, contemptuously
the

referred

astrologers,the stargazers, the monthly prognosticators ;

Daniel, a century
himself
terms
own
"

later,knew
and
"

his

captors
were
"

as
"

accomplished
ten

in
"

the

though art, althe

our

his and

companions
"

times
come

better down

; while
to

Babylonians
as

Chaldaeans observers

have

almost

time

synonymous

with

of, and

diviners

from,

the

stars,

whatever
But the

their individual
art

nationality.
and in especially vogue in known and
to

became its

widely spread elsewhere,

as

Rome,

where

devotees,

Babylonii,Chaldaei, Astronomi,
Planetarii,seem
to

Astrowithstanding noton

Genethliaci, Mathematici, logi,

the them
out

have the

flourished ridicule
cast

efforts

made and 139

suppress of the and

them time.

and

by Cicero, Juvenal,
of the

others
b.

Indeed

they

were as

driven often
to

city by
In

law

in

c,

frequently afterward,
of Berossos
to two

but

returned. urge their after them well known.

Greece,

Eudoxos

and

Aristarchos

Samos

felt it needful it there years

soon

countrymen
\

against it,although everywhere

up belief in it is

taught
hundred

and

its influence

ago

is

Dante's while in

frequently shown
"

throughout
a

the Divina after him

"

Commtdiay

Shakespeare's day

indeed

for

century

24
reliance
drama when upon and he it

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
much
was

was

well-nigh universal, and

Kent,
in

made

of

it in all

poetry,
:

King

Lear, only expressing prevalent opinion

said

It is the stars,

The

stars

above

us

that govern

our

conditions.

Cecil, Baron Lilly

from the of the
art
was

of

Burghley,

calculated Charles

the

nativityof Queen
1647,
as

Elizabeth;
his escape
at

consulted Castle

by
;

King
Flamsteed

I, in
a

to

Carisbrooke
moment

drew of the
to

horoscope

of the

heavens
on

of

laying the

foundation
he added called the
was

Royal

Observatory,
teneatis

the and

10th about The

tury cen-

August, 1675, although

same

it Risum the

amici;

time

were astrologers even

into

councils classes in
a

of Parliament. the of
a

still obtained
; for

among

educated received

of

succeeding justice
as

evidence astrological

court cast

late

as

1758,
young

and

Sir Walter

Scott
wan

made that

Guy
the

Mannering

horoscope
mature

for the age.

laird of Elian go

latter

preserved

till of in

It is not

unlikelythat
the

the

decadence Boteler's

of

astrology

England
the

was

tened has-

by

publicationof
William

Hudibras,
the

in which

practice andits
so

great exponent
and

under Lilly,

title

Sidrophel,were
we

fully success;

popularly

satirized.

Among
in
one

its passages they

tell

read

of

its devotee*

case

more

lies,

In Than In

figures and
th' old
so

nativities,
Chaldean

conjurors
thousand years.

many

hundred

Dean

Swift

followed

in the

same

vein

in

his Predictions

for

the year

1708

fy

Isaac On the

Bickerstaff^Esq.
Continent
were

astrology had

been in it.

stillmore
Gassendi the

prevalent,and
began
comet

even

men

of science
career

interested seriously

his

distinguished
and,
as

in its

practice; Tycho
the still greater

predicted
achievements

from and

of of death

1577, of
a

it

happened, successfully, the Adolphus

winter, and
Both
was

time
from

Gustavo

Kepler prophesied
Maria Mitchell

the stars of these

two

coming
astronomers:

hard

so

it pro veil.

Miss

wrote

of

these

philosophers leaned
believer in them.

to

the He

astrologicalopinions
calculated he nativities that

of their

times

; and

ler Kep-

certainly a

when such
*'

pressed procedures

for
were

money,

and

published a"trological almanacs,

than

though
**

admitted

little

better

begging,

and

his

work

but

wor:hle""

conjectures

and

he

said plaintively
rewards of of

The entertain

"c"niy

an

a"trv"nomer

would in the

not

provide

me

with

bread, if

men

did not

hopes

reading

the

future

heavens.

The

Constellations

25
of these

The

horoscope
in the

of Wallenstein

by

one

or

the

other

great

men

is still belief tically prac-

preserved
in

libraryof
in

the

Poulkowa But the

as

Observatory.
an

Napoleon's astrology

his

guiding
died
out

star

is well known.

occult

science

England
in the
of
a

with

astronomers

of the the

17th century.
Chinese
and in

It still Parsis. New of

flourishes,
The York the of
recent
was

however,
advent the

East, especially among

to

little son
of who much
were

the

Chinese
to

consul-general
the chief
; and

occasion

telegraphing
to

astrologers
the

Celestial the Parsi and the

;
a

Kingdom
even
now

predict
Sacred

his

future

horoscope
at

is

carefullypreserved during life,burned

over

his

death,
among

its ashes

scattered

the for

River.
and

In

measure

it

lingers
still

people

everywhere,
and

its almanacs

periodicalsare
be
seen

published
cities
;

its advertisements

signs
the
are

are

daily to
was

in

our

large
York where in the

societyfor its study,called

1897;
and
even now

Zodiac,
many

established

in New

City
the

in

there

districts in
the

Germany
certificate

child's

horoscope
be

is

regularly kept

with

baptismal
"

family
It wise

chest. should
not

forgotten that astrology,Kepler's

astronomy,
between the Isidore Seneca

foolish

daughter

of

mother,"
times
to
was

included originally
make

being
of Seville author

the the

first in classical
two

distinction in this
Doctor

meanings
of and

words

and

he

followed

by

Saint

(IsidorusHispaof the
we see

lensis),
et

the

Egregius
;

of the
even
as

7th century,
late
as

Origines
sion confuformed

JSfymoIogiae
in

although
for Minsheu and the

the
"

17th century
"

their

use,

mentioned diarist John

the

astrologers
wrote

as
"

having
Mr.

the the

"

asterismes,"

Evelyn

of

Flamsteed

learned

astrologer."
and whom
to not
we

Contrariwise,
to

long previously,the
would
now

word

"

astronomer

"

was

plied ap-

those Sonnet

call

astrologers. Shakespeare
thus:

devoted

his

14M

the

subject,beginning
from
the
stars

Not And

do

I my

judgment
astronomy
;

pluck,

yet methinks

I have

and

in

Troilus

and

Cressida

we

read

When

he

performs

astronomers

foretell it.

But

this Arabia's

is

long digressionfrom day doubtless paid

of

my
was

subject.
for although slight, the

part in early astronomy

tribes before

Muhammad's
this
was

much

attention observational
and power,

to

the and after

heavenly

bodies,
and had

entirelyunscientific, merely
their

superstitious ;
the

only

in

subsequent days

peace

Prophet

26

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
more

solidified them
take down up the

into

an

active
the

nation,
Even

did

their
was

cultured

class the them the and

to
as
was

seriously
lines laid and their

study

of and

sky.

this

solely along
Still
we owe

by Ptolemy,
assistants

they originated litde.

of

Jewish
of modern

much

gratitude
the
our

for their

preservationof
of the Dark

beginnings
Mediaeval
them.

astronomy
as
we

during
have
seen,
were

thousand
star-names

years
are

Ages
The

while,
heathen
our

largely due
"

Arabs
own

star-worshipers,
"

Sabaeans,
this

still

are

the eral gen-

Parsis of
in
to

specialstar,
It
was

the

sun

; indeed

worship
and Plutarch

very

antiquity.
sacred

universal
;

in earliest

India,
to

constantly
stars

alluded
that

in their

books

showed Egyptian priests Greece

had
of it

been in his

Isis and

Osiris
b.

; in

Aristophanes
wrote to

made

special mention

Pax,

419

c,

and

Aristotle

Alexander:

Heaven

is fall of the

gods

to

whom

we

give

the

name

of stars.

In

Plato's
And after

Timaeus

we

read
framed

of his supreme
the

divinity:
allotted
to

having
each
to
a

thus in

universe,
And he
once
.

he

it souls

equal

in number well his

to

the the

stars, time

inserting appointed spend

each.
. .

declared
more

also, that
to

after

living
of

for

him, each
blessed and

one

should suitable

return

the

habitation

associate

star, and

existence;

Dante

adopting

this in the
Parer Secondo

Paradiso
tornarsi la

l'anime

alle

stelle,
;

sentenza

di Platone

while

Vergil

wrote

in the

Georgus:
viva volare codo
;

Sideris

in

numerum,

atque alto succedere

Milton, in Paradise

Lost:
fields

Those

argent

more

likely habitants,
hold. spirits
human

Translated Betwixt the

saints, or

middle

angelical and

kind;

and

Wordsworth,

almost

of

our

own

day,
built

in his JWms

of

the

Imagination:

The

stars

are

mansions there in the

by

nature's

hand,

And,
Dwell

haply,
clothed

spirits of the blest

vest.

radiance, their immortal

Indeed
as

this

thought

has

been
every

current

in all
and

history and
in the

tradition, in
sea.

ized civil-

in savage

life, on

continent,

isles of the

28

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
longevity was
a

and

divided";
bestowed and In

and
to

he

claimed

that

ancient for
a

blessing

cially spe-

give opportunity
of the
art
a

long-continued period
emblem peculiar breasts of of

tion of observa-

comparison
Christian
over

heavenly
star

bodies. the the

early

became
or

sanctity,and
of the

often

appeared

the

heads

on

representations

saints.
III. Some and the

allusion

should who

be

made
at

to

what

Smyth
have

called

the
to

Biblical
alter

School
the

Mosaicists,
others the drawn

various sacred

times

sought
its

sky

figuresto
with

from

historyand
has

ning interpretation. Beginto

our

Venerable

Bede,
been scheme useful

this school
;

come

time,

but may

their
have

efforts,fortunately, have
been

in vain of and

for, although their motives

praiseworthy, our
value
us

the

heavenly

groups
source

is of

of

too

much
tion instruc-

historical for

and wish

too

interestinga
stellar

popular
the

to

it discarded.
of 16th these iconoclasts
was

Among
Giordano

the Bruno
to

number of the

unfortunate TrionLaw,

century, who, in his Spaccio della Bestia

for the ancient

fante, sought

substitute

figures

the

moral

virtues,

Mercy, Prudence, Truth,

most
numerous

Universal

Judgment,
were

Wisdom,

etc. ; and

others,

in

the

17th

century,

Caesius, Jeremias
and

Drexelius, Schiller of versifier

recent A.

Novidius, Postellus, Bartsch, Schickard, Harsdorffer, Augsburg

of
;

Julius
Lamb,
vein.
Doctor

while and

in

our

day
wrote

the

Reverend in somewhat and Proctor the says,

" "

Doctor the

John
same

the The

Aratos,
of

Proctor Frances

efforts

Miss

Rolleston

the made

Reverend other

Joseph
have than

Seiss

are

especiallyremarkable.
he followed Chambers

changes

tion in constellanot

titles, although
been

old
were

lines ; but far in his

more

his changes
barbarous works he

adopted, and,
he effort

the

originalswhich
the
as

condemned

indeed

later

abandoned

impracticable.
remarks

The

following
of
our

by

Professor

Holden

on

the

history of

the

eation delin-

stellar

figures are
Diirer

interesting :
to

The

contribution

of Albrecht

astronomy

is
.

unknown,

believe,

to

all his

biographers.
But this
statement

he

subsequently

modified work

by

reference

to

Thausing's

Life of

Diirer, in which
(b.
c.

this artist's mapPtolemy (a.

the
stars d.
so

is mentioned:
the positions of stars

Hipparchus
latitudes and constellation

127) and

136)
that ancient

fixed

by celestial
in
we so

longitudes,and figure.
The

named celestial

fixed

by
than

describingtheir
all the

situation
and

some

globes
not
more

of

day

have

disappeared,
XHIth

have that
re

only

few

Arabian

copies

of

them,

century,

The

Constellations

29
The situations of

may

say

that
stars

the
in

original constellation
each
one

figures

are

entirelylost.
are we

the

principal
Ptolemy.
Oarer
stars
stars

of the

classic constellations forty-eight

verbally described
in
on

by
the The
stellation con-

In

l*a

Lande's
two were were

Bibliographic Astronomique
one

find that

A.

D.

15 15 Albrecht
in which

published
of

star-maps,
laid down

of each

hemisphere, engraved
mathematician

wood,

Ptolemy figures

themselves

connected

by Heinfogel, a figures drawn by constellation

but few

of

Nuremberg.
These in

by

Diirer.

of
d.

Diirer,

with

changes, have
in the Atlas in

been

copied by Bayer
Novus

his
in

Ummometria the have It should

(a.
become
a

1603); by Flamsteed

CoeUstis
Atlas

(1729); by Argelander (1872),

Z/nanometria
thus is

Nova

(1843);

and

by Heis
that the

the

CoeUstis

and

classic. of

matter
come

congratulation
to
us

designs
hands of

which
so

are

destined
a

to master.

be

so

permanent

have

down

from

consummate

would in
seems

add 1537,

to

this in

that

Ptolemy's catalogue
the the world's artists

of stars

was

published
and

at

Cologne
It have

folio,with
of

drawings by forty-eight few,

save

Diirer.

singular that anything

others,
with
not

he

Raphael,
the into

done

for

this
or

most

ancient, exalted, and

the

of interesting

sciences;

famous

forgotten,introduce
sad result.1 is

subject

their

compositions although
in her

generally

One

instance

especiallyabsurd,
Mrs. old

strictlyastronomical,
Sacred and

worthy

repetition.
from
an

son, JameFrench

Legendary

Art, describes,

f"rint,
St.

Denis
a

at

seated Heliopolis,

on

the summit
of
our

of

tower

or

observatory, contemplating,
far distance.

through And

telescope,the crucifixion
the be

Saviour

seen

in the

much

same

may

said
to

of

most

of

our

authors.

Pope

thus

mistranslated

Homer's

allusion

Sirius:
rises
to

the

sight night ;

Through

the

thick

gloom

of

some

tempestuous

Henry

Kirk

White,

in

Time, had
Orion
in his Arctic
tower ;

Shelley,

in the

Witch

of Atlas, wrote

of the
those

minor

planets as
stars

mysterious
the earth

Which

hide

themselves

between

and

Mars

and

in

Prince

Athanase

thus

ignored

the

apparent

motion

of the

stars

far o'er southern Belted Orion

waves

immovably

hangs;
the
same

Dickens,

in

Hard

Times, doing
comforted
with

in

his
a

description of
star

Stephen
for

Blackpool's
l

death,

the
the

sufferer
which

by
is

shining brightly
or

This

is

especially the

case

moon,

rarely correctly located

drawn.

30
hours words
Often
it
were

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Shaft. In the poor man's
own

down
:

to

the

bottom

of

the

Old

Hell

as

coom

to
as

myseln,and
to

found

it shinin' home.

on

me

down

there

in my

trouble, I thowt

the

star

guided
at
one

Our

Saviour's

Carlyle, who
in Paris
the

time

aspired 9th
of

to

the

position of

astronomer
to

at

the

Edinburgh University,thus alluded,

on

in his French
:

Revolution,

the

scenes

the

night of
beautiful

the
and

August, 1792
Orion and

night

"is
. . .

calm";

the

Pleiades

glitterdown

quite

serene,

although

the

former

did

not

rise

till

daybreak;

and

again,

still

more

blunderingly :
Overhead,
as

always, the
Our

Great

Bear

is turning

so

quiet

round

Bootes;
worst

while
of all
a

Dickens, when,
in

in

Mutual

Friend,
voyage the the

made
"

perhaps brought
a a

the

mistake

describing the
earth around makes of his

that
sun

baby

Bella of

home,"
a

revolution
in

of the Ben

marks

month

instead

year.
star-

Wallace,
names

Hur,

shaykh
team
"

Ilderim

give impossible
from the and hated

to

the

parents
of the
to

great
Al

Sinus,
the

Roman unknown while

tongue
to

instead
or

beautiful any
one,
was

Shira

of

Desert;
centuries

Mira,

him,

indeed

till nearly sixteen

thereafter;
four.

the

unlikelyGreek
Errors
as

Antares
moon

given

to

one

of the

victorious

to

the often with

and made and the

planets are
to

notoriously frequent,Venus
at
sunset.

and

the

new

moon

being
Galileo of

rise

Shakespeare, although
such of
;

contemporary
have known
we

Kepler,
his

has
"

many

yet he

seems

to

the

action

moon,

governess

the

floods," on

the

for tides,1

find

in Hamlet
the moist
star

Upon
and in

whose

influence

Neptune's empire

stands

King Henry

IV,
being governed
as

the

sea

is

by

the

moon.

Marryat, sea-captain though

seen

he H.

was,

wrote

of

waning
has
was

crescent

moon

in the

early evening
Mines of
"

; and
a

Rider the

Haggard
way, that

something
once

similar

in

King

Solomoris
a

book, by
!

ordered

for the Sir John

libraryof
Moore

school the

mineralogy
of
the

Charles

Wolfe,

in his Burial that

of
it
was

after

battle

Corunna,
struggling
similar

January 16, 1809, said

moonbeams1

By
1

misty light,
in Paradiso,

Dante

showed

knowledge

xvi, 82, 83.

The

Constellations

31 misty
or

whereas

the in

moon

did Rime
The

not

shine
the

that

night,whether
had

clear; and

Coleridge,

the

of

Ancient

Mariner,
with
one

horned

moon

bright

star

Within

the nether

tip.
is notorious lamentable. far
more
"

The
not

astronomy
the fact of

of such

the

modern

newspaper

ridiculous

were

prevalent ignorance
abounded in stellar
our

Classical
of
our

writers
in
a

allusions
1st

than

do

authors

day;
that

fact,Quintilian, of knowledge
of of the

century,
was

in his Institutio

Oratoria,
to
a

insisted
proper

astronomy
poets.
And

absolutely
allusions

necessary

understanding
at
same

these

generally were
with
"

correct,
The stellar

least may

for their be the may well said

day.
of

Dante,

whose appears

thorough acquaintance everywhere

for the the in his

the in
;

science
Fteradiso been of the his

of

14th century
be called of
a

works

fact, the
and

poeticalframe
"

Ptolemaic
of

system
the

it has

written that the

Milton,

poetical historian
of he his facts
; but

tronomy as-

day,"
with

in astronomy

the

accuracy

vides fairlydiwhen he

honors

beauty
of

of his

language
and

slipped
in

located that
we

Ophiuchus
see

"in

th* Arctic

sky,"

it is not

till late

his

works

the

abandonment
many unless Hall's well
we

Ptolemy's theories.
allusions
his
"

Tennyson

makes

beautiful except

to

stars

and

planets,and
Lowell knew

is

always
was

accurate,

moonless
our

Mars,"

which, however,
and

before
stars

Asaph
well,
and

discovery; while
showed

Longfellow
works.

the

this in their

Andromeda So

! Sweet

woman

!
:

why
come

delaying
hither !

timidlyamong
this

the

stars

Join

bright throng,

and

nimbly

follow

whither

They

all

are

going.
John
Keats'

Endymion.

t$e Woman ("nbtometa,

the and

Cfyxintb,
of

'AvSpopidrj
Ptolemy,
and queen

of

Aratos

and

'Avdpopeda sky
the in

Eratosthenes, Hipparchos,
of

represents
of

in the

daughter

Cepheus
to

and
sea

Cassiopeia,
monster
as

king

Aethiopia, chained
mother's

exposure

the that

punishment Sappho, Euripides

of

of her the and

boast
before the

of

beauty superior to
to

of the

Nereids.

7th century

Christ, is supposed

mention she

her,
was
a

while char-

Sophocles, of

5th, wrote

dramas

in which

32
acter must

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
times,
of her and
we

but

she
to

seems

to

go

far

back

of

classical that

probably
Cetus. Creation,

look

the that
two

Euphrates
she

for her in before

with origin, the

our

family and
of witKthe
foundation

Sayce
of
more

claims than

appeared

great
era,

Babylonian Epu
in connection is the too, in

millenniums
the and

story of
of the

Bel

Marduk

and

dragon Tiamat,
Andromeda.
was

that
was

doubtless

story of Perseus
Chaldaean As
a

She

noted,

Phoenicia,where

influence constellation

early felt
stars

these

have Woman and

always

borne

our

title, frequently with

many Caesar of the

the added Latins called

Hulier
to

Catenate,
her
as

the

Chained,
a

and

classical

alluded her

familiar
a

great favorite.
as

Germanicus
;

Virgo Devote;
and Germanicus of editions the

Pertea, scholiast,

the

bride her

of Perseus father. she

as

while

Manilius,
In taken
non

again, had
the A
star
on if

Cepheii, from
Tab/es and

some

sine and Al

Almagest
described

is Al"mac,

from vidit

title of her

y;

Andromada,
Birunl, this

Muiierqui
in

maritum, evidently
viro. Ali
on

from

reappearing
Latin which

Bayer's
of the

Carens Arabian Codex

Omnino

Aben
the

Reduan

(Haly),

the

translator in the maritum

;

commentary
reads Anmade manifold
to

Tetrabiblos,had
mulier quae
non

Amade,
habet

Berlin
these

et

est

tivum the

changed by
the Arabians

from transcription but form of the the of

Alarmalah,

Widow,

by applied
said of from the

Andromeda;
erroneous

philologist Buttmann
word. The

Anroneda,
Hindus The beautiful and of
"

another

our

Antemarda

is their variation

classical
was,
as

name.

originalfigure probably
woman

Durer

drew said at of

it,that lope,
her the

of

young

and

bound
wrote

to

the

rocks, Strabo day

the
on

biblical and

Joppa;
bones

Josephus
her
monster

that
were

in his

marks that

chains

the this marks

foe

still shown the Greek

sea-shore. that

But these

author,
attest

who the

did

not

receive but the

mythology,
the her
a

observes

not

truth who

antiquityof
and

legend."
too

Others,
located his her

very in

naturally thought
made

far

from
; Ovid

home

at

that spot,

lope

Aethiopia
colore

her

negress followed in

expressing this in
in the

patriae fusca
to

suae,

although
the but

he

Herodotus
of

referring
scribed story dewas

India. her
as

Manilius,1 on
nivea Sea cervice
;

contrary,
the

his version of this

Aethiopia

legend probably

along
l

the

Red

in southwestern

Arabia.

Manilius,

author

of the

Poetico*
and

Astrxynomictm,
and he

frequently quoted
was

throughout
author of scheme

these
to

pages,
write
at

flourished

under

Augustus
and
mention
a

Tiberius,
;

probably
adhered

the
to

first Latin Aratos*

length

on

astronomy
no

astrology
of

but

closely
or

the

lations, consteltext,

making
as we

Berenice's exhumed

Hair,
in

Eqauleus,
the

the

Southern from
an

Crown. old German

so

The

have

it, is from
the

manuscript
Gian
dust

15th century

library of
our

by Poggius.
classic

celebrated

Francesco of ages.

Poggio

Bracciolini, who

rescued

much

literature

from

the

The

Constellations

33
Mar'ah al Mnialnalah, their Almara Alma-

Arabian

astronomers

knew

these

stars

as

Al
"

of e((uivalent

the

classical

descriptivetitle, Chilmead's
names

ralsala,
"

for

Western
were

mythological
familiar marinus united

had But

no

place in their science, they represented

with it,
a

althoughthey
or Calf,

with

the

ideas.
as

Sea

Seal,
its neck

Vitulus that from

;

catenates,
it to
one

Bayer Latinized
Fishes
; their

chain

around

of

the

religious scruples
were

them deterring

figuringthe
and in the
:

human oral

form.
utterances

Such

images by

ited prohibto

by
the

the

Kur*an

attributed

tradition

Prophet
unto

is this anathema
who

Woe whom

him

paints the
the work

likeness
out

of of

livingthing:
and

on

the

Day of Judgment
for their

those

he

has

depictedwill
to

rise up

the grave
hands

ask he

him be

souls.
in

Then,

unable verily, flames.

make

of his

live, will

consumed

everlasting

This warned under The

an

still is the of

belief

of

the

Muslim, Scape
at

for

William

Holman
',by

Hunt the

was

while it,

painting his
he of
was

Goat time.

in the

Wilderness

shaykh
with

whose

protection
edition chain

the

Spanish

the

Alfonsine

Tables
two

pictures Andromeda
fishes, one
with
on

unfastened
at her

around

her
an

body,

and

her the

bosom,

the other

feet,showing
anno

early connection

Pisces;
of

Hyginus, 1488, by
the
on

printed at
Thomas has her

Venice
de

salutifere incarnationis9 7th

with
some

June,

de blauis

atexandria,
two

most

remarkable she is is bound

illustrations,
at stretched out-

standing

between

trees,

to

which
x

wrists ; in the
sea

Ley

den
on

Manuscript
either side.

she

partly clothed

the

beach, chained
Caesius
2

to

rocks she

said and
"new

that

represented the
1627,
was

biblical made
never

Abigail
of
man

of

The

Books

of

Samuel;

Julius

Schiller,in
wherein

her

stars

Sepulohrom

the Chriiti,3
1

Sepulchre
old

yet laid."
beautiful, and
all studded

The

figuresin
with

this
no

manuscript
at

are

spirited,many
of ancient
the

of them

nith stars, but

attempt
claimed

orderly arrangement;
for them and
as

and, although in perfect preservation,

Roman times.

highantiquityhas
them
in his den.

been

Hugo

Grotius

duced repro-

Syntagma
Caesius Amsterdam
as

Arateorum,

Manuscript
Coelum

is still

preserved

in the

University by

Library at Ley
2

The

work

of
at

(Philip Zesen),
in

the

Astronomico-Pottuum, Lande,
and is
a

published
most

Joannes Blaeu
source

1662, is much
and the

quoted by La mythology
mentions He

interesting
many
tracts ex-

of information

to

star-names

of the

constellations, with
some

from

Greek

and

Roman
those

authors.

sixty-four figures, but

seem

of his
be

war-titles, also perhaps as

for the human JThis appeared
in

of other

astronomical

writers, would
as

merely
its

to

onyms syn-

originals erroneously
the

assumed

for their

sky
of

namesakes.
to
was title-page,

Coelum

Steliatum
and

Christianum,
an

which,

according
the almost his
own

'he jointproduction
md
"

of Schiller
was

Bayer,
2d

enlarged
of

reprint

Uranometria

of 1603 for the press

constella-

Gould

says

that it
in

in

realitythe

edition

Bayer's work,
to

ready

thelatter's death

1625, but

appropriated by Schiller

embody

absurd

"on

changes.
3

34
The

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
to

apparently
heavens
stars ;

universal

impulse
Cross the
an

of

star-gazers
is claimed and
*

find for the

earthly objects
eda's of AndromBut in following
extent

in the

is shown

in the 6

which

some

/3, y,
its y

and

marking
group,
to

upright,a
of

transverse.

much

more

noticeable
and

immense

Dipper,
Pegasus,
around far the

is

readilyseen

up
at

the

Square

in surpassing,

least,the
Andromeda

better-known

pair of Dippers
on

pole.
and

is bounded
on

the

north Pisces

by Cassiopeia
and

Perseus;
; and
on

on

the

east

by Perseus;
Lacerta and

the

south

by

Triangulum
Satan

the west

by

Pegasus.
in Paradise

Milton's

passage

Lost,
from

where

surveys

our

world

eastern

point
that
seas

Of

Libra

to

the

fleecy star

bears

Andromeda

far off Atlantic th'

Beyond
seems

Horizon, the

to

have

puzzled
view zodiac above had

many;

but the

poet

was

only seeking to
and with borne
over
:

show

the

comprehensive

by
the

arch-fiend
to

east

west

through

the six

signs

of

the

from the
to
an

Scales

the

Ram

the
on

golden fleece;
by
him
to

Andromeda,
westward,
and

latter, apparently being

observer well from

the

so,

England,
her

the

Atlantic.

Kingsley's Andromeda

describes

place

I set

thee
seamen, the

High

for

star

in the

heavens,
arms

sign

and

hope

for the

Spreading thy long whfre

Hard Sits

all

night

in the

heights of
near

aether,

by thy
in her

sire and

the

hero, thy spouse,

she shine

while

thee
;

thy mother

ivory chair, as
wilt

plaitsambrosial
;

tresses

All night long thou

these and

members

of

the

royal family, Andromeda,

to

Cassiopeia, Cepheus,
or

Perseus, lying contiguous

each

other, wholly

partly in

the

Milky

Way.
The
k

stars

that

mark

her
arm

right arm
with the

may end of

be

seen

from stretching towards

even

to

and

f marking the left

the

chain

Lacerta

; but

in

early days
has been

she

was

somewhat here
;

differentlylocated, and
for

till recently

there

confusion
and them

Smyth
are

wrote

Flamsteed's where been

Nos. wished

51

54
to

Andromedae be and
"

f and

v :

Persei, though
so

placed exactly
asterism has
Fish.

Ptolemy
lettered A

on

the been

lady's foot
the lucida

also

in

this

Pegasi by Bayer,
has

J has

of the

Northern

Argelander
La Lande

83

stars

here, and
asserted

Heis the of

138.
Phoenician

and

Dupuis

that
stars

sphere had
one

broad

Thrething"floorin

this spot, with

Cassiopeia as

of the

Gleaner*

36

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings

P,
Miraeh
which has
was

2.3,

yellow.
Tables of 152 well
; mirat
as 1

described derived

in the

Alfonsine

as

super mirat, from

occasional forms
from

been

its present

as title,

the

Hirao, Herach,
the 15 T5 A

Hirar, Mirath,

Mirax,

etc.

probably corning girdleor

images fs
great Riccioli

super mizar, the Arabic

of the in

mi'zar, a

waist-cloih.
this Mizar the
star
as

the Scaliger,
a
r

critical scholar followed The him of

15th century, adopted

thus

and title, Ursae

its use,

confounding
is
a x

with

Majoris.
Mirae had

Hirae

Smyth

doubtless

typographical error.
of

although
word

appeared
Ursae
to

in Chilmead's

Treatise

1639

for the

same

applied to 0
seems

Majoris.
refer
;
to

Hipparchos
have termed

it in

his

$6"vt\ ; and, synonymously,

from In
so

some

it

Cingulum
now

others, Ventrale,
on

its former later

was

position in
astronomy
as

the it

figure,although
marked the

it is of of of al and

the

left

hip.
and Woman. of the the

Arabian known

right side
the the Side lucida

Andromeda,
the the Chained northern the

Al in

Janb
very

al

Mmaltalah,

0
two

appeared Fishes, and

Al
or

early
the

drawings
26th Heart of

as

marked

manzi/Al
the the

Batn

Hut,
the

Belly of

Fish, or
sieu In
as

Kalb

al Hat, the
the it
was

Fish;

corresponding
Thread,
to
a

Goei,

Kwei,

Man

or Striding,

Striding Legs, anciently Kwet.

Ribbon,
now
or

this location
on

Al

RiflM,
the

the
;

Band, Cord,
but

being
in the

the

line

uniting

Fishes Brown

this title

belongs
v,

Piscium.

includes the Thread

it,with
; and

0, and
in
y,

Piscium,
an

Coptic

lunar
to

station

Kuton,
It in

Renouf,
a

Arit,
about

asterism

indigenous
from and

Egypt.
and in

lies

midway
was

between
a

and star,

150

distant
renown

each; good
luck

astrology

fortunate

portending

matrimony.

Y" Binary,
This

"

and

perhaps ternary,

2.3, 5.5, and

6.5,orange,

emerald,

and

blue.

is Alamao

in the

Alfonsine

Tables
now

and

1515

Almagest;

Riccioli's and

Alamak;
Almaac
of
or

Flamsteed's

Alamech;
all from Al

AJmach, al'Ard,
a

Almak,
small

Almaaok,

Almaak;
similar
to

'Anak
and

predatory
there
as

animal Band.

Arabia,

badger,

popularly
Al of

known the

Al

Scaliger'sconjecture
enough
1

that

it is from the

Mauk,

Buskin, although likely

is not

for

star

marking
Treatise works

left foot

Andromeda,
translation Io. the Isa.

accepted ;
John
Chilmead,

for

This

book,
ol two

Learned

on

Globes,

was

by

Master

of

Oxford,

early Latin
of

by Robert

Hues of that

and and

Pontanus.

It is

an

interesting!)
their
stellar

quaint description
nomenclature.

the celestial

globes

preceding

century,

with

The

Constellations

37
well
as

Ulug Beg,
Arabic of such and

century
before

and

half

as previously,

Al

Tizini
But

and

the

globes
a

him,

gave

it the is not

animal's

title in full. in connection

the

ety propri-

designation here
indicate
of that it

obvious
to

with

eda, Androm-

would

belonged
an

very

early Arab
form of

astronomy.
some

Bayer said
Muhammad

\typerperamAlhaimm,
2

erroneous

of the foregoing.

Riccioli

also mentioned Achsasi3 al

this name, Muwakkit

but

only

to

repudiate it.
as

al

designated
the

Al

H'"mU
one

al

his editor tfa'amit,

this Quinta Struthionum, translating

not

the

5th

of the

Ostriches ; but

I have

elsewhere

seen

association

of these

birds with

this constellation.

Hyde gives another

the Woman's In the Foot. of

Arabian

designationfor
this star, with
Heaven's

as

Al

Eijl al Mmalnalah,
and in

astronomy
was

China Ta
and

others Great

in Andromeda General.

Triangulum,
it was cally
Its

Tien

Tseang,
eminent.

AstrologiGottingen
in

honorable

duplicity was
and

discovered

by Johann
in

Tobias

Mayer
that of

of

1778;
was

Wilhelm

Struve,4
than
i"

October, 1842,
at
a

found

its

companion
and
a

double, less closely

apart

angle position
are

ioo",

bly probaposition
published
was

binary.
I at

The

two

largercomponents
abu

io".4
al Tizini

apart with
al Muwakkit,

The

catalogue of this author, Muhammad

in 1533
with

Bekr

was

Damascus
as

30a

stars, and and that

from

its

long list of purely Arabic

in

star-names

regarded
The
*

worthy of translation
of his title indicates
to

republication by Hyde,
he
was

1665, with

the

original

text.

muwakkit

shaykh
of
as

of the

This last author,

of Jesus, Society in their

whom

I shall

make

frequent reference,
Novum
ours,

grand mosque. was Joanne Baptista Riccioli, ot Reformata of 1665

of the queer
were

the

whose
are

Almagestum
of

165 1

and

Astronomia
to
us

famous

day, and
as

interesting in
as

preserving

much

mediaeval

stellarnomenclature,
ad volume

well

of this last work

is

In the the general astronomical knowledge of the times. long list of titles,curiosities in philology, with this heading:

Nomina

Steliarum

Peregrinum
well

e"
nomina

PUrumque
videbis served
map of

Arabica;

while

the

comment

thereon, nemirere
aut

si eidem Lector,

Stella* diversa

adscripta, pro
as a

diversitate

Dialectorum He
is

codicum too,
as

fortasse corruptontmt might

drawn having four year*,"
of these

have
the

motto moon," to

for this

book.

noted,
him than

for his and

Almagest

2d

the
names

Hevelius
its various

preceding
more

in this
two

by

as having given the various being still in use, while all but

features,
his

dred hun-

six of

those

given by naturally
were

justly more

celebrated he mediately im-

contemporary

have

been
own

discarded.
name

His

lunar

titles

overmodest, for his

appears

first in the

list,and

that of his

Jesuitical; nor was colleague Grimaldi

the

succeeding.
sThe Arabic
reviewed

manuscript
E. B.

of this author, with

in stars,

its star-list of of the

Al

about

year

1650, has

been

by Mr.

Knobel
112

the

Monthly Notices
from the

Royal

Astronomical

Society for Fayum,

doubthis

June, 1895. It contains

perhaps taken

Tizini's

catalogue of the preceding

name

of his title was from century. The Achsasi lew his birthplace and, like Tizini, he was ;

village of similar
of the

in

the in

shaykh

grand

mosque

Cairo, where

"ork"ras writ ten.

4

Struve

was

the first director

of the
; and

Russian
two

National

Observatory
bear
names

at

Poulkowa,

where

he
in

was

succeeded

by his

son

Otto

of the

grandsons

already celebrated

astronomy.

3*

38
angle
William
of

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
is

63O

3.

The
wrote

contrast

in

their

colors

extraordinarily fine.

Sir

Herschel

of it in 1804:

This

double

Star

is

one

of

the
two

most

beautiful

Objects
the
not

in of
a

the Sun

Heavens.
and its

The

striking
to

difference
the
contrast

in the of

colour their

of the

Stars

suggests

idea
a

Planet,

which them

unequal

size

contributes

little; but

Webb

thought

stationary.
It is

readilyresolved
its
so

by

2^-inch glass with

its double
the character

power
not

of
sooner

forty diameters,
discovered.
meteors in others of vember, Noand the

and

it seems

singularthat
radiate vicinity

was

From

Andromedes
on

II, the 27th by

of

Bielid
that

wonderfully displayed
on

the

month and

1872
with in

1885, and
celebrated almost in about and These

the

23d

in

1892, and

identified in

Secchi
on

comet
a

discovered

by Biela
The

1826, which,
stream to

its return three

1832,

created

panic
years, that

in France.

completes

revolutions

twenty
was

although subject
noticed
same on

from great perturbations of

as

Jupiter,
in

doubtless

the

7th

December,
the

1798,
so

and

1838.

objects
"

move

in the
ten

direction
a

earth, and

with
of

ent appar-

slowness,

about The

miles

second,

"

leaving small
from The

trains

reddishfor meteorite has been its

yellow sparks.
extent, which claimed

radiant, lying
7 to
10

northeast

y, is remarkable

being
fell in
"

from

degrees
on

in diameter. the

Mazapil

iron

northern

Mexico

27th

of

November,
itself."

1886,

as

being really a piece of

Biela's

comet

0,

Double,
the
e

and

12.5,

orange

and

dusky.
from its forming

Burritt
a

added

to

letter for this the

a

title
star.

Delta, perhaps

triangle with
the

and

small

adjacent

It marks The

radiant
are

point

of the

Andromedes
at
a

I of the

21st

of

July.
Ke,1
the

components
a

27".9 apart,
star, with
p

position angle
0%
was

of

299".3.
Tien

0,

4. 7 -magnitude

and

the

Chinese

Heavenly

Stable.

""
is

4-9"

Adhil,

first

appearing
from Al

in the

Almagest
Train

of 1515,
of
a

and

again
the

in

the

an If

sine

Tables of

of 1521,

Dhail, the
; but

Garment,
the

Arabic

lent equivato

Ptolemy's

ovpfia

Baily thought nearly

in this

title better

applied

the and

fainter slightly
1

A, which
of China
of that

is

more

in that

part of the
few
in

lady'sdress;
with the
to

The

star-names

that appear

work I

are

comparison
cite them

total

in

the
the

great

number

country's constellations.
stellar

occasionally

merely

indicate

general

character

of Chinese

nomenclature.

The

Constellations

39
for he
was

Bayer
somewhat with

erroneously
of the
an

gave

it

to

the

6th-magnitude b, claiming
the Os Protestantium
nature

"

astrologer, although
stars, it

of his

day

"

that,

surrounding

partook

of the

of Venus.

"p, Binary,
in lie Chinese in the

4.9

and

6.5,
Kenn
ovppa.
at
a

yellow
Han
The

and

green, the

and

/,
South

5,

astronomy,
train in
near

were

Hun,

Camp's

Gate;
observed

they

the star

components
of

of "f" were

by

Burnham

1879, o".3 apart,

N.

position angle
224,
or

272".4.

G. C.1

31

M.,2 just northwest

905
on

the

Great
to

Hebula,
have been

the known

Queen
as

of the Nebulae,
far back and be
as

of the

star

v, is

said
as

a.

d.

; was
a

described

by
of

Al

Sufi

the

Tattle otherwise

Cloud

before
seems

986;
to

appeared
no

Dutch

star-map
time
Mundo of he

of 1500.

But Marius tells 16x2.

to

there of

record in his

of
rare

it till the work the De

Simon
Jovial

(Mayer
us

Gunzenhausen),

who,
a

i,

that He

he did

first examined not,

it with claim the

telescope on
as
a

15th

December,
is

however,
done

it

new

discovery,as
of

reported
he gave

have

fraudulently
their
that from

of

four
names,

satellites

when Jupiter,3

them

present
are now

but known

rarelyused
as

Io, Europa, Ganymede,

IIII, in the order
did
so

and their

Kaltances disof it

listo,

I, II, III, and

of

the

planet.

Halley, however,
in

claim

it in 1661

in favor

Bullialdus
into it had
astronomer.

(Ismail Bouillaud), who, although

as

he

doubtless

again brought
but

notice
been

the

nebulosa 150

cingulo Andromedaey

expressly mentioned
anonymous

that expert

observed

years

previously by
Prodromusy
and and
or

some

Hevelius ffistoria
as

catalogued
nebulosa

it in his

and

Flamsteed

inserted
but

it in his

supra cingulum

nebulosa

cinguli;
did
not

Hipparchos,
to

Ptolemy,
which
is
no some

Ulug

Beg, Tycho
inferred
as an

Brahe,

Bayer

allude

it, from
there

have

increase, this,and
the others

in its variability,
not
seem

light; but
flame of

positive evidence
said that

to

it does diluted of
our

probable.
the
a dle can-

Marius
seen

it resembled while

lightfrom
early
the

through

horn,4

astronomers
means

described

it

differently
Its
true

; discordances
seems

probably owing
as

to

different

employed.

character

yet undetermined,

although astro-photography
in

1 2 3 4

This

is the
s

New

General

Catalogue of Doctor

J. L. E. Dreyer, published

1887.

Messier'
This This

Catalogue.
was us

planet
reminds

known

to

the

Greeks

as

Zei'c, and
in

as

'Pai"tor,

the

Shining
of
a

One. different

of Dante's

beautiful
So

simile

the Faradiso,
alabaster.

although

object

that fire seemed

it behind

4-0
"

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings

has

proved

it to be

vast

Satumiform
a

nucleus,

surrounded
so

by
from of

series the

of

body, a great, comparatively condensed as rings,elliptical they appear to us, but

under which

probably only
view";
form Its
"
"

angle
matter

they

are

presented to
into the

our

"masses
a

nebulous
enormous

partiallycondensed
system
in formation.
at
more

solid

new
or

and

solar about from visible N. G. in

length,
times

diameter,
the

3^",
the
as a

is estimated
to

than

thirty

thousand

distance

earth nebula

the

sun.
same

Its attendant be

companion,
star-cluster

in the

field if a in

low-power
1749

used,

is the It

C. 221,

32 and

M.,

discovered

by

Le

Gentil.
Great small S
seen

is nearly circular

form,

apparently }fa the

others have in process
so

size of the that the

Nebula. nebulae
near

Sir William
the the

Huggins
be of

and

suggested
of formation.

latter may
nova

planets
that of the

Andromedae,
about for
a

1885
6th

excited
arc

much

was interest,

first

the brief

middle

of

August,
the

16"
to

to

the southeast but

of the nucleus, it
soon

and,

period, of
the

7 th
saw

magnitude;
it with
as

peared disaprefractor

to at

ordinary glasses,and
on

Hall

last

the 16th

26-inch

Washington

1st

of

February, 1886,

of the

magnitude.

In

dreams An With

it seemed in the wide

to

me

saw

suspended
of
to

eagle

sky,

with and

plumes
intent

gold,
stoop,
had been

wings

open,
to me,

And

this, it seemed

was

where kin

By Ganymede
When
to

his kith

and

abandoned,
was

the

high consistory he

rapt. Purgatorio.

Longfellow's translation

of Dante's

""nftnou0
lies in the

Milky Way, directlysouth

and
"r, the rest

from

the

star

Altair

the

head

of the

figureat
now

rj

of the outline omitted

to
a

being
and
v

marked from

by 0, 1, *, A, v,
his

and 6, all added

/'.

in The

Aquila.
the soul

Flamsteed is said

catalogue,but
into the

constellation

have

been honor

introduced
of him

sky, in

the year

132, whose

by

Emperor
his

Hadrian, in
had

his

young in

Bithynian favorite,
its lucida that
at

courtiers

shown in

shining
from because

after his Beza

the

youth's self-sacrifice by drowning

life asserted could

the

Nile
was

his belief the oracle the

new

ter's mas-

might
that

thus

be

prolonged.
the the death latter be

This

had

only by
danger
to

of the

object which
averted. The

emperor

most

loved

great

asterism, however,

The

Constellations

41

was

little known he it, did

so

among but 6

early astronomers

; and
a

although Ptolemy
dozen of the

alluded of

to

in calling half slightingly

afiOfxpuroi

Aquila e"p uv
After of
1

dvrivoo^.
it
seems

his
1

day

unnoticed

till Mercator

put it on
him
in

his celestial

globe
it ;

55

with

six

components;
with
no

Bayer following
its stars.
a

it with illustrating also utilized

Aquila, although
but it first
of

distinct list of
in

Tycho
in

separately appeared
in his

print on

plate

Kepler's Stella
of

Nova

1606,
of

and

Rudolphine
had

Tables,

Longomontanus
Danica Bow and

(Christian Long1640;
the

berg

Denmark)
it in the Flamsteed Tel

it in his
but

Astronomica added the

a

Hevelius
ancient

included

Prodromus,
mentioned

Arrow,
as

Sagitta;
nonj,

it in

Historia
cum

Coelesiis and in

Aquila Antithe

Aquila

Antinona,

and

Aquila
had Bode

Antinoo;
use

Hungarian Ephemerides
and Nova
ognized, rec-

Jesuit Abb"
Astronotnicae

Maximilian of

Hell and

it in

constant

his

1769
he

1770.

also

distinctlycatalogued
his
Uranometria
now

illustrated it ; but
of

Argelander omitted
showed it
as a

its title from

1843, although
its
stars

part of
those

Aquila.
of the

It is

hardly
used

being

included

with for

latter constellation. others

as

Bayer
names

substituted

Ganymedes

Antinoiis, and

have

both

indiscriminately ; Tennyson
Flush'd Half

describing the youth

his rosy

Ganymede,
in

thigh

buried

the

Eagle's down.

This La

same

name

occasionallyhas appeared
many other for titles, and
our

for

Aquarius,
; among

but

is

given by
are

Lande,

with

Antinoiis
;

these

Puer
;

Adrianaeus, Bithynicns, Phryginj,

Troicns

Hovns

Aegypti Deus
life

Puer

Aquilae ; Pinoerna
Caesius
saw

and

Pocillator, the Cup-bearer.

Bon said

in it the
La Lande

of the Shnnammite
that
some

raised

to

by
the

the

prophet
Itha-

Elisha;
can,
one

and of

had

identified it with

bold

Penelope's suitors slain by Ulixes.

Arabic

Two the but

of the

globes

bear

the

stars

d, 0,
Al

k, and

Aquilae, which
the Two
6
as

mark
;

rhombus distinguishing

of

Antinoiis,as
t

Thalimain,

Ostriches

Ideler

assigned
Simone

this title to Assemani

and said Two

A ;

giving 0*, tj} and

they
or were

Al

Mizan,

the that Two

Scale-beam.
more

that

Alkhalimain,
the

the correctlyis Al ftalDain, his assertions

"

Friends,
are

Al Halimatain,

Papillae ; but by Ideler

These and
as

as

to

star-names

often

unfavorably criticized
criticism."
of the character
a

confused
are so

medley,
of

raked

together without
to
as

globes
of
to

frequently referred Arabia,

indicative
I may

progress

the astronomy
them.

that

be

pardoned

brief

digression as

42
One,
of the
at

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
established
Mathematical of the nth

year

1225,

now

rests

in

the

museum

by

the Cardinal Salon

at

Borgia
Dresden;
one

Villetri ; another, of
A. V. Newton claims

1289, is
the

in the date

Mr.

early
now

century for
Nationale of bronze, is in the

lettered

in Arabo-Cufic does

characters,
Meucci for
one

in the

Bibliotheque
;
not

of

Paris, as
Arabian of

Signor
the

F.

in Florence but silver, London said these

another,

from
rooms

times,

stars

lettered

in

figured,
and

the II
stars

Royal
of

Astronomical
the

Society of pearls.
Brahe,
inches.

;
to

the Emperor
had
to
one

Frederick

Italy,in
shown

13th century, is
inlaid All five to

have
seem

of

gold, the
of

being

by

have
a

been

comparatively
to

small

dimensions,

eight inches
now

in

diameter,
castle
at

great

contrast

the

six-foot globe of
were were

Tycho

in the

Prague.

Those But

of Mercator

about

sixteen

celestial globes
very
correct
as

known

long anterior
of the

to

these.

One

that

is

sidered con-

to

the

location

early constellations,although
Farnese

it does

not

show

the the

individual
statue

stars, is in the
Atlas.

collection
to

of be

ties, antiquia

surmounting
of the

of and
to

This

globe, supposed

copy
what some-

sphere defaced,

of

Eudoxos,

perhaps antedating Ptolemy, although

us

has

preserved
of
an

more

than have

forty of
been
"

the

sky figuresof
in in

its

day
old

while
"

another,
doubtless

brass, said

to

constructed
was

by Ptolemy
1043
an

himself,

apocryphal statement,
the modern in is illustrated translation

found

public library in Kahira,

of

Cairo. Halma's in

Ptolemy
edition
of

described the

the

globe
have The the

Hipparchos
with
a

that

Syntaxis,
is said

published
to

French
one

in Paris
as

1813-16;

Eudoxos

constructed actual

366
of

b.

c,

did

Anaximander has been

of Miletus

584

b.

c
as

invention
was
us

celestial
; but

globes

credited
rivals

to

Thales,

mythical
about

to

Atlas

Flammarion
"
"

nearly
most

this last when

he
structed con-

seriouslytells
Newton,
asserted celestial

of Chiron's the

sphere
of the

the

ancient 1300 from

was b.

sphere known, a";

and Sir

epoch
by
an one

Trojan

War,

Isaac

induced that

incorrect
of the

translation

Diogenes
the first to others

Laertius,
make Greek
a

Musaeus,
which

Argo's
the

crew,

sphere,on

he located the

ship

and

many

of the

constellations

derived

from

story and

characters

of the

Argonauts.

f0e @ttr{pump, gtntffo (pneumattca,

is La tica know

Cattle's Machine

Pneumatique,
in

at

first Latinized Italian

as

Machina
but

Pnenmaastronomers

(which
it
as

occurs

Burritt, and
In

is the

name);
Luft

simple

Antlia.

Germany

it is the

Pmnpa

44
The laire

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Astronomie taken from

in planisphere has

Gore's

English edition
as

of Flammarion's

Jbpuearly Apus

the constellation
the the

the

Houie

Swallow, probably
Andrews-

listsor ornithological
as

lexicons

; for our

Freund

translates

the Black

Martin,

English synonym
Yarrell,
"

of the Hirundo
not
a

apus of Linnaeus,"
but
a

the known and

Cypselus apus
swift of the

of William Old

swallow, however,

well-

World,

with
to

formed, although small, legs perfectly

its mode Ben Khorat of
as

feet,yet appropriate enough

in Willis' Scholar

life ; and

the

stellar

bird

appears

of

Thebet

Hirundo And

with

its little company Vesta

;

;
on

white-brow'd
and

lamping

her path

Lonely
with
An arrives

planet-calm

this explanatory
Arabic

note

constellation
about the

placed instead
time
of the

of

the

Piscis

Australis, because
the Fishes.

the

swallow

in Arabia

heliacal

rising of

I have

not

met

with both

these

hirundine Mr.

star-titles except

in these have

two
come

instances,
from
to

and

think

them

incorrect

Willis' idea
he
errs

may

the

XeXtd6via$
and in

of the

zodiacal
a

pair,but

in

ascribingthe figure
Fish,
as

Arabia in
fusing con-

considering it
it with the all this poem

substitute

for the

Southern

well

as

older

Pisces.
in stellar allusions. Here is another bit
:

But

is beautiful

Where Where Who

has have bids

the Pleiad
all the

gone
stars

? found and
come

missing
Mira

light and
?

home

Stella Pole-star banded

go

Why
And Go

sits the

lone?

why,
in

like

sisters, through the air

the constellations fair ?

bright troops
in China

Apus
the

similarly appears
Wonder Bird.

as

Cho,

the

Curious the

Sparrow;
Chamaeleon

and and
stars

as

Little

Schiller included Eve.

Gould

it with

the in but

Southern

Fly
its lucid

in his biblical
a
,

details

sixty-seven naked-eye
about the middle of

Apus,
of
course

y,

being
from twelve

3.9.

It culminates latitudes.

July,

is invisible is
one

northern
new

This
name

of the

southern

constellations he of

with them

which

Bayer's
Gould
van

generally is
took them but

associated, although
one

only adopted Jacob,

or

and,

says,

from

of

the

globes

Arnold, Florent
to
"

Langren;

attributed Bayer distinctly

their formation and Petrus the

Americus

Vesputors navigaof

tius,Andreas
of the their

Corsalius,

Petrus 16th

Medinensis

Theodoras,"

early

part of the
and

century, giving to
ascribed

last most
to

of the credit

publication ;

Smyth

their invention

"Peter

Theodore,"

The

Constellations

45
Corsali, in
15 16. In

and mead's and

their

publication
they

to
are

another

sailor,Andrea
to

Chil-

Treatise

ascribed indefinitely men"

"

the

Portugals, Hollanders,

English
Willem

sea-faring

Jansson
contemporary,

Blaeu, the
credited the island

celebrated

globe-maker
to

of

Amsterdam,

Chil-

mead's who took

their introduction
of

Friedrich

Houtmann,
asserted,
he the

observed his ideas

from from that the

Sumatra;

while

the

Semler latter,

the the

Chinese. nation
the

Although
knew

Ideler

denied
and

this, yet Apus

exact
as

acknowledged
Fire

latter and

Phoenix, Indus, Bird,

his
an

Bird,
of the that
to

Persian

Little Wonder
summed up in

almost
of

tions translawith the

Western their

titles ; and

account

them it is

opinion possible

origin

"

is involved

obscurity

that

scarcely

penetrate."

The And What The But

son

his locks the the

beneath draw frost

Aquarius tempers,
near

now

nights
hoar semblance

to
on

half the

the

day,

time outward

copies
of her

ground

sister pen.

white,

little lasts the

temper

of her

Longfellow's

translation

of Dante's

Inferno.

f$e TOtf "$quartu6,

II has the

ernwn,
Wassennann
Ideler the in

Aquario
fact

in

le Verteau Italy,
borne
sun

in

France, der titles;

it

Germany,
a

universally
that with

this

or

kindred

assigning as rainy season.

stellar forms

reason

the this

passed through

during

In is

nection con-

the

proximity

of

other

analogous

worthy
and and
"

of

note:

Capricornus, Cetus, Delphinus, Eridanus,

Australis,
are

Hydra,
with

Pisces, Argo
said

Piscis Crater, called

was

all the

watery

shapes
;
some

in

the of

early heavens,
whose
stars

in

this

neighborhood
indeed
in
to

Aratos

are

the the

Water";
and

Euphratean astronomy
under the been control of

this

region of the

sky

Sea,

thought

be

Aquarius.
on

The

constellation stones,

immemorially
as
a

has

represented,even
water

very
or

early
urn,

Babylonian
with
an

man,

or

boy, pouring
left

from human

bucket

appropriate
omitted
;

towel the

in

the

hand,

the

figure
latter

sometimes did
not

being
dare

while

Arabians,
a

who

knew
two

of

the

but and

to
a

show

it,depicted

mule last

carrying
was

water-barrels;
idea of

again
but Al

simply
word Biruni

water-bucket. rendered it in his

This

Ulug
the

Beg's
Roman

it,his original

being
had

by Hyde

Sitnla,

Well-bucket;
a

astrologicalcharts

as

Amphora,

Two-handled

Wine-

46
jar, that
Even similar On
a

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
the
b.

he

may

have

adopted
with
was

from in the

Ausonius

poet of
is said Two-eared of
"

our

4th century.
have

Vercingetorix,Caesar's
figure on
Roman whose and
at

foe

Gaul,

52

c,
a

to

put the

his stateres
zodiac month times it

title Diota,
the

Jar. Juno,
the the
sun

Peacock,
"

symbol

Greek
was

Here,
the that

in

Gamelion
it has been

January-February
as
a

in
to

sign ;
New

shown

Goose,

another

bird

sacred

goddess.
Testament

Christians
to
some

of

the

16th

and

17th
to

centuries

likened

itapthe

propriately enough
Apostle, although
and
even

John
went out

the
back of the

Baptist, and
to water.

Judas
the

Thaddaeus
waters

Haaman

in

of

Jordan,
ture litera-

to

Hoses

taken has

Its

nomenclature it
was

been

extensive

but
or

consistent.

In

Greek

rT"5po#6oc, the
as

epic 'Tdpo^oevc,
by Germanicus
and

Water-pourer,
as

transliterated

by

Catullus

Hydrochoiii,and
it of

Hydroehotis ; although the

that had and of it

latter also

called

Aqnitenens
Greek

Fnndens
1500
or

latices,saying
b. c.

fied personi-

Deucalion

the

Deluge, Jnvenis,
son

Ausonius

Urnamqui Ganymede*,
of whom

tenet;
the

Manilius, Aequoreus

simply Jnvenis,
and

beautiful
wrote

Phrygian boy,
in his
Then On

of

Tros

cup-bearer

Jove,

Statius

Thebais
from

the chase
the

Jove's towering eagle bears, Phrygian

to

golden wings,

the

stars.

This

title also
as

appeared

with Cicero,

Hyginus,
Idaens,
a

and

Vergil ;
it

and

with his

Ovid, in

the Fasti, and the

We

Ganymede
gerens

Jnvenis, Pner
; while

and

Iliacus,from
was

birthplace,
represent

Jnvenis
creator

aquam pourer

in

larger

sense

said

to

Jove, it,too,
of

the
as

forth

of water their

upon

the

earth.

find

Aristaens,

Elijah, who
the
;

brought
nourished

rain

to

the

habitants in-

Ceos, and
were

Cecrops, from
by
the it

cicada while

by
the

the

dew.

whose
our

eggs 2d
as

hatched called and that

waters

showers which

Appian,

historian of
1515 gest Alma-

century, Idrndnms asserted

Hydridurns,
the

reappeared
The

in the Grecian

Hanritor

aqnae.

great
of the
to

lyric poet
of the Nile, title

Pindar the
rannns

it of

symbolized
the it
as

genius
the

fountains its modern

life-giving
aquae,
1

earth.
"

Horace

added

Ty-

writing of
748,

saddening
in the
stains

inverted

year," which
:

James

Thomson,

700-1

followed

Winter

of his Seasons

fierce Aquarius

th' inverted

year

and
sun

said Vergil, calling it frigidus, similarly

it closed the year

that

when

coincident

with the

with

moisture

"

Kxtremoque

inrorat

Aquarius

anno.

The

Constellations

47
month Creation this the the
as

In

Babylonia

it

was

associated
; and

with the

the

nth

Shabatu,
has nth other
an

the
account

Curse of
;

of the

Rain, January-February Deluge

in its nth books its Urn

Epic of
to

book, corresponding

constellation
zodiacal

each of its other In that country the also

was

numerically coinciding with

seems

signs.
flowing, over-

to have

been Seat

known of the

Gn,

Water-jar
Waters
;

Akkadian
or

Ku-ur-ku,
Bammanu,
from
a

the

Flowing
the

and

it

Ramman

the the

God

of the Storm,

stillearlier

Imma,

shown Some for

pouring
assert

water

vase,

god, however,

being frequently
the
sun

omitted.
word it and

that

Lord
to

of Canals
it 15,000 its

is the years And farther

of signification ago when (!), the

Akkadian entered

Aquarius, given
flood
was

the Nile of
or

at

height.
much

while back

this statement
than

carries the

nings beginposed, supseen

astronomy
will and
now

very be

has many

generally
years
we

been

acknowledged,
would

yet

for

have
the

Egyptian
dim of the
as

Euphratean
this the

historycontinuously easilysolve
we

extended much

into

hitherto

past ; and

theory
zodiac and

the
to

discussed
either

question
tries coun-

originof

figures if
the
seasons

are

regard

of those

their source,

and

agricultural operations as giving

from their

them

names.

Aben Water Place

Ezra
; Kircher

called

it the it

Egyptians' Honiuf,
was

muau,

or

M"3,

said that
Fortune lunar

their

YTrevBepiav,

Brachium
to

benefieum, the
its
"

of Good
a

; which

Brown,
; and
our

however, limits
Serviss writes caused

stars

a, y,

f,

and Tf as

Coptic
sank

station the
urn

that the

the

ancient the

Egyptians imagined
Nile,as
With Sakib
of

that

settingof
in the river

Aquarius
to

risingof
Kazwini's the it
as

he the

his

huge
it
was

fill it."
; and
came

Arabians the the

Al

Dalw,
from

the the

Well-bucket first of The which

Al

al

Ma1,

Water-

pourer; of

Edeleu Dol
or

Bayer, and
the Latin In

Eldelis
as

Chilmead.

Persians the
"

knew

Ml;
the

Hebrews,
Do Hum
;

Deli
and the

Dalle); (Riccioli's
Turks,
as

Syrians,as
all

Daulo,
a

like

Kugha,

meaning

Water-

bucket.
In

the

Persian

Bundehesh

it is Vabik.
a

China, with
the

Capricornus, Pisces, and

or

part

of

it Sagittarius,
later
was

tuted constias

early Serpent,
the Dark

Turtle, Tien
and Han

Yuen
or

; and

known

Hiuen

Ying,
or

Warrior

Hero,

Darkly

Flourishing One, Dupuis

in whose gave
as

the

Hfren Wu, lUo.

great It

Hiuen
a

Heaou,
of

of the the

dynasty, which
Tchoun
came

Hiven
a

was

symbol
but after

emperor

Hin,

reign was Ping,

water,"
and

deluge;
the

the

Jesuits
three far East of of

in

it became headed

Paon
the for
"

the

Precious Vase.

It contained which in the almanacs

stars

of the
was

sieu9and
the

list of zodiac
and

signs as
still so

Bat,

ideograph
o, and

remains
of the

in the minor

Central
"

Asia, Cochin
1,

China,
0,
"

Japan.
of

Some

Aquarius,

A,

with

others

48
Capricornus
with On and which Al Intrenched the and

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Luy
Peih

Pisces,
Walls.
as

formed

the

asterism

Chin,

the

Camp

Ganges,
said the

in

China, it began
at
one

the

circle of the
it
was

zodiacal
or

signs;
Storm

Biruni recalls

that

time

in India of that Tamil the

Khumba,
the

Knmbaba,

Elamite

divinity
was

name,

KofiPrj,or
Lande

God,

of

Hesychios.
Varaha and

This, too, Mihira,

the

title for it ; La of
see

writing

it Coumbnm. called it

under

influence
we
can

Greek

astronomy,

Hridroga Magi

Udruvaga,
Druids called it

in which

'Tdpo^ooc.
science of astronomy. while
not

With
The

the

and

it represented the whole

se

Anglo-Saxons
after them the

Waeter-gyt,

the

Water-pourer;
thus

long

John

of

Trevisa,

the

in 1398 English translator,

quaintly

recalled
The

classical form:
is the butlere of the

Sygne Aquarius
books queer

goddes
had

and

yevyth

them

water-potte.

English later,the

immediately succeeding
title Skinker.
is found
:

Aquary,
has

Aquarye,
more

and,
than Mr.

still
one

This
rare

last, which
of 1703,

puzzled

commentator, Philomathemat

in the

book

Meteorologiae by

Cock,

Jupiter
But the

in the

Skinker

opposed by
its know this
own

Saturn

in the Lion

did

raise

mighty South-west
not to

winds.

passage till now tell of

affords
; for
us we

explanation
our

that the

ought opposite

have while

been the

delayed

sign
or

to

be

of

Leo,

dictionaries
or

that

archaic

provincialword
and

a signifies Tapster,

Pourer-out

liquor, which

Aquarius
in their

Ganymede

have

notably

been

in all ages

of astronomy.

Although
constellations in of

early
to

authors

varied

ascriptionof
water." But

the

twelve
were

zodiacal
in accord

the twelve
to

tribes of Israel, yet they generally

"

assigning this
all this and

Reuben,
banner

unstable

as

the

fountainheads
to

Jewish
Moses'

story, Jacob's death-bed

song
to
on

address
are

his

sons

in
to

Egypt,

dying
the

Mount proper any

at

Nebo,

not

clear any of

enough
the

justifymuch

positivenessas
is from

the had the

assignment
all. The

of

tribal
on

symbols,
the

if indeed

Israelites and of 77

little that

we

have

subject
Dante,

Josephus
canto

Chaldec

Paraphrase.
wrote

in the

19th

Purgatorio,
their before that

that

here

geomancers See Rise in the Orient

Fortuna the dawn

Major
dim

by

path

long remains
on

not

which

Longfellow

explains in
by points Among

his notes
in the

the

passage:

Geomancy
which
have

is divination

ground,
is the

or

pebbles arranged
the

in certain

figures,

peculiar names.

these

figure called

Fortuna

Major, which

The
is thus

Constellations
the

49
also

drawn,

" % and, by
*** in

an

effort of and
some

imagination, can

be

formed

out

of

some

of the last stars

Aquarius

of the

first in Pisces.

In

astrology it
no

was

the

Airy Trigon, Gemini

there
was no

and

Libra

being included, and

possessed influence,

sign of

small

note,

since

disputing that
seasons

its stars "in

a

virtue,and
secret

efficacy, whereby they

altered the air and

wonderful, strange, and

manner";
an

and

illuminated has and

manuscript
been lat blode."

almanac

of

1386, perhaps

the

earliest in

our

language that
and
to

printed, says
With
;

of the

sign:
it

"

It is gode to the horizon

byg castellis,
of Saturn,
the
sun

wed,

Capricorn
when
on

was

House
with
man

governing
weather
was

the

legs and

ankles When

and

the

the

always rainy.
"

Saturn
;

was

here,he had

completely
humeros,
its guardians,

in his clutches

caput

et

eollum

while

Jupiter,when
and

here, had

pectus et pedes.
As

Jnnonis and

astrum bore rule

it

was

diurnal

sign,Juno
Tyre
;

Jove being
and

over

Cilicia and

later, over

Arabia, Tatary, Hamburg.

the

Denmark,
Proctor's colors Lucius
care

Russia, Myths

Lower and

Sweden, Westphalia, Bremen,

Mangels

of Astronomy

has

a an

list of

astrological
blue;
while the

of

the

zodiac
of

signs attributingto Aquarius

our

aqueous

Ampelius,
various and

2d
to

century, assigning in his Liber

the various blew

Memorialis

of the of Eurus

winds

signs,intrusts
the east,
or

to

this the

ship guardianfrom

Notus,

which

from

southeast, and

the south. The

waves,

astronomers' is said
to

symbol
have been
a

for the

the

sign,-"?,showing
have

undulating
the been title of

lines

of

hieroglyph for Water,

may the hand of

Aquarius
with

in the Nile

country,
Burritt the

where drew

measuring-rod
in the Nilometer. of

associated

it;indeed
a

such

figure as Norma
these

Hilotica,

suggestionof
Brown,
in the the

ancient volume

47th
of the
Mr.

Archaeologtay has

remarks interesting

on

symbols

signs:
King they
so

Respectingthese
by their emblems,
works
occur

C. W.

observes
nor

"

Although
are ever

the
to
our

planets are
be
seen

often

expressed
on

yet neither
those

the

signs
the

represented
Wherever

tique an-

by
a

symbols
it may be

familiar to

eye

in any

almanacs.
a

such of the

upon

stone

pronounced
...

without As

hesitation
source

production
them
"

or cinque-cento,

the able

following century.
to ; and trace

for the be found

of these
we

hieroglyphics,I
see

have

never

been

it.

They
is
"

are

to

exactly as
of any
not

in

very

old medieval
were they

MSS."

Mr.

King
"

inclined, in default

other

origin,
The

to

suspect

devised

by
in

Arab

sages

an

opinion which
even

I do

follow.

subject is
me

shrouded certainly
that he

great obscurity; and

to trace

Professor
the

informed Sayce recently

had

been

unable

the

history of

zodiacal

symbols

up

to

their

first

appearance

in Western

literature.

50
While ioth Miss Clerke

Star-Names

and

their
found

Meanings
in

writes
in

that

they
not

are

manuscripts
or

of

about

the is

century, but
but

carvings
if not has with from

until the

15th
of

16th.

Their

origin

unknown;

some,

all, of them
an

have

antique associations.
an

Hargrave's Egyptian
the
can
cross

Rosicrucians and disk

to

illustration

object showing
of Leo and

an

our

present
breast

symbols
of be
a

Virgo,
museum

or

Scorpio,purporting
London be From claimed his

be

the

mummy
a

in the much

of

University.
for these

If this statement

correct,

earlier

origin
classic

symbols1
into the

than

has

hitherto

been

supposed.
on

researches

archaic

astronomical
that the
at

symbolism
Saint
and

coins, monuments,
Asiatic

etc., Thompson
now

concludes Museum

great bas-relief of the

Cybele,
to

in

the

Hermitage probably
familiar

Petersburg,
Leo
; and
"

was

designed
and of Taurus The

represent
"

the
more

ancient

tropics of
the

Aquarius

that

Aquarius, Aquila,
appear Revelation is not

or

other of

Vultury our
10,

Lyra,
and
x,

Leo,
and

in

the

imagery

"zekie/i,

14,

iv, 7.
marked conspicuous, being chiefly

Aquarius
rr,
"

by

the stars

y,

" V* 3Ln^

the

Urn,

the familiar

Y,
the

"

called

by

the

Greeks

KcUttic, Ka/L7re"r, Kd/.7T7/,

a

and the

Situla, or
latter ; and the
water

Urna, by

Latins, Pliny making

stars, a, "/", x,
mouth the river and of

distinct

constellation others

of

by

the

line of fainter
down

Vs

0)" an(*

ing indicator,
as

running figure on
aeternas

into the

the

Southern

Fish,

it

is

occasionallydrawn, uniting with

on

Eridanus. its

Spence,

ing comment-

this

the

Farnese

globe
Piscibus

descriptionby Manilius,
and Fundentis

Ad

juvenem^
wrote:

fundentetn

undas,

semper

Aquariiy
Ganymedes,
inclined

the

cup-bearer
and
a source

of

Jupiter.
that

He

holds
out

the it: you

cup
as

or

little
he

urn

in
to

his

hand,
to

downwards;
so

is
to

always pouring
form

of

indeed

ought
from

be,

be

able from

small
a

river, which

see

running

his

feet, and

making
Manilius

so

large ended
"

tour

over

all this

part of the globe. with

his lines
so

on
urn

Aquarius
flows
on

Sic profluiturna,
:

which

Spence

translated
which ceaseless ladies
are

And
have

the
been

"; adding

seems

to

proverbial expression
; and

among
not

the

antients, taken
now,

from

the

flowing of

this
;

urn

which

might
are

be

inapplicable

when

certain

tellinga story
in his
as

or

certain

lawyers

pleading.
b.

Geminos,
of

about 'Eioayioyr),

77

c,

made
Forth

separate constellation
of

this
had

stream

Xvoig
it this
as

vdarog,
well
as

the

Pouring

Water;
in the
as

but latter

Aratos

also

called

the

Water, although
Cicero
gave it

he

cluded inthe

0
lAn

Ceti

and

the

star

Fomalhaut.
symbols
Ancienne,

Aqua;
de

and

interesting article

on

the

appears

in

Bailly's Histotre

V Astronomic

Paris, 1775.

52
Gould October. visible from called From

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
It culminates the
on

it red, and
between
to

of
a

2.7 and

magnitude.
i\ radiate

the

9th of

Eta

Aquarids,

the meteors

April 29th

May

2d.

p,
Sadalsuud Sa'd
with al the rain the
"

3.1,

pale yellow.
as

not

Sund

nor

Saud,
the

frequently
of the
to

written

"

is from from

Al

translated Su'ud, liberally

sun

Luckiest and

the

Lucky,
of 22d

its rising

when

the

winter This

had

passed
and of

season

uous gentle,continwhich cluded in-

had
star

begun.
with

title also

belongs
c

the

manzil,

f of

Aquarius
the

Capricornus.
station marked sieu in of

p and

" also

constituted

Persian
;
one

lunar

Bnnda
the

and sieu

the similar

Coptic Upuineuti, the

known

Foundation the central

but 0 alone of the

seven

Hen, Hra, or

Hii,Void, ancientlyKo,
were
as

which,

taken

together,
quarter of

Heung
it

Wn,

the

Black lists
as

Warrior, Kalpeny,

the

northern

the On that

sky.
the may

It is found

in Hindu
was

unknown of
as

signification. Mighty Destiny,

the

Euphrates
have
name

Kakkab
the

Hamma^,
title of the FortnnarunL

the

Star

given origin to
for it of
"

manzil,

well

as

to

trologers' as-

Fortuna

Al

Firuzabadi

Khorasan,

editor
some

of Al of the

Ramus,
smaller

the
stars

great Arabic
below

ary diction-

of the the

14th century, called

a

this Al Au'a,

plural of Nau',

Star, but

without

explanation,

and

are they certainly

inconspicuous.
Y"
on

4-*"

greenish,
of the

the

right arm
is Star

at

the

inner Al

edge
Sa'd

Urn,

and

the

westernmost

star

in

the the

Y,

Sadachbia,
of

from Hidden

al

Afibiyah, which
or

has

been because

interpreted
when it

Lucky
from

Things
of their
a

Hiding-places,
worms

emerged
the

the

sun's creep

rays
out
a

all hidden

and But
as

buried reptiles,

during

preceding cold,
the
so

holes!

this word

Ah

biyah is

merely
star
was

pluralof H'iba',
called and and
"

Tent,

more

reasonable

explanation

is that the

from

its

risingin
nomads' weather
"

the

spring twilight,when,
tents set
were

ter's after the winthe

want

suffering,the
the

raised idea

on

freshening
Professor
*?"an(*
*

pastures,

pleasant
Tents

in.

This

renders

Whitney's
are

Felicityof
with
y

happy

translation

of the

original. "
"

included
the

under

this

designation by Ulug Beg

his tents.

", in the
this

centre,
star

marking
as

top of the
and the

tent;

Kazwini, however, considered

ones

central

Al
All
y,

Sa'd,
these

three
a,

surrounding
formed the the

stars, with and

r

23d manzil, bearing

Pun

the

foregoing title.

f, 77, t,

were

Chinese

Mo,

the

Tomb.

The

Constellations

53

It in

was

near

that

the

Capuchin friar of Cologne, Schyraelus de Rheita,1

he had found five
new

1643, thought,
he
a

that

satellites attendant
in

upon

which Jupiter,

named

Stellae

Urbani
novcm

Octavi
Stellae
"

compliment Javem,
was

to the

ing reignby
serted deof

pontiff;and
Lobkowitz his the Urn." upon

De treatise,

circa The

written
soon

this wonderful
and

discovery.
proved

planet,however,
the

companions,

the stars

to be

littlegroup

in front

8"
the Scheat and lists,
for iton

34, of Al the

of

Tycho,

and

Seheat
:

Edelen

Riccioli,is Skat
said

in
to

modern be found it is located it

was

variouslyderived
Arabic

either from
Al

a Shi'at, Wish,

globes;
But
of the

or

from

Sak,

Shin-bone,

near

which that

in the from On Al Sa'd the

figure.

Hyde,

probably following Grotius,said

to

preceding stars.
it
seems

Euphrates
10th

have

been and

associated of the

with

Hasisadra

or

Xasisadra,the
J, k, and
others

antediluvian
was

king
the

hero

Deluge;
the

while, with
and

adjacent,it
Star of the

lunar

station

Apin,
in

Channel,

the individually
aar

Foundation.

The and

Khatcorresponding stations,

in

Persia, Shawshat

in

Sogdiana,

Hashtawand

Khorasmia,

were

also determined The Chinese

by
knew the

this star.

it,with

r, x" tne

three

stars

and i/",

some

in

Pisces, as

Yu lin Keun,
From the
near

Imperial
a

Guard. stream, far away the Delta

6 issues

meteor not

Aquarids, from
as a

the star,

27th
on

to

29th

of

July, and

Mayer
that but

noted

fixed

the Sir
a

25th of
William
new

September, 1756,
Herschel observed Uranus.

the
as

object
a

nearly twenty-five years

afterwards ascertained

later
to be

comet,

planet,our

""
was

3-4,

Al Bali, the

one brightest

of the 21st included said

were

manzi/,Al
n and
v

Sa'd

al

Bula', the

Good
as

Fortune of the
Al Bnlaan

Swallower,
dual. outside

which

; these

last also

known from

in the
two

Kazwini
stars

that

this open

strange
than
a

title came
and

the

factthat the
1
an

more

0 of Capricorn,
the

pe Rheita
honor
also

is

more

deservedly
in De

famous

as

supposed
and

inventor,
before

in

1650, of
about

planetarium,
the
D.

claimed

for Archimedes
Natvta modern
one was

of

the

3d century
named

Christ, for
the Steele

Posidonius
year
A.

mentioned Stoic,

by Cicero
is the

Deorum,

for Boetius

510.

This instrument Earl Boyle, maker of

orrery

of

days,
made

Orrery, for whom

Graham.

in 1715

by Sir Richard by Rowley, from

one

after

Charles clockin

designs by
; and

the

George

Professor

Roger Long
where it

constructed

eighteen feet
about

in diameter,

for Pembroke 1758,

Hall, Cambridge,
one

probably

still remains in

Doctor the year

William

Kitchiner mentioned
*as

by Arnold,

annually

exhibited

London

1825, that

130 feet in circumference,

4#

54
so

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
other
!

that

they seemed
Hok,
e

to

swallow,

or

absorb, the light of the

Woo with
the

The

corresponding situ, Mo,

written
was

Mu, Hiu, Hfi, or

of these
stars

Hen,
the
same

Woman,
of

anciently another,
the
identified, un-

composed
the

addition
three the
were

being
asterism

determinant
the

; and

Euphrathe

tean

lunar

Munaga,
for

Goat-fish, and

Coptic Upeuritos,
the this

Discoverer.

Bayer
Towel
as a

mentioned in the

it Mantellum hand
; but

and in
some

Mantile, marking

Napkin
was

or

held

youth's

early drawings appropriate;

never seen

shown

Bunch

of Grain
had is

Stalks.
and

Grotius
the former

Ancha

Pyxis,
to

but

neither
the in

while
as
a

in

our

day
title

applied only
Caille's
from
e,

0, and

latter is

stellar

except in La
Eastward

Pyxis
near

Nautica

Argo.
Nebula, planet.
white
and
at

v,

is the

Saturn

N.

G.

C.

7009,

that

the

largesttelescopes

show

somewhat

like the

Q, Binary,
Although
the

and

4.1,
an

very

white. the
centre

unnamed,
almost

this

is
on

interestingstar
the celestial 1777, and

of

the

of

Urn, and Mayer

exactly
its in

equator.
its

discovered Herschel

duplicity in
1804,
was

binary character,
son

first the

noted

by

confirmed

by his

in 1821

but

period
The

is not

yet determined, although

are

it is very the

long.
32 20.

components

3".3 apart,

and

positionangle

is
on

Ancha,
the

the

Hip, although figure.

on

most

modern

atlases the haunch.

the

star

lies in the Middle

belt

front

of the

The

word banc

is from

Latin

of the

Ages,

and

still appears Reeves says

in the that

French

he, Lei,

our

in China

it

was

Tear.

*"
Situla is the

5-5classical
the

applied
later

to

this,from
word

the

Latin

term

for

Water-jar
Sail,
and

or

-bucket,
earlier Al

Arabian

being

somewhat

similar

the

Dalw. derived
some as

Gassendi, however, having

Theon been the

it
an

from Oven

sitis, thirst,the
!

Waterman's

Urn

figured by Younger,

father

of

the

celebrated of

Hypatia Wine,
of
as

of

our

5th century,
"

termed and

this star

'Oivoxoeia, the
and

Outpouring
southern

if

by Ganymede
the outflow

others, KaArrq,

Urna,

the

edge

which,

near

it marks.

The

Constellations

55

Keats,

in

ILrtdymion,

very

wrote fancifully

of this Urn:
of

Crystallinebrother

of the

belt

heaven,
has

King Jove Aquarius ! to whom 'stead Two pulse streams liquid

Two fan-like

given wings,

of feather'd

fountains,
Dian

"

thine

illuminings

For

play.

In

China

was

Hen

Leang,

the

Empty 3-8"

Bridge.
red"

K
is the
most

prominent
followed

of the in

first stars

in the

Stream. the

Proclus \;u"j*c, the

Aratos

callingit "Ytop, describingit,

of water here
stars

Water;

and

others, "Ek-

Outpouring;
Like
a

Aratos

slight flow
around,

and revolve

there but small

;

Scattered

bright

although
whole

these group
set

titles, appropriated by Bayer

apart
100

for

A, originally were

for

the

as

the

Stream. the

",, with
the
waters

about

stars

surrounding it, was

regent
the
was

23d

nakshatra the

Catabhishaj,
goddess
of of the Hindu

Hundred and

Physician, whose
chief and of the all children of the

Varuna,

Adityas,

various

early
the

divinities

mythology,
With with
o,

Aditi, the
Chinese

Sky

and

Heavens.

", a, and

0, it

was

asterism
stars

Lny
in

Prill Chin, the

and

Camp
title

Intrenched 4.7,
a

Walls;
the In

but

this included
of a,
was was

Capricornus
with

Pisces. the

little to

southwest China it

associated the Roof.

it under

Al

Sad
tt,

al Hulk.
was

Kae

Uh,
one

4.8,

called four

Seat by Grotius, as
or

of the group

Al

Sa'd

al

Ah'biyah.
Reeves
as

Sundry
Poo

other the

five small Ax.

stars

in

Aquarius

were

given by

Yne,

Headsman's

si

quaeritisastra
adunca

Tunc

oritur

magni
the

praepes

Jovis.
Ovid's Fasti.

Jove for
And The Too

prince of
of his

birds

decreed,
too,

carrier bird whom

thunder,

golden Ganymede
knew.
translation of Horace's Odts. Gladstone's

well for trusty agent

$4uifo,i%t (gftgfe,
the and

French westward

Aigle,
from

the the

German

Adler,
is shown

and

the

Italian
the

Aqnila,
east

next
across

to

Dolphin,

flyingtoward

and

56
the

Star-Names
Milky Way;
its southern added
arrow

and

their

Meanings
now

stars
an

the constituting held in the

discarded

Antinous.
Hevethe

Early representations
lius included
Youth their Our is held combined
a

arrow

Eagle's talons; and

but
on

bow

and

in his

description ;
Antinous.

the

Heis

map

by Aquila,

for the

Germans

still continue

this association in

title der Adler

mit
to

dem
be

constellation

is supposed
stone

represented by
about
1200

the
c,

bird

on figured

Euphratean
tablets It
as

uranographic
known

of

b.

and

known

on

the

Id^u Zamama,
was
as

the

Eagle,

the the

Living Eye. Latins, and

Nurse,
of and of

always
and

Aquila by Bird,
and

by

their
;

poets Jovis

as

Jovii

Ales
and

Jovis

Vntrix, Ales,
the

the

the Bird

Jove
in

Armiger
conflict from

Armiger
the old

Armor-bearing Ganymedes
Eagle
Ovid but
same
were

Jove
Servant
to

this

god's

with
the

giants;

while the

Raptrix

AntinoHm
heavens of

are

stories that
on

carried made

Ganymede
it it

the

and

stood
into like

in attendance the

Jove. sky;
the

Merops, King
some

Cos, turned

Eagle

of and

the with

others

thought
reward.

Aethiopian king
vultures in

Cepheus,
As Roman the

heavenly
confounded in

eagles

often

with

the

Greek
was

and

ornithology, at
the
stars

least
y,
on

nomenclature,
side
as

Aquila marking

also the

Vultur

volans,

and

either
as

of

a,

outstretched
tion, its translathe

wings ; this title appearing

the

even

late

Flamsteed's

day, and

Flying Orype, becoming

ascribed
a

the Old

English name,

with especially

astrologers,who

to

it

mighty virtue.
varied

'Aeroc, the Eagle, in

much

orthography,
was

was

used

for

our

stellation con-

by
of

all the Pindar

Greeks;
had
come

while

poeticallyit
BaaiAevc,
the Later

Atoc

"Opvtc, the Bird

of

Zeus;

and

'Oiv"v
to
our

King

Birds, which,

has ornithologically, and

to

day.
titles

on

it was

Bdoavog, Baoavtofioc,
referred

BaoavHJTfjpiov,
the
we

all kindred which

signifyingTorture,
on

by Hyde
larly Simi-

story of the
find
came

eagle

preyed
and

the

liver of

Prometheus.
; but

Aquila Promethei
from
a

Tortor

Promethei
the

Ideler said that

this idea and

confounding by Scaliger of
that bird
sun

Arabic

'Ikab, Torture,

'Okab, Eagle. thought Dupuis fancifully

its
name was

given

when

it
chosen the

was

near

the

summer

and solstice,

that of

the the

of

highest flightwas
he asserted that

to

express
three

the

greatest

elevation of

; and
were

famous

Stymphalian Birds
Vultur

mythology

represented by Aquila, Cygnus, and together

of in the

cadens,
that these

our are

Lyra,
all

still located

sky

the

argument lion,the

being
line

paranatellons

which Sagittarius, with

is the fifth in the

Nemean

of

zodiacal of

constellations
first

beginning
while the much other

Leo, the
the

object

Hercules'

labor,
so

slaying of
stellar

birds

was

the fifth.
creatures

enough, Appropriately

like

material,these

The

Constellations

57
Insula

came

from

Arabia, migrating thence

Hercules

either

to

the

Martis,

or

to

Lake

where Stymphalis,

encountered

them. of ornithology, of
"

Thompson
the
swan,

thinks but

that the fable,in Greek

defeated after
more

the

ing eagle attackrises down in

a

by

it,is

symbolical

Aquila, which
the

the East, while little

A
to

immediately
before that
was

Cygnus, but, setting in

northern ancient constellation." mind
as

West,

goes

similar

thought
and

in the

to

the

eagle

in

opposition

the

dolphin
connection

the

serpent
thus

; their stellar

counterparts, Aquila, Delphinus,

and
In

Serpens,

also

being
with

situated. relatively

the and

story of
Ilia ; and it is shown

Ganymede, perched
the struck

the

eagle appeared
those the of
M

on

coins

of

Chalcis, Dardanos,
of

generallyon
on

alios in Cilicia
on

and

Camarina;
and other the

while towns,

Dolphin
Sea 94 and
b.

coins

of

Sinope

chiefly along
stars,
was

Black in Rome,

Hellespont.
c,
name

One, bearing

prominent
the bears

by

Manius
; and
a

AquiliusNepos,1
coin of

design being evidentlyinspired by

Aquila,
with Cancer
on

his

Agrigentum
the other

the

reverse,

"

the

one

setting as
To Black

rises.
the classical

the Arabians

figure
as

became

Al

'Okab, probably
; while

their

Eagle, Chilmead Flying Eagle,

to

citing this
was

Alhhakhab
to
one

their Al

Vap
this
was

al

Tiir, the
contrary

confined

a,

P, and
star

y ;
a

although

their whole

custom

of and

using only
Aloair;
it
as

for said

sky figure.
and

Grotius Al

called the

Altair
mentioned and
our

Bayer

Alcar
or seen

Atair.

however, Achsasi,
a

Al

Ghnrab,

the

Crow,
I have

Raven,
of

probably tion applica-

late Arabian
to

name,

the

only instance

that

its

the

stars

of
were

Aquila.
Alnb, Gherges, and
Shahin tara

Persian Falcon

titles

zed,
y. the
"

the

Star-striking
Ilkhanian Vulture for the
;

of Al
as

Nasr

al

Din,

but

now

divided
was

for 0 and

In

the

Tables

perhaps elsewhere,
call it

it

Vvrf)7rcro^cvoc,

Flying
all these

the Turks

Taushaugjil, their Hunting

it

Eagle;

three brightstars.
The

Hebrews

knew

as

Keshr,

an

Eagle, Falcon,
it
was

or on

Vulture the

and
of

the Chaldee

Paraphrase
as

asserted

that

figured
were

banners

Dan;

but

these

tribal symbols
to

properly
This

for may

the

zodiac, Scorpio
have

usually was

ascribed

Dan.

confusion

originated day

from the fact,asserted

by
an

Sir William

Drummond,
said Saint that

that

in Abraham's

Scorpio was
had

figured

as

Eagle.
or

Caesius

Aquila represented the

but

of military Rome, Eagle

the

Eagle of
the

John;
and

Julius Schiller Weigel, a

by pouring

already made
was

it Saint
defeated and
down

Catherine

Martyr;
who

Erhard
to

'This

the consul molten

captured by Mithridates,
his throat in

put him

death

gold

punishment

for his

rapacity.

58
professor
based
on

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
a

at

Jena

in the

17th century,
so

started

new

set

of

constellations,
was

the

heraldry then
made up stellar

much

in vogue,

among

which the

the Bran* Hevelius

on

denburg Eagle,
said
Polish The that and the

from
was

Aquila, Antinoiis,and
a

Dolphin.
that

Eagle
coats

fittingrepresentationof

bird

the

Teutonic have She

of arms. the

Chinese

here

Draught
500
"

Oxen,

mentioned

in

the

book

of

odes

entitled
the

King, compiled

years the

before passage

Christ

by K'ung
rendered

fu tsu,

Kung
Reverend

Philosopher (Confucius),
Doctor

being

by

the

James

Legge
show do

Brilliant
But

the
not

Draught
to

Oxen,
our

they
are

serve

draw

carts

and

the

three
to

bright
the

stars

their

Cowherd,
our

for whom
across

the the
;

Magpies' Bridge
River
stars

gives
the

access

Spinning Damsel,
This

Lyra,

of the in the

Sky,

Milky Way.
being
Sisters.

story appears
for those

in various in the

forms

Swan the

sometimes

substituted

Eagle, Lyra
'

becoming
into

Weaving
The and the

Korean

version, with
his

more

turns detail,

the
to

Cowherd
different

Prince,

Spinster into
the

Bride,

both the

banished

parts of the sky

by
can

the irate
cross

but with father-in-law,

of privilege

an

annual

meeting

if they of the ing dur-

River.

This
who
on

they accomplish through the friendlyaid

congregate
its from form all parts of the the

good-natured magpies,
the which

kingdom
the

7th
the

moon,

and

7th night

flutteringbridge
When of

across

couple meet,
for up

lovers year

still, although married.

to

day
with

is over the bare Prince

they

return

another
; the

their

respectiveplaces
their the various

exile,and

bridge
heads,
and the the

breaks the

birds

scattering to
worn

homes

feathers

having
But
as

been

off

by

trampling
the
as

feet of the

his retinue. bare heads

are

all this
to

happens during
at

birds' it is the

moulting-time, rainy season,

evening, loitering
illthe

not

be

wondered if

; nor,

attendant
to

showers the
tears at at

which,
of the

occurring
in the
a

in of

the

morning,
; or

story-tellers

attribute
to

couple

joy

meeting
children Nor
must

if in the be found

those

of

sorrow

parting.
time,
it is

Should

magpie anywhere
the

around
treatment

home

this

pursued by
to

with I the

well-merited

for its selfish indifference trouble in the of and the

its

duty.
in

forget to mention
nate Prince's unfortuscheme
to

that

the

royal

household

originatedfrom
a

investment
the

paternal sapekes
fluid
the
to

very

promising
stars.

tap

Milky Way

divert the
is

nourish

distant Doctor

Another
in his

version

given by

Reverend the

William

Elliot Griffis industrious

Japanese Fairy World,

where the

Spinning
River

Damsel from

is the her

princessShokujo, separatedby

Heavenly

herd-boy lover,

60

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Drum. and

In In

China

a,

0, and

were was
a

Ho

Koo,

River

astrology Altair
who
to

mischief-maker,

portended

danger

from

reptiles.
Ptolemy,

designated
this
as

the of

degrees
the 2d his
or
"

of

star

by brilliancy
whence
now

Greek
some

letters, think
1st

applied
that

[3

being
in
to

magnitude,

it has

increased

light since
the

day.

It is

the

standard scale used

magnitude according adopted by determining

of his Its lunar reference

Pogson,
in
at

absolute," photometric
and is made and in the

erally genin

workers distances

stellar
sea;

photometry,
while
on

largely
it the

Flamsteed the
sun

mental funda-

star

in his observations

construction

catalogue. parallax,1 o".2i4,

a

considered 15

by

Elkin

as

nearly

or

quite

exact,

cates indi-

distance

of about is of solar the

" lightyears.
Xb of Secchi's first type, but lines. and Gould

Its spectrum with very

class Pickering's lines between proper the

peculiar,

hazy
has it

broad of

hydrogen

Altair

large

motion

o".6$ annually;
the of

thought
about Near
comet

variable. slightly the

It marks the it is

junction of
of in

the

right wing

with
1st

body,

and

rises

at

sunset

15th

June, culminating on
a.

the

September.
a

appeared,
now

d.

389,

an

object,whether
to

temporary

star

or

not

known,
vanished

said

by Cuspinianus
weeks'

have

equaled
there

Venus is record

in

which brilliancy, of

after three

visibility ; and
Denning,
the

another, 50
to

of

sixty years
of
meteor

previous,in

this constellation.
to

the

eastward

Altair,according
stream

lies the of

radiant
to

point
12th

of the

Aquilidi,the

visible

from

7th

June

the

of

August.

%
Alflhain
; but

3-9"

Pale orange.
the al Persian
name

is from Al

Shahin,
termed of the
as

portion of
it Al Unuk
stars
as

for the

tion constellaNeck. it bears

Achsasi

Ghurab,

the

Raven's

It is the the second

southern

two

flankingAltair;
y
or

yet,

although

is not letter,

bright Y?

6.

3,

pale
same

orangelies title, north line of Altair.

Tarazed,
These

or

Taraiad,
stars

from

the

Persian of

three in

constitute

the

Family

Aquila,

the

joining

them

being 50
l A

length.
of 1" in about has
so

parallax
being

represents

distance

from

the

earth

of

3.26 light years;

light year,
in
no a

the

astronomers' of time," far

unit

measuring
63,000

stellar
the

distances,"
distance
;

light traveling 186,337 miles

of the
earth
a

second thus

times
a

from

the

sun.

But

star

investigated

large

parallax

that

of the nearest,

Centauri,

being only o".75.

The

Constellations

61

Just

north The

of

is ir, the

only pretty
of 6 and

and 6.8

fairly easy

double

in

the
are

stellation. con-

components,
of

magnitudes, i".5 apart,

Al
and

at

position angle
d,
77, and

i2o".7.

0, of
of

3d

to

4th magnitudes, in Antinous,

from their similar

were

Mizan,

the

Scale-beam,
distances

early Arabia,

direction

nearly equal

apart.
and

S,
Each of these is known mark.
were

4.3,
as

C,
from

3.3,

green.

Deneb,

Al

Dhanab

al 'Okab, the

Eagle's

Tail, which
In

they
they

China

Woo
a

and

Yue,

names

of old

feudal

states.

77, in

Antinoiis,

is in

noteworthy
1784, yellow
of about

shortin

period
and

variable

of the

2d

covered type, dis-

by
3.5
to

Pigott
in
a

tint,and

from fluctuating in brilliancy four

4.7 and

period

seven

days

hours,

and

thus

venient con-

interesting object
is similar
to

of observation of
our

for midsummer and

evenings.
and

Its think
H
was

spectrum
it
a

that

sun,

Lockyer

Belopolsky

spectroscopic
the Chinese

binary.
Foo,
the

Tseen

Heavenly
and

Raft.

I,
were

4.3,

X, 3.6,
some

Al

Thai
stars

1 main, of like

the

Two

Ostriches, by

confusion
the

with

the

not

far

distant of

designation in
some

but Sagittarius;

Grynaeus Syntaxis
to

1538
/, with

gave

"*, with
and

others

unlettered, as belonging
in

the

Dolphin.
Tso Ke,

cf, 7], Flag.

vfr,g,

ir, was

Tew

Ke

China,

the

Right Flag
Tseen

; p

being
the

the
/,

Left with

and

some

stars

in Scutum,

was

Peen,

Heavenly

Casque.
"

And For
And

this

you

note

but

little time
doth

aloft ; it rise.

opposite Bear-watcher
whilst his
course

is

high
the

in

air,
sea.

It quickly speeds beneath

Robert

western

Brown,

Junior's, translation

of the

Phainomena

of Aratos.

@tra,f$e Qftat,
:"

Altar
It is

in

Germany,
as

Altare
Aratos

in

Antel Italy,
it
"

and

Enoensoir

in France.

located

described
the

'neath
The

glowing sting
the

of that

huge sign

near Scorpion,

south, the Altar

hangs

62

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
with
formed. Centaurus and

and

in classical

times
on

was

intimatelyassociated
before
our

Lupus.

which
The

it joined Latins

the

west

Norma

was

knew and

it under
as

often title, the

was

designated
of

as

Ara

Centaury

Ara
in

Thymiamatis,
the

Thymele,
It also the

altar

Dionysus

; and

occasionally

diminutive
and

Arala.

Altare, Apta
altar Pan all
on

Altaria, Altarinm;

Saorarinm
burned

Saoris; Aoerra,
the
;

small Incense

which

perfumes
Hearth

were

before
a

dead

Batillus, an

; Pranaram

Coaceptacua

lam,

Brazier

Focus, Lar, and

the

Ignitabulum,
hearth.

meaning

and

'E"rria,or Vesta,
Thuribulum customary
Pharos

goddess
the

of the
a

and

Tarribalam,
to

Censer,
century.

more

correctlyTaribulua,
the

were

titles down also appears, and Pharos

18th

altars

often the

being placed
ancients
as

upon

summits
which

of the

temple

towers

thus
was

serving
the

of lighthouses,

Alexandrian The

great
to

example.
some

Alfonsine

Tables
a

added Sacred made it

of these
;

tides

Patens,
it
as
a

Pit; St-

crarias, and
The

Templum,
Manuscript
editions
with the the of

Place
a

but

represented
with 1535, and
an

altar. typical

Ley den

tripod censer
1488
and either

incense
an

burning;
from

the

illustrated
flames

Hyginus
on

of

altar

which German

ascend,
of

demons

side;
the the

illustrated

manuscript
little the
ones

15th century abyss.

he This

showed recalls
as

Pit with

big

demons

thrusting
of

into

story of Jove's wrote,

punishment

defeated

giants after
Rais'd With

had,
this

Manilius

Altar, and

the

Form adorn

appears M

Incense

loaded, and

with

Stars

the

occasion

being
for their

the

war

with
vows.

the

Titans,
poet

when also

the

gods

needed it
as

an

altar

in heaven

mutual

That

described

ara

ferens

turns,

stellis imitantibus

ignem,

which

would the
so

show

that

the
or

flame that the

was

conceived itself the

was

of

as

risingnorthwards
smoke and down from for
a

through
and times it
was

Milky Way,
thought
of

latter

the

flame;
to

and and

represented by
Middle in
an

ancients, and
But

the

of
to
ours

Arabic it has is

globes
been

Age

manuscripts.

Bayers
southern

day

shown

inverted

which position,

constellation
Aratos Proclus should b\

appropriate.
it Ornj^or
;

called and be

others. Otto
a

acrrjjpior,

both

signifyingan
cited
;

Altar; that

Ptolemy, Oiwn-(fl"ior%
Brazier
;

Censer;
a

and lexicon
or

Bayer
word

'E#apa

a *h"\"i/xi%

Ilr^im-i/, not
the

and

AiBavuric,
the votive

which

he

doubtless

intended

Auiarurpic*

Censer,

where

The

Constellations
had

63
which Ideler and

plant was Schaubach,

burned.

Eratosthenes did
names
on

Nt'/rrap r; QvTtjpiov,
and

however,
classical

not

understand,
show the

thought
as

corrupted reading.
its form, yet
it

Its varied

disagreement
in the winds and

to

great
of

with familiarity

its stars,

part of

earlyobservers, with whom

weather
"

was

importance
this character In that Greek Arabia

as

portending changes
lines"
a

; Aratos

ing devotto

twenty-eight
it

large proportionatespace

of the

Phainomena

of Ara.
was

Al

Mijmarah,
it
was

Censer, which, being its only

there before
are

title in of

country,

implies that
and said

unformed from

the found

introduction
in the

astronomy.
of Riccioli last
or

Derivations the

this word
of Caesius.
one

Alme-

gnunith
This

Almugamra
Ara
one

author

that

represented
in the it the

of
at

the

altars

raised

by
the

Moses,
of the

the

permanent
school

golden
considered research says

Temple
Altar
show

Jerusalem

; but

others

biblical

of
a

Noah
stellar

erected Altar

after

Deluge.

Euphratean
Brown the

seems was

to

differently
identifies it

located, which represented by

with the

probably
and and

the

lost zodiacal the Balance the

sign subsequently
; and

Claws

afterwards

by

7th

Akkadian

month
a

sign Tul-Ku,
to

Holy
of

Altar, or
the Tower

the of Altar form

Illustrious Babel.
was
"

Mound,

perhaps
its present

reference
were

the

mound-altar

When

these
to

changes

accomplished
This

this

early zodiacal
altar-censer of the

removed from

and position,

its diversified
recollection

retained will times

the
account

Euphratean figuring.
for the otherwise

first Altar

perhaps
to
our

strange prominence given in classical

when

visuallyunimportant Ara,
also

Manilius
stellar

called

it Mnndi Varro

Templnm
used it to Other Ara

; this last word

having
of the

another

for signification,

indicate

division this

sky.
Altar the
are

details is
not

of

early Euphratean
now

noted of

under

Libra.

wholly
above in
our

visible
the
motto

north
"

of

23d
about

degree
four

latitude; and
"

its brief Aratos' the

period
New

horizon

only

hours
same

explains
as

allusion

; his horizon

being
from

about

the

that

of

cityof

York. in it

Gould but
was

catalogues
seem

eighty-five stars,
except
and with in

2.8

to

the
a,

7th magnitude;
2.9

none

to
or

be

named

China.
t,

There

magnitude,
the

Choo, a
With

Club

Staff;
top

/3,y, and
latitude of

Low, Trailing. 24th

of
at

0 it marks

the the

of the in

Altar's

frame, culminating, on
New

justabove July,
the

horizon

the

York,

"

40"

42' 43"

City Hall.
carries
errors

Bayer'smap
similar
southern heavens.

the

latter found

star

several of

degrees

too

far to

the

west; souththe

being

in others

his constellation

figuresof

64
P,
In
was a

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
flame Dark

2.8-magnitude, y, 6*, e,
China

and

f mark

the the

risingtoward
Sky;
was

the

south.

"5, 3.7, with "

the Left

was

Tseen
; and

Yin,
e

e,

4th-magnitude,
0,
Heaven's

Tso

Kang,

Watch

602

of Reeves

Tseen

Ridge.
La Lande Ara's
as a

stated

that
was

constellation

was

supposed

to

exist

here,

taining con-

stars, that

represented on

the

Egyptian sphere

of Petosiris

Cynocephalns.

So

when
on

the the

first bold
stern
saw

vessel Thracian her

dar'd

the

seas,

High

the

rais'd
trees

his

strain

While Descend

Argo
from

kindred
to

Pelion

the stood

mgin.
round.
on

Transported

demi-gods

Pope's Ode

St.

Cecilia*

Day.

ffle "$? %t%* (JUfriB,

generallyplain Argo,
case,
" "

%*"$",
confusion with its

erroneously Argus,
the German

from

genitive
and the

and

Navis, is

Schiff,the

French

Navixe

Argo, Major,
above
; but
"

Italian

Nave

Argo.
the southern

It lies Monoceros

in entirely and York of

hemisphere,
the of

east

of

Canis

south the

of

Hydra, largelyin cityonly

and
1st
a

Milky Way, showing unimportant

in
stars

zon horia

of New

few

its

it

covers

great

extent

sky, nearly seventy-fivedegrees

"

length,

Manilius The

ing callcentre

it nobilis culminates La Caille

so

Argo,
the used

contains

829 naked-eye components.

letters, many
was

on

of March.

for it

nearly

180

of

them

of

course

cated, dupliin 268

that

although
know

this notation
have its three with 313,

adopted
the
as

in the

British

Association

Catalogue^ recent reference, and

stars, the
now

astronomers

subdivided
divisions and

figurefor
the

convenience

Carina,

Keel,

with

Puppis,

the

Stern,

Vela,

the

Sail,with

248.

This

last is

German La

Segel.
formed from the
stars

Caille,moreover,
the

in

the

early subordinate
or

division

Mains,
the

Mast,
See
;

Pyxis Hantioa, Compass,

and the

Nautical Bonssole

Box
or

Mariner's

Compass,
and the
as

German

French

Compas good

de

Her,

Italian

Bussola

this is still recognized

by

some

astronomers

Pyxis.

The

Constellations

65
his

From

other
now

stars

Bode

formed

Lochium

Funis,

Logleine, our
the and

Log

and Line,
The

entirelyfallen
appears
to

into disuse.
no

Ship

have

bow,

thus

presenting
Taurus,

same

sectional
so

character shown
on

noticeable the maps.

in Equuleus, Pegasus, and

It
was

generallyis
wrote
:

in reference

to

this that Aratos

Sternforward
Is drawn But When
;

Argd by
is not she turned have

the
a

Great usual

Dog's tail
course,
as

for hers

backward
sailors

comes,

vessels

do
stern

transposed
; all the
on

the

crooked
reverse,

On
And

entering harbour gliding backward

thus is

ship
beach

the

it

grounds.

Sternforward

Jason's Argo

drawn.

This loss

of its bow

is said

to

have

occurred

when

Argo pass'd
the
rocks justling
"

Through
the

Bosporus

betwixt

the

Symplegades,
of
:

Cyanean
Sea. Yet

(azure),or
Aratos may

the have

Planctae

Rocks

at

the

mouth he wrote

the

Euxine

thought

it complete, for

All

Argo stands

aloft in

sky,

and
Part
moves

dim

and

starless

from
rest

the

prow

Up
and it has The and

to

the

mast, but all the

is

bright ;

often

been Tables in

so

illustrated

and

described

by

artists

and

authors.
with oars,

Alfonsine

show the

it as

complete

double-masted
of

vessel
as a

Lubienitzki,
a

Theatrum

Cometicum

1667,

three-masted

argosy with

tier of ports and insisted

that

all sails set

was

full to

the
or

wind.

Mythology
leader of the

it

built

by Glaucus,
set
"

by Argos,
that prow of the
a

for
oars

Jason,
of the the

fifty Argonauts,

whose who

number herself

equaled
in the

aided ship,

by
of

Pallas
Dodona

Athene,
; the

piece from
with
She

peaking oak
of warning and

Argo being

thus

endowed
its crew."

the power

guiding
and

the

chieftains who

form
to

carried
search the

the of

faraous expedition from

:he golden fleece,
ra

Iolchis in Thessaly
when the voyage
was

Aea
over

in

Colchis,1in

Athene

placed
asserted

boat

the

sky.
Greek

Another

tradition, according

to

Eratosthenes,
sail the ocean,
of the Euxine

that

our

constellation represented the

1

first ship to
eastern

which
Sea,

long

before

Colchis

was

the

district

along the

shore

now

Mingrelia.

66

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
from

Jason's time
and

carried
as

Danaos Dante

with wrote,

his

fifty daughters

Egypt

to

Rhodes

Argos, and,

Startled

Neptune it

with

the

aid

of Argo.

Egyptian story said that Deluge; while the Hindus

their

was

the

ark that

that bore it

Isis and
the

Osiris
same

over

the

thought
And
sun,

performed
by Agastya,
our

office for made it the

equivalentIsi
for

and

Iswara.

their
steered may
see

tradition prehistoric
the

ship Argha
In

their

wandering
we

star

Canopus.
derives

this Sanskrit from

argha
a

perhaps
word,
first used

title; but

Lindsay

Argo

arek,

Semitic
been the

by
one

the

Phoenicians,

"long," signifying

this vessel
Sir Isaac

having
Newton

large

launched.
to

devoted

much
b.
was

attention
c,

the

famous after

craft,fixing the

date

of its the

building about
Romans

936

forty-two years
Argo
and called

King

Solomon.

With quae

it
;

always
but

Navis, Vitruvius
it

writingNavis
and

nominator

Argo

Cicero

Argolica

Navis

Argolica
of the and
1st

Puppis; Germanicus,
century
gasaea Eatis
before
our

Argoa Puppis;
era,

Propertius,the
;

elegiac poet
Carina
it

Iasonia

Carina

Ovid, Pagasaea
was

Pa-

Puppis, from
Heronm,
the

the Heroes'

Thessalian

seaport where

built ; Manilius,

Raft,
now

which

midst

Stars

doth

sail ;

and

others, Navis
and
are

Jasonis,

or

Osiridis,Celoz
the

Jaaonis, Carina

Argoa, Argo
somewhat
of

Ratis,
similar who

Navigium
Curnu
that
was

Praedatorinm,
the Sea been

Pirate the

Ship.
Lunae.
asserted

While

Maris,

Chariot,
the

Cnrrm

Volitans

Catullus,

said

in

Egypt

it had

Vehienlum

It also
as
a

Equua Neptunins by
of the

; indeed

Ptolemy
the

that it
on

was

known

Hone
coast

inhabitants
of

of

Azania,

modern

Ajan,

the

eastern north-

Africa, south
called
two
or

Cape

Gardafui.
a

The ride

Arabians
upon, that and

it Al
three

Safmah,
centuries

Ship, and
ago in

Markab,
were

something

to

Europe

transcribed

Aliephina
Grotius
added The
or

Herkeb. Cautel
as
a

mentioned

title for

Puppis, "from
it Noah's

the

Tables,"

but he

Hoc

quid

sit ncseio. school

as

biblical Hoae

of

course

called it ;

Ark,
the

the

Aroa

Noacfci,

Arena

Bayer

wrote

Jacob

Bryant,
form been
to
"

English mythologist
of Noah.

of the in the In the

last century,

making
the
we

its story another

seems

of that its

Indeed

17th century
Hewitt's

Ark

to

have

popular title.
four
stars

Essays
of

find heavens

reference in the

the

which

marked

four

quarters
of the

the

Zenda
; and

vesta, the
that

four

Loka-palas,or
claims
these for

nourishers

world,"

of the

Hindus

author

68

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
of

and

this still was

seen

millennium

later in the Kabarnit

As-sur-ba-ni-pal's
Menelaos,
at

time. Our
on name

for it is that from the

to

of

the

chief
of

pilot of
from
a

the

fleet of
b.

who,

his

return

destruction
the

Troy, 1183

c,

touched

Egypt,
died

where,
and
was

twelve

miles

northeastward
to

Alexandria, Canopus
raised which

honored, according

Scylax, by
the

monument to

by his grateful
at

master, that time

The
one;

giving his
rose

name

to

city

and

this

splendid star,
is

about

jj4"

above of
as

that horizon.
the word
more

foregoing derivation
but

Canopus

an

early
on

and the

popular
authority
Earth. of other and
reason

another, perhaps
from in the the

old, and

probable,being
Hub,
the words and also

of

Aristides,is

Coptic, or
Warn,
and

Egyptian, Kahi
these
as

Golden
source

Ideler, coinciding
titles for
the

this,claimed
Arabic

Canopus,
for
come

Weight,
Terrertris. these
of

Hadar,

Ground;
I find
to
no

of

occasional

later Ponderous the

Although
and its

assigned they
may horizon

appropriateness
from

of

names,
star

it is easy

infer that
to

the

magnitude
it the Arabic

the

nearness

the

; this last

certainlymade
universal

nepiyeiofof
was

Eratosthenes.

Similarly the
nations
and

title

Suhail, written

by

Western

Suhel, Snhil, Suhilon, Sohayl, Sohel, Sohil, and

all

Soheil, Sahil, 8ihei, Sahl, the Plain.

Delitzsch
even now

Sibil;
word of

taken, according
also
was a

to

Buttmann,
title in

from

Al

This

personal

Arabia, and, beautiful,and

person. among third

says, the among

symbol
the

what

and is brilliant, glorious,

nomads

is thus

applied
a

to

handsome similar of
use

Our

word

Canopus
Eden ; for

itself apparently had

translated Antartike from and

somewhat
account

early
voyage

writers and

Vespucci's
the

his
;

Of

the Pok

Starres
sawe

abowt

the

Same
cauled

Amonge
cleare, and and

other, I
the

three

starres

Canopi, wherof

two

were

exceadynge

thyrde sumwhat

darke

again, after describing the

these
are

"

foure

starres

abowte
lefte

the

pole

"

When
starres

hydden, there
greatnesse,

is

scene

on

the in the

syde
of

bryght Canopus
heaven

of three

of notable
,

which

beinge

myddest

representeththis

figure;
with
1

more

to

the

same

effect in connection
in

with
is

the

Nubeculae
by the
i,

it is to ; for
or

Ancient

Canopus
famous from Turks

is

now

ruins, but
Battle

its site of

occupied

village of Al Bekur,
and

Aboukir,

Lord
a

Nelson's
afterwards the

the
it is

Nile, August

1798,

from that

Napoleon's
it
was

victory
from

over

the

year

; and

interesting
of

to

remember

here, his

the

terraced

walls

of

Serapeum,
of

the

temple
god

Serapis, that
the lower

Ptolemy

made

observations.

Serapis
as

was

the

title of the world

great Osiris
in the

Egypt Apis.

as

of

world

his incarnation

god of the upper

being

bull

The

Constellations

69
seem

these Clouds his used

that

the But

Canopus
I have

of
never

Vespucci
seen

would

to

refer in much of this

of
as

description.
by him,
skies.
and The
as

any

explanation
not rest

title

Vespucci's fame
great
New

does certainly

upon

his

knowledge
some

of the of the

English Dictionary erroneously quotes

to
our
a

foregoing
use

being

references

Carinae, strangelyignoring this

well-

different

of the star's title. the Anwar

Among
known A
stars

Persians

Suhail

is

synonym of

of

wisdom,

seen

in

the

Al
note

i Suhaili,the
Cosmos

Lights
tells the

Canopus.
that

to

Humboldt's and

us

this
as

name

was use

given
for stars

to

other

in

Argo,

Hyde

asserted Thus he

same

to

its

in

neighand

Iwring
Suhel known The

constellations.
;

found

Suhel

Alfard,
Niebuhr

Suhel
l

Aldabaran,

Sinus thus

in

fact this last

a

star, Karsten
and
more

said, was

commonly
in

in Arabia Tables
as

century
had

ago.

Alfonsine
chronicle

Suhel

ponderosus, that
translation and in the

appeared
Suhail

porary contem-

Sibil
it
was

ponderosa, a
Subhel;
Greek

of Al

al Wain. Tables

In of

the

1515

Almagest

Graeco-

Persian and

Chrysococca
resident ZoalX Suhail in

(the 14th-century
Persia), edited
This
was or

astronomer,

author,

physician
was

by

Bullialdus
the
an

in his Astronomia

Philolaica,it
al

lapavrj.
of the

from

Arabs' allusion

Al

Suhail
to

Yamaniyyah,
in

the
nection con-

South,
our

perhaps
that
to

the

old story, told

near

with
the feminine where he

Procyon,
Jauzah,
had

Suhail, formerly
flee to said the south

located
after

Orion's

stars,
to

Al

his
went

marriage
a-

her,
Al
to

still remains. who

not

Others
refused

that

Suhail

only

wooing
kicked

of him

Jauzah,

only

him,

but

very

unceremoniously
the Camel it
was an

the southern Another

to

heavens. occasional

early title
indicate
There

was

Al

Fahl,

Stallion.

sions Allu-

it in

every the

age Desert.

that

everywhere
a

important
to

star,

on especially

it was

great favorite,giving rise

and and superstitions, stones, and

many

of the
to

proverbs
the

of much Its

the

Arabs,

their
to

stories
their
now

supposed immunity
their year, for in

impart

prized
heliacal

color

precious
used
the

from

disease.

even rising,

in

computing
and
set

ended ripenedtheir fruits, the his

the

hot

term

of thus

summer,
to

the

time
Moore

weaning Evenings

of

their young
:

camels,

alluded

by

Thomas

in Greece

camel

slept

"

young

as

if wean'd
rose.

When

last the star

Canopus
as
a

And
l

in
This

general
was

way

it served
Danish

them

southern
East

pole-star.
between
at

Niebuhr
the

the noted of the great

traveler
His

in the

1761 and

1767, and
the clue

sequently subto the

father

historian.

discoveries

Persepolis gave

decipherment of

cuneiform

inscriptions.

70
It of the and

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
probably
still is of

was

worshiped by
; and

the in

tribe of Tai, this connection

as

it

by

the

wilder

Badawiyy

Carlyle wrote

it in

his Heroes

Hero

Worship:
over

Canopus shining-down
spirit-like brightness
of the wild
his wild far

the desert, with

than it
we ever

its blue witness

diamond

brightness (that wild, blue,

would

brighter
man,

here),

pierce

into

the

heart To
a

Ishmaelitish
all

whom

was

guiding through
no

the

solitary waste might

;

there.
seem

heart, with

feelingsin

it, with
on

speech for any

the

it feeling,

little the

eye,
inner

that

Canopus, glancing-out
to

him

from

great, deep

Eternity

revealing

splendour
we

him.
how
stars

Cannot

understand
the

these ?
. . .

men

worshipped

Canopus
of grass,

became

what

we

call Sa-

beans, worshipping
To
us

also, through every

open
not
our

star, through
eyes way that ?
now :

every

blade

is not

God

made

visible,

if we We what

will do
we

minds

and

worship
a
"*

in

that

but

is it not how

reckoned
every which

still has

merit, proof of
a

call

poetic nature," object

still

we
**

recognize
a

object
we

divine into

beauty
In6oi-

in it ; how tude

every ?

verily is

window

through

may

look

itself"

Moore

wrote

of it in Lalla
The Never

Rookh
Star of

Egypt,
beam'd Islands

whose
on

proud light,
who
rest

hath White

those of the

In the

West

again alluding to it,in

of the with the

the

same
as

poem, the

as

the

cause was

of

the

fulness unfailing cheeron

Zingians.1 And,
god Osiris,so
and the of but

constellation
star

associated

the
;

Nile

great

its great
on

became

the

Star

of

Ouris

but,
and

later on,

Capella

scholiast

Germanicus

called it Ptolemaeon
; and
at

Ptolemaeni,
it has
been The is

in honor

Egypt's
the

great

king Ptolemy Lagos

of this I have and from

times
to

Subilon,

appropriateness
by Hyde
as

been
so

unable

verify. Coptic,
While
"

Sd^TiAoc,

cited

Kircher,

presumably
but
of yesterday

equally unintelligible.

all this
we

knowledge
consider
the

of

Canopus

is

ancient,

it
on

seems

"

when of
a

star's
at
as

historyin
show

worship

the

Nile.
so

Lockyer
oriented
at

tells
at

us

series of

temples
b.

Edfu, Philae, Amada,

to

and

Semneh,

their

erection, 6400

c,

Canopus heralding the

as

sunrise
or

the

autumnal the of

equinox,

when

it

was

known of other of

the

symbol

of

Khons,
later.
b.

Khonsu,
least two

first southern the

star-god
at
as

; and

similar
2100

temples
1700 the

At

great
to

structures

Karnak,
did III another about

and and

c,

respectively,
of Khons and
at
en-

pointed
Thebes,
1 The

its

setting ; by
Rameses

at

Naga,
b.

temple

built

1300

c,

afterwards
of Mosul,

restored
in

inhabitants

ofZinge.

large village forty miles

not

northeast

Kurdistan,

and

far

from

Kazwin.

The

Constellations

71
was

larged under
the

the

Ptolemies.

It thus where

probably
it
"

the

prominent object
of the
waters.

in

religion of
of the

Southern

Egypt,
have

represented the god

and Delitzsch of the of in

Some that this

Rabbis
not

asserted
was

modern

times from

"

star, and
sound

Orion,
that

the
to not

Ha$il
the

Bible, arguing Arabia,

and

the other

in similarity
reasons

of

word

Suhail

from

fully explained, although

are

accepted, by Ideler; while,

who have

coinci-

dently, there
of Isaiah stars, which

able
now
are

commentators

thought
means

that

the the

Kesilim

xiii,10,
often in and his

translated
those
now

"

Constellations,"
to

brightest
Suhail.
from

referred
on

in

the

use

of

the

word

Delitzsch,
Wetzstein with the stellar

commentary

the

Book

of Job, quotes
with

much,

others, of this identityof Canopus

and

it Hasil, illustrating of the

stories

proverbs
home. it

of

the

present-day
of their

Arabs

Hauran,

patriarch's
Hindus

traditional called of their

The and and with

Agastya,
"

one son

Rishis, or
the

inspired sages,
connection
as
"

"

helmsman Sanskrit certain the

waters

Argha,
has

of

Varuna,
to

goddess

of the waters;

literature

many

allusions
In the the

its heliacal

risingin

ceremonies. religious
forward"
"

Avesta tides

it is mentioned

ing push-

governing
identified
title for the the

(?). Euphratean
zodiac
as

The Yoke

late
; but

George
others but
was B. c.

Bertin
that

it with
some

Sugi, the
in the

Chariot

claim

stars

yet perhaps

unascertained,
In
to at

probably
Laou

lucidae Old

of Libra. and
an

China
least the Greek
at
100

it

Jin,

Man,

object

of

worship

down

Since
to

6th and

century
Russian

it has

been

the

Star
as

of 8aint

Catharine, appearing
her
convent

the

pilgrim devotees
way from books

they approached

and In

shrine

Sinai, on

their

Gaza,
it
was

their the

landing-place.
or Ship-star. 8chif-*tern,

early

German

astronomical and made and

With Piscis

Achernar

Fomalhaut,
up the
"

corresponding
Facelle
of

stars

in

Eridanus

and

Australis, it Faith, Hope,

Tre

Dante's

izing Purgatorio, symbol-

Charity,
those three
is all

torches,
on

With

which

this hither

pole

fire.

Hipparchos
even

was

wont

to

observe of

it from

Rhodes about
to

in latitude the
measure

360 30'
of

and, 3d
the

before before

him, Posidonius1 Christ, utilized

on

Alexandria,
his

middle
a

the
on

century
earth's
1

it in

attempt

degree

surface
Posidonius

the

line between
not

that
with

city and
the
an

Rhodes,

making

his obwith

This

should the Stoic

be

confounded
was

Stoic

philosopher contemporary
and, it has
been

Cicero, although
inventor of the

himself

somewhat

of

astronomer,

said, the

planetarium.

72
serrations
from

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
at

the the

old

watch-tower

of

Eudoxos
at

Cnidos

in

the
as

Asian this

Caria,

"

possibly
was

earliest
first
one

attempt
mentioned

geodetic measurement,
days.
to

observatory
followed of the The under earth.

the in his

in classical the

Manilius
the

cally poeti-

path by using

it,with

Bear,

prove

sphericity
is
noted

confusion
that

in

the

titles of

Canopus

and

Coma

Berenices

constellation.

Lying
this star

52" 38'
the

south

of

the

celestial equator,
north of in the the

about

350
6th

below there

Sirius,
it is

is invisible to horizon from

observers
at

37th parallel;but
of the of

just above
and

nine

o'clock

evening
our

February,
follows

conspicuous

Georgia,
about

Florida, and
minutes. observers in

Gulf

States.

Sirius

it in culmination

by
so

twenty
that

Canopus

is

brilliant

in his

Chile,

in

1861, considered
Fair

it made

brighter than
it
a

Sirius; and

Tennyson,
"

Dream
"

of

Women,

simile of intensest

light,
lamps

in

Cleopatra's words,
outburn'd

which

Canopus.

Yet
a

Elkin distance

obtained
from
our

parallax of only o".o3,

system
at

"

nU" practically
times
that of

"

indicating

least

twelve
to

its apparently

greater neighbor.
See
at
a

Its spectrum in

is similar

that of the bluish

latter.

discovered,

1897,

i5th-magnitude

companion

30"

away,

positionangle

of 1600.

"
Miaplacidu* is thus placidua in
learn, unless
names,

2.

written of

in

Burritt's

Geography
and in

of

1856,
brief

but

is
I cannot
on

his Atlas it be

1835, the meaning

part,
as

derivation
his

of which work The

in

Higgins
of the

asserts

star-

from

Miyah,
the
east

the

plural

Arabic

Ma,

Water.

original,
Carobut laid
it

however,

is better

transcribed

Mi'ah.
and 6i"
star

j3 lies in

Carina of he

subdivision and
no

is the of

of

Halley's Robur
of this the
as

linum, 250

Canopus,
could of find

south

Alphard
to

Hydra; Bayer

Baily
down

said
on

that

corresponding

his map

Argo.

Y" Triple,
was

2,

6, and
al

8,

white, greenish white,

the Suhail of the

and

purple,
as

the

Arabs'
one

Al

Suhail

Muhlif,
groups made
to

Oath,

with

" and Xulini*

some

it formed

of the

several
was

Al

Muhlifain, Muljtalifaln, or
that
at

thain, by

which

reference

the statement

their

rising

The

Constellations

73
were

mistook
of
seem

them

for

Suhail, and
among

the

consequent

arguments

the occasion
it would

much

profanity
is

the

disputatiousArabs.
could be

As, however,
for any of

impossible
derivation
for

that
as

Canopus
absurd
been
as

mistaken

neighboring
Mufclifain

star,
was

this

the

proper
not

location

the

doubtful,
stars

they

have

assigned
and

only

to

the

foregoing,but
all

also

to

in

Canis
the

Major, Centaurus,
Vela

Columba. is visible
to have

y lies in

subdivision, and
Like it j3,
wrote
seems

from

points south

of

420
on

of the

north

latitude.
for

been
not

laid down incorrectly

find the

Uranonutria,
is the

Baily

that he
star

could shows

Bayer's

y in the

sky.
of
a

This

only conspicuous
crossed

that

Wolf-Rayet
its

type

continuous

spectrum
of the

with

bright lines

; and

superb beauty is

the

admiration
of the

spectroscopic observer.
in Canis

Eddie

calls it the

Spectral Gem
Koo

southern
2.2,

skies.
w,

6,
Bow

and

with

stars

Major,

were

the

Chinese

She,

the

and

Arrow.
at

", 2.5,

the

southeastern the

extremity
Haos,
or

of

the

Egyptian

X, is the
;

Suhail
y

Hagar
and

of it

Al
was

Sufi, and
one

Ship, of

Burritt's Atlas

while, with

A,

of

the in

Muhllfain. 1880 of
was

Its south

declination
of the

390 40', and

to

so

it is

plainlyvisible
on

from

the

latitude

State

Maine, coming

the

meridian

the

3d

of

March.

variable, " Tfr Irregularly

lies in the

to

7.4,

reddish,
of the

Carina
one

subdivision, but
the
most

is invisible from

north

30th parallel.
even a was so

This
almost

is

of

noted

objectsin the
in its

heavens, perhaps
to

in

seem prehistoric times, for Babylonian inscriptions

refer to thinks

star,
77.

noticeable And he

from

occasional it
as one

faintness of the

that Jensen light,

claims
the

temple
otherwise

stars

associated
as

with

Ea,
the

or

la, of

Eridhu,1
human In

Lord fish and

i\ was

of the

Waves,

known

Oannes,2

ous mysteri-

greatest god of the kingdom.

Tseen
the
was

China

She,
Holy

Heaven's

Altars.

l
even

Eridhu,
in

or

Eri-duga,
of the

City, Nunki, kingdom's

is
now

or

Nunpe,
hundred

one

of the oldest
on

cities in the world,

ancient

Babylonia,
located described

that

flourishing port
one

the

Persian In

Gulf, but, by
its

the

encroachments

delta, its site

Tree
as

miles

inland.

vicinity the mythology

associated of
some

Babylonians
3

their sacred Oannes of

man

of Life. teacher the father of

Bcrdssds
was even

the

early man
Tarn
muz

in

all

knowledge
with

; and

in

he

the
stars

creator

and

of

and

Ishtar, themselves
the
; stars

with

other
;

and finds
as

sky figures. Jensen

his counterpart
in the

thinks

Oannes of

connected

corn Caprihave

Lockyer
him

god Chnemu

Southern

Egypt

and

regarded

the prototype

of Noah.

74
The

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
in said their
to
as irregularity

variations

in

its

light are
in

as

remarkable

in

their
in

degree.
but

The

first recorded is not it has

observation,
his Southern

have made

been
r\
a

by Halley 4th-magnitude,
or

1677, although it
since
that

Catalogue,
either naked
saw

often

varied
the

way, eye

at to
a

longer

shorter

from intervals, the

as

absolute

by invisibility
Sir
;

almost brilliancy

equal
others

of did

Sirius.
in

John

Herschel

it thus

in

December,
it touched

1837,
its
on

1843

but, gradually declining since then,

of

lowest the

recorded

magnitude
for
on

7.6
of

in

March,

1886. it
was

It

is now,
or

however,
about
a

increase;

the

13th

May,

1896,

5.1, year. has

half-

magnitude higher
The

than G.

its maximum C. 3372,

of the

preceding
this the
star

nebula,
from Sir

N.

surrounding
features
to ; but

been

called

the

Keyhole
drawn

its characteristic

most

brilliant
at
some

as portion,

by

John

Herschel,
1.

seems

have

disappeared
saw

time

tween beover

1837
its surface.
Near rj is

and

187

That

great observer

1203

stars

scattered

vacant

space there

of
are

irregular shape
two

that
coarse

Abbott

has

called the
diate in its imme-

Crooked

Billet ; and

remarkable

clusters

vicinity.

t,
This
the

2.9,

pale yellow.
or

was

Latins'

Scutulum,

Little

Shield,
at

the

Arabians' of the

Tniaia,
in the that

probably referringto
subdivision
the make the

the ornamental but

Aplustre
it
as

the

stern

Ship

Carina

Hyde, quoting
ignotum,
and

Tuxyeish
that of it

from
some as
"

Tizini, said
one

originalwas
a

verbutn

suggested
Smyth
wrote

else should

guess

at

it and
of

its

meaning.
but located shown

corresponding to
as

'komtiioKE

Ptolemy";
and
are

the
k,

latter

described
p, a, and
t

it

being

in the

'AKpoarokiov, Gunwale,
Or

"

o, n,

in the

fAam6iaKe, follows

Aplustre,
in

where

they

to-day.
from

The the

Century

Atlas New

Smyth City.

calling1 Aspidiake.
is Markab and

It is visible

latitude of

York

it, 3.9,

Markeb,
is found

probably

from

the
to

Al/onsine
it
as
a

Tables
name.

of

1521,
This

where also

this last word from the

plainlyapplied

proper
on

is visible

latitude of New

York, culminating

the

25th

of March.

A,

2.5, in y has

Vela and

is Al

Sufi's of the

Al

Suhail

al

Wazn,

Suhail

of

the

Weight;
of the

and, with
f, 3.4,
'AomdioKE

f,

one

Muhlifain.

been

called

Asmidiske
with Reeves the
as

by

an

incorrect
t.

transliteration

where
m

it is located is

star

V'*3*7"

Vela

given by

Tseen

Ke,

Heaven's

Record;

star

76
On

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
creature

reaching his journey's end, Phrixus

Grove of

sacrificed the
was

and

hung

its the

fleece in the

Ares, where
From

it

turned
came

to

gold

and

became titles
:

object
aurea

of the and

Argonauts' quest.

this
the
was

others

of Aries'

Oris

auratus, Chryflomallus,and
used

Low
a

Latin
classical of
at

Chrysovellua. reproduction
Aries of the
at
one

The

Athamas
Tammuz

by Columella
Dum-uzi,
the
as

Euphratean
time
when

Only
did

Son

Life, whom
a

represented in the heavens,

it marked
and the

Orion
c.

previous date, perhaps

; elsewhere

vernal

Cicero

Ovid

equinox 4500 b. styled the constellation

the Wether
;

Cornus

it

was

Cor-

niger
num;

and

Laniger; Verves,
in allusion cited
to

Dux

opulenti gregis ; Caput arietiPortitor,

that the

and,

its

Aequinoetialis. Vernui position,

who also

is Spring-bringer, refer
to

by Caesius,
in the

mentioned

Areanua,

may sented. repre-

the

secret

rites

worship

of the

divinities whom

Aries

From

about

the

year

1730

before the

our

era

he

was

the

Prinoepa ngnornm
zodiaci, continuing
:

ooelestium, Princeps zodiaci,and

so

Ductor

exeratus

through Hipparchos'
The And Ram leads

time

; Manilius

writing of this
the Sea

having pass'd
the Year, the

serenely shines.
of all the

Prince

Signs.

But

about

a.

d.

420
as

his office
to

was

transferred
the title
:

to

Pisces.
any

Brown

writes

the

originof
to the

Aries, without

supposition

of resemblance

of the

group

animal

The

stars

were

regarded by
and
was

pastoral population subsequently

the

as

flocks ; each

asterism

had

its

special leader,
through
the

the the

star, Ram.

and

constellation, that

led

the

heavens

year

Elsewhere the Akkadian of

he

tells

us

that when

Aries became
and

chief

of the zodiac

signs ittook
all the

titles

Ku, I-ku,

I-ku-u, from
and
one

its lucida

Hamal,
to

lents equivaleading

the

Assyrian Rubu,
of that

Prince,
not

very

appropriate
of
the the

stellar group He the also

date, although
an

of the Tablet

first formations.

finds,from

inscription on
had Fishes
to
a

the

Thirty Stars,

that

Euphratean
from Okda

astronomers

constellation
Hamal of

Gain,

ing Scimetar, stretchblade

the

of

the

Aries, the

curved
was

being
weapon

formed

by

the

latter's

three

brightest components.
Seven been
to

This

protecting the kingdom

Jensen thinks
the the that when

against the
may
stars

Evil

Spirits, or Tempest adopted into

vernal the the

Powers. zodiac
;

Aries

have

first

by
that

Babylonians
insertion
of

its

began
and

mark

equinox

and

it between

Taurus

Pegasus compelled the cutting off a

The

Constellations
77

part

of

each
as

of
to

those

figures,
"

novel

suggestion
associated
here

that

would

save

much

theorizing
The

their sectional character.

Jewish
said that

Nlsan,
it
from
was

our

March-April,
the
sun was

was

with

Aries, for Josethat his people

the
same

phus
were

when

in this month
so was

released
of

the
where

bondage
Aries

of

Egypt
the

; and

month

Nisanu
ram

Assyria, being
even

represented the
Hence became the
to

Altar

and

the
to

Sacrifice, a
this

usually
and

the

victim.
its stars

prominence given
leaders
ancient of the the

sign in
earth of

antiquity
Berossds
was

before Macrobius when the

rest;

although
the

attributed
sun was

this

belief that
and

created

within

its

boundaries;
wrote

Albumasar,1
as

the taken

9th

century,

in his Revolution "the

seven

of

Years
"

of

the

Creation

having
the

place

when and the

planets"
"

the

Sun, Moon,

Mercury, Venus,
and foretold

Mars,

Jupiter,
of of who in the

Saturn world

were

in

conjunction here,
be in the
same

destruction
last

when

they

should

positionin
with

the

degree
Dante,

Pisces.
called the

constellation

Montone,

followed

similar

thought

Inferno:
The That
At
sun was

mounting
him
were, set

with

those

stars

with

what

time

the Love

Divine

first in motion

those

beauteous

things.

To

come,

however,
first formed
was

to

more

precise date, Pliny said

at

that

Cleostratos

ol

Tenedos

Aries, and,
many

the

same

but time, Sagittarius; antecedent may have

to

their

origin
and
first

probably
the
to

centuries, even
correct

millenniums,
far
as

this,
the

statement

is

only

in

so

that

he

been

write

of them. that
at
our

Many
of

think
shown and

figurewas
with

designed
ram's
as

to

represent the
or

Egyptian King
crowned

Gods

Thebes

horns,

veiled

and

with
or

feathers,
Amun,

variously known worshiped

with
west

Amon,

Ammon,
at

Hammon,

Amen,
oasis

and
now

great ceremony
of

his

temple

in the

monium, Am-

Siwah, 50
gave there

Cairo

on as

the

northern

limit

of the

Libyan
Am-

desert.

Kircher
But
ours,

Aries'

title there whether says the

Tafierovpo Apovv,

Regum

monis.
with
Fleece.
t

is doubt Miss

Egyptian
the

stellar

Ram
were

coincided
called the

although

Clerke

that

latter's stars

This

author,
as an

known

also

as

'Abu

Ma'shar

and

Ja'phar,
with has

was

from caution
of
at

Balh* that his

in he

Turkestan,
was a

celebrated
incorrect
tm

astrologer and
The

quoted

by Al
of

Biruni, but
New York

the
a

very

astronomer.

Lenox

Library
of the

copy

Opus
that

introductorii with

astronomic
Its

Alhtmataris

abalachi, Idus
the

Februarii,

1489, published
year

Venice

tions. illustra-

similarity
press.

to

Hyginus

preceding

would

indicate

they issued

from

the

same

78
As the

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
and

god
so

Amen
was

was

identified with

Zev?

Jupiter of
when

the

Greeks
to

and

Romans,
that of the

also

Aries, although this popularly was

the the Ram's form

attributed
all the From

the story

the classical

assumed divinity from

inhabitants
this
came

Olympus

fled into Egypt

giantsled by Typhon.
Jovii

constellation's

titles Jupiter Ammon;

the

Siduf ; Minervae
of

Sidus,the

goddess being Jove's daughter; Libycus

The of

Jupiter Libyous
of Nonnus. it
on

Propertius,Dew
banners of Gad

Dionysius, and
knew it
as

Ammon

Libycus
Emm

Hebrews
; the

Tell, and
or

inscribed
;

the

or

Naphtali
Bene
these also is

Amru as Syrians,
as

the

Persians, as Bara, Bore, or

it was Varak:
or

; the

Turks,

Kuri

; and

in the

Parsi Bundehesh
The

all

being
seen

synonymous for it. the The

with

Aries.

unexplained Arabib,
it Aja and

Aritib,

early Hindus
the

called Greeks
in

Ketha,

the Tamil

Metham
An

; but

later followed
on

Xriya.
the

Arabian

commentator

Ulug
that

Beg

called

constellation
it as Al

Al Kabsh

al Alif, the Tame

Ram

; but

people generallyknew
with

Hantsl,

the

Sheep,
with
As
as

"

Hammel

with

Riccioli,Alchamalo

Schickard,

and

Alhamel

Chilmead.
one

of

the

zodiacal
or

twelve

of

China

it

was

the

Dog, early

known

Heang
the

Low,
White

Kiang
;

Leu while
one

; and

later,under
Taurus four

Jesuit influence, as
Gemini
zodiac

Pih the

Yang,
White
also

Sheep
western

with
of the

and
great

it constituted
groups of

Tiger, the
known of the
as

China;
and the

the Lake

of

Fullness, the Five

Reservoirs

of Heaven,

House

Five

Emperors. English writers

Ariete,
about which this of also the

Chaucer

and

other title It
on was as

14th, 15th, and

in the Low
to

16th

centuries
of the the

Anglicized the
1

appeared
it
was was

Latin
reconstruct

7th century. caught

with in

time, when
Aries

sought
to

constellations Bam

Bible the

lines,that
as

said

represent Abraham's

thicket ;
as

also

Saint

Peter,

the

bishop

of

the

early
rificed sac-

church,
on

Triangulum
been

his Mitre.

Caesius

considered

it the

Lamb

Calvary

for all sinful

humanity.
as

Aries his
own

generallyhas
; but

figured

with reclining astonishment he the is

reverted
at

head the erect,

admiring rising
some

golden fleece, or
in the artists showed him

looking with
of

Bull and is

backward

Albumasar

1489
his

standing
A coin

early

running
around the

towards

west, with

what

probably
bears
a

designed
those

for the

zodiac-belt
of him of
as

body.
the
was

of Domitian he

representation

Princeps juventutis, and

towards Moon the and

appeared
Mars house
"

on

of Antiochus

Syria with head

with all the
to

an

propriate apthat

Aries figuring; for, astrologically,

lunar
on

of

planet.
rupees

In

common

other

signs, he

is shown

the

zodiacal
but

generally attributed

the

great Mogul

prince Jehangir Shah,

The

Constellations

79
wife, between
an

reallystruck
1624, each
reverse.

by

Nur

Mahal

Mumtaza,

his favorite

16 16

and the

figure being

surrounded

by
force

sun

-rays

with

on inscription

Its

equinoctial position
he is

gave

to

Aratos'

description of

its

"

rapid

but transits,"

strangely inexact

in his

faint and As
stars

starless

to
"

behold

by moonlight

blunder

for
was

which
a more

Hipparchos
successful
was

seems

to

have

taken

him

to

task.

Aratos

however, Among
and

versifier
a

than

astronomer.

astrologers Aries
and thus

dreaded

sign indicatingpassionatetemper
the

bodily hurt,

it

formed fitly
it to Pallas
to

House

of

Mars, although
of

some

attributed Aries

guardianship
It

over was

Minerva, daughter
hold sway of
over

Jove
and

whom face ;

represented. Egyptians
it ruled

supposed
it Arnum,

the Head

head
;

in fact the

called

the

Lord

the

while,

graphically geo-

Denmark,

England, France, Germany,

and
was

Lesser and of
as

Poland red
as

and

Switzerland, Syria,Capua, Naples

In the and

Verona,

with

white

its colors. the with

time

of

Manilius

it

naturally thought
the

ruling

Hellespont
Leo and

Propontis, Egypt
the in

and

Nile,

Persia

and

Syria; and,
Southwest also its the

was Sagittarius,

Fiery Trigon.
of the
; but

Ampelius
Wind,
shared the

said

that

it

was

charge
Gherbino that and

Roman the

Africus, the
Archer of
a

Italians'

Affrico,or

and

Scorpion
within of

this

duty.

Pliny wrote
great
of
wars

the

appearance

comet

borders great
which troubles
sun

portended
elevation
the
to

abasement wide-spread mortality, with

1
"

and

the

small,
; while

fearful

drought

in the

regions over
many the of
"

sign predominated
men,

7th-centuryalmanacs
shall
to

attributed
rope when

and

declared but

that

many

die of the
"an

was

in the

sign;

they

ascribed

its influence

abundance

herbs." Its The others

symbol, T, probably represents

eastern

the

head and

and

horns

of the

animal.

portion

is

inconspicuous,

astronomers
a

have

mapped
and
a

of

its stars

somewhat

carrying irregularly,

horn

into Pisces

leg into
The of A

Cetus. it 50

Argelander assignsto
sun now

naked-eye components;
it from the 16th of

Heis,

80.
to

passes

through
have

April

the

13th

May.
nova

is

reported
the monk

to

appeared
Gall, as

here

in

May,

1012,

described

by

Epidamnus,

of Saint

oculos

verbcrans.

80

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings

a"

2-3"

yellow.
formerly written
Hammel
from Al

Hamal, Hanral,
the Head Burritt's and

from

the

constellation

title, was

Hamel,
Baa

Hemal,

Hammel;

Riccioli

having Has
the

al Hamal,

of the "1

Sheep.
from Al

Hath,

Hatih,
in
Al

Horn

of the

Butting One,
to

is appropriate

enough
had all used
He

for this star, but

our

day

is

given

j3 Tauri
and the

; stillBurritt

as Kazwini, authorityfor it,

Tizini,Ulug Beg,
wrote,
in 1374:

Arabic

globes

the

word
ful wel

here;
how

and

Chaucer
shove

knew

fer Alnath

was

ffro the

heed

of thilke fixe Aries

above.

The

title of
as

the
was

whole often

figure also
the
case

is

seen

in of

Arietis, another
the lucidae of

designation
the

for this star,

with

many

lations. constel-

In both and
now

Ptolemy's
of these
near

and

Ulug

Beg's descriptionsit

was

"over

the it
over

head";
the

but

mentioned that
feature

Hipparchos
it
was

as

having

located

muzzle,
as we

to

restored

by Tycho,
Goose

in the

forehead,

have Renouf

it. identified it with constellations

and formed the of in head of the

supposed

to

be

one

of the

early zodiacal
Strassmaier there its stars

Egypt.
their Astronomisches
of the
aus

Epping,
the

Babylon,

say

that

third

constellations," twenty-eightecliptic
of the Head of before

the Arku-sha-rishu-ku,literally

Back

Ku,
our

"

which
era;

had and

been

established
mant

along
as
an

that

great circle millenniums title from

Lenorthe

quotes,
er

individual

cuneiform
reads

Dil-kar, inscriptions,
and the others tablets
names

Proclaim

of the of

Dawn,

that

Jensen
Smith
while

As-kar,
from

Dil-gan,the
that it

Messenger
be the

Light.
of

George Flocks;
Ram's
to

inferred
other and

might
been

Star
or

the
the
even

Euphratean
Si-mal
the and
or

have the Horn It also

Lu-lim,
which

Lu-nit,
down had

Eye;
late

Si-mnl,

Star,
was

came

astrology as
titles I-ku the Ram

Ram's

Horn.
"

Annv, Ku,
some
"

and the

its constellation's the

a

I-ku-u,
that
to

by abbreviation

Prince, or

Leading One,
Aloros,
the

led

the

heavenly flock,
of

of its titles at Brown

different date it with

being applied
the first of

Capella
ten

Auriga.

associates
anterior with
to

the

mythical kings of beginning

Akkad

the

Deluge,
deduces

duration
of the

of whose
ten

reignsproportionately
stars ecliptic

coincided
with the

the

distances
he

apart
from
stars

chief

Hamal,
Hebrew

and

this

kingly

title the
to

Assyrian Ailuv, and

the other

Ayil;
and

the

other

corresponding

mythical

kings being Alcyone, Aldebaran,

Deneb

Pollux, Regulus, Spica, Antares, Algedi,

Algedi,

Scheat.

The

Constellations

81
orientation
to

The have

interestingresearches
shown
that many of its

of Mr.

F. C.
were seen

Penrose

on

in Greece

temples
we

pointed
to

the
case

or rising setting

of various feature
as

prominent
"

stars, as

have

be been

the

in

Egypt;

this

in
as

their architecture somewhat

are

having
to

doubtless

taken the

by

the

receptive,
of niums millenamong

well

Greeks superstitious,"

from
so

Egyptians, many
six
or was seven

whose

structures

thought
the

have

been
our

oriented
star

before those thus

the

Christian
on

era,

although
at

Hamal
not

not

observed Of the

Nile, for precession had

yet brought it into

various

importance.
of dates of Zeus this It many and

Grecian

temples

least

eight,at

places and

ranging
his

oriented this star; those to 1580 to 360 b. c, were thus favored, as Aries was being especially daughter Athene from in the

god's symbol
was

sky.
of

perhaps

this

prevalence

in temple orientation,

addition

to

their
which

divinities and
an
men

6 "Ayvowroc especially for Saint Paul's in order from

to

9eoc, the great

prove the

Unknown
on source

God,
the of

furnished
to

appropriatetext
of

sermon our

Areopagus

the

"

Athens," when,
in Acts

being
verse

from

Him,

he

quoted, as

xvii,28,
ydp
we

celebrated

fifth

of the

Phainomena:
tov

koI
are

ytvoc kofuv1
also his

(For
To

offspring).

this work

this

quotation generallyis ascribed, and fellow-countrymen from

to

naturallyso,
the
same b.

for the words

c. even

poet and
are

apostlewere
in the

Cilicia ; but
the

found

Hymn

Jupiter by
had
of both

Cleanthes

Stoic, 265
in mind. used
on

As of

Saint Paul, however, used

your
own

the have

pluralrives in
the

his reference," certain

authors is much

poets," he

may

of these

Hamal

lies but. little north with lunar

and ecliptic,

in the

tion naviganth of

in connection December.

observations.

It culminates

Vogel
miles
a

finds it

to

be

in

approach

to

our

system
that

at

the
sun.

rate

of about

nine

second.

Its spectrum

is similar

to

of the

P,
Sharatan
and Sheratan
are

2.9, from

pearly white.
Al

Sharatain,
third
star

the

dual

form
as

of
a

Al

to Sharat, a Sign,referring

this and

y, the

in the

head,
in
same

sign
of
;

of the
1

opening
Christian

year;
fathers

0 having marked
Eusebius
to

the

vernal

equinox
made this

the

days

The

and

Clement appear Manilius

of Alexandria in the

quotation
and

frequent references Jerome,and of Oecumenius.

while

A rates' poem The

. .

writings of Saints

Chrysostom

heathen
.

similarlywrote,

oostrumque

parentem

Stirptiua,
to prove

the

immortality of

the soul.

82

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
were

Hipparchos, about
is from These added that
as
a

the

time

when

these

stars

named.

Bayer's Sartai

this dual
were

word.
ist

the the

manzil

in Al

Birum's

the list, i" the

name

earlier

27th, but

some

to

it Al Aahrat combination, calling

plural; Hyde
for this lunar

saying
station,

X also

was

included.
are

Al

N"tty
near

was

another

the

chief components
y

the

horns

of Aries.

0 and
the

constituted
earlier
to

the

27th
of

nakshatra

Agvini, the
the
as

Ashwins,

or

men, Horsesponding correa

dual

Afviniu

and

Aovayujau,
but

Two
a

Horsemen,
Horse's
was

the

Gemini
to

Rome,

figured

Head, the

sometimes
star

was

added

this lunar

station,but
400

0 always
before
were

junction
Fadeand the

with

the

adjoining Bharani.
as

About

years

our

era

this superseded

Krittika
var,

leader

of

the the

nakshatras.

They

the

Persian

the

Protecting Pair;
the Head y
were

Sogdian Bashiah,
while
in

the

Protector;
to

equivalent Coptic Pikutorion; they

Front
a,

Babylonia, according

Epping,
the

marked of the

second of Ku. the

ecliptic constellation
sieu

Xahra-sha-riaha-ka,

0,

and

corresponding

Leu,

or

Low, the

Train

of

ment, gar-

0 being the determinant.

Y,
has been called

Double,
the

4.5 and Star

5,

bright white and

at
one

gray,
nearest to

First

in Aries, as

time

the

noctial equi-

point.
Its Hebrew Ideler

present

title, Mesarthim,

or

Mesartim,
the

has

been

connected

with the and

name

Mesharetim, Ministers,
considered
lunar the word
an

but

connection

is

not

apparent;
from the

erroneous

deduction

by Bayer
In
.

of the

station
; and

of which Caesius

this and
had
"

were

members.

Smyth's
0,
some

index

it is Mesartun
have been the of

Soartai
more

from

Sharatain.
"

a,

and

y may

Jewish Shalisha,

correctly Sluttish,
of

musical

instrument
one

triangular shape, a titlealso Athafiyy, Trivets

of three
stones
or on

Triangulum.
; this Arabic

And

they formed indicating

of the rude

several

Tripods
which

word

the
or

arrangement

the in
our

nomad

placed his kettle,

pot, in his

open-air kitchen duplicitywas

; others

being by

Draco, Orion, Musca,

and

Lyra.
discovered
when he
"

Gamma's the have the

not

Doctor

Robert

Hooke

while
to

lowing folI

comet

of

1664,

said of
;
l

it," a
it
was

like instance
an

which

else

met
are

in all the
8".8 has
seen

heaven

but

easy

for discovery,

components

apart, readily resolved

been
three

by

low-power.

The
l

positionangle
is said
to

about
stars

o"
#1 in

for
Ononis

fifty years.
in

Huygens

have

in

1656, and

Riccioli

two

in " Ursae

Majoris

1650.

84
these stars
who

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
so

depicted as
not

Mole,

and

they were
did
it
not
as

regarded by
"

the

earlyArabs,
or

did
In

know

"

at

all events

picture
the

the

Driver, Goat,

Kids. with

this form

Bayer

Latinized

Kului

cliteUatuf, the

Mole

Panniers. thinks
that the

Ideler

originalfigurewas
a,

made

up
an

of the

five stars

a,0,e,

f,and
marked
was

17; the

Driver, representedby
other the
stars

standing on
the
to

antique sloping Chariot

But later
on

by 0; "the
and added

showing

reins.

the

Chariot
Goat

abandoned

reins transferred
the

their present
word

the position,
to

being

by
a

misunderstanding,
Storm Wind
at
a

"Ai", analogous
all former

'Atyt't,

simply meaning
a, 97,and

that, apparently,in
their heliacal
as

times

the stars

fhave

portended
Still later
to
"

or rising, by their disappearance were

in the
as

mists.

the

Goat

added

the

near-by
was

17 and f

her

Kids,

the

'Epicpoi,

an

addition

that

Hyginus

said

made

by

Cleostratos. But the results of modern research the

now

give
in

us

reason

to
same

think
form

that the
as we

constellation
have and it, ago. of

originated on
that A it

Euphrates
a

much

the

was certainly

well-established

lenniums sky figure there milexact

sculpture
Goat

from

Nimroud
on

is

an
arm

almost

representation
cident nearly coin-

Auriga
with

with

the

carried

the

left

; while

in Graeco-Baby-

lonian

times
our

the

constellation

Bukubi,

the

Chariot,lay here
over

Charioteer, perhaps running Rein-holder,

Germanicus of Vulcan necessary of the the
was

into Taurus.

'Evioxog, the
and

transcribed and others

as

Heniochus

by
or

Latin
more

authors,

personified by
son

Erechtheus,
who,
of easy

properly
ther's his fawas

Erichthoniui,

and

Minerva,
some means

having inherited
locomotion.
not

lameness,
secured

found

This

by his invention regal positionas place in

the

four-horse

chariot

which

his for him

a

4th

of

the

early kings of
told the

came only well beAthens, but secured

:

sky.
the

Manilius
Bull

thus

story

Near Whose His His

bent

Seat the
his

Driver

claims,
his Names.
drove

skill conferred Art

Honour

and

great Jove admir'd, when

and

first he Youth

rattlingCarr,

fix't the

above.

Vergil had
These
names

something similar
appear
as

in his the

^d.Gforgu.
17 th century

late

as

with

Bullialdus

and

Lon-

gomontanus,
Others
master to
saw

Riccioli
here

writing Erichtonius.
of

Myrtilui, the charioteer

or

Oenomaus,

who
a

his betrayed

Pelops;

Gillas,the

latter's and

driver; Pelethronius,
identified
of him

Thessalian;
with

andTrethon;

while

Euripides
the

Pausanias

the

fortunate un-

Hippolytuf,

Hebrew

Joseph

classical

literature.

Addi-

The

Constellations

85

tional

titles in
,

Greece

were

and tApfuXdTrj^9AuppTjldrris, tlTnrT]A.(lTri$9

all 'EAotfiTTTrof

signifyinga
from

Charioteer
and

; while

La

Lande's may

Bellerophon and
be,
if the word

Phaethon
be

are

appropriate enough,
brother
was

his

Troohilus
but

degenerated

rpoxaX6^9 running;
of

the 'Aipvprof,

young

Medea,
name

is

Absyrthe, correctly unintelligible.

the

his

Although Auriga
it Aurigator ;

the
cnrrns

usual

with

Latins, their poets

Habenifer
of these and

called

Agitator
and A

retinens
the

habenas;
;
some

Tenons

habenas,
to

the

Charioteer

and

Rein-holder
to

titles descending

the

Tables

Images ts down

the Varro

16th for

century.

Arator, Bootes;

the in

Ploughman, appeared
fact the whom Grimm The
same

with

Nigidius
with
are

and

this,or

for

idea
and

stillholds
the

some

of
as

the the
as

Teutonic

peasantry, among
with his Oxen, know.

Capella
mentions

Kids

known

Ploughman
stars

for the

group
seen

Voluyara,
may be
an

that

ploughmen
Arator.

Aoator
the

occasionally
Goat and and

erroneous

printingof
Habens
capram from the

From

Kids

came

Custos

caprarum, oleniam
are

beas capella*, Haand

haedos,
ridua

Habens
of

hirenm Ovid's
from
more

Habens

Oleniae

pluvialeCapellae
to

Metamorphoses

of 'SlXevivqv the the

Aratos, thought

be

derived with

the wrist,on (bkevri, have probability

which referred

Kids
word

are

resting. Some, however, Olenus,the

Isidorus
term

to

father of

and

of birthplace
"

the

nymph
"

Amalthea it

in ancient

Aetolia.

Hispalis1
the

Saint
of

Isidore

called
so
1

Mayors,
of the

the

poetical
that

for

Mars,
the

father

Romulus Nunez

and of the

the

god
his

shepherds ;

Nonius,
it was
a

Portuguese
; and

Pedro

6th century, but be

said similarly

Mafdrtins Latin
have

Bayer found

for itMaforte:
a,
was seems

Ophiultus,probably explanation.
but Scali-

Low Some

word

also

applied to Auriga
the of
a

to

without the

thought
the Hora

that

Horns
of

with

Egyptians ;
considered

ger said be

that

translation

Ptolemy's TcTpd/3//3Aofshould
it
a

Boha, Bayer's Boh,

for The

Wagoner;

Beigel,however,

print mis-

Lora,

the

Reins.

barbarous

Alhaior, Alhaiot, Althaiot, Alhaiset, Alhatod, Alhajot,

and

Alhajoth,Alhojet,Alanao, Alanat,
exhaust
the

Alioc,
"

even

these

perhaps

do

not

list, used
"

for Arabs'

both Al

constellation 'Anz
and Al

and

lueida,are

probably
their Bddan

generate deto
;

forms

of

the

'Ayyiik,speciallyapplied
desert

Capella as
and Ideler for the star.

the

Goat, which
that

they figuredas
have been

the the

Ibex,

thinks

this may

earliest Arabic

designation
id est collahar-

The

1515
"

Almagest

says, "et

nominator

latine

antarii
. . .

rium,"
iThis

this Collarium

perhaps referringto
Seville,
erected
was

the collar
of

in the Charioteer's European

early Hispalis, the modern

our

the

site

the first in

observatory of

era,

by

the Moor

Geber

1196.

6*

86

Star-Names
but

and

their

Meanings
it be
the

ness;

the Antarii that it may

the be

has the

puzzled all,unless
reins

Professor Driver's
in his

Young,
hand

who

suggests
ropes,

diverging from
as

like guya

which

originalmeans
translated the

used

by Vitruvius

of description

builder's derrick.
The

Arabians al 'Inan, Al

classic titles for the

Al Aben

Rein-holder

into Al

Dhu

Marik

al 'Inan, and
but in the

Mumsik
Ezra1

al 'Into,"
mixed

Chilraead's
up

Mumassich

Alhanam;

Rabbi
manu

things

by

callingthe figure Pastor

Some have

cujus
as

estfrenum. Jerome,
but

illustrated it
father with

Saint
flesh laid

Caesius

likened

it to Jacob that A it represents

deceiving his
the and of Goat

the who

of his kids ; and

Seiss says

Good
are

Shepherd
shown may
counts
on

down

his life for the

sheep.
Goat alone

Chariot
on

coins of consular
referred
to

Rome,

and

those

Paros, that

have 70

this constellation.
stars

Argelander

naked-eye

here,

and

Heis

144.

Capella's course
But

admiring
her

landsmen

trace,

sailors Hate

face. inauspicious
Lamb's Aratas.

a"
This times
has of been known

0.3, the

white.
least the

as

Capella,
and it

Little all of

She-goat, since
whom followed like its

at

Manilius, Ovid,
of Aratos in

Pliny,
a

the

Kivfjoai
the

XeifuDvag Haedi,
Holland

terming
its

Signum

pluviale

companions
classical

thus

confirming
it

stormy

character
the

throughout

days.
nilius Ma-

translated
treated
as
a

Pliny's words
constellation

rainy Goatatarre;

Pliny

and

also by itself,

calling it Capra, Caper,

turned
into the

Hireus,
Our
more

and word

by

other

hircine titles.
of

is the

diminutive
as

Capra, sometimes

Crepa, and
Olenium
the

given definitely
of Ovid's and

Olenia, Olenie, Capra Olenie, and

In the

As-

trum

Iferoides.

present

day it is Cahrilla
Cretan aside
to

with

iards, Span-

Chevre
came

with
from

the

French.
name

Amalthea
and mother

the

of she
:

the

goat, the
accommodate

nurse

of her

Jupiter
foster-

of the for which

Haedi,

which

put

child, and

Manilius
The

wrote

Nursing

Goat's

repaid Hutrix.
days

with

Heaven.

From
l

this

came

the

occasional
often Ezra cited

Jovia
in

This

celebrated ben
Meir

man,

bygone
the

as

Abenare,
commentator

Avenore,
of

Evenare,

was

Abraham
an

ben

of Toledo,

great

Hebrew

the

12th century, biblical critic.

astronomer,

mathematician,

philologist,poet, and

scholar, and

the first noted

The

Constellations

87
was

But, according

to

an

earlier

version,the
the infant

nurse

the

nymph

Amalthea,
and for

who,
on

with

her

sister the

Melissa, nymph
or

fed

god

with

goat's milk
substituted

honey
one or

Mount of the

Ida,

Aige being
Adrasta,
Others
the of with

sometimes

both Cretan horn

as

foregoing;
Melisseus.
off in

her sister Ida, all

that the and
star

daughters
the

of the Goat's

king
broken

said
infant

represented the
to

play by
Horn In

Jove

transferred

heavens
uanian Lithalso words

Conra

eopiae,

the

Plenty, a

title recalled
it
was as
a

by

the

modern
atpaq, the

Food-bearer.

this

connection,

'AtiaXOeiag
translation
of of

brought absurdly

enough
the

into the
or

Septuagint
the Horn

Keren-happuch,
Job

Paint-horn,

of

Antimony,

the

Book

of
came be-

xlii, 14,
the

"

the

Cornus

tibii of the 'Aiovk of the

Vulgate.
Graeco-

Ptolemy's *A*f probably

Persian

Arabo-Greek

Chrysococca's book,
etc.,
digenous inhave Aldeb-

and which

the

Ayyfck, Alhajoc, Alhajoth, Alathod, Alkatod, Alatudo, Atud,

with of the the Arabs The
to

it shared
term

constellation; but
for

Ideler Assemani's

thought 'Ayyuk
Aloahela
may
to

an

this

star.

come aran

from and
as

Capella. perhaps
a

Tyrians

called but

it

'Iyutha,applied also
Rabbis

other

stars;

the

adopted

the

Arabic

'AyyQk
as

title for

their

heavenly Goat, although they greatlydisagreed

Orion. of

to its
"

location, placing it variouslyin Auriga, Taurus, Aries, and

she
seem

The

armborne would three

goat," however,
to

Aratos, derived
we

from

the

of priests

Zeus,

fix it of

positivelywhere
criticism word the
to

now

recognize

it.

Hyde

devoted

pages the

learned and

this

subject, but important (!)

star.

insisted that With

Arabic

Hebrew it formed
as

'Ash designated this

group that Kazwini

"

and

17, the

Kids,
others called

knew

as

Al

Tnitf,the Goats,
The

but

Al

Anx,

in the the

singular.
Driver; for, lying
other
stars

early
was

Arabs

it Al

Rakib,
them

far

to

the ble, visiof

north, it
and the

prominent
the

in the

evening sky
over

before

became Al

so

apparently watching
as,
on

; and

the synonymous

Hid!
Wetz-

Pleiades,

of Arabia, parallel often

it rose

with

that

cluster.

the biblical critic stein,

"

quoted by Delitzsch, explains this

last term

as

the

singer riding
of the
as a

before and

the

procession,who
urges them An

cheers

the

camels

by

the

sound

hadwa,
troop

thereby

on,"

the

Pleiades alluded
to

here

being

regarded
as overseer

of camels. game,
seems

early Arab

poet
the

this Had!
stars.

of the

MHsir
now

behind sitting

players,the

other

Bayer'sOphiultui Capella'splace
in the
on

unintelligible.
zodiac is

the hand
star

Denderah
of
a

occupied by
with
the of

mummied
;

cat

outstretched

male

figure

crowned

feathers

while,

always an
and

important

in the temple

worship
borne

great Egyptian god

of that

Ptah,the Opener, probably

was

it is

supposed
at

to

have

the
b. c.

name

divinity

observed

its

setting1700

from

his

temple, the

88

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Amon of the books of the of

noted

edifice

at

Karnak and also

near

Thebes,

the

No

prophets
Ptah that It been
at at

Jeremiah

Nahum.
was

Another
to

recently discovered
5200
b. c.

sanctuary

Memphis
least five

oriented
were

it about
to

Lockyer
where

thinks

temples
the
same

oriented
for

its setting.
in Greece,
to

served, too,
the and India

purpose
a

worship
at

it may

have Pro-

orientation
of another

point of
at

temple

Eleusis

the

goddess Diana
Heart
or

pyla ;
In and

Athens. sacred
as

it also

was

Brahma

Ridaya,
the

the

of

Brahma;

Hewitt

considers
Veda. had
an

Capella, or
asterism

Arcturus,

Aryaman,

Airyaman,

of the The which title to of the The Patron

as

Rig

Chinese

here,formed
Five

by Capella with 0, 0, *,and

"

7,

they
our

called

Woo
;

Chay,

the

Chariots
says

singularresemblance
be

in

Charioteer

although Edkins

that this should

the Chariots

Five

Emperors.

Akkadian
star

Dil-gan I-ku, the Messenger Babylon, is thought

/.
e.

of

of

to

have

been

the Light,or Dil-gan Babili, in Assyria Capella, known

to

I-ku,

the

Leader,

of the of the
at

year; year the

for,according
was

Sayce,
the

in Akkadian

times
star

the commencement in relation

b.

determined

by

positionof this

to

the

moon

vernal

equinox.
years,

This

was

previousto
the
was

1730
sun as

c,

when, during the preceding 2150

the

spring began when

the
star

entered the

constellation
but

Taurus

; in
to

this connection
that date
some

known

Star of Marduk,

subsequent Wega,
reason

of these

titleswere
to

apparently applied to Hamal,

initial point had

and of

others

whose One

positionsas
cuneiform

that

changed by
to

precession.
rendered Stars

tion, inscrip-

supposed
Tempest
Ma-a-tu
;

refer the

to

our

Capella, is
of
the for its

by Jensen
bears the

Aftkar, the

God;

and

Tablet

Thirty

synonymous
in classical

all this well

one

accounting
many in the

subsequent
as

character the

times,

and

of

the

evidences

adduced

to

origin of Greek

constellational
The

astronomy

Euphrates valley.
whose much naturalist its namesake
star

ancient

Peruvians, the Quichuas,

to

language is still spoken by

attention
of the
to

their descendants, appear

have

devoted

the

stars

and said

Jose"de Acosta,
that every of

the

Spanish Jesuitand
beast
on

16th

century,
He

bird and their

earth

had

in their with the

sky.

cited

several

stellar

titles,identifyingthis

Colca, singularly
same

prominent with
Mediterranean Star
to

their in

shepherds, as days
our

Capella
in

was

with

class the

on

the

ancient

; indeed

later

also, for

Shepherd's
commonly

has

been

applied to it by

English poets, although

civic and

more

the In

planet Venus. astrologyCapella portended

in
some

militaryhonors
it as
"

and

wealth.

Tennyson,

fine lines in his

Maud, mentions

crown/' glorious

The

Constellations

89
;

As

to

its color

astronomers

are

not

agreed
say

Smyth callingit bright white

or

Professor

Young

yellow

; and

others

blue

red, which

last it

was

serted as-

to be
are

by Ptolemy,
has

Al

Ferghani, and
in lustre

Riccioli; while

those whose

eyes

sensitive specially

to that

tint stillfind it such.

Capella perhaps
brilliantas indicates
the
a

increased

during

the

present century
Elkin's
;

but,

it is, its parallax of distance emits

from 250
our

o".095, obtained
of

from

observations,
if this be
rect, cor-

system
as

34^ lightyears
lightas
in
our sun.

and,

star

times
that

much

Its spectrum

resembles

of the the the

latter ; indeed
sun

spectroscopists say
in

that nishes furruled

identical Capellais virtually

the

with of

physical constitution,and tinge

of and

model

spectrum
innumerable it

Solar

type,1yellow
the

throughout with Vogel

second. thinks

fine dark from

our

lines.

receding
most

system

at

rate

15^

miles

It is the New

northern

of all the
sunset

ist-magnitude
the the middle of of

stars, risingin the

latitude of
at

York

City
in of

at

about of

October,

and Thus

minating cul-

nine
some

o'clock
hour

the every

evening
clear

19th

January.
the year.

it

is visible at

night throughout yellow.

are

p,

2.1,

lucid

Xenfcalinan,Menkalinam,
the Shoulder it 20 to the
to

and

Menkalina
it

from the
east

Al

Mankib

dhil

'Inan,

of the

Rein-holder, which
star

marks,
io"
us

solstitial colure of

passing
It is supposed second

east;
a

the

itself

being
that

about

Capella. iy}4
miles
a

be

very

close

binary,receding from
stars

about

the two of

practically equal
miles

compose
in
a

the of

pair being only 7^

about four

lions mila

apart, and

revolving
miles
a

period
in

days, with
was

relative velocityof
from Pickering

fully150

second.

This

discovery
The

made

by
trum spec-

spectroscopicobservations
undouble every
two

1889.

lines in the

double

and

days.
brilliant white,

Y,
was so

2.1,

Al Kab

dhil

'Inan, the

Heel

of the

Rein-holder,
From

of Arabian the
star
so

astronomy,

showing

its location

in the it has

figure of Auriga.
been the

earliest
Al

days
the

of

descriptive astronomy
of Taurus
at

identical

with and

the Aratos

Hath,
mentioned

0
it.

the

extremity of
said that it in

right horn,

however, Vitruvius,
was

it

was

Aurigae Manns,
would
own

because

the
a

Charioteer different

supposed

to

hold
of

his hand, which

imply
Father

very

drawingfrom
1

that

Rome,

Greece, and
of Father

our

; and

Hell,in 1769,
astronomer.

This is the

ad of the

classification

Angelo Secchi,

the modern

Roman

go
had correctly also considered this

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
The later Arabian
as

expression for
it in
Taurus Northern
"

the

star

0.

astronomers

by designating it
Horn in the of the
"

Al

K"rn
Kazwini

al Thanr adhered

al
to

Shamaliyyah,
Goat's

the

Bull
as

but

Auriga by giving

the

two

ankles

Al
y

Tawabi'
and
i.

al

'Ayyuk,

the

Attendants,

Ideler

these identifying

with

0, is
as on

4.1,

yellow,
with of
us,

the

head

of the

Charioteer.
called

It is unnamed Lord

but, inconspicuous

it

is,the Hindus
and far
more

it Praja-pati, the
to

Created
and
"

Beings,a
Corvus.
so

title The

also

appropriately given
devotes

Orion
to

to

Surya

Siddhanta
a

considerable
be found

space among is not

it ; but
the easy few
to
near

why
of

faint and Hindu

inconspicuous
astronomers

star

should

which

have

taken

notice particular with it,

discover."

The

Chinese Pa

include the

" A, ",

1, and

others

Cassiopeia,in

their

asterism

Kuh,

Eight

Cereals.

",

variable,

3 to

4.5.
at
one

Hyde
He

cited and

Arabic later
on

authority for this,being

it so
it

time

Al Xa'ai, the
on

Goat,
; but

appeared by
the

in

one

of

the

commentaries

Ulug
not

Beg

Kazwini

knew group

general
"

title Al and

'Adz, although it was

Some

in his Al

'Inaz, the
the

of

Goats,

a,

"

17.

modern

clude listsin-

it with
Its

Kids.
an

in variability,

irregular period, was

in

suspected by Capella.

Fritsch

in 1821,

confirmed

by

Schmidt
rj are

1843,

and

independently
of

discovered

by

Heis in

1847.

" and

about

50 southwest

C"
is the Haedi
The
western
one

4,

orange, of
a

of the

Kids, or *Epi(f"oit
of them c,
wrote

Hipparchos epigram

and

Ptolemy,

the

of the

Latins.

Pliny made
240
the b.

separate constellation.
an

poet Callimachus, Tempt

When
not

in

of the

Anthologw

"'

winds

forewarned

of

dangers nigh, sky

;

the

Kids

in the glitter

western

Vergil, commending
made

in the
to

Georgicstheir
dies latter author's
Haedi
. .
.

observation
and with

to his farmer

neighbors,
Manilius

specialallusion
them

the

Haedorum,

Horace

and

called

the fluvia/es,

Stormy
And

which

shut

the Main

stop the Sailers hot

pursuitof gain.

92
a our

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
so

hundred, perhaps
system.

many

hundred,

years

ago, the the

great is its distance from

of of

It became from second Mount

invisible towards Hamilton

in
on

end

April, 1892,
August
such It
was as a
a

but

was

rediscovered

19th

planetary
change
of

nebula,

the

instance

astronomical
been

history of
the first. in its

character,
in is

the

nova

Cygniof 1877 having

that others
to

stillvisible
and it

1895, its spectrum worthy

of notice of the

continuing distinctly nebular

two

character;
since

of the

new

stars

discovered

the application

spectroscope

this class

of

have investigations
account

had

nearly

identical

histories.

Scheiner,

who

gives a
to
a

detailed

of this the
two

enon phenomdoubt
in

in his

Spectralanalysey alludes
400

the

velocity of
; if

constituent
some

bodies
"

as

being

miles

or

more

second

indeed

"

which

the

peculiarseparation of
is to be accounted in the

the

bright and
for

dark

lines of motion

hydrogen noted
of gaseous
masses

its spectrum involved

by the relative
the

phenomenon.
stars,
were

xplto ip10, 5th-magnitude

Dolones, flagellum
the called

BovAqyec,

or

Goads,
:

the Latin

Stimulus

by Tibullus.
As

Bayer said
Diirer

of them
are

Decern several

stelluke
lasbes of

constituents. in the

figured by
hands.

they

the

whip

Charioteer's

Bootes'

golden

wain.
His Thsbau.

Pope's Statins
Bootes

only

seem'd

to

roll
the
in Hours

His

Arctic

charge

around

Pole.

Byron's 3d Ode

of Idleness.

QBobfe*,
the

Italians' Botite and

the

French
so

Bouvier,is transliterated
that
our

from
use

Bowt#,
for

which
3000

appeared
years,
to

in the

Odyssey \
much

title has

been

in

nearly

perhaps
and

for

longer ; although doubtless Degenerate

from forms of

at

first

applied
have

only
been It

its

prominent

star

Arcturus.

the

word

Bootia
has

Bootres.

been
so

variously derived
the

some

say of the

Bov$, Ox, and

; Claudian

"Qhv,

t0

drive, and

Wagoner,
Bootes

or

Driver,
the wain

Wain

writing:

with

the

north

unfolds

or

the

Ploughman
of the

of

the

Triones
our era.

that, as Arator,
But in recent

occurs

with the

Nigidiusand
been

Varro

century before

times

figurehas

The

Constellations

93
pursuitof the
Bear

imaginedthe Driver
the

of Asterion
to

and

Charain Sartor

their

around

pole,thus
thinks

alluded

by Carlyle in
he leads his

Resartus:

What

Bootes

of

them,

as

Hunting Dogs

over

the zenith

in their leash

of sidereal fire ?

Others,and
transcribed

perhaps
as or

more

correctly, thought
from the in shouts of

the

word Driver

BorjTfy,Clamorous,
to

Boetes,
of the
was

the the the

his Oxen,

"

the

Triones,
"

Hunter

pursuit of
of

Bear;
Hounds.

Hevelius
In

suggesting
translations

that the of the

shouting

in encouragement of
a

Syntaxis

this idea

Shouter the Loud

was

shown

by Vociferator,Vociferans,
and
even,

daman*, Clamator, Plerans,

latrans,the Barking Dog,
words The

Weeper,
Ezra

perhaps,by Canis
in the Hebrew

that

Aben

applied to its stars

of the

Kelebh Arabians

hannabah.
rendered

their similar

conception
from the

figureby Al *Awalso

wa',"
The

Chilmead's
not

Alhava.
French Oxen

infrequent title Herdsman,

for not

Bouvier,
of the
as
a

is appropriate,
but in its

only

was

he

associated
stars

with
were

the

Wain,
Fold

Arab

days
and

the

near-by circumpolar
'Apicro^vka^
latter first found

regarded

with

inmates
Other the and

enemies.
were

names

and in

the Bear-watcher 'AptcTovpo";9 the "Epya

nal

and Works fore bemer for-

Bear-guard,
Days,
our era.
"

the

%H^"pcuy the

Boeotian

shepherd's calendar," by Hesiod, eight centuries

words
were

But, although these

used and in for the

often and

interchanged, the
Still the

generally was
in the Phainomena

constellation
and

the latter for its

lucida, as
not

by Geminos
of the

Ptolemy.
Aratos

poets did

always discriminate
the
wrote definitely
:

the versifiers of this,

confounding

the titlesnotwithstanding in
one

exactness

original ; although Cicero

dicitur Bootes.

place

Arctophylax, vulgo qui

esse

Transliterated
seen

thus,

"

or

Artophilaxe,
with
"

"

and and of

as

Aroturui,

both
to

names

are

for
;

the

constellation

writers
sterres

astronomers

even

the

18th

century
knew it

Chaucer

having
Minor,
from

ye his

Arctour." the

The Greater

scientific Isidorus
Bear.

as

Areturus

Major

being

Smyth
is is
near

rived dethat

this word part of Ursa condemned

'Apicrov dvpd,
but

the

Bear's

Tail, as
"

Bootes indeed

Major;
by
the called

this is

not

generally accepted
Unae
; Vitruvius

expressly
Cuitos

critic Buttmann.
it Portitor had

Statius also

Cnitos
Ursae

and

Arcti, the Bear-keeper; Ovid, Custoe

Erymanthidos

; the

Alfonsine

94
TabUs, Aretori
writers.

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
is often
seen

Custos

; while

the

Bear-driver

with

lish Engearly

Although
simile when

Manilius
he
wrote

knew
:

it in connection

with

the

Bear,

he

changed the

whose

order'd

Beams
;

Present

Figure

driving of his Teams

and

Aratos

long

before

had

united
and

the two
to

thoughts
on

and

titles

Behind

seeming
on

urge Bootes

the Bear,

Arctophylax,
Sheds
o'er the

earth
Arctic

named,
silver light.

car

his

Plaustri
altered the

Custos, the Keeper

character of Bootes'

of

the

Wain,

was

another

name

for it that
:

duties ; Ovid

following in
Triones

this with

interque
Flexerat

obliquo plaustrum

temone

Bootes.

It

has
was

been

Lycaon,
the

the

father,or
Ursa of the

grandfather,
as

of

Kallisto,when
her
son;

that

nymph
the

identified

with
2d

Major;
Fasti

well

as

Areas,

Ovid
was

distinctly assertingin by taking

one

that

Arctophylax
its

in the skies

earthly Areas, although

Ursa of the

it is often

wrongly supposed
Atlas, because,

that the latter isrepresented

to to

Minor;
the Bear's

it was

from Septentrio, and

nearness near

the the

so north,

titles ;

it pole,

sustained

world. of about
a. a d.

Hesychios,
unless Lord

370,

called

it Orion, but
of

this

seems

unintelligible

from originating

misunderstanding
call'd the

Homer's

lines,translated by
high

Derby

Arctos His

Wain,
and

who
on

wheels
Orion

on

circlingcourse,

waits,

as

if

they
with and

were

in close

proximity.
of the Lande
de

Or

the

title may

come was

from

some

sion confu-

the

Orus,

or

Horns,
La

Egyptians, that
to

associated
wrote
:

with both

Orion
Arctouros d'Orion

Bootes.
l'Orus

alluded
le

this when
de

he

ou

voisin

l'Ourse, pour

distinguer

la constellation

meridional*

and,
should

in

considering
be remembered
as

this very
that

different

derivation
and word Kavdduv
was

of

our were

word the

Arcturus, it

Kdvdaog
Greek
more

titles also applied

the

to

Bootes,
be

the

latter know

to

Orion

by

Boeotians.

It would

to interesting

of this connection.
as

Philomelas

is another
; and

designation,

if he

were

the

son

of the of the

neighboring
Bear, t

Virgo

Ceres

the

early titleVenator

Ursae,

the

Hunter

The

Constellations

95
the

appears school

as

Himrod,
or

the

Mighty
centuries

Hunter ago;

before

Lord, with
more

the

biblical

of two

three

although
in the

this

was

usual
a

for Orion. around in

Pastor, the Shepherd, presumably is from

the
our

the Arabic
Pasture
some

idea of

Fold

pole,

or

from and
a

the

near-by
;

flock
or

towards confusion

the

southeast,

Hercules also
was

Ophiuchus

perhaps by
Dog.
of
a

with

Cepheus, ger Dig-

who

Shepherd
in

with

his

Pastinator
or

is

Hyde's rendering
a

supposed

Arabic
on

titlesignifying a
called

Trencher
as

vineyard. risingin
the

A the

commentator

Aratos

it TpvycTiyc, with the

tumnal au-

the

Vintager,

its and
; but

morning
grape
names

twilightcoincided
harvest better
; Cicero

equinox
his

time

of the

repeating this
to

in

Protrygeter
e

both

of these

belonged

the star

Vinde-

miatrix, our
Still its

Virginis. settingswere
and
even

risingsand days,
of these

frequently observed
the

and age, As

made

much many,

of

in all classical

beyond
were

Augustan

although
a

perhaps
it was

most,

allusions

to

its

bright

star.

calendar Cooke
:

sign

first mentioned
When
Then

by Hesiod,
in the rosy the

thus

translated
Arcturus from

by

Thomas

morn

shines,
vines
;

pluck

clusters

the parent

and

again, but

for

different
from

season

of the
the

year

When Thrice
And A

the

Tropic, days and

or

winter's

sun,
course

twenty

nights their
the

have

run

when
star

Arcturus

leaves in the

main,

to rise

bright shining
prune the vine.

evening

skies

Then

Columella, Palladius, Pliny, Vergil,and Bootes, work,

as or

others proper

have
seasons

similar
for

references

to

to

Arcturus,
1st

as

indicating the

various

farm-

in the

Georgic:
Setting Bootes
will afford
the

signs

not

obscure.

Ioarui,

or

also Icariufl, who of

was

title for much

as

our

constellation,from
into proper the
use

the his

tunate unfor-

Athenian

brought
Bacchus'

so

trouble
to

world of

by
the

cal practiand
as

expounding
who
was

ideas
to

the

grape,

so

unworthily
their
the

exalted

the

sky, with
as

his

daughter Erigone
or

Virgo, and
story
came

faithful hound boves

Lexicon

Maera
to

Procyon
Triones

Sirius.

From

this
in

Icarii

applied
to

the

by Propertius,and Chegnius
that
of the Arabo-

the Andrews-Freund

Bootes
as

himself.
well in
as

CeginuSySeginna, and
Latin

Chegniniu,
wandered
;

the

Almagest,

may

have

here

strangelychanged
asserted

form

from

the

neighboring Cepheus

although

Buttmann

they probably

96
came,

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
errors,

by long-repeated transcriptionand
the

consequent

from

Khetausual

nu,

Arabian

orthography
aut

for

Arcturus.

Bayer

had

Thegiui, as
Novum do
not
:

without

explanation ;
Lande the used
as

still I find in Riccioli's A

Imagesturn
scholars

Arabic'e this.
or

Thegniufl, quasiplorans
La cited

vociferans;but Bourn,
the

Arabic

confirm

Cnitoi

Keeper

of the Ideler had

Oxen,
denied
and it, La

and

Bubnhu,
the

Bubuleus,
ever was

Peasant for Bootes.

Ox-driver, although Juvenal, however, Landseer,

that Minsheu

latter

defined said that

Bootes the

Bubulcus
was

coelettis.
the

following
ancient

Lande,

Herdsman

national

sign

of

Egypt, the

myth
ancient
a

of the

dismemberment and that there and the

of

Osiris

originating in
and that

the

successive
or

settingsof

its stars:
name

it

was

called Otiria,Baochus, Kircher's

Sabaziufl,the

for Bacchus of those

Noah;

planisphere showed
in

stead Vine in-

customary
well
as

thus figure, of I can the

now us.

recallingincidents
dvwv, dxf)e

the

histories of

worthies, as

Homer

characterized
and

constellation

as

late

in

a setting,

thought
Aratos

expression
it :

become

hackneyed
tired

by
day,

frequent repetition.

had

he, when
At
even

of

lingers more

than half

the

night ;

Manilius

somewhat

varying this by
Slow

Bootes

drives

his

lingering Teams

Claudian, Juvenal, and

later countryman and

Ovid, by tardus, slow, and piger, sluggish,which their

the 16th
wrote

Ariosto, of

century, repeated in his pigro Artnro;

of it
in
as

Minsheu,
or

in the

17th century,
slow

Bootes, Waine, And hours Bootes

the

Carman,

mooving

starre, seated

the

North

Pole

neere

to

Charles

which

itfollawes.
as

all this because,

are

the

figure sets
the

in

perpendicular
and
a

eight position,
the

consumed

in

its downward below

progress, horizon
"

even

then
more

hand

of in
a

never

disappears
than
now.

fact

noticeable
at

early days
horizontal
Some in the

The hence

reverse,

however, takes place

all at once,

in its rising

position ;
say that when

the

aOpooq,

of Aratos. from its

to

these the that

expressionsof sluggishness are daylight

Bootes is is

settinglate
the

season

curtailed,or

reference

natural

gait of
more

the

Triones

drivingaround
them
to

the his

pole

while

stillothers,
nearness
to

astronomically inclined,attributed
that Even
as
a

comparative
the

point where
nearest to

slowest
its

are

stars,

wheel

the

axle,

that Dante

wrote

of in the

Purgatorio.

The

Constellations

97
on

Bootes'

association

with

the

Mods
the
was

Maenalus,

which under

he

is sometimes
that constellation Landseer

shown, is unexplained unless by

suggestion found
current
even

heading.
be correct where

This
he

association
says
ancient
"

in early

days, if

Easebius, quoting

an

oracle which

has apparent

reference

to

this constellation

as

formerly represented, writes

A

mystic goad

the mountain

herdsman

bears.

Brown

says
as

that

it

was

known and thus

in

Assyria as Riu-but-flame,

"

that

reappears

in Greek
the idea

Bootes";

of the

ox-driving Ploughman

or

Herdsman,

as

applied to

the

constellation, is

Euphratean

in character.

Among
but

its Arabian
or

derivatives

are

Hekkar,
to

often classic

considered
Trencher of Al

as

Al BTakyard; vinethe

kar, the Digger,

Ideler found

Tearer, analogous
this Ibn
to

the
erroneous

in the

showed

be

an

form

Bakkar,

Herdsman, ealnrns,is
article

with

Yunus for

(or Yunis).
Bootes in the Crook
star

Alkalnrops, which
from

appeared
a

Alfonsine
or

Tables the

as

In-

KaXavpoty,
now

herdsman's
our

with Staff,

Arabic

prefixed; this
a

is

title for the

the
name

p.

The
which

staff, ultimately
came

as figured

Lance,
the

gave

rise

to

Al

Bamih,

into general

use

among

Arabians,
works
as

but

subsequently degenerated
Ariamech,
and

in

early

ropean Eu-

astronomical constellation
The had
same as

into

Aramech,

like words

for the

well

for its great star. in Al

is seen figure

HamiL

Lnsz,
and
to the

the the

Spear-bearer, or,
Azimeth
cum

as

Caesius
of the it Redian Italwas

Al it,

Kameluz,

Riccioli's Ideler

Kolanza,

Colanza
lancea and map

which uan's translator, colla lancia.

compared
; and

Latin
on
a

Similarly, Bayer
of Arabic the

said

that

Turkish

the Arrow-bearer 'O'io7o"f"6pof,

elsewhere

and Sagittifer for

Lanoeator.

Al Harifl

al Sama'

literature

originally was
But
to

Arcturus,

though al-

eventuallyapplied to
were

constellation.
are a

long
have

before had
an

these ideas
enormous

current

in

Arabia,

that

people
the

supposed
third
;

Lion, their earlyAsad, extending

stars

over

of the

heavens,
the

of which

the
; the

Arcturus of

and

Spica were
one

shin-bones
; Canis
to

Regulus,
the
to

forehead and

heads

Gemini,
quarters.

of the Yet
o

fore paws
seems

Minor,
doubt
as

other;
all

Corvus,
is
more

the hind

there

be

this,as

fully explained under

In Poland Bootes

Geminorum.
the

forms the

Ogka,

or

Thills,of Wain;
and

that

country's
Old

tended much-ex-

Wos

Niebeaki,

Heavenly

in the

Bohemian

tongue it was
7

as Przyczck,as unintelligible

it is

unpronounceable.

98
The

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Caesius said that itmight
of Fig-dresser,

earlyCatholics
the but

knew

it as

Saint

Sylvester;
or

represent

prophet Amos,
turned that

the

Herdsman,
Three
first

Shepherd
Crowns.

Tekoa;
Proctor

Weigel
know
than

it into the when the

Swedish

asserted
as

Bootes,
it did

formed, perhaps
and

included

even

the

Crown,
it exhibits

we

that
most

Hunting Dogs;
the character

that,so constituted,
to

better
one's

constellations
a

assigned
arm

it.

One

can

readily

pictureto
before
him.

self the figure of

Herdsman

with

upraised

driving the

Greater Bear

The

drawing by Heis,
the leash
: figure

after of the

Diirer, is Hounds;

of

mature

man,

with

herdsman's
of a of

staff, holding
much the younger

but

earlier
well

are representations

in all cases, of

however,
the

equipped
of

with weapons
these

chase,
been

or

implements
the

husbandry;
fan

earliest form

probably
Berenices,
its two the leash

having
The
at

winnowing
Hyginus
of

of Bacchus. shows the Nova other Bear. the Homer Wheat has of the

Venetian

1488

Sheaf, Coma
different
modern

his

feet; Argelander's
"

Uranometria

on figures

plates
of the

one

of the ancient in full

form,

the

holding

Hounds

pursuitof
and the

the

This
were

constellation

Bear, Orion,

Hyades, Pleiades, and

and
"

Dog

the

only

starry figures mentioned

by
reason
"

Thomas versifier,

Cooke, giving as
an

therefor
; but

latter's Hesiod ; the " of which the names

naturally
these

run

into

hexameter
no

verse

the

general assumption that

not
are seem

great poets knew

it will be

other
that

constellations
all those

does
to

reasonable,
with each

although
author. Bootes

noticed

alluded

identical

is

constellation

of

large extent, stretchingfrom 300

in

Draco and

to

Virgo, 85

nearly 50" naked-eye

in

declination,

and

rightascension,
140

contains

stars

according
Poises Arcturus

to

Argelander,
aloft morning
Emerson's

according
evening
his

to

Heis.

and

spear.
To tk* Shah.

translation

of Haru'

a,
Aroturus
observant first stars has been
an

0.3,

golden yellow. highest interest

times, and
to

object
the

of the

and

admiration
was one

to

all

mankind
to

from

earliest

doubtless
the present with

of the

be all

named;

for from

Hesiod'sday
often

it thus Greater

appears
Bear.

throughout
Indeed
in two

literature, although
use

confounded
was

the

Hesiod's
cases,

of the word

probably
he after the And

for that

except constellation,
to

already quoted,
its
to

where

unquestionably referred
winter it is the solstice,

this star,

mentioning
that
we

risingfiftydays
that celestial

first allusion that

have

point.

popularly supposed

ioo

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
by
Arcturus

The and
"

Prologue
one

of

the Rudens

of

Plautus, delivered
the he the presence of

in person,

of

the

early opinions of
of

invisible agents amongst

a

mankind,"
times
of his

declares

himself
"

that
as

is considered
has original
quam
cum

stormy

sign at

the

risingand
Arcturus

setting,
signum,
sum,

it :

sum

omnium

acerrimum. vehementior.

Vehemens

cum

exorior,

occido

And

the

passage

from

Horace's
Nee

Odes

"

saevus

Arcturi
aut

cadentis
"

Impetus
is familiar to all.

orientis Haedi

This

same

idea

came

down

to

modern

days, for Pope

peated re-

it in his verse,
When
moist Arcturus

clouds

the

sky.
and honor
to

however, Astrologically,
under An

the

star

brought riches
of the the

those

born

it.

Egyptian astronomical
; and

calendar

15th century
star
one

before in

Christ,

deciphered by Renouf, sky figureMenat

in Nile In India but it

associates

it with
claims

Antares of
at

the immense

Lockyer
in the

it as

the Ancona

objects of worship
in

temples, as it was
was

temple

of Venus the

Italy.
or

the
a

13th nakshatra, Svati,

Coral

Good
; and

Goer,
known

perhaps
also
as

Sword,

figured as

Bead, Gem,
its remote

or

Pearl northern

there

tfishtya,Outcast, possiblyfrom
the the

situation

far outside of
to

zodiac, whence,
series of Hindu

from

its

it brilliancy,

was

taken arbitrarily that

complete
the
signed usuallyas-

asterisms.

Hewitt
and

thinks
that

it,or
the

Capella, was
Tutar

Aryaman
to

of the

Rig

Veda;

Edkins

it

was

Sirius.
called the

The

Chinese

it Ta

Kid,

the

Great
; Edkins
two

Horn,
further
of

four

small

stars

nearby

being Kang
Arcturus

Che,

Drought
emperor.
are

Lake
The 8he
as

writingof
small

it :
on

is the
and
to

palace
left

of the o,

groups

three

stars

its
a

right
6xed

[?ltr, v]
direction horizon.

[C,

tt]

called

ti, the
it

Leaders, because
out

they assign
twelve hours

the

tail of the

Bear, which,

revolves, points

the

of the

The the

Arabs of the

knew

Arcturus

as

Al

Simak1

al

Eamili, sometimes
more

translated

Leg
This
ago.

Lance-bearer,
5k
is of
a

and

again, perhaps
was a

correctly, the Lofty

subject of discussion thought
of the
to
a

word
It the

Sim
is

and disputed signification,

fruitful
and

tury cenployed em-

from

root

meaning

"to to

raise indicate
to

on

high,"

is

have

been

by
but with

Arabs

when

they wished
to

any other

prominent
Simak,

object high

up

in the heavens,

special reference

this star

and

the

Spica

Virgin.

The

Constellations

101

Lance-bearer.

From

the Arabic

title came

various
and the

degenerate Arimeth,

forms

Al

Bamee, Aramee,
queer

Aremeah,
of

Ascimec, Azimech,
nomenclature

found Tables

in those and the

compendium*
1

stellar

Alfonsine

Almagest of
which
of their for this. The

5 ; Somech

haramach
from

of Chilmead's the Arabs

to

Treatise; and
years ago. The also

Aramakh,
Khetunu
was

Karsten

Niebuhr

heard

136
under

predecessors,already again
to

alluded

Bootes,

used

idea of

weapon

manifested

itself in the

Kovrapdros, JavelinGladiua, Kolanza,

in
some

bearer, of the
and

GraecO'Persian

Tables;

while

Bayer

had

PngiOy all applied

the title Alkameluz

Arcturus, which
or

probably
the Hunter's

marked hand.

early

drawing the
took

Sword, Lance,

Dagger
whole of

in

it Similarly

of the

constellation.

Al Harifl al Sama, the Keeper

in earlyvisibility the

Heaven,
to

perhaps

came

from

the

star's

twilightowing
for the
so
"

its great proper of

northern

declination,as
of his lesser quently subsering refer-

though
stellar

on

the

lookout and

safetyand
the

deportment
the of 1 rain."

companions,
became

Patriarch

Mentor

This

Al

al Sim"k, Ijtaris
Unarmed One. Arcturus First Calf. the
as

Keeper
Second

Simak, probably
of the Lion, the

to

Spica,the

Al Biruni Asad
;

mentioned
the

the

Calf

early

Spica being
been

It has

identified

with

Chaldaeans* month the

Papsnkal,
of the the

the

Guardian

of Messenger,the divinity

their 10th it
was

Tibitu; while

Smith

andSayce
of the
one

have said that

or

on

the

Euphrates

Shepherd
in

Heavenly Flock, making

to

the

8hepherd

of the
star

lifeof Heaven, undoubtedly

included Stars. of

8ib-zi-anna
thus

inscriptions ; the
the several The 15
1

r\ being often

this,and

of

pairsof Euphratean
5

Twin

Almagest
et

and

the

Alfonsine Tables
which One. Amos
v,
seems

1521

add

their list of the

strange titles
word be
a

nominator

Audiens,
the

unless unintelligible

misprintfor Audens,
Wiclif,in
took from his the

Bold of

John
which

de

translation

8,

in

1383,

had

it Arture,
of Tre-

he

Arcturus Vulgate's
:

for Ursa

Major;

but

John

visa in

1398
is
a

more

correctly wrote
made of
vn

Artfavmi

signe

starres,

but
...

properly Arthurus

is

sterre

sette

be-

hynde With

the

tayleof the synge it

that

hyght

Vrsa

maior.

others

was

Arturis

and the

Aritnre,

or

the

Carlwaynesterrefrom
to

the
as

earlyconfusion
to

in

applying

title Arcturus

Charles'

Wain

as

well

Bootes

and

its lucida.
as

Prominent

this star
name,

always
yet
its

has

been,

and

one

of

the

few in

to

which
draw-

Ptolemy assigned a 7*

position has

greatly varied

the

102

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
of the breast

ings; indeed
in the

in the

earliest it was
It has

located been

outside

figureand
; in

so

scribed de-

Syntaxis.

put

on on on

the the

the

girdle,

whence, perhaps, came

"

Bayer's Arotuzona;
the first

leg;

between in

the knees,

Robert

Recorde,
Castle

English writer
the his
"

astronomy,
starre
as some

ing 1556 mentionArcturus,

in the
which

of Knowledge
between Bootes

very

bryghte
"

called of

standeth
on

legges
But

and,

note, its tides de-

the the

weapon

in the the

hand.

since

Dxirer's

time

it has

usually

marked

fringeof

tunic.

Smyth
in

asserted the

that

this is the
the

first star

on

record it
was

as

having
the

been

served ob-

daytime with
in of

telescope,as
and
seen

in

1635 by Morin, and

Picard,
naked
to
sun

subsequently,
an

July, 1669, by Gautier

1

the

Abbe*
the

ing hav-

elevation

70. Schmidt
While

has these

it with

eye

twenty-

four

minutes
was on

before

sunset.

instances

serve

show

its brilliancy,
comet

yet this

stillmore
the

evinced
of

when, enveloped
20'

in

the

Donati
"

of

1858,
so

and

5th
this
at

October, only
"

from

the nucleus,
hours. years

it flashed out it is somewhat

vividly its superiority, visible

that
same

for
seen

many
240

And

remarkable
comet

thing
such

was

before

in the
"

case

of the of

of

1618;

least
:

is the

record

of

John

Bainbridge,

Doctor

Physicke," who
The

wrote

27th

of

November,
the

in the

morning,

the comet's
or

hair

was

spread

over

the faire

starre

Arcturus,

betwixt

thighs of Arctophylax,

Bootes.

It

is

interestingto
near

know
on

that the 28th

as

the of

first

photograph

of

comet

was

of

Donati's, Ptolemy
in the that years.

this star,

September, 1858.
rutilus, golden red,"
"

its specified

color but

rendered vnoici{"{"o$,

1551
the

Almagest;
had lost

Schmidt

observed,

on

the

21st not

of

March, 1852,
for several

star

its usual
was

which tinge,
confirmed
"

it did

regain
and the in the

This
; but

phenomenon
generally
Its

by Argelander

by Kaiser of
short of list of

Leyden
the when

it has rich

figured immemorially color, in

the
contrast

fieryobjects." visibly

with

white

Spica,
summer mid-

deeper
all
can

red be

of

An

tares, and
in

sapphire
at

of
a

Wega,

is very

noticeable
a

taken

together,

almost

single glance, on
and

evening.
The Germans
wrote

know in the

it

as

Arotur; of
one

the

Italians
;

Spanish, as ArtuTO.

Schiller

Death

Wallenstein

Not The

every

doth

it become
;

to

question

far off high Arcturus

butElkin

did

so

in

1892, his observations

resultingin

parallax of o".oi6,

The

Constellations

103
greater than
the

1. e.

the insensible,

probable large proper

its

error

being

much

measured

itself. parallax
The
star

has

motion,1 given
southwestward
the
to

as on

2".3 annually, which

the face and of

ably probsky by

has somewhat the line of

shifted
more

position
i"

the

than

since

time it

of the

Ptolemy;
earlier and

great velocityin
as

sight was
miles

assigned
a

by
the

even spectroscopists,

high as seventy
at to

second and
at

; but

later

accordant

determinations,
reduce this

Potsdam between

by Vogel
4

the

Lick

Observatory by Keeier,
type, but with

and
is

4^

miles.
second
a

Its spectrum of dark

Solar, of Secchi's
violet.
on

remarkable

mass

lines in the
culminates

Arcturus

the

8th

of

June.

Pi
tfakkar
The and

3"6,
the

golden yellow.
Arabic
name
or

Vekkar
knew move."

are

from
as

for the whole

constellation.

Chinese

it

Chaou

Yaou,

Teaon,

words

meaning
the

"to

beckon, excite, or
With
y, or,

d,

and

p, it constituted
an

the

trapezium
asterism

Al
of

Dhi'bah,
the Arabs

Female

Wolves,

perhaps, Hyaenas,
Greek constellation
and
near

early
; these

before

they

adopted
by
stars

the

animals, with
wait for the

others

similar shown
of the

in Draco the the

it,lying in

occupants

ancient

Fold

around

pole.
of the modern

0 marks

head

figure.

T"

3-*from
"

Seginus
Manilius

appears termed

on

Burritt's Atlas
it prona the

the

Ceginus

of the constellation.
or

Lycaonia, Bear,

sloping towards,
the
star

in

front

of,

Lycaon," referringto
of Bootes
near

Greater

as

marks

the

left shoulder in his

to

that
b. c.
:

constellation

; and

wrote Euripides similarly

*Iwv of about

420

Above,

Arcturus

to

the

golden pole inclines.

that

Flammarion Chinese
It is with y.
proper

gives to

it the

Alkalurops
the that the

is better

recognized for
the

p.

The

called

it Henen

Ko,
know

Heavenly

Spear.
v

interestingto

variable

is in

telescopicfield

1 was

This

motion

of

some

of
in

the

stars, i.e. the

angular motion
of modern

across

the line

of

sight,

first detected

by
on

Halley,

1718, from
and

examination Sirius,
in

observations,
with the ancient

especially
records.

those of

Tycho,

Arcturus, Aldebaran,

comparison

104

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings

8,
This
star

3-5"
to

P^

yellow.
but

does
Seven

not

appear
; the
on

be

named,

in China

was

part of TWh

Kong, the
or

Princes

other the

components
200

being

/*, v,

^,and x\ tp, "f",

b, in the right hand

and

Club,

northeast

of Arcturus.

""

Binary,
of Belt

3 and

6,

pale
bore

orange these
;

and

bluish

green,

lying

io"

northeast the

Arcturus,
of the
to

titles in Girdle

Arabia:
;

Al

Mia-

takah al 'Awwa',
Waist-cloth,
"

Shouter

the Izftr,

and

Mi'zar, the
was

all references

its

place

in the

figure. This
into
to

last word

turned

by early European
and

astronomical and

writers

Micar, Mirar, Merer,

title of 0 Andromeused for it in the

Xeirer, Xesen, Mezer, Kerak, dae,

all

Mirak, similar

the
was

appropriate.
favored from
name can

The

analogous Perizoma
nomenclature is not in the
to

Alfonsine Why
it

Tables.
was so

in

known,

for with

us

it is

noticeable

only

its

exquisitebeauty
be

telescope,whence
it by the
elder

it is fast

monopolizing
The

the

Puloherrima, given
seen

Struve.

components
of

with

j^-inch glass, about

their revolution
us

3" apart,at
as

position angle
but second.

3250.

The
to

period
be

of

is

mined, yet undeterof ten

they

are

thought

approaching

at

the rate

miles a

This
stellar

pair was
he

the

chief object of Sir William

HerschePs he
was

for investigations though alunsuccessful, when thereafter,

parallax about
did* not its know

1782, in which,
the
cause

of

course,

of his failure till years

he

recognized
f, f, 0,
and
n

binary
Tso

character.

were

She

Ti, an

in China, Officer,

on

the

left hand

of the

emperor.

"ty

2.8,
of

pale yellow.
the the that Palermo and other of the

Kuphrid, Kufrid,
from

and

Mufride,

catalogues,is
Lancer,
as

Ulug

Beg's Al Kufrid
on

al B"mih,

Solitary Star
it

and
side out-

inexplicableunless
of the Nasr al

the

supposition
called

formerly was Eum^;

the and Lance its

regarded
Al of the

figure lines.
more

Kazwini

it Al

Tizini,with Al
Lanceon as

Din,

Al Bnmh definitely,

al Ramih,

for they designated bearer, although inappropriately,

position as
lists;but

Al the

Sak,

the

Shin-bone,
now

and
rj

it thus

appears the

as

Saak

in

some

figure is
It
seems

drawn
to

lies above been

left knee. with Arcturus in the

have

included

Euphratean

Sib-zi-ttnna.

The

Constellations

105
in

With
on

and

in the

feet,it was
of the

Yew

She

Ti

ing China, the Officer stand-

the

right hand
;

emperor.

9,4.1

l, Triple, 4.4, 4.5, and

these

8; and %, Double, 4.5

tertius known the

and

6.6.

Bayer called
without although
two

Asellns,
"

primus, secundus, and

; but

respectively,
"

explanation just

the

title is well

for each

of the

stars in Cancer

flanking Praesaepe.
eastward
from

They

mark the

of finger-tips in the

the

upraised left
Bear's tail. In China The is 38"
*

hand

Alkaid,

last

star

Greater

they

were

Tseen the

Tsang,

the

Heavenly
of
*

Lance. o".8

members away.

of

larger component

are

apart

; the

smaller

is pale
a

white,
small

and

the

two

stars

are

about

12"

apart, making

it

an

easy

in object All of
arm,
were

telescope.
the

these, with
Al Aulad
so

4th-magnitude
the

A.

on

the of

lower

part of

the

left

al Dhi'bah, the

Whelps

the
maps

Hyaenas,
and

shown

by

3, y, d, and

p, and

given

on

earliest Arabic

globes. greenish white,

Ji1, Ternary,
the small

4.2,

8, and

8.5, flushed
close

white,

the

last two

companion
was

/x2 being

double. of

Alkalnrops ginusand
52 1, and the

the Arabian

adaptation
or

KaXavpcnp, used
to

by Hesychios
of

for the Herdsman's

Club, Crook,
of the Latins.

Staff,analogous

the

VdnaXov

Hyof

Clava appears

Inkalnnin
1

in

some

of the

Alfonsine Tables;
all

Icalurui
to

in those
be of

Inealnrns

in the

15 15 Almagest,

long supposed
a

bungled
his
own

renderingsof
Colorrhobni.

Ptolemy's Kokkopdpog,
the

itself
star

probably
the

word

to designate coining

position of the
kv

in

club; Riccioli
more a name

writing it
correct

But

Ideler, rejectingthis,thought Schickard

from
to

in
that then
stellation. con-

derivingthese
was

words
as

noXovpu,
2000

"

in years
to

the

colure,"
the
as

statement

nearly right
some

Arcturus

ago;

since
to

having,in

way,

been the

transferred

this

star,
to

also

the

The

editor of
canes,

1515

Almagest said,
"

added Homer

his title for /1 et est is for

once

hastile hahens

which,

Ideler
to

and

caught
most

nodding,
"

"is

with

reference is corrected whose

the

surrounding hyaenas."
the late Professor of C.
rare

This
F.

erroneous

explanation

by

H.

Peters is
now

of

the Hamilton in my should

Observatory,
been rendered

private copy
annotation
curvatum
a

this
that of

edition

possession,in his
have

autographic
ferrum

the
canes.

originalArabic
Some

instead

Latin

writers have

called

this star Venabulum,

Hunting-spear.

106

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Xang
in the

p and

a,

4th-

and
to

5th-magnitude stars,
the Arabs' Al Aulad

were

Ho,

river in China;
that may have Filii

and been

according t/",
e, constituted
;

Assemani, with another

al

rightarm
he

Vadhlat, which
or

rendered
Ones.

altercationis

but

the
a

the Low, original signifies

Mean,
to

Little the

h,

or

Fl. and

38,
marks

5^-magnitude
the

hardly visible
held

naked
of the and latter

eye, is

Merga,
This
and known

Reaping-hook
a

in the
used the

left hand
Columella The

figure.

word

is from

Marra,
seen

Hoe,
as

or

Rake,
for

by

Juvenal,
was

still is sometimes
to

Marrha

star.

well

Pliny as Palx

Italioa.

Caeftim,
sometimes

or

^cdfpfortum,
Cela
the La German

t$e (gforin or "?ratring;ioof,

sculptoria,is
between the French

incorrectly written
formed of

Burin, the

Italian Bnlino, and

It
was

GrabstieheL
from
stars

by
the

Caille

Columba
; Gould
to
seven.

and
now

Eridanus,
to assigns

directlysouth
it

Sceptrum
of

Brandenburgicum magnitudes
of his from

twenty-eightcomponents,
Burritt,in
the

four

early editions

book, arbitrarily changed the

to

name

to

Praxiteles, perhaps thinking thereby

constellation
Caelum

avoid

possible confusion
Aldebaran the

with the

Sculptor.
to

comes

the

meridian
from

with the

the

star

on

10th of

visible January, and is entirely

40th parallel.

Camefopattafte,or
the French

C^mefoparbus, t$e (Btraffe,

long, faint, and stragglinglike
the the the

Oirafe

and

Italian Girafla, is
from

its namesake.

It stretches

pole-star to Perseus, Auriga, and

Lynx,
It and

the

hind
formed that

quarters within

Milky Way.
in outline only, in 1614? published it, the Camel that
to

was

by Bartschius, who
it

wrote

represented
this that that
seems

to

him

brought Rebecca
Mr.

to

Isaac.

Was
an

it from alteration

Proctor
to

attempted
been Flammarion's his heraldic within

change

its title to (to*

lus?
Gore

"

have of

adopted only by
Astronomic

J. Ellard

in

his translation, in
it with

1894,
to

PbpulaxnLili*
Hwa
a

Weigel
The State

used

Auriga
seven

form

figure,the
:

French

Chinese

located

asterisms

its boundaries
;

Kae,the
term

Umbrella,

extending beyond

Camelopardalis

Lull

Kea,

in

108
been located of the

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
that

House
here
at

of the

the

Moon,

from
; and

the
the

creation
to

luminary was Horoscope of the World, as being,

It stomach
was one

early belief

this

all the

signs, nearest
the human

the

zenith. and

of

the

unfortunate
over

signs,governing
Holland,
and times

breast

; and

reigned
New York.

land, Scot-

Zealand, Burgundy,
the

Africa

over (especially

Algiers,Tripoli,
In
a

Tunis),
Its

and

cities of India

Constantinople
and and and

and he

the

of Manilius colors

it ruled
were

Aethiopia, but
russet;
whence

termed fable

it

fruitful
its

sign.
the

green

early

attributed Sidus.
cause

guardianship to
sun was

the

god Mercury,
; and

its title Merourii

would the

When
tions, commo-

within

its boundaries locusts all the

every
Berossos in
a

thunder-storm asserted
that

famine, and submerged

when in

earth

was

to

be

planets met
But this
was

Cancer, and
reversal

consumed

by fire

when
;

they
as

met

Capricorn.
:

of the

rule astrologers'

for,

Pascal

wrote

They

only assign good

fortune

with

rare

conjunctions of

the

stars, and

this

is

how

their

predictions rarely fail.

It is said have been the Akkadian very

to

Sun
remote

of the South,

perhaps from
but

its it
was

position at the winter

was

solstice in the fourth

antiquity ;
our

afterwards
and

associated
as

with

month

Duzu,

June-July, luminary

known its

the

Northern
movement.

Gate

of the Sun, whence

that

commences

retrograde

Nan-gam being
as a

is Strassmaier's
and

transliteration

of

the

cuneiform
to

title;others

Puluk-ku

Xa*" Division, possibly referring

Brown has

the

solstitial colure

dividing
the
was

line.

recently claimed
the Tamil

for

it the The

title Nagar-asagga,

Workman

of the and

Waterway.

early Sanskrit
the
,

name

Karka
the

Karkata,

Karkatan,
Kulira, from

and

the

Cingalese Kathaoa;
term

but

later Hindus
for
our

knew colure. the

it

as

KoXovpog
The the

originatedby
it

Proclus and

Persians

had

Cherejengh
the Al later

Kalakang;
all words this

Turks, Lenknteh
the
to

Syrians, and
; and added the Birunl

perhaps
Al

Chaldaeans,

Sartono;

Hebrews,
Cancer.
of the

Sart"n
Al

Arabians,

Sarat"n,
Soft

equivalent
was an

Liha*, the
with in

Palate, but

early title
Bestia

Arabs

in connection said the that

their tnantiii Al Nathrah.

it
was

Kircher

Coptic Egypt
; La

KXapla,

the

seu

SUztio

Typhonis,
one

Power

of Darkness

Lande

identifyingthis with
associated
with

Anubis,
Sirius.
to

of the divinities of the

the
it to

Nile the of

country
tribe of

commonly
represents;

But the

Jews assigned
ass" that

Issachar, whom

Jacob

likened

"strong

each

the

Aselli this year

Dupuis assertingthat
that is Crabba"

these
A

last titles were Saxon

derived
of about

from the

Jewish association.
iooo

chronicle

had

"

Cancer

The

Constellations

109 days, for

Crab
in his its

Chaucer

had

Cancre, probably
Causer
of these

relic of Milton

Anglo-Norman
called

time it generally was

; and

it the

Tropic

from

havingmarked Showing
it was the
to alluding

one

great circles.
its lucida

but

few

stars, and

being
as

less and the

than

4th-magnitude,
eyes.
wrote

Dark
this

Sign,quaintly described
faintness
and

black

without

Dante,
in the

high
a

position in
ihem

heavens,

Paradiso:
Thereafterward So

lightamong
one a

brightened,
sole day.

that, if Cancer
would
have

such month

crystal had,
of
one

Winter

Jensen
in

makes
4000
b.

it the Tortoise
c. as

of

Babylonia, and Egyptian

as

it

was

so

figuredthere
about
sacer
2000

and
b. c.

Egypt

;
a

although

in the

records

of

it was and
an

described

Scarabaeufl, sacred,
This
was

its the

name specific

signifies,
nest-

emblem
earth in

of

immortality.
an

Greek

Kapafiog, with its

even as

ball of
1

its claws,
an

idea

which

occurs

again

late
a

as

the

2th century, In the

when

illuminated
of

astronomical it is
a

manuscript
Lobster, and
he called

shows

Waterand Lu-

beetle.

Albumasar

1489

large Crayfish; Bartschius

a

in bienitzki, toward

the
a

17th century,
small it to and

made

it into

the

latter added

Gemini

shrimp-like object
the

which

Canoer
in the

minor.

Caesius
14 ; while

likened

Breastplate
Aselli
to
were

of

Righteousness Manger
of

Ephcsians
infant

vi,

Praesaepe
Ass

the

the

Jesus,
that

with

the

and

Ox

presumed
the

be the

standing by. Evangelist.

of

JuliusSchiller
but in the

said

the whole

representedSaint
on

John
round

Our
of Leo This about

figure appears
Minor.

zodiac

Denderah,

location

planisphere1
34
at
b.

is

comparatively
of Tiberius heavens
b.

late

sculpturing,supposed
centuries

to

be it

c,

in the

time

and of

Cleopatra, possiblylater; previous,the

it

but
exact

shows,
date carry from

least

in part, the

many
some

fixed

by

Biot
a

being
of

700

c,

although
and It and

scholars,notably Brugsch,
that
was

it back similar

thousand

years

earlier

assert
was

largelycopied by
to

works de

Sargon's time.
in 1799,

discovered in 1820

the the

French

general Desaix

Voygoux
in

removed

Bibliois in

theque Imperiale
that of
a

Paris,where

it has sandstone of
most
once

since

remained.
4

Its appearance feet 9

some

very

large antique
in
a

medallion,
feet 9 inches.

inches

diameter, contained
errors,

square

With

fest mani-

it
not

is,nevertheless, a
of
which

interestingand
attributed
to

much-quoted
it. Of the

object,
enmost

although
I

the

importance
this
was

to

many
two

The

temple
at

contained the

dedicated Greeks

Isis, and
Tentore

is the

smaller

of the
names

celebrated from the

site sacred

Denderah,

Tentyris Egypt,

of the

and

of the

Copts,

derived
It is
on a

Tan-ta-rer

of ancient before

signifying

the
we

Land
now

of the have

Hippopotamus.
was

long

the present

edifice, of which

the ruins,

erected.

no

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
journal JO
Astronomic
to

gravings of this,the September,

Cancer 1888.
on our

best

is found

in Flammarion's

appears of

the

Farnese

globe
I

underneath
can

a no

quadrangular figure,
boundaries included
at

in the location
In this

Lynx,

of which
some

find

explanation.
as

constellation,with
in Hindu
and

slight variations
"

to

different times

astronomy,

and

always being
the 6th

and

occasionally17, 0,
Flower,
the and
or as as b.

Praesaepe,

"

was

located

nakshatra

Pnihya,
teacher of Crescent,
author

Tishiya, Auspicious, with presiding divinity.

the c, head of
an

the priest and Brihaspati,

was

gods,

It

sometimes
Amara

figured as
the

again

Arrow

; but

Sinha,

Sanskrit

of about The

56

called it Sidhaya, Prosperous.

manzil

Al

Hathrah,
ancient

the

Gap
was

in

the

hair

under

the

muzzle

of the but

supposed
later Two
on

immense y and 6

Lion,

chieflyformed
when The

by Praesaepe;
was

were

sometimes
from the

included,
Greeks.

it

Al
also the

Himfirain, the
knew it as Al

Asses, a title adopted

al Asad
both
suu

Arabs and

Fnm

and

as

Al the

Anf

al Asad, the

Mouth,

Muzzle, of the

Lion,
The from
now

to referring

early figure.
the
most

Kwei,

Spectre, anciently Kut,

i\ and

Cloud-like,

was

made

up it is

Praesaepe

with

0, the
the

latter

strangelyselected, as
yet
This
was

hardly distinguishable by
"

naked
in

eye,

and

the

determining

star,
in
our

perhaps

case

of variation

brightness.
of the

asterism, with Tsing

zodiacal modern

Gemini, formed
translates Crab Red of the
; this
as

Shun
the

Show, QuaiFs

one

twelve the

Kung,
title

which
as

Williams

Head,

giving
known Leo

Ken

Hea,
or

the

Quail being
the

otherwise
stars

as

the

Phoenix,

Pheasant,

the*

Bird

that, with
or

of

and

Virgo, marked

dence the resi-

Red,

Southern, Emperor.
Taurus,
it
was

Like of the

Gemini ancients these

;
even

and

shown the slower

backward, rising
motion
of in the

to
sun

which
in

some

ascribed fancifully

passing
mer's sum-

through
the

constellations,as
Doctor

well in

as

its influence

producing
to
"

the

heat crab."

Johnson,

Rasselas,

alluded

the

fervours

of

Very differently, however,

North Cos in Wind. the

Ampelius
bore the

associated

it with

the cold

or Septentrio,

Coins have The of took been

of

Aegean

Sea

figure

of

Crab

that

may

for this constellation. of the

symbol
some

sign, 23, probably

"

is "the

remains
to

of the the the

two

tion representaAsses that of the

such

creature

; but

it is also with the

referred

part in the conflict

of the

gods

giants on

peninsula by
a

Macedonian

Pallene,

the

early Phlegra, afterwards

side of the the 18th

rewarded

resting-

place in the
The
sun

sky

on

either

Manger.
of

is in Cancer

from

July to

the

7 th of

August;

but

the

The

Constellations

1 1 1

which solstice, about The

was

formerly Halley

here

and

gave

name

to

the

tropic, is
and the in

now

33"

to

the

westward,

near

i\ Geminorum. first

celebrated

comet

appeared
were

here

in

1531;
of

June,

all the 1895,

an

planets, except
and
most

Neptune,

in this quarter

heavens,
47

unusual

occurrence. interesting

Argelander catalogues
and

stars in the

constellation

in addition

to

Praesaepe;
white
Chaldai Arabic

Heis,

91.

Qt,

Double,
Chelae

4.4

and

n,

and

red.
of the the

Aeubens, from
is Tables,
not

the

quas but

Acubenae the

vocant

Alfonsine Claws,
on

Chaldaean,
one

from
star

Al
the

Zubanah,
head
of

the southern

of his

which Aoubene
Sockets

this

lies, near

Hydra.

Bayer
for
"

repeated this in
the Acetabnla, Arms

and of
a

names Azubene, adding Pliny's

it

"

Arm

crab,

and

Cirros,
"

properly Cirrus,
Bayer wrongly
and

the
lated trans-

themselves, equivalentto Ovid's

which Flagella,

Scourge;
also cited form of the
"

others

similarlysaying
"

Branohiae

Ungulae.
it Arabic in be the

Bayer
their word many

Barbarians1
Crab. The

unless Grivenesoos, unintelligible and

Tpaxpalos, a

Sartan
star 1,

Sertan
the

are

from

for the whole of these Some the

common

figure.

marking

other

claw,

shares

titles.

assign Al

Hamarein
term
on

to

a,

"

an

undoubted and

error,

as

Al

Himarain

was

Arabian culminates
a

for the of

the Aselli,y
18th 32 of

6, that
The

the

Arabic

signifies.
is
11

Aeubens

March.

companion
the
southern

".4

distant, at 0,
a

positionangle

50.5.
the

4th-magnitude,

is Al

Tarf^

End,

*.

e.

of

foot

on

which it lies.
Sunt
in

signo Cancri

duae

stellae parvae,

aselli appellati.
Hisioria Naturalu.

Pliny's

y,
Aiding borealif
the the and

4.6, and
Asellua
or

8,

4.3,

straw

color.

australis,the
of

Northern and the

and Greeks

the

Southern

Ass

Colt,were
of Afini,

'Ovoi,

Asses,

Ptolemy
known for y

; the

Aselli, or
to

Latins, distinguishedby their positionas

here

given, even
The

the present latin

day,

and

now

popularly
says

as

the but

Donkeys.
the the

Basel Tables

Almagest

of

1551
of

Asuras
have

only,

Alfonsine
Arabians

and the

Almagest
as

15 15

Duo
Two

Afini;
Asses.

and

similarly

knew them
callsthem

Al

Tfimarain,the
Starlets.
to

Bailey,in

his Mystic of 1858,

the is

Aselline

Manilius taken

supposed

allude
a

to

these

outstretched became

stars

as

the the

Jugulae,
Collar-

from indirectly

Jugum,

Yoke, which

Jugulum,

112

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
;

bone,

"

in

the

plural Jugula
an erroneous

and
statement

Jugulae
of

but

Ideler

asserted
that

that

this
was

originatedfrom reallymade
Riccioli's
mansion In

Firmicus, and
Belt of Orion.
was

reference

by

the

poet

to the

well-known

strange

Elnatret, doubtless title,

which the

from

that

of

the

lunar

Al

Hathrah,
were

Aselli and
of violent

Praesaepe constituted.
death
to

astrologythey
;

portents
to

such

as was

came
an

under infallible

their influence
precursor
If but

while

the

weather-wise thus

their dimness

of

rain, on

which

Pliny

enlarges:
high
winds

fog conceals
if the
southern

the Asellus
star

to the

northeast the

from
the

the

sooth

may

be

expected,

is concealed

wind

will be

from

northeast.

Our
stars

modern
were

Weather thus

Bureau the
a

would
other

probably
also would

tell be.

us

that

if

one

of these them

concealed,
as

Pliny mentioned
;

with
to

Praesaepe

forming

constellation

by

themselves

but

he

was

given

multiplying the

stellar groups. it

Inconspicuous though
constellation ecliptic
Crab
;

be,

the

Babylonians

used

6 to

mark

their 13th Star in the

were

Arku-aha-nangam-aha-flhutu, the
that the

Southeast

and

Brown

says

Aselli, with
of the and Solar

tj, 0, and

Praesaepe,

the

Akkadian
the

Gu-shir-kes-da, the
of the nakshatras from

Yoke

Enclosure.

They
in

also

marked

junction

Pnshya
Hind's

Aqlesha.
System

The found
The

following

passage

regard

to

6 will be

interesting:
most

ancient in Book

observation

of

Jupiterl
after the

which

we

are

acquainted with
considered
the

is thai free
on

reported
from all

by Ptolemy
doubt. the
as

X, chap, Hi, of the Almagest, and

in the

by
the

him

It is dated

83d

year

death
when
on

of

Alexander

Great,

the
now

18th of
known
on

Egyptian month
6

Epiphi,

in the
was

morning,
made

the

planet eclipsed
3,
B. c.

star

Cancri.

This

observation

September

240,

about

18 h

the

meridian

of Alexandria.

was on

applied by Bayer
the
to

to

the

coarse

extended of

cluster,N. G.
150
stars

C.

2632,44 M.,
from

head

of

the
two

Crab, composed
noticeable
well-known it

about

of

magnitudes
such I have

6)4
been

10, with
us

triangles among Beehive,

but

them.

With

it is the
to

its
a

historyas
recent

not
where no-

able

learn, although

undoubtedly is
Little

designation,for
of

is it

Apiariutn.
the

it was Scientifically
or 'A#A,i;c,

'Se"piXiovfor
of

Cloud,

Hipparchos
One,
of

; the Iva-

Little

Mist,

Aratos;

the

'Se"f"eXoet6Tjgf Cloudy
a literally Cloudy Sky,

Whirling Cloud, TpoQfj,

l

and
the

Hubilnm,
Greeks
as

Bayer;

This

planet

was

known

to

Z%vgt and

as

#ai"mv,

the

Shining

One.

The

Constellations

113
16th and 17 th centuries for before the

but the A referred

Imagests
to

and

astronomers

generally Nebulosa,
the

of the

it

as

the

Nebula,

and
was

in pectore

Cancri,

invention

of the

telescope this
not

recognized nebula, only universally

But ileo, Galthree nebulous
wrote

itscomponents
it
seems

being separately distinguishable by ordinary vision.

been
was

to

have

strangelyregarded
the
first to resolve

as

objects.
in

of Sidereus
The "mall

course,
x :

it, and

the

Nuneius

nebula
stars.

called I have

Praesepe,
noticed

which

is not

one

star,
the

only,but

mass

of

more

than

forty

thirtystars, besides

Aselli.

Popularly
;

it also the

is the of

Manger,
Ptolemy

or

Crib,

the

Qdrvrj
the the
"

of

Aratos

and

tosthenes Era-

4"aTvqc

; and

with

Latins, Praesaepe, PraeAlfonsine flanked

"aepes,

Praesaepis,
"

Praeeaepia, Praesaepium,
also the it modern

Presepe by
the cited

and

Bayer's Peseta*,
for whose

Spanish,
was

Aselli,
for it ;

accommodation Chilmead
the Greek had this
c

perhaps
with

invented. and

Bayer
with in this,

Melleff; which
these from from the

followed

Kellef,

Riccioli

Heeleph
in Crater.

Arabians1

Al

Malaf,
for

the

Stall ; and

turn, derived

astronomy,
as

their

indigenous
in the

Ma'laf

was

Schickard Brown the

Mallephon.
y,

includes and the

with

d, */, and
the first

Persian

lunar

station

Avra-k,
and

Cloud,

Coptic Ermelia, Nurturing.

botanist-author, about
the 300
b.

Tyrtaeus

Theophrastus,
its dimness
as

c,

Aratos, described
of the

and
a

disappearance in
token of

sation progressivecondenrain ;
violent

atmosphere
is not

sure

approaching
a

Pliny said,
storm ;

If

Praesaepe
in the

visible

in

clear sky it is

presage

of

and

Aratos

: (thePrognosticd) Aioarjfiela

murky

Manger

with is
a

both

stars

Shining unaltered
If while

sign
Ass

of rain.

the northern

is dimmed

By

vaporous
a

shroud, he of the south

wind: the vaporous Boreas.

gleam radiant,
shroud
and

Expect

south

radiance

Exchanging used
a

stars

harbinger

Weigel Hanger,
In In
of
1

it in the
coat

17th century,
arms

in his set farmers.

of

heraldic

signs,as

the

fancied

of

for the

astrology, like
China
it
was

all

it threatened clusters,

mischief

and She

blindness.

known and

by

the

unsavory i" of it

titleTseih

Ke,

Exhalation from
the world

Piled-up Corpses;
This Nuneius

within
at

Mercury
in

was

observed
first gave
to

that
the

Sidereus,published
results

Venice

by Galileo

1610,

of his

telescopic observations.

U4
country,
on

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
of the

the

9th

of

June,

a.

d.

118,

one

early

records

of that

planet.

C? Ternary,
This In
as was

5.6,6.3, and
the
rear

6,
of word

yellow, orange,
the be had Crab's

yellowish,
"

changing.
as

lies

on

edge
if the
to

shell,and
at

is known

Ttogmine, Tegmen,
the

the

Covering;
is

but,

allowable it. of

all,it should

be

Avienus

supposed
to

have

Ideler, however,
the

said that Avienus

and
not to

referring
This
is

the

covering

shell

marine

object,

stellar.
a

system

of great interest to astronomers

from

the

singularchanges
component,
of the the is
two

in

color, the
short The
;

probable period
maximum
never

existence orbital
of close
must to

of

fourth
"

and

invisible
"

and closer

for the
stars.

of

revolution

sixtyyears
these
The years. third

interval up be
as one

between
star.

is but

1",

minimum

o".2 and

yet they

member

5"

away,

its orbital

period

at

least

500

" and

0, according by
Watson

Peters'
two

investigations, probably 29th

of

are

the

nounced objectsan-

as

intra- Mercurial
on

planets, discovered

(?) during Wei,

the

total of

eclipseof the
the 6th Fire.

sun

the

July, 1878.
was

A,
the
p,

magnitude,
with

with

adjacent stars,

in China

Kwan

Bright
a

5^-magnitude,
the

Geminorum,
with
X

was

Tsih

Trin, a Heap
the
1. *.

of Fuel.

f, another

5 y2 -magnitude,
or,
as some

Leonis,

formed

seventh of the

manzil Al
Lion's

Tar"
the

End,

translate
so

it,the Glance,

Eye, borhood. neigh-

ancient

Asad, They

which also both

occupied
were

large a portion of Hahn,

Chinese
the

the

sky
and

in this the

the

Persian

Nose,

Coptic
flagsof

Piautos,
", with
that

the
k

Eye,
and

lunar in

asterisms.
was

stars

Leo,

the

Tsu

Ke,

one

of

the

country.

Bootes

hath

unleash'd

his
Owen

fieryhounds.
Meredith's Clytemntstra.

Cdnes
are

(ttenafiri, t$e g)unfing "oge,

Chasse,
between
or

the

French

Chienfl du

Lenders;
Bootes and

the

German

Jagdhunde, and
Ptolemy
tered en-

the

Italian Levrieri, their

stars

lying

Ursa latter

Major.

among

the

apopfyvToi

of the

and constellation,

the

Ii6

Star-Names
is the French

and

their

Meanings
Italian

It German

Coeur

de

Charles;

the

Cuor

di Carlo;

and the

Hen

Karls.
it
was

With technical of In
a

Ulug Beg
term

Al

Xabd

al Asad, the

Liver
any

of

the

Lion,

"

here the
pass com-

indicating the
from

highest
the
a

positionof

star

within

figure reckoned
it
a

equator.
Seat.
amateur

China is
20"

was

Chang Chen,
object
with

This
about

favorite apart.

observers, the components

Celestial

being
that

Espin
and

says,

in for

Webb's

Objects
yet

of

1893,

they
from Miss

have proper
us;

been

fixed relatively

seventy-three unequal
of

years,
at

show

able considerdistances colors.

motion,
and he

probably
various

are

stars

nearly equal
as

gives
is

opinions
and

observers Their

to

their

Clerke

calls them but

pale yellow
the 20th
to
a

fawn.

present

positionangle

is about Cor On in
a a

2300,
Caroli the

slowly changing.
on

culminates
Cor

of

May.
somewhat
nearer

line from small

Caroli

Arcturus, and

the latter, into

triangle of
blaze.

stars, is
is N.

beautiful C. 5272,

globular cluster
3

concentrated well-known in of

central

This

G.

M., long

object, 1895, on
no

but

recently

rendered taken

noticeable specially

by Bailey's discovery
at

photographs
than of the whole of The
stars

by

Harvard
stars

astronomers

Arequipa, Peru,
"

less
cent,

ninety-six variable
number variables the

within

its

boundaries,

nearly
:

ten

per
usual per

in the among
centre
run

cluster the

distinctly photographed
stars

the
one

portion procent.

naked-eye
and is many

is not be

quite

near

together

cannot

counted,

but

the total

number

in the

cluster

probably
8

thousands. after Cor

j3,4.3, is Chara, the

member of the Southern

of

Flamsteed, and,

Caroli,

the

brightest

Hound.

152

Schjellerup,
named

5.5,

brilliant Secchi

red.

La

Superba

was

so

by

Father

from

the

superbly flashing
of from
stars
our

of brilliancy

its

prismatic rays. eight

and of

It is the

brightestof
120

its class

with tude, lati-

spectra of the 4th type, of which

and in its but
seven
or

only
these

about

are

known
eye.

visible

to

the naked

Variability

light is

also

suspected.
north this Kaid
2

It lies about
A

70

*4"

west

of Cor
can

Caroli.
seen

misty spot
from
or

in Al

constellation

be

with is the 51

low-power 30
of

southwest

(77Ursae

Majoris).
N. G.

This C. 5194,

Spiral Nebula
our a

Lord

Rosse,
ideas

the

Whirlpool Hebula,
have Roberts

M.,

lished long-estabphotograph
appears
to

of which Isaac

recently been
after four

somewhat hours'

modified
It

by
now

taken

by

Mr.

exposure.

The
be
an

Constellations

117
opposite extremities
a

composed
oval central

of

pair

of

curving arms
of the
arms

issuingfrom

of
"

body,
in

one

joining itself to

second

nucleus,

new

system

process

of formation.

Fierce

on

her

front the
Samuel

blastingDog-star glowed.
Taylor Coleridge's On
brief
a

the French

Revolution.

One

blazes

through

the

bright summer's
car.

length,
Later

Lavishing life-heat from

flaming

Christina

G.

Rotsetti's

Life.

"ani* (tttojor, t$e (Breafer

of the southern of

"og,
to

heavens, Orion,
cut
on

and

thus

Canifl

lies immediately Auatralior,

the

southeast with

through
the in

its centre

by

the

Tropic

of

Capricorn, and
in France;

its eastern

edge
in

Milky Way.
in

It is Cane and
In

Maggiore
Hnnd

Italy; Cftet

Portugal; Grand

Chien

Chrosse

Germany. days it
or
was

early classical
of

simple Canifi,representing Laelaps,

Diana's for But

the
to to

hound

Actaeon, by
Aurora
to

that and the

of

nymph
the

Procris, or
that
so

the

one

given
as

Cephalus
cause

famed

speed
the in the

gratified Jove
it also and has thus

its

transfer

sky.
Aratos

from

earliest times

been
wrote

the

Dog

of Orion
Phainomena

to which

alluded

Ptognostua,

of in the

in connection

with the

Hare:

The
.

constant

Scorcher

comes

as

in

pursuit,

and
. .

rises

with

it and

its

settingspies.
doubtless
some

Homer
star

made

much among
was

of it the

as

Kvwv,

but

his

Dog

was

limited

to

the

Sirius, as

ancients
as
we

at generallytill,

unknown

date, the
we

constellation
find many

formed
to

have in

it, indeed
"

till long
are

afterwards,for
whether gave

allusions
or

the

Dog

which
to.

we

uncertain
Aratos

the

constellation
both also

its lucida

is referred the the

Hesiod
iieyaq

and
; but

this title,

saying
the the

and Zeiptog,

latter

by this

adjectivehe
to two

designed only to characterize

it from

of brilliancy Greeks

the

star, and
not

not

guish distin-

Lesser

Dog.

The

did

know the

the

Dogs

thus,

nor

did

comparison appear

tillthe

days

of

Roman

Vitruvius.

8#

1 1

8
and his

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Homer's former

Ptolemy
AorpoKvwv,

countrymen
it
seems

knew

it by
the

title,and
never

often

as

although

singular that
from the

used

the word

Seiptog.
The borne

Latins

adopted

their Canis
even

Greeks,
in the

and

it has

since

always

this name,

sometimes

Canieula

diminutive the last two

"

jectival (withthe ad-

candens, shining), Erigonaeua, and

the fable her of the

Icariua;
means

being from

dog

Maera,

"

which

itself

Shining,
into his Icarii

transported
and her stella fro-

here;
master
,

mistress into

Erigone having
Bootes. Ovid

been alluded the

transformed
to

Virgo,

Icarius

this in

terva

canis;
ascribed

and

Statius
the

mentioned Lesser

Icarium

astrum, although Hyginus

had

this to

Dog.
with
the best

Sirion
and the

and

Syrius occasionallyappeared
Tables of 152 the
1st
1

Latin

authors;

Alfonsine

had

Canif
as
a

Syrius.
calendar

Vergil brought

it into

Georgic
Canis

sign,
" "

adverso

cedens

occidit

astro,

instructing the
setting on
well-known the

farmer
1st

to

sow

his

beans, lucerne, and

here

millet

at

its heliacal
to

of

May;

the

adverso the

generallybeing
of

referred
may have

the

reversed
to

position of
the

figure
the Bull

Taurus,
to

but

been
was

intended

indicate

of hostility

the

Giant's

Dog

that

attacking
CnftOf
the the lower demons: group

him.

Europae

is in allusion

to

the

story of the
maiden

Bull
; and

ing who, notwithstandJanitor

Dog's watchfulness,
of

carried him
a

off that southern

Lethaens,
of the of

Keeper

Hell,
which
more

makes in

Cerberus,
were

the

watch-dog
as

heavens,
a

early mythology

regarded
for the

the

abode modern

title

appropriate
or

here

than

so-named

in the

northern,

upper,
as

sky.
proper
names

Bayer erroneously quoted

while others
to

Dexter, Magnus,
these

and

Secundum

had

Alter
the

and

Sequens;

but

originallywere
of

designed

only
to

indicate

size,and Dog's position,

order

risingwith regard
the cause

his lesser The

companion.
and

aestiferof Cicero
summer's

Vergil referred
also induced absurd the

to

its

bright Sirius
invidum

as

of the

heat,

which

Horace's

and agricolis ;
then heat
as

was Bayer's "Xdpo"f"ofiia

from canine
seen come

notion, prevalent solely during

of the the

now,

of

the

occurrence
an

of idea

madness with from

from

the

Dog-star:
Christ. careful
in his De
a

first have

Asclepiades

3d

century
none

before
too

Or

it may

being

confounded
which

by Bayer,

compiler,

with

the

'Tdpaywyov,

Plutarch
e.

applied
cause

to

Sirius Nile

Isidoro,signifyingthe

Water-bringer, i.

the

of

the

flood.

The

Constellations

119
of
as

Aratos

termed
or

the

constellation
"

nouciko";y as Dog, lying in

varying brightness in
well
as

its

different parts;

mottled diversified
as

the in

out

of the

Milky

Way, being
In

thus

light. everywhere,
the of it took

early Arabia,

indeed

titles from

its

though lucida, al-

strangely corrupted from niyyah,the Brightly Shining Star

of which

Al original

Shi'ra al Abur

al Yamadirection
of

Passage
we

of

Yemen,
in the in

in Latin

the

province
et

it set.

Among

these

see,

Almagest
of

1515, "canis:

est

aseheie, alahabor

aliemenia";

the

edition

1551,
from

Hscheere;

in

Bayer's

Cfranowetria, Elseiri

(which
Lande,

Grotius

derived

Elsere, Sceara, Scera, Scheereliemini; oeipto";),

hare

in Chilmead's in his

Treatise, Aba-

aliemalija;
Arabian the

and

Elohabar,
from Al

which the

La

PAstronomie,

not

unreasonably derived
The
so

Kabir,
called

Great.

astronomers

it Al

Kalb

al Akbar,

the

Greater

Dog,
Al

following
quoted
Greek

Latins,

Chilmead

writing

it Alcheleb of the
was

Alachbar

; and

Biruni the

their Al

Kalb
of

al Jabbar, the
the

Dog

from Giant, directly the Persians'

conception
of

figure. Similarlyit
in

Kelbo

Gavoro.
It was, remains Aratos
on

course,

important
and

Euphratean astronomy,
of

and

is shown often
"

on

from

the

temples
it and
as

mounds,
on

variouslypictured,but
maps

just as

described
hind the
out

drawn
or
"

the
the

present day,
Hare.

standing
Young
but

the

feet, watching

springing after
who sits up

Professor
master

describes
with
an

figure as
for Flamsteed

one

watching

his

Orion,

eye and

Lepus."
alone among

Bayer

its illustrators

showed

it

as

typical

bulldog.
A

Dog,

presumably
found

this

with
on

another

adjacent, is represented
site of

on

an

disc ivory mirror and

by

Schliemann
age

his

supposed
While

Troy
the of the

; and
crescent

an

can Etrusmoon,

of unknown located

bears

it with
stars.

Orion, Lepus,
both and

correctly

neighboring
the of Hercules The Hindus the

the Hare

Dogs,
are

the scribed de-

Dragon, Fishes, Swan, Perseus,

as

Twins, Orion,
in the knew who it old poem
as

on

the

Shield

of that

title generally
the
our

attributed
and slayer,

to
as

Hesiod.

it

Mrigavyadha,
the
now

DeerBelt of

Lubdhaka,
infamous
much

Hunter,

shot
even

arrow,

Orion, into
his

the

where Praja-pati, with still, their of the

is

seen

stickingin
it was"

body

;
one

and,

earlier Twin

predecessors prehistoric

Saiama,
Among

of the

Watch-dogs
it
was

Milky Way. dog

in the

northern

nations

Greip, the

myth

of

Sigurd.
said

All of these

doubtless
who the

referred

solelyto
in the

Sirius.
every

Novidius,
that this
was

imagined Dog

biblical

in significance Book

starry group,

of Tobias

of Todit,v, 16, which

Moxon

120

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
reason

confirmed

"

because

he

hath
same

tayle," and
saw

for that here the

only;

but

Julius

Schiller,another
Gould

of the

school,
down

royal Saint

David,

catalogued 178

stars

to

the

7th magnitude.

Hail, mighty Sirius, monarch

of the

suns

! thee
The

May

we

in this poor

planet speak
Mrs.

with

?
Stars.

Sigourney's

a,

Binary,

"

1.43

and

8.5, brilliant white Syrius

Hesiod
to
even as

and

yellow.
Flamsteed's
and

Sirius, the Dog-star, often

Father HelFs

written

late

as

day,

has

generally been
with and
our

derived
as
a

from

oeipiog,

or sparkling

scorching, which
also Greek
we

first the used

appeared

title for this star, although

stars.
an

applied
authors read

to

sun,

by Abychos

all the

Various

early

it for
:

Sirius,perhaps generally as

for adjective,

in Eratosthenes
call

Such

stars

astronomers

oetpiovcon
the both

account

of the

tremulous

motion

of their

light;

so

that

it would used any

a

seem

that for

word,
sun

in its forms

oeip,oeipo$,and originally was

in the

otipioq,
"

Suidas indicate
became

all three

and

star,

"

employedto
course

brightand
name

sparklingheavenly object,but
for this

of time

proper

brightestof
Jacob

all the

stars.

Lamb, One,
and

however,

thought
in that it
was

it of

Phoenician
a

origin,signifyingthe Chief
sun

originally
that

country
from the

title for the

Bryant,
but the

the

mythologist,said
considers

Egyptians' Cahen
their well-known that

Sihor; Henri,
from the

Brown Greek

itatranswhile Du-

scription from
Plutarch and is
an

Osiris;

puis distinctlyasserted
called almost
exact

it was

Celtic

8yr.
with

it UpoonrTjg, the Leader,which

translation
Kvuv
were

well agrees

its character

of its

Euphratean, Persian, Phoenician, and

Seipiov Zelpios dorf/p, dorrjp,
in

Vedic

titles;but
or

Kvwv,
to

oeipiog,Kvg)v
its
names

doTpov,
poetry.

simply

aorpov,

early Greek
Dog
and

astronomy

and
was

UpoKvcjv, better
Galen

known
as

for the

Lesser the

its lucid a, also

applied to Sirius by
Homer the
season

preceding
Iliad last
as

other
vog,

stars

in the

constellation.
;
1

alluded intended
"

to

it in the
was

'Onwpi
of

the Star all of

of Autumn
and

but

the

days

July,

August,

part of
brated this cele-

September

the
:

latter part of

summer.

Lord

Derby
light fiery

translated

passage

A There When
l The

flash'd, like autumn's

star, that
ocean

brightest shines
;
"

newly
word

risen

from

his

bath
"

Greeks

had

no

exactly equivalent
it

to

our

autumn to

until

the

5th century

before

Christ, when

appeared

in

writings ascribed

Hippocrates.

The

Constellations

121

while later

on

in

the

poem

Homer

compares

Achilles,

when

viewed

by

Priam,to
th' autumnal

star, whose

brilliant ray

Shines Whom

eminent
men

amid

the depth of night, call.

the dog-star of Orion

The

Roman

farmers in c,

sacrificed the
the
sun

to

it

fawn-colored

dog
Sirius.

at

their

three stituted inof

festivals when,

May,
were

began

to

approach
the

These,

238
their

b.

Robigalia, to averting
to
ensure

secure

propitiousinfluence
from

goddess Robigo

in

rust

and

mildew

their

fields ; and

the Floralia and

Vinalia,

the

maturity
the
even

of their

blooming

flowers,

fruits and

grapes. the Latins

;

Among
the

it

naturally shared occasionally was

Husbandry
hounde the

constellation's Canioula certain

;

titles, probably
as

them originated
1420
"

and

indeed,
to
a

late

as

Palladium

of

urged
"

farm-work than

be

done

Er the

caniculere, the
the Historic

ascende

and,

more

century
:
"

later,
Serins

Eden, in

of

Vyage

to Moscovie

and

Cathay,

wrote

is otherwise cauled

Canicula, this is

the

dogge,

of whom

the canicular

dayes

have

theyrname."
been asserted that

It has

Ovid

and

Vergil
the

referred

to

Sirius

in

their

Latrator Anubis,

representing a jackal- or dog-headed

and of but

Egyptian divinity,
to

guardian of the visible horizon goddess of the

eitherstar
or

transferred solstices, whether

Rome

as

chase;

it is very

doubtful

they

had

in mind

constellation.
name, Al

Its well-known much Yamaniyyah, and Roman

Shi'ra,
the Ideler

or

Al

Si'ra, extended

as

al

Abur

al

resembles

and, equivalents,
from
"

Egyptian, Persian, Phoenician, Greek, origin thought, may have had common
source
:

with them

some

one

ancient
The
'

possibly the
Passage,
the in

Sanskrit
to

Surya,

the of
to

Shining One,
the

the

Sun. South

Abur,
the

or

refers
same,

the
or

myth
from
"

to Canopus'flight

the

; and
star

adjective to
Yemen,
towards

perhaps

southerlyposition of
in these the From

the Lesser

towards
seen

distinction
"

that in the

of Al Ghumaisa'

Dog,
names

Sham,

Syria,

North.

geographical

originated the Arabic

;

adjectives
the former
ward east-

Northern and Vamaniyyahand Shamaliyyah, Southern the Right-hand On Side, /. e. to an literally signifies towards In Mecca. Tables of Al which the

although

observer

facing

Chrysococca's

titleis liarjp Japavf) ; and

Doctor it Sirius the

C. Edward

Sachau's translation Riccioli had

and

Biruni's the

Chronology

renders

Jemenicns.

Halabor,

15 15

Almagest applied to
Habor
; while

constellation; lobur,
another

Chilmead, Gabbar, Eober, and

Shaari

122

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Egyptian
Ascoher
and for the Princess,
In

queerly corrupted form,

Alfonsine
while similar star, and
but In The he Tables

is found

in

Eber's
to

the

the

originalis changed
and and the

Aschere

Aliemini;
others for the

Bayer
for

gives plain Aschere

star

Elscheere Scera
from
an

star, with

both

constellation.

is cited old

by

Grotius
and

Sceara all

for
to

whole,

derived

lexicon;

Alflere;

traced

leipio^.
it is Suhail, the

modern late

Arabia Finnish
of

general designation for brightstars.

accounted for the the

poet

Zakris the fact

Topelius
that years upon
into into the

exceptional
Bold and

magnitude
Salami
the their

Sirius

by
a

the of

lovers

Zulamith

Fair, after

thousand

separation and
at

toil while

ing build-

bridge,the Milky Way,

Straight
And So

meeting
each
one

its completion,
arms

rushed

other's

melted
became

they
In

brightest star
arch
that

heaven's

high

dwelt

"

Great

Sirius, the mighty Sun

Orion's belt.

Beneath

The

native the

Australians

knew

it

as

their

Eagle,

constellation it in

by itself;

while with

Hervey Islanders, calling it Mere,

and
the

associated

their folk-lore

Aldebaran the

Pleiades.
titles for the also have

Sharing
Hunter, trya,
8ira.
the

Sanskrit
the Vedas

whole,

it

was or

the

Deer-slayer and
in Persia

the

while

for it And

Tiahiya
this
we

TishTishiga, Tistrija,
too

Tirtar,or Chieftain's,Star.
later Persian and Pahiavi
to

find the and of the

also ; as ever, how-

The

have be
or
"

Tir,

Arrow.

Edkins,

considers Hewitt the

sees

Sirius, or
in

Procyon,

Vanand, Dog,

Arcturus, Tistar.

Sirius the
of

8ivanam,

Rig
to to

Veda

awakening

Ribhus,
a

the very

gods

mid-air, who
office from
a

thus that

calls them

their office of rain

this
star

sending,"
Yet rich Latin these

different

assigned
Arbhu,
the

in

Rome.

had gods,philologically,

Roman the word in

connection,

for Professor

Fried-

Maximilian

Mueller, writing
Hewitt
the also says

associates
Hindu known Heavens.

it with the

Orpheus.
was

that

earliest
was

mythology
;

Sirius
in the

Sukra,

Rain-god,
one

before Four

Indra

thus of the

and

that

Avesta

it marked

of the of

Quarters

Although

the

identification

Euphratean
as

stellar

titles is

by

no

means

and settled,especially have found and that for it Brown

so singularly names more

or

to

this great star, yet various

ties authori-

less

probable.
that

Bertin
the

think
and
"

it
a

conclusivelyproved
of the South
"

it

was

Kak-flhidia,
is Sayce's ter charac-

Dog

Leads,
of the

Star

; while

Kak-shidi

transliteration
which the

the originalsignifying also

Creator and

of

a Prosperity,

Persians

assigned to it;

it may

have

been

the Akka-

124
of the

Star-Names
inundation
it
was

and

their

Meanings
in the earlier

at

the

risingof
Sottas, at
the

the

star.

But

temple
for that
to

service
a

of Denderah time and in

Ins

Philae

Ins

Sati, or
the

Satit, and,
soul of

long

Egypt's mythology,
a

resting-placeof
made the word

goddess,
this;
though al-

thus

favorable be
to

star.

Plutarch that

distinct
at

reference also Later

it should luminous brother and

noted the of

Isis

times

indicated it
to
was

thing any-

eastward

heralding
this word

sunrise.
was

Oniii,
celestial

husband

Isis,but

also Thus

applied

any

body becoming
in the As

invisible
of

by

its

setting.

its titles

noticeably changed worship

it
was
a

long period Thoth,

"

Egypt's history.
most

and

the

prominent
in the

stellar month

object
of

in the
"

of

that
some

country,
way

its heliacal with

risingwas
the various

Thoth,

in

associated

similarlyprominent
forms,
the bird zodiacs.

sacred and

also ibis,
star

symbol together

of
on

Isis and Nile

Thoth, for,in

appear

monuments,
was
as

temple walls, and

too,
as

Sirius

worshiped,
and the Fair

Sihor, the Nile

Star, and,

even

more

monly, com-

Sotta

Sottas,its popular GraecoStar

of the

Egyptian
but

name,

the

Brightly
was

Radiating One, Sepet, Sopet, and

Upon
Period
minds

Waters; Sot,
"

in the vernacular
of Vettius

Sept,
Sothiac the
an

Sopdit; Bed,1 and

was

the of the

"j?0

Valens.

this
named of

star

laid

the foundation has

Canicular, Sothic, or
attention
and

after

it, which

excited

the

puzzled
has

historians, antiquarians, and

discussion
Arnold of this in his Dawn

chronologists. Lockyer
of Astronomy.
Princess:

admirable
Sir Edwin

writes of it in his Egyptian

when the rises

And And

even

Star of Kneph fast and full

has

brought
the

the

summer

round,
;

the

Nile

along
to

thirstyground
the

for the of the

Egyptians always
inundation the that

attributed
at

the
summer

Dog-star

beneficial

influence
some

began
Nile
to

the

solstice ; Sirius its

name

indeed,
dwells

have

said
others

that

Aethiopian
the
:
"

took be
that

from
case.

Siris, although
much
on

consider thus the

reverse

the
the

Minsheu,

who

this,ends
the
water

Some

thinke

Dog-starre
also

is called

Sirius,because
as

at

time
were

Dogge-starre
led

reigneth,

Nilus

overfioweth
been of its

though
watchful

the

by

that

Starred

Indeed, Egypt,
"

it has

fancifullyasserted
supposed
him

that
care

its canine
over

title

originatedin
of the of the

because
; its

the

interests

husbandman

risinggiving

notice

of

the

approaching
Caesius
cited derived According and
1

overflow for

Nile."
as

it Solechin the

from

that word

country,

the signifying

Starry

Dog,

from
to

Egypto-Greek
this

SoAc/ctJv.
hieroglyphic inscriptions

Mueller,

Sed,
in

or

Shed,
as

of the El

appeared

Hebrew

Shaddar.

The
it is the

Constellations
the Nile
that the

125
on

Perhaps
Procyon
two
nose

ancient
the

importance Egyptian
and of the

of

this Dog
to

has
stars

given the popular

and and triangles of the

name,

X,

the

figure formed
Sinus
at

by

Betelgeuze,
the

Naos

Phaet,
letter.

with On

the

vertices marks

of the the

centre

our

maps

Sinus

Dog.
are

The The
as

Phoenicians
astronomers

said
China

to

have do
not

known
seem

it
to

as

Hannabeah,
made
as

the much

Barker. of with Sirius other

of other

have

did those in

of

countries, but
as

it is

occasionally mentioned,
Reeves that

stars

Canis

Major,
Wolf. from

Lang Hoo;
thieves.

and

quoted
when

for it Tseen

Lang,
it

the

Heavenly
have

Their

astrologerssaid
Mazzaroth
of the

unusually bright

portended
Some
of the

attacks called

it the this the

Book it
as

of Job; Sihor,
or
"

others

the

Hafil
name,

Hebrews;
thinks

but that of

people

also

knew of the

its

Egyptian
"

and

Ideler

adoration the
^ "

S"erim,
"

Devils

of the

thorized Auas

Version
we see

our

Bible
was

He

Goats

of

the
to

Revision, which,
the

in Leviticus
to

xvii,7,

speciallyprohibited
the

Jews,

may

have
must
shiped wor-

had have

reference been

Sirius and
known
to

Procyon,
them in the

Two
of

Sirii

or

Shi'rayan, that
as

well their

land

their

long bondage
celebrated
of in the

by
The

taskmasters. of
at

culmination
of Ceres

this

star

at

midnight
at

was

the

great

temple

Eleusis, probably
Ceans of the the
an

the

initiation

Eleusinian
at

mysteries;and
its heliacal In

the

Cyclades predicted from

year would be of

its appearance the the

reverse.

risingwhether
it
was

ensuing
of

healthy or
Muhammad Yet have

Arabia, too,
this

object
that
on
"

veneration, especiallyby although

his followers. that
to

tribe

of

Kais,and
forbade
gave

probably by
honor
to

Kodha'a,
part
in the of

expressly
he himself this. that

star-worship
some

the
star
"

much

heavens
no

may

been

In
were

early astrology and

attributed
to

poetry there

is

end

the

evil influences

Sirius.

Homer

wrote,

in Lord
The Of

Derby's translation,
brightest he,
evil augury. bat

sign

to

mortal

man

Pope'svery

liberal version

of the

same

lines,
"

Terrific glory ! for his burning Taints

seems

breath

the

red air with

fevers, plagues and

death,

"

to The

have

been

taken

from
he

the

Shepheard's
dogge
pyne,

Kalendar
breath

for

July

rampant

Lyon

hunts

fast with in hast

of noysome

Whose

balefuil
was

barking brings

plagues
for
we

and

dreerye death.
in the Aeneid
:

Spenser,however,

equally a borrower,

find

126

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
brings drought
and diseases
on

The

dogstar,that burning constellation,

saddens the

when

he

sickly

mortals, rises and and

sky

with

inauspicious light ;

in the

4th Georgic:
Jam rapidus
torrens

sitientes Shius

Indos

Ardebat

coelo,

rendered
taeus
:

by

Owen

Meredith

in his Paraphrase

on

Vergil's Bees

of

Aris-

Swift
Was hot

Sirius, scorching thirstyInd,

in heaven.

Hesiod

advised
and
"

his

country
is dried

neighbors,
up

"When of
even

Sirius

parches
sit in

head the with

and shade but and

knees,
and

the

body
advice
of

by

reason

heat, then
till now,

drink,"

followed, universally

although
his the

little

thought
of effect

Sirius.
star's

Hippocrates
power
some over

made the of

much, weather,

in

Epidemics
in

Aphorisms,

this upon

and

consequent

physical
even

mankind,

his theories
result of all

being
be.

current

Italy
upon
wrote

during sign
:

the the

last century ; while zodiac in

the
sun

physic depended
Manilius

the

of

which

the

chanced

to

of Sirius

from
The
most

his

nature

flow

afflicting powers
to

that rule below.

But have

these been

expressions as
induced

the the

hateful evil
our

character

of the

the

Dog-star
in the with the of

may

in part from years

reputation of
era,

dog

Kast.
sun's

Its heliacal
entrance

rising, 400
the

before

corresponded
the taken

into and

constellation

Leo,

that

marked

hottest
on

time
trust

the the
as

year,

this observation,
who
were

originallyfrom
and

Egypt,
and

by

Romans,
to

not

proficient observers,
their and age the association

without
rise to

consideration
their dies and

its correctness

for

country, gave
of the duration
more

cani-

culariae,the
with
not

dog days,

celestial Dog
of these than in

Lion

the heat

of midsummer. upon
as

The

time and

days, although modern,

on were

generallyagreed
considered of

in ancient

times, any
on

commonly
1

beginning
were

the and The

3d

of

July and
of the

ending

the

ith

August,
and

for such

the
to

time

period

unhealthy
then

season

of

Italy,

all attributed
to

Sirius.

Greeks,

however,
Yet
even
:

generally
some

assigned fifty days

took
a more

the

influence of the

of the

Dog-star.

correct

view

matter,

for Geminos

wrote

It is
error,

generally believed
for the
star

that

Sirius
a season

produces
of the

the year

heat when

of

the

dog days
heat

but

this

is

an

merely marks

the

sun's

is the greatest.

But

he

was

an

astronomer.

The

Constellations

127
Dante

The scourge
swart

idea
of star." This

prevailed,however, days
canicular the
"

even

with

the in

sensible

in his
it

"

great
"

; while

Milton,

Lycidas, designated
many the
even

as

the

And

notion doubtless

holds

good

with
on

to

the

present
where

time. the

character head took of

is indicated sun-rays.

Farnese

globe,

Dog's
But

is surrounded
a

with
view

Pliny

kinder

of this star,

as

in

the

"

xii.

chapyture
:

of

the

xi. booke

his naturall

hystorie,"on
the rysynge rysynge
;

the

originof honey
star

This
rysyngc

coometh of

from

the
not

ayer

at

of of

certeyne

res,

and
are

especiallyat
the
seven

the

Sirius, and

before

the

Vergiliae (which

starres

cauled

Pleiades)

in the sprynge

of the

day

although
or as

he
were

seems a

to

be

in doubt

whether

"

this bee

the

swette

of

heaven,
seen

it

certeyne

spettylof the
of all born

starres." in late this Thebet

This

idea

is first
wealth

in
nown re-

Aristotle's
were

History of
the

Animals. lot

So, too,

astrology
and its

and

happy

under

companion

Dog.

Our

modern

Willis

wrote

in his Scholar
Sinus
a

of

ben Khorat:

Mild

tinct with flower upon

dewy violet,
the breast of Eve.

Set like

When It

in
has

opposition Sirius
been of
a

was

supposed
the Bond

to

produce the
in the

cold

of winter.

in all

historythe brighteststar
naked

heavens, thought worthy

even seen

by Pliny
sunshine

place by itselfamong
the eye very

and constellations,
at

in broad and

with
at to

by

Cambridge, Massachusetts,
; but

by others
by
many

midday with
have been
at
a

slightoptical aid
red See in
to

its color white.

and the

is believed

changed length
not to

from

its present
affirmative

This

question
of

recently
the

has

discussed, by

the

Schiaparelliin weight
change
ment, arguof color

negative,
however, historic
Aratos'

allowing repetitionhere,
be

seeming

against the admission

to

of any

in

times.
term

noacikog, applied
sense as one

the
or

Dog,

is

equally appropriate
is
an

to

Sirius

now

in the

of

many-colored
realizes
on

changeful, and evening.

admirable

characterization,
coming always
Princess: up
correct

when
a

watching this magnificent object

winter

from
as

the well

horizon
as

Tennyson,

who

is The

poeticalin his
the And

astronomical

allusions,says in

fierySirius
into red

alters hue and

bickers

emerald;

this, of
gave

course,

being largely due

as an

to

its marked

scintillation ; and
Of
a

Arago

Burftfr**11

Arabic

designation for

Sirius,meaning

Thousand

128

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
of hue in
a

Colors been

and

said

that

as

many

as

thirtychanges

second

had

observed

in it.1 its is by brilliancy, the

nearest
no means

Sirius,notwithstanding
to
our

the
two
or

nearest

star

system,
far
as

although
is yet
a

it is among
a

only

three

others
to

having, so
present
years, Some due the
to

known,

smaller

distance.

Investigationsup
distance
of

the

time

show

parallax
that of
a

of

o".39, indicating a

8.3 light

nearly
are

twice

Centauri.
the

of the

opinion
of

that

apparent
its greater and

magnitude
intrinsic

of

Sirius is

partly
that much

the

whiteness

its tint and

brilliancy ; and
would of red appear

red

stars, Aldebaran,
now

Betelgeuze,
same

others,

brighter than
the

if of the

color than

as

Sirius ; rays of
"

light affecting
The

retina
of

of the

eyemore
that

slowly
makes

those
star

other 1.43,
"

colors. about
"

modern
times
as

scale

magnitudes
the standard
or

this

9^

bright as
the into
sun
"

ist-magnitude
million
that

star
as

Altair

(a Aquilae),
Sirius ; but,

would

make

25.4,
we

7000 find
as

times

brightas
in

taking distance
the
sun.

account,

Sirius is
of the

reallyforty times brighter than

distinction
of
;

Its
name

spectrum,
to
one

type
four

Sirian

from

the

Solar,gives
instituted by

of his

the

general
in

divisions

stellar
two
one

spectra

Secchi

from

observations observed
stars.

1863-67
Of these

these

divisions
half
are

including
a

nearly

of tne -fj-

about

Sirian of

white brilliantly of

colour, sometimes

inclining
with

towards

steely blue.

The

sign manual

hydrogen

is

stamped

upon

them

extraordinary intensity

by broad,
miles

dark

shaded

lines which
to

form

regular
our

series.
at

It is found
ten
a

by Vogel

be

approaching
Rome
was

system

the

rate

of

nearly

second, and,
more

since

built,has changed
of the
moon.

its

by position

somewhat

than
on

the the
1

angular diameter
ith of

It culminates The

February.
that

celebrated
;

Kant

thought

Sirius

was

the

central

sun

of the

Milkywas

Way
"a

and, eighteen
sun some

centuries illuminate

before
remote

him,

the

poet

Manilius
that

said
even

that it
at

distant

to

bodies," showing
true

that
stars.

early day
Certain
years which Safford of it
to

had

knowledge
the the
;

of the

character

and Bessel

office of the in

in peculiarities

motion belief and

of that

Sirius led
it had
an

1884,

after ten with led pre-

observation,
was

to

obscure

companion
and
was

in revolution

computations
the

by

Peters

Auwers found
as

locating the position of

scintillometer
stars

where satellite,

it

Montigny's
white colors.

has

marked above

as

many

as

seventy-eight changes
a

in

second in

in (hose

various of other

standing

300

the

horizon,

though

somewhat

less

number

The

Constellations

129
G.
now as

dieted

on

the

31st of January, 1862, by the

late Alvan

Clark,1 at
at

Cam-

bridgeport, Mass., while

Observatory.
but
10" away;

testing the
to

i8j4-inch glass
of the

the

Dearborn nitude, magthen

It

proved
be

be

yellowish star,
in

estimated

of the 8*4

difficult to this
at

seen

because

and of Sirius, brilliancy last

seen

diminishing to 5"
Lick

1889;
before from
a

and

and

measured

by

Burnham

the

Observatory
was

its final
the
same

disappearance in April, place

of in the
autumn

1890.
of

Its reappearance
at
a

observed with

1896

distance

of and
;

3".7,
an mass

position angle
diameter that of

1950.

It has those
to

periodof
Uranus
of
our

*4 years,

orbit

whose

is between

of that that of

and
sun,

Neptune although supposed

its

being yi
but

Sirius and
of its

equal

its
to

light is
be

U)^0(j of

that

principal. solidity,
"

So
one

it may

be
"

approaching non-luminous
in his

BessePs

dark

stars." that

It is remarkable of Gulliver's of the two of

moons

Voltaire

Micromegas
so-called of

of

1752,

an

imitation

Travels ',followed of home

more

Dean
a

Swift's

prophetic discovery
an

Mars of his
a

by

similar

discovery

immense his

satellite

the Sirius,

hero.

Swift,however,

owed
to

to inspiration
:

who Kepler,

than

century previously wrote

the existence
of the four

Galileo

am

so

far

from

in disbelieving

that circumjovial planets,

two

longfur
round

telescope to
seems

in anticipateyou, if possible,
me

discovering

round

Mars
one

(as

the

proportion

to

to

require), six

or

eight round

Saturn, and

perhaps

each

Mercury
stars

and

Venus.

Other
of
at

are

shown

by

the

largest glasses in
very

the

immediate

vicinity by
Barnard

two Sirius,

additional

having

recentlybeen

discovered

the Yerkes

Observatory.

p,
Munrim, generally
from Al
but less

2.3,

white. and

correctlyMirzam,
often

occasionallyMirza,
by
the Arabs with

is

Munim,2

the

Announcer,

combined
or
as

Canis Minoris the two that Sirian

in the

pluralAl Mirzamani,
;

Al Mirzama

al

Shi'rayain,
title being

Announcers
star

Ideler's the

idea

of the

of this applicability

this

announced

immediate

rising of
the

the

still

brighter
in front

Sirius.
Buttmann asserted that it also
was

Al

Kalb,

Dog, running
of

His

death

occurred and

on

the

9th of June, 1897,

of the and

in the

sixty-fifth year
in the the

his age,

just after the

the Lowell. the

piet ion

successful many

installation

40-inch glass
words

Yerkes for Mr.

Observatory,
Percival for

latest

of his

great

lenses,
so

the last, excepting of the

four many

24-inch
in the

the '-Literally
of

Roarer,

and

another

Arabic

tongue

lion,

which

that

people boasted

of

having

hundred.

130
of

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
times in the Desert.
In
our

Sinus,

but

this must the

have

been foot

from of the the

early Dog.

maps The

it marks Chinese

right fore
it Kuen

called

She,
that has

Soldiers'

Market.
to

y, 4.5, is Burritt's

Mnliphen
Atlas which

properly belongs
it Mirza.

6 and

to

stars

in Co-

lumba;

but

the

Century Bayer,

It is Iris with
to

Ideler

confirms, but
nisi

Grotius

applied
and

the

title
to

the

adjacent fi, adding, however,

said that it for

potius quarto sit,thus

in

referring
was

y.

Montanari observed
has

entirelydisappeared
years, when it

1670,
to

not

again
since

twenty-three
a

reappeared

Miraldi,

and

maintained
It marks the

steady
of the

lustre, although faint for its

lettering.

top

Dog's

head.

0,
modern

2.2,

lightyellow, Weight,
Ideler
"

is the with

Wezen,

from

Al

Wazn,
but

as

the

star
an

seems

to

rise

from difficulty

the horizon";

justlycalls this

astonishing
Columba.

star-name.

It also The

was

one

of the knew

MnhlifaXn
*

described particularly

under in

Chinese the Bow and

r\ and

of Canis

Major,
the

with

stars

Argo,

as

Hoo

She,

Arrow.
6 variable.

Gould
a

thought

It lies 21

near

Dog's

hind

quarter,
an

and

has

7.5-magnitudecompanion

45"

away,

readilyseen

with

opera-glass.

", Double,

and

9, and

pale orange
Udra
with been
are

and

violet. Al

Adara,

Adhara,
to

Adard, Udara,
this
star

from

'Adhara, the

gins, Vir-

applied
Arabic
the The

in It

connection has also

story of Suhail.
same

perhaps from o; the designated Al Zara, with bly probais

erroneous.

6, tj, and

although signification,
stars
are

this form
at
a

component

f'.$ apart,

position angle

of

i6o".6.

C,
Furud
is either
error,

3,

lightorange.
the the

from from

Al Al

Furud, Kurud,
of

Bright Single Ones,

Apes, referringto
Ideler these
as

or,

perhaps
latter

by

transcriber's
small
stars
more

the
the

surrounding
vation deri-

with

some

of those Al Sufi

Columba;

thought
Al

probable.
the
toe

mentioned foot.

Agribah, the Ravens.

" marks

of the

right hind

132
first;and
on

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
from semi the

as sinister,

on

the

left

hand,

in distinction

Canis dtxtcr
Canes.

the It
was

right.
also
wrote

Lucan

described
and

both

of the the

Dogs

as

deosque

Catellui
of

Catnlui,
Jam

Puppy.
furit,

Horace

it,
Procyon

which

Mr.

Gladstone

rendered,
The heavens
are

hot

with

Procyon's

ray,

as

thpugh

it

were

the the

Canicula,

and

he

was

followed

by

others the

in this ; of 19th

indeed, Pliny began

dog days
that the Actaeon's

with

its heliacal had

no one

rising on
name

July, and
With

strangely said mycologists

; but

Romans

other of

for it.
or

it

was

dog,
2d

or

Diana's,
called

the

tian Egyp-

Anubis
and had thus

popularly Orion'i
as

Hound,
with

often

Canii

Ononis,

confounded

in other

ways the

the
Maera

Sirian
;

asterism.

Hyginus
Major:
It also

Ioarinm

Astrum,
of the

referringto
same

dog

Caesius, Erigoniusand
with

Canis
and
was

virginem
considered

story, but

identified by Ovid
was

Canis

Firmicus, Argion,
as

that

perhaps again
much

for

mixes'

dog
in

"Apyo?.
the

representing might
"

Helen's in the

favorite,lost

that Euripus,

she

prayed Jove
It shared

live

sky.
as

its

companion's
Antecedens

mixed, degenerate nomenclature,

Canis
et est Abehere
some

in

the

Almagest's
industrious

Asoemie
names

Algameua";
for it.

while these
our

the
are

Bayer Pit, that

; and

as

usual Caesius

had

strange

Among
little to

Fovea,

commented
or

much the

upon,

but

enlightenment
of
one

2vKdnivo$,
titles.

Moms,

Sycamine
and words from

tree, the
as

lent equivawell
as

of

its Arabic

His

Aschemie

Aflchere,
the al

Chilmead's

Alsahare
can

and alfiemalija, all be detected thus

mongrel

foregoing
the

Almagest, etc.,
the

in their named that

original Al
it

Shira

Shamiyyah,
from

Bright
view also be the the

Star
at

of its

Syria,

because

disappeared

Arabs' We should from from

settingbeyond
Jummaiza,
the

country.
some

find

Al

their

Sycamine, although Watery-eyed,

than and that his
or

say

that this either

ra,
or

Al

Ghumais",
her

Dim,

Weeping
her sister
to

One;
Al

fact that fable

light was
with

dimmer Suhail Al Shira

of

Shi

connected

marriage
the left in of the

Al

Jauzah and
where her she

subsequent remained,

followed flight, the

or

by

below

Milky Way,
tears

other

Al sister,

Ghumaisa',
a

being
the

in

tomed accus-

place, Procyon,
"

it may

be

from

recollection
wrote

Euphratean

for title

the and
Two

Water-dog.
; and
were

Bayer

word

Algomeiza;

Riccioli,
etc.

Algomisa
Thus the

Algomiza

others, Algomeyia, Algomyso, Alohamizo,

the Arabs' Al

Dog-stars

Afiawat

al Suhail, the Sisters

The

Constellations

133
is from Romans.

of

Canopus.
; but

Still another
this

derivation
was
a

of the from

name

Al

Ghamus,

the

Puppy
Also Lesser

probably
from

later idea
Arabians

the

borrowing
Dog,
"

them,

the

called

it Al

Kalb

al

Asghar,

the

Chilmead's
al

Alcheleb
the

Alasgar,
Dhira*

Riccioli's

Kelbelazguar,"
the tracted Con-

and Al Kalb In Cam's Fore

Mutakaddim,

Preceding Dog.
al Asad
Lion

Minor

lay a part
or

of Al of the

al

Makbuijah,
other,
the

Arm,
up

Paw,
the

early

; the

Extended

Paw, running
Like
all

into

heads

*of Gemini. foretold wealth and

renown,
wrote

its greater

neighbor, Procyon
been much

and

in his
"

astrology has

regarded.
Good

Leonard

Digges1
almanac

in 1553,

Prognostication Everlasting of Right

Who learned
in matters

Effect,an

for

astronomical, noteth

not

the great effects

at

the

risingof the

starre

called the Litel

Dogge. of Tobias, in the Apocrypha, that

Caesius

made

it the

Dog

Novidius

had

claimed
Who outlines but two map

for Canis traced

were,
out

Major;
the

but

JuliusSchiller imagined
of Canis the constellation

it the Paschal and what

Lamb.
these

originaloutlines
and

Minor,
with
even

is

uncertain, for
stars, 15,
no

Ptolemy
now

contained

recorded

and 'ap6p"fH")7oi; has 37, and from the and

Argelander's
its western Monoceros

shows

only
the

although
the of the

Heis

Gould feet is
of

51.

Canis
border from

Minor
over

lies to

southeast

Gemini,

edge
and

Milky Way,

separated by

Canis

Major

Argo.

Qt,

Binary,

0.4,

and

13,

yellowish white
Prochion,

and

yellow.
in the

Procyon,varied
has been the
name

by Procion
for this from and

and the and

"

Upoicvav

original,
"

earliest Greek
so

mentioned records, distinctly

by

Aratos

Ptolemy,
it

known

by

all the

Latins, with

the

equivalentAntecanis.

Ulug Beg
and

designated
Siair

as

Al

Shi'ra

al

Shamiyyah,
his Low

shortened

to

Al

Shamiyyah; Chrysococca
Riccioli into
title the English

transcribingthis into Siami;

Sirins.
all of The those these

Greek with

^larjp liafiij,
its occasional
1

agreeing
Tables

Northern
et

Alfonsine
of 1545,
names

of 152 "*

quote

it as

Aschemie Asckere,
It thus has many

Algomeysa;
them

as

prochion

Algomeyla.
formed.
as

of its constellation's before

before
"

; in

fact, being the magna

was

pars of it, probably itself bore

Ut
it were
was an

the

constellation
wrote

this

Digges
him.

who,
with

nearly fifty years

which he
was

Galileo,

of the

telescope
Bacon's

though

instrument before

familiar,

perhaps from

Roger

writings of

3So years

9*

134
Jacob
Pur

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
to

Bryant

insisted

that

its title

came

Greece

from

the

Egyptian

Cahen.
scholars

Euphratean
Palura
of the

identifyit
Star of reference says

with
the
to

the

Kakkab
of of

Paldara, Pallika, or
the

the cylinders, with

some

Crossing
the River

Water-dog,
the the

title

evidently given Milky Way

of scholars
; and

Heaven,
which

adjacent

Hommel
to

that it was

the Kak-shiiha

majority
Edkins

apply
said

Sirius.
in the Hindu Persian
as

Dupuis
that

that

fables

it

was

Binge Hannant;
the Southern

and

it,or

Sirius,was
Chinese

VanaucL Van

Reeves' and
r\
were

list gives it

Ho,

River,

in which

included. natives
of the its

With In

the

Hervey

Islands

it

was

their

goddess

Vena.
and

like astrology,

constellation, it portended wealth, fame,

on

good

fortune. Elkin

Procyon
determined about

culminates its

the
as

24th 0^.34

of
1,

February. making
to

parallax
miles

its distance is

from

our

system
us

9^
of

light years;
the border

and, according
a

Vogel, it
thinks

approaching

at

speed

nearly six
is
on

second.

Gould Solar and

it

variable. slightly

Its spectrum It is attended but in

between

Sirian. have

by

several

minute

companions
of the about

that

long

been

known;

November,

1896,
be
a

Schaeberle

Lick

i3th-magnitude yellowish companion,

of 31

Observatory discovered a angle a at 4". 6 away, position

in

8".8,

that

may
"

the

one

predicted by
orbit G. the

Bessel of

1844

as

its explaining

peculiarmotion,
found of its
to

motion
in
an

resembling that
Clark close in

which Sirius,

astronomers

had

be

moving
in

oval

entirely unexplained
1862.

until

the
at

discover)Yerkes
away,

companion

by
of

Alvan makes

Barnard,
of

the

Observatory
at
a

1898,

companion

Procyon

4".83

positionangle period of
in
an

3260.
of

The years,

revolution

this

most

magnificent system
that of

is about

forty
mass panion com-

orbit

slightly greater
that of
our

than
sun

Uranus,
the

the
mass

combined
of the

being

about

six times that

of

our

and

earth, and
three

equaling

sun.

Its

lightis

times

greater.

p,
Gomeisa
is from Tables
to

3.5,

white.

the

Ghumaisa and

of

the

constellation, changed
to

in the

Alfonsine

Algomeyla,
been

by

Burritt from with

Gomelia.
of
name

Occasionally it
for the and for

has Al

Al

Ganuu,

another the

the of 0 the

Arabians'
Canis

titles

whole;
a

and

Munim,
"

identical if

Majoris,

similar

reason,

as

announcing

the

risingof

star brightest

The

Constellations

135
to

of the

figure.
their Castor
one some

The short and

Arabs

utilized
or

this,with

Procyon,

mark

the

terminal
the in line the

of points between

Cubit,
Pollux

Ell, Al Dhiri', their long

of

Cubit word

being
appears

Gemini.

This

same

title of " has

of the close
tt

moon

stations in that
of the

constellation.
10th and
a

companions
the been

12th Place

magnitudes.
of Water,
to
a

" 0, 0, and
that may

were

Chinese

Shwuy
them from

Wei,

tion designaRiver of

have

given

their

nearness

the

Heaven,

the

Galaxy.

Thy

Cold

(for thou
the

o'er

Winter send'st

Signs
us

dost

reign,

Pull'st back
Makes

Sun, and
rich.
Creech's

Day again)

Brokers
Thomas

translation

of

Mantlius'

Poetkon

Astronomicon,

Cajnricotmw,
next to

the

eastward Italian

from

is Sagittarius,
the

our

Capricorn, the
Steinbock,
Horn.
the
"

French

Caprior

corne, the

Caprieorno, and
Bnoca
name
was

German

Stone-buck,

Ibex,
"

the
common

Anglo-Saxon
Latin

and

Bnccan
varied of

The

by

Caper

of

Ausonius, flexni
of
"

Gaper Gapra

of and

Manilius, Hircus

corniger
the
was

Vergil, hircinus
; while

Sidnj

Prudens,
ilia

aequoriflHircns,
indicates that All made it

Sea

Goat

Minsheu's

Capra

Amalthea"

identified
was

by

some

with
oriental

the

goat

usually

assignedto Auriga.
very

this,doubtless,

from

legends,perhaps
that Latin The

ancient,

which

Capricorn
of
as

the

nurse

of the

youthful sun-god

longanticipatedthe story poets also designated it

Procella,the
and hiemale, Ocean

the

infant

Jupiter and
the

Amalthea.

Neptuni proles, Neptune's offspring;Pelagi Imbrifer,

then
at

Storm;
because the

Rain-bringing One;
winter
Riccioli the solstice,

Signnm

Gelidus,

the

equivalent Athalpis.
the this
; and

'Afla/rrfjc appearing
Aratos called it
as

with

Greeks,

which

repeated

as

'A/yorttpwc,the
did

Horned Ionic in

Goat,

to

distinguishit from
'

*Ai" of Auriga, word, Latinized

who
wrote
on

Ptolemy,

but
was

writers had
use

Aiyoicepevs

as

Aegoeeros,
The

frequent

with

all classical of 1515

authors this

astronomy.

Arabo-Latin habens
cornua

Almagest
hint;

turned

into AloauctLTUi, explained by

and

Bayer

mentioned

136
AWnty^a

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
'Aiyi-Uav,
into the the Goatin
a

Eratosthenes

knew

it

as

Udv

and

Footed

Pan, half
the
so

fishified, Smyth
of the
monster
was

said, by Typhon

his

plunge
same

Nile

panic at

approach
that In Persia

; the

story being told of Bacchus,

he, too, always

it
was

associated

with
or

its stars. and

Buihgali, Bahi Turkey, Ughlak;

by
or
us

Vahik,

Goi;
and

in

the in

Pahlavi

tongue,

Hahi;

in

in all
to

Syria, Oadjo; meaning

Hebrew,
the

Arabia, Al
the latter

Jady, usually written

country,
Tower
the

Giedi;
known

Goat, Capra
seem

or,

in

Badan,
at

Ibex,

zoologistsas
and in

beden* rather

Burritts
to

of Gad,

first
x

sight presumably
tfie

would way

be

bungled

translation
tribe.

from had

Arabic,

no

connected

with

the

Jewish
the

Riccioli
mention

Elgedi, Elgendi,
was

and

Gadio.
in

Very frequent
Platonists
to

made souls

of of

this
men,

constellation
when released called

early days,for
from

held

that

the

corporeity,
Gate
some

ascended

heaven road

through

its stars, whence

it was

the But did

to

of the of the

Gods

; their

of descent it
as

having
Southern
Berossos

been

through
of the

Cancer.

Orientals
their from

knew

the

Gate
is that

Ban,

as

the have

Latins in learned

altera
the old

Solii Porta.
books of

reported by
the world

Seneca be

Sargon
all the

would

destroyed by a
whose
the

great conflagrationwhen
Numa been the

planets met
began

in this of

sign.
Rome,
when

Pompilius,
as

the 715

second
to

mythical king
b.

date has
sun an
was

asserted

from

673
when

c, the

the

year

in hour

middle

of winter

Capricorn, and
solstice.
Taurus

day

had

lengthened by
the

half

after the In

astrology, with
or

and

Virgo, it
was

was

Earthly Trigon, assigned

planet
influence
was over

and

black, russet,
with this

a was

swarthy
the

brown,

the
as

color that

to

it; while,
created
human
et

Aquarius,

it

Home

of Saturn,
here in the had

in

constellation,
as

and

whenever

great

affairs ;

Alchabitus it

asserted,

Ysagogicus
and knees.

of

1485, caput
It also
was

pedis

habct;
as

and the

always governed
of the it with
over

the

thighs

regarded Ampelius
Manilius
times it

under

care

goddess
the

Vesta, and

hence

Vestae

Sidua.
and later and

singularly associated
said ruled that

burning
and

south

wind and

Auster, Spain
; in

it

reigned

France,

Germany,

Greece,
Arabic

India, Macedonia,
Burj signifiesboth
been

Thrace, Brandenburg
and Tower, mythical founder
or

Mecklen-

1 The
2

word has

Constellation almost
at

Fortress. the first Semitic

in

This
B.

Sargon
C, but

considered

the

of

empire.
at

3850

inscriptions recently unearthed

Herman
was an

Nuffar,
of the
at

and

only

deciphered
four
was

1896

stantinople Conit

by Professor
evident
him. that

V.

Hilprecht
kingdom
Illumination Greek

University of Pennsylvania,
least
three
or

make

Babylonia
and
to

important
the into

millenniums

before

Sargon's
of that

astronomical

work,

priests

god,

translated
us.

of Bel, in 72 books, 260 about by Berossos B.

compiled Fragments

by the
of this

c.

last work

still remain

The

Constellations

137
Manilius also
wrote

burg,Saxony
in
our

and and

Wilna, Mexico

and

Oxford.

of it

as

motto,

at

Caesar's

Birth

Serene

he shone.

The and wel

a man

almanac

of
"

1386 has
the

"

Whoso
as

is borne Arcandum

in

Capcorn
was

schal

be

ryche
that

lufyd
born

; in 1542

Doctor,
be
a

called, showed
have

under would

it would die
at

would great gallant,

eight special
"

and illnesses,

sixty ; and Vespasian

have been
names

according

to

Smyth
the

it was
fortunate

the

very

pet of all constellations

which somewhat leasts."

with and

astrologers,having
were

been

der sign un-

Augustus

born," although elsewhere, "prosperous

in dull and and

in

uncourtly
It also
as

style, he
to

quotes:

heavy
the

appears be
seen

much for

favorably regarded by
stars, and
these in the

Arabians,

may

in their
to

its chiet But

acter char-

assigned by
were

them

its lunar

mansions.
some

benign qualities
with
a

only occasional,
sign,
reverse
a

caused

probably by only
to

lucky combination
coincident of the with the
"

fortunate
was

as

is known
;

the

for its initiated, when

so

general reputation
sun,

the

and,

in

classical of
storms

days,
and

it

was

thought

harbinger
tyrannus

ruler

waters,

Horace's

Hesperiae Capricornus undae.

this

Aratos

had

clearly

showed

long

before

Then
Break The

grievous
sea, when
a

blasts coincide cold.

southward
Goat and
sun;

on

the and

then

heaven-sent

Ovid

expressed
; but

much

the

same

opinion
this
seems

in
to

connection
have been

with
said

the of it

story of
on

Acaetes

ages

before

them

Eu-

pbratean
Caesius

tablets.

and
;

Postellus

are

authorityfor
also

its

being Azazel,
it
as

the

Scapegoat Zelotes,
the

of Leviticus

although Caesius
in his
was

mentioned and
,

Simon

Aposde.
mis, said

Suetonius
that

Life of Augustus
shown
on

Spanheim
of that and

in his De emperor, has

on

Nummemorating com-

Capricorn
the fact

silver coins
natal of

that
as

it

was

his

sign;

it always too,
was

been
a

regarded
found in

in

astrology
struck

the the

Mansion British

Kings.

It is seen, and of

coin
most

Kent,
the
"

by

prince Amminius,
amulets armor."
as we

the

frequentof
Its

zodiacal
worn as

figures on
a

uranographic
defensive

the

14th

and

15thcenturies,

kind been

of astral

figuring generally body

the way of
a

has
or

consistent,and
in
a a

now

see

it,with

the from it in

head and the 2d the

same

goat,

ibex, ending
show

fish's tail. seal of

Manuscripts 187
b.
c.

to

15th century
;
as

it thus;

Syrian
gem,

has
not

also

an

early Babylonian

surmounted,

inap-

138
propriately, by
the
same

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
was
a

the is

crescent
on
a

moon,

for of of
a

Capricorn
the 12th

nocturnal

sign;

and

figure Museum,

fragment
to

Babylonian planisphere, now

century
b. c.

in the that this

British may be

supposed
its
some
a

be

So

considered
and horns with and

originalform,
fish's tail.

in full agreement
in the

with
of

its
the

amphibious
chief
stars,

character,
to
a

resemblance,
From

grouping
it

goat's
of 1572, and and

this

figuringCam5es,
as

in Os
us

LusiaGoat-

das Fiah

called

it the

Semi-Capran Fiah,
Still at

now a

is with

the

the
was

Sea
so

Goat

times

it has

been

complete

goat-like
as

animal,
the
more

considered

by Aratos, Eratosthenes, and Kazwini, Ulug

shown
on some

Ptolemy,

by

modern

Albumasar,
It
was

Beg,

and

in occasional

val mediae;

manuscripts.
on man

thus

Egyptian
form,
Sirius
was

zodiacs
"

although

that

of

Denderah
on

it appears

in its double

where
rose

an

ibis-headed

rides
ibis
a

Capricorn us, under

sacred bowl from the
to

which
which

sign
Sirius

anti-heliacally";
ently, Still differ-

the

being

Isis,with
Burmah

identified.
the Fish in Brahmin entire

silver

from

engraved
makes says

with
the that

zodiac,
in the the

probably copied
and and

original sources,
Goat
;

corn, CapriGoat
stellation. con-

omits
both

while
were

Jensen

Babylonia
for

Fish,

complete,

occasionally used
the

together

Jewish
their
were

Rabbis

asserted
"
"

that

tribe of
is
a

Naphtali adopted
let

this
if
to

sign as

banner
a

emblem,
or more

Naphtali
;

hind

loose,"
"

as
or

Capricorn
Reuben
:

deer,

antelope

others

ascribed

it to

Benjamin,
with
with this
was

but

Aquarius
Some
connect
or

fitly represented the

the the in

latter.

sign
God

in of

Egyptian
the

astronomy associated

Chuum,
the

Chnemu,
the

Gnoum,
Nile and

Knum,

Waters,
at

of rising

worshiped

Elephantine
Others cited
a

the

Cataracts,
said that

divinitybearing
the

goat's,
Mendes

not

ram's, horns.
La Lande

have

it

goat-god
the Greek

; and

the

strange
our

title (bririnque from sometimes inundation.

Miss

of adjectivedescriptive

Swordfish,
the

constellation of the and

being
In says

thus

shown,

when it
was

it

was

considered

cause

Coptic
that
it

Egypt
was

'Oirevrvs, Brachium
in that

Sacrificii ;
a

Clerke
of life.

figured
Earlier the Tamil head

country
were an

as

Mirror,
and

emblematic

Hindu

names

Hriga
of

Makara,
but

"

the

Cingalese
was

Makra
with

and
a

Makaram,
upon and the
a

Antelope;
a

occasionallyit

shown

goat's

body

hippopotamus, signifying some

was

ious amphibthe Varaha the last the Aztec

creature,

later this

term

Shl-shu-mara
marked from
as

or

Sim-shu-marm,
of Draco. and it
was

Crocodile, although
Mihira in order calendar took

originally was it,Akokera,

by

stars

his title for zodiacal

as

the
on
a

Greeks;

of the it

signs of India,
with Cipactli,

the

Euphrates.
that of

In the

appeared

figure like

narwhal.

140

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
in the

Capricorn is, after Cancer, chieflynoticeable

Argelander
for the 45 charted

the

most

inconspicuous
within

zodiac, and

duplicityof naked-eye

its lucida. its borders

; and

stars

Heis

63.

Ct
,

Double,
1

3.2

and

4.2,

yellow.
and lilac.

Ct
,

Triple,
the

3,

1.5, and

11.5,

pale yellow, ash,

Giedi,
or

These Arabian Other

to

are

Prima

and

Second*

plain Algedi,
and

from

the

constellation

title Al and the

Jady. degenerated
to

Dalrih titles,
but
more

Dtchftbbe
traced the

Dehabeh, applied
to

them,

commonly
the

0,

have
are

been
nearer

by tip

some

Al
;

Jabbah,
but the of the

the
names

Forehead,

although
come

stars

of

the

horn One

undoubtedly
the the

from the

Al
20th

Sad

al

Dhabi^L, the Lucky (of

which the these sacrifice

Slaughterers, the
were

title of

manzil

alphas and
And

determinant
Arabs the
same

to point),manifestly referring at

celebrated
of similar

by

heathen

the

heliacal

risingof Capricorn.
and the of those

was signification

Euphratean
lunar
a, then
as

Shak-thadi

or Coptic Eupentoi,

Opeutus,
Brown known of their
or

for the thinks

asterism
seen

peoples.
a

that

only
is

as

single star,
as

with

0 and

was

by

the Akkadians

Us,

the

Goat;

and

Sua
the of says

in the astronomy
statement

descendants

; while

Epping
26th Goat.

authorityfor
Brown also

that this.

perhaps 0,
Shah*,
8th
In

marked Horn

the

ecliptic asterism
'Afiefii/Hvog.
were

the that
a

Babylonians,

Qarnn
the

the

of the Amar
two

represented
it
was

antediluvian

king
time

Sin,
"

Hipparchos*
be

the that

alphas
had naked

but

4/ apart, and

not

till towards other

to

Bayer's day

they
the

drifted
eye.

sufficiently away
Their

from in 1880

each
was

readilyseparated by
the
a

distance

6j^',and
They Smyth

this is culminate

increasing by 7"
on

in every

hundred

years.

9th

of

September.

described

minute

blue
transient Sir

companion
as

of
to

a2

which

he

caught"in
snow-flakes
that this

little evanescent
on a

flashes, so
"

again

recall

Burns's

stream

; and

mentioned

John
G.

HerscheFs Clark

suggestion
this in

might
distance

shine

by

reflected and

light.
the

Alvan

doubled

1862, the

being i".2,

positionangle 2390.

p1,and
Dabih
but with

p2,

2.5 and

6,

each

double,
are

orange

yellow
of

and

sky

blue.

Major

and

Dabih

Minor

the from

names

this

so-called double,
manzil of which,

multiple,star, telescopically
a, it formed

taken

the

title of the

part.

The

Constellations

141

These

betas,with
or

a, v, o, tt,

and

p farther

to

the

south, were
or

the

20th

sieu of

China,Hieu,

Keen

Nieu, the Ox, ancientlyHgu,

The lunar

On,
way

themselves

being

the determinants. in The

two

asterism
the of

was

in

some

nected intimately con-

worship with religious

stars

rearing of
the

the silkworm the

in that

country.
distant first

mark

the each

head very

Goat,

components

205"

from each

other, and

closely double.
from its behavior and

The
at

of /31 was duplicity

an

in 1883 by Barnard recognized

moon,

occultation

by

the

this and

discovery being
other observers.

soon

verified

measured

by

Professor

Young,

Hough,

r"
Kashira
of Good

3.8.
the Fortunate

is from

Al

Sa'd

al Naahirah,

One,
this when

or

the taken

Bringer
with 6.

Tidings, which
gave

the

early Arabs
;

applied to
the

Smyth
this as

it

as

Sadubn"ahirah

and

Standard

Dictionary repeats
is

Saib' Nasch-ru-ah!
had the the later

Bayer
proper

Deneb

Algedi,
Tables fine wall

the

Tail

of

the

Goat,
which

that has

more

for
to

J;

Al/onsine
and this the

of 152 1,

Denebalchedi,
of Doctor

erated degenReuter,
Arabian

Beheddi;
but

star-map
and
a

Ferdn. with the

Deneb

Algethi;
the One
k

is erroneous, Hercules.

confusion

titlefor the
y marked

constellation

27th Babylonian ecliptic asterism, Mahar

in the
stars

aha

hi-na

ShahfL,

the Western With

Tail in

of the

Goat. and Pisces

6, f,

and

Aquarius

it

was

the

Chinese

Luy Pei

Chen,the

Intrenched

Camp.

5,
Deneb
al

3.1. translator in
some

Algedi
Tail for y. said

is the of

by Ulug Beg's transcription

Goat
;

of Al

Dhanab
a

Jady,the
Ideler

the

changed
Al

to

Soheddi

lists,
"

name

also found

that

these for

stars

were

Muhibbain,

the

Two

Friends,
but

an

Arabic

title allegorical him

as

any

two
wrote

closelyassociated
it Al
for
"

objects ;
the
are

Beigel
the

differedwith

to

this,and
of the

Muhanaim,

Two

Bending

Stars,
"

in

the

flexure

tail,
"

moral

beings

foreign to
aha

nomad

sky."
the Eastern 28th One constellation ecliptic in the Tail of the of Goat.

It marked the Shahfi,

Babylonia, Arkat
Le

hi-na

5" to
1

the eastward
who
his
was

is the

point announced
with

by

Verrier1
that
content

as

the
never

position
had the

Flammarion,

intimate

Le

Verrier,

thinks

the

latter with his

to observe curiosity

planet through interesting

of the
to

the

telescope, strangely
that Doctor world

mathematical
year, in of

achievement !
received the

And

it is

know

Galle,
upon the

in

his

85th

1896
the

congratulations

astronomical

50th

anniversary

of Neptune. finding

142
of his

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Galle, first
under Le assistant of the

predicted new
Encke
at

planet,
"

Neptune,
23d
seen

"

where

celebrated

the
on

Berlin
the and

Observatory,
of six times

Verrier's
It had and

direction,
been
pected sus-

discovered visually

it in

September, 1846.
from

by

Bouvard
to

1821,

France

England

just previous
f, ?/, 0, and

its

discovery,but
Tae,
and
p,

without

knowledge
stars
on

of its character.

t, 4th- and

5th-magnitude
names

the
states

body,

were

respectively
enly the Heavthe

Yen, Chow, A,

Ton,

and

of old
near

feudal

in China.

5.4, with Walled

f Aquarii

others 5.24,

by, Kuh,

was

Ken

Luy Ching,
k

Castle;
of the

and

was

Weeping,
that

and

ji mark

extreme v, 4.7,

end
was

tail. Al

Kazwini's
the

Shat, the Sheep

0.
to

was

to

be

slaughteredby
5.3, marked
were

the

adjacent Dhabih,
The

stars

following
Sieu,
the the the of

also

seem

be

named

only
x"

in

China taken
was

v,

Loo

Lace-like
one

asterism
of the old

; 0, 5.3, and

5"3"

together
a

Wei,
while the

name

feudal
m

states; 1^,4.3,
also bore

Yne,

Battle-ax;
times of

5th-magnitudes A, b, and
Tsoo, Tain,
gave and
c

titles from

feudal

states

ChaoiL
as

Bayer
the

A, b, and
arm,

Tres

ultimae
c
"

Deneb

Algedi ; showing

but
"

Heis outside

puts A in
of and

rightfore
the

b in the the ribs

belly, and
of

Flamsteed's thus

46
a

beyond
in the

in tail,

Aquarius,

change

of

figuring

past three

centuries.

place

where

Cassiopea
all her

sits within

Inferior

light,for

daughter's
Mrs,

sake.

Browning's

Paraphrases

on

Nonnut.

Casmopeta,or Casefope,
more

correctlyCassiopeia,although variously written, is popularly best

youthful pole,
and known of of
our

one

of
"

the

oldest

and

and constellations, Faerie

her
a

throne,

the shinie
to

Casseiopeia'schair"
most

Spenser's
It also M when

Queent
as

is

familiar

object
W
when

the

observer. the

is known above

the

Celestial

below

the

Celestial
word from

it. the

Hyginus, writingthe
seat, and thus
"

described Cassiepia,

figure
around been

as

bound

to

her

secured this

fallingout
in

of the

it in

going

the

pole

head
the

downward,

particular spot

sky having

selected

by

The

Constellations

143
effectual lesson her in

queen's enemies,
for
a

the
nearer

sea-nymphs,
the

to

give her
would

an

humility,

location said of

equator

have

kept

nearly upright.

Aratos

this

She

head

foremost

like

tumbler

sits.

Her

outstretched
must

legs also, for

added
to

woman

accustomed

to

the

fashions

of

the

East,

have and the

her

discomfort. of the much She from of fifth century of the before

our

Euripides
her, while
Kaooie-rreia

Sophocles,
Greeks 'H
rov

era,

wrote

of it
as

all and
was

made

constellation, knowing
But
to at
one

Opovov,

the

Throne.

time

in

Greece the

it

the of

Laconian
which
was

Key,
for
our

its resemblance in classical

of Samos The

that
to

instrument, people;1
730
b.

invention

attributed
Theodorus

times in learned

that

although Pliny
whence
came

claimed

this title for and

Caria,

c,

another Avranches

stars, Carion.
of the

Huetius
more

(Huet,

bishop
said

of

tutor

dauphin
that
:

Louis

XV) by

definitely
as

that in

this
the

stellar wardrobe
A

key represented
door
brazen steel

described

Homer

sickle-

shaped

of

Penelope
she

key
and

held, the handle

turn'd,
;

With

polish'd elephant adorned

:

and

Aratos

wrote

of the
E'en With

constellation
a

as

folding door, fitted within

is thrown

key,

back

when

the bolts

are

drawn.

But

even

Ideler well

did
shows

not

understand form

this simile,although the

outline

of

the

chief stars The

the

of this the Greek

early key.
proper Woman
as

Romans

transliterated
as

name

as

we

have still
or

but it,
as

also knew

Cassiopeia
that of the

Mulier

Sedis, the regia ;

and

of the

Chair;

simply

Sedes, qualified by regalis or

statement

Sella
was

and
an

Solium.
error

Bayer's
a

Juvenal

called

it Cathedra

mollis

from

reading mis-

originaltext.
and

Hyde's

title Inthronata is the

has

been

repeated by
name

subsequent
now.

authors;

Cassiopeia'sChair
Dhat
the al

children's

for

it

The*

Arabians Dhath
but the

called

it Al
"

Kursiyy,
proper very is

the

Lady
having

in
no

the

Chair,

"

Chilmead's
to

Alenrsi, early Arabs Lady

were

Greek
a

name

signification
no

them

had

different figure here, in

way

connected
1

with
and and

the

as

generally
used
at

supposed,

"

their

Kaff
found

al
in

Hadib,
Egyptian
from the
as

Locks

keys,

however,
on

the

siege of Troy
Great

; have

been
;

atacombs

sculptured
near

the walls Nineveh

of the

Temple

of
in

Karnak
our

disinterred
as

places
Ehud's

of
time

Khorsabad
in

; and

twice

mentioned

Old

Testament,

early

the

Book

of Judges, iii, 24 and

95.

144
the

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
stars

large
;

Hand

Stained
in this

with

Henna,

the the

bright
Low

marking
in the

the

tips fingerof and said its

although

they
gave

included

nebulous

group

left hand

Perseus. it sometimes that in

Chrysococca
was

it thus

in the
next

Greek

Xeip pef3apevTj; Smyth

from

the it
even

Hand
bore

of, i.
the

e.

to, the

Pleiades,while
Al

Arabia

title of that

group,

Thurayya, Cassiopeia
Cerva,
a

comparatively
The

condensed

figure.
Two

early

Arabs

made additionally may La have Lande north its al

come

Dogs
the

out

of

and

Ceis not

pheus, from
had shown

which

Bayer's Canis
asserted of the that

; but bis

Roe,

explained,although
a

Egyptian sphere
Al

of Petosiris
a

Deer

to
some

the of Nasr

Fishes.

Tizini
the

imagined
animal

ing Kneelname

Camel Shnter
The ha bens found

from with

larger Din,

stars, whence
common

constellation's

Al

and

for that

in Persia. the

Alfonsine pal mam

that

Tables

and

Arabo-Latin the

Almagest
Consecrated the became Lande in
was

described

figure as early
of

delibutam^ Holding
is still continued
; but

Palm,
the

from

some

drawing

how

palm,
cited
the

classic

symbol

victoryand
queen for
a

Christian
not

sign of martyrdom, SimilarlyLa

the

associated

with this heathen

the
name

does
tree

appear.

SUiquastnun,
queen's
hand. of

of

to Judaea, referring

branch

Bayer's
notes.

Hebrew

title for

it,Aben

Ezra,

by

misreading

Scaliger's
but the

La later

Lande Hindus

quoted Harnaoaff
said

from

the

Metamorphoses
the

of Vishnu,

Casyapi, evidently from

the Lithuanian

classical word.

Grimm without
As it
as

gives

Jostandis, from
lies in the of

Josta,

Girdle, although
fixed and

explanation. figurealmost
character

the

wholly
the Home G

Milky Way,

the

Celts fairies

upon father

their Llys Don,

Don, their king

who gave
name

of the
to

of the

mythical

wydyon,1

that

great

circle.

Schiller's Wallensteiny as

versified by Coleridge, has

That

one

White Is from Is

stain

of

light,that single glimmering

therein

yonder,

Cassiopeia, and
"

Jupiter

blunder
be

on
"

the

part of the
"

translator

that

has

puzzled
even

many, what

as

"

therein the poet

"

should have In

beyond
?

or

"

in that

direction,"but

then

did

in mind

early Chinese

astronomy
Reeves

our

constellation
that
classical

was

Ko

Taou
v,

according
tt,

to

Williams, although
1

limited

title to the smaller Hermes-Mercury,

and builder of the the

f, o, and

with

Gwydyon

has

been

identified
a

with

the

reputed

inventor

of

writing,

practitioner

in

magic

rainbow.

The

Constellations

145
stars

the definition

of

Porch-

way

; but

later Tsin

on

its

prominent
about

were b. c.

Wang

Liang,
As
a

celebrated

charioteer
in

of the

Kingdom

470

stellar

figure

Egypt
Dead,

Renouf
the

identified it with Bible of Egypt, that

the
most

Leg,

thus

tioned men-

in the Book
4000

of
more

the
:

ancient

ritual,

years

old

or

Hail, leg of the northern

sky

in the

large visible

basin.

And the

in

some

constellated with

form

its stars

unquestionably were Family,

been and shown and is
so

well there

known
on

on

Euphrates

the rest

of the

Royal

seals.

The Milton

earthlyCassiopeia ought
in his
verses

to have
on

black,

described

by

of // Penseroso

That To The

starr'd
set

Ethiop Queen

that

strove

her

beauty'spraise above
;

Sea-

nymphs

while Landseer

with but

the

same

idea

called

her makes

Cnshiopeia, the
her of fair chair

Queen

of

Cush,

or

Kush,

the Ley den

unbound

Manuscript
in But
a

complexion,
; and

clad, upright and lightly

is the

very

uncomfortable

such of

genera]representation.
the interests of in judgment sitting the mother of

in the

17th-centuryreconstruction
Mary
in
on

sky
;*

in figures
or

our religion,

Cassiopeia became
her

Magdalene;
Ephraim
throne. Venus. the

Deborah

under

palm
to

tree

Mount

or

Bathaheba,
The

Solomon,

worthy
of the

sit

the

royal
and

astrologers said Young

that

it the

partook
word from
on

nature
as a

of Saturn

Professor

gives
the between

Bagdei

help

to
1

memorizing
; the

order of the chief the uppermost

components

their letters 0, a, y, d, e,
the

last

being

when

figure is

horizon, hanging
and the

head

downwards.

Cassiopeia lies cataloguing68

clusters.

Cepheus,
but

Andromeda,
and

Perseus, Argelander
is rich in

stars

here,

Heis, 126;

constellation

OL,

Multiple

and

variable, slightly
in the

2.2

to

2.8,
was

pale

rose.

8ehedar

is first found

Al/onsine Tables, and

Sehedir

with Hevewhere; elsestar

lius; Shadar, Schedar, Shedar, Sheder, Seder, Shedis, Zedaron, etc.,

and marks in the all

supposed

to

be

from

Al have

Sadr,

the

Breast, which
that

the from

figure. Some,
for the

however,

asserted

they

are

the

Persian Shuter

constellation.

Ulug Beg called it Al changed to Bath Elkarti

10

Dhat

al

Kursiyy

from

the

whole,

which

Riccioli

146
Smyth
statement,
said
as

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Caasiopea,
"

that the its

it

was

known

as

Luoida

matter-of-fact

brighteststar

in any

sky figureis
which is now

the

lucida.
as

Birt noticed
of about

in 1831, variability

determined

in

period

79

days, although irregular.

on

It culminates Burnham has the

the

18th

of November.
two

discovered

additional

faint
a

companions,
blue star,

the

nearest

i7;/.5away:
found
a,

companion
the

first in

known,

smalt away.
or

having

been

by

Sir William
k were

Herschel,
Chinese

1781, 63"
Yuh

0, 97,and

Lang,

Wang

Leang.

[3, Caph, Chaph,

from
as or

2.4,

white.

Kaff,

on

the

upper

right-hand
; but

corner

of

the

chair, are
the
star

the

Arabic al

title of the

constellation Camel's

Al

Tizini

designated
the

Al

Sanam
Persian

Nakah,

the

Hump,

to referring

neous contempora-

figure.
and y

With

Andromedae

Pegasi,

as

the
to

Three
that

Guides,

it marks

the

equinoctialcolure, itself exceedingly close

located
on

great

circle; and, being

affords
to
an

the

same

side of

of the

the

pole

as

is

Polaris,it always
respect
to

proximate ap-

indication This has

same

latter's the

position with
very time.
at
o

that

point.

location,320
it useful the due

from

pole,and
sidereal

near

the

prime meridian,
Polaris and and and
o

rendered

for

marking
the

When

above
o

nearest

the zenith

astronomical
west

day begins
time when east, 18 dial but

hours, hours;

minutes,
south

seconds;
nearest

when

sidereal
and

is 6

when

the thus of
our

horizon,

12

hours,
the

hours;
to

this celestial clockthe motion of the

hand hands

moving

on

heavenly
at
a

contrary
one

terrestrial clocks, and

half the of
20

speed. Milky Way.

Beta's

parallax,o".i6, indicates
of it is
an

distance

lightyears.

Just

north

especially bright patch

first Al Aaraf knew o'er her the

in the

When

course

to
sea.

be

Headlong

thitherward

starry
Poc's

Edgar Allan

Al

Aaraf.

About
a

50

to

the

west-northwest with

of
y

Caph, ij4"
a,

distant

from
a

", and

ing formnova

parallelogram

Caph,
the

and

appeared,
Venus Al
at

in 1572,

famous

visible in full
Poe's their
name

daylight and
for it is from abode of

brighter than
Arabians'

perigee.
in the Heaven known

Orf,
"

plural Al Araf,
"

temporary

spirits midway
star.

between

and

Hell,

and

so

applicableto

this temporary

This

object was

for two

centuries

148

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings

is

Buohtah,
It
was

sometimes
utilized

Buoba

and in

Bucbar,
in

from

Al in

Rukbah,

the

Knee. latitudes

by Picard
of
an arc

France,

1669,
"

determining
of the

during
for
e, of

his

measure

of the

meridian,

the

first use

telescope

geodetic purposes.
3.6 magnitude, 4th, and Loo,
a

nearer

the the

foot, also

has

borne

the

title Bnohbah. the

" of the
Chinese

A,

of

5th magnitude, marking

face,

were

the

Foo

By-path.

Tfy Binary,
very
near

and

7.5,

orange in the

and

violet,
a

o, is

one

of the

finest

objects

sky

for

moderate-sized
the

scope; telewere
200

and, although unnamed, 5" apart

years. Davis* and in The
measures

it is worth of

noting that 1930,

to

components
about

1892, at
of the

position angle

their

period being
or

parallax is

o".i5 according

Strove;
It

"".45

according

to

Rutherfurd's
to
us

photographs.
of all the
stars

is

certainly a

neighbor,

probably

nearest

in this constellation.

9? 4.4,
The the

and

/i, Triple,5.1, 10.5, and knew these

11,

deep yellow, blue,

the

and

ruddy.
lie ; and

Arabians

as

Al

Maifi^,
as
a

Elbow,

where

they
will

Century Cyclopedia gives Mar"k

the the

present

title for either

a

star.

fi has

great proper
heavens

motion

of

3".8 annually,

rate

that

carry

it

around

in 300,000

years.

The

ramping ready

Centaur

The Some

Centaur's enemy

arrow

seems

to

pierce

; far forth

his bow of heaven.

is bent

Into

the

blue

John

Keats'

Endymum.

Cenfaurus, t$e Centaur,

is from
was a

the

Ktvravpos

that

Aratos

used, probably
but for
a

from called

earlier
it

times,

for

it

universal

title with

the

Greeks;
term

he

also

Imrord

*jyp, the
and Aeoltc
son

Horseman

Beast, the
This, too,
and

customary
was

centaur

in the

Epic

dialects.
of Silenus

the the

specialdesignationof the
hospitable
one

classical

Pholos,
died
in

Melia,and

of the

family,who

con-

The

Constellations

149 Apollodorus
to

sequence that
our

of

exercising
with asserted

this

virtue toward

Hercules.

tells

us as

the

latter's

gratitudecaused
the that forms and the

this centaur's

transformation

the

sky

constellation,
Eratosthenes
in its

designation'Evuevrjg, fitting Well-disposed.

stellar and

figurerepresented Xeipuv, Chyron,

the
was

title

that,
use

transcribed

Chiron

in
even

frequent poetical
to
a

in

classical

times,
with

is seen

in astronomical

works

Ideler's

day.

This well and tree,

has agrees the

appropriately

been

translated

Handy
He
was

One,
the

rendering that
son

this Centaur's

reputation.

of

Chronos
a

ocean

whence
a

who was changed after Philyra, nymph Philyrides occasionally was applied

his birth into

to
son

Linden

the of He

constellation;
the Phililyra,
was

although
of mild

variant
from noble

story made
whom he

him

the Phililyrides, his skill in music. the

Lyre-loving,
as

inherited

imagined
of the that
some

and

look, very
and Saint

different from
Clement of

threateningaspect
wrote

centaur

Sagittarius;
mortals
even

Alexandria

of him in
most

he

first led

to

righteousness. by
Sir Isaac he
was

His

story has been

As the

thought
and and

gree de-

historic,
his

Newton. beloved

wisest

just of
and from

generally
teaching
medicine,

lawless
became

race

by Apollo
and noted
on

Diana,

their and

in botany proficient instructor of the in

most

music, astronomy,
heroes Etna:

divination,

and

in Grecian

legend.

Matthew

Arnold

wrote On

of him Pelion,
the

Empcdocks
the

on

grassy
Centaur

ground, lay, explore glens

to
are

Chiron,
The The The And

aged

young Centaur

Achilles

standing by.
him
to

taught
where

mountains the tired

the
come

dry

Centaurs

rest,
abound.

And

where

the

soaking springs

He The

told him
tides.

of the

Gods, the stars,

Indeed

he

was

the

legendary

inventor

of the

constellations, as

we

see

in

Dyer's poem

77i"r

Fleece:
Led

by

the

golden
the

stars

as

Chiron's
;

art

Had

marked

sphere celestial

and

the

father

of

Hippo,
Pholos
of
the

mentioned

events by Euripides as foretelling

from

the stars.

The

story

of
one

is

repeated
arrows

for

Chiron
of his of and

that,being accidentally
the Centaur and in Titan

wounded renounced
ias

by
his
to

poisoned
on

pupil Hercules,
the

immortality
the

earth His

in favor
name

Prometheus,
yet
seen

raised 10*

sky

by Jove.

professionare

i$o
the

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Centaury,
and the still earlier

mediaeval

medicinal

plants Centaurea,
Chiron's

the

Chironeion.
Prometheus
as

evidentlyinherited
full of the

astronomical
him the the human

attainments,as
founder

well

his

immortality,for Aeschylus, who

"

thought
love for

tion of civilizahim

and say

most

devoted

race," made

in Prometheus

Bound:
I instructed Their Their them mark the

to
a

stars, yet,

rising,and, setting.

harder

science

The

conception

of

centaur's of
a

figure with

Homer, form,
the

Hesiod,

and

even

with first to

Berossos, probably
describe
has added. it
as

was

perfect human
since the his waist

Pindar

being

the

semi-ferine,and
terminated Morris
at

day
and

human hind

portion of
quarters
and Death

taur the Cena

been William

the in his

of

horse Jason:

thus

pictured him
sight the
horse the Centaur

Life

of

at

last in grey back his

drew,
the

mighty
whose
from
to

trottingdown long
grey

glade,
laid,
flow
;

Over That For A

locks

were

reverend
was

head
man, roan,

abroad but but

did

the

waist

all below
now

mighty horse, lapse

man

once

well-nigh
was

white

With Where He And No

of years

; with
unto

oak-wreaths
on

he

dight

joined
a

horse, and
set
a

his head

wore

gold

crown,

with

rubies

red,

in his hand
man

he bend

bare

mighty bow,
that battle
now.

could

of those

Some those

ancient
of
a

artists

and

mythologists changed
the The

these
on

hind

quarters

to

bull,thus
a

showing
but

Minotaur,
Arabians
the Greek

and drew

the

Euphrates

it was the

considered
hind that

complete BnlL
a

the

stellar

figurewith

parts of
has been used the
as

Bear,

adopted
as

title in their Al the

Kentaurw,

considered in Reduan's Centaur's

the

original of
for
our

otherwise

inexplicable
known
to as

Taraapoz,
Some of Arabs

Commentary
stars, with al
Palm

constellation.

those the

of Vine

Lupus,
Branch with

were

the

early

Al

Kadb

Kara,

and

again

Al

Shamarifi,
described

the
as

broken-off held
out

Branches Centaur's

loaded hands.

dates

which

Kazwini

in
was

the the

This word

degeneratedinto
Asmeat
He

Asemarik,
had the

and and

perhaps
Wazn,

origin of Bayer's
and
was

also
from

Albeze;
Arabic
Al is

Riccioli,Albezze

Albizze,
sometimes title

"

unless unintelligible

Weight,

that

applied to

and

0.
the

Hyde
Pack-horse.

our

authority for

another

(from Albumasar), Birdun,

The

Constellations

151 hand,
and the
two

Ptolemy
in the be found

described

the

figure with

Lupus

in

one

Thyrsus
can now stellation con-

other, marked
; this

by

four

4th-magnitude
OvpoohoyKog,

stars, of which

only
a

Thyrsus
of

being formed,
as

Geminos
"

said, into
Manitius

separate
as

by Hipparchos
and
stars

in the but

text

Ovpoo$,
such

"

Pliny
seems

wrote

it in

the

same

way,

their

selection

of

small

remarkable. faces
to

The with

Centaur left hand of

a

the

east, and and is in

the the

Farnese

globe
circular

shows

him

pointing
in
on

the the

Beast Beast
at

adjacent

Altar;
the

but

the the

Hyginus
spear, and in his

1488
canteen

his outstretched
; the

hands,
Tables in his

Hare the

his waist
held

Alfonsine
fore foot
a

have

Thyrsus
was

right hand
idea.

and The

Lupus Leyden
with

by

the

which left,

the him the in

Arabian with Hare

Manuscript

gives

strikingdelineation
the spear of the

of with
out

shaven

face, but
from

heavy
and

mustache
a

(!),bearing
instead libation Burritt and the

dangling
shows

the the Centaur

head,

Kid,
usual

Beast, held
in in the
a

his hands

towards the the

vase

Altar, the
with his

carried has him

on

canteen.

Bayer

Lupus;

position of
the

with attack,

spear

in

right hand depicted

The
on

shield

his left arm,

Thyrsus
of the

and

of libation

it ; Grotius

calling this portion

illustrates
a

constellation
with the spear.

Anna.

Century Dictionary

Bacchic

wand

In Rome of

the

constellation the and home

was

Centaurus,
of

the

duplici Centaurus

imagine
Semi

Manilius, and
Half

Geminus
Semi of

bifbrmis

Germanicus; Beast; Pelenor

in

Minotaurus;
and

Vir,the
from the

Man,

Fer,
the

the

Half

Pelethronius

mountain
j

centaurs

Thessaly;

Acris

Venator,
The

the

Fierce Hunter
Tables

and

Vergil
it
as

had

Sonipes, the
tenens

Noisy-footed.
seu

Alfonsine
to

designated
the

Sagittarius
had the

pateram
more

crateram

guish distin-

it from

other

with Sagittarius

the

appropriate bow.
Chiron,
but

Robert
wrote

Recorde,

in 1551, zodiac

Centanre
as

Milton,
have done

in

1667,
before

Centaur

for the

figure,

so

many

others
was

and since his and from the

day
But

; in

fact,Sagittarius undoubtedly
the Centaur of the age South

the

originalCentaur
of Greek the

Euphrates,
in the

probably being
had arisen

conception.

classical

confusion
two

among

unscientificin the
much that
we

nomenclature said

of the
one

this continuing figures,

one

till now; another

was

find

by

author the

for the

appearing
Centanre.

with

author for the

made In

other. authors

During
in Christian

17th century, however,

the

distinction

by English
some

callingthis

Great
it

mediaeval
the

astronomy with
grass
as

typified Noah,
; and

but

Julius
it

Schillerchanged
to

figure to Abraham
"

Isaac

Caesius

likened

ffetraohadrezzar when
This is
one

he

did

eat

oxen."
more

of

the

largest constellations,

than

6o"

in

length, its

152
about

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Hydra's tail; but Claws,
New
an
error

centre

500

south

of the

the

star

Spica
and

below the of
a

Aratos

located

under it entirely criticized.

Scorpion
in the which about

that

Hipfew the the

parchos
of

It shows

latitude

York

City only a
when
star

its components

in the

bust, of
in

0,
120

variable
above with the
no

2(i-magnitudeon
horizon other
on

right shoulder, meridian,

and

is visible

June

270

southeast

from
was

Spica,
this that
the the

of similar of Gotthe

brightness in its vicinity. It tingen mentioned

of in his

Professor

Klinkerfues
on

telegram
reference three

to
to

Madras
lost Biela

Observatory,
comet

30th

November,
touched

1872,
the

in

which be

he

thought
in the

had

earth

days

previously and
is about

might
n"

found

direction
1

of this star. left

on

the

shoulder,

2]4 -magnitude,
stars

west

of to.

Gould's One of

list contains the remarkable

389 naked-eye
nebulae

in this constellation.

of the

heavens,

N.

G.

C, 3918,

was
"

covered disvery

here like A

by

Sir

John
as

Herschel, who
large again."
that

called

it the

Bine

Planetary,
the
to
a

Uranus,

only

half

7th-magnitude
and
as

nova

appeared
has with

in

Centaurus since
novae

between

14thof
gaseous

June

the

8th

of

July, 1895,
the
case

changed
recent

its discovery
in

nebula,
Norma.

has

been

Auriga, Cygnus, and

Binary,
of

0.2

and

1.5,

white

and

yellowish.
this
as

Baily's edition
from of Al the

Ulug
and

Beg's catalogue gives

the Centaur's
so
our

Rigil Kentaurus,
as

Kijl al Kentaurus, right front

ttovc

Foot

describing it

on

the had

toe

hoof,

Bayer
and for the

illustrated it.

Chrysococca
Burritt lettered

the

synonymous

Kovrovpo?; known
a

Century
star

Dictionary retains
in he

Rigel,
located
a;

although
on

this is better hoof

our

bright
star

Orion.

the

left fore the

I

4th-magnitude

that

wrongly
a, with

and

above which

pastern
find
of

ist-magnitude, also
him
can

lettered

the title Bungulft, He word in

only

with

and
I

the

Standard it

Dictionary.
it may be
a

gives no

explanation
coined

this,nor
from

trace

further;
the

specially
this the

by Burritt

j3 and

ungula,

hoof, although

even

letter is wrong. Ideler said that

as a

and

0 also

have
at

been
star

the

Arabic but he

Hadar,
seemed

Ground,
at
a

and
as

Wazn,
the

Weight,

is

explained
of these among

the

0;

loss

to

proper These

assignment
two stars
were

words, although incliningto Hadar

the much

for j3.

discussed

Al

Muhlifain

described

at

Argus

and

Canis

Majoris.
it
an

Alpha's splendor naturallymade

object of worship

on

the

Nile, and

The

Constellations

153
in the

its

first visible

emergence
has been

from

the

sun's

rays,

morning
the
to

at

the of
c,

tumnal au-

equinox,
least nine of several it worship It bore in
seems an

connected

by Lockyer dating
3700
as b.

with

orientation
2575 As such
b.

at

temples

in northern

Egypt
from known too, the 6o"

from
c.

3800

and of

southern
to

Egypt
been

onward.

object

have

Serk-t. China
as

important part,
Han

in southern
South south Gate. of the

the

determinant

of

the stellar division

a

Mun,

lies in

the

Milky Way,
is invisible

celestial

equator,

culminating
It is of the the times
nearest

with

Arcturus, but
to

from

north

of the far
more as

29th parallel.
is than
"

greatest interest
to our

astronomers,

being, so

now

known,
275,000 and

system
of the

of earth

all the from from

stars, although
the
sun,
"

the

tance disof

92,892,000 miles,
the
moon,
"

100

millions Its and

times the distance first taken Gill and traveled We

at

the earth of Good

now

to

238,840 miles.
in
a

parallax,
later
to

the

Cape
and

Hope
at

by

Henderson shows

1839,

by

Elkin,

fixed

o".7S,

distance

equal

that

by light in 4^
better
statement
as

years. the

can

realize
that

immensity
line
one

of the
star

this earth

distance
to

from sun's

Professor
centre

Young's

if the

from
to
:

the be

be and

represented
from Sir

215

feet

long,

this

would

8000

miles;

John
pea
at

Herschel's

illustration

to

drop

the

end

of

every

mile

of

voyage of 600

on

limitless

ocean

to

the

nearest

fixed star, would

fall

require a

fleet of 10,000

ships

tons

burthen,

each

starting

with

cargo of peas.

The
"an

nicety
the

of

parallacticobservation,
is that in which of
a a

too,

is shown
an

by

the

fact

that

angle of
seen

2"

circle

of

of -ft-

inch

in diameter

would

be

at
our

distance
sun

mile."
to

Were

removed would subtend

the
an

distance

of

Centauri,
a

its diameter of arc,

seen

of of

866,400
course

miles

angle
the

of

of only ,-J-s

second and of if

utterly inappreciable
appear
as a

with

largest telescope;
near

from

that star, would

o

2d-magnitude
be double

the
at

chair

Cassiopeia.
in

was

first discovered there

seems

to

by
the

Richaud

Pondicherry, India,
lesser

1689;DUt
to

discrepancy in Early
astronomers

attributed magnitudes respectively

the

components.
even

thought
estimated
as

the

star,

a1, a 4thGierke

magnitude;
"

recently

Gould

has

it
much

as

3^

; yet
as

Miss

writes, the lesser, though

is still fully entitled
to

emitting only "

as

light

its

neighbour,
may

rank

of

the

1st

magnitude";
the

all of which

indicate

an

increase four

of

since brilliancy
as

its observation
as

began.
while

Together
mass

they give nearly

double that
of the

times

much

light

sun,

their

is

latter.

154
The

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
eighty-one
"

period
in
"

of orbital and

revolution

is about
are

years about

; the

position
millions

angle
of

1897, 2080;
and

they
!

now

21". 5 apart, is

2700

miles,
Their

yet connected

This

distance about Southern is

increasing.
millions of miles
across

proper

motion, 3;/.7annually,or
them
to

446

the

line of vision, will carry

The

the

Cross

in 12,000
the

years. Sirian and

spectrum

of

a2, the larger star,

midway

between

Solar.

%
Burritt located
or

1.2.

this

near

the the

right fore leg, callingit Agena, word,

and I have
not

but

gave

no

meaning
Hadar
much

derivation
the

of

found

it elsewhere;

Bayer placed it on
and

left hind and and

quarter.

Wazn,

Ground
to
a

Weight,

seem

to

have

been
to

out appliedwithstars

definiteness
and the Canis meridian

j3 of this constellation,and
on

in

Argo.
to

Columba, horizon;
north
stars

Major, probably
altitude
of

account

of ago

their
at
a

proximity
Cairo,
and in y

the o(

j3, 1000

years

300

latitude,being only 40.

referred Chinese and
a

Hyde, however,
titles. the Horse's i.
c.

said

that

were

the

to

by

these

Arabic

The This often The Lions

to

call j3 Mah
are

Fuh,

Belly.
towards the Southern Cross,

the the of

Southern

Pointers,
of the knew
as

regarded
Bushmen
; and

as

Cynosure

southern them

hemisphere.
as

South

Africa natives
of the

Two

Men who

that

once

were

the the

Australian
stars

Two

Brothers

speared Tchingal

death,

eastern

Cross

being

the

spear

points that pierced

the

his

body.
2.4,

y,

that

Bayer
Koo

placed
an

on

the

right fore
Tower;
and

foot,

with
was

r, 4.4,

were

early Wei,
The

Chinese the

Low,
Tail.
and

Arsenal

6, 2.8,

the

later Xft

Horse's

early e, ", v,
are

"2,the
Cross

four Dictis
;

nautis

Croziers Al

of H

catalogue, alley's

the

Southern the

f probably
in the

being

Tizini's

Al

Hair

al

Batn

al

Kentaurus,

Bright

One

Centaur's

Belly.

9, Double
appears in the

and

variable,

2.2

to

2.7

and

14.3,

red

and

bluish, ing editor's writ6

Century Cyclopedia Leonis, this

of the

as

Chort,
title the the

an

error

from

the
to

Centauri the hind

for

letter and
near

really belonging Ribs,

that the left shoulder
an

Leonis,on
H-ilitan

quarter

Lion

Arabic of the

signifies. 6
Harvard

in this constellation observers

at

marks have

figure.
com-

Arequipa

reported

8th-magnitude

156
In Greek with The but

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Cepheus
was nected con-

story, like
the

so

many

other

stellar personages,

Argonautic expedition.
our

figure bore

title among

all from

early astronomers
the 'laotdao

and

classic authors, Nonnus and had

even

Germanicus

added his

Iaiides

of Aratos;
Vir and

from 'AvfjpfiaaikTfibg

royal station,which
he
was

became

regini
thus

Regnlus.
aeqnoreiu,

Others
and

said

that

the

aged

Nereui

also

Benex

others and

strangely

called

it Jnvenis

aequoieus.
confusion with the and
not

Cantans, Sonans,
distant
are

Vociferans

show

early

far

Bootes;

while

Dominui
do fable
not

solis, Flammiger, Inflammatus,

seem

Incenms

fiery epithetsthat
the

appropriate
tables when fact of the
on

for Sun

so

faint

unless figure, in Aethiohowever, and

originatingfrom pia,the
has land

that

the

were

spread
Some
one,

where that the

Cepheus
they
are

reigned
from the

earth.
his head
an

suggested
by

that

is surrounded

illuminated
that

Milky Way, light.

Clarus

although
appeared

itself in in Horace's

entirely bare
lines:

spot in

great

circle of

This

occultum

Andromedae

pater

Ostendit

ignem.

Cepheus
in
known in

is

an

inconspicuous constellation,but
as

evidently was
and

garded rehighly

early times
Greek

the

father of the
of the
to

Royal Family,
before of Great

his story well

The
was name

literature

5th century
Khufu
errors

Christ.

Krjfavc, compared
source

by

Brown

Pyramid

fame,
"

the

of

many

queer

titles from

in Arabic

transcription
Chilmead
and

first into

Kifaui, Kikaufi,Kankans
its usual Phicares

; later into

Fikaui, Fifaui, and

Phicarus.

Ficares, or Phictret,

designation
was
a

in

Persia,
title

and

suggested
has

that

Phoenician

equivalent to Flammiger,
as

identical with
been

IlvpicaEvg, the
used for these

Fire-kindler, which, transliterated

stars.

Pirchaeus,
we

Later

on

in

astronomical

literature
and

find

Caieani,
some

Ceiohins, Chegnins, Chegninus, Cheguinns, Ceginufl,

which The Hewitt also later
are

Chiphus,
from

of

seen

for Bootes. knew with

stars

Hindus that

Cepheus
their
a

as

Capuja, adopted
the

Greece

but

claims
when
b.

prehistoricancestors
y
were

it represented

Kapi, the
21000

Ape-God,
and 19000 Dunkin

its
c.

and

respectivepole-starsof King,
but

derives
with

our

title from

the
can

Aethiopic Hyk,
only
be is allowed

the

nection con-

Aethiopia probably Aethiopia,for

within
our

by considering that

country

the Asian

Cepheus

unquestionably of Euphratean
a

origin.
In Throne

Still Bayer's
somewhere

illustration of it is that

of

typicalAfrican.
boundaries,
was

China,

this constellation's

the Lffitf

of the

Five

Emperors.

The

Constellations

157
into
its stars,
a

Arabian
the nomads and Sheep,

astronomers

translated
or

Inflammatus
some

Al
as

Multahab;
Al

but the the

knew thus

Cepheus,
associated
traces

at

least

of

Aghnam,

with the supposed

appear in the

Fold,

large figure around

pole very visible

of this and other

of which

nomenclature

of components of

circumpolar
p,
"

constellations.
the

Bayer
his

specifiedcertain
and the

these,
"

ri, 0, y,

*, 77, and
to

as

Shepherd,
as
as

Dog,

Sheep

; but

Smyth
mate.

alluded

the

whole from

of

Cepheus
Kircher,

the
to

Dog, Cassiopeia being

these,
more

his

Riccioli
"

quoted
nempe
Sham.
of Al

the

Arabic

"Eaar,

Kelds

San

Pastorem, Canem,

Oves"

correctly transcribed
called
the

Rai\ Kalb,
A

and

translator Al

Ferghani'sl
the

Elements which may in the

of Astronomy
have
come

stellation con-

Eadif,
from

Follower,
Al

by Swan,

some

derstanding misun-

the
ever

near-by
to
was

Ridf

tail of

the such

for

Cepheus early
r\

does Arabs'
on

not

seem

have formed

been

known the
to

by
circle

any of

title.
stars

The

Kidr,

the of

Pot,
our

by

small

from

f and

the hand In the

figure extending

the

wing
to

of the

Swan.

place

of

Cepheus, Caesius
King
but

wished Asa

substitute
as

King Solomon,
in the 2d be

or

Zerah,the Aethiopian, whom

ofthe Chronicles,xiv, 9-12; Argelander gives 88

overthrew,

told

Book

Julius Schiller said

that

it should

Saint

naked-eye components;

Heis,

159.

ft,

2.5,

white.

Alderamin,
was

from

Al

Deraimin
the

of

the

Alfonsine
but it
"

Tables

of 152 1, that

originally
shoulder.

Al Dhira

al Yamin,
it " Aderaimin

Right Arm,

now

marks

Bayerwrote
reda"
found and
on

corrupte Alderamin
; while

;
we

Schickard, Adderoiaminon;
Al

Assemani, Alderal
Alredat
the
cannot

jemin

elsewhere

find
as
a

Derab, Al Deraf,

Al-

Kazwini

mentioned
Ideler thinks which

it

Al Firk, but, mistake

although
author,

thus
as a

Borgian globe,
represent
a,
a

it Al

of that

single

star

Flock,
r\ Al

Firk

signifies. Ulug Beg

Stars of the be

more

called appropriately

0,

and
a

Kawakib
of

al Firk, the
may

Flock,

although by this last word

a

Herd

Antelopes

intended.

culminates
the

on

the

27th

of

September.
year 7500;

It will be

Polaris

of the

while

midway

between

it and

Cygni lies the north

1

polar point
al Khethir the
a

of the

planet
in

Mars. prominent
in

This

author

was

Aben

of

Fergana
to

Sogdiana,
centuries
as

gth-century

tronomy as-

and

much

quoted from
His

16th

the

z8th
one

Alfergan, Alferganus, Alfrawas

gani,and

Alfraganus. Jakob

work,
and

valuable

for

its

day,

translated
in

with

notes

by

Golius (the Dutch

Gohl),

published

after the

latter's death

1669.

158

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
and blue.

p9 Double,
Alfirk Ficares
whole of its The is is
now

3.$ this

and

8,

white

current

for

star, although
one

originallygiven degenerated
the
names

to

a;

and

occasionally seen,
that also

from may

of been

the

for the
to

constellation

have

applied by
the

Arabs

others

brighter stars.
components
are

about

14" apart, and

positionangle

is 25 1".

T"
Errai
of the Palermo and the

3-5"

yellow.
of
a

Er

Rai

other

catalogues,
to

but

sometimes

Ami,
In
y

is from China
now

Al
it
was

Eai,

Shepherd,
Wei,
of
a

title

indigenous

Arabia.

Shaou
the

Minor the

Guard. and will be the

marks hence.
v,

left knee

King,

pole-star

of 2600

years

cJ, e,
a

and

f, of about
of Mu

the the

4th magnitude,

were

the Chow

Chinese

Tsaon

Foo,
b.

charioteer
6 is
a

Wang,
the The in and
a

5th

emperor blue

of the

dynasty, 536
41" apart,
but
at
a

noted of 3.7
1

double, 1920.
to

yellow
smaller

and

components

sition po-

angle
varies from

is of the of

7th magnitude,
This
was

the

larger by
the

4.9

period
the

iof days.
thinks it
a

discovered

Goodricke

in

1784;

Belopolsky
radiate the

spectroscopic binary,
visible
from the

period
From
to

of revolution its 28th

equaling

period

of variation. 10th

neighborhood
of

Cepheid meteors,
the

the

June. rf, e, f, and edge

Southern

Surrounding
within
Northern
r\ and *,
a

A, which
of the

mark

King's head,
similar
to

is

vacant

space
of the

the

southern and

Milky Way
and

the

Coal-sacks

Cross.
stars
on near

0, 4th-magnitude
double The

the

right wrist, mark Shang Wei,

at

Al
the
a

Kidr.

star, 4.4

and
are

8.5,

is the

Chinese

Higher

Guard.

components

yellow

and

blue, 7". 5

apart,

position

angle

of 1240.

variable, |A, Irregularly

about

(?) to

(?),

garnet,

50

east

of the
so

head entered

of

Cepheus,
by
Piazzi

is Sir William

Herschel's

celebrated

Garnet omitted

Star, and
from

in the Palermo

Catalogue, yet strangely

to

Flamsteed's
Hind in

list,perhaps
was

owing

its

variability.

This,

suspected by
1
as a

1848,
England,

confirmed

by Argelander.
in

John early

Goodricke

of York, successful

is still remembered variable stars,

the
he

astronomy
was a

of

the

lastcentun and died

at

diligent and
age

observer

of

although

deaf-mute

the

of

22

years.

The

Constellations

159
to

It

is

one

of with

the the

deepest-colored stars
near-by
to
a

visible
its

the

naked

eye,

and

parison com-

will

show

peculiar tint, which, however,

sometimes

changes

orange.

s?

Binary,
Kurhah,
the Al

4.5
an

and

7,

blue. word that Ideler translated

not
a

Kazwini
as a

called

this
or

Al

Arabic of
a

white stellar
to

spot,

blaze, in suggested
Al

face

horse

; but

thinking this
seems

proper

name,

Eirdah,
of

the of

Ape.
the
same

He

ever, here, howas

have he

forgotten

Hik'ah

Orion,

meaning
is

that

to

which The
p,
a

objected.
are

components

7" apart,
was

and

their al

positionangle
the
v, with

2850.

5th-magnitude,
shown
were

Al and

Kalb
tj;

Rai,
and

Shepherd's Dog, guarding

others between the from feet the

the and Flock.

v1
as

Klock

by
Al

a,

0,

", A,

Polaris,

Aghnam,

the

Sheep, apparently

separated
the

and

v2, 5th-magnitude Nonius,

stars,

are

given by Bayer,
the Front

under

title

Oastula,

from

equivalentto Taivia,
members

of the

Garment,

which

they
the

mark.

Sundry
Chinese

small

of this constellation State

and

Camelopardalis

were

Hwa

Kae, the

Umbrella.

To
His

Cerberus home

too

place

is

given
in

"

of old

was

far from Quoted

heaven.

Smyth's Bedford Catalogue.

CttlktUB
is the the

Italian

Cerbero, Secchi
both
a

associatingit
title Ramean

with

Eamo,

the

Branch,

and

French
This

combining

in the former is

et Cerbere. of

sub-constellation,

adjunct
to

Hercules,

but

now

entirely
Hevelius that

disregarded
in
on

by astronomers,

supposed

have

originated

with

his
the

Firmamentum

Sobiescianum, although
of Eudoxos with the it
are

Flammarion The 93, head

asserts

it

was

sphere
that
between

Branch. Flamsteed's and the

4th95,

to

5th-magnitude
and 109,

stars

Hevelius

assigned to
the head

96,

lying

half-way

of Hercules

of the Swan.

160

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
infernal
one

The thrie

royal poet
headed with would

James

designated
the

the

Cerberus has been and

to
so

as

"the

porter of

hell," and

heavenly
; but

figured,
of the
so sky,

although
creature

serpents' darting tongues

seem was

the

abode

task the

to

render made

very

inappropriatehis
purpose

transfer

that

it
as

probably
the death twelve have

only

for the

of

ness, mythological completeout

of this watchlabors. said that the

dog

of Hades

rounded fitly

the circle of

Hercules' Others Hero while

figure typifiedthe
around

serpent

destroyedby
the
Metuttov

the of

it

was

the country infesting

Taenarum,

Greece,
Some Butcher's

the of

modern the
; stars

Cape Matapan.
of Cerberus
as

were

known
a

in

China

as

Too Sie, the

Shop

and

others

Meen

Too,

Cloth

Measure.

The The Ocean

south beast.

wind

brings

her

foe

Brown's

A rates.

"fca (tttonef Cetue, iS"t TEfldfe, or er,

i
is the This fabled of the
to

French

Baleine,

the

Italian

Balaena,

and least but

the

German Aratos'
to

WallflwL

constellation
creature sent

has
to

been

at identified,

since turned

day,
at

with the

devour in the and

Andromeda,
hand of Perseus.

stone

the

sight

Medusa's

head

Equally
that the

veracious

additions
bones in who
a

the

story, from
to

Pliny

Solinus, are
the skeleton

monster's

were

brought
and that

Rome

by Scaurus,

measuring forty feet

; from

length
wrote by near-

the vertebrae he had

seen

six feet in circumference them

at

Saint who

Jerome,

Tyre
the

and

from

Pausanias,
blood.
on

described

spring
Cetus
era

that

was

red
to to

with have

monster's
current

But

the

legend

in which
our

figured seems
in much

been

the

Euphrates

long

before

and, descending

Euripides and
Greeks had

Sophocles, appeared

in their dramas,

as

also For

subsequent literature. usually

followed and Aratos and
some

its stellar title the but

,

Eratosthene" of species

in

KrjTog

they

also

'Op"f"ig, 'OpQog,

'Op^wf,

The

Constellations

161

cetacean
or

; and

the
common common

equivalent npfjartg
habit

and

Upiartg,1 from
The last Roman

to nprjdetv,

blow

spout, the
was

of the animal.

literated, word, variouslytrans-

for the

constellation

with
the

authors, appearing Nereia"

been the

as

Pristis, Pristix, and

aequorta, the

Putrix, qualified by
and of

adjectivesausUr,
has the any

Jera^ Neptunia,
usual title from astronomical
to

squammigera.

Cetus, however, by Cete with

is unlike

days

Vitruvius, varied
the stellar

17th-century
whale known

writers,although
2

figure

zoology.
The Harleian and

Leyden
with
a

Manuscripts long,
trident and

show tail ; the

it with

greyhound head,
the

ears,

and fore

legs,but
thus

whole, perhaps, modeled

in this La of in

afterthe ancient
It is found

bas-relief of
on

Perseus Farnese the But

Andromeda

Naples

seum. Muhave

the

globe, and early title that

the

figuringmay
Lande has

givenrise to,
his Tritonis,
creature

or

originated from,
Chien de Mer.
and

cited,Canis
a

own

Hyginus

1488
the the

like dolphinof and 1535 front

with and

proboscis
Diirer

tusks, all imitated

varied the

edition head

by Micyllus ;
parts.
Thus in

still further

shape
has

of

these, as,

in fact, in in

all

delineations,it
times
was

been with

strange
the

and of

ferocious marine

creature,
at

later

associated

story

Andromeda,
other forms that
our

and
were

first, perhaps,
and

the

Euphratean
;

Tiamat,
have
to

of which

Draco, Hydra,
was

Serpens
because

indeed,
its

some

thought
the the other word

Draco

Andromeda's But
as

foe
an

of

proximity

characters of the

legend.
also
a

alternative

of signification the

Kr/rocis Tunny,3
Fish of the in the

of XeAtdovtac, applied to signification

Northern be tuted substi-

zodiac,

it is not

unlikelythat

the

latter

figure should

story for the time-honored

Whale. in the River

Cetus is sometimes
as restingon usually

representedswimming
the bank
an

Eridanus, although
;

with fore paws

in the water of stars, and Stream from and

so

its head, its body

directly
ing stretchIt
cupies oc-

under

Aries, marked
the space of bend of the

by

irregular pentagon
to

from
a

in Eridanus

that 200

in the in

the

Urn.

500 in length by sky figures ; yet

of that

breadth,
no

is one
than

of the most of the 2d

extended

it shows

star

larger

magnitude, and
lThis
2

only
in
more

one

lustre.

word is the

is

seen

modem

days
earl been

in the

Physetere that Rabelais

of

used.

This

famous

No.

647 of the Harleian

Collection
It

manuscripts
an

in the copy

British of
in

seum, Mu-

from

Robert

Harley, the first

Phainomena,
for
and

of Oxford.

is and
it

illuminated

Cicero's the 26th

translation of the volume of

has

reproduced supposing
American
to
1000

annotated
to

by Ottley
the
ad
or

Archaeologia
M anil ius the
are

1834,

its editor
within of
our

be

from

3d century.
of

Verses from
3

inscribed

the

figure outlines.
coast

This

tunny,
is found

horse-mackerel

and

the

Albacora

thynnus

thyology, ich-

in the Mediterranean

up

pounds' weight.

II

162

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Heis
162.

Argelander
The

enumerates

98
and Beast the

stars

in the constellation,and
Tables
a

1515
said

Almagest Belua,
the it
as

Alfonsine Monster,
and drew

called

it Balaena, but Firthan

; he
ours.

micus

or

more

appropriate name
but

Bayer mentioned

Draco,

it so,

without

wings
and

also

cited for it Leo, Monstram

and

marinum,

Unui from knew

come

marinus, Oiphas,
anonymous the Greek writers.

Orphui;
and

Grotius
The

quoted Gibbus, Humped,

astronomers

Arabian
it Al

of which had

course

constellation and

called but

Ketus,

from

have
not

Elketos, Elkaitos,
of the

Elkaitos;
and its foe,

their

predecessors,who
stars

heard

Royal

Family
Those of
a

separated these
a, y,

into three

very

different

asterisms. the Part

in the head,

6, X, j", "*,and
resemblance of
our

f2, were
to

Al

Kaff

al Jidhmah,

Hand,

from

fancied
in the
a

their Stained
Al
across

Hand,

our

Cassiopeia ;
Ostriches
were "f",

17, 0, t,
; and

f,and

t
,

body

Cetus, were 30 length

Na'amat,
the

the Hen

the four in

line of straight Necklace.

all tail,

lettered

Al

Hithim,

the

The

biblical school

of the

17th century
on

of

course

saw

here

the

Whale
poem, the

that
the

swallowed
Book

Jonah;
have

and said

commentators

that

great astronomical
Leviathan
of which

of Job,
to

that

it

typifiedthe

Lord

spoke
The

the

patriarch.
has back

Julius Schiller thought

of the

it " SS. Joachim

and

Anna."
of

Easy Chair
stars, the
an

popularly been
chair

applied to it from
is the

the arrangement

its chief

leaning towards
by
no

Orion.
means

Although
except
as

old

constellation,Cetus
south

of and

specialinterest,
the

possessing the
variable Mira

pole

of

Milky Way
it is
a

Wonderful
of point

Star, the
nebulae

; and

from

the from

fact that

condensation in this

across directly

the

sphere

Virgo, also

noted

respect.

Ct,

2.9,

bright orange.
of 152 1,

Menkar
sometimes

of

the

Alfonsine
from

Tables

Scaliger'sMonkar,
still is the

and

now

Menkab,
name,

Al

MinKar,
the

the

Nose,
open

popular,but

appropri in-

for it marks

Monster's

jaws.

It is the

prominent
on

star

in the northeastern

and part of the constellation,

culminates

the 21st

of December.

Al

Kaff

al Jidhmah,

found

on

the from

Borgian globe,
that for all the

is

Ulug

Beg's and

Al

Tizini's
modern In

designation for it,taken

it

stars

in the

head; but

lists apply this solely to y.

astrological days
illness to
a, y,

portended danger
born under

from

ill great beasts, disgrace,

fortune, and
In

those

its influence.

China

d, X,

p, v, o,

? *,and

f2,were

Tseen

Kwan,

Heaven's

Round

Granary.

164
of

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
on

the

and tail,
are
a

in

Bayer's
and

and
1,
so

Argelander's
named
to

the

Monster's

flank,while
though alStill, The
name

there

two

others, 0
the

in be

the

proper

location.

misnomer,

title it
star
as

seems

generallyrecognized.
This for the al
error

tury Cenhas of the

Cyclopedia extends
led
to

Deneb
been

AlgenubL
mistaken
Al Difdi'

in

another,
the

for

the

has

Rana
"

Secunda

Arabs,

Second

Frog,

the

Arabs'

Tham,

0 Ceti.

t,
is another

3.6,
which of

bright yellow,
the the

Deneb
the

Kaitos

to

Arabians

added Heis

Al

Shamiliyy

as

being

in

Northern this

branch Arabic

tail, although
the Standard title.

places it in the
very and 17, 0, v, r,

Southern.

From

adjective

Dictionary
With

satisfactori un-

gives Schemali
stars

simply
it made

as

the up

star's the

in the

modern

Fornax,

Chinese

asterism

Tien

Yuen,

Heaven's

Temporary
about

Granary. magnitude,
Nose it
was

A,

of

4^
the
a

is

occasionally
the the Arabs

called
seem

Menkar,
more

and,

as

it

exactly marks
than it is to

of

Cetus,

title would
to

appropriate

; but

applied by

both.

0,

Variable,
and the

1.7 to

9.5,
are

flushed

yellow.
Wonderful
variable Star of long

Mira, Stella Mira,

in the
Whale's and

Collnm
show

Ceti

all titles for this heavens

as a

neck,

object

in the

period
It
was

typicalof its class.

as

first noticed the and 15 th

3d-magnitude

on

the

13th

of

August, 1596,and
an

again
astronomer

on

of

February,

1609, by David Brahe;

Holwarda but of

Fabricius,

amateur
was

discipleof Tycho Phocylides

star.
as

its true

character
"

not

ascertained record

till 1638 by
of
a

Holland,

the

lished first estab-

variable it in

Bayer

lettered

1603

of the

4th magnitude, evidently at

time of

its diminished

and brilliancy it from Ceti

;

without
to

knowledge
1682, inserted

of its

Hevelius, variability ;
as

having
Nova

observed in
nova

1659
6th

it in his Prodromus it 68, described of it

1

the
w

Collo and

and

Flamsteed, numbering

as

pectorc

of the of

magnitude
1692.

on

the

18th

October,

691, and

again
"

on

the
was

28th

September,

This the

singularin its kind

it excited of Hevelius among in

till that
astronomers

in

Collo

Cygni

was

discovered:
Hislorioh
memorating "com-

and Mirae

attention Stcllac" the

is detailed

in the

1662;

thus the
as

virtually naming
detection 333 of stellar
now

it and

amazement

excited Bouillaud in

by

periodicity.
given
as

Its

period, fixed by

1667

days, is

tfl"

The

Constellations

165
various times it has
"

but been

this
seen

is

subject
at

to

extreme

irregularities,at
"

not

all with minima

the

naked
are even

eye
more

for

several

years

consecutively,
it has HerscheFs been

and

its maxima almost

on

and

irregular.
it did Chandler

While

known tions observaas

to

equal
6th

Aldebaran of

in its

as light,

under

the

November,
from

1779,
8 to

gives
than
no

its maximum sends

from
out
at

1.7 to

5, and

its minimum fifteen

9.5.

It thus

sometimes
at

its maximum ''after three is

hundredfold of

more

light

its of

minimum,
relaxation."

and
It

centuries
its

notified

activitygives
about
a

sign

generally at
seven

brightest for
and
the about

fortnight; the
about of three

increase

occupying
The mum maxia

about

weeks

decrease the
1st

months. when it

of below the

1897

occurred

December,

was

little

3d magnitude.
Herschel
wrote

Sir William

of it in

1783

as

being

of

deep garnet
brilliant

color

like (i
The

Cephei.
spectrum
time
is of

Secchi's

3d type,
the line

with

extremely
and

hydrogen
the

lines at the
Mira

of maximum.

lies almost
star.

exactly

on

joining y

f, a

little

nearer

former

^i^2* ft* and

In China

"f"At 5th- to 6th-magnitude stars, were

were

the It

Arabs'
was near on

Al

Hith"m. these that

of

they
of

Tien

Hwan,
discovered

Heaven's the

Sewer.

Harding
and

Lilienthal the
stars

minor
found.

planet Juno,
Poo

the

2d

September, 1804,
c

3d

of these
t,

objects
were

y,

small

near

the

Chinese

Chih,

the

Ax

and

Skewer.

Cfcmae"on,
the German is a small the

Chamaleon,
and south

the

French

Cam"Mon,
below

and

the

Italian Camaleonte,
Octans

unimportant pole.
It from

constellation
was

Carina,
and

separating
among

it from

first

published

figured by Bayer
of the Musca

his

new

constellations

observations

by navigators

preceding
as
"

century. Pontanus, in Chilmead's Chamaeleon with the flie ; but

"

included Treatise,

it with

the

Julius
Musca named Measure

Schiller

entirely changed
in

its character

by combining
None of its stars

it with
seem

Apus
to
a

and

in his biblical Eve.

be

except
or

China,
that

where
our

some

of the
e,

iarger were
and well fil Gould

Seaou
show. 50

Tow,

small

Dipper,
from

a,

0t 97, it

/x2,

gives

naked-eye
culminates

components
about the
1st

4.2

to

the

7th magnitude.

The constellation

of

May.

166

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings

Ctrctmis, f$e (pair of Compam*,

formed

by
and

La

Caille, lies close

its inventor

to

the

front feet of the

Centaur, south from

with the latter.

Lupus
Gould

Norma,
German

it appropriatelyassociating French down

It is the

Zirkel, the
it

Compas,
to

and

the

Italian

Compaaw.

catalogues in only
3.5.

48

stars

the

7th magnitude;

a, itslucida,

being
The

of

constellation

culminates

about

the

middle

of

June.

Others All very dim

underneath
and nameless

the hunted
roll

Hart,

along.
A rata*.

Brown's

CofumBd
now

"")ot"e, QXocfi'* (TXode,

is the of

known of and
on

simply
the the

as

Columba,

Colombo the
Belt. in

de

Noe"

of

the south

French,
of the

Colomba

Italians,and
meridian
with

Tanbe

Germans,

lying
and

Hare,

Orion's

Although
one

first formally of his

on

published by Royer
had Canis
recent

1679,

so

sidered congenerally

constellations,it Bayer's plate of

of these
"more

appeared Major,
"

seventy- six years

and

before rectntw-

located correctly ribus

in his

text

as

Columba;

one

being
to

Petrus and

Plancius, the Dutch

instructor in modern of of Pieter

cosmographer
Theodor.

and

map-maker
these
are

of

the

16th

century,

While

the

first allusions may

Columba

times,

yet the

following from
the

Caesius

indicate
centuries he

knowledge
ago.
wrote
:

and its stars,1

the

of certainly

present

seventeen title,

Translating from

Paedagogus
Signa
sive sive

of Saint

Clement

of

Alexandria,
sive Navis

insignia vestra

sint

Columba,

coelestis

cursu

in

coelum

tendens

Lyra Musica,

in recordationem

Apostoli

Piscatoris.

Still it

was

not

recognized by
or

Bartschius
;

twenty-one

years

after the in

Bayer,nor
same

by Tycho,
as

Hevelius,
with the
ten

Flamsteed
;

but

Halley
two

gave

it,in

year

Royer,

stars to

and

our

Gould,
It
is
was

centuries
up from

later the
such

Argentina,

increased
l

number
of

seventeen.

made

southwestern
use,

But

the that

faintness
some

this

constellation

against the probability sky-group

was

of
a

and

would

imply

other,

and

more

noticeable,

known

as

Dove,

Conia possibly

Berenices.

The

Constellations

167
Ark,
"

outliers of
as

Canis
the

Major,

near

to

the

Ship,
"

Noah's

and

so

was

garded re-

attendant

Dove.

Smyth
astronomy
Royer
in
cut

wrote
:

of its modern

formation,

and

of

its nomenclature

in Arab

away

portion they

of

Canis
was

Major,
called

and

constructed

Columba

Noachi the

therewith
two

1679.
these

The

part thus

usurped
were

Muliphein, from
for Sohefl,
or

al-muhlifein% Canopus,
is

stars

sworn

by,
:

because
two
two

often
a

mistaken

before

which
as

they

rise

stars stars

are

now

and

ft Columbae. ground,
and

Muliphein

recognized

hending compre-

the

called

Hafdrt

al-wezn, weight.

Reference

already has

been
a

made

to

Al

Muhlifain

at

the

stars

y,

?, and

Argus,

6 Canis

Majoris, and

Centauri.

a,

2.5. for

Phaet, Phact,

and

Phad
said
to

are

all modern from the

names

this,perhaps
noted

of

tain uncer-

derivation, but
constellation. The Chinese

be

Hadar

already

under

the

call it

Chang Jin,

the

Old thinks

Folks. that it
was

Although inconspicuous, Lockyer Egyptian temple worship, and

as

of

importance
as

in

observed succeeded

from

Edfu Sirius

and

Philae 3000 has

far back
b.

6400
Ursae

b.

c.

but
was

that

it
y

was

by

about he

c,

as

Majoris
at

by

Draconis

in the
to

north.

And

found

three

temples

Medinet

Habu,
a, 2525,

adjacent
1250, that

each 900

oriented, other, yet differently

years
as

apparentlytoward
the

and
as

before

our

era:

ail these
were

to

god

Amen.
to

He

thinks
the

many of

twelve

different

temples
so

oriented
a

this star; but would

seem

selection

so

faint

an

object

for

important
nates culmi-

purpose Phaet
on

doubtful. of
e

is

330

south of

Orionis,

the

central

star

in the

Belt, and

the

26th

January.

P.
Wezn,
With
a

2.9.

or

Wazn,
was

is from the

Al

Wazn,

Weight.
Mnhlifain
;
a

it

among
stars

disputed Al
the

and

Al

ally Tizini addition-

called
to
a

both

Al

Aghribah,
this brief
are

Ravens,

title that

Hyde

assigned

group

in Canis

Major.
has

Chilmead's
ii

Ireatise

descriptionof
in the backe
or

Columba

Starres: which

of they

which call the

there

two

of

it

of

the second
newes:

tude, magniand

Good

messengers,

bringers of good

168
those 'the in the

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Appeased
of
the

right wing

are

consecrated the waters

to

the

Deity, and

those in

to left,

the

Retiring of
a

in the time
; v2

Deluge.
and
e

Heis
0

locates
*

and

/3 in the back

in

the

right wing,
Son

in the left
the the

and In

were

included

by

Kazwini the

in the
; A

Arabic

figure AlKnrod,
a

Apes.
by near-

China

they

were

Sun,

Child

being Tue,

; and

small

stars, She, the

Secretions.

The

streaming

tresses

of the
William

Egyptian queen.
Bryant's The
C*nst*U*tums.

Cullen

Not The

Berenice's
heavens

locks

first rose
with

so

bright, light.
t/Vu
Lack.

bespangling

dishevell'd

Pope's Rap*

Coma
the

(geremces, (gtremce's fjfixt,

French, Chioma
from Cor
to

Cherelnre

of

the

of

the

Italians,and

the

Hanpthtar
Hair

of the It

Germans,
to

lies southwest
been

Caroli.

seems

have

first alluded Crown

as

by Eratosthenes

as

Ariadne'i

in his

descriptionof
he mentioned
2000

Ariadne's
the its

although subsequently,in
the the constellations Lion's

his account

of Leo, for

group

IlAoKa/ioc BepeviKtft ,Evepy"r*ooc. But

was settled, un-

nearly
for

years been

rightto

it has
or

the

place among d^iop^roi behind

a an

tail, or

connected
however,

with
set

Virgo,
the

partly recognized as
rest

asterism

by itself. Tycho,
it separately,

question at
as we

in it
now.

1602

by cataloguing

adoptingthe
146th
line of

early

title

have

Aratos, perhaps,
the

alluded

to

in it,although indefinitely,

the

Phainomena:
Each
after

each,

ungronped,

unnamed,

revolve

but,

of

course,

did

not

give its
it
was

name,
not

for

he

wrote

under 243
b.

the
c,

2d in whose

Ptolemy
the

whereas (Philadelphus), of the

known and

till about husband of

reign
amber

3d (Euergetes),the

brother

Berenice,

The

Constellations

169
invention of this
stellation con-

hair

we

now

see

in the

sky figure.
consoled

It

was

the

happy

by
from the

Conon

that

the

royal
at

pair after the

theft of the tresses

temple
the

of Arsinoe

Aphrodite
into
a

Zephyrium.
comet. to

Some

versions

of the

story turned
The latter

lady's hair
on

or hair-star,

scholiast

Aratos, however,

referred
;
l

it,as
poem

did
on

Callimachus, it, now

beautiful

the

calling it BdarpvKog
200

BepevUrjf

and
one

his of

lost,was odes,
scribing de-

imitated

years

later

by Catullus,

in

his

most

it

as

the consecrated

spoils of
the

Berenice's
ones,

yellow head, which preceding

the

the

divine

Venus

placed,a
late and

new

constellation, among
into

the ancient
ocean.

slow

Bodtes, who

sinks

luctantly re-

deep

The
vera

beautiful

and

touching legend
associated the with
to
our

of the

Sudarium

of from

Veronica,
the

with

its

icon,has

been

constellation
been the

in similarity

words, some
Latin

supposing
"

saint
to

have

Herodian
her

Bernice,

"

in

Beronica,

converted

Christianitythrough
has
our

sympathy

for the ation continu-

Saviour's

sufferings. Lady
Jameson's
had

Eastlake

fullytold

this story in her

of Mrs.

History of

Lord.

Hyginus

BepevUris nk6icafto"; ; and

among the

Ptolemy,

simple trA6"afioc for

Al

three of its stars

apopQurot
This
was

of Leo,

ovacallingit ve"peXoeidris

a -potprj, cloudy condensation.

rendered Mixture. he wrote least

Atha

by Reduan,
after the

or,

as

Golius

printed
did not

Al it,

Ultha, literally a Coma,

of

Manilius
nor

mention the

although
Aratos,

250

years
as

Conon;

of

course

did

versifiers the

at

by

name,

figureis
steed has
on

not

in distinctly specified and

Phainomena.
are

Crinei
the

Crines

Berenices
and

found La Lande

in classical

times

; Flam

plural Comae globe

the

Berenices,
of

Capilli.
of year

Cincinnns
one

appears and
two

Mercator's
; and quae

155 1, but

there of

consists the
same

only

star

ulae neb-

Latin

Almagest
with

wrote

Convolutio for Coma's hoc

nubilosa
stars
as

cincinnns Leo

vocatnr,
:

this graece,

marginal
latini crinis tricam
as vero

note,

all

informes of
"
coma

Plocamos

cincinnns,
a

est,caesaries
in of
astra
1

virginis,Berenices
Sed cincinnnm

fortasse
barbari it

qni

Pbeta

Calimacho

rclatus est,

vocant.

The

Almagest
;

already had
)

Trioa, describing

nubilosa

and

luminosa

but

Bayer

The

word

Berenice,

sometimes

Beronice,
;

is from

BsqivIxtj,the
Bernice,
From

Macedonian of the
it
our some

form New

of

the

purer

Greek

4"*QtvUi\,Victory-bearing
notorious

and wife

is the

BiqiIxtj,or Agrippas.
Barmn,

Testament,
rive de-

the

name

of the Italian

daughter
the French

and

of the

philologists
all from

the

Vernke,
color

Vernis, the

Spanish

and

Varnish,
Ix"w

the
for

similar amber amber.

of the

lady's hair; BtQtvlxrj having

later become

the

Greek

word

170 changed
the Low this to Greek
wrote

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
these
our

Trioas, Terioas, and

Tpi^ec, in the which Historia

Triquetral,taking
is the
nee

probablyfrom
word
"

doubtless Naturalise

origin of
and

tresses." Italia et

Pliny
quern

Canopum [cernit]
Berenice's

vacant "nor

Berenices
can

crinem, which
in

Bostock the
1

Riley correctly translated,

or

in but

1855,

we,

Italy, see this,in

star

Canopus,
"neither which

Hair";

Holland named

had

rendered also the

601,

hath

Italy a sightof
it was ing bearin the

Canopus,
long
this Doctor
name
"

Berenices southern And

Hair,"
heavens

from

mistranslation

inferred
same

that

contained has been

another

sky
the
as

group
even

title. New of

this

blunder

perpetuated,
defines word

Murray's formerly
passage

English Dictionary,
the southern Holland.
was

which

as

star

Canopus,"

citing
as

authority the
of invisibility

foregoing
Coma from

from of
course

Pliny'sstatement
incorrect the then
as

to

the

Italy

now.

Julius Schiller asserted

Christi.

that

constellation

represented

the

Flagdlum

Thompson
It has been

writes

in his

Glossary,

p.

134,

that

suggested
P. in first with the

by Landseer,
that

Sabaean the
stars

Researches,
which Conon p.

p.

186,

from

the into

study

of

an

Assyrian
Berenice*
to

symbolic (Hygin.
Pleiades
whose

monument, A.

converted and

the Coma
site oppostellation, con-

ii, 24, cf. Ideler, Sternnamen,

were

295)
as a

which
;

lie in Leo
that whose Pleiad is

the

Taurus,
stars

originallyconstellated
with the latest of

Pove

and

this

rise

those

of

Argo,
than

and the

last rise into the

an

simultaneously
astronomical

hand

of the The
case

Husbandman,
rests
on

links
very

better

Deluge-myth.

little evidence, and

:

indeed of

illu"-

difficulties of such tration of the conflicting

were

hypotheses
Berenices

but

it is

deserving
visible

investigation.

it the

only

for the

reason

that

the
at
a

Coma

contains the

seven

stars

(Hygin.).

and

Pleiad

six, a faint hint

possible explanationof

lost Pleiad.

Serviss, who
curious

has

some

beautiful

stellar

similes,says
dewdrops
who
went to
were

that

it is

twinkling,
the old

as

if gossamers
woman

spangled
nursery
or

with

entangled
the

there.

One
out

might think
the sky had
her

of the

rhyme
that

sweep

cobwebs
it
even

of

skipped

this corner,

else

its delicate

beauty

had

preserved

from

housewifely

instinct.

In

Hudibras
name

the

constellation has been but

even

was

Berenice's

periwig;
found in in its

while Thomas
use

another Hill's Chaucer

old-fashioned Schoole
and

Berenice's
then that
a

Bush,

o/Skil

of 1599,

rendered has
or a

classic been Rose

a

by

Spenser Bayer
his

; and

Smyth

says

there

name

still homelier.
; but
to

also

mentioned of Bootes

Rosa,
as a

Rose,
of

Wreath
in

he the

figured
Virgo
it called

it

on

plate by;
the

Sheaf

Wheat,
at

reference
in
a

Ceres Al

close

indeed,
Arabic

Karsten
term

Niebuhr,
that

Cairo for

1762,

heard

Hnzmat,

for

object, or

Pile of Fruit, Grain.

172
Near Fl. 6

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
G.

is the
the

Pin-wheel

Nebula,
Fl. 31

N.

C. 4254,
the north

99

M.,

one

of the

pyrotechnics of
Way,
the
more

sky;
in

while

closelymarks
120

pole

of the distance

Milky
280;

exactly

right ascension
Cetus.

40' and

polar

southern

pole lying in

other
. . .

few,

Below Led

the Archer round

under

his

forefeet,
a

in circle

roll without

name. A raios.

Brown's

Corona
often

"uef rafts,f$e "fouf$ernCrottm,

other
an

qualified by
time

synonymous

austrina, adjectives,

meridiana,

meridionalis,or no/ia,is

in inconspicuous constellation, although accepted of the of

as

Ptolemy's
location The

as

one

ancient

forty-eight. On
the

modern of the

maps

its

is close Germans

to

the know

waist it

Sagittarius,on
the

edge

Milky Way.
as

Sndliche
the

Krone;
Corona
in his had

the

French,

the

Couronne
Aratos
voi

Australe;
did
not

and

the

Italians, as
name

Australe.
use

mention the

it by

unless

of mind

the

pluralDre^che wrote
had Geminos

for both the

of

Crowns;
in

yet
our

doubtless
motto.

it in scholiast

when

of

bivoroi

KvkXcj

His the
to

and and it

'Ovpavioicogj the
the Second

Canopy;
Wand

Aevrepoc,
is said

Second;
have known

Aevrepa
as

KucAo,
the

Circle.
or

Hipparchos
of it the called

Ktfpvmovy
in

Caduceus,

Herald's

Peace,

but

this the

is

not

found

mentary. his Com-

Ptolemy
Germanicus Corona sine honore" with said that refer those
to

^re"f"dvoqvotio$, supposed
any
;

Southern in the

Wreath. Phainomena
as
as

rendered

reference

i.e. without Northern

as

such

noteworthy
Avienus,
this
as was

tradition
'

is connected

the

Crown
as

commenting
and that

upon

which, Grotius
Aratos
to

this the

author,

well

Cicero added

understood the

southern

figure; and

Centaur's
such.

Crown,
idea form,

personages

frequently being represented

the

wearing
in

This

doubtless around
were

originated from
the the heads of the forerunners the
centaur

outspreading
the Centaurs. took It

sun-rays,

crown-like
horses that

Gandharvas,
of the

Aryan celestial
was

bly proba-

thus

ciated assoappropriately

with

and Sagittarius

the

title Corona

Sagittarii.

The

Constellations

173
the in

Manilius it the Crown

or

did

not

allude
Bacchus

to

it ; but

others in the

of

classical poets
honor of his

thought
mother
over

that
one

placed
and hand in

sky

Semele;
Pindar

in

commemoration

of the
some

fivefold

victory of
it the often

Corinna

in their

poetical contest;
from the

considered
the

early Bunch
as
a

of Arrows wheel.

radiating
This idea Wheel
was

of

Archer,

imagined
and

expressed

its titles Tpo#6c

from the latter's

'Ifiovoc

Rota the

the Ixionif,
centaur

of

Ixion, perhaps

relationshipto
Coelum,

Pholos. called
/. e.

Albumasar

it

Coelum,
are

while the Mineus

Coelulum

and

parvum

the

Little Sky,
of the

Canopy,
of which

from

Satyricon,1 the encyclopaedic writings

Felix

Carthaginian
book Lande

Martianus he
treats

Capella

of

the

5th

century,

in the 8th La

of astronomy. Southern the

cited Sertnm

australe, the
and used Gore 250 of

Garland, day

and

Orbiculus

Capitis ; Proctor, Brown,

Little Crown, but this
was

present
ago

have who

Corolla,
also

the

years

by Caesius,
that its stars

gave

the Spira australifi,

Southern

Coil, and
in the

said New
our

represented the Julius Schiller,

of Solomon.

Crown

of Sternal
went

Life
a

promised
the

Testament.
era

however,
AJ Sufi but and

back
our

millennium

before Arabs'
or

to

the

Diadem

is

authority for
Woman's the ftiba', the the the
same

Al

Kabbah,

the Tortoise, literally from al

secondarilythe
it
was

Tent,
Tent,
reason

traveling apartment,
Kazwini's birds Al

its form

Al

and

Udha

Naam,
close

the

Ostrich's
in

Nest, for
now

; the

themselves Al

being
the later

by
was

what

are

Archer Northern

and

the

Eagle.
but

Fakkah,
the

Dish,
Arabians

borrowed
was

from

Crown,
their

among
our

it

Al Iklfl al
as

Janubiyyah, Algenubi;
knew it

equivalent for

title ; Chilmead and

giving

this

Alachil

Riccioli,Elkleil

Elgenubi;
in

Caesius, Aladil

Algennbi
The Chinese

by

the

figure

current

early

Arabia

"

Pee,

the

Tortoise.

Bayer
ribbons

illustrated

Corona

as

typicalwreath,
and the semblance than
even

but

without

the

streaming
show
a

of its northern

namesake,
with
more
no

originalAljonsine
to

Tables Gould

plain heart-shaped object

to

the

name.

assigns
more

it

forty-nine stars,
and
a, at

many

Heis

does

to

its much

celebrated

noticeable the
eastern

counterpart

in the

north.

Its

lucida, the

4th-

magnitude
in the

edge
of

of

the

constellation, is Alfeeea
It

meridiana
on

Latin

translation

Reduan's

Commentary.

culminates

the

13th
1

of

August.
was a

This

popular text-book
of
the

centuries

ago,

and

noticeable
from his

even

by
of

us,

as

it contains
B.C.

very and

clear statement may have led

heliocentric
who

system,
him

probably
in

Hicetas
own

Copernicus,

quoted

1543,

to

conclusions

Syracuse, 344 ; the subject. on

174

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings

Looke

! how her
now

the

crowne

which
.
.

Ariadne
.

wore

Upon Being

yvory

forehead,

placed in
the

the firmament,
doth her beams

Through
And

bright
the

heavens
an

display,

is unto round

starres

ornament,
in order

Which

about

her

move

excellent. Spenser's
Faerie

Quttn.

Corona
is the French

Crotw, f$e (Jtortfcrn (goteafis,

Bortale,
the German

Conronne Corona.
stellar

Nordliche

Krone,

and

the

Italian ancestral
It but
to
was

the

only

crown

known Wreath

to

Eratosthenes

and

the

early Greeks,
had

they
locate

called the

it 2Tt-0ai"oc,a

; and
to

their successors,
this

who

begun

Southern

Crown,

added
to

title of

the

originalthe
its northern

tinguishi dis-

Trpoiroc and
The

06peiog
the

show
name

its

and priority and

tion. posiboroa,

Latins

adopted
et

Greek and

in adjectives
it
as

Corona

borealif, and
fashioned
ex

septentrionalis ;
auro

further
; or

knew of

the

Crown

of Vnlcan
from its
But

indicts
to

gemmis Dolphin

Amphitrite, probably
with that

proximity
Creua Minoia

in

the
was

sky

the

associated Corona

goddess.
varied
and

generally it

Ariadnaea Corona
and

Corona, Virgo
with father where

Ariadnae,
and

Corona

Ariadne*,

Corona,
Corona
and

Gnonda,

Corona
found

Cretioa
with

Gnouis,
Flaccus

by
Ger-

Minoia

Valerius

manicus,
to

Ariadnaea
or

Sidns
her

Ovid

; these

classical

ferring redesignations

Ariadne,

to

Minos, king
Theseus

of

Crete,

and

to

her

place birth-

in that

island,at Gnosos,
became

married
and
so

her. took his

When
name

deserted
Libera; had

by

him

she the her

the wife of Liber that Theseus

to
b.
"

Bacchus,
as some

while

crown was

or,

said, the goddess

it became
wrote
our

Venus"

given
early

transferred

the

sky, where

Corona;

and,

as

as

the

3d century

c,

Apollonius
Still her

Rhodius

in his

Argonautkat

sign

is

seen

in

heaven.

And The

midst

the
crown

symbols glittering
of Ariadne

of the

sky

starry

glides.

Keats

changed
Hair

this in his Lamia

as

to

Ariadne's
to

tiar;

and

others Tresses
"

made

it the

Coiled
Some herself from

of Ariadne
"

companion
Ovid among and

the

Streaming
in his

of Berenice.

authors, however,
became the of How

them Mrs.

Fasti,
in

said that Ariadne her

constellation;
Bacchus

Browning,
:

Paraphrases

Nonnus

comforts

Ariadne

The

Constellations

175
thou
"

Or
A A

wilt

choose

still surpassing

glory?

"

take

it all

heavenly house,
and the her

Kronion's

self for kin.

This

legend

of

Ariadne

Crown

seems

to

have

been

first recorded

by Pherecydes

early in
to

5th century

before

Christ. these
stars

Dante, referring Minoi,

the for made
In

Ariadne's much be

descent,

called
to

la
"

Figlinola di
was so
nowned re-

poet

giving
to

prominence
called the Infernal
a

her

father,1who Gods,
and

justice as Judge
Corona

Favorite

of the

after death

Supreme
all ages few of
our

in the has

Regions."
as

been have

favorite, popularly
had
as

well

as

in literature,

and

stellar groups

many
name

titles, although
"

the
"

English
Adriane."

of

the Middle Chaucer

Ages
had

usuallywrote
this strange
And The

its wearer's
on

Adrian
:

"

and

passage
sygne

the

constellation
men se

in the

of Taurus
coroune

may

stonys of hire

shyne clere

but this

seems

unless unintelligible, of Koronis the of the

from

some

confusion

in the

poet's

mind the that

was

with

the

location

Hyades.
and the Skeat Sun is
was

These, however,

lie in

heavens

just opposite
may have
meant

Crown,
that when

ingeniously
in Taurus the in
case.

suggests
Crown

Chaucer

the

noticeable specially
"

in the

midnight sky, as
Edmund

exactly
wrote

England's
of

Arch

Poet,"

Spenser,

the

ShepheariTs

KaUndar*

1579:
And
now

the Sunne
his way

hath

reared the

up

his and

fierie footed

teme,

Making

between

Cuppe

golden Diademe;

one

of the The

early titles of

Corona

being Diadema
seen

Coeli.
for it,is

Wreath
of the

of Flowers, occasionally
words

merely

the

early significati

2r""pavos
name

and

Corona.
"

Oculas
and

was

another

of the for any

constellation celestial

term

common

in poetry
3

post- Augustan
the

prose One.

luminary

; and

Prudens

called

it Kaera,
As
as a

Shining
corona

the

ardens

of the

Georgics, Vergil included

passage
:

it with

the

Pleiades

calendar

sign, May
him "with

the translating

Dante

furnished
a

tail
It

(collacoda),
a

thus

converting
for
we

him,
:

after

the

mediaeval

fashion, into
Who
2 It may

Christian
bore
me

demon."

was

long

tail, too,

read

unto

Minos, who

entwined this

eight times
was

his tail about

his stubborn the

back.

not

be

generally known
Twelve monethes.

that

first

published
poet of

as

Twelve

portionable Aeglogues, Pro-

to the
* Aurelius

Clemens

Prudentius, the Latin

Christian

our

4th century.

176

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
solid graine,
e :

Bat A

if thou wheat
or

plow

to

sowe

more

barley

harvest

to obtain

First And Ere Dare

let the
Ariadne's thou
trust

morning thy hope

Pleiades

be

set,

shining Coronet,
seed
to

commit
the

ground,

and

there

of all the

following yeare. it Onosia

had been

Columella,
Vaxras
and

in

similar

connection,
where lucida

called

Ardor deserted

Baoehi, and by
Theseus;

Ardor,

from

Naxos,

Ariadne
as

specially designated its

Its stars
were

clara

stdla. this in: expressing

favored

also

by
then

the

astrologers,Manilius
raise fine Beds of their

Births And The The For And Or To

influenc'd twine their

shall

Flowers,
Bowers
;

creeping Jasmine
in and Banks the

round

Lillies, Violets

dispose, blushing
Rose
:

Purple Poppy,
Pleasure real

shades

their rising Mounts

:

shall

yield,

Figures paint the gawdy Field

shall wreath

they
grace

their Flowers,
or

their their

Sweets

entwine,

their Mistress,

to

Crown

Wine.

Bayer said
a

of it the

Azophi Parma,

by

which

he

meant

that

Al

Sufi called it the

Shield

; but

majority of
and

Arabian which

astronomers

rendered
into

classical

title and

by

Al

Drill al

Shamaliyyah, appeared
there
was

degenerated
Beg
as

Acliluichemali
DcHL
Al

Aclushemali,
But in which

with
a

Ulug

plain
and

early Arabia Ulug Beg's

different
as

figure here,

Fakkah,
as

the

Dish,

translator and

gave

Phecca,

others

Alpbscs, Alphena

Alfeoca, Alfacca, Foca, Alfeta, Syrochaldaeis ;

and

Alfelta ; while

Riccioli

said

Schickard, Alphakhaco.
al the

Hyde
and the

quoted
Persians

Kasat had

8alik, and
same

Kasat
their

al

Masakin,

the

Pauper's Bowl;
the

in the

Kasah

Darwishan,
the his

DervishV

Platter,or Kasah

Shekesteh,

Broken
some

Platter,because
of these

complete circle is in-

Bullialdus

Latinized taken from

tides

in

Discus

panu*

oonfractus, evidently
Small The Broken

Chrysococca's
should
"

Uivdniv
Uivokiov.

a KeicXaOfih'ov,

Dish, which, however,

Tables have

read of

Alfonsine

Malfeloarre,
Ideler One of
a

the

Chaldaeans,"
form of

Ricciolis
Arabic Al

Malphelcane,
Munir it from
Crown al

considered the

by Bright

degenerate
the Dish
;

the

Fakkah,
Half
al

though
or

Buttmann the

derived
of the

Al

Khatar,

the

Loop
Al
Al

of the Malif

Wreath,
al al of

Junction

; and
more

Scaliger suggested
correctly
est

Knrra,
KurralL
the

of

somewhat

similar
said W*

meaning, although

written

Milaff
Circle have

Bayer
of the than

phelcarre quod
he did

sertum

pupiliae, the

Pupil

Eye
he

and.

not

explain this,may

written

better

knew.

The

Constellations

177
as
a

for

Pupillais
to

the

Latin

equivalentof Koprj, which,

In La Landed Astronomie the of this

proper

name,

was

titlefor
space

Persephone.

Dupuis
Latin

devoted

much the

his identification

goddess,

Proserpina,with
and the
as figure,

Chaldaean Northern. of the name, The

Phersephon, taking the title from

Thus,
may

Phe'er, Crown,

Serphon,
well
as

if

Dupuis
said
to

be

correct, the

origin of
Atardth,

lie far back

are

of Cretan have called and

days.
it the

Hebrews

Crown,

"

perhaps

of the Semitic the

queen of the

Cushiopeia;
Greeks and

the

Ashtaroth, their Astarte, Syrians,

of the Latins the without
a

'A^podtT^
quotes

the

Venus that

; but

all this

seems

doubtful,as
Blake Reeves
In

also

is Ewald's from

conjecture

it was
but

biblical Mazzaroth.

Flammarion,
the
was

Viehaca,
Kwan

explanation.
of Arianrod

catalogued it as
story
Corona

Chinese Caer
and

Soo,

Cord. House the

or

Celtic
the

Arianrod, daughter
to

the

Ethlenn,
name

sister of
a

Gwydyon

of of

Don,
the

Fairy King,
owner

this

bearing
Shawnee wife said

singularresemblance
Indians knew it White

that

classical

of the

Crown.
The
as

the

Celestial Sisters,the fairest of them

our

being the
Caesius

of the that
or

hunter

Hawk,

Arcturus.

it

represented the Crown

one

that

Ahasuerus

Esther's head,
or

the

golden
worn

of the the it maps. the that

Ammonite

King

of

placed upon talent's weight,

thus, or

the Crown

of Thorns
den

by
shows the of

Christ.
as
a

The

Ley

Manuscript
it appears
on

laurel the

wreath, and
Firmamentum of

as

typical crown,
a

In

Firmianum,

work

of

731,

in

honor

persecuting bishop
of the

Salzburg, of
with
to
a

the

Firmian

family,the figuring is
the in
coat
an

Corona
But
an

Finniana,

stag's
rule

antlers from may be noted

of

arms

of that

family.

exception
wreath.

the
a

in illustration,

the

originalAlfonsine Tables,
crown or

of

plain
gested sugof

three-quarter circle, entirelyunlike

that in the earliest

either it may

Proctor the

astronomy

have

formed

right arm

Bootes.
It is
to interesting

the

astronomer

from

its many

close

binaries,and
it
as

is

favorite object with

youthful observers, who

much
our more

generally
for it is

know

Ariadne's
than
to

Crown.
is usually Australian
stars.

It the

certainlyis
case

like

that and

which

it is named

with of

sky figures;
Woomera,
our

equally suggestive
his idea of

the

native

the

Boomerang,
of e, the

Corona's

Here

appeared

very

suddenly, 58'
Star
as a

south

on

12th
to

of

May,

1866,
eye for
at

the celebrated

Blaze

2d-magnitude
some

visible

the 10th

naked

with only eight days, declining,

to fluctuations,

the
to

magnitude
8th, where

the rate
12

of

half

magnitude

day, but

risingagain

the

it

178
stillremains called
and
a

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
star.

as

Coronae,

variable pale yellow,slightly

Although May, 1855,

nitude. mag-

nova,

Argelander
it on
the
"
"

had

already mapped
be

it

on

the

18th
at

of

again

noted
was

the

31st of March,
star

1856, probably
to

its normal

It chemical Near

first temporary the

"studied

by

the

universal

method
its

spectroscope.

place

the

Variabilis

Coronae, 5.8
to

now

lettered
with

R,
much
as a

was

discovered

by

Pigott in 1795,
Professor in

still

varying
repeats

from the

13, but

irregularity.
help
to

Young

Paydst
d, e,

of

Cassiopeia
The form

the

ory mem-

locatingthe
then 200 follow northeast

stars

of this constellation.

extreme
an

northern

one

is

0, but

in order

0,

a, y,

1.

They

almost

perfect

circle semi-

of Arcturus. total of 27 stars visible to the naked eye

; and

Argelander gives a

Heis,

31.

One A The

plac'd i' th*

front

above darts

the

rest

displays
"

vigorous light,and
Monument
of the

surprizing rays
Mai'l.

forsaken

Creech's ManiUus.

ft,

2.4,

brilliant white.

Alpheoca, the Alphaca

al

of Burritt's of the

Atlas

of

1835,
ir

was

Ulug Beg's

Al

Fft'ir
to

Fakkah,
word

the lucid

Bright
a.

One

Dish,

this Na

being equivalent Papilla, which

a

the

Latin

Bayer
appears

asserted in the
; but to

that

the

Arabs of the

knew

this

star

as

also
to

nomenclature
as

constellation,with
to

possible clue
classical whom

its

derivation
we

the

word
to

belongs

Lyra,

and

is

not certainly

Arabic

may

have

recur

first principles for its

as

originin the
"

Papilla.
he

Munir,

found

with
those

Bayer

of

the

"

Babylonians,"
"

by

ably prob-

intended
with In

gifted in astrology,
Chilmead
it
was

is from
as

the

Arabs, and

mous synony-

their

Nair.

gave

this

Munic.

Vergil'sGeorgics
and

Gnosia
were

Stella Coronae.
not

Gemma
later with that the the is

Gemma
from

Coronae
Ovid's

used
novem

in

classical that

times, but
combined

are

titles, perhaps
his the
auro

gemmasque

Vulcan his

to

make

Ariadne's
be taken and

Crown;
in its

but

Spence

said, in
of
a

Polymetis%

word

should blossoms of the

original meaning
the floral crown,

Bud,

referring to
with

unopened early
an

leaves The

of

thus

agreeing

idea

figure.
omission.
one

Gema

occasionallyseen
members brightest the

unquestionably
of the

from

early type
is the

Alphecca
and in modern

central

of

the

seven

group,

times

has

been

Margarita Cortmae,

Pearl

of the

Crown,

180

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
story of Coronis, and of her
faithfulness un-

Ovid, narratingin
to

the

Metamorphoses
that when from
:

the the

Apollo,1 said
he
was

bird

reported to
silver hue

his master
to

this

unwelcome

news

changed
the

his former

the present

black,

as

Saxe

concludes

story

Then
"

he

turned

upon
!
see no

the

Raven,
!

Wanton

babbler
of mine

thy fate longer,

Messenger
Go
to

Hades

with

thy prate

"

Weary
And

Pluto

with

thy tattle !
come

Hither, monster,
"

not

back
"

to

match be

thy disposition thy plumage

Henceforth

black

"

"

This

story gave

rise

to

the the

stellar title Garralus

Proditor.
Fasti
"

Another

version with
a

of cup
to

legend

appears
at

in
a

the

viz.,that

the bird,

being sent
and then

for water, the snake fixed

loitered
with
a

tillthe fig-tree
in his of

fruit became and

a

ripe, ment punishwe

returned

god
to

water-snake the
cause

claws

lie in his

mouth,
he may
over our

allegingthe
was

have

been

his

delay.
the

In

forever

in the

sky
From

with

the

Cup

and

Snake; and,
the

infer,doomed
the

to

everlastingthirst by
the

the

guardianship of
other

Hydra
for

Cup
"

and

its contents.

all this Bird

came

poeticalnames
one

Corvus his

Avis

Ficarius,
and
water
a

Fig

; and

Emansor,

who alone

stays
among

beyond
birds did Florus the

time;
carry

belief, in early folk-lore,that

to

this

not

its young.

called

it Avis Valerius
an

Satyra, the
when appear aided

Bird

of
a

the
raven

Satyrs, and
on

Pomptina,
Pontine
which

from

victory of
bird and
as a

by
on

the

Marsh. preted is inter-

This

ass

together

coin

of

Mindaon,
the

reference

to

the almost
ass

simultaneous
has been

setting of

constellations
the latter

Corvus in the The earlier of been that the

and

Cancer,
or

for the

always

associated

with

"Ovoit
Raven

Asini, of its
of Rome of and

stars.

Greece
were

became Al Arsh
star

Al

Ghurab
al

in Arabia

; but

in

days

four

its stars

al Simak

Azal,

the

Throne

Unarmed

One, referring
j3,y, $, and 0, k, xp,and
ancient Lion.

to

the

Spica.
as

These

naturally have
said
the

considered

r\ ; but g ;

Firuzabadi,
the
same

interpretedby Lach,
were

they

were

and

stars

Al
whole

fAj" al Afad,
were

Rump
1

of the

Other

early
Coronis

titles for the

Al

Ajmil,
with

It may

be

noted

here the

that

Apollo and
of

were

even

still more became

closely
the

connected

astronomy

in

being

parents

Aesculapius,

who

afterwards

Serpent-holder

Ophiuchus.

The

Constellations

181

the

Camel,

and

Al

ftiba, the Tent; this

to

last from

generallyqualified by Yamathat
or

niyyah, the
Ajmal, Hyde
this does As
not

Southern, quoted,
seem

distinguishit
the here.

in Auriga.

Instead

of but

from

Mudjizaty Ahmal,
in

Hamal,

the

Ram,

probable
were

these
so

stars
were

utilized by the
the Hindus

Arabs in the

forming
for

their

exaggerated
which much and

Asad,

also

they by hand,
"

immense

of Praja-pati,

they

marked

the

this title

being duplicated
The the head
two

Orion,

better known

for that

constellation.
the

of the

figurewas
a

marked

by

Citra, our
while the

Spica, and

thighs by
n

Vicakhas,

and

j3 Librae;

and Anuradhas, j3, (5,

formed Scorpii,

standing-place. Praja-pati's
or

Incongruously enough, they

rus,
"

considered
was

Nishtya,

Svati,
"

our

star

Arctuorgan, sieu.

as

the

heart

; but

as

this

far out A

of the proper

place
ma

for that and if at

our

Professor The

Whitney substituted
Avesta with mentions
ours
a

i, k, and

Virginisof the
Eorosch
; but

mil

stellar
;

Raven,

how,
that

all,this
Corvus,
Persian

coincided
under the

is unknown marked

although Hewitt
western

thinks of the

title Vanant,

the

quarter

earliest

heavens. Nor is the there it

one reason

for the

association

of

Corvus far back of

with

Hydra
that be

though evident, al-

is

Euphratean
ravens a
or

myth,
of appears

from

of classical Tiamat may

days, making

of

the and

monster

the
a

brood

Hydra

sented; repreas

upon

tablet

title that
to

for Corvus gave

the

Great

Storm Aratos of

Bird,

Bird

of the

Desert,

which

Tiamat

sustenance, The

just as

described
Corvus

Kopaij pecking the

have otherwise been

folds of the identified

Hydra.
with the

nent promi-

stars

Akkadian

Knrra,
The
as a

the

Horse. knew

Hebrews

it

as

'Drebh,or

Orev, the Raven;

the Bed

and while

the

Chinese,

portion
were
an

of their great

stellar division

Bird,

its individual

stars

Imperial Chariot
it has been
as

or riding ruling,

upon,

the

wind.
the

In
or

later

days
on

likened
there
was

to
no

Voah's

Raven
land for
a

over flying

Deluge,
or one

alighting
that those

Hydra,
the

dry
but

resting-place;
combined

of those

fed

prophet
in his Ark

Elijah;

Julius

Schiller

its stars

with

of Crater

of the Covenant.

a, Al Chiba
and the is from Arabian Beak. said that it
was

4.3,

orange. whole it Arabic

as

the

Desert

title for the

figure;
al

but

Ulug

Beg

astronomers

designated
Yew
so

Al Minfiar

Ghnrab,

the Raven's Reeves

the Chinese
now

Hea, the Right-hand

less brilliant than

Linch-pin.
the four fol-

Although
I2"

lettered

it first,

is

much

182
lowing
and that

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
since

stars

some

consider in

it

as

having decreased
Sufi called
seems

Bayer'sday,

perhaps changed
a

color, for

Al

it red. unnamed but under

0f
where

ruddy yellow 3d-magnitude

it is Tso y,

star,

except

in China, cluded in-

Hea, the
rj.

Left-hand

Linch-pin ;

this title were

6, and

r"
Gienah is from

2.3.

Ulug

Beg's
on

Al

Janah

al Ghurffb
charts
now

al

Aiman,
the left.

the

Right

Wing given

of the in the

Raven, although Alfonsine

Tables

modern

it marks

Algorab,
6.

to

this star, is

usuallyapplied to
some

y is the

member brightest it alone

of the

constellation,and
sieu.

Chinese
on

ties authorithe 10th

said that
of

marked

their nth

It culminates

May.

8, Double,
Algorab,
; corner

3.1 and

8.5, pale yellow

modern is
on

and

purple.
the
at

the

generallyreceived
has

is title,

from and

Palermo the

logue Cataleft its

Proctor of the

Algores.
The

It

the

rightwing,
are

upper
to

square. is not

components

24" apart

but, owing

color, the
All the the

smaller

readilydistinguishable. The
e

positionangle is 210".
the nth

foregoing stars,
Hand,
with

being added, constituted

as

nakshatra,

Hasta,
the

Savitar, the Sun,

next

its presidingdivinity ; 6 marking

junction with Citra, the

nth

lunar

station.
a

The

sieu,Tehin,
and
was
e

the

Cross-piece of
to

chariot, anciently Kujam, authorities, only

y.

tained con-

j3,y, 6, however,

but, according

some

This,

always
have

the

determining
almost in

star.
on

f, a 6th-magnitude double,
seems

the

limit of
a

strangely invisibility,
Long
hind Sand-bank. quarters
of the

to

borne said

name

China,
and

"

Chang Sha,

Al

Biruni

that

with

j3,y,

6 it marked

the

monstrous

early Lion.

the generous
the

Bowl

Of

Bacchus

flows, and

chears

thirstyPole.
Creech's Manilius.

Crater, #e Cup,
is the French
several

Coupe,
and

the

German

Becher,
stars

and

the the

Italian Tazza, formed by

ward Hydra's back, just west-

4thfrom

5th-magnitude
and

above

Corvus,

300

south

of

Denebola,

in

partly

annular

form

The

Constellations

183
a

opening

to

the

northwest.
et Corvus

This

was

long considered
; but

part of the threefold

constellation

Hydra

et Crater

modern

astronomers

catalogue

it separately,Argelander number In but with

to

assigning to represented

it 14

stars, and

Heis

extending
of

the

35. Greek

early
all

days

it

the in

Kdvdapo$,
our

or

Goblet,

Apollo,
it as

universallywas

called

Kpa-r^p,which
it Cratera
the

transliterated Manilius

title obtained described

Latins, Cicero Crater,

ancient
so

writing using
Urn

; while

grataa Iaceho
Bacchus. called bucket The
as

mystic, poetical name

it appears
as

often The

applied to
Greeks
also Water-

In

manuscripts
;

Creter.

it Ktf Att^, a

Cinerary

'Apyelov, 'Ydpeiov, and

'Ydpla, a

Romans

knew additionally the

it as

Urna, Calix,

or

Seyphus, and, poetically,

this last

Poculum,

of Apollo, Bacchus, Hercules, Achilles, Cup, variously, and

Dido, Demophoon,
into the

Medea;

its association

with

bringing it
Brown

long list of Argonautic constellations.

connected

Hewitt with the

the words

it with
in the

the

Soma-oup

of

India prehistoric of

; and

Mixing-bowl
of the

Euphratean
:

myth

to Istar-Kirke, referring

prophet Jeremiah
hath
been
a

Babylon
But
as

golden

cop

in the

Lord's

hand.

any

connection

here

would

seem

doubtful, although
it with
"

the

Jews
Mummu the

knew

it Tia-

Cdt, a Cup.
chaos the

Hewitt
of the

also identifies sea, the

mother

the

Akkadians1

mut, the

of heaven
"

and

earth, and
all this

child

of

Tiamut,
Corvus. It
was

mother

(mut)

of

living things (tia)

three ancient
:

; but

better

suits

known

in

England
us

two
a

or

centuries
vase

ago the

as

the

Two-handed collection

Pot;

and

Smyth

tells

of

small

in

Warwick

bearing an

thus inscription
Wise

translated
knew

ancients

when had

Crater attained

rose

to

sight,
;

Nile's

fertile

deluge

its

height

although Egyptian remains

In

thus Al when

far show the

no

allusion
"

to

the

constellation.
for the under

early Arabia
of

it

was

Malaf,
the

Stall,

later title there the Desert and the

came

Praesaepe
Greek
of

Cancer;
it
all
was

but Al

astronomy
Persian vessel

of

influence

Batiyah,

the

Badiye,
for

Al

Batinah
Another

Al

Achsasi,
a

an signifying

earthen

storing wine.
lists,
"

Al X"b, title, turned

Shallow
and

Basin,
"

Alhas

in the Alfonsine

has

since

been

into Alker

Elkis ; but
now as

suggestion Scaliger's applied

to

of

Alkes
same

generally
Tables

has been

adopted, although
as

the

star

a.

These

Latinized it

Patera,

and

Vaa,

or

Vas

aquarium.

184
Riccioli's
Its formed
more

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
I
cannot trace to

strange

Elvarad

and
%

Phannaz
and

their

origin.
in all, whole

conspicuous
10th may the have

stars, with
or

others

in
or

Hydra, twenty-two
Flanks;
and
at
name.

the

sieu, Th, Tih,

been
sieu

Ten, Wings
Chinese
which

the

constellation the

the in Leo,

Heavenly Dog
also bore of that

shot

by Chang,

divinityof
Caesius
said
or

9th

god's

that
one

Crater of the

represented the Cup

stone

Joseph
or

found

in

min's Benja-

sack,
Passion

Water-pots

of Cana,

the

Cup

of Christ's
bined com-

; others
some

called

it the with
a

Wine-cap
eminence

of

Hoah,
as

but

Julius
of the
under

Schiller Covenant

of its stars

part of Corvus
to

the born

Ark

ly it portended Astrological

those

its influence.

ft,
Alkes is title from

4.1,

orange. it also of the has been

our

but Scaliger, all from it

"

Alker,

and

in the

Alfonsine
The
at

Tables

Allies

Al

Kas

constellation.
"

Latin base

designation for
of the

Fundus

vasis

well

describes

its

position

the

Cup.
only
named
star

Since
may the
a

it is the been

in

the
;

figure, and
but

the

first

it lettered,
now

have lucida. has

brighter 300

years

ago

6,

3.9-magnitude, is
the 20th of

several

opticalcompanions,
due south
at

and

culminates

on

April,
of Al

about

3 20 4.4

nearly

from the

j3 Leonis.

0, of
Tizini's

magnitude,

southern i.
e.

edge
the

of

the

base,
and the

was

one

Al

Sharasif, the Ribs,"

of

Hydra,"

first of the set.

The Ah The

four
! how

that

glorifythe night
to

forget when
shone forth

my

ravish'd

sight
of Col*mbus}

Cross

in

everlasting light!
Rogers' The Voyage

Samuel

Crur, i%t Ctobb,

is the edition
It
was

German

Kreuz,

the

Italian

Croce,

the With

French
us

Croix

and, in the 1776

Southern
Crow. chief stars iton

of Flamsteed's unknown
to

Atlas, Croisade.
the
as

it is the

ancients
a

by

its present

its four title,

now

being
three

noted sides.

by Ptolemy
As

part of the
it

Centaur,
over

which hind

surrounds

such

Bayer outlined
the great before

the

h letteringit e, f, feet,

In this poem

Rogers

makes

discoverer

bring
!

the

telescope

into

use

centurj

its invention

The

Constellations

185
Crucis,
"

and

f Centauri
at

; but

these

now

are

a,

0, y,
y
at

and the

the

1.3-magnitude
d,
the

lutida and
A

the the

foot, the
transverse:

2d-magnitude
these

top, with

j3 and

early f

v,as

of last,respectively,
o

1.7 and

3.4

magnitudes.
interferes visible
to

fifth star, e, of the

the

4th magnitude, between

the

and

d, somewhat

with

regularity of
eye

figure ;

and

there

are

forty-nine others

the naked The

within

the constellation it
was

boundaries.

statement

that he it

mentioned
to

by Hipparchos
its 0
as

probably

is

neous, erro-

although
may have
was

alluded distinctly
as

of

the

Centaur

; but

Pliny

known then

Thronoa

Caesaris

in honor

of the emperor from

Augustus; Alexandria,
And in Al of
a

yet it
where Biruni north

invisible from
have been
a

though plainly visible Italy,

named be call
a

it may
wrote

thus could

by
seen

some

courtly
Multan Beam

astronomer.

that
"

star

from the

in

India,

300

12'

latitude,
to

which

they
is

Sola,"

of Crucifixion. the modern

This, if

reference

the

Cross,

striking anticipation of
Shula, claimed

figure.
of Hindu

Hewitt, repeating
astronomers.

this title as

it for the south

pole

Whittier

said, in

his
The

Cry of
Cross

Lost

Soul

of

pardon lights the tropic skies it is

on

which

is correct
latitude. the
were

for

our

day,
last

as

not

now

visible entirely
of But savages

above
"

270 30'
1 "

of north
"

It that above

was

seen was

the horizon

Jerusalem
3000 years the

46' 45"

about

time

Christ
the

crucified. of the

previouslyall
shores
of the

its stars Baltic

70

horizon

along

Sea,

in latitude
as a

52" 30'.
constellation of much it
was

Its invention but it had been

we

is often

attributed

to

Royer

as

of

1679,
before

the

theme that

for nearly two description

centuries

him, and
on

know

illustrated
others of

by
new

Mollineux
southern it in it

of

England,

in 1592,

his celestial it
over

globe,
hind

with

the

figures;
his text

and
as

Bayer

drew
cruxy

the

legs of the
Centauru 1662
as

Centaur,
Bartschius

giving
had well

modernis

Ptolemaeo

pedes

separately
hence

in 1624, and

Caesius

catalogued
that it
was

it in

though
over a

known;

it

seems

markable re-

only outlined

the

Centaur

in the
narrow

Flamsteed
stream
as

Atlas, three
or

Crux four

lies in the
"

Milky Way,
and in 6"

"

here

brilliant but
from its
to

degrees wide,
clear
a

is noticeable
extent

compression
south, and
less white
a

well in

as

its the

form, being only

upper
star
a

from

north

width,

orange made and

in

color, and
kite
romance

the than

rest

; the

general

effect

being that
these,
"

of

badly
poetry

rather

of

cross.

So
"

standing that, notwithto

all the it

associated from northern

with

it, perhaps owing

who
see

usually disappoints

those

latitudes

it for

the first time.

186

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
we

For

twelve

centuries, from

Pliny to Dante,
his

find

no

allusion
the

to

its

stars

till that
Venus
"

great poet, turning from

contemplation,

in

fttrgatorio, of

veilingthe Fishes,"
posi
Al Non altro
mente

polo
mai

vidi quatro fuor

chc

stelle

viste

alia

prima gente, in his Examen

in which
that he

Baron refers
to

Alexander the Cross

von

Humboldt,

Critieum,
passage

insists

; while

Longfellow, translatingthe
and

fixed my
saw

mind
stars

Upon
Ne'er

the
seen

other

pole
save

and

four

before

by the primal people,

the
as figuring,

calls it an

acknowledged
the

reference

to

same,

it were,

the

dinal car-

virtues,Justice, Prudence,
Cato
as

Fortitude,

and that

Temperance,

attributes

of

Guardian
We

of

Purgatory, claiming
are

here

Nymphs

and

in the

Heaven

are

Stars.

Later

on

in the

same

canto

we

read

again

of Cato

The Did

rays
so

of the four consecrated

his countenance

stars

adorn

with

light.

But

this reference Dante

^

to

the

"

primal people
as

"

is not,

Barlow has

says

in
to

his the

Study early

of
races

to

our

first parents, who

even

Cary's translation
ago of could
see

it,but

of

mankind,

5000 than

years that his

the the the

Cross
same

from passage

latitudes Dante
:

very

much
to

higher
its local

Italy.

In
to

alludes

in invisibility

apostrophe
widowed
of

northern

heavens

! thou

septentrional and
thou
art

site these!

Because

deprived

seeing

and

in the Whence

8th

canto

calls them

Le
we

quatro chiare
do
not

stelle. for the from it

was

Dante that
we

learned have

all this any

to

know,
of

not

till
;

200

years that

later he

published
the heavens

account

constellation

but and too,

paid great
of erudition him the

attention
to
as

is evident Divine and

his frequent
He
"

allusions intelligent
a man

them well
as

throughout
of of

the

Comedy.

was,

imagination
ten

poeticalgenius,
"

Carlyle
seen

called
some

spokesman

silent
at stars

centuries,
least
one

and

may
"

have

of the

Arabic
"

celestial globes, on
we

of which Centaur

probably
with

the
;

Borgian
and he

of 1225 doubtless

know

that

the

of the

were

represented
learned

had

frequent opportunities of

intercourse

i88
Above
of

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
a

these
notable

[the Magellanic Cluuds]

starres

appeareth
it abowt

marveylous
Charles

crosse

in the

myddest pole)
other and pole,

fyve

which
move

compasse

(as doth
.xxx.

Wayne
distant

the northe
from the

with make

other their

starres
course

whiche

with

them This it
as

abowt
crosse

degrees
so

in .xxiiii. houres. may

be

is

fayre and
this

beutiful, that

none

hevenly

sygne

compared

to

may

appear

by

fygure.1

^*%

if

% afttpou mmiuu

#"*** Goto*
Magellan, mentioned
determination
de Sarmiento it

Subsequently,
as

in and

1520,
una

the companion Pigafetta,

croce

of

El

Crucero,

maravigliosa
first described and

used

for the

titudes, of al-

saying that
called
1 1 use

Dante

it;

Pedro

Gamboa

it the
this and
to

Star fygure
"

Crucero
not

the Stan
excellence,
The

of Cruoero;
but
as

Blundevill, in 1574*
early ignorance
are

"

for

its artistic

illustratingthe
here

of

locations

magnitudes pole.

of southern

stars.

Clouds

especially

misplaced

with

respect

the

The

Constellations

189
this Eden
was

Crotier
years

and,
before
and

very

the differently, gave this

South title
to

Triangle, but
other
stars.

twenty-nine
also cited the

Bayer
Crone

Crosaiers

Stan;
and

Chilmead,

Crosero

and

Crosiers; Sir John

Narborough, Closers;
A

Halley, in 1679,
the old
as

Crosiers. naturalist
"

century

before title

Halley,
"

Portuguese
such

Cristoval termed
a

d'Acosta,
Cross the for

writingthe
Southern

Crnzero,
Clock Von

the
; and

Spanish Craciero,
it has
served
to the

the

Celestial
years.

useful

purpose

nearly400
of the
A

Humboldt,

in his the

Voyage

Equinoctial Regions
:

New

Continent, alluding to
attaches their them
ancestors

Portuguese
a

and

Spaniards, wrote
form
New of

religious sentiment
faith

to

constellation deserts

the of the

which
;
"

recalls

the

sign of the

planted by

in the

World

thought
where

which the

Mrs.

Hemans traveler

beautifullyexpressed
says
:

in

her

Cross

of

the

South

Spanish
But
In
to

thee,
clear Cross

as

their

thy lode-stars resplendently depths of blue, with devotion

South
! and

burn 1 turn, thee

Bright
Scarce Thou

of the the

beholding
olive and

shine,

regret

loved

land
when

of the

vine.
main

recallest the ages fathers

unfolded the

first o'er the of

My
And

ensign
in the
ever

Spain,
that
see

planted their faith

regions
blazoned

Its imperishing symbol

in thee.

Von

Humboldt

adds

The the
same

two

great stars, which

mark

the

summit

and

the

foot

of the

Cross, having nearly

right ascension, it follows

when it passes the meridian.

that the
This
or

constellation
circumstance southern

is almost is known

perpendicular
to the

at

the

moment

people

of every

nation

situated been

beyond
observed

the Tropics
at

in the of

hemisphere.
seasons,

It has
or

what

hour

the night, in different

the

Cross

is erect

inclined. It is
a

time

piece, which
affords
we

advances
to
our

very

regularlynearly
an

four

minutes
so

day,

and

no

other How desert How

near

group often

of stars have

the

naked

eye

observation in the

of time

easily made.
and
to

heard Lima

guides exclaim

savannahs
is

of Venezuela Cross Paul the

in the

extending
often these

from words of the

to

Truxillo, "Midnight
us

past,

the

begins
and

bend."

reminded
river

of that

affectingscene
that

when for

Virginia,seated
time, and
when

the

source

of I^ataniers, conversed

together

last
to

the old
"

man,

at

the

sight of the
sur

Cross,

warns
"

them

it is time

separate, saying,

la Croix

du

Sud

est droile

P horizon.

Von
stars

Humboldt should
not

thought
have

it remarkable earlier

that

these

so

and striking the and

well-defined
stellation con-

been

separated

from

large ancient
other in the Muhammadan

of the
astronomers

since Centaur, especially

Kazwini

took

pains

to

discover

crosses

elsewhere

sky ;

and

he

190
said that
the

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Cross lost

ancient
their in the

Persians, who
to

knew whom

the

well,

celebrated

feast

by its name,
its
successor

descendants,

it

was

finding by precession,
ing Cross, call-

Dolphin.
of his after
to
one as

The them

Pareni

Indians

day
the

made

much

of the

stars

of

the

Bahumehi,
alludes

of their

principalfishes.
star

Lockyer
when of the and
one on

it
as

Pole
most

of the

South, which

it may

be

the

meridian,

the

prominent
is nearly
2

constellation
from that

in the

vicinity
four

pole, although
half times Guide the

its base

star

8"

point, about
is
an

length

of

the word
even

Cross.
"

But

this idea

old one;

Minsheu's
starres

having, at
and

the

Cruzero," Quatuor earlier, had

was

stella the

Foure poliy
same, but

crossing ; that,
the
"

Sarmiento,
God's

much
to

asserted
star
nearer

with
true

help," he
been
on

enabled

select

another

poleword.
Realms

point.
it has shown

In The of the
one

modern

China
are

Shih

Tue

Kea,

the of

equivalent
"

of

our

five stars

postage

stamps

Brazil,

CamSes'

Holy Cross,

"

surrounded of
new

by twenty-one
coins
the bear the for

stars
same.

symbolizing
But this
name

the twentyfor that

states, and
was

some

the

country

not

with

poet,
and map

it

was

given by

the

discoverer
Rome
as

Cabral,
in

on

the with

1st

of

May,

1500;

the fine Ptolemaeus

of the
new

printed at

1508,

the

first

engraved
Terra

continent, carries

its

title for South

America,
the of

sancte

crucis.

Partly within
nearest

constellation's the

boundaries,
to

and

at

the the

point

of the

approach
or

Milky Way
in length
that eye, and

the in

south

pole,is

pear-shaped
many that
as

Coal-sack,
star
are

Soot-bag, 8"
the naked
a

by 5"
very
at

breadth, containing only one

it has shows about

visible

to

small, although

and telescopic, in first

photograph
as

taken

Sydney

in

1890

many
was

proportion
formally
Yanez alluded cloud

in

the

surrounding region.
Peter

This

singular vacancy
in 1499

described and

by

Martyr, although observed

as

by

Vicente

Pinzon,
to

designated by Vespucci
Narborough
of the Cross
wrote

il of

Ganopo
it in
before

fbeoo,and

perhaps
small

by

CamSes. the foot

1671
him

as

"a

black

which

is in

"

; but

it was

Macula
it
"

Magellani, Magellan's Spot, and

the Black

fiftyyears
described solitude almost

ago

Smyth
it in his

mentioned
Oceana
as

as

Magellanic
"

Cloud.
into which the
"

Froude awful reads

the

inky
that

spot

an

opening legend,

of
a

unoccupied space.'
Christian
of of
an

native

Australian it
at
was
"

like

parable/"
who lies

says in

the

embodiment of
a

of evil in the

shape
stars

Emu,

wait

the

foot

tree, represented by the

take Doe

the

Cross, for an

opossum The

driven
Peruvians

by

his

persecutionsto
it
a

refuge

among

its branches."

imagined
most

heavenly

suckling its
"

fawn. vacancies

Although

this is the

remarkable

of those

curious

through

The

Constellations

191
are

which other Sir

we

seem

to

gaze

out

into
an

an

there uninterrupted infinity,"

many

such

in

the

heavens;
in his

extended
at

list of
the

being given by forty-nine

Good

John

Herschel
one

Obsemations Webb's

Cape of
Objects.

Hope,

and

an

abbreviated

by Espin in

Celestial

Ct,

Triple,

1, 2, and

6.

Acrux,
a

in Al of

Burritt's
Tizini

Atlas, probably
defined

is

word
near

of the

his

own

coining from
of the

Crucis. foot
was

its positionas

ankle-bone

right

hind
It Louis

the

Centaur, in which
to

it " Bayer's plate agrees, lettering

discovered
to

be

double

by
and

some

Jesuit missionaries companion,

are

sent

by King
6th
a

XIV is 60"

Siam
away.

in

1685;
two

another
stars

of

the

nitude, mag-

The

larger

5"

apart, with

position
touches Corvus.
at
an

angle
a

of

1200. 20
east

lies

of

the

equinoctial colure, and,

270 30'
on on

at

its due

culmination,
south from

the horizon
y,

in

latitude

the

13th

of

May,

the

uppermost
of 3700

star, is

the

horizon

of the Gould

Lowe

Observatory,
it
as

elevation
has been

feet,in

latitude

340

20'. the
same

thinks

for variable, 1.8 to

it

variously estimated, even

the 6

by

observer,
cluster square

from of

2.4.

Around
N.

^-magnitude occupying
one

is the

celebrated
a

colored of

stars,
space; 130

G.

C.

4755,
and

forty-eighthof being
of
a

degree by
writes
realize
"a

the central

principalone
blue,
and

deep red,
; but

surrounded Clerke
it fails

about
:

others, green,
It must of colour of be

of various
moderate

shades

Miss

confessed

that, with

telescopicapertures*
catch
are

to to

the

effect

implied

by Sir John
A few

Herschers reddish
stars

[itsdiscoverer) comparison
the eye
at
once

gorgeous

piece
and white

fancy jewellery."
to

; but

the

blues, greens
in

yellows belonging light.

their companions

pale tints, more

than

half drowned

Gould,

however,

called

it

beautiful. exquisitel)

CustoB
is the

t$t JfyCLtu"Utptt, (gteBBtum,

the Italian it from

German
on

and Erndtehfiter,

Mietitore.
some

La

Lande

published
stars not

this

his the

globe pole,

of

1775,

forming
the

inconspicuous
"

far from His

between Le title,

Camelopard,
*

Cassiopeia,and
said
"

Cepheus.

alternative
to

Messier, Smyth
Comet

was

in

poorish punning
Louis
XV had

compliment

his

friend,the

ferret,1

as

King

192
called

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
gatherer and
between the

him,
of

who

for

thirtyyears
and the

had

been of

the twelve

keeper of
years

the

harvest
and
two

comets,
This

discoverer
may have
were

of 1794

1798.

title also

been rulers the

induced
of
an

by

the

fact that the

neighboring royal
Giraffe
the
an

personages destructive
are

and agricultural people,

the

animal

to to

selected grain-fields ; all perhaps

because this part

Phoenicians

said

have

imagined
who wonders

large Wheat
would

Field in

of the

sky.
was over

Its inventor the

to

the the

enthusiastic

astronomer

on spend nights

Pont

Neuf

Seine, explaining the

interest
turmoil he had
out

of the whose

variable

Algol

all whom

he amid

could the that

in of

the the

subject, and
French the

seclusion in his
him
to

observatory,
"

Revolution, enabled
so

thank Custos

his stars" has

now

escaped
of the

fate of

many

of his friends.

passed

recognition of

astronomers.

Those The
Past A

deathless

odalisquesof
;
a

heaven's

hareem,

Stars, unveil

lonelycloud
an

is roll'd
stream

by the wind,

as

bears

azure

sleepingswan's

white

plumage
Adam

fringed

with
Polish

gold.
Evening Hymn.

Mickiewicz'

that

modern The
as

criticism French

says know the

should it Germans
as

be

Cycnufl, lies
the

between
as

Draco

and
the

Pegasus.

Cygne;
as

Italians

Cigno;
other

Spaniards
It
was

Cisne ; and with

Schwan.

Kvkvoc
was

Eratosthenes,
a

but

usually 'Opvcc with

of
some

Greeks,

by
Hen
"

which
;

simply intended
the

Bird
may

kind,
that also

more

a particularly

although

atoXog of Aratos
;

indicate

he

had

in view the

quickly flyingswan"
possible that
in the

but,
was

as

this Greek here of made that

adjective
to

" varied," signifies

it is

reference

the

Bird's

positionin
With
"

the

Milky

Way,
renders
as

light and

shade Aratos which

great

circle.
it
as

this idea, Brown

it
its

"

spangled."
an

also

described

i)po"c, dark," especially

have,
the

to

wings,
the the

error

Hipparchos
the title that with of

corrected.
we now our

When became the

Romans

adopted
swan or

constellation
of Mars,
at the
or

mythical

identified
the brother

Cycnus,

son

of

LigurianSthenelus;

Phaethon, transformed

river

The

Constellations

193
too, with it with
was

Padus
of

and

transported
mother

to

the

sky.1

Associated,

Leda,

the

friend among rived de-

and Jupiter

of Castor,

Pollux, and
Helenae
was

Helena,

classed other
names

the

Argonautic
from the

and constellations, well-known constellation and

Oenitor,
it.

legend,
was

applied to
and while been the

Popularly the
Swan, both
times.

Ales, Avis,
"

a Volucrifl, Bird," Ales

Ales Ledaeus, Jovis,

Avis

Veneris,

Olor, another
current
even

word
to

for

the

and ornithological

stellar, has

modern
to

Phoebi

Assessor cadens

is cited

by

La for

Lande,
but it, known

bird
was

being

sacred

that title.

and deity;
As the bird

Vnltur
of Venus

is found has it
to

this
as

properly Lyra's
the

it also
; and

been
was

Myrtilus, from
to

myrtle
after

sacred to that death in the Our

a

goddess

considered

be

Orpheus, placed
for the tablets the

heavens,
may of
some

near

his favorite

Lyre.
the

Cygnus

have

originatedon
the the

Euphrates,

show Arabs'

stellar bird

kind, perhaps Urakhga, the

Sindbad

originalof
the

Rukh, the
did figuring had
"

Roc,
not

that

Sailor knew.

At

all events, its present tion constella-

with originate
to

Greeks,
as

for the

history of

been

lost entirely

them,
were

had

that

of the

mysterious Engonasin,
of at least
some

an

evident

proof

that
to

they
them.

not

the

inventors

of the

star-groupsattributed
In

known Arabia, although occasionally

as

Al Ta'ir al Arduf, the

Flying
about

Chilmead's Eagle,

Altayr,
as

or

as

Al

Radif,
the

it

usually

was

Al

Dajajah, the

Hen,
300
b.

and
c,

appears this

such

even

with

Egyptian priest Manetho,

degenerating into the Adige, Adigege, Aldigaga, Addigagato, of these even Degige, Edegiagith, Eldigiagich,etc., of early lists, now some
to .ipplied

its

star. brightest

Al Bidhadh, Scaliger's

for the
our

which constellation, for the

to

degenerated

to

El

Sided,
certain, un-

perhapsis the
Arabic Spanish-

originof
the

Arided is said
some

is lucida, but its signification been found flower.

a

although

word

have

in

an

old

Latin-

dictionaryfor
Al
le

sweet-scented Al

Hyde
like
a

gives Katha
Al it,
a

for it,the Sufi's

Arabic

Katat,

bird

in

form the

and

size

pigeon ; indeed,
Ta'ir, as
common

defined translator, Schjellerup, de poste ; but Al of Katat the is

now

latter's Arabs' the

title for word

pigeon

the

for

gallinaceous game-bird
the

desert, perhaps

mottled The

partridge.
Alfonsine Tables, in
the
recent

Madrid their Galina

edition, supposed by
the
a

to

be

reproductionof
1

illustrate original,

forlorn

Hen

instead

While

Cygnus
made alluded

was

thus

prominent

in

myth

and

the

sky,
its

swan
"

was

especially
other
birds
as

so

in
to

indent
tjsrs r-as

ornithology,
was

and

the

subject
but in

of many these

fables,

where
sees

"hostility

to

and

much
to

of;

Thompson

astronomical

symbolism,

already

been

under

Aquila.

'3

194
of

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings

Swan,
say

with

the

bungled Arabic

title altayr aldigeya,although elsewhere the Arabo-Latin

they
had

Olor:

Hypareus
el esl

Cygtium vocal;
el

Almagest
dicilur
1

oi 1515

Eurisim:
ut

volans:
ireo
;

jam

voealur

gallina. el
of 152

eurisim

quasi
et

redolens dieitur
wrote

lilium

ab

the

Alfonsine

Tables
el

have

Hyresym;

quasi
of

redolens

tit lilium:

el esl volans:

jam

vocatur

gallina; Bayer
Galli
rosa;

it,quasi

Rosa

redolens last well author show

Lilium;
wrote

Riccioli,quasi Hirezym
and process

and

contemporaries
comments
our

of this

Hierizim.

Ideler's
some

on

all this have

the

roundabout
are

by

which
:

of

star-names

and originated,
made
use

worthy quotation entire

Greek

They
with Urnis in
was

have,

moreover,
on so

of

the

translated

*0pwc,

as

is

shown

by

the

Borgian Globe,
the

which that

is written
we

Lurnifl, or Urnia
both

(for
It

the is

first letter
most

is not

connected thi"

second,

have in the
to

readings).
rare

probable
the

that from

originated
Arabic

the

Eurisim

foregoing
word

title. Urnis,

Probably
He On the the

translator found
that it

the

original the,
not

him, foreign
its proper

naturally surmised
other
Romans

Greek, only he did

know

signification.
to

hand,

the

plant
Sword

'^pvaifiov {Erysimum (see Pliny, Hist.

Nat.

Linn.) officinale,
and

occurred this

him, which

called Ireo
Iris
or

xviii, 10, xxii, 25), and

so,
as

recalled the
to

richlyscented
the

Lily (Irisflorentina,Linn.),
natural perfectly ireo. has At
never

it

seems

me,

he

traced

a thought through

association time

of ideas

to

his beautiful here struck This

to

Eurisim,
the trail
to
more

quasi redolens, ut lilium ab

of the the
star

the

same

I believe

I have

title Albireo, which

on

yet been
and
to

satisfactorily explained.
charts.
into It
an

is

given

the

beak," *?,"
ab irtt",

by Bayer
which
came

in be

our

seems

to

me

be

nothing by
means

than
an

the

above

turned

Arabic

star-name

of

/. interpolated

The

early Gallina

continued

in

use

by

astronomers

even

to

the last

century.

Cygnus
of

usually
"

is shown
on

in full

flightdown
"

the
; but

Milky

Way,

the

Stream it apparently

Heaven,

uppoised

gleaming wings
the the

old

drawings
the of have

have

just springing from

Caesius Authorized
but Other
as

ground.
constellation

thought
Version is
a

that of

represented
Timshemath
or

Swan the been

in the Hebrews;
an

Leviticus Owl in
saw

xi, 18,
the

the

this

Horned of his

Revision,
the

may of

Ibis.

Christians had

time

here
cum

Cross

Calvary, Chrirti Cm,

descending
to our

Schickard
as

it,Schiller's Cross,

Crux

S. Helena
to

; these
to true

day

the

Horthern

well

known than

all,and
stars'

beginners
title.

in stellar
was

observations familiar with

probably
it,and
thus
Orion The To

better

by

the

Lowell
:

brings it
kneeling

into

his New

Year's

Eve, 1844

in his

starry niche,
music audible
more,

Lyre holy

whose and the

strings give
countless

ears,

splendors

Crowned

by

blazing
Stars:

Cross

high-hung

o'er

all ;

and

Smith,

in

Come

Learn

of

the

196
Deneb
has
no

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
hence
a
"

sensible

proper

motion,

and

has fixed
to

been
star
"

considered
; but
at

as

deserving the
of

term,

of generally inappropriate,
at

scopic spectrothe rate

made investigations

Greenwich toward

seemed the saysr

show
so

motion

-six thirty

miles Such

second

earth, and
would

only apparently
it at
our some

stationary.
time,
"

motion,
between

Newcomb
100,000

eventually carry
years

probably
about the

and

300,000

hence,
it the

"

past

tem systhe

at

jfoypart of
earth's
at

its present

distance, making
But

nearest

and

brightest of
measures

neighbors.
give
in

Vogel's
as

recent

and
a

more

worthy trust-

Potsdam its

its rate

about

five miles
"

second.

Elkin

estimated

parallax

1892

as

o".047,

practicallyinsensible
in

Its spectrum

is Sirian.
Doctor Max in of of
one

Photographs by
that it and
y
are

Wolf,

of

Heidelberg,

June,

891,

show

involved latitude the hour 16th

vastly
York

extended

nebula.
sunset
so on

It rises in

the
on

New

City
and

at

the the year.

12th north

of

May.

culminating
visible
at
some

September,
clear

lies

far to the

that it i"

of every

night throughout

p, Double,
Albireo, apparently
words ab

"

perhaps binary,
the
was

3.5

and

7,

topaz yellow and

associated

sapphire
with

blue.

now

universal

is title,
to

in

no

way
a

Arabia,
as

but

first

applied

the

star

from

misunderstanding
in the
a

to

the

ireo in the Standard

description of
and

the

constellation

15 15

Almagrt.
as

Albireo
may The where be

in the

Dictionary undoubtedly Albeiro,

as

is from

type

error,

also

Abbireo, Alberio,
Arabians

which

occasionallyare
al

used.
Hen's Beak,

designated P
on

Al

Minfiar

Dajajah,
wrote

the

it is still located and

one

our

maps.

Riccioli

this Menkar

Eldigiaits colore effect

o*

gioh ;
0 is

also of

had

Hierizim.

the

show says

objects
that

of the

sky, and
"

Miss

Clerke, calling
the
most

golden
colour resolved

and in

azure,

it presents

perhaps
the

lovely
can

the

heavens."

Being 35" apart,

The

components
a

readily!*

by

field-glass.

system,
the the

if

binary, has
of

very

long

period ot
by
years the oi

revolution, as
Close Carthusian
to

yet undetermined,
a

present
20th

position angle being 560. June, 1670, described

0 appeared
monk

nova

on

Anthelmus may

of

Dijon.
as

This
a

disappeared
to

after

two

but varying brilliancy,

still exist

10thHind

nth-magnitude

variable,

discovered,
In 4.5
to

in the

supposed Swan,

location,by
not

in

1852.
variable

the

neck

of the

far from
at

P,
its

is the

#2, ranging only

the

from 6th

13.5

in 406

days.

Sometimes,

maximum,

it is of

magnitude.

The

Constellations

197
Sadr
al

y, 2.7, is

Sadr,
one

"

Sudr, incorrectly
Fawaru
it

"

from Arabs.

Al

Dajajah, the
of

Hen's

Breast,and
Reeves

of the that

of the
was

said

in China
to

Tien
of four

Tain,

the

name

city; being
it to 0 that

but

this

generally was
y is in

given
midst

the group

stars, a, 0, y, and
of small

6. involved

the

of beautiful

streams
a

stars, itself space from

in

diffused

nebulosityextending to
any of similar of Taurus Its
own

; while

the

perhaps
around of the
at

isricher than
y

extent
seem

in the heavens.
to

Espin
stars

asserts

and

the

horns

centre

the

showing
to

spectra

fourth

type.

spectrum
toward
us

is Solar.
at

According
of about

observations
miles
a

Potsdam,

it is in motion

the rate

four

second.

",
the

2.6,
the

yellow,
Arabic
Al

on

right wing,
a,

is Gienah, from
this star

Janah,

the

Wing.
almost and
vacant

Between space in

y, and

is the northern
more

Coal-sack, an
noticeable

the

Milky Way;
located from the northeast
now

another, still
in the
e

celebrated,

coincidently being
6"
so

Southern

Cross. with
us a

to
as

the
we

is 61
nearest

Cygni,
star to

parallax of o".5, and

heavens,
from be If the distance would

thus,
with the

far

know,

in the northern

the

exception
to

of La be

Lande

21

185
as

Ursae
one

Majoris.
to

earth
seven

the
one

sun

considered

inch, that

this star

about motion in

and the

half miles.
"x,
"

It also

is remarkable
"

for its great proper which it

toward
1

star

5".16 annually,
years ago it
was

near

to
e

probably

will be

5,000 It is

years.
a

4000

near

double
a

6th-magnitude, and
of
12

may

be

binary, the
It
was

components
first star

20"

apart, with observed

; and
a

positionangle
for

1" in Bessel small

1890.
between

the years the

fully success-

parallax,
"

by

the
were

1837
Chinese

and

1840.

p,

with

two

other

adjacent

stars,

Chay Foo,

Storehouse

for Carts.

*\
is

4.8,
form of
to

possiblya Aielffcfitge,
Horse's Foot

corrupted
or

AdelfUferes,
Ideler,
Pegasi]
the

from

Al

?Ulf

al

Faras, the
[(follows

Track

and,

quote by
*

either

that the foot of Pegasus [now marked

was

extended

to

this star,
as we

or

that in this
*ec

region
on,
some

supposed
Arab

to

be

located
introduced

the

feet of

Stallion and

which,
the

shall

farther

astronomer

between

Pegasus
Al

Swan.

Or the

title

may

be,

as

seems

more

probable,from

'Azal al

Dajajah,

the but

Tail of the

Hen,

which

it

exactlymarks.

It is sometimes

Azelfafge;

13-

198
Bayer,
with
1

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
occurs,

whom

the

word

apparently first
in

had

"Aidlfcge
and

id est

Tareuta." with 7T1,

was

about

twenty
in the

other

stars

Cygnus, Andromeda,
the base

Lacerta,

comprised
P,
or

early Chinese

Tang Shay,
at

Dragon.
of the Swan's

Fl. 34,
the few

sth-magnitude, located
so-called gaseous
as a

the

neck, is

one

of
was

stars
nova

having bright lines

of the 2d

in their spectra.
on

It of

discovered

by Janson,
was

magnitude,

the the

18th

August, 1600;
oinova anni

numbered 1600
in

27

in

Tycho's catalogue, with

;

nation desigof the

pectore Cygni

and

Kepler thought
the Dutch from
astronomer

it worthy

of

monograph

in 1606.

Christian Revenante
seem

Huygens,
of the have
to

17th century, called

it the
now

Swan,

its extraordinary

lightchanges

; but

these

ceased.

CO
,

Double,
al

$}4

and

io,

pale red,
Knee;
but the three
stars

is Buehba
"m" now

from the

Al

Bnkbah

Dajajah, the
left

Hen's

mark

tertiaries of w3
are

of the
are

wing.
at
a

The other

components
minute
stars

$6".$ apart,
same

positionangle

of

86".3

; and

in the

field.

the
...

Delphienus

heit

Up

in the aire.

King James

I, in

An*

sckori

Po*me

o/Tyme

is

Dauphin
Greek

in

France, Belflno
and continued

in

and Italy,

Dolphin by
the the

in

Germany
as

all from

the

AeXQig
This
was

betytv, transcribed
current

Latins

Delphil
and

and
in

Dolphin.
our

last resumed

through
his he it

17th century,
list.

day
of
now

by
the

Proctor and

for

reformed
was

Chaucer,

in the

Hous It

Fame is the

", had
one

Delphyn,
of that

later than

Dolphyne. originally may

new

smallest

but constellations,
set

have

included
in many the

stars

Hipparchos
has

off to

form

the

Equuleus; shape,

and
with

all astronomical and

most

literature stories

borne

its present
was

title and

varied
remarkable

attached,

for its namesake

always regardedas

of marine

creatures.

What

is this last ?

It

seems

to

have

escaped

comment

by all of the authorities.

The

Constellations

199
Fish,
the
creature

In of the from latter's

as

Greece
much

it also

was

"lepoq 'lx"v$, the

as a

Sacred

being
among

religioussignificancethere
Christians
classical
; and

fish afterwards of

became

early
the

it

was

the

sky
with

emblem

philanthropy,not
but also that from

only
the stellar and

stories connected
to

its prototype, be remembered

devotion is

its young. the

common

It should cetacean,

our

Dolphin
Ovid,

figured as

Delphinus delphis,of
that Dorado
as

Atlantic

Mediterranean

waters, it

not
as

the

tropicalCoryphaena dolphin
induced

represents.
the

designating
of the
sea,

clarum the

sidus, personified it
her
"

Amphitrite,
the Seas
"

goddess
Neptune,

because

to

become from

wife of
to

and

for this

service, Manilius
Glory
of the Floud

said, was
and of the

rais'd

be

The

Stars.

From well With been

**

this
as

story the
and

constellation Triton.
as

was

known

as

Persuasor

Amphitrites, as

Heptunus
Cicero

it
to

appeared
"

Cnrvufl, an
apparent

adjectivethat appropriatelyhas
form the in all

applied
is ob

the

creature's in

ages1

down

to

the

bended

dolphins
Cicero's

Milton's with
dorso
seems
a

picture of
he be also the

Creation.
error,

Bayer's
he

Cnrros

merely
Citer-oni
Smon

word in

typographical
had

for

explained it,
Riccioli old-time

gibbum

but
to

Smon

nautis, and
of

barbaris, quoted

which

Simon,

Flat-nosed,

mariners,
Another

by Pliny
title

for the

animal.

favorite
to
"

was

Vector
rescue

Arionis,
of Arion much
on

from

the

Greek from

fable

that

attributed
to

the
a

dolphin
variation
comes

the

his voyage

Tarentum Baal

Corinth

of the

very Kirke

earlier

myth

of the

sun-god

Hamon.

Hence

Henry
lock'd

White's

in silence

o'er
on

Arion's her

star,
car.

The

slumbering night

rolls

velvet

In

continuation %u"dtov,
fact

of the

the

Greek

story of

Arion
the the

and

his
or

Lyre
this may
was

appears
come

\lovmtc6v
from
to

Mnrionm
in Ovid's number

dgnnm
Fasti of
20;

of that

Latins;

the

mentioned stars, the

10;

constellation

supposed cally prosaiafter and

or

contain

nine

the and

Muses,

although Ptolemy
31.

catalogued
Riccioli
the

Argelander,
cited

Heis,
for
on

and

La

Lande
who
to

Hermippus
Bacchus

Delphinus,
his voyage

and
to

Acetes
Naxos
to

pirate-pilot
while

protected
others Crete. it

Ariadne;

represented Apollo returning

Crissa

piloting
1

Castalius
bis notes

from

on

Manilius, said

Haet,

"n 1

quoted

many hoc

examples Delphinum

of

the

use

of this

term

by

the

Latins, and

Perpctuam

Efitheton.

200

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
said the
to to

The

Hindus,
the

from

whom of this

the may

Greeks have

are

have knew
a

borrowed it
as

it,
"

although
mara, ascribed Most Good
or or

reverse

been

case,"

Shi-ihu-

Sim-shn-mara, changed
to

in later

days

Zizumara,
2

also Porpoise,

Draco.

And also the

they

located

here

the

2d

aa"Aa/ra,
the
was

QraTOhtha,
Bright or
as a

Favorable,

called

Dhaniaht.hft, Richest;
of this asterism, which

Vasus,

Ones, being

regents

figured

Drum

Tabor;
Brown

(3 marking the junction with thinks

also that claimed it may this. Arabic the have been

Catabishaj.
the

Euphratean
the

Makhar,

although

Capricorn
Al the the

Biruni, giving the

title Al

Kalid,
and

Riding Camel,
sects
"

said that it in

early
Cross

Christians

"

Melkite1
to

Nestorian
skies after
o,

considered

of Jesus

transferred learned Stones of

the

his

crucifixion; but
6

Kazwini's
Pearls
or

day

the

Arabia Al

called

0,

y, and

Al

the 'TJknd,
common

Precious

adorning
But the
one

Salib, by

which

title the

people
the

knew

this Cross Cross.

; the stare, towards

the tail, being Al 'Anrad

astronomers

al

Salib,

Pillar of the their

Arabian

adopted
described
the
as

the Greek
"a

figure as
animal The

Dnlfim,
man,

which

of their chroniclers upon said of

marine sailors."

to friendly

attendant
of

ships to

save

drowning
habet

Alfonsine

lables
a

1545

Delphinus, Quae

Stellas quae in the 1551

sapiunt naturam,
translation of human
as

but generally puzzling expression, it signifies stars human

was a

common

of the

Tetrabiblos, where
and influential Four
over

supposed
"

to

be

cognizant
Ptolemy,

births

character,

naturam.

is shown certain

in these
stars

Books,

believer in the genethliacal influence

which this
seems

of

and

constellations,of
respect.
of

to

have

been

one

noted specially

in that lies east

Delphinus
with called the the

Aquila,

on

the

edge

of

the

Milky Way,
of the

occupying,
that
Aratos

adjoining
Water.

aqueous

figures, the
about the
of

portion

sky

It culminates

15th
the

of

September. Novidius,
some

Caesius Great
as

placed
that

here

the

Leviathan

104th Psalm;
Schiller knew

the

Pish

swallowed of Cana.

Jonah

; but

Julius
it
now

of its stars the

the

Water-pots
name

Popularly

is Job's
not

Coffin,although
been able
a

date The

and

of the called

inventor the four

of this title I have chief

stars

to

learn.

Chinese

and

" Kwa

Chaou,

Gourd.

C",

4,

pale yellow
names

fi9Binary,
and

and

6,
first
were

greenish

and

dusky.
these
to stars

The in the

strange
Palermo

Sualocin
of

Eotanev
and

appeared
a

for

Catalogue
or

1814,
name

long
were

mystery
Church,

all, and
spiritual

1 These

Melkites,
now

Royalists
the

as

the

indicates,
of

of the

Greek of the

whose

head

is the

Czar,

royal

head

Russia, and

successor

Byzantine

Patriarch.

The

Constellations

201

seemingly a
he
was

great puzzle to Smyth, intimate

with their Venator and the

which

he the

perhaps
Palermo

never

solved, although Webb,

so

very

staff of

Observatory.

however, discovered

origin by
",

reversingthe
form of Piazzi. in the
some

component
of But Niccolo Miss

and letters,

reading Nicolaus
name

the

Latinized

Cacciatore, Rolleston,
as

the her

of the

assistant

successor

in

singularbook
wrote

Mazzaroth,
are

considered
a

quarters

of

authority,

that

they

derived,
Arabic

from

Scalooin, swift

(as the flow of water)

and

fi from

the
Chaldee

Syriac and
For

Rotaneb,

or

Kotaneu,

swiftly running
does

(as

water

in

the

trough). the least

no

part

of

this

scholarly (!)statement
gave
to

there and

seem

to

be

foundation.
a

Burritt variable close

these
extent

titles

as

Soalovin
a

Botanen.
in fourteen

may
i is
a

be very

the

of half in

magnitude
at
a

days. 70, with

o".68 pair,

apart
about nth

1897,

positionangle
Another has
two

of 35

the

rapid

orbital

period
of
so

of

twenty -six years.

companion,
been of covered disthe

purple

in color

and

the

magnitude,
be about and

6"
;

away,

lately
other

by
10th and
y is
a

See, and

j3 may
are

ternary

while

stars

13th magnitudes
beautiful of
are

30"

away.
it"

double

of if

4th

5th magnitudes,
is fine and

apart, with
slow.

rtion poThe

angle
components
f,
a

2700;

but,
and

binary, their motion

bluish green,
near a

extremely object
fin

golden

for small of al
our

glasses.
present
the

4th-magnitude,
the very But Cross.

although lying
common name

the from Al

dorsal Al

bears figure,

Deneb,
was

Dhanab
al the

Dulflm,
as

Dolphin's
the Pillar The
"

Tail. of the

in

Arabia
In

it also it
was

Amud

Salib,
Rotten

marking
estimated Cordoba

China

Pae
e

Chaou,
has

Melon.

of j3,y, d, and comparative brilliancy the

been in

variously 1858,
and
at

fact which

observations
to

of Gould

at

Albany

in

1871-74, prove

be

occasioned

within by variability,

moderate

limits,

of all four.

"orabo, tfc (BofbM

first published in

by

Bayer

among the

his

new

southern say its

our

figures,is
; and

still thus

known has word

to

Germany

and

Italy,but
from and the

French with
not to

Dorado

Flammarion
The

DoraduB, perhaps
isfrom the

confusion refers

supposed

genitivecase.
colors death.

Spanish,
of Gore's

little exotic

cyprinoid,but
at

the the

large coryphaena
in planisphere

tropical seas,

of

changing

On

translation

of VAstronomie

Populaire

it is

strangely ren-

202

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
list of the
it
as

dered
of but

Gold
is

Field;

and

Craver,

in the

Colas'

Celestial Handbook the

1892,

equally erroneous.
a

Chilmead very

mentions

Oilthead fish,
of melops

this,in ichthyology, was

coasts.

different fish, the

Crenilabrus

British

Caesius
to

combined

its stars

with

the

Greater

Cloud
Just

and

the

FlyingFish Rudolphxne
catalogueof

form The

his Old

Testament title

figure of Abel the

alternative
of

Xiphiaa, the Swordfish,

used both

I first find

in the in his

lables

1627

Halley
gave

it,in addition
names

to

Dorado,
of

1679;
the had it to had of
a.

Flamsteed

in his edition

and Sharp's catalogue;

modern

Stieler's

planisphere still has

in
as

Schwerdtflgch.
of
our

Xiphias,
era,

however,

appeared
hung
d.

in astronomy comets,

the

first century did

a

for

Plinyapplied
for

sword-shaped
over

Josephus
of

to

that
"

"which

ayear(!)

Jerusalem

in the form

sword,"

comet possiblyH alley's

66.

The

Rudolphine
but

Tables Gould

and
42

Riccioli
from the
3.1

catalogued
to

here

stars

of

4th

and

5th magnitudes,
The
to

7. of the
to

head

of Dorado the

marks

south gave

pole
its is
name

ing that,accordso ecliptic,

that

Caesius,

constellation

point

as

the Polus

Doradinalis.

Within

30

of

this the N.

pole
True

the

very

remarkable

nebula 30
now

Doradus,
as

that

Smyth

called

Lover's

Knot, although by
Sir

known

the
an

Great

Looped Nebula,
of

G.
one

C. 2070, of the

described
most

John Herschel

as

assemblage
"
"

loops
of
a

and

extraordinaryobjectsin the being only

doubtless

heavens,
e

the

centre

great
Kin

spiral."
Yu,
but this star
a

appears and

in Reeves' these words

list as

5th-magnidesigned

tude,
for the

signifying a
the

Goldfish, they

were

whole

figure introduced

into China Chinese

by

the

Jesuits.
Pih.

", a 5th-magnitude, bears

title Kaon

With Th' O'er And

vast

convolutions in his his

Draco

holds folds.
rears,

axis ecliptic half with the

scaly
neck

skies

enormous

immense

meanders
Erasmus

parts
Darwin's

the

Bears. of Vegetation.

Economy

"roco, $e
the German

"ragon,
and been the the French

Drache,
the forms it

the
"

Italian

Dragone,
this has

Dragon,
and the

was

"pdicG)v with
transcribed
have known

Greeks of the

indeed

universal

titlein the

word.

Classic Eratosthenes

writers,astronomers,
and

people

thus, although

Hipparchos called it'0"pic"

204
In

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Serpent, occasionally

Persia

Draco

was

Azhdeha, and,
in

the

Man-eating
early
Hindu has been

transcribed
the

Haahteher;

very

worship,

Shi-ahu-mara,
with
our

Alligator, or
Babylonian

Porpoise,
allude tail of
a

which

also

identified

Delphinus.
records
on

to

some

constellation that may have

near

the
our

pole as

Snail

drawn while

along
among

the

Dragon
find

been but
to

constellation;
of the

the

we inscriptions

Sir, a Snake,
some see or

which

sky

serpents this applied is uncertain.

overcome

And

here

the

dragon Tiamat,1
our

by
foot
or
a

the

kneeling sun-god
it.

Izhdubar

Gizdhubar,
that Draco

Hercules,

whose

is upon the

Rawlinson,

however,

said

represented
as

Hea
As

Hoa,

third

god

in the

Assyrian
bore Thales maps.
us,

triad,also
horns
to

known and form that claws the

Kim-mut of the Lesser

Chaldaean and
never

figure it probably
the

the

early
Bear;

typicaldragon,
hence much Ursa these
are

wings
on

that
our

utilized
But

shown

with

people
and Bears

it was

longer

constellation
even

than later

with

winding
late

downwards of the the

in front of in its folds: with

Major, and,
in

into

times, clasped both

books
It
as as

this is shown the The

a

manuscripts
et

and

17th century,
Ursa

combined usual

title Arotoe

Draco.

still almost and

or

incloses

Minor.
ft tortus

figuringis
mirabile

combination
and

of bird

reptile, magnus
plain Monatrum

Monstnun

Monatrum

audax,

with

Germanicus.

Vergil had
of
;
"

Haximua

Angnia, which,
with
tortuous

after

the the

manner

river, glides away

windings,

around

and

tween through be-

Bears

simile

that
"

may

have

given
from the the

rise to

another

figure and
of

found title,
or,
more

in the

Argonauticae,
the

Ladon,

prominent
Garden of

river the
a

Arcadia,

ably, probin the

estuary

bounding
of the set."

Hesperides, which,
the emblem arborem

ordinary version
in that Gnatoa it

story, Draco
Here he
over

guarded,
was

of eternal

lance vigi-

never

Coluber

conscendens, and
the
tree

Hesperidnm,
it

the Watcher

the

golden

fruit ; this fruit and Sir William

bearing
wrote
:

being

themselves

stellar

emblems,

for

Drummond

fruit

tree
;

was

certainly a

symbol

of

the

starry heavens,

and

the

fruit

typified the

cnr.

stellations

and

George
This
to

Eliot, in
creation
and
a

her

Spanish

Gypsy
mythology

notable the

of

Euphratean
to

was

the

personification of primeval chios

conquered
twain. Its the
monster in
a

hostile

gods

opposed
wind

law

and

order

; but

Izhdubar
so

struggle by driving
and

into

its

opened
have

jaws
been

and

splitting it in
its

Cetus,

Hydra

the
on

Serpent

of

Ophiuchus

also

thought

symbols.

representation is

found

cylinder seals recently unearthed.

The

Constellations

205
a

The All

stars out

are

golden

fruit upon

tree

of reach.

Draco's

stars
"

were

circumpolar
course

about

5000

b.

c,
to

and,
the

like low

all those latitude

larly simiof the

situated,
Nile country, than figured
or
"

of
were

few much

in number observed in

owing

early Egypt, although

were
a

differently
Densays
sembling re-

as

with the walls

us.

Some

of

them thus
at

part of
on

the

Hippopotamus,
Delitzsch
An

of its variant

Crocodile, and
of the Ramesseum

shown Thebes.

the As

planisphere of
such

derah and that it was

a

the

Hes-nmt,

perhaps meaning
held the in the

the

Raging
paws

Mother. has

object

ploughshare
name

creature's

been fancifully

said

to

have The

given

to

adjacent Plough.

hieroglyph
while the

for this

Hippopotamus
is

was

used have
; and

for the been

a

heavens

in general; of

constellation
or

supposed
with
the

to

symbol
asserts

Ins
that

Hathor, Athor,
the

Athyr,
which

the deals

Egyptian
makes
was

Venus

Lockyer
an

myth

of Horus

Hor-she-shu,
undoubted
transferred

almost
to

prehistoric
stars
our

peopleeven

in

Egyptian records,
this
at
one

reference
to

here Ursa
not
same

althoughsubsequently
Major.
It is said Hebrew that unlike the

myth
time
or

the

Thigh,
Draco of

the

Egyptians
Tannin,

called and

Tanem,
the

Tannim,
derived

Aramaic them. to,

or

perhaps

and signification The

exact
are

from
was

Egyptian
location known. Arabian

Neeht

close how

among,
was

the

stars

of

Draco it

; but

its

and

boundaries,

it

figured, and

what

represented,
translations

not

Among
of
are

astronomers

Al
on

Tinnin

and

Al Thuban

were

Ptolemy's \pdni*)v;
the words

and

the

Borgian globe, inscribed

by
him

over

/3 and
Poisonous whole

y,

Alghavil
That there

Altannin

in Assemani's
as

the transcription,

in his L"ragon

translation,assumed
was some

referringto
for this may when cited
;
a

the be
comet

stellation. con-

foundation

inferred
was

from here maps vel

the

traditionarybelief of early
scattered from
over

astrologersthat
world.

l"oison was

the

Bayer
and

from

Turkish

Etanin,and
Al
" as

others

Aben, Taben, Chilmead,

was

Etabin
and

Riccioli, Abeen

Taeben; Postellus, Daban; Shnja',the

to

Alanin;
to

Schickard, Attanino. by
the

Snake,
; and

also

applied
the which the word

Draco

Arabians,

as

it

Hydra
for
our

Al

Hayyah,
with

Snake, appeared
it
was

for it,though

more

"

ommon

Serpens,

synonymous. Vine

Bayer had
find elsewhere

Palmes
; but

emeritus,
the

Exhausted

Branch,
Arabs

that for
some

do

not

originalis probably

from

the

minor

uroup of the Williams

constellation.

mentions

great comet,
some

seen

from

China

in
stars

1337, in

which Draco.

passed
The

throughYuen

Wei,

apparently

unidentified

206

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
country, but
our

creature

itself was
zodiac
was

the

national
was

emblem the Palace this

of
stars

that
now

the

Dragon

of

the that

Chinese
Draco
not

among the

Libra.

Edkins

writes

Tsl

Kong,

of the

Heavenly

Emperor,

adding,

although
is bounded

very
the

that clearly,
of

palace
which Tai yi, f ,
and

by

stars

Draco,

fifteen in number, include

the
star

stretch
o, a, s,

themselves of Draco,
from the

in

an

onl tant is dis-

shape round
about It
was

the
ten

pole-star. They
from the

which

degrees

tail of the
of the

Bear

twenty-two
of Chinese

present pole.

itself the pole in the

Epoch
twelve

commencement

astronomy.

Draco

extends

over

hours
to

of

right ascension,
220,

and

contains 130
to

naked-eye components
but
star

according
under the the maps.

Argelander;
the

according

Heis:

both

of
a

these

authorities

extend

tail of
of

the

figure,far beyond its

much farther
"

A,

to

4th-magnitude
on

jaws

Camelopardalis,

than

is

frequentlyseen

tt,
Thuban and
It and Al from

3.6,
from

pale yellow.
the

Tinnin
the

are

Arabic

title for the

whole

of Draco,

Azfadeha is also
the in

Persian.
and

Adib, Addib, Eddib, Adid, Adive, Hyaenas,

Bootes that and also Ursa appears

El

Drib,

all from
i,
as

Al
as

Dhi'bah,
for Male others

for the stars Al Tizini

f, iy, and
called

well

Major.

it Al

the Dhili,

Hyaena.
seamen

Among
In

it has
was

been

the the

Dragon's Tail, a Right-hand

and

title explained under y.

; the

China

it

Yu

Choo,

Pivot

space

towards

being Chung
Sayce
for the says first

Ho

Hun.
the

that

great
of

astrological

astronomical
devoted the Life much

work

compiled
Dayan

Sargon, king

Agade,
pole, as
and

or

Akkad,

attention to
;

this star, then

marking
of

the

Tir-An-na,

of Heaven

Same,

the

Judge

Heaven;

Dayan
name

Sidi, the
it also
ancient

Favorable bore.

Judge," all
Brown
"

whose representingthe god Gaga Gilgati, these

was

applies"
but this

titles to
14,000

Wega
ago Crown

of
!
"

the and of

Lyre,

the

far
a

more

pole-star,
Erirn,
the the

years
or

cited for

Draconis

Dayan
Shisha,
host.
now

ing Prosper-

Judge,
as was as

the

Heaven,
amongst
exact

and the

Dayan

Judge Directing.
2750 than
b. c

having
less it lies

the

highest seat
10'

heavenly
figure,the
the

About
more

it

than

from
at

the

pole, although
of
a

260; and
then

nearly

the

centre
on

the

whole of

constellation
a

visiblyswung
reverse

around

it,as

pivot,like
by day
and

hands

clock,

but in the

direction.
star

The

could

be

seen,

both

night, from

the

bottom

of the

The

Constellations

207 (Knum
John Khufu)
at

central

passage1

of

the

Great

Pyramid
also fact

of

Cheops
the similar Sir

Ghizeh, in 300
like structures the two
;

of north and
at

latitude,as
same

from

points in

five other
as

the

is asserted

by

Herschel

to

pyramids
than
;

Abousseir.

Herschel

considered
now,

that there
as

is distinct its

evidence

of

Thuban

formerly
its lettering,

beingbrighter
would
of that

its title from it

was a

constellation,and
"

indicate

for with

Bayer

2d-magnitude,
and the

in fact the in of

only one

brilliancyin
two

his list of ago.

Draco,

"

generallyso
on

star-catalogues
June.

previous to

centuries

It culminates

7th

J3, probably Binary,

Baitaban
and

and

14,

yellow.
al

Bastaben Raso

are

from

Al

Baa

Thu'ban,

the

Dragon's

Head,
In

"

Schickard's
Arab

tabbani it
was one

early

astronomy

of

Al'Awild,
was

the

Mother
as

Camels,

"',//, vy and

f completing the
From be the from Arabic
a

figure,which
word
comes

later known

the

flninqne
Alwaid, 'Awwad,
or

Dromedarii.
unless the it may

another of the Al

modern
group

name,
as

different Desert
to

conception
titles
were

Al

Lute-player.
now

Still other

Rakifi,
of

the

Dancer,

Trotting Camel,
the

given
0
and

\l\ and

it formed
the

part

Al

Salib

al WRki*,
v

Falling

Cross,
and the

f forming
as

perpendicular, y,
from

ji, and

the
to

transverse;
account

thus

designated
stars

if

slantingaway upright.
and
u

the

observer

for

paucity of
in the written

in the

Araia"
often has

current

Middle

Ages

since, was

from

Al

Shuja

and
,

been The

Aflvia, the
away,

letter
at

being mistakenly considered position angle

of

the covered dis-

earlyv.
Q
and

companion, 4"
Burnham.

i3".4,

was

by
y,

40

apart,

near

the
now,

solstitial colure, have

Proctor Draco.

been them

known
so

as

the in

Dragon's Eyes,
the them the

incorrect
of
a

although
view

thought
Modern

located

original figuring
on

front

of

drawings place

top

of the head.
were

In China

they

Men

Kae.

Y? Double,

2.4

and

13.2,

orange.

Ettanin, Ulug Beg's

1
ni*

also

written

Ettanin, Etannin,
the

Etanim, Head,

Etamin,

etc., is from it also

to at
an

Al
4

Has
feet

al

Tinnin,
feet
of the

Dragon's
and
a

applied to this,as
was

This

passage.

by 3^
the

in diameter

380 feet long, point deep

of its
to

directed the

northward

star, doubtless

by
17'
to

design

builder, from
At
was

below

present
four

base,

inclination of 260 before

our

horizon. Cross

the

time

building, perhaps
the savage
Britons.

millenniums

era,

the

Southern

entirely visible

208
is to
mous

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
word Tinnin
as

Riccioli

wrote

it Has and and

m*ftim"mentioned

The

is

nearly synom

with

Thu'ban, Rasaben,

Bayer
now

Baftaben in4he
Herd

one

of its titles, the but

at

Alfonsine

Rastaban
one

Century Cyclopedia ;
of Camels

in

early

Arabic

astronomy
referred
to

it
a

was

of the and

alluded

to

J.

Firuzabadi the

Ras

al Tinnin

Dhanab
no

al Tinnin

in the heavens, with

our

Dragon's

Head,
there

and made

Tail ; but these

have

connection and

Draco,

reference the these Rahu moon's had

now

being
of

solelyto
and

the

ascending
to
were

descending
astronomers

nodes

in

orbits

the

moon

planets

known

Arabian from

under known
as

titles.
and

Primarily, however,
This
idea
was seems

these
to

India,

and the

Kitu.

have

originatedfrom
that of the
"

fact that

the
ami

undulating course
the latter word better for been understood. "the head
to

symbolized by
instead
it
was

stellar

Hydra
the

used But and

of

Dragon,"
to
seamen

the

expression
as

would 16th

be

familiar of the

late

as

century,

tayle

Dragon"1
and
even

appears
now

in

Eden's
^

Dedication, of 1574,
for the and y

Sir

VVyllyam Wynter;
?3 for the

the used in

symbols,
text-book*

ascending
been

node

and

descending, are
It observed

almanacs. has
a

notable

object

in all ages. the

was

with

telescoyx
n"

by

Doctor

Robert its

Hooke

in

daytime
afterwards this
star

in

1669
was

while

endeavoring
to

determine effect
same

parallax, but

his result

found used the

be

due

to tor

the
the

of

aberration.

Subsequently

was

by
other

Bradley hand,
Hooke of

purpose, his great

although unsuccessfully; but, discovery of the

before aberration of

on

it

gau-

him
was

of which light,2

course

ignorant.
Millenniums

this, however,
about 5000 of

it

was

of
c,

importance
a

on

the

Nile,

as

1:

ceased became that

to

be the had

circumpolar
natural
successor

b.

and

few

centuries

thereafter
up
to

Dubhe of

(a

Ursae

Majoris),which
the of former the

date
y
at

been known time

to

the

prominent object
there
as

Egyptian temple worship

Ins,
"

in the
plied ap-

north,

was

Ins,

or

Taurt
the

name

one

Sirius,
"

and

it marked Its

head

Hippopotamus
3500
b.
1.

that

was

part
the

of

our

Draco. of

rising was
of

visible Hathor other

at

about

through
Mut south became Khons
at at

central
;
same

passages

the

temples

Denderah toward

and

"-!

Thebes the the

at

Canopus
date.

being
And

seen

through
says

openings

the

Lockyer
the in

that

thirteen

centuries of Rameses the

latent
and
*a-

orientation the

point of
passage

great
the

Karnak

temples

Thebes,

former, through

which

star

1 The
2

nodical date
to

month of this

also

is called

the been
on

Dracontic,

or

Draconitic.
as

The

discovery has
attention
;

variously given
the
some

from
1725,

1726

to
an

1729,

although

it

"a-

first called dance

in his

Bradley's

21st

of

December.
for him
to

by

unexplained
explanation.

diwur

observations

but

it took

time

complete

this

The

Constellations

209
at

observed, being temples were

use

1500

feet

in

length;
When

and

that

least

seven an

different
end the
to

oriented

toward
are

it.

precessionhad
to

put

this
same

of these

temples, others
;
so

thought
are now

have

been three

built with different sets

purpose

in view

that

there
so

found the

of structures
not
tainly cer-

close

and together, may be

oriented

that

dates

of

hitherto all,
of the

known,
which

determinable
Such

by this knowledge being

of the the
case,

purpose

for that is

they

were

designed.
not

Lockyer concludes
the

Hipparchos was

the

discoverer
the

precessionof
that

equinoxes, as by

supposed, but merely generally

He of
one

publisherof
them from

discovery made
Taurt

the

or Egyptians, perhaps adopted by

Chaldaea.
and
y
were

also

states

that the

Apet, Bast, Hut, Sekhet,

Nile know that the

all titles

goddess in
the

worship,symbolized by
Boeotian

Draconis.
the with
so

It is

interestingto
the

Thebes,
shared

City
its
as

of

the

Dragon, from
namesake

story of its founder, Cadmus,

of this star
b. c.
:

Egyptian
tation its orien-

worship
about and

in
a

temple dedicated,
doubtless drawn
as

far from

shows,
in Egypt, city

1130

cult

the

parent
the

adopted elsewhere Pompeii.

one

in

Greece,

also

in

Italy in

little temple

to

Isis in

Here, however,
of their
numerous was

the

fered city authorities interon

with this
and bricked
y

in star-worship
the

raids

the

astrologers,
there the

up

opening

whence zenith

the star
of

observed.
in

lies almost

exactlyin the

Greenwich,

fact,has
toward

been zon, hori-

called the

Zenith-star; and, being circumpolar,descends

and rises easterly, disappearing, thus

but, without
line:

explains the poet's

the East

and

the West

meet

together.

It

was

nearer

the

pole

than 21"

any

other

bright star
a

about

4000

years
was

ago.

Its minute

companion,
Burnham.

distant,at

positionangle

of

15a0,

covered dis-

by

$,
is the Bodns

3.1,

deep yellow,
the 2d of the four

secundut

of several in the

as marking catalogues,

Knots,or convolutions,
Al Tizini called

figure of
the

the
as

Dragon.
the
at

it Al

Tais,

Goat,

prominent
a

one

of

the

rangle, quadgenous indi-

6,

7r, p,

and
;

e, which

bore that

this title

late

period in Arabic
animal
names

astronomy
to

although

people generallygave
is found in various
or

only

single stars.
seem

The be
a

Jais, which

lists, maps,
of

and

globes,
two

would the

to

typographical error,
6 also may have the Two

an

erroneous one

transliteration of Firuzabadi's
determined un-

originalArabic.
stars 14

been

Al

Tayyasin,

Goatherds.

210

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Heaven's have also Kitchen.
seen

d,

e, rr, pt and

were was

the

Chinese

Tien

Choo,
we

?, a 3d-magnitude,
The Chinese knew

Al
as

Dhi'bah,

that the

for

a.

it

Shang Pih,
d, within
the

Higher
of the the south

Minister.
nebula N. G. C.

Half-way 6543,
of the
1],
a

between north

it and

7'

planetary
of the

is the

pole

of

ecliptic ;
" the
28th

pole being

in the head
streams

of Dorado.

Denning
of

considers
and

radiant

point

meteor

19th

January
2das

of the

of March.

double

and

8th-magnitude,
the Minor

deep yellow
Steward. the

and

bluish

star,

was

known The

in China

Bhang Tiae,
are were

components
r\ together
or

about

5" apart, and DhTbain,

the

positionangle
of

is

i43".i.
the Two

" and

Al

Duo

Lupi

early works,
the in

Hyaenas

Wolves, lying
the

in

wait

for

the

Camel's the

Foal,
stars

little star Al
our

Buba', protected by
head. Arabic appears earliest

Mother

Camels,
the

larger
Black but

Draco's

They

also

were

Al

'Auhakin,
of these and

Two

Bulls, or

Ravens, the
likewise Arabia's

signifyingeither
for
o"

creatures;

this last
titles

word from

and/,

and

for %

Vs

a^

"f these

being
; while

days. 4.3-magnitude, is
it
were

0,
stars

Hea

Tiae, the

Lowest

Steward

the

smaller

near

Tien

Chwang.
t,

$.6,

orange.

Smyth Beg,
comes

mentioned Kazwini

this had

as

Al

phiba'
it Al
the

of

the the

Dresden
Male

globe
Hyaena,

and from

of Ulug which

but Ed China

called

DhiK,

Atich, its usual

it
the
so was

title now,
the Left the

EUbrieh

of the

Century

Cyclopedia.
2d and

In

Tso

Choo,

Pivot.

It marks of

radiant called

point of
from the

Quadrantid
Mural

meteors

of

the

3d

January,
A

adjacent

Quadrant.
is 21 distant.

Qth-magnitude pale yellow companion

K
Giansar
and
a

4.1,

orange.

Giauzar

are

variouslyderived proximity,
"

either
Al

from

Al

Jauza', the
the

Twins,
One,

"

little star

is in close

or

from and

Jauzah,

Central
still

as

it is

nearly midway
Persian

between
"

the

Pointers

Polaris ; or, and

of Sasanian
or
"

better,from
the the be

the

Ghauzar,

Al Biruni's notion

Jauzahar
the

origin,"
where
to

Poison
moon

Place, referringto
crosses

the

that

nodes,

points

the

were ecliptic,

poisonous
Dragon."

because This

they

happened
descended
are

called

the

Head

and

Tail

of the

singularidea
these

into*

comparatively

modern

times, and, although

points

far

re-

212

Star-Names thought
that

and

their

Meanings
darted
were

Proctor

it marked
"

Draco's
i

tongue
such
stream

in

the earliest

of representations

the

figure,
radiant

unless

Herculis
meteor

ning star; while Denseen

considers

it the
the

point
northeast from

of the

about

the

29th
"7f

of

May,

"

Draoonidi.
coil from the

6.5, in

the

second

d, is Alsafi, corrupted from

Athafi, erroneously transcribed

the nomads

Arabic

pluralAthafiyy, by
one

which

designated
of the
to

the

tripods of their open-air kitchens;

v.

of these It

being imagined in
is
away
one

a, t, and nearest

Uthfiyyah is
to
our

the
"

singularform.
about

bly proba-

stars

system,

thirteen

light years
ister Min-

according
a

Brunowski's

unconfirmed
was

determination. Shaou Kwei

0,

4th-magnitude double,
x" "f

the

Chinese

Pih,
She.

the

Minor

; and

was slightly greater brilliancy,

and "|" "|"

,

4.3

and

5.2,

pearly white
title for f and that

and

yellow.
been

Duban,
some

from this

Al

Dhibain
Lach for

(the Arabs' thought

f
and rj. Palace the

has 17), a^so

was

by given

to
we

pair,and
Bin
of

with

lt

Al

Anha^n,

which In The

find similarly

China

it

was

She,
are i/)1

Governess,
with

or
a

Literary Woman.

components

about

30" apart,
and
the

positionangle of 150.

0),
These

4.9, and

/,

5.1.

dim

stars, between

"

group
to

0, #, and
clutch the

ip,were
Camel's but

Al Athftral
Foal.

Dhib,
thus

the

Hyaena's claws, stretched

with

out

They
sionally occa-

appear
were

Ulug Beg and

as

on

the

Dresden
a

globe ;
Al

elsewhere with
Wolf.

known
xto

Al

Auhakan,
sometimes
and

designation shared
were

" and q,

and

with

and "f"
seems

They
be

also

Dhd,

the the

There of Draco's

confusion,
their many

some

in duplication, the

nomenclature

stars, but in

titles show

great attention

paid to the

constellation

earlydays.

the
...

flaming shoulders

of the Foal

of Heav'n.
Omar

Khayyam's

XuUtydL

")uufeu0,t$e Sbdf,
that modern head of Latin

critics would
and
a,

turn

into

Eenleua, lies half-way by

the

between

the

Pegasus
"

the

Dolphin, marked
and

trapezium
Thus "the

of

4th-to

5th-magnitude stars,
others, and
Heis

0, y,

d,
"

although Argelander catalogues nine

6.7 magnitude. flaming

twelve

down

to

The

Constellations

213
the
more

shoulders"

of

our

motto

are

lacking here, and

is certainly and Filly,

reference

may

be

to

to which Pegasus,

the call

characterization
it

appropriate.
Pferd,
Italian which with
us

The

Germans

Fiillen,the
French

Eeine
the

isthe Little Hone, Hood

wrote

the

Petit Cheval, and

:

Cavallino.

of it about

1590
of
no

This constellation followith

means

was

named
therefore
;

almost

no

writer, saving Ptolomee

tail
or

and

Ptolomee,
into

and heaven

certain

historie

is delivered

Al/onsus who thereof,by what

it came

but

we

know

that

Geminos

mentioned the
nor

it

as

having

been

formed

by Hip-

its stars parchos,

not
a

tillthen

lying in

earlyDolphin.
did

Still Hipparchos did

allude to it in his

Commentary,

Hyginus, Manilius, or Vitruvius,

last word

century after him.

Ptolemycatalogued it as
Bust for the upper
was

"Imrov
an

npoTopfi, this figure;

but

equivalentto
astronomers

our

part of
and

animal

with

later in

it from

Equus primus
come

prior,as
our own

preceding Pegasus
title and

rising ;

while
and

its inferior size

Equulus, Equiculus,

Equus
has

Minor.

Gore's

translation

of VAstronomie

Fopulaire, following Proctor,

the larger Horse Equus,

being Pegasus. incompleteness

of the

idea Ptolemy's

of

the

figure

was

repeated in

the

Equi 8ectio, Eqni Praeseetio, Sectio equina, Sectio Equi minoris, Semi-perand Latin versions of the Syntaxis and Praesegmen of various authors fectus,
and of the

Alfonsine Tables;
had

the

Almagest

of 1551

gave

Praeciaio
of
some

Equi
Latin

Chrysococca'sTables
and writers, the

Ke^aXtj
of
our

"Innov, the

Equi Caput
Al

Horse's
followed

Head

day.
in

The Arabians
a

Ptolemy
size,or

callingit
; Al
to

Kit ah

al Faras, Part

of

Horse,Chilmead's
to

Kataat

Alfaras

Faras
the First
comes

al Than!, the Second

of

Horse,
as
a

either alluding
and

its inferior

time

its

adoption

stellation; con-

Al Faras
From the

al Awwal,
the

the

Horse, in reference
the modern the
"

to

its rising

beforePegasus.

first of these

times Kitalpha, some-

appliedto
cioli's Elmae
with him ; but
to commend

and constellation,

generallyto
a

star. brightest

Ric-

Alcheras
La

certainlyis rarelyused
another
ours.

barbarism, Hinnulus,

not

unusual, however, Mule,

has
more

Lande's

Young

it.
Hindus it
was

With the

of their

A{vini,the Horsemen,
constellation
to

although

their resembled figuring Some

of the

mythologists

said that

the

represented Celeris,
or

the brother of Pegasus, Pollux by Juno ; when

or

given by Mercury
struck for Minerva

Castor;

Cyllarus,given
from
was

to

the creature

by Neptune's

trident it also

the

earth

contesting with
14*

superiority ; but

connected

214
with
the

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
in modern

story of Philyra and

the and

Saturn. Haman the

Caesius,

times, associated
in the Book

it with

King's

Horse

that

hoped
Bote

for, as

is told

of

Esther;
The

Julius Schiller,with
comes

mystica.
on

constellation

to

the

meridian

the

24th

of

September.

a,
is

3.8,
for the whole

Kitalpha,
With

from

the

Arabian Phard. Chinese

name

figure,strangelyturned

by

Burritt into

Kitel
the

Stieler has See WeL

Kitalphar.

0 it

was

0,

Triple
two

and

binary,

5, 5, and
form
a

10,

topaz
noted
as

yellow
the

and

pale sapphire.
orbital
lution revo-

The

largeststars
all known in

system
*

quickest in
perhaps
Its the

of tude years, the but

e

binaries

except
the
are

Pegasi, and
of Taurus.

7th-magnin}i
is

LI. 9091 and the

Orion,

on

border
so

period

is about

components

close

that

they

can

be

separated only by
seven

largest telescopes ; their maximum o".44,

this

distance

apart

every

years

occurring in 1897,
much triple, 7.1 in

their

position angle being

6 in

2080. stars, colors

is another and

resembling
are

character; the component

and

5.7, 6.2,
of the

magnitude,
last

i".3,

io".4 apart,

the

first two

yellowish,the

ashy

white.

$e (painter's (goeef, ")uufeu6 Qpicforo,

was

formed,

and

thus

named, by
know it
; the
as

La

but Caille,

also has

been

called Flutewn du

Piotoris ;

astronomers

Piotor.

It is the Italians

Chevalet
; and

Printre, or

the Palette, of the French

of the The south from
3

Pittore

of the

the

Malentaffelei

Germans. constellation lies

just south

of

Columba,
La Caille

between

Canopus
to

and

the

pole

of the

in Dorado, ecliptic

assigning

it 14
to

stars, of

y2

to

5^

magnitudes;
close
to

but

Gould

catalogued 67
motion

down

the

7th.
an

Near

its e, and

Columba,
star

Kapteyn
a

recentlyhas
1830
Ursae

discovered
of

8.2-

magnitude
thus the much

orange-yellow exceeding
Star.
that

having

proper

8".7 annually,

of

Goombridge's

Majoris, hitherto

Flying

The

Constellations

215

amnis,

quod

de

coelo

cxoritur

sub

solio

Jovis.
Plautus* Trinummus.

the
.
.

starry Stream.
of the

For That
stream

this

remnant

Eridanos,

of tears, 'neath

gods'

feet

is borne.
Brown's A ratos.

"0e (gtttrteribdnue,
the French

Eridan,

the

Italian and

Eridano,
the
to

and

the

German

FIubi
; the

Eridanw,

is

divided into the

from the star

Northern of

Southern paws of

Stream Cetus

former latter the

winding extending
horizon
of

Rigel

Orion

the

; the

thence southwards, southeast, and

New York

southwest finally

below the

City,20 beyond
and
a

the lucida

Achernar,

near

junctionof Phoenix,
it has

Tucana, Hydrus,
no

Horologium.
catalogues

Excepting Achernar, however,

it is the

star

largerthan
sky, and
the

3d-magnitude, although
in it 293

longest constellation

in the

Gould

naked-eye components.
it
as

Although
of south With

ancients the
; but

popularly regarded
further modern

of

indefinite
star

extent, in
in

classicalastronomy declination
the
as

termination
astronomers

was

at

the

0
to

400

47'
6o". the
;

have the

carried

it

about

Greeks

it

usually was
Fluviuf
,

6 and

Uorafiog,

River, adopted by
Padua
and and

Latins

Amnii,

Flumen,

speciallyas
for it with in

Eridanus

this last, as

'EpiSavoc, having appeared

word is first in

Aratos

Eratosthenes. for the

the Geographically

found

Hesiod's

Qeoyovia

Phasis1 in

Asia, celebrated
That
rises

classic
and

history and
along

mythology,

deep

statelyrowls

into the Euxine

Sea

near

the

spot where

the

Argonauts

secured

the

golden

fleece.
Other authors the
ocean

identified

our

Eridanus

with
"

the

fabled that

stream

flowing into
has it
"

from of

northwestern
and
or

Europe,

stream

always
called

been the

matter

discussion
"

speculation
Homer's these

(indeed, Strabo
Stream and

where no-

existing "),
whence
the

with

Ocean

flowing around
the

the

earth,
Ocean.
the Po

early titles for

have
been the

stars, Oeeanns with

"

River

of

They also

associated

the

famous Padus

little brook
of

under the

with Acropolis;
1This is the modern

Ligurian
or

Bodencus

the

ancient, and
title being
a

Ripn,

Rioni, the

Fasch

of the Turks

this last the

general Water,

appellation in early Oriental

"r

geography
Wasser.

for all rivers,

perhaps

from

Sanskrit

Phas,

Was, stillseen

in

the

German

216

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
as

of

modern,

Italy,
"

famous

in all classical times

the Ebro

largestof
of and the

that

try's coun-

rivers, Vergil's Rex

Granicus
our

fluviorum;
the and

with the

the

Spain; flowing

with the

of

Alexander

Great;
with

with the

Rhenus

Rhodanus,"
into the

Rhine
at

and

Rhone;

modern

Radaune,

Vistula
Some the shed into
"

Danzig.
of originals
our

of these

the Padus, River, especially of the

were

seats

of

early amber
at

the story trade, thus recalling of their

"

Heliades,
into
was
sun.

whose
as

tears,

the

death
stream

brother
on

Phaethon,
that

turned

amber

they fell by Jove

a

that

of tears

which drive

unfortunate of the

hurled
was

after his disastrous theme with and

attempt

to

the chariot the

This
to

favorite

poets, from
the

Ovid,, in
of the

Metamorphoses,

Dean

Milman, in
to

Samor,

foundation

story that the river

son.

was

transferred

the

sky
of its

to

console
none

Apollo

for the loss of his

But
our

of these

comparatively
a

northern

streams

suit the stellar

position
that In

Eridanus,

for it is

southern
to

constellation,and
found in
a

it would

seem

earthly counterpart
with
and

ought
know

be

corresponding quarter.
and the

harmony
manicus

this,we

that that it
to
was

Eratosthenes

scholiasts

on

Ger-

Hyginus said
from the Thus

represented
the

the

Nile, the only noteworthy

is said
to

river that
above of
1

flows

south it

north, as this
in the

do

when

rising

the 52
1

horizon.

Hilus

Alfonsine Tables, the edition

sive

saying, Stellatio fluvii id

from the
statement

est Eridanus

Gyon

sire Nilus;

Gyon1

coming
the Cush
name

in

Genesis

ii,13
same

of

the

second

river

is Gihon

the

is it that

corapasseth

the

whole

land of

this latter Kush cited that

being misunderstood
was

for the

Nile

country
the

instead

of

the La
"

Asiatic Lande MfAac,

has the

unquestionably

intended

by

sacred stellar

writer.

Mnlda,
"

equivalent
so

to

another

title for the

Eridanus,
name,

Black,
this
Nile
name

and

again

connected

with

Egypt, whose
color of the became

native

Khem,

same

meaning,
leave

well
on

describing the
the land.
was

fertile
Latin

deposit that
Melo,
an

waters

This
for the the

the

early

for the This

Nile, as
to
were

it also

constellation.

allusion

the but

Nile

recalls

ancient

wide-spread belief
the
same

that it and Brown, in

the his with

Euphrates
monograph
the

different

portionsof
that
reasons we

stream

and

The

Eridanus,
He finds very

argues his

should in the

the Euphrates identify fact that both

as

sky figure.
alluded

are

quently fre-

to, from
for the
also
as one

early days
our

to

the

classical age,
of Jeremiah

The

River,

The

word

Sihor

Nile, in

Authorized
in his

Version

ii, 18,
Jewish

is Tijiur in the
in Anhquities,

Septuagint, Josephus referring to

the Nile

using

it

7ordaix"j''^/atoAoy/a, or
of the River

of the four

great branches

of Paradise.

The

Constellations

217
Water,
as

the and
as

being Euphrates originally

even now

Pura

or

Purat, Sea;

the

the

Nile each

was,

is, Ioma

or

Iauma,
with Eden in

the
two

that

they

resemble that

other is
nected con-

long and
with
seem

winding
a

streams
"

great
Heaven and

branches;
; that the

each

Paradise be

and

tions adjoining constellais in

some

to

Euphratean
Nile,
and each in the
"

origin;
with the

that

each

way

ciated asso-

with
There may be

the

overthrow

of the
to
a

sun-god.
stellar stream that

is much
our

Euphratean

records

alluding by
the

Eridanus,
that

possibly the Milky Way,

passage
he shall

another Talbot
of

sky river; yet possibly refers

shall flow
;

it
:

is to the former
Like the
stars

the

translated
shine
; like

Fox

of heaven

River

Night he

and

its title has

been

derived thinks

from that the

the

Akkadian

Aria-dan,
Eridanus may

the have

Strong
been

River. the

George

Smith

heavenly

Euphratean

Erib-me-gali.
at

Its hither used

termination

the

star

Rigel
others

gave
; and

it the Landseer

title Eiver
wrote
:

of

Orion,

by Hipparchos,
now

Proclus, and
as

ihe stars the

names

constellated

Erydanus Ocean,
or

were

originally known

in

different

countries

by

of

Wile, Nerval, and

Neptune.
Moorish

Riccioli

cited for it Vardi, and

1720

title, according
has al

to

Bayer,

was

Goad,

"

the

edition
and

of

the
us

Uranotnetria of the the

common

Guagi,
Kabir,

"

all these the Great

from

the Arabic the

wadi,

reminding
; but

Wadi

River,
the bians Ara-

Spaniards' Guadalquivir
was

designation among
Har
and

Al

Nahr,

the

River,

transcribed

Nahar,
also

"

Chilmead's

Alvahar;
adduced
Assemani bend

this Semitic
as
a

word,

occasionally written
word

Nahal,

having
for stars

been

derivation

of the

Nile.
from the

quoted Al Kaff Algeria

; but
our

Borgian globe
Kaff al of

in the

of the stream

Ideler

claimed the

these

for Al

Jidhmah
the

of Cetus.

Caesius
of the Bed Old surface of which
stars

thought

Eridanus
the

sky representative
over
as

Jordan,

or

Sea, which

Israelites

passed
a

on

dry

land.
on

illuminated of the the

manuscripts
with of
urn,

added

venerable

river-god lying
rows
a

the all

stream,

aquatic

plants, and
the

of nude

stars;
woman,

for

Hyginus
lower

1488 substitutes Bayer's

The

figure of
is

with reeds his

liningthe sedge
on or

bank.

illustration Cetus

with quite artistic, is

and

the

margins.
the

monster

often

depicted

with

fore paws,

in flippers,

River.

CC,
Achernar is from
the

0.4,

whiteEnd of the from the

Al

AKir

al Nahr, the

River, nearly
south

its present but the

position in

constellation,about

320

pole;

218

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
0, the
had farthest in the Stream

title known

was

first

given

to

the

star

now

lettered For
a

by
vel

Arabian

astronomers.

Bayer

Achamar

pro Aehtf-

nahar
and

Aeharnarim,

and

Enar;

Caesius,Acamar;
Schick

Riccioli,Acarnaharim
while

Acharnaar;
and
star

Scaliger,Achamarin;
are

ard, Achironnahri;

Achenar
This its

Archaraar is

still be
one

occasionallyused.
of Dante's

supposed

to

Tre

Facelle, notwithstanding

from invisibility

Italy.
knew mention
1

Chinese

astronomers

it

as

Shwuy

Wei
he could have
seen

Ptolemy
latitude of

did

not

it,although 1',
"

it from argues

the

Alexandria, 310
was

fact,among

others, which
but

that his from than the

catalogue
now

not

based of which the

upon

original observations,
at

drawn
more

lost

catalogue
from
on

Hipparchos, compiled place

of Achernar
was

Rhodes,
visible. of Baten

5:

further

north,

not

It culminates

4th

December,

due

south

Kaitos.

p,

2.9, of

topaz
in

yellow.
Orion,
York the and is the

Cnrsa, 30

to

the northwest
from the

Rigel

principalstar

in this

constellation,seen
The Central and word is from #". "r.
as

latitude

of New

City.
Chair,
or

Al

Kursiyy al Jauzah,
formed of Al

Footstool, of the
with
earlier
7

One,

Orion,

by /3,A,

i/"Eridani
in the

Ononis,

regarded
nomads extended The

the
was

support
one

his left foot ; but Udha

astronomy

of the
some

it
to

of o2.

al Va'ain, the

Ostrich's

Nest, that

o1 and

Century Cyclopedia gives DhaUm

Al

as

an

alternative used for

undoubtedly title, by
several writers,

from

?halim,
Chinese

the
to

Ostrich
0.

but, although

this better The

belongs

called

0 Yuh

Tung,

the

Golden

Well.

T1?
Zaurao
Star
now

3"

yellow.
Arabic this

and the of

Zaurak
but

are

from

the

Al

Na'ir

al

Zaura",

the

Bright

of

Boat;
our

Ideler

applied

early designation to
the

the star that

is a
With

Phoenix.
others
near,

d, e,

77, and

it made

up

Chinese

Men

Yuen, the

Heavenly

Park.

'fy
Azha
is

3-7" the

Pale yellow. Az^a

of Al

supposed
of the

to

have

been
was

Sufi, and
as

the

equivalent

Aflhiyane

Persians, and

known

by

Kazwini

Al

Udhiyy, being

220

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
and

0
,

Triple,
modern the
nest

4, 9.1,

and

10.8,

orange from

sky blue,
Kaid,
the

is the thrown The Its

Keid
out

of from

Burritt's Kied, lists,

close

Al

Egg-shells,
Psalterium.

by.
construction
of his constellation Herschel and proper
a

Abbe

Hell

used

it in the

duplicitywas
Otto Stfuve The The

discovered found the

by Sir William
star

in

1783,

and

in

1851

smaller

itself double its great

at
a

binary
motion

of short

period.
and the
a

system
two

is remarkable

from
are

ofV'.i
of 1080,

annually.

larger
at

stars
an

83" apart,
of
1 1

positionangle
parallax by

smaller

4" apart,
of twenty

angle

1".

The

Elkin

cates indi-

distance

lightyears.

X
,

4,

yellow.
the
common

Angetenar
of Riccioli Bend in the and

of the

Alfonsine Tables, now

of

the Argentenir title, Al

Anchenetonar
near one

is Scaliger,

from

Hinayat

al Nahr, the
as

River,
This
is

which of

it lies ; Ideler nine

stars

transcribingthis
of the
same
novem*

Al Anchftt

al Nahr.
above See

Bayer's

letter

lyingjust

Fornax

; he

said of them, sibi mutuo

a

succedcnUs

found,

in of

1897,

14. 9

-magnitude bluish

star, about

52"

away,

at

positionangle

i28".3.

mark

another
This Al

series of

seven

stars

called and
now

in

Bayer's
current

text use,

Beemim is

and

Theemim.
Arabic

last,used
and Grotius for two

by
the

Bode

in

Tau'aman

Jews' Teomim,

the either

perhaps the Twins, from the paiis

from the

v1, v2, and

from
an

v3, v4.
term

thought it derived
medicinal
In
roots

foregoingor

Arabic the

; but

Ideler's would
seem

suggestion that
more

it is from

Hebrew
we
a

Bamma'yim,
have but few form the

the

Water,
from the

able, reason-

although
that of
1

star-names

Judaea,

and

he The

intimated

it

might

be

distorted and

of Al

Thalim,

Ostrich. The.eej
,

Almagest

5 15 has

Beemim;

Standard

Dictionary

$e t"t, fefte,
a

word

which from

Latin
stars

lexicographers now
Antlia of and

write

Faelifl, was
and first

formed

by

La

Lande

between

Hydra,
Its inventor

published in his

BibliographicAstronomique

1805.

said of it :

The

Constellations

221

am

very
me

fond

of cats.

I will let this in my

figurescratch
now

on

the chart.
my

The
with

starry sky has

worried

quiteenough

life,so

that

can

have

joke

it.

In Die

Gtstirne" the
;

2d

edition with

of Bode's who

maps, included

it appears it as

as

Katze, with
in his and

twenty

stars

but, except

Secchi,

Oatto

sphere planicharts. him

of 1878, it has
Proctor in this

long

been

discontinued Canis

in the but
no

catalogues
one

assigned

this title to

Minor,

has. followed

change.

Sorter Claimed,

or

t$e Cfcmicaf Sotn^r Cifcmtae, Jumce,

was

formed

by

La

Caille from

stars

within

the

southern

bend

of the

River

but modern the tide to The Bode

astronomers, Fornax.
know the it
as

by

whom

it is still

recognized, have
Temporary

abbreviated

Chinese

Tien

Yn,
in

Heaven's

Granary.
and
lated trans-

changed
as

earlyname
in honor

1782

to

Apparatus chemieus,
Ofen,
and

it

the

Chemisohe

Apparat,
of the

Chymische
celebrated
fallen
to

1' Apparat Antoine

Chi-

mique,an
Lavoisier. Gould
a, the

alteration
These

chemist disuse.

Laurent

titles, however,
no

have

into

assigns to it
lucida, is
a

stars, from
of may

3.6
and

7th magnitudes.
apart, with
meridian
on
a

double and

4th
be

7th magnitudes, 3"

It
comes

position angle of 3200,

the

binary.

to

the

19th of

December.

Sreberici JEfcnottt.
In

1787 Bode
as

formed,

and

in

1790
"

published

in the

Jahrbuch,

this minor

constellation
and teica, II of

Friedrioh's Clerke's
had from

Ehre,
Gloria
in

Frederick's
"

Glory, Burritt's Gloria

in honor

Pre-

Miss

Frederick 1786.

of the great Frederick

Prussia, who
made up

died

It was

stars thirty-four

in the

space in

between

Cepheus,
Hand of hand

dromeda, An-

Cassiopeia,and
to

the

Swan,
of

where

Royer, by
his from

1679, had
and the northern

attempted tice. Jusof

replacethe
But he

earlier borrowed which

Lacerta for

Hevelius
new
a

Sceptre

his
to

creation

Andromeda,

he moved

more

indifferent position, entirely easterly

222

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
there for 3000

to

the

fact that thus

it had

been
:

"

stretched

out

years."

Bode's

figure was
Below Laurel
a

described
the

Nimbus,
a

sign of royal dignity, hang,

Pen and and
an

wreathed

with this

the
ever

imperishable
to

of fame,

Sword,

Olive

Branch,

to

distinguish

be

bered remem-

monarch,

as

hero, sage

peacemaker.
and has been

It is while

now

seldom

mentioned,

discarded

from

the

charts,

Lacerta

maintains

its positionin this much

occupied spot.

Then

both
To

were

cleans'd
a

from

blood

and

dust

make were, then the

sons

heavenly sign ;
armour, to

The

lads

like their

scour'd,
;

And Such
were

hung
of

up

shine

heavenly double-Dicks, Jove

and
in

The

Tyndar.
English
Potiry.

John Grubb,

Percy's Retiques of Ancient

(Bemtnt,f#e "ttrin"
The
remote

conception
which and the

of

sky couple
Latin

for these

stars

has from

been classical

universal

from

but antiquity,

our

title dates
name.
as

only
The

times, varied
knew French them
as

by Gemelli,
ge Twisan,
meaux, While transfer and
on

is the Italian still the

Anglo-Saxons
; the

as

Anglo-Normans
as

Frere

modern

G"

Germans these

Zwillinge, Bayer's Zwilling.

were sons

earth the

Twins

of

Leda, becoming, Fratres, Ledaei

Nido di Leda,
of them
as

after

their

to

sky, Geminum
; Dante

Astrum,

Ledaei
location

Juvene*, and
the the Nest of

Ledaeum Leda.

Sidus

calling their
of of

Cowley,
and Owen

the

contemporary
our

Milton,
as

wrote

LedsMii

Stan,

Meredith
The

day

lone

Ledaean

lights from

yon

enchanted

air.

They
Morris* and and

also

were

Gemini Laconian

Laeones,
Stan
;

"

Milton's

Spartan Twins
from their

and mother's

William
home,

Twin

Spartana Suboles Sidus, from

of

Cycno generati from

Horace's while
are

her story ; Pneri

Tyndarii,Tyndarides, Tyndarids* Tyndarus,

Ovid,
their

olarnm
the from

Tyndaridae
and

supposed
Valerius Mamlius

father;
Flaccus called

Oebalii
their

Oebalidae

Statius,and
of

grandfather, Oebalus,
as

king

Sparta.

them

Phoebi

Sidus

being

under

Apollo's protection.

The

Constellations

223
Dante's and the Italians'

Individually they
Cwtore
and
e

were

Castor and
wrote

and

Pollux,"

Polluce

Apollo
had

Hercules, Triptolemus
Castor Castor

and

Iasion, Theseus Oastoris;

life and

Pirithous.
and

Horace

fraterqne magni
from

Pliny,
death

Castores;
that the

Statius

alter

their alternate
Summer

modern

James

Thomson

repeated
Twins

in the

of his Seasons:

Th'

alternate

are

fix'd.

But

VVelcke

gave

an

astronomical and in Pollux

were

turn

to

these

titles

by seeing in
Riccioli's

the first

Astor, the Starry One,

With the Greeks

Polylenkes, the Lightful.

Twins,
"

they

A/dv^ot, the
the in

Didymi,
also

"

representing two originally

Boeotian

of

Pelasgian Kdfieipoi,but subsequently

Rome, who,
and
as
"

the

biooKvpoi,

"

Dioscuri

the Homer

Sons

of

Zeus;
were

as

Am-

phion and

Zethus, Antiope's sons,

Founders

wrote,

of

Thebes,
of the

men

of

mighty

name,

shown strikingly Farnese Bull

"

on

the

walls

Spada

Palace Plutarch

in

Rome,
called

and them

with

the

now

in the

Naples
"

Museum.

*Ava*ec,
Theodorethe Gods.
or
cient an-

Lords,

Cicero's

Anaoes,

and Gods

2*w, the
;

Two

Gods

of

Sparta;

tus, 'EQioTioi, the

seat

Familiar
of the
were

others, Dii Samothraces,

Dii
as

from

of

worship
also

Cabeiri

; and

Germani,

the

Brother

In India
a

they always
found

prominent
in other
were

Agvini, the Ashwins,

sky
for other and from
a

men, Horsetwin Tamil

name

parts of the

Hindu

deities ; but,

popularly,they
zodiac
had

Mithuna, Jitnma,
or

the

Boy

Girl, the
the Greek

Midhnnam,
A

afterwards

changed

to

Tituma,

title.

Buddhist
of the

in their them for

place a
to

Woman
tribe and of Levi

holding

golden

cord. others

Some
more

Jews ascribed
them

the

Benjamin, although jointly, the

and Desert the

fitly
called

claimed them

Simeon the

Brethren.
tronomers, as-

They

Tedmlm;
the
one

Tynans,
but fore in paws

Tome; early
of

Arabian

Al
two

Tan'aman,
formed also
were

Twins;
of the

astronomy
ancient
of the

their

bright
this

stars

the

great

Lion Twins.

although they
From
came

Al

Buij
and
"

al Jauza', the

Constellation
he said
was

Bayer's Algenze, which, however,

unrecht, thus

making
stars'

Riccioli's
of the

Elgeuzi
word,

Gienz

equally
the

wrong.
"

Hyde
as
as

adopted
of

other an-

form

Jauzah,
in
a

Centre,

designating
the
centre

these the the

position in medio
either
because

coeli,or

region long
a

viewed

heavens;

they
of

were

zenith

constellation, or
the

from

brilliancyof
writer of
our

this
second

portion

the

sky.
But

Julius Pollux,
the

Egypto-Greek
a

century, derived

title from
is much

Jauz,

Walnut,
to

as

mentioned

in

his

Onomasticon.

there

uncertaintyas

the

224
stellar

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
as

and signification

historyof
has the

this name,

will be

further

noticed

under

Orion.
The

1515

Almagest
of the

inexplicableAliodft, said
Tables.

to

be

from

some

early edition
The the that

Alfonsine

Persians

called the Twins

Du
of

Paikar,
similar

or

Do

Patkar,

the Two

Figures
wrote

Khorasmians,

Adhnpakarik,
"

meaning

; and

Riccioli

they

were

the

Chaldaean

"

TammeclL
the

Kircher

said and

that

they

were

Kkvoog,

or

Claustrum
two

Hori^

of

the

Egyptians; gods,
The love
so

others, that they represented the Elder,

and

intimately associated
or

Horns

the

Horns

the

Younger,

Harpeehrnti,
for their

"

the

Harpocrates
Twins

of Greece.
were

placed
manifested

in the

sky by Jove,
on

in reward

brotherly
:

strongly

while

earth,

as

in the

verses

of Manilius

Tender Stand

Gemini clos'd and

in strict embrace

smiling

in each

other's

Face

and

were

figuredas

Two

Boys,
like

or

Young

Men,

drawn

exactly alike

So

they
one

were,

no

mortal

Might

from

other

know

or

as

Two of

Infants, Duo

Corpuscula.
Two
nude other's
two

But

Paulus and

Venetus the

and

other

trators illusof with

Hyginus
of

showed has
two

Angels,
seated shoulders. unclad
one

Venetian and
a

edition

Albumasar
arms

1489

a figures, Boy

Girl,

outstretched The

upon

each

Leyden Manuscript by
a

shows Maltese

boys
with

with club

Phrygian
and spear,

caps, the

each other

surmounted with
a

star

and

cross; had

stringed instrument.
a

Bayer
Twin
that
to

something similar,Pollux, however, Rebecca,

of

bearing
while

peaceful sickle.
saw

Caesius
other

here

the

Sons
the the

of
stars

or

David

and

Jonathan Saint James

who hand

Christians
or,
to

said back

together represented things,Adam

female Tables. 1300
a

the Greater;

go

beginning
male and in the

and

Eve,

probably
in hand

were

intended

by

the

nude

figures walking
A

in the

illustration original
on

Alfonsine
from and which

similar shoving
years

appears, The Duo

however,
drew
some

the
as

Denderah

planisphere of
came

previous.
title, of Kidi Two
a

Arabians
;

them of the

Peacocks,

mediaeval
a

Pavones

Chaldaeans
or

Phoenicians,
Gazelles
; the

as

Pair

followingAuriga Sprouting Plants; couple

of

and and

the

Goat,

as

Two
a

Egyptians, as

Brown

reproduces

Euphratean representationof

The

Constellations

225
and
moon,

small, naked, male

the the

one child-figures,

standing

upon the

its head
sun

the other when

standing upon
the
one

former, feet
other Is

to

feet; the original Twins

down
;

being

and

is up

generally

variant

representationshowing symbol
the

the

positions reversed
to referring

and

the

figures

clothed.
Another
was a

Pile of Bricks,
"

the and

building of the
Remus from that that the

first

city

and
;

fratricidal brothers
a

the

Romulus

of

Roman

legend

although thus with

to
our

very

different

character
says

generally
Sumerian

assigned
name
"

Heavenly
month

Twins.

Similarly Sayce
when the
sun was

for

the

May-June,
the

in

Gemini,

signified

Bricks In

"(?). days
constellation
was

classical
and

often

symbolized by
as

two

stars

over

ship;

having
on

been

appointed by Jove early silver

two

guardians
of the

of

Rome,

they
about caps,

naturally appeared

all the

coinage
men on

republic from
with oval which

269

b.

c,

generallyfiguredas
by stars, showing
birth. On
as

young halves
"

horseback,

surmounted

the

of pence

the
"

egg-shell from
of the of Lake

they
the
b.

issued
are

at

the if have

denarii, the

good Samaritan, they Regillus,and

300 Lower

in

full

speed
struck

charging
the
same

in

the

battle
even

sestertii and

quinarii

; but

before

this,about
in

c,

coins
bore

were

by the
Twins of

Bruttii
on one

of

Magna
side

Graecia,

that Italy,
the

the

heads The

of the

with

their mounted
had

figures on
those in

other.
For that

coins

Rhegium
in

had

similar

designs,as
fellow

of Bactria. the
storm

their

efficient aid

protecting their
the the

Argonauts
were

had

nearly overwhelmed
and
even more

Argo,

the

Gemini
as

considered

by

the

Greeks,

by

Romans,

propitious to mariners, Ovid

rati,

writing

in the Fasti:
Utile sollicitare sidus

utmmque

which

moral

John

Gower,
A

the friend of Chaucer, couple

to

rendered

welcome

vexed

barge

and

Horace,

in his

Odes,
So

as

translated

by

Mr.

Gladstone

Leda's

at their beck twins, bright-shining,

Oft have

delivered

stricken

barks

from

wreck.

In
were

The the
"

Acts

of

the

Apostles,xxviii,n,

we

read in

that

the Saint had

Twin Paul ended

Brothers and in

sign,"or
embarked or,

figurehead, of
after
as

the

ship
it in

which that

his

companions
on

the

eventful

voyage

wreck ship-

Malta;

Tindale
had

rendered
the

1526:
badge
was

ship of Alexandry, which

wyntred in

Yle, whose

Castor

and

Pollux,

"

226

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
of

the under

Greek the

Alexandria,

and

Ostia,

the

harbor
were

Rome,

being specially
either side

tutelageof
of vessels of the

the owned
storm

Twins,

who

often

represented on
Twins

of the bows The

in those in the

ports.
the
common now. seems

incident
them

historyof

to have

ciated asso-

with

the

electrical in ancient

phenomenon
times,
and
as

in

heavy

weather

at

sea,

and

well in the the

known Historia

it is

Pliny
are

described it at
ature; in all liter-

length

Naturalis,
that
a

allusions

to

it

frequent
and Fralres

idea
to

being

double Horace

called light,

Castor

was Pollux,

favorable lucida

the

mariner.

designated
"

this

as

Helenat,

sidera,rendered
wrote
:

by

Mr.

Gladstone

Helen's

Brethren, Starry Lights";

Rabelais

He

had

seen

Castor

at

the main

yard

arm

and

our

Bryant

resplendentcressets Upliftedin their

which

the Twins

hands. ever-youthful

single light was

"

"

that

dreadfull,cursed,
Twins that

and

threatening
such ill luck

meteor to

called

Helena,"
In

the

sister of the
these

brought
as

Troy.
of his

modern

times from
a
"

lightsare Corpo
storm

known Santo
at
sea

Composant,
"

Corposant, and
one

Corpusant,
to

the

Italian

Pigafetta ending
God and the

descriptionsof
came our

dangerous
; and
as

with

Corpi Santi
or

aid

the
or

Fire of San

of Saint

Helen, Saint Helmes,

Ermo,

Telmes Eremo,

"

San

Telmo

of
or

Spain

Anselmo,
of

Hermo,

and

from

Anselmus,
Ariosto
Golden

Erasmus,
of the

bishop
disiata

Naples, martyred
di
:

in Diocletian's
y

reign.

wrote

it,la

luce

Santo

Ermo

and

in Longfellow's

Legend
Last

Padrone

exclaims

night

saw

Saint

Elmo's

stars,
all at

With

their glitteringlanterns
masts

play
spars,

On

the tops of the

And I knew
we

and have

the tips of the foul weather

should

to-day.

The has Latin his of

phenomenon
dubbed
races,

also

has

been

called

Saint

Anne's

Light;

and
seamen

some

one

it Saint
it has
on

Electricity. In
been Saint and his Peter the voyage

recent

centuries, with
Saint
the

of the from
to

and

Nicholas;
miracles Land Sea.

the

former

walking

the
storm

water,
on

latter from
to

attributed
he

him

the stilling drowned Nicholas of

the

Holy

when These

to restored

life the made south

are

and sailor, the and

again on
saint of

the

Aegean

miracles have nations of the

patron
famous
"

all Christian In

maritime
alone

Europe,
to

everywhere.
than
to

England

376 churches

dedicated

him,

more

that

country's Saint George.

228

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
the
sea wave.

And
When Are

ships, whose

flightis swift along

o'er the savage
the of

wintry tempests raging,

on

and

sailors

tremblingly
with prayer

Call

the Twins

Jove
the

and

vow,

Gathered
And And Even The On

in fear upon

lofty prow,
lambs, the wind

sacrifice with
the

snow-white

huge billow bursting close behind,

beneath the
"

then

weltering waters they suddenly

the

bear appear,

staggering ship

yellow wings rushing athwart

lull the blasts in
strew
omen

sky,
bed.

And
And

mute
on

tranquillity,
the
;

the

waves

white

ocean's

Fair
The And

of the
rest

voyage

from
the

toil and

dread,

sailors

rejoicing in
sea

sight, delight.
of

plough
been such
a

the quiet

in safe

They
"

seem

to

have
as

common

object
descended of
1

adjuration among
present time
A la

mans, the Ro-

and, indeed, By Jiminy

!
"

have

to

the

in the
a

boys'
mon com-

while

the caricature

665,
!
"

Homer And

Mode, had, as

expressionof
"

that

day,

"

Gemony

the will recall theatre-goers

Gemini

"

of

Lucy

in Sheridan's
to

Rivals.

Astrologers assigned
hands,
arms,

this
; while

constellation

guardianship
held that

over

human

and

shoulders

Albumasar

it

portended intense
Virgo
of

devotion, genius,largeness of mind, goodness, and

it
was

liberality.With
the

considered
and
a

the

House

of

Heronry,

and

thus

Cyleniu* tour
and,

Chaucer;

fortunate Lower Sea

sign,ruling over
Egypt, Brabant,
and
as

America,
and

Flanders, Lorabardy,
;

Sardinia, Armenia,

Marseilles

in ancient

days, over paid

of the
to

the

Euxine

the

river

Ganges.

High regard,too, was

with Great
the fortunes

it in the south of

17th century England

1666 London and occurred

connected being peculiarly

the

city of
when and other

London

; for the

Plague and city

Fire of
the
were

1665

and

this

sign was
of But born

in the

ascendant, while
to

building of
begun

Bridge

events

importance
centuries
the

the

when

specialplanets were
whoever

here.
to

two

previously
would gers astroloa

it
be

was
"

thought ryght
pore

that and

happened
and

be

under

Twins

wayke

lyfin mykul
were

tribulacion."

Chinese
war

asserted
harvest

that

if this constellation

invaded

by Mars,

and

poor

would

ensue.

Ampelius assigned to
Boreas that
came were

it the
the and

care one

of

Aquilo, the
third
east.

North

Wind,

the

Greek

from

north red

Its colors

white
who
was

like those
on

of

Aries, May,
made

and

it

was

the

natal

sign

of

Dante,

born

the year.

14th
He

of

1265,

when

the sun

entered

it for the first time

Puradiso

in that
:

ment grateful acknowledg-

of this in the

The

Constellations

229

gloriousstars,

light impregnated
which
I

With

mighty virtue, from

acknowledge

All of my

genius,whatsoe'er
GemellL How

it be ;

and
to

called

them !

gli EUrni
To them

like this is

to

Hesiod's

reference

the Muses

I owe,

to

them
or

alone

I owe,

What

of the

seas,

of the stars, I know.

The

sign's symbol, J,
carried with
them

has

generallybeen
copy of the Brown

considered

the

Etrusco-Roman of their Twin the cuneiform

numeral, but Seyffert thinks it a

Gods

Spartans' emblem
derives
the

into battle.
month

it from
the
sun

7T, the ideograph

it. The
of its stars The

of the Akkad of
was
our

Kas,
and

Twins,
when
on

Assyrian Simanu,
passed through
for five

corresponding to parts
constellation marked
were as

May
of the of

June

the the

certainlyprominent Ape
the

Euphrates,
that

many the

divisions of ecliptic

astronomy.

Gemini
as

early

Chinese

solar says

zodiac, and
that this
was

were was

known

Shin
to

Chin; Edkins, callingit Shi Ch'en,

it from the Two

title

transferred
as

Orion.

Later and

on as

the

constellation
an

known of

Tin

Yang,
Reverend

Principles ;
William

Jidim,

important object

worship.
The Mr. of those

Ellis wrote,
the
two

in

his Polynesian
stars
as

Researches,

that the natives

islands knew
and the

Twins,

Castor the

being
Two
; but

Pipiri and Ainanus,

one

Pollux

Senna;
the W.

whole with
same
a

figure Ha

Ainann,

Above,
Mr. W.

other

Below,
to

lengthy legend attached

story, in his Myths
in
and

the Reverend

Gill tells the

Songs

of

the

South

Pacific,as
them
a

belonging
name

stars

Scorpio.
Men,
and the of

The

Australian
the

aboriginesgave
were

signifyingYoung
also
at

while

Pleiades

Young
him

Girls;
the

the

former

being Tnrree

Wanjil, pursuing
intense
ing heat, roast-

Purra, whom

they annually kill

fire the The of the left
one an

the which

beginning
is marked Africa

by

smoke

of

by

Coonar them
as

Tuning,

the

Great

Mirage.
the wives

Bushmen

of South

know

Young
two

men, Wo-

eland, their great antelope.

record interesting
stars

Aristotle has
of times,
some

of the

occultation,at

different earliest

of the

of Gemini
we b.

by

the

the planet Jupiter, and made

observation about the

The

of this nature

of which

have
c.

knowledge,
the

probably
and

middle

of the

4th century
the heads
over

southern the

half of the

constellation

lies within

Milky Way,
Cancer and

3,on
and

north, marking

of the Twins

between in the and

Auriga,

noticeablyconspicuous
enumerates

Orion setting

Aprilsky.
106.

Argelander
'5*

53

naked-eye stars,

Heis

230

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings

Starry Gemini
Over Orion's

hang like glorious crowns

grave low
down in the
west. Maud.

Tennyson's

Ct, Binary,

2.7

and

3.7,

bright white
of the

and

pale
and

white.

Castor,
as

Ovid's
son

Eques,
of

the

Horseman is the

Twins,
name

the

mortal

one

being

the

Tyndarus,
Greek

well-known it
was

for this star, current and

for

centuries;

but

in later

days

'AnokXuv,

Apollo with
this

the

astronomers

even

through
the

Flamsteed's till toward the

nearness

time.
the

It will be

remembered
was

that title of and

Christian
when

era

name

for the

god

of

day

planet Mercury
to
was

its morning star,1 tification its earlieridenafter the

as

rapid orbital
with
of thieves and

movement

the

sun

preventing
now,

the

which evening star,1 In

designated,as
called it

god
"the

darkness.

Percy's Rcliques Mercury

in

is described

nimble

post of heaven";.
the sun,

Goad,
who

1686,
shows

squirtinglacquey of

seldom

his face in these

parts,

as

if he

were

in

debt; while for that this the

same

quick

motion
as

induced
very

the

alternative

word human

of

chemists

quicksilver, as Byron

well
:

for the

uncomfortable

temperament

described

mercurial like

man
a

Who

fluttered

over

all

things

fan.

Notwithstanding,however,
Copernicus
doubtless Vistula
saw

the

of seeing Mercury," supposed difficulty he had

never

died

that regretting
to

observed and La the

it,although thiswas
mists

partly due
at
100

his
canon

high
said the

latitude whom

arisingfrom
it

the

Thorn,

"

the and

Gallet,

Lande

styled Hermophile,
1100

it

times,

Baily
in

that

Hevelius of
to

observed New York for it.

times!

Indeed,

it is its

easily visible

latitude where

City

for several

days, at
But It
to
was

elongation,if one
to
our

knows Castor. Doric

look

return

star

'AtteaXw

in the

dialect,which

degenerated
; the

into Afelar" of

Aphelion, Aphellan, Apullum, Aphellar, and

of the
1

Avellar
as

Avelax

Apian
"

6th

century subsequentlyappearing
and

Anelar,
and

the Alfonsine

Anlid***
and

lAs

morning
;

evening

star

in

Egypt

it

was

Set and

Horns;

in

India, Buddha
One.

Rauhinya

and

in Greece

the Lovely One, *Eq6tift

the Sparkling Ztllftojv,

was on

Its earliest

observation,
B.

reported by
then
was

Ptolemy

as

from d

Chaldaea,

the

15th

of November,

265

C,
2

the

planet Apian

being
Pieter

between

ft and
whose

Scorpii.
surname was

This

Bienewitz,
word

Latinized,

after the bient.

fashion

of his

day, into Apianus

apis, our

bee, taking the place of the German

The

Constellations

231
also

Caesius should

had

the
be

synonymous
to

Phoebm,
0
as

and

cited Theseus, but

this

rather gave

applied
belong
used the

another

title of the
vel

original Hercules.

Bayer

Basalgenze
better

; and
to

Riccioli, Algueze

potius Elgiautzi, but

these also The

0.
Castor
to

Babylonians

mark

their nth Twins

Twins. that As

constellation, ecliptic
; while

Majh-mashu-Mahrti,
two

Western

One

of the Great

with

Pollux

the
were

constituted and
as

the Mas-tab-ba-gal-gal,

In

Assyria they
knew of other

Mas-mas
stars

Tuamu,
well
as

the

Twins, although
in the been the the

country
an

twin

here
was

elsewhere

sky.
of the

object

veneration
;

Castor

Turos-mal-max,
Arabians

Son
a

Supreme

Temple
and

but

in

everywhere, it has astrology,

When
as

portent of mischief
Greek the

violence.
star

the

adopted
al

figuresthey designated this

Head of the Foremost
term
was was

Al

Bis

al Taum
Al

Mukaddim,

Twin

but,
al
to

according to
the

Tizini, the
in the of Paw the

early
or

and

indigenous
Reference

Al
made

Awwal

Dhira',the First

Forearm.

by this Asad,

supposed figure
Forearm extended

enormous
a

early Lion,
and

the

nomads'

the

Outstretched
This

of which
over

(3 marked
the The

as

Al

Dhira*

al Mabsutat
one,

still further

Gemini,
Minor.

other, the
rest

Contracted this

Al

Makbudah,

running

into
of and
our

Canis

of

cluded monstrosity inas was tioned men-

Cancer, part by Kazwini,

mistakes
in

Leo, Bootes, Virgo,

on

and

Corvus,

commented Al many

by
also and stars,

Ideler, who
described
much

sharply criticized
this ancient
in the used and

its construction. of the

Biruni
errors

figure,
Arab

complaining especially
mind
as

confusion he

to

the

nomenclature

of the two
to

although
Procyon.
formation and of

himself
Ideler
to

titles

for them

generallyapplied only exaggerated

and that the and

Sirius and

Beigel
the

attributed this

incongruous
the

blunders

of misunderstan

by early writers transcription

whole and
were
was

copyists. Indeed, grammarians

the who

former asserted

creation

knew

nothing of the
The
two

heavens,
stars

misrepresented older arbitrarily

the Good

star-names.

bright

5th

manzil, Al

Dhira', and
the

5th
mother

nakof

*ta/ra,Puiiarvarsu,the Two
the

Again;
also

Aditi, the

sky goddess,
the

Adityas,being
next

the

presiding

and divinity,

0 marking

junction with
a

Pushya, the
A, f, y, v, and
a

nakshatra.

They

constituted
was

5th situ,Tsing,
to

Well, or Pit, ancientlyTiam, although this

(*, Biot
were a

extended

include

e,

//, f,

making
distinct

the

last the

determinant

star.

and

0 also
Pih Ha

Chinese

asterism, Ho

Choo,
the

and

with

and

"5 were

As

marking Ghamb,
and

lunar

stations, Brown
the

thinks

them the

Akkadian

Supa,
the

Lustrous; the
dian

Coptic Pimafl,
the

Forearm;

Persian

Khorasmian

Jiray,
"

these

last three

Sogtitlessignifying the

Taraha,

232
Two the Stars. Forearm Castor

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
it.asUifidi,or
a

Hyde
of the

wrote

that
hew

the

Copts
for

knew

UifidivreuQ\\
river. the
stellation, con-

Nile;
of the

being
its

Gihon,

name

for that

is 70 north is
now

but, although literally heading ecliptic,

fainter has

than

companion,
of their of

and

astronomers

are generally

agreed

that

there

been
on

inversion
the

during brilliancy

the last three

centuries. It is among

It culminates

23d

February.
those double
stars

Whereof Is circled

the

one

more

bright

by

the other,

viewed

by

the

Self-indulgent
called it the

Soul

of

Tennyson's
finest of of

Palace

of
double

Art

and Sir
in
our

John

Herschel

largest and
revolution of

all the

stars

hemisphere
his

; while

the of

rapid
of

its two

components
But

first convinced

father
a

the

existence about

binary systems.
in
a

Bradley

had

already
1718
their

noticed

change
"

300

their angle of
breadth of

positionbetween
the

and

1759,

and

was

thus

within

hair's

discoveryof
the

physical connection,"
Michell,
the word that
we

afterwards in

predicted,in 1767, by
1802

Reverend
who

John
coined in

and
"

made positively

by

Sir William of stars.

can

Heischel,
Burnham said
to

binary
have about

"

now

applied to this class

whose

wrote

1896

only 36 pairs
230 other
2"

orbits

be

be

well there from

determined,
are

and

pairs probably binary systems;

of be space between
; as

and

1501 the

other

pairs,within
number
a

the well Of

components,
as course

which
known

foregoing
as

may

increased

other the

now pairs

only
till now of the
turn

having
have
"

common

proper

motion.1 the be

stars
"

served ob-

been
so

almost these
to

in entirely numbers southern may

northern

heavens,
to
as

within
mers astrono-

1200

pole,
of
not

that

largelyadded
this

their attention
Castor enable
us

the

skies with
that
or

object

in view. of
even
a

The

orbit do

is

such, however,
to

the

observations
with any and
to

century
but

calculate
"

its size

period

certainty;
1000

the

period
by

certainlyis
at
an

long,
are

probably
about the

between

250

years.

The

components
a

present
inch

5".7 apart, equal

distance
of half
a

the

angle sul"-

tended

line

long

at

mile.

Their

position

angle
The

is about

2270.
is of is the

spectrum
the
star

Sirian
us

type, and, according

at

to

the
a

Potsdam

servers, obIn

approaching
announced
Burnham,
made So
...

the

rate

of

18.5

miles

second.
a

1895 Belopolsky
l In
a

that

the

larger star, like Spica, is

of

spectrohe figures, hold

not

note

from

Professor I

of the of

19th
years

July, 1898, in regard

ago
about

to

these will I do

says:

"The
at

statements

couple
as

binary systems
are

good
think

generally

this be

time.

far

well-determined
I made."

orbits

concerned,

anything could

added

to the

estimate

The

Constellations

233
three

scopic binary,completing
centre

its revolution it and

an

in less than

days

around
a

the

of

gravity between 15^

miles
a

invisible

companion, with

velocity
with the

of

about
Burnham

second. the

thinks
vast

that

9.5-magnitude star, 73" distant,forms,

five nebulae within i" of Castor.

two

one larger,

physical system.
found
new

In 1888

Barnard

"
is

1.1,

orange,

Pollux, formerly Polluces,

the Two of As

the

Greek
the
was

lioXvdevKTJg ; Ovid's
one as

Pngil,

the

of Pugilist

Brothers, and

immortal

being

son

of Zeus.

companion

'AttoAAwv,
as

this

and 'HpaitXjjc

HpaKXtrjg, descending
and the
to
are

to Flamsteed's

day

Hercules,

and

degenerating, in early catalogues, into

from the
some

that Abrachaleus,

Caesius

derived contracted and

Arabic
to

Ab,

Father,

Greek word;

this

being
to
are

by by

Aracaleus, by
to

Grotius these said

Iracleus, by Hyde
queer

Heraclus,
some

Riccioli

Garaoles.
what
for
a

All be

enough,

as

of he

Castor's
to
no

titles ; but the clue Arabs

to

shall and

of

Riccioli's Elhakaae,

that

attributes
and

and /3jointly,

Ketpholtsoman for 0 alone,

It
was

with

their

origin!
in the the Forearm of the the Al;

the later

early Arabs'
termed and Al

Al Than! Bis
al

al Dhira, Taum

the

Second

but the

it Al

al Mu'ah
the Head

har,
of is
to

Head
"

Hindmost

Twin,

Baa

al Jauza',
that

the

Twin,

fonsine Basalgense and

cited

Rasalgeuze,
he also of One the
more

elsewhere gave

Rasalgauze.
y.

Riccioli

Elhenaat, but this

the determinant the Eastern Inclosure. of

properly

was

12th

Babylonian eclipticasterism
and

Mash-

nuhn-arku,
the Yoke It lies 120 it and
to

of the

Twins;

Mu-sir-kes-da, individually

of the

north

the and

the ecliptic, Burnham has

zodiac's found

boundary
five faint

line

running

tween be-

Castor;

companions

down

13.5

magnitude.
o".o57
about
use

Elkin gives its parallax as

rate

; and
one

Scheiner,
mile
of in
a

its spectrum

as

Solar; its

of recession of the

from lunar

us

being
stars

second. in

It is one

made
in
as

navigation ; and,
and word
"

astrology,
for this

differedfrom

its

companion
/3

portending
vnoKippog,
to
a
"

eminence favorite

renown.

Ptolemy characterized
and star-tint,

with
or
"

him

generally supposed
former trahit

signify yellowish
subflava;
but
et est cerea.

reddish," Bayer
Tables of

correctly following the

1521 translated it quae

in his
ad aerem,

the

Alfonsine

Miss

Clerke, somewhat

strongly, says
The two

"

fieryred."

lueidae

probably

bore

the

present title of the constellation

long

234
antecedent
to

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
the

the

latter's

formation

they certainly were

of the
rest

Mat-mas,or

Twins,
As
a

of the

Assyrians,independent measuring-rod it
an

of the that

figure.
a

convenient
and

may

be

noted

and

)3 stand \lx

apart;
the

this recalls
Ell
measure

of their early signification

manzil said used

to
on

Al Dhira, title, indicate. This

Arabs'

of dual
stars.

length
Al

that

the

stars

were was

naturallybecame
other similar

the

Dhira'an

that

also

the Desert for

pairs of

Y,
Almeiaan,
Almi"

2.2,

brilliant white.

.",

AItwajmmi,

and

Almisam
name,

are

from Al

Al

Maiian, the

Proudly Marching One,

said
was

its earlyArabic any but

which

Firuzabadi, however,

equally applicable to
called the

bright star.
Alhena
is
,

Riccioli Al Han

it Elhenaat,
y,

now

from generally given to it, This

ah,

4th manzil,
a

//, v, 77, and

or

f in the feet of the Twins.

on
as

word, usually translated

or

Brand, by

Mark,
Biriini each the

the

right side
as

of

earner*,
the stars

horse's,neck,
were

was

denned

Al

Winding,
form of Al

though
from

of this station

winding
Al line. Bow

around

other, or curving
dual

tbe central
a

star;

and

they

were

Knhatai,
Some which 10th

Nuhat,

Camel's

Hump,
and In

itself a curved
of

Arabic the

authority found
Hunter is

in them,
at

withj1

x2

Orion,

the y

with the

shooting probably
"

the Lion.

Babylonia
the Twins

marked of the

constellation,Maah-mashMbv ecliptic and, (?),

with
*/,
was

Biso,

Shepherd
;

Ma*t*b"

ba-tur-tur, the
may have been

Little the

Twins

and,

with

and 7j, /u, r,

all in the the

Milky Way. Khorasmian

Babylonian
Bakhvad,

lunar the

mansion

Khigalla,
and

Canal, and the

equivalent
Gawthaf.

Persian

Sogdian Ghathaf,

the

0,

Double,

3.8
from

and

8,

pale white
the

and

purple.
i.
e.

Wasat
; but

and
some

Wesat
have central it
was

are

Al

Wasat,
the

Middle,
the

of the very

tion constellanear to

referred circle.

this to

positionof
Wine-jar.
a

star

the

the ecliptic, In The form

a

China

Ta
are

Tsnn,

the

Great with

components

7" apart,

position angle
of the the

of

2030, and

may

binary system.
north of d lies the
stream

Just

radiant
meteors

point

in Geminid*, visible early

same

October;
the of

another

of

bearing

title

from appearing
on

northeastern

border
"

of the

constellation

and

at

its maximum

the

7th

December.

236
Near

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
the and

this star

Sir William

Herschel

discovered it
a

planet
its

Uranus

on

the such

13th
was

of

March,

1781.
to

He the

thought
first

comet,

discovery as
the
was

communicated nature,

Royal Astronomical

Society on
and

26th

of

ApriL
in and

Its true

however,
year

suspected by Maskelyne,
of the

announced
La
as

the

succeeding
then

by

Lexell
on

Saint

Petersburg
of

by

Place

Herschel

published it
Sidera

7th

November,
knew

1782,
true

the

Georgium
named
his patron

Sidus, thus

following Galileo, who,

Cosmiana
and di

tillhe
and

their

nature, had
after

Jupiter'ssatellites
the 2d Cosmo bonica and the

Sidera
had

Medicea,
called the the

Medici,

Tard6,

who

sun-spots BorHerschel,

Sidera. this
in
a

Continental
much

astronomers

designated
with
our

planet as
in
as

varied
We

orthography, strangely
find it thus La title in the

erroneous

considering
1792
;

fame

of its discoverer.

Lande

indeed,
as

Herschel
years ago;

appeared
but

as

an

alternative

text-books Uranus
to

late

fifty
the of

Bode

suggested
of the

present

conform the
most

to
name

mythological
the

nomenclature
was

other

planets,and
the oldest
"

because
as

oldest
then

god

specially applicableto
in
our

the

distant"

body

known

system.
been observed these and
are

Uranus, however,

had

noted
"

as

star

twenty-two

times

previouslyby
and had
on

various

observers;
"

called
some

the ancient
reason
'

observations";
suppose
of that he

Miss
been the The

Clerke detected

writes
as
a

There

is,indeed,
orb

to

wandering
he and the
swam

by

savage

watchers ken."
1

the skies'

Pacific long before

into Herschers

4th-magnitude 0,
or

1, v, r, and

were 0, collectively

Woo

Chow

Shih,
1

Woo

Choo
in

How,
the

Seven

Feudal

Princes

of China. between the

is

Propus
of the

Standard

Dictionary, although it lies

shoulders

Twins.

|A, Double, occasionally

from The
77,

3.2

and

11,

crocus

yellow

and

blue, Huhatoi,

has

been

known

as

and Tejat posterior, it formed

a

sometimes

as

the

manzil

of that

title of which and

part.
to

Century Dictionary

Cyclopediaapply
read distinctly of

it the

Pish

Pai

seen

for

yet

appropriate enough
of marked the the

for this
we

situated similarly of

star; but

in FJamsteed's the Heel.

edition It

Tycho's catalogue

dicta Calx, it,

as

constellation 9th ecliptic Back of the

that

Babylonia

Arkt-sht-pM*

mash-mashn,
iThe Hindus Burmans, named

Mouth
there

of the
8th

Twins. planet, Rahu,

and

too, other

thought

was

an

but
; and

invisible; and (he

imaginary

planets Kethu,
him

Rethu,

Kulican ages

figured Sani, their

though Galileo's day; al-

god

Saturn,

with

circle around
a

of intertwined

serpents

before

this has

had

very

different

explanation.

The

Constellations

237
in the of sieu

In China The

it

was

included
are

with

Castor
at
a

and

others

Tung.

components

80"
was

apart,
Al fx

positionangle
Al
was

790.

f, a
X,
a

4th-magnitude, 5th-magnitude,

Biruni's

Zirr, the
the

Button.

with

Cancri,

Chinese

Tseih

Tsing,

Piled-

up Fuel.

nt Qdfymw, "Bfo6u6 (^eroetdftcuB,

formed
to

ifc QBaffoon,
of

was

by
have of

La

Lande
out

in

1798, but, like

between the

most

his stellar creations,

seems

passed
the

of the

recognitionof

science. tail of
the Southern Fish and

It the

lay east
of

Microscope,
it in his Die and

body

Capricorn.
Gestirne Father French
as

Bode

published
Italian

the Secchi it
was

Luft

Ballon,

Ideler's his

Lnft
maps

Ball, with
as

twenty-two
Aerostito.

stars;

still had

it in

the

With

the

the Ballon

Aerostatique.

Proxima

sideribus

numinibusque
Flavius

feror.
Avianus'

J5th

Fable.

"Bru0,ffle Crane,
is one
of the so-called of the of
a

Bayer Germans;

groups, and about

la the
a.

Grne

of

the

French

and

Italians,

der Kranieh
the the

title is
d.

appropriate,for Horapollo,
tells
us

grammarian
symbol
in of
our

Alexandria,

400,

that

the

crane

was

star-observer
motto.

in

Egypt, presumably
symbols
Heaven

from

its

high flightas
constellations,

described

Caesius,

who

carried be
the

his biblical Stork

same

even

to

the

new

imagined
the Crane

this to
occurs

in the
verse

of Jeremiah Schiller

viii, 7, although
combined
it with

in the

; but

Julius

Phoenix
The
0,

in

representationof
included
X
as

Aaron
in

the
the

High
of that

Priest

Arabians
1, and

its stars

Southern

Fish,

Al

Sufi

giving

its

3, 6, 0,
The

unformed
with the

members

constellation.

components,
from

exception
among

of

the
are

lucida,form
stars

gentle
in

curve

southwest

this Fish, and

them

noted

astronomy.

238
One
naked
a,

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Gould
as

hundred
eye.

and

seven

are

catalogued by
bird, is the

being visible to

the

marking
from

the

body of
when

the

west conspicuous 2d-magnitude southin autumn It

was

Fomalhaut

the
on

latter culminates nth of

itself evenings, Al

coming to the meridian Ha'ir, the Bright One,

over

the

October.
when tail,

Tizini'sAl
tended ex-

1. our

e.

of the Grus.
was

Fish's

that it

constellation
as

the

stars

of

The
Al of

Chinese

knew

Ke.
the end
o.

/3,a 2.2-magnitude red star,

tail of his Fish,
the left
a

Tizini's Rear
arc

One

at

of the It isin

minutes thirty-five Crane. the

same

to

the eastward

from

wing

of the

y,
now

3d-magnitude,was
the eye in the

author's

Al

Dhanab,

the

but Tail itself,

marks

bird's figure.
crimson

7T1, a 6.7-magnitude deep

are companion, tt2,

star, and

its somewhat

white brighter
and
seen silver,

like

"

little burnished

discs of copper

under The

strong

illumination." title for the

stars

alternative

of

Grus,

tvu*, *0e Sfammgo, gftoenicojrf

is
now

seldom, if
of its

ever,
as
a

used,

nor

can

I find
name.

any

record

of

or its inventor,

date

adoption
to

constellation

Chilmead's

Treatise

contains

this reference
The

it :
we

Phoenicopter Spaniards
were

may

call the

Bittour

[the

old

English
with

word

for

Bittern].

The
as

call it

Flamengo of ij

and

it is described

the

it

striking with
consistith

his bill at the South Starres:

:

Fish,

in that that other

part

where

am wings spreadabroad, he boweth himsdfi.

This is
one

Asterisme

of which,
it hath
two

of the
Stars those

second also
two

magnitude
of
the
same
are

in his head

called, the PhoenicoptersEye

in his his

and

magnitude,
in the middU his Collar*

backe, and

the other Merula in

in his his

leftwing.

And of his

which

of

necke, Paulus

first booke

Cosmography,

calleth

Chaine.

The

absence
or

of

our

titles in the
was

foregoing descriptionwould popular English figuringand

show

that

the Bittern,

Flamingo,

the

titlein the

early part

of the

17th century.

Hercules

with

flashing mace.
Bryant's
The Cotutetlatiens.

gercufee,
stretchingfrom
border
on

just

west

of is

the
one

head of

of the

Ophiuchus
oldest

to

Draco, its eastern

the

Milky Way,

althoughnot sky figures,

The

Constellations

239
name,

known

to the

first Greek

astronomers

under i.
e.

that 6 iv

"

for Eudoxos

had

'Evyovvaoi; Hipparchos, 'Evydvaoi,

on

Bending ydvaai icadrifievog,

added
to

his

Knees;

and

Ptolemy,

kv

ydvaoiv.

Aratos

these

tions designahis
as

the '0*ao"g"v, Kneeling One, and 'EiduXov, the Phantom, while the ideas of that early time in the Phainomena well showed description
to

itscharacter

like

toilingman,
can no

revolves

A Nor

form.

Of it

one

clearly speak,
;

to what

toil he is attached
him. he

but, simply,
on

Kneeler

they call
who And his

Labouring
seems

his knees,
.

Like
. .

one

sinks

right foot

Is planted

on

the twisting Serpent's head.

But all tradition

even

as

to

Whoe'er

this

stranger of the heavenly forms the

may

be,

seems

to have

been

lost to

Greeks,

for

none

of

them,

save

Eratosthenes,
volved in-

which attempted to explain its origin, in mystery. upon the

our *0"f"ic?,

in

early
modern

classical days remained

He

wrote

of and

'HpaKATfc eoriv, standing it,6vt6$, "l"aolv9

some

Draco;
stars

students Draco

of with

Euphratean
the

mythology, associatingthe
Izhdubar1 and
the foundation the of

of

Hercules

and

sun-god

dragon
that
on
a

Tiamat, slain by him, think this Chaldaean

classical Hercules
of
3000
one

myth Hydra.

of

the

and
to

the
b.

Lernaean
c,

Izhdubar is shown
in that

cylinderseal
as

3500

and

described
the

country's

records

restingupon
says
are

knee,

with and
to
as

his foot upon

we

Dragon's head, just as

His well-known
the through twelve

Aratos

of his

'Evyovaat,
to

have sun's

it now.
passage

adventures zodiacal This

supposed
of and several

refer
on

the

appearing signs, myth

solar the^

thus

tablets

of the

7th

tury cen-

before have been

Christ.

thousand hero

years' antiquity may

adopted by Greece,
familiar labors. is said to
as

changed
of

into

Hercules

with his twelve

This constellation
most

have

been

an

object
the

worship

in Phoenicia's

ancient

days

the

of sky representative been

great

sea-god
sky

Helkartb.
from

it has everywhere Indeed,

considered

of
no

importance, judging
other
group

its
to

abundant have borne

The

nomenclature
so

and

for illustration,

seems

many

titles.
name was

usual

Greek
to the

transliterated
with Bullialdus,

Engonaai, EngonauB,
whom

and

En-

gonuin down
1

days
with

of

it appeared in the queer

Gi-ilthe

Izhdubar
the

was

identified

Nimrod,
He
was

and

known,
in his

too,

as

Gizdhubar,

Gilgamesh,

or

games,

niyapog

of Aelian.
or

aided

exploits by his servant-companion,

fcrat Centaur, Ea-bani,

Hea-bani,

the Creation

of Ea.

240
combination
it
as

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Tonacfn ;
; but

of Greek

and

Roman

letters and

en

the poets translated

Genuflexus, Genunixus,

Geniculatus with
"

Ingeniculatuswith
while

Vitruvius;

Ingeniolus Ignota
Fades

and

Ingenioulus
appear in

Firmicus;
his familiar

Ingenicfc

Imago

and

Manilius,

line,

Nixa

venit species genibus, sibi conscia

causae,

translated being liberally

by Creech,
Conscious

of his shame
a name.

constellation

kneels

without

We

see

with

other

authors

the

synonymous and and

Incurvatus Ineumbens
the in

in genu,

Proddem,
Defectum

Proeiduus, Prooumbens
Sidus
-

in

genua,

genibus ;
of 155
1

and est

defecta Effigies

labore;

TctraHblos

had

Qui in

genibus
It also and

was

Saltator, the Leaper;

XdpMijj, the Keen-eyed

of Clavator and in
name

One

Kopvwjn/c

the equivalents Kopvv7]"t"6po^j Latins

:

Claviger,the
early days,
has
now

Club-bearer classical
versal uniserted as-

of the

all the

applied
hero

to

the

constellation
whose
own

from

designations
for that of The
cause

of

Hercules,
we

become

it. it

Although
was

first find

this in the

Catasterisms, Avienus
of

used

by Panyasis, the
to

epic poet
the

500

b.

a,

and

uncle

Herodotus,
Hessus of

perhaps
Vitruvius

introduce
came

into
the

heavens

another the

Argonaut.
innocent

from
as

story of
Death

Deianira,

of Hercules'

death, when,
Soared
he

in the

of WalUnstein,

upward

to

celestial brightness ;

Hisus,
the
to
name

from

the of its

cityof
the

Nisa

Halica, Melica, Melioartus,

later
as

and

Kelioerta,from
some

king,known
great
the from

Palaemon,
Phoenicia,
slain

"

although
Melkarth,
Elis.
and
as

refer these

the

title of and

god
Wild

of

the
was

King

of the

City ;

Aper,
from
so

Boar

at

It

Cernuator, the
as son

Wrestler, Lycaon,
this
over

the

hero's
or

skill; Caeteus, Ceteus,

brother
was

Cetheus,
Ursa

of

and

uncle
;

of

Kallisto,who,
known
as

Major,

adjoined poetical

constellation Kallisto's from

indeed, it

even

Lycaon himself, weeping

was a

transformation. 'A and the and

Ovid's from from

Aloides

common

either title, while

A**},Strength,or
Celtious
came

Alcaeus,
the fact

Hercules* that noted

a

grandfather;
hero
was

Almannus

similar

worshiped by daring deeds,

while

Germans said and

to

and have

Celts, themselves
been
are

for strengthand The

from
explained un-

descended from

from

Hercules.

Pataeous

Epipataecus
and

Egypt

;
are

Haeeris,
said
to

Libya;

Desanaus, Desanes,

Dosanes, or Dorsanes,

be of Hindu

origin.

The

Constellations

241
because Hercules gems,
a

Other

titles
;

are

Ixion, laboring at his wheel, perhaps

from the radiated the solar

also labored

or

object

shown of
;

on

Euphratean
which

supposed
times chains
may
on

of representation

prototype
as
a

Hercules,

in later in

easilyhave
Caucasus the
was

been

regarded
at

wheel

Prometheus, bending

Thamjhris,sad
; and

the

loss of his

lyre ; Amphitryonithe

ades,from
where whence titleis he he

supposed
reared
the

sire of Hercules

; Heros

Tirynthius,from
mountain that range has of

place

Oetaeus,
pyre.

from The

the

Thessaly
as a

ascended

funeral the Semo

Sanctus

appeared

properly Sanous,
identified with the

Sancus,
Theseus
of the

of Sabine-Umbrian-Roman
was a name

thology, mytion, constellatrace

Hercules.

for this and

from back
to

similar adventures
and which

originals ;
of the is

Melius

Ovillus

the

Malum

Ovis
the with
was

in

the

myth

Apples, or
"

Sheep,
different La

of the

Hesperides, with
but both from

story of Hercules
this double
made
to

connected,

ideas,
Lande

pijXov
reference We
exact

signification ; although
skin of the lion thrown

thought that

the

over

the and

hero's shoulder.

also

occasionallysee
of which

Diodas, Hanilius, Orpheus,

with
our

Trapezius, the
certain. The

connection

sky figure
Basaben,

is not

4th edition

of the Al

Alfonsine
Ras

Tables

adds singularly

from

the

neighboring Draco's
Homer;
laboranti
and

al Thu'ban.

Bayer erroneously quoted IVvf

gave "EiduXov He from also

epin"v,
the

on

Bended

Knee, Image,

as

if from

anevdo?,
cited the

Unknown

and

Imago Beigel
;

similis.
be

Persians'

Ternuelles,
of the
zanu

which

suggested might
and

their mistaken

orthography

word

Hercules

Hyde
on

added

another
a

term, from

that

people,in Ber
as

ing nisheste, Rest-

his

Knees,

of the repetition that he

"

earliest idea
our

to

the

figure.
in
some
an

Flammarion

states

found but he

modern
not
was

title first mentioned

edition of
say that

Hyginus

of

1485,
of

had

read

Eratosthenes;
the

and

even

this Hercules

Hyginus
is like
was one

reallydesigned for

adjacent

Ophiuchus.
The modern
name

Italians' for the

Eroole

their of

Roman

viated predecessors'abbremost

deity,who

their

frequent objectsof
and
the lion-skin,

adjuration.
Our stellar
on

figure generally has

and the

been

drawn

with

club

leftfoot

Draco

rightnear
; but

Bootes, the reversal of these

the Farnese

by

Aratos
man,

criticized by Hipparchos being

nude it as
a

globe
very

shows

young

and

kneeling ;
head.

while

the
a

Leyden Manuscript
short

drew inappropriately

young

boy, erect,

with

shepherd's crook, bearing a star-tipped

the

lion'sskin and lion'sskin,with 16

Bayer
"

shows
"

strong
the

man

kneeling,clothed
Branch,

in the

his

all brazen

club

and

Apple

242
This last he of

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Zweig, placing it in the
; but

called

Ramus
on

pomifer, the
the

German

right hand
was an

Hercules,
the

edge Apple

of

the

Milky Way
of
a

this

even

then

old

idea, for

Venetian

illustrator Tree with

Hyginus
Heis the

in

1488 showed,
around its
the Branch

in the trunk.
to

constellation

figure,an
followed
two

serpent twisted
transfers
now

Argelander
left

Bayer's drawing, but

the

hand,

with

vipers as give
combined
In

reminder
which

of

almost
not

forgotten
The cules of Her-

stellar Cerberus French and than

with

serpents' tongues,
more

Bayer
to

did
these

know.

Italians,who
do
we,

prominence
them all in
a

adjuncts

have
e

sub-constellation well
as

Balneal et
of of the titles

Cerbere
the

and

Eamo

Cerbero.
and with

this,as

in the

some

Hercules

constellation

of Draco,

reappears

story of the Golden

Fruits of the
It may

Hesperides
been the

their

guardian dragon.
and
to

have that

serpent
Rolleston

apples
her

in

our

picturing of changed
the

the

stellation con-

aided

Miss

substitution

of the biblical Adam latter to

for

the

mythological
with the

Hercules. of
an

Others, however,
ass;

Samson
into the

jawbone

and

him Julius Schiller multiplied

Three
Arabians
l as

MagL
turned also the classical into

The

Saltator,or Leaper,

into

Al
the

Bakls, the
One who

Dancer;
Kneels
on

"Kvyovaai
; this

Al

Jathiyy

la

Rukbataihi,
Elhathi
the

both

Knees

mixsubsequently degenerating into Elgeiiale

It also has

baohei, Aloheti
often

hale
as

rechabatih, Eliegeziale, and

and

appeared
and

Alohete
Tables

Aloheti;
as

as

Algethi, and, in
in

gest 15 15 Alma-

Alfonsine

of 152 1, 155

Algiethi incurvati
stars

super
and

genu

ipsius.
227.

Argelander
Between
finest

catalogues
77, two

naked-eye
of the heavens. its way

Hercules,
G. C.

Heis

f and

thirds

from

", is N.

6205, 13 M.,the
this in 17 14 and but it is remarkable

cluster

in the

northern whence
not

Halley
for

discovered

thought it a nebula,
that

the Halley Hebula; early title,

seen,

it

was

sooner

it is visible

by

the

unaided eye,
14,000 the

although only
stars

8' in diameter. that

some

HerschelTs it
as a

estimate

that

it contains
error

is

so

high

regard
that

typographical
outside

for 4000; nucleus.

number Clerke and

counted records distant

an

by Harvard

observers

is 724, be

of the

Miss

opinion
us

it may

558,000 millions
but ham
we

of miles
as one

eter, in diamno

from

lightyears; sixty-five
size
or

have
notes

yet

certain

determination
stars
as

of either
an

distance.
occurrence

Burn

of its central

double,
of the

infrequent

in

compressed

clusters; and

Campbell

Lick

Observatory

writes:

1 The

foregoing

Dancer,
stars

Beigel said, plainly shows,

for

was

in the hence

East

merely

posture-maker, which
It seems

the

configuration of
wandered
to

these

and

this title is

appropriate.
a

to hare

the

near-by Draco

the faint ft, althoughwith

different

to signification,"

Trotting Camel,

244 perhaps
Arabolast the

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
"

diminutive

of

rutilus, golden red," or

"

an adjective glittering,"

applied to

Arcturus

; but

this

term

is

by

no

means

appropriate for 0.
edition
of

The

Latin

Almagest
scapulam
from the the

of 15 15

reads

this rutillico, adding propinque cillitko, the Basel 1551 the

as

unless unintelligible
seu

explained by
so

prnes

axillam title to

that

we

may
to

perhaps consider
show of the star's

alternative
the

be of

barbarism

used

positionon
barbari

shoulder

figure. Indeed, Bayer said

asserted

it,Rutilicum

duunt.

Ideler,however,
of

his belief that

of

it

was

from
or

ruttllum, the
in Roman

diminutive that times, is globes,

name.

rutrum,
in

sharp
some

instrument

husbandry

war,

Hercules

on especially early representations,

the
a

Arabic

carrying.
0
was

The

Century Cyclopedia gives Butilioo

Ho

as

rarelyused
the

was

the

Chinese
Between

Chung,
the River. of the

In

the

River,

while

4th-magnitude y

Ho
Its
at

Keen,
spectrum
the
rate

is like that
of about
a 22

sun,
a

and

the

star

is

approaching
of

our

tem sys-

miles

second. with from

rate
or

", 3.1 and

the

6.5, is
between is

remarkable the
stars
us

binary ranging
at

period
o".6 of
to

only 34^

years,
to
a

distance

i".7.

According

Belopolsky, it
second,
"

approaching
small

the

miles nearly forty-four

so

the

greatest velocityof approach

stars,
was

recession Heaven's

far ascertained. Record.

0, 4.1, with adjacent

Tien

Ke,

*, Double,

4.8

and

7,

lightyellow
and

and

pale garnet.
all found for this star," the

Marfak,
as

Mirfak, Mania,
but with The
two

Marfle,

Manic

are

for k

Ophiuchi;
written

it the

properly is Marflk,
letter
s

from

Al

Marfi^,
from the

Elbow;

the with In Star.

titles the

probably coming
by,
it

early confusion
Elbow.
an

letter/.

Dorians
other
stars

called similarly
near was

it KvPitov,

China, with

Trang Tung,
it
the
as

Ancestral

Ptolemy

and

the

Arabian

astronomers

located the

on

right elbow,
did

but

Smyth
Burritt

on

the left; Heis

Marsic in the

places
proper

it in

right hand,
letters it %.

Bayer;

while

has

place, but

/", 4.8,

deep yellow.
Mazim,
as

Masym,
Arabic Mi

Maasym,
Bam,

Maanm,

Mazym,

and well

Maaini
as

are

from

the

the

Wrist, although Ptolemy

o on

most

of the stellar

map-makers
an

located

that

part of the A,
not

figure; but
the left

by Bayer, probably

oversight, gave
mistake which

the

title .to

the

still survives.

shoulder, and hence Burritt applied Masym this lettered to

far from

The

Constellations

245
on

star

at

the

elbow,
this Tables the

and

duplicated it appeared
as a

at

the the

one

the

hand, omitting the

of

but letter;

title had

in

Latin name,

Almagest
but

1515

and

the

Alfonsine

of 152 1, not
star

proper
now

simply
should
to

indicative bear

of the

positionof
instead of A.

o,
same

which, though
word

unnamed,
works

that the

title

The

is used

in those

describe

tions posiHer-

of 6 and

r\ Aurigae in the

similar location, but

a

is there
uses

written

Maha-

rim.

The

Century
left hand

Cyclopedia, by
of the
one

misprint for A,
states

Masym

for %

culis in the X also

was

giant. early feudal

to

Chaou,

of the

of China.

The
The

Sun
dark

flies forward Earth

his

brother

Sun

follows

wheel'd

in her

ellipse.
The Golden Year.

Tennyson's

Although Johann
in 1760, pioneer, the
as

Tobias

Mayer

of

Gottingen
the
was

seems

to

have

been

the

in the

efforts to

ascertain
Herschel he

direction the upon

of the

sun's

motion gator investi/.

among

stars, yet

Sir William

first successful the of vicinity

to

this,about
of
our

1806,
solar
a

and

settled

as

the his

objective point
determination Some
recent
to to

system, the Apex

measure,

of the

Sun's

Way
of

; and

was,

in

great

confirmed

by
:

later astronomers.

observations, however, change this

group of small
stars

either to
north the

this

stellation, con-

the

four in

or

five

degrees
or
same

of west

from

v,

the

immediate the

of Wega vicinity

the

Lyre,

to

neighborhood
made from

of

Arided, near
heavens.
to

tail of the Swan,

"

yet all in the

generalquarter
Apex,
of

of the

Thirty-five separate
140
26' and of
some

determinations

of this

1783

1892, locate

between it variously

2270

18' and

2890
the

rightascension, and weight

of

between

53" 42'

in north in

declination;
near

the

authority
between
puters coma

being
and

in

favor The

point1
the

Hercules

boundary

it

Lyra.
of

velocityof

sun's
to

motion
be

is found

by Potsdam
to

spectroscopic observations
more

from

7^
by

n^(
the

miles

ond; sec-

this is
The
to

reliable the

than in

the the

value

deduced

other

methods.

Sun's

Quit,

point

heavens the

opposite to
stars

ing Apex, accord-

Todd,

lies about

midway
Kew
the

between

Sirius and
of the

Canopus.
and
a

f*1, a 4th-magnitude triple, half-way between culis, was

The the

Wega

Lyre

Her-

Chinese
between

Ho,

the

Nine
and

Rivers. its 9th-magnitude

ascension

distance

large star
in about
to

companion

is

Professor

Young
data
are

thinks
not

the

Apex

2670 of right
a

and

310 of declination,
of either the
sun's

but that the

yet sufficient
the

give

very

close

determination

speed
among

or

direction, since
the stars

problem
Results

is embarrassed
so

by the probability of systematic motions

are

themselves.

far obtained

tp be

regarded

only

as

rather

rough

approximations. i6"

246
31";
years,
v

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
a

while the

the

companion
seldom

itself is

close 1". the

recent

binary with
small

period of
the

about 45

distance

exceeding
Some

and the

f, of the 4th magnitude, with

Middle Sun's Mountain.

b,were

Chinese

Chung
here the

Shan, Apex
a),
as a

investigationsplace

of the

Way.
some

4th-magnitude double, by
from of

early transcriber's
of

error,

is now

given
for and

Cnjam,
Club

Caiam, Hercules,

the

accusative

Caia, the by
In this

word
star.

used

by

Horace

the

which
are

is marked
erroneous.

Gaiam, Guiam,
the star

Guyam, frequentlyseen, placed

The with within the

Burritt's Atlas

is wrongly

upliftedright arm.
is

Club

of Hercules

supposed

to

have

been

separate

constellation

Pliny.

Oectffaforium, f$e Qpenbufum Cfocft, fEprofogium

lies to In the France

eastward
it is shown
to

of

Achernar,
in

"

of

Eridanus,
and

"

and in

north

of

Hydros.

Orloge;
on

Italy, Orologio;
it is

Germany,
and the

Pendetohr.

Although
in it known observers three in

the

maps,

rarelymentioned;
a

onlyobject
by Harvard

be

of

specialinterest
in Gould

is

variable 9.7
68
to

star, detected
12.7 down in
a

Peru, changing days.

light from

hundred
; a, the

catalogues

stars

to

period of about tude the 7th magni-

lucida^ being 3.8.

on

Whitall between
"

had

his

planisphere
"

figure, which

he

entitled Horoscope,
no

Chemica

Fornar

and
our

"

Caela

but Sculptoris,"

Horologium.

His

title is

undoubtedly

for

constellation,as

it

occupies Horologium's

place.

Close With

by

the

Serpent spreads
stars

whose

winding Spires
Manilius.

order'd

resemble

scaly Fires.
Creech's

is the

French
and may

Hydre,
be

the

German among of

Grosse
the

Wasserschlange, and

the Italian it was

Idra,
said

classed

Argonautic

as constellations,

to

represent the Dragon

Aetes.

The

Constellations

247 anciently were

:

Its stars

are

now

well

defined
Corvus

under and

this

but single title,

as

described,with

their riders

Crater,
sidera

Ovid
micant.

wrote

Anguis, Avis, Crater,

This continued
to

juncta

the
even

18th four

century, Flamsteed

and

other et

early

astronomers

making
words

of

them

divisions, Hydra,

Hydra
also

Crater, Hydra

et

Corvus, and
for the

Continnatio

Hydrae.
and times.

Vepa

and

Nepas, originallyAfrican
to

terrestrial crab
in classic it

scorpion, seem

have

been

used

for

this constellation Aratos the called of

"Tdprj ; Eratosthenes, Hipparchos,

while and
others
wrote

and

Geminos,
; but

"Tfyoc,

Hydros
had Low 55 1, would in

Germanicus,

it
also

"Tdpa
used
;

Eratosthenes

again
In of
1

it all under

Kopaf,
been

Hipparchos
and

kpdtcwv. and,
in the before

Latin

it has in the

Hidra, Idra,
it with
the

Tdra

Almagest Bayer's

Hydros
now

masculine, which,
new

correct

enough

day, Hyde

confound of
a as

southern had

figure. Riccioli,and
it

his

translation tillthen
as

Ulug Beg's catalogue,

common

thus, showing
Idros

its

continuance

title, although
to

often

written

and

Idrus

aquations, as
names,

well used which and

changed
for the

Serpens aquations.
Dragon,
to
as

Other and
are as

also

northern referred
are

have
non

been

Draeo, Asiua,
"

Asuia,or Asvia,
not

Bayer
doubtless

aaovyia

do(3la

but

these

Greek

words,

from

Al

the Snake, transformed, Shnja', and

only the

late mediaeval classical

astronomical
and

writers
terms

their immediate
Latin and
est

successors

could

transform
wrote

Arabic

into their Low

and

Greek
be

Chilmead
seen

it

Alsugahh.
Asiua.
seems

Still another
Stellatio where

conception
Ydre the
:

title may

in
;

the

Arabo-Latin nominator
"

Almagest's

et

speciesserpenif
an

tium

et

jam

secur9;
not

last

word,

viation abbrewestern

for half of The

securis, ax,"
for She
a

inappropriate when
handle,
and Corvus is Lande

taking

the

Hydra
or

somewhat

crooked La

for the
a

ax-head. uation contin-

Asiua,
of
some

Ass,

which
error

mentioned,
Asiua. also

probably
for

early type
and

in the

barbarous

Coluber,the Snake,
the

Echidna,

the

Viper,

obtain here

Hydra,
as

with

Furiosus, Magnanimus, adjectives

as

and Arabians

Sublimatus,

used it Al New the

proper

nouns, another Its

they

were

for Orion. for

a

The
"

called similarly in Riccioli's

Hayyah,
Almagest.
of

of their words

snake,

El
been

Havic
as we

representationhas
added
a a

generally
whose of the

have

it,but

Hyginus
is

1488

tree

in

branches

the

Hydra's
the

head

resting;
of the times it in

probably
ithas been

recollection

dragon

that

guarded
to
our

apple-trees
; and
at

Hesperides, although
shown
as

this

duty reallybelonged Map-makers

on

Draco

three-headed.

have

always figured
the Raven

itspresent form, the

Cup restingmidway

its

back, with

peck-

248
ing
The
to at
one

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
latter^
access

of

its folds

Hydra

preventing the
Coronis,
or or

to

the

Cup

in

punishment
minor it.
Those

for its tattling about constellation

for its

delay in Apollo'sservice.
been added

Tnrdus,

Noctna, only recently has

called of

who

saw

biblical Raven

symbols
; and

among

the

stars
"

Hydra

the

Flood

Corvus, Voah'g
sinned
"

Crater, the Cup

that the

out

which

the patriarch

but

Julius Schiller said

Willow
south Red
summer

whole

the represented

River
The the

Jordan.

7th sieu,Lien,

Branch,
of Bird

or

Lin,
6

Circular
the

Garland,"

was

creature's the
at

head, 150
beak of the

Praesaepe,
; it

being
the emblem

determinant, and
and
was shiped wor-

formed

governed
as an

planets
of

festivals
was

of the the

solstice

immortality.
Embracer,
;
c

Here, too,
as a

7th nakshatra, Sarpas,

nakshatra the

or Aglesha, Agresha, the

ured fig-

Wheel,
with

with the

Serpents, as presidingdivinities Magna.

was

marking

the

junction
8th

The others

sieu,Sing, a Star,anciently Tah,

formed

by

and a, a, This
was

t,

with

smaller the

lying
heck

near

them,
Red

being

the

determinant. asserts,

asterism

constituted
as

of the

Bird, and, Edkins

also known

the The

Seven

Stan.
situ

9th
called the

consisted
or

of k,

v1,v2,A, \iy 0, and

a

another
"

unascertained, and
says
"

was

Chang,
Archer,"
the
"

Tehang,
v1

Drawn

Bow,
;

Brown the

anciently using this

l^nng,
bow
were

being
our

the

determinant
The
y
stars

god Chang
Corvus of the of the the

to

slay

Sky Dog,
and those Gate. but

Crater. between These

between

and Crater

KLen

Mnn,

Hydrae beyond
are

and

Spica
in

Virginwere
robe Virgin's of her left

Tien
on

Mnn,
the

Heaven's map,

lie

the oudines

Heis

on

Burritt's

included

tip

wing. Hydra
the the is

supposed
of
1200

to
b. one

be
c,

the

snake

shown with

on

uranographic
source

stone

from

Euphrates,
great

"identified
the
or

the

of the of the

fountains cf

deep,"
Certain

and
stars

of
near,

several

sky symbols
in the

great dragon
in

Tiamat.

perhaps

tip of

Hydra's tail and

or

Libra,
mnr,

seem

to

have

been

the

Akkadian the

En-te-na-mas-lnv,

En-te-na-ma*

the

Assyrian Etsen-Uiri,
said gave Al that the it their

Tail-tip.
considered river. much it the

Theon

Egyptians
name

of the sky representative

Nile,

and

for that icth

After and
now

Sufi's

day,
for

in

our

century, the figure was

in
a

lengthened,
to

stretches

nearly 95"
with the

winding
of the

course

from marine

Cancer

pio; Scor-

this well Scandinavian

an

agreeing
Kraken.

fable

its immense

prototype, the

Conrad

Gesner,

gave 16th-century naturalist, attack upon

the

illustration of this in its apparently successful

shipArgo.

The

Constellations

249
is
on

The

constellation

cannot

be

seen

in its entirety till Crater

the

meridian.

Argelander
For hence
comet
an

enumerates

in it 75 stars;

Heis,
course

153.

unknown

period
nodes
are

its

winding
the

symbolized
Head

that and

of the

moon;

the latter's
was

called

Dragon's
to

Tail.
over

When the world

in them fanciful

poison
ideas
an

was now

thought
Arab
to

be

scattered Draco.

by

it

but these

are

associated

with

Al Sufi mentioned
stars
some

early

Al H'ail, the Horse, figure,

our

formed Leo and

from tans. Sex-

of

which

now

belong

Hydra,

but

more

to

The

Water-serpent's gleaming
Brown's

bend.
A ratos.

CL,

2,

orange.

Alphard, Alfard,
Pherd with
well
on

and
are

Alpherd,
from

"

Alphart
al
the

in

the

Alfonsine

Tables

and

Hyde,

"

Al

Fard

Shuja',the SolitaryOne
Caesius
a

in the Serpent, which

describing its positionin wall-map

Arabs
was

sky.
;

gave
more

Alpharad, changed
the
,

the

Reuter The

Alphrad
knew
a

and

still

title is
of

Alphora.
the

also

as

Al

Fakir

al
Unk

Shuja
al
as

Backbone

Serpent ;
and

but

Ulug

Beg changed
the Suhel of

this to Al

Shuja',the Serpent's
Suhel al Fard, and

Neck;

it shared
the

other

bright stars
Suhail.

Suhel al Sham,

and Solitary, it Cor

"

the

Northern,
the

Tycho

first called

Hydrae,

Hydra's
the

Heart,"

Riccioli's

Kalb

Elhavich and
the

Kalbelaphard,
is current

which, with
even
now.

alternative

Collum

Hydrae,
of the Red of the

Hydra's Neck,

In China

it determined
the

the 8th sieu, and

seven

was

the

prominent
southern

star

Bird that combined heavens.

Its

lunar
to

divisions have been

may
at

of the

quarter
there
;

longitude
our

is said the

ascertained be

in the
as

19th
that

century before
it was observed

era, but

statement

questionable
on

also the It

passing
the time of March. Chinese
a,

the of

meridian emperor

sunset

the 2350

day
b.

of
c.

vernal nates culmi-

equinox during
on

the

Yao,

about

the

26th

0 and

"

were

the and

Tsing Kew,
Uninhabited
"

the
on

Green

Hill.
were

**" "j it *7" p,

al

3d
to

to

5th magnitudes,

the head,

Ulug Beg's

M in

Azal, Belonging
"

the

Spot.

is a remarkable

triple,

an

8th-magnitude

3^"
two

from

3.8-magnitude,

the latter divided

o".2
*, a *,
a

in 1892, into by Schiaparelli,

of

nearly equal brightness

apart,

"

which

probably
was

form

rapid

ternary
a

system.

4th-magnitude, 5th-magnitude,

the the

Chinese
stars

Ping Sing,
the Sufi's Al

Tranquil

Star.

and

of about Al

same

brilliancyextending
the Ribs.

from it to /3,with

" Crateris, were

Sharaslf,

250
"j,

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Snake's the Kazwini Nose.

4.6, was

Ulug

Beg's
white,

Al

Minfiar

al

Shujac,the
1

t1, 4.9,
form the

flushed
curve

and

with t2, 4.6, lilac,

and

5th-magnitude A,
knew them
as

in the Knot.

neck, Ptolemy's KapnTj

; but

TJkdah,

the

first published It lies between the

by Bayer,

must

not

be

confounded the

with
head

the

ancient

Hydra.

Horologium
know the

and the

Tucana;

adjoining the polar

of Eridanus. Germans
as

Octans,
The

tail almost

reaching

magnificent star l'Hydre Mfile

Lesser
;

Achernar and the

French

figure as

der

Kleine
of

Wauenchlange.
this,with
Tucana and the

Out

Cloud, Julius Schiller

made

his

biblical constellation
The

Raphael.
from the
:

Chinese
of their

formed later

stars

of

Hydrus,
the

with

others

surrounding
marked

it,four
e

asterisms
the

Shay Show,
boundaries
y,
a

Serpent's Head, Tucana;

by

and

"; Shay Fuh,

Serpent'sBelly, towards
the of

Shay We,
and

pent's the Serof

known un-

Tail, entirelywithin
marked signification,

Hydrus;
Clouds.

Poo

Pih,

by
of the

red

3.2-magnitude, speciallymentioned
7th magnitudes.
a

by Corsali
In The

in his account

Magellanic
from

it Gould

catalogues 64
lucida

stars

2.7 to

2.7-magnitude
the nearest

0, in the
star to

is of tail, the south

remarkably

clear 120

yellow
distant

hue,

and

conspicuous

pole, although

f$e 3nbfan, 3nfcu5,

is the Lande outline It is Grus German

Indianer,
the

the

Italian

Indiano,

and

the

French from

Indian; La
the

giving
of

alternative

Triangle Indien, probably

of the
to

general
between

of its chief stars.

one

Bayer's

new

constellations,south

Microscope,
represent civilized Flamsteed's
a

and

Pavo, and, although generally supposed Indian,

arrows

typical
has

American

its

publisher
in both

drew

it but

as
no

far bow.

more

character,
Atlas

yet nude, with

hands,

252

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings

In To As

pride the
see

Lion

liftshis brothers

mane

his

British

reign
Pelagi.

stars

below.
Edward

Young's Imperium

"eo, ffc Eton,

is Lion in

France, Lowe
it
was

in

Germany,
It

and

Leone
Cancer mark

in

Italy.
and head

In

man Anglo-Nor-

times Denebola

Lean.
of

lies between
stars

Virgo, the bright

of the latter constellation its the dfMOfxt^roi

50

north

the faint
extended

that it to

the

; but

Ptolemy

include

among

group In

now

Coma and

Berenices.
Roman

Greek

myth

this

was

respectivelyAewv
the moon,

and

Leo, representing

the Kemean carried back

to

from Lion, originally heavens with his

and,

after his

earthly stay.
the

the

slayer Hercules,
Nemees Kemaeo
the
;

where

he became

poet's Nemeaeus;
strum also
mean

Vemeas

Alumnus;
Animal

Tenor;
truoulento

tfemeaeum
of Cam5es.
near

IonIt

;
was

and,

in later

times, Ho Sidus,
from

Cleonaeum where
the

Cleonae,
the
creature

Argolic
Herculeus
as

town

the Ne-

forest

Hercules Romans

slew

; and

Henmlenm

Astrum.
lens Leo

But and

commonly
Leo.
of its the
a

knew

it

Leo, Ovid

writingHerca-

Violentus
was

Baochi
with

Sidus

another its

that titles,
one

god

always being identified

him
merous in his nu-

this animal, and

shape
while

usually adopted by
skin
as
was

transformations;
Manilius these had

lion's

his under

frequent
the

dress.

But

it Jovis

et Junonis

Sidus,

being

ot guardianship

deities ; and that

appropriately so, considering its regal

and his
near

cially character, and espe-

of its lucida.

The
at

Egyptian king Necepsos,

Creation
the
sun rose

taughtthat philosopher Petosiris, Denebola; heat, and,

in and hence Leo
was

the

here of

Domicilium
of the

Solis,the

emblem the human

fire and

astrology, the Hon*

in modern Taunton

Sun, governing

heart, and

reigning

days over
in England,

Bohemia,
and
over

France, Italy,and
our

the In

cities of Bath, ancient times

Bristol,and
Manilius
and

Philadelphia.
red the and

wrote

of it as ruling
It
to
was
a

Armenia,

Bithynia,Cappadocia, Macedon,
green
as

Phrygia.
by

tunate for-

sign, with
was

its

colors; and, according

mentioned

Ampehus.
and

in

charge
as

of

wind the the harmful

Thrascias north
sun
was

Pliny, Seneca,
Ancient
was
a

Vitruvius

coming
that

from when

by
in while

third this the

northwest.

cians physipoison,

thought
and
even
a

sign medicine
weather-wise

bath

equally

(!) ;

said

that thunder

The

Constellations

253 adoption
to

foretold form the for

sun

sedition
a was

and

deaths
has

of

great

men.

The

of this animal's fact desert could that when

zodiac among haunts

sign

been fancifully in

attributed
the

the the

its stars
for the

midsummer
of the the

lions of
where
; and

left their find

accustomed from the the

the

banks of

Nile,

they

relief

heat

in

waters

inundation

Pliny is authority for

of Leo because the sun's

statement

that

the

Egyptians worshiped
was

the

stars

rise of them.

their For

great
the
same

river

coincident
the and

with

the

entrance to

among have
;

reason

great
the

Androsphinx
of the

is said

been

sculptured with

Leo's

body
that

head

adjacent Virgo
one

although

Egyptologists maintain
or on

this head

represented
is made

of Leo

the in
an

earlykings, inscription temples

The

the

god

Harmachis.
of the

Distinct
Ramesseum with the

reference
at

to

the

walls
was

Thebes, which,

like
on

the

Nile

generally,
of Denderah

adorned

animal's

bristles; while
on an

the

planisphere
and
now

its figure is shown

stellar

standing

outstretched
a

serpent.
ours,

Egyptian
Siekle.
The the

Lion, however,
some

comprised only
were

part jof

in the
are
as

earliestrecords
a

of its stars gave

shown
as

as

Knife,

as

they

Kircher

its title there it Ser

or

nifievreiciuv,Cubitus Turks, Artan;

"

Nili.

Persians

called the

Shir;

the

the
a our

Syrians,Aryo;
; the last title

Jews, Aryfl ; and

Babylonians, Arfi,
to

all

meaning by
his

Lion

being frequently
It
was

contracted

their letter
allotted

equivalent to
to

A.

the in

tribal

sign of Judah,
xlix,9,
and that

him

father in from The

Jacob

as

corded re-

Genesis

confirmed

by Saint John
was

Revelation fact that

to

v, 5;

Landseer
the natal

suggesting sign
of

this association
and
so

the

Leo

was

Judah
Ages
heavens the Leo

borne

on

his

signet-ringgiven

Tamar. Christians characters

one

of

the

Middle
the

and
in

subsequently, who
of the old

figured biblical
called

throughout

place

mythology,
Thomas.
conflict

it

of Daniel's
On

lions ; and

apostolicschool, doubting
is

Ninevite

cylinders

depicted
darkness

as

in

fatal in

with

bull,

the victory of light over typifying it was

; and

Euphratean

astronomy

additionallyknown
as

as

(Hsbar-namrn-ea-pan, variouslytranslated,but
which

by Bertin
Ursa

the
or

Shining
some

Disc

precedes Bel;
Sceptre, Abu,
for
our

the

latter

being
Fire;
the

our

Major,
was

in

way

intimatelyconnected
the Pa-pil-sak, month

therewith.
or

Hewitt

says and

that it

the

Akkadian with the

the

Great

Sayce identifies it Hot;

the Minsheu

Assyrian
the the

July-August, signe is

Fiery
of and

assigning as
"

reason

this universal in that

fiery character
most

constellation,
a

because

sunne

being
and

raging always

hot like Thus

lion."

throughout

antiquitythe

animal

the

constellation
ages

have

been identified with the sun,"

indeed

in all historic

till it finally appears

254
on

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
on

the

royal
families
shown
a

arms

of that

England,
country.

as

well

as

those
12th

of

many

of the
was

early only

noble animal As Asad

our

of
on

During
shields.
of
course

the

century

it

the

Anglo-Norman
figure it
that
was

zodiacal

different entirely
Lion

from

the ancient

of

Arabia,

somewhat

mythical
and
; but

extending
Arabians

from

Gemini

over

Cancer,
and Leo

Leo,
of

Virgo, Libra,
the

parts of other
the later of

both constellations,
also

north

south

zodiac

adopted

emy's PtolThis

and
in

transferred

to it the

Asad
forms

the

early constellation. by Bayer,

"

appeared

the

various
others and

corrupted
and

cited

Alaaid, Aleser,
laid

and Asia, Aflsid,

of similar,

which

Assemani

gives a long list;Schickard

Alatid
and

adding
and

Alasado

Asedaton;
his readers knew

Riccioli, specially mentioning

the
erroneous as

EUesed,

cautioned
astronomers

against

Aleat
Sim-

Early
ham
from the

Hindu

it as Asleha, and
Greece the and 8th

Sinha,
as

the

Tamil
or

; but

influenced the later, word

as

by
and

Rome,

Leya,

Leyaya,

Leo. also the

"

It the

contained

nakshatra, Magna,
and

Mighty,or
the

Generous; Former,
the Bad and

9th

10th, Pnrra,
word

Uttara, Phalgnnf,

Latter, Phalguni, a
the

of uncertain

meaning,
a

"

perhaps
the

One,

singlestation being represented by

or

and Fig-tree,

combined

by
the

Bed

Couch.
were

Nearly
Arabia the
as

same

stars

included
; Al

in the 8th,

9th, and

10th and

manaziloi
Al Sar"h,

AUabhah,

the

Forehead

Zubrah, the Mane;

Turn. Of the

situ,however,
among asterisms the

none

appear
stars

in

Leo,

the

Chinese

having adopted,
that many infer In the later native

instead, stations
that their lunar
solar zodiac of the Red

the
were

of

Hydra
the that the

and

Crater, so

originalwith
stars
were

themselves.

of China

Lion's

Horse, and they

Chinese
also

in the earlier
were

part
the
our

Bird;
but

while
in
as

Williams
16th

says

Shun

Ho,

Quail's Fire;

the

century
The

formally adopted
it and
Leo

it Leo, translating

Sze Tsae.
and the

space half of

between

Virgo
Minor,
the

was was

Tae
garded re-

Wei,

or

Shaou
as
a

Wei,

western

Leo, with
marked

Yellow

Dragon mounting through

has
,

upwards,
It also

by

line

of ten

stars

from

Regulus
of

the

Sickle.

was

another

of the

Heavenly

Chariots
Its
seems

imperial China.
been the

symbol, ft
more

supposed
other

to

portray the
the

animal's
of

mane,

but

appropriate to
of the hind

extremity;
the the

Hyginus
of

1488 and

the

Albumasar

1489 showing
Denebola says

this latter member

and end this
over

extraordinary length,
the

twisting between locating the

a more

legs
in the
that

back,

Hyginus properly
in Dictionary, the initial

star

; but

International

scholarly way,

symbol

is

corruption of
the

letter of Aeo"v.

Lajard's Culte

de Mithra

mentions

hieroglyph

of Leo

The

Constellations

255
how

as

among

the
ours

symbols
is not sultans of

of

Mithraic

worship, but

their Lion

agreed, if
figure on

at

with all,
One

known.

of the

Koniyeh,
been

ancient

Iconium, put

the

stellar

his coins. Its

drawing

has
a

generally

in

standing position, but, in

the characteristic
the constellation

the

Leyden

Manuscript,
represented.
in the other fore
stars

in

springing attitude,with
astronomers

Sickle

fairly
its

Young

know

by

this last feature the handle

;

parts of the

figure,the bright Regulus marking

77, y,

successivelybeing
to not

f,/i, and
have

e.

Nor Leo

is this

recent

idea, for
the
stellations con-

Plinyis thought
; but

have much

given

it

separatelyfrom
been

in his list of

could

left of the

Lion

after this subtraction

except
These
same

his tail.

Sickle
Curved the

stars

were

lunar the

asterism

with

the and

Akkadians

as as

the (Hfl-mes,

Weapon;
but Leo

with with from the

Khorasmians
as

Sogdians
Forehead.

Khamnhish,
The
sun

Scimetar;

Copts
7th
of

Titefai, the August

Heis
to

passes

through

the

the

14th

of

tember. Sep-

Argelander
In Ideler
The
many

catalogues in it
the
now

76

stars, and

161.

Leo

and
:

Virgo lay

long

forgotten asterism

Fahne,

of

which

wrote

Flag is
stars.

constellation
the iron

of the heavens,
arrowhead

one

part in Leo
the

and front

one

part in Virgo.
on

Has
on

On

[the

of

staff]in

one,

the

flagtwo,

every fold of the

flagone.
in the

This
as a

is illustrated

47th
in of
a

volume

of

Archaeobgia,

and

it appeared

distinct

constellation
of the work

15th-century German
1564
"

manuscript, perhaps
quoted.
of and the Yoke Brown like
a

the

original
a

from The

which

Ideler

repeats

Euphratean Capricorn.

inscription,
he

constellation

flagfloated," although
Yoke with

claims

no

connection

here,

associates

the

II Petto

del

lione ardente.
Dante's Paraduo.

"X, Triple,

1.7, called
as

8.5, and

13,

flushed

white

and

ultramarine.
celebrated
as
a

Regains
the 1st of the from Punic

was

so

by Copernicus, not
and others
to

after the

consul

of

war,

Burritt

have

asserted, but
of
"

diminutive
This
was

earlier

Rex,

equivalent
it ruled from the
at

the

$aoi7daKo";

Ptolemy.
a

the

belief that
ago,

affairs of the
least 3000

heavens,

belief current,
era.

till
as

three centuries

years

before

our

Thus,

Sharrn,the
India it
was

King,

it marked

Magna,

the

constellation 15th ecliptic Mighty ; in Sogdiana, Magh, the the

of

Babylonia;
; in

in

Great

Persia,

256
Miyan^
Akkadia
the

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Maori,
the

Centre;
was

among

the with

Turanian the A

races,

Hero;

and

in

it

associated

5th

antediluvian tablet

King-of-the-celestialhas
:

sphere, Amil-gal-ur,'Apeydkapog.
If the
star

Ninevite
the heart

of the

great lion is gloomy

of the

people

will

not

rejoice.

In

Arabia

it

was

Malikiyy, Kingly;
with leader

in

Greece, Paaikiaxog
in the revival of

aorrip;

in

Rome,

Basilica

Stella; with
and the

Pliny, Begia;
Four

European

astronomy,

Rex;
was

Tycho, BasUuens.
of the

So, too, it

Royal Stan
marked the

of

the

ancient

Persian

monarchy, Hastorang,
to

the

Four

Guardians
that the four

of Heaven,
stars

sian Dupuis, referringto this Percardinal

to

character, said
as

assigning points,
South
;

he

termed Satevis

it,to
to

the

North
:

; Venant

the

Tkscheter
titleswith

the

East

; and

the

West

but

did
so,

not

identifythese
with
that

the

individual and

stars.

Flammarion for
tares.

does first three

same

however,

Fomalhaut,
we

Regulus,
consider
the

Aldebaran
as

the

so respectively,

may

Satevis

An
not

This
as

scheme

appeared

in India,although identifications:

authorities
as

are

agreed
mark

to

these

assignments
six hours

and

but,

the
were

right

ascensions
to

are

about

apart, they everywhere

solstitial colures,four of the heavens.
near

probably
the the time
summer

used

the

early

equinoctialand
four

great circles in the

that these

sky, or generally probably

so were

the

quarters

At
to

first

thought of, Regulus lay very

solstitial colure.
of

and solstice,

indicated
it
a

the

made Early English astrologers

to

portent

glory,riches, and

power

all born

under

its

influence; Wyllyam
:

Salysbury, of 1552,

writing,but

perhaps
The

from

Proclus

Lyon's

herte
to

is called have
a

of

some

men,

the

Royall Starre,

for

they

that

are

borne

der un-

it,are

thought

royall nativitie.

And

the Lion's this title,

seen

Heart,

has of Al

been

popular
and

one

from

early classical
of Rome,

times,
and

in the

Kapdia
the

keovrog
as

Greece

the

Cor

Leonis

adopted by

Arabians

Kalb

al Asad, this

degeneratinginto
Blrunl

Kalbelasit, Kalbeleoed, Kalbeleceid, Kalbol Calb-alexet, and

the Kale

Calb-elesit, asadi, Calb-elei-id,

lists.
Suhail Al

Alased

of

various
"

bygone

called it

Heart

of the and

Royal Lion,
have but

which
as

rises when

rises in Al

Hijaz."1

Bayer
and

others

quoted,
these

titles for

Regulus, the strange Tybenme

and
arose

Tuberoni
of

Eegia;

are

entirelywrong,
appellata
and
on

from

conceptio mis-

Pliny's Stella
Mecca,
land

Regia
Medina,

Tuberoni

in pectore
Tehama,

Leonis,
the low

IThe

province

containing

Jiddah, and
the Red Sea.

reaching

to

bordering

The

Constellations

257
One

rendered Holland's
The

"

the

star

called

by

Tubero

the

Royal

in the

Lion's

breast

"

translation
and
l

reading :
called

cleare

bright star,
author

the Star

Boyal, appearing

in

the breast

of

the

signe

I"eo,Tubero

mine

saith.

Naturally sharing the

in Euphratean Solis,

character

of

its constellation

as

the

Domicilium
or

astronomy
of the

it
in

was

Gus-ba-ra,

the

Flame,

the

Red

Fire,of

the

House

East;

Khorasmia,
the

Adhir, Possessing Luminous

cause

Rays

; and

throughout

classical it shared

days
with

supposed Dog-star.

of

the summer's

heat,a reputation that

in his Stella It
was

the

Horace

expressed this
chief in

vesani
course

Leonis.

of

prominent
that bore it marked

among

the

lunar-mansion
made the up

stars, and

the 8th nakshatra of the

its name,
the

Magna,
the

by

all the components Purva

was

Sickle;

and

junction with
with

adjoining station
the

Phalguni; the Pitares, Fathers, being

figured as
8th in
a

regents of the asterism,which

House.

In

Arabia,
the

-y,

f, and

t] of

Sickle,it
the 8th

was

the

manzil, Al Jabhah,
; but

Forehead. of that
a

In

China, however,
referred after
to

sieu
as

lay
the

Hydra

the

astronomers

country
called others

Regulus
smaller
so

Great

Star

in Heen

Yuen,

constellation
v, o, p, and

the

imperialfamily,
ing reach-

comprising
into
Leo of the In

a, y, e, tj, A,

", #,

adjacent and

Minor.
whole
to

Individuallyit was
zodiacal quadripartite

tfiau, the Bird, and

group.

tative represen-

addition
of

the
star

evidence,
is the

from

its

nomenclature,

of

the

ancient

portance iman

this of its
one now

of record, although perhaps questionable, years

b.

observation
a

longitude1985
1480.

before
c,

the

time then of

of

Ptolemy
being
said
in

; and

of

stillearlier

in

Babylonia, 2120
Its with

Regulus

longitude by
vealed rewas

920 30', but

over

and position, the earlier

that

Spica, observed
to

Hipparchos,
to

when the

compared phenomenon

records
the

are

have It

him

of the

precessionof
of it:

equinoxes.

then

in

longitude 1190 50'. Smyth

wrote

The best

longitude of Regulus has, through successive

of all nations.

ages,

been

made

datum-step by

the

astronomers

This
the

is

the

faintest of the Sirius.

at

so-called
a

ist-magnitude
of
a

stars, with

but

-fc of
is approaching

brightness of
the its

It has the
rate

spectrum

the

Sirian

type, and
Elkin
has

earth

of

$}4

miles

second.
to
as

mined deterered cov-

parallax as o".o89.
sun on

It lies very of

close

the
one

almost ecliptic, of the of lunar

by
much

the

the

20th

August;

and,
on

stars, is

observed
1

in
was

navigation.
Lucius

It culminates
the intimate

the 6th

April.

This

Tubero,

literaryfriend of Cicero.

17

258
The

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
"

companion, by
of

about
to

3'
be

away,

described

as

if

steeped

in

was indigo,"

discovered

Winlock

itself

closelydouble, 3".3 apart,

at

position

angle

880.5.

(3, 2.3,
Denebola
from gave it
as
"

blue.

sometimes

Deneb
al and

"

is the
the Lion's

modern

name

viated for this star, abbreGreek

as

Al

Dhanab

Asad,

Tail, the Chilmead,

the

'AXicaia; Bayer
Alaaed; and

Denebalecid
as

Denebaleced;
Riccioli

Deneb

Schickard,
and and

Dhanbol-asadi.
the
star

omitted

first syllable of the

"

nal, origi-

called

Hebolelleeed, Hebollassid
his title for Al Tables have Sufi.

of

the

Nubian

gers," astrolo-

Alazet

apud Azophi,
the from

Elsewhere and

it is Helmthe
coarse

lasit and

Alesit;

Alfonsine
the

Denebalezeth
term

very

appropriate Daflra,
at

similar the
star

Arabic

for the

tuft of

hair

the

end

of the may be

tail in which other

lies.
forms

Proctor of
or

called

it Deneb Kazwini Small be

Aleet,
cited Saddle:

and

there

degenerated
Viscera
of the

the

original.
Katab,
a

Al

Aktab

al Asad, the

Lion,
inferred

Al
that

inappropriate names,
which in the
course or

Ideler of time

said, and

they
here

should from

Al

Kalb,

might

have

wandered

Regulus,the
the weather,
wrote

genuine Kalb,
It marked

Heart,
10th
as

of the

Lion.

the

manzil, Al
the when cited

Sarfah,

the

Changer,
Al cold he it to

1. e.

of

given by Ulug
"

Beg

star's individual it and rises,

title;and
the

Birun! away
to

of it:

The

heat

turns

away

turns

when

appears." it dis-

Chilmead

Asumpha, Hyde

which

attributed Mutatrix.
10th

Alfraganus;
Uttara

Baily called
With
the

this

Serpha
the
next

; and

changed

4th-magnitude
and
was

Fl. 93, it constituted

star

the

nakshatra,
Hasta
; the

Phalgnni,
of this and

junction
asterism,
Al

with Purva

the

adjacent

regents

the and

the

Phalguni,
said
as

being
Hindu
the

the

Adityas,
station
of

Aryaman

Bagha.
him and
were
a

Blrunl, however,
in Coma Berenices that the

that

astronomers

pointed
with Varaha of the The the Seat

out

to

star

forming

lunar

Denebola;
Mihira
moon

they
due
to

claimed
his

great

scientific attainments
with the
entrance

birthday having
small

coincided

into

Uttara knew

Phalguni.
four

Chinese of the

it,with Emperors,
nobles

neighboring
by
twelve

stars,

as

Woo

Ti Tto,

Five

surrounded of the

other

groups,

variously

named In

after officers and

empire.
the

Babylonian astronomy
Tail of the its correctness. the

it marked

Zibbat 17th ecliptic constellation,

with
are

A.,
as

the
to

Lion, although Epping gives this

Other

considerable said
to

doubt
been

Euphratean
the

titles

have

Lamash,

Colossus; 8a, Blue,

Assyrian Sarnu;

and

the Mikid-isati,

260

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
twenty-four miles
star
a

y is in the

approach toward
half

us

at
our

the

rate

of about of
as

second,

greatest velocity toward

that

system

any

noted
at

by

the Potsdam Its

observers, yet only

spectrum
is Solar.

of

f Herculis

determined

Poulkowa.

0, Zosma found for the

Coarsely triple, 2.7,

and

13, and

9,
an

pale yellow, blue,

occasional
a

and

violet

Zozma
Persian

are

from

Z"opa,
but rump, its
near

form

of

the Girdle, fw/xo,

in the
star

Tables;
Lion's

propriety as
the

stellar

title is doubtful,

is

on

the

tail.
al

Ulug Beg
which has

very

correctlytermed
Duhr
hind and

it Al

^hahr
the
"

Asad,

the

Lion's

Back,

become the

Dhur

of modern

catalogues.

With

0, on
and

quarter, it constituted this

that
name as

9th manzt/, Al Zubrth, the

titles for star 6 and of the
6

Mane,
so

itself bears from the

Zubra,
of the the

strange
animal.

and station
were

far away al

feature between

also
;

Al Al

Kahil

Asad,

Space

Shoulders
and

Lion the

and

H*arat"n, sometimes Ribs,

but In
or

transcribed
or

Chortan,

translated
the

Two

Little

the

two
seem

Khurt,
as

Holes, penetrating into

are

interior of the Lion;

all these India

inapplicableas
the between
were

the

other

tides.
6 Phalguni,

they marked
Euphrates Oracle;
and

corresponding nakshatra, Purva

the two Eakkab

being the junction star

On the the In

Phalguni asterisms.
Zua,
to

they
in

the

constellation

of the the

god

Kua,
of Su.

Egypt,
were

according
the the

Hewitt, Mes-su,
;

Heart

Sogdiana they
with the
d was

Wadha,

Wise

in Khorasmia,

Armagh,

the Great; and

In China

Copts Pikhorion,
the
star

Shoulder. of State.
our

Shang Seang,
the

Higher Minister
is

Its spectrum of about

is Sirian, and miles

observed
a

approaching
the later

system

at

the rate

nine

second.
it and 6
a

Flamsteed with the

Virginis on
century
the

13th

of

December,
to

1690,

object
He
seen

which

nearly
of unknown

proved
but

be

the any

Uranus.
of

made
a

record

observation,
member of
our

without

planet thought

having

hitherto

system.

""
The

3-3"
as

yellow.
Al Ras

Arabians
Star the in

designated
the Lion's

this Head

al Asad
us

al

Janubiyyab,the
With
p, it

Southern

; but
"

by

it is practically unnamed,

although
was

Century Cyclopedia says

the

rather which

rarelyAlgenubL" they
of lie.

Al It

Ashfar,

Eyebrows,

near

to

marked of the

the Lion.

14th eclipticconstellation

Babylonia, Riahu

A, the

Head

The

Constellations

261

The

Chinese

knew Crown

these Prince.

two

stars

as

Tue

Fe ; while

e,

was individually,

Ta Toe, the

C" Double,
is Burritt's with Al
was

3.7 and

6,
some

Adhafera, Aldhafara,
of the manzil of
a

and

Aldhafera, by
p.

confusion
of the

perhaps
and
as

Ashfar of the

near-by
Al

and

It is

on

the

crest

mane,

one

Jabhah

; sometimes

taking the
much
to

latter's name,

in

edition Baily's
From the
a

Ulug

Beg.
the
west

point
the

little to

of ", and

not

farther

from

y,1 issue
now

Leonids,

meteor

stream

of November about last in may

9th
every 1866

17th, its maximum

has in 137,

occurring on
such Their which

the

i3th-i4th, which

thirty-three years
and the in
next

nished fur-

wonderful

displays,the
appearance

due

1899.
since
to

first noticed date the of

stream

have

been

the

year

has

completed
the shower

fifty-tworevolutions.
was our seen

According
in November,

Theophanes
472 ; but the

Byzantium,
Professor of the

from

there

late

Newton,
commenced of

deservedly
his
list of the

great

authorityon
with
of and the added:

the their

whole

subject
on

meteors,

the

Leonids Year

appearance

13th

October,
of

902,

Arabian
ben
of

Stars,

duringthe night
It will be
are seen

of the

death

King
are

Ibrahim
at

Ahmad,
a

that

all these

showers that the

in
a

intervals
moved

third

of

century, that they

the

at a

fixed day of the

at

year, and
a

day

has

steadilyand

uniformly along

calendar

the

rate

of about

month

thousand

years.

Oppolzer's and
with that
our

Leverrier's comet,
some

observations
I of

showed and
recent
a

the

identity of their orbit

of

Tempers by
not

1866;

they

are

supposed
line.
may It

to

have

entered in shoals

system
and
are

comparatively
out

action, as they

still come
was

lengthened
confirmed year

in

continuous that

gested sugduced pro-

by Leverrier,
this effect

and

by Adams,
126 of
our

Uranus

have

early
most

in the

era.

Apparently
the
1

the

remarkable Von 1799, Humboldt from

showers and

in the his and

long

Leonid

historywere
on

one

observed of

by

companion
by
various of November of the

Bonpland
other
13,

the

2th

November,
the
western

Venezuela,
and lesser

observers

throughout
seen

hemisphere;
The

that
one

1833, splendidly
of November, and
to

from
was

this country.
more

i3th-i4th
World,
from

1866,
remarkable These

noticeable especially

from

the

Old
seen

others,

yet
meteors

gradually declining,were
appear
at
an

annually
of
at
a

1867

elevation the
the

from

sixty-one to
of

1869. six ninetya

miles, during the

1

latter part
When

of

night,
radiant

speed
was

forty-four miles

first observed

point

in

Cancer.

262

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
by
a

second,1
with

and and

generally are

characterized
It

greenish, or
was

bluish, tint,
that

vivid
in

persistenttrains.
Swift
as
a

probably
star

to

them

Milton

alluded

his shooting
thwarts

In Autumn

the

night.

The that may

stream

seems

to

be

lengthening, and

consequently thinning
while the

out, annual

so

the

great displaysof long period may

more

eventuallycease,
about
a

become

brilliant than

now. are

Many
Leonids,
of

other Mr. W.

meteor
F.

streams

visible

the

same

time

as

the

Denning

having given
often
/*

list of

sixty-eight; the
casual
observer 200

est brightfor the from

these, the Ursidfl, being

as

mistaken

by

the

Leonids,
the

their radiant, near

in Leo.

Ursae

Majoris, is

less than

distant

radiant

6,
in the manzil that The
"

3-5,

Al

Zubrah,
rise

shares is

with
seen

6 the in
as

titleAl H*ar"tan, Al

Biruni this from

saying
may

when

they
Ulug

Suhail

Al the

Izak,"

"

wherever
name,

be.
bined com-

Century
title. member does

Cyclopediagives Chort
Beg
substituted
of the the
was

individual

the 6
"

the

5th-magnitude

Fl.

72

for

as

the the

second

manzil, his translator placing

Atlas,

them

in coxis^

in

hips," as
In

Heis

China

it

Tsze

Seang,

the

Second

Minister

of State.

t, Binary and

perhaps variable, 4.6

and

7.4,

yellowish

"

possibly

varying.
Reeves The the

mentioned
lesser star is

this

as

Tsze

Tseang,

the

Second and about

General.

suspected of change in
The

color
are

in

down brilliancy
at
a

to

9th magnitude. angle

of

components

now

2". 6 apart,

tion posi-

570.

X, Double,
This

4.8 and

10.5,

yellow
Al

and

blue.

was

designated by Ulug
for it
as

Beg
on

as

Minfiar

al

Asad,

the
now

Lion's
never

Nose,
used The
1

still correct
as a

laid down

the

Heis

Atlas, although

star-title.
are

components
owing
to

3" apart,
velocity that

at

positionangle
has
ever

of

203".8.
to

It is

this great

no

Leonid
intense

been

known

reach

the

earth's of the

surface,

its substance

being dissipated by the

heat

occasioned

by

the

resistance

atmosphere.

The

Constellations

263

A", 4.8,
Alterf
is from The eye,

red.

Al

Tarf, the
has
on

name

for the

7th manzil, which

rendered
the

it formed
1. e.

with
of the

Cancri.

word

generallybeen
modern maps But

Glance,
the

Lion's
where

although
still more

the

star

lies in

open

mouth,
of the

Ptolemy

located

it.

it also had
and
so

the

secondary meaning by Ideler.

Extremity,

appropriate here,

understood

|l,
and
ft
as e

4-3"

orange, the Arabians but, singly,

were

Al Has

Adifir,
al

the

Eyebrows
become

designated
the

Al

Asad

al

Shamiliyy, the

Lion's
in

Head modern Nasr

towards

South,
times, some-

which,

by
but

abbreviation,
very

has

Rasalaa

lists;and
al Din

insufficiently, plain AlshemalL whip's length apart," a

here
common more

Al

mentioned

and

ft

as

"a

expression for
than 20.

measurement

among
tt,
a

the

Arabs,

indicatinga
red star,
was

little the

sth-magnitude

Chinese

Yu

Heu,

the

Honorable

Lady.
p9
a

4.th-magnitude, marked
that

the

16th

constellation ecliptic translated the Fourth

of

Babylonia, (or the

M^uru-ahA-arkat-Sharni,
Four"y,

Epping
the

Son

Year-Old
4.
a
1

Son) behind
Chinese

King.
the

is the
,

Shang Tseang,
c

Higher

General.
a

X*

Sth-magnitude, with
a

and 10th
a

d,

was

Ling Tae,
but

Wonderful and

Tower,
bluish and
w

and white

rp,

double

of the
was

6th and

magnitudes, bright orange

this included

in

color,
*

Tsew

Ke,

Wine-flagon,

"

Leonis

with

and

f Cancri.

Each

after each,

ungrouped, unnamed,

revolve.
Brown's A rates.

feewer Eton, "eo "Knot, ffle

is the Proctor It
and

Petit lion, the French arbitrarily changed

was

German the

Heine

Lowe,
the

and

the

Italian Leoneino.

title to

Leaena,

Lioness. between
to
"

formed
in
a

by Hevelius

from

eighteen
a

stars

the greater Lion

Bear,

l"ng triangle with

he said it
was
"

fainter
same
21

line

the these

south,

and

thus

named

because

of the it

nature

as

adjoining conHeis
40,

iiations.

Argelander assigned to

components,

and

264
Aratos under the the is

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
u

supposed
paws

to

have

alluded

to

these

un

grouped,
had
some were

unnamed of them the in

"

stare

hind

of Ursa

Major
Ideler

; and

Ptolemy
that her

among

of dfioptfxoroi

bis Aewv. the

surmised with
that under of

they
Al

Arabs' Al

Tbib"'
on

wa-Aul"duha,

Gazelle

Young,
were

shown

this location

the

Borgian globe;
the Gazelle

but
as

Lach,
noted asterisms
our

they

the ^jfald,

Pond, into

which The

sprang,
two

Coma
"

Berenices.

Chinese Wei
; but

made also

it,

Hay
Lion

Ping, an
with
the

Inner

Screen, and
in their

Seaou

included

Lesser the

Greater

still greater

Dragon

mounting

to

highest heavens,
here the
some

and

in yet another

the State Chariot figure, The

Denderah

planisphere
is unknown the This from Cancer.

located
;

zodiacal
see

Crab,
in the

but whether Lion's

was

by design, or
stars,

in error,

although
feet, a
in
a

Lesser

with

others of
to

Bear's
was

well-marked

Scarab

that
to

Egypt's idea
been sacred

part of the

sky thought

have

the

great god Ptah.

Fl. 46,

4.

To

the lucida
as a

Hevelius proper
name

applied the adjective Praeripua, Chief, which Piazzi

in the Palermo

inserted

Catalogue.
its

Burritt mentioned
the
star principal

it,under
the

the

letter /, as

the

Little

lion,

from

being

in

figure.
It culminates In
on

the

14th

of

April.
we

Smyth's Bedford Catalogue

"

read

that and

Praecipua
12,

has

three

distant

companions,

7J4, pale

gray;

13,

reddish;

of violet tint

Behind

him eyes him

Sirius
as

ever

speeds

as

in

pursuit, and
Poste's

rises

after,

And

he

sets.
A ratat.

ffle feejme, f)are,

the German

Hase,

the

Portuguese Lobre,
Orion Greeks faint and
"

the

Italian

Lepre,
his

and

the French

Lidvre,
It
was

is located

just below
among the and

westward

from in the

Hound.

Aoywc

Aaywoc

Epic dialect,"Aratos
With the for
came

characterizingits few
Greeks of the Sicily,

stars

by
in

the

adjectiveyAav*6c.
the

country

noted
was

early days

tions great devasta-

by hares, the

constellation

whence AtTropxc,

story the fanciful

The

Constellations

265
close
to
;

that

our

Hare

was

placed in

the

heavens

to

be

its hunter, Orion.

Riccioli enlarged upon Quia Orion

oris in

this in his A

Images turn

Novum

gratiam

Dianae,

quae

leporino sanguine gaudebat, plurimum

venatu

lep-

gauderet.

Among
and

the
"

Romans eared
"

itVas
;

simply LopuB,
"

often
"

qualifiedby
"

the

tive descrip"

auritus,
"

d"sypus,

rough-footed

levipes, light-footed ; Arn"b,

Hebrews which
are

vclox, swift."
Arabians
into

The

adopted
Arnebeth
6
"

the

classical and the

title in their Al

erated degensaid
to

Alarnebet, Elarneb,
it
as

Harneb

; and

the

have known
stars"

; but

early
al of

Arabs

designated
and

the

principal

a,

0,

y, and

as

Al
the

Kursiyy
Throne

Jabbar
the

Al 'Arab

al Janzah,

the Chair

of the in be

Giant
Ideler's

and

Jauzah.
wie
sons/
was

Kazwini, repeating nochy which

this, added,
assumed
to

rendering, Gott
comment

weiss
; but

Smyth

Ideler's

thereon God is the

it

merely
used when

his translation
a

of Kazwini's
not

Arabic
come

formula,
a

Omniscient,
further
wrote

writer did

wish

to

to

decision.

Smyth
throne rather
"

of it :

'Abdr rahman

Sufi designates the

a

one
a

of

the

many

which
"

the

Arabs

had

in the

their heavens, although

squatting
formed

than

sitting people
and
r

al-mnakhkherah,

as succeeding, followingthat

by \ /?, ^

Eridani

Ononis.

Al Sufi also cited four

the occasional in reference

to

Al Nihal, the
the

Camels, Thirst-slaking
celestial

for the

brightstars,
the locates

near-by
or

river,the Milky Way.

that

It is in

space the
to

occupied by Lepus,
"the Sagittarius, earliest of that

perhaps by Monoceros,
the

Hommel Brown

Euphratean TJdkagaba,
in

Smiting Sun
Lepus
Orion.

Face, although
the the The sun."

assignsthis
says that

originalSagittarybeing
was

Hewitt

Egyptian astronomy

Boat

of

the great god Oniis,

country, identified with

Chinese

knew it as Caesius

Tnh,
made

Shed.
the

constellation

represent
for

one

of

the

hares

prohibited to
The Densome

the Jews; but derah

JuliusSchiller substituted
in

it Gideon's

Fleece.

planispherehas
; and

its place
zodiacs 103

Serpent

apparently attacked
the

by

bird of prey Gould

Persian
in

imitated
stars

this.
to

catalogues
our

Lepus

down

7th magnitude.
to

Aelian,of
belief early

2d the

century, in
hare among detested the

his the

Uepi fauv
voice of the

referred tdtoTTirot;,
raven,
"

the

that

belief that

has

been generally

put

zoological fables explanation,as

"

of
"

antiquity ; but
similar

son ThompLepus
be said

suggests
sets soon

for it the

an

astronomical
Corvus

the constellation

after

of rising

and ; for the

something

may

of

Lepus in

connection

with

Aquila,

266

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
on

eagle

in combat
. . .

with the

the hare
wide

is

frequent on
of this
to

gems,

and
. . .

coins

of
a

Agrigentum, Messana,
lost

Elis, etc.

occurrence

subject
a

indicates
or

significanc mythological

in which

one

is

tempted
often

recognize

Solar

Stellar

symbol.
of

Brown

writes

of

the

discussed

comparative location

Lepus

and

Orion:
The pursue
a

problem
the
most

which
timid that

perplexed the ancients, why

of creatures, the Hare is solved when

the
we

Mighty-hunter
recognize
lunar
that
;

and

his
was

Dog should

Orion

originally

solar

type, and

is almost

a universally

type

and
moon

mentions
shown Moon-cakes and savage

the
on

very

singularconnection

between

this creature

and

the

the

Syrian agate seals, Chinese coins, Euphratean cylinders, of Central tions naAsia, and in the legends of widely separated
tribes. of

Astronomical animal
idea there with

folk-lore

has

many

allusions
our

to

this
stellation. con-

association interesting
The
seem common

and satellite, all

with indirectly
are some

that
are

it is because others

nocturnal

does not

satisfactory ;
Beaumont A and

and

still less so,

being mentioned
allowed here. The

by

Fletcher
some

in the of

Faithful Shepherd.
allusions may
Marked be

brief

digressionto
the
moon

these

Hindus
the of
was

called

"acin, or Sasanka, (Buddha).

when

with
man, with

the in
an an

Hare, from

story told of Sakya muni

his

This

holy

earlystage
and
a

existence, was
to

hare, and,

in company
a

ape

fox,

applied
their

by

the

god

Indra, disguised as
for
;

beggar, who, wishingto

in
not

test

asked hospitality,

food. that

All he

went

search

of

the it, in

hare

alone

returning unsuccessful
a

but,
cast

might

fall short

duty to
In

his guest, had return, Indra Other

hares
one

fire built and him

himself

into it for the

moon

latter's supper.
we now see

rewarded and of
;

by

place

in the

where

him.
the

Sanskrit
on

Cingalese
the and
a

tales
;

mention
Aztecs the

the
saw

palace
there Hare the

of

the

king of
thrown

the their

face

moon

the

the

rabbit

by

of

gods

the

Japanese,
Even the the

Jeweled
and

pounding omochi,
Hottentots of South

their rice

dough,
the them her

in

mortar.

Khoikhoin,
hare
moon

Africa, and
connected scratched
a

Bantus in

associated

in their

and worship,

story, asserting that

we

the

hare, ill treated

Eskimos
he of had

by
think

the moon, the moon face

face

and her

still see

the sun,

scratches. because the

sex

from girlfleeing thrown and

at

brother, the
but

disfiguredher
luminaries daubs that who say very

by

ashes

her

;
moon

in Greenland pursues his of

these

changed, is interher sooty

the

the sister, the

sun,

hands the
moon

over

his face. falls in love

The

Khasias his
at

Himalayas
who

every

month

with

mother-in-law,
him.
lunar marks
are

properly repulses
na-

his affection

by throwing
to account

ashes

Other

ideas

for the

current

among

many

268
in the Inferno

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings

and

Touches

the

ocean

wave

Cain

and

the

thorns.

In

Midsummer

Nighfs
come

Dream

Quince
of thorns
;

says
and

Or

else

one

must to

in with the

bush

lanthorn

and

say, he

comes

to

or disfigure,

present

person

of moonshine

and

Chaucer

described

the

figureas
of thorns
on

Bearing
Whiche

bush

his back
clime
so ner

for his theft

might

the heaven

although Milton,

from

higher plane
neighbouring

of

thought, wrote
as some

that

the

dered sinfulwan-

Not

in the

moon

have

dreamed.

The

Salish
a

Indians
to

of

our moon

northwest
to

coast

tell of

toad

which,

pursued
profile

by

wolf, jumped
the

the

escape face Man

his unwelcome of Selene Moon

as

attentions.
shows

At
to

present day the handsome

few
; while

itself in

the

favored

the

Old

in the

is in

seen

by

all.

It would

be

to interesting

know

who

originated this,or,
out

Hudibras,

Who

first found
to

the Man
was

i' th' Moon,

That

the ancients

unknown.

Yet

Shakespeare

knew

him

well, for
man

we

find

in The

Tempest:

The

i1 th' moon's

too

slow.

Ages
called

before the

all
moon

this,however,

the

Egyptians
;

had

similar

ideas

; the

Hindus
in

Mriga,
Greeks

an

Antelope
it
a

the

Aethiopianssaw
head,
and in his De
to
a

that

creature

it ; while the But

"

the

knew

as

the

Gorgon's

Plutarch
in very

thought
Luw"
star
;

phenomenon

worthy
much
to

special treatise
has been

Facie

Orbe

perhaps
let
us

too

attention

paid

probably

dead

return

those

certainlyalive,our

more

legitimatesubject.

tt, Double,
Arneb
is from substitutes the the stars,

2.7

and

9.5,

pale yellow
for the

and

gray. the

Arabian

name

whole,

but

Century

Du-

tionary
Other
an

early Arsh. presumably

the in

near-by
Well,

Lepus,

were

the

Chinese

Kuen

Tri"t

Army

and

Ping Sing,

Star

Screen.

The

Constellations

269

Arneb

culminates components

on are

the

24th

of

January.
at
a

The
away

35".4 apart,

position angle

of

1560;

and

6'

is Sir

John

Herschel's

3780,

sextuple star.

(3, Double,
Nihal Holden
is from says the that
to

3.5 and

11,

deep yellow
d,
"

and

blue.

'

collective

title of a, 0, y, and

Hibal
at
a

with

Burritt.
of

the
be

companion, nearly 3"

a

away, has

positionangle
other

2920,

is

suspected

planet ;

and

Buraham

discovered

faint

companions.
The variable

R, 6th
Hind in

to

8.5magnitudes,
"like
on
a

is Hind's

Crimson
on a

Star,discovered
black but field." It its discoverer of

by

Mr.

J.

R. of

1845,"
Orion.

droP
border

of blood of

lies in front

the
as

Hare's in
was

head,

the

Eridanus,
a

announced
about

it

Its

in variability,

very

irregularperiod
accurate

438 days,

first recorded and

by
are

Schmidt

in

1855, but

servations ob-

of maxima

minima

difficult in

high

latitudes.

the scale of with Silently

the
stars

night
Longfellow's Occmltation of Orion,

ascended.

EiBra, ifyt Qtfefonce or

is the Italian

"c*fe6,
German said

Libra
and

and

Bilaneia, the
"

French but the

Balanoe, the

Wage,

"

Waage, Wage Bayer'sWag Anglo-Saxons the all and the Pund, Scales, or a Weight. Anglo-Normans, Poise, meaning
Bode's
and The

early

Greeks

did

not

associate
in

its stars

with
recent

Balance,
times known
as

so

that

many

have

thought
the

it substituted

comparatively

for
as

the Chelae,
a

the Claws

of the

Soorpion,that

previously had

been

distinct

portion of
and pionis,

double

it sign ; Hyginus characterizing

dimidia

pars

Scorof his

Ptolemy counting eight components

and (36peio$

in the

two

divisions
also
"

X77W,
under

"

vdnoq,

"

with
as
a

nine dim

apopfpuToi.

Aratos

knew

it
a

that
"

title, writing

of it

sign,
"

emdvief, "f"aeu)v
the
stars

though
Claws
to

great one,

fieydXag ^Aac.
of
our

Eratosthenes called the

included whole him for

of the alluded
were

with those

Scorpio,and
words

iKopm'og,
the
our

but

the

XrjXai; as
or

did
these

Hipparchos, although becoming

common

with

latter also

Zvyov,

Zvyoc,

Libra,

and

turned

by

270
codices Latin
of the

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
were

9th century into Ziohos.

the

They
it

the

equivalents
as a

of the title

Jugum,

Yoke,

or

Beam,

of the

Balance,
as

first used

stellar

by Geminos, equinox.
did
the Latin writers

who, with
wrote

Varro, mentioned
these
"

the

sign

of

the

autumnal
so

Ptolemy
of

two

Greek

titles

indiscriminately, and
"

poets the three,

Rome

Chelae, Jugum,
to
name as

Libra,
and such

although
has been

entific the sciits usual for the

all adhered The

1

Libra,
was

title from
Latin used The the
even

their

day.
of 155

ancient
gave
a

persistent, however,
and sive ehelis,

Almagest
it in his

star

injugo

Flamsteed

descriptionof Libra's
often
so

stars.

statement,
and

seen,

that

the

constellation

was

invented

when
current

on

equinox,
with

represented
"

the

equalityof

day

and

night,

was

Manilius,

Then

Day
a

and
"

Night

are

weigh 'd

in Libra's

Scales

Equal

while,

repeated by James

Thomson

in the

Autumn

of his

Seasons,
" "

Libra

weighs

in

equal scales

the

year,

by

Edward

Young

in his

Imperium Pelagi, apostrophizing his king,

George
the the ! from thine
to
"

"

The

Balance

Which
More

weighs
accurate

nations, learns

weigh

night and

day,

and

by Longfellow

in his Poefs

Calendar

for

September,
equipoise

"

I bear The

the

Scales, when
and

hang

in

night
the

day. title

This

idea
on

gave
an

rise
even

to

occasional but
as

Hootipares ; yet Libra by

Milton where

is

rarely

figured

balance,

described

The His mounted

fiend look'd

up, and

knew

scale aloft.

The

Romans

claimed is doubtless
as
a

that

it

was

added
so

by
as

them

to
were

the

original eleven
in its in

signs,which
modern classical
1

correct

in

far

they
Caesar

concerned
as

revival times

distinct

constellation,for it
calendar
1

first appears
as

Libra
maximus

in the

Julian
calendar under

which

pontifex
its method discovered of

The
as

much-vaunted that
formed he

Julian 238
b. c.

was

substantially the
III
at

same a

in

tion intercala-

Ptolemy o/Canopus

(Euergetes),"
Tanis.

fact

by Lepsius,

in 1866, when

found

the Decree

Sanor

The

Constellations

271
the Roman

took and

upon

himself
the

to

form, 46

b.

c,

aided

by Flavius,
line,

scribe,

Sosigenes,
have

astronomer

from

Alexandria.

Some

associated

Andrew

Marvell's

Outshining Virgo
with

or

the Julian star,

Libra,
soon

but

this

unquestionably
as

referred

to

the

comet

of 43

b.

c.

that

appeared

after,and,
in

Augustus
of that
to

asserted, in

consequence

of,Caesar's
emperor and the

assassination Caesar's
same

September
to

year,

being
and

utilized

by

the

friends
has

carry

his soul

heaven.

This

comet,
and

perhaps, was
that may

that

since

appeared
show the
1st

in 531,

1106,

1680,

return

in 2255. Medals still in existence

Libra

held of the

by

figure that Spence thought

represented
beautiful

Augustus
the
stars

as

dispenser
Georgic,
to

justice; thus
constellation's with
as
a

recallingVergil's
place
the in the

allusion, in

his

sky.

Addressing
among
for his
:

emperor, of the after

whose

birthday coincided
he he

sun's

entrance

the soul

Claws,

suggested
should

them

proper
on

resting-place
the roll of the

when,

death,

be

inscribed

gods

Anne

novum

tardis sidus

te

mensibus

addas,

Qua locus Erigonen inter Cbelasque sequentes

Panditur
;

ipse tibi jam

coeli justa

bracbia

contrabit

ardens

Scorpius,et

plus parte relinquit;

so

intimating
his

that

the
to

place

was

then for

vacant, his

the

Scorpion having
But

tracted con-

claws

make

room

neighbor.
fecerit boras

subsequently he

wrote: Libra
die

somnique

pares

ubi

and

few

lines has
a

further

on

tells of twelve in Paradise Lost

constellations,
"

duodena

astra.

Milton

reference

to

Libra's

origin,where

TV

Eternal,
forth

to

prevent

such

horrid

fray,
seen

Hung
Betwixt

in heav'n and

his

golden scales, yet

Astraea

the Scorpion sign ;

and

Homer's
TV His

Eternal

Father
scales

hung
aloft,

golden

is similar
not
a

but,

although doubtless
to
our

the the

originalof
Greek

Milton's

verse,

probably
but few

is

reference

Libra

; for

poet very
to

likelyantedated
known

the
of

knowledge

of

it in his country, and

is

supposed

have

272
our

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
to but

stellar

figures,
"

at

all events, has

alluded

few

in either the 7""/or

the

Odyssey.
Bayer
said that the Theon

Greeks
used

called

it Sradiios, old the

Weigh-beam,
and Libra.

and

lTdnfp,

Weight;

while

for it the became the

Sicilian Airpa
Roman
; and

Alrpai^which,

originally signifyinga Weight,

it Mochos,
after the

Ampelius called applied to

the Scales. these

inventor
the Greek of

of

instrument has

Virgo's tide,Aftriea,
been
was

the Starry Goddess,

stars
as

Mktj,

sometimes

the

impersonation
the "that and
to

Justice, whose
of the heavens Tatler which in which
to
"

symbol
that

son Addi-

devoted 1709
"

100th

number in the

of the

29th
the

of November,
name

to

sign
the

is called he
saw

by

of the of

Balance,"

his dream

thereof

the

Goddess

Justice Virgin

descending
a

from

constellation
of may the

regulate

the

affairs of men;

the whole the

very

beautiful

rendering
He

ancient
been he
must

thought connecting
thus often of Merton of have

Astraea

with

Libra.

have where the

inspired by recollections
seen

of his student

days

at

Oxford,

this

as a sign,

Judge

in full

robes, sculptured on
the

front

College.
the
same

Manilius, using
of influence
over

combined

wrote title,

it in much

way

as

the

legalprofession:
RuPd
Laws
a

This
Our

at

Servius*
"

Birth, who

first did

give

Being,

reference

to

Servius friend used

Sulpicius
of Cicero.
as

Rufus

Lemonia,

the

great Roman

lawyer, pupil,and
Cicero

himself
of

Jugum

though
claim

it

were

well

known

and, with
:

dent evi-

intention

upsetting Caesar's

to

its

invention,

wrote

Romam Cum
esset

in
esse

Jugo
dicebaL

Luna,

natam

The
a

sacred
; and

books
on
a

of India the zodiac

mention
of

it

as

Tula,

the Tamil
a man

Tnlam

orTota,
on

Balance and from

that
; but

country
Varaha

it is

bending
gave it
as

one

knee

holding
fvydV, early
Altar it
was

pair of
so era a

scales reflex
; but

Mihira

Jug* or
came

Juka"
into

and
our

of Greek he also

India

in

know we astrqnomy, which called it Fire, perhaps a recollection

on.

of its In

early
China
was

form, mentioned
Show

further Star of

Sing,
the

the

Longevity,
and

but

our later,copying

figure,it
law

Tien
annual reference

Ching,

Celestial

Balance;

that have

country
been it

had

for the
some

regulation of weights supposed

to

to

enacted
was

with

this

sign.

In

the

early

solar

zodiac

the

Crocodile, or Dragon,

the

national

emblem.

The

Constellations

273 originated in Egypt;

elsewhere gave its it
a

Manetho

and
on

Achilles
the

Tatios

said

that

Libra

plainly appears
Scale-beam,
titleas The
a

Denderah of the

planisphere and
Kircher

simply

as

symbol

Nilometer.

Coptic-Egyptian
Scale-beam,
of

AafiPadia,
Hebrews

Statio
are

PropiHationis.
to

said

have

known

it

as

Moznayim,
the

Riccioli's Mignaim,

some inscribingit,

thought, on

banners

Asher,
was

although others
unknown while The
to

claimed

for this Sagittarius and that

tribe,assertingthat
indicated

Libra

the

Jews
claimed

its place
for

was

by

their letter

Tan,

still others

Virgo

Asher,

and

for Joseph. Sagittarius

as

Syrians called
or

it If

asatha,
all

which

Riccioli gave
; the

Masathre

; and

the

Terazfi Persians,
a

Tarazuk,

Libra signifying in of
a

Persian

sphere
a

ing showin

human

the figure lifting the usual

Scales form

one

hand

and for
a

grasping
balance

lamb

the

other, this being

weight

in the

early

East.

Arabian
the

astronomers,
or,

following Ptolemy, knew

Almagest;
the but later on, of the
to

these

stars

as

Al

Znbana,
use

Claws,

in the
1

dual, Al
5
1

Znbanatain, degenerating
when

in Western

to

the Azubene

of the Al

influenced
and Al This Minn

by Rome,
Miz"n,
the

they
in the ard word

became

KifEatan,

Trays

Balance,
the Hebrews.

Scale-beam, Bayer Alfonsine

the attributing and

latter
as

appeared
; Schickis the his
to

Tables

elsewhere

Almisan, Almizen,
said that

writingit Midsanon.
that should be and and used

Kircher, however,
instead
of
or

Warn,

Weight,
this

Zubana;

Riccioli

adopting

in

Vazneschemali
the Northern

Vaznegannbi,
Southern
on

Vaznegenubi,
well
as

respectivelyapplied
those of

Scale coins

as

to
as

their lucidae. also

on

Libra
queen

is

stamped

the

of

Palmyra,

Pythodoris,
of tion forma-

of Pontus. it
our

While of
some

seems

impossibleto
earlier than

trace

with

any of and

certaintythe
there formed that

date
was

present figure and

its the

place Claws,

origin, yet
it

probably
in
more

figure here
one;

in Chaldaea
was

shapesthan
while Ideler Brown

indeed, Ptolemy
modern that beam critics say

asserted the
same.

from

that

country,

and

thinks
of the

its present
of the

symbol,
shows
next

*",

generally considered
the

sentation repre-

Balance,

top of the

archaic

Euphraon

tean

Altar, located tablets,and

in the

zodiac stones,

preceding Scorpio,and
or

figured

gems,

boundary
Ku,
stars

alone

in
with

pair.
this 7th
of

Miss

Clerke

recalls with the

the association

of the Tul

7th month, Tashrltu,

sign and
Babel,

Holy Mound,
by
an

designatingthe
in this Sometimes
a

biblical

Tower
ju,

surmounted
v,

altar,
"

the

constellation,a,
this

f, 6, (3, x" ?" and

well
to

showing a
that of
18
a

circular

altar. and

Euphratean
; Strassmaier

figure was

varied

Censer,

to frequently

Lamp

confirming this by

274
his translation synonymous of with

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
als for of
or

an

as inscription

die

Lampe
found another

Buru,
the

the

Solar

Lamp,
In this Ara,
a

Bir,

the

Light, also
that

sky figure.
names

connection

it will be the of has

remembered zodiacal

the

for the

our

reduplicationof
or

Altar, was
one

Pharus,
the
on

Pharos,
wonders
stones
as

Great of the held the the

Lamp,
world. in the Farnese

Lighthouse, Lamp
and also

Alexandria,
been
we

of

seven

This

found
see

shown the
same

boundary
idea the
even

as

Scorpion's claws,
globe
the the

and

late

as

Hyginus
the

of

1488,

where and

Scales
were

have

taken

placeof
of time

Lamp.

When removed

Altar, Censer,
to

Lamp
were

in the

course

forgotten, or

the
were

South, the Claws

left behind, Miss

and

perhaps
ally addition-

extended, tillthey
writes
8th
:

in turn

replaced by Libra.

Clerke

The

sign

is

frequently doubled,
on

and

it is difficult

to avoid

seeing
the owned Greek
a

in the

diacal pairof zo-

scorpions, carved
Claws.
Both Libra and

Assyrian cylinders,the prototype sign

it

of

Scorpion ar.d
Chaldaean place. birth-

the

eventually superseded

thus

Brown

also
.

says
a

that and

the

Euphratean
Jugum
in of favor

Sngi,
Greece of
a

the

Chariot
us

Yoke,
sound

which and

he

identifies with
of that the

/3 of this constellation,remind
and and

by

fication signiit has

7jvy6v
adds Libra the

Rome

and respectively,

astrology
claimed
this from the

evidence
"

Chaldaean
at

origin,for
"

always

the

Northern

Scale of

least

as

fruitful

sign,
belief

taking
that
"

very
stars

foundations
were

astrology in
crops in
were

the

Chaldaean
In

when

Sugi

clear of this

the

good"
case

modern Southern

astrology, however,
Scale. It had
In
seems

the

reverse

held

the

of

the

not

unreasonable

to

conclude

that

in

Chaldaea

the

7th sign
of Venus,

origin in
classical

all its forms.

astrology
to

the

whole this

constituted

the

ancient here
at

House
the

for,according
moreover,

Macrobius,
bound
came

planet appeared
human the title

Creation; and,
the

the

goddess
From Mars

together

couples

under

yokeof

matrimony.
asserted that that insisting

this
was

Veneris

Sidus, although others

the

its

guardian;

astrologersof

14th

century

Whoso

es

born

in yat

syne

sal be

an

ille doar

and

traytor.

It

was

of

influence,

too,

over

commerce,

as

witness

Ben

Jonson

in The

Alchemist:
His He house should of be Life
a

being

Libra: and

which should

foreshow'd
trade with

merchant,

balance

276
completing
1 was

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
the asterism
was

the

resemblance with marked

to

the

object

for which

named;

the

junction star
same

Anuradha. the sieu

These earlier The I

stars

Ti, Bottom,

anciently D"i, and

and
v.

still

shi, some alphas

Chinese
were

authorities

adding 6, p,
of the
21st

two

the determinants the Southern

stellation conBabylonian ecliptic

Uuru-sha-Shutu,
j3 and
y with them

Light;

and

some

have Star

included

in the
marked

Euphratean
that the

Entena-mas-lnv,
enormous,

the but

of the Tail-

tip,as though
ancient

they
of

part of the
very

undetermined,

Hydra
them the lie io"
on

Chaldaea,
that

early Afr
to

of

Arabia.

Oppert

siders con-

Id^u
of

others of

apply
to

the the

star

Altair. almost

They
the map
sun

southwest

/3,close
the

and ecliptic

covered by
; but

the
text

5th

November,
and mention

components

230" apart

Bayer's
on

and of

illustrate

only

one

star.

They

culminate

the

17th

June.

p,

2.7,

pale
el

emerald.

Znbeneschamali,

sometimes

Znben
of for
same

Chamali,
the Scale

is from
Northern

Al

Zubin
;

al

Shamaliyyah,

the

equivalent
and

XtjXti j3dp"oc,
the Northern and

Claw
;

Efi

borealifl is Arabic

Latin

Tray

Bayer'sLanx
the Southern
to

the signifies septentrionalis

thing ;
So that the

Vazneschemali,
as

Weight,
borne Miss

was

used
name

by Riccioli.
of that and in half of

/3,as well

a, seems

always

have

the

constellation

figure which
is

it marked. both in

Bouvier's and

Burritt's

Zubenelgemabi
this star.
2

entirely wrong,
of and

orthography

application to
it marked
Northern the

Epping
Burn

says

that the

2d

constellation ecliptic while

Babylonia,
a

sha-Dtanu,
lunar

Light;

Jensen assigns it
this word Brown with the
to

to

that

country's
Arabic under
or

asterism
; but

Zibanitu, connecting
is not

with

the

similar
that,

Zubana the
name

this

generallyaccepted.
were

considers

of the that

Sugi Stars, they

Persians knew the

associated
as

Bilat,the Lady,
the

Beltis;

and

the

them

Qrob,

Horned;
the

Sog-

dians, as

Ghanwand,
and the

Claw-possessing, equivalent
Pritithi,the
an

Khorasmian

Ighnuna,
stations. the

Coptic
to

Two

Claws,
was

"

all these made

at

being

lunar
on
or

According
of
"

Ptolemy,
272
b.
near

observation
in the of

Babylon

17th

January,
of
we

c,

"

476th
Mars
'

year
to

of
one

Nabonassar,
of

Nabu-nazir,
records
as

the very

approach

0,

the earliest

that

have

of this

planet. Hind, however,

mentioned

this

approach

in connection

with (3 of
it
as

Scorpio.
and
as

lThe

Greeks

knew

*Aqhs
in

livyoug,
to

the

Fiery One;
title.

the

Latins,

as

HsnulMi

addition

its present

The

Constellations

277
formerly
was

Professor than

Young
now

states
more

the than

opinion
a

that

fi Librae

brighter
and liancy. bril-

Antares,

full

magnitude
all
"

higher, for
combined Antares

Eratosthenes

called distinctly

"

the 350 may

brightest of
years be the

in
to

the it and

Scorpion
the
same

Claws;

and Yet

Ptolemy,
Antares is very in the

later,gave
one

that

has

increased. in

The Webb

color says

unusual, perhaps unique,

heavens
"

conspicuous

stars, for
to

that

deep

green,

like

deep blue,is
system

unknown

the naked

eye."
is Sirian,and
second. N. beam G. C. 5904, 5 the
star

Its spectrum of six miles The

a

is

approaching

our

at the

rate

globular cluster
the

M., discovered
not

by

Kirch

in 1702, the

liesin Libra, above

of the Messier

Balance,
could

far from resolve

j3 and

toward

5th-magnitude 5 Serpentis.
Herschel, with
nthto
1

not

this,but
than in the

Sir William
two

his

counted reflector, forty-foot stars, besides from those the

in it

more

hundred

5th-magnitude
But

unresolved
recent

compressed
in the in the

nucleus.

it is

noticeable chiefly
of
at

photographic discovery
yet known,
In

by Bailey,at Arequipa, cluster,

"

least

perhaps sixty,variables forty-six,

far
as

remarkable
C. 5272,
two

fact 3

so paralleled,

only

cluster N. had

G.

M.,

of

Canes

Venatici.

1890

Parker

already

discovered

variables

in 5994

by

visual observation.

"
seems

Variable,
with

5 to

6.2,

white,
the the Akkadian lunar
;

to

have

been

associated
Man of

ju

Virginis in
with

asterism and

Xuln-izi, the

Fire, connected
the

star-god Laterak
station,*,

in the

Sogdian
One

Fasariva
next to

and the

Khorasmian
1. e.

Sara-fasariva, both

titles
*,

the signifying and

A

Leader,

the

preceding

moon

Virginis.
a

It is
a

variable of

of the

period

nearly two

in 1859, with Algol type, discovered by Schmidt days and eight hours, the lightoscillation occupying

twelve

hours.

ty
lies between the Northern Scale and
a

5-5. the northern

arm

of

Scorpio.

Burritt called errors, however, much

it Znbenhakrabi,
as

title properlybelonging to y of these

stars
none

Scorpii. His
have caused
at their

to
our

the

nomenclature

in Libra
too

confusion
Standard

in

sometimes popular lists,

seems

clear

best;
to
a

yet the

Dictionary
y

to

have

adopted
as

all his this word

titles,
is

even

Zutanelgubifor
degenerateform
i8"

Librae,
name

which

reallyis unnamed,
star
a.

merely

of the

for the

278
The Chinese % and

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
for
a

asterism
included

Se

Han,
c,

named

district of that country,

lay
k

around and

it with

", 0, f, and
the

e.

A, 5th-magnitude
was

stars, bore

pretentioustitle Jih, the

Atlas of

Sun.

? erroneously

called

Graffias in Burritt's

1835,

DUt

l^e

belongs
a

to

0 Scorpii.
letter attached
at

is the

by
star.

Gould

to

the

disputed

as Scorpii,

is

more

noted particularly

that

another
. .
.

form
beast.
A rata*.

That

men

of other

days

have

called

the

Poste's

ffle TEoff feujniB,

is the
an

Lonp

of

the

French, Lupo
to

with from

the the

Italians,and

Wolff

in Germany,

idea

for the the

figure said
Arabian

be

astrologers' erroneous

translation
or

of Al

Fahd,

title for this the Greek for the The

constellation,their
970,

Leopard,
is

ther; Pan-

although Suidas,
called it

lexicographer of
wolf found in the

reportedto

have

KvrjKiag, a
our

word

fables did
not

of Babrias of the

century

before

era.

Greeks of them

and

Romans
as
a

designate specially
the 9i^moi' of Ger-

these of Aratos,

stars, and

thought
and vasta
;

merely
; the

Wild

Animal,

Hipparchos, Quadrupes

Ptolemy
of

Bestia

of

Vitruvius; Pent Victim,

of

manicus;

Cicero;

Hostia,

the

Hyginus;
Centauri.
as

Hostiola, cited by Bayer

The Wolf in the

Bestia
as

Centauri, by
in the

Riccioli

; and

Victima

reappeared
Latin for it. had

Lupus

Alfonsine
said

Tables, and
that

Fers
was

Lupus

Almagcsts, while

Grotius

Panthers

Capella'sname
Bayer marinus,
wolf the also Deferens sacred

Equus
Mars,
in

masculus

and

Leaena;

and

La

Lande, Leo
the

leonem, Canis
to
"

ululans, Leopardus, Lnpa, Martin*,"

being

and

Lyoisca, the Hybrid

Asadah,
the

of the

Wolf.

Bdus,

Monster,
The

is found also Turkish

early

works.

Arabians
a

called

it Al

Lioness, by Bayer
But with
a

"

found
as

by Scaliger
and Al
-

repeated on
Saba',
seem

planisphere and
Al of its smaller and

cited

Asida,"

the

Wild

Beast, Chilmead's
mixed the
some

Snbahh,
stars

the

Desert

astronomer*

to

have

part of the
the this

Centaur

as

Al

Shamarifi, Zibn,
the

Palm

Branches,

Kadb

al Kara,
be for Dead

Vine

Branch.

Beast, of
the

Euphratean
of

cylinders, may
or

constellation;

and

Urbat,

Beast
to

Death,

the

Star

of

the

Fathers, is a title

for it attributed

the

Akkadians. Persia it
was

Caesius

said

that

in

Bridemif,

but

Hyde, commenting

on

The

Constellations

279
should be

this from

Albumasar,
was

asserted

that

the

word

Birdun,

the

Pack-

horse,and
Aratos Wild-beast

really intended
of

for the
creature

Centaur. very hand

wrote

it,
the

"

another Centaur's
so

firmly clutched,"
holds of the the Beast
"

and

"

the the

which the

right
from

as

an

offeringto
but
was

gods

upon

Altar, and
it
as
a

a virtually

part
which both

Centaur;
Centaur and the

thenes Eratosabout
to

described pour
a

Wine-skin

libation

; while

others

imagined
animal which

the

Wine-skin

in

the Centaur's

grasp.

Mycologists Caesius, that

Schiller
saw

thought
was

it the
Wolf
to

into

which likened

Lycaon

was

changed;
; but

it

the

Jacob

Benjamin

Julius Milky
larger
York

in its stars very of

Benjamin
and while
"

himself. is

Although Way,
than south 2.6
"

ancient, Lupus

inconspicuous, lying partly in

of the in

the
star

Libra

Scorpio, east
the
even

Centaur,
the this. which

with

no

magnitude,
3,
Z
,

few

visible
than

latitude

of

New

City
Gould

y,

and

ft

are

smaller

enumerates

159

naked-eye

stars, among

is

an

unusual

portion pro-

of doubles.
a,
or

2.6, seems
the

to

be

unnamed

except

in

China,

where

it

was

Yang
the the Star

Mun

Men,
On the of
was

South

Gate.

Euphrates
the thus Horned

it

probably
Bull, said

was

Kakkab
have

Sn-gub Gnd-Elim,
been
a

Left

Hand that

to

reference

to

Centaur

figured
on

in that

valley.
of

It culminates north of
a

the

14th

June, nearly

due

south

from

Arcturus

and

Centauri. Ke
very

j3 is the
This is
a

Kwan,
close

of

the

Reeves
3

list of and 3.5

Chinese

a titles, Cavalry

Officer.

binary, of
the horizon appear

magnitudes, City.
boundaries
of the

both

yellow, o".25

apart, the
a

position angle being 900.

0
are

and

below

of New

York the
so

Other titles

Chinese

asterisms

within

of

Lupus,

all bearing of their

and pertaining to militaryaffairs,

second

period

star-naming.

Each

after

each, ungrouped,

unnamed,

revolve.
Brown's
A rates.

bxh fegnr
is the Italian Its stars

tfle or "icjer, "tgri*, fegnr

Luchs
and

Lince,
have

the

German those

Linx,

the

French where

Lynx.
he

may

been

intended

by

Aratos

mentioned,

280

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
but for the modern in

in
we

our are

motto,

some

in front
to

of the He who

Greater used

Bear;

figure

indebted

Hevelius. those

in it nineteen examine the

stars, and

ing explainlynxOf
are

the

title said that he

would the
42,

Lynx
the

ought

to be

eyed,
these
not

in which

acknowledged
has

of insignificance and Heis

components.
the

Argelander

catalogued
in

87;

but

boundaries

accurately determined.
The

alternative
many

name,

now

disuse, came
on

from

the the

fancied
same

resemblance
word
was

of the

little stars in made

to

spots

the
as

tiger; and
the river and Bull

plied apthat

by
Goose. In the year, The the

Bartschius
were

1624, although
into the

Tigris,to
the

some

stars

subsequently
Lynx

Polish

Little

Fox

with the

appeared

in

July, 1893,

the

much-discovered

comet

b of that

Rordame-Quenisset.
seems

constellation of Of

noticeable chiefly mentions Professor

Pos.

for the

beauty
of

of its numerous Webb's

doubles, Objects.
38,
of
1 k or

which
one

Espin
of these

in his fifty

edition in his
white three

Celestial
;

Young
2400;

writes
2". 9; the

Uranography
and

p
one

Lyncis;
of
a

Mags.

4, 7.5; which

Dist.

lilac.
that
two

This

is the

northern Ursa Ursae

pair of
This

stars

closely resembles nearly

an

pairs

mark

the paws fi

Major.

pair

makes

isosceles

triangle with

the

pairs?

and

Majoris.
well Ursa have been
to

It
was,

might
of
our

utilized by the

modern

constructor,

whoever

he

Major
Fl.
44

complete

the

quartette of feet.
of Ursa

Baily thought
catalogues.
Fl. 31

Lyncis

the

original 18th
8th of

Major

in

early

Lyncis, of
is

4.4

magnitude,
as

the the

of Ptolemy's d^6p"p(DToi

Ursa

Major,

given by
and

Assemani

Arabic

Alflciaukat,

Thorn

(Al-

Shaukah),
The the
star

Mabsnthat
comes

(Mabsutah), Expanded.
to

constellation
Castor.

the

meridian

in

February,

due

north from

Ariones

harpe fyn.
Chaucer's Hous

of

Fame.

tfle or fyx? fegra, fegre

is the Leier of

Germany,
fabled who

Lira

of

Italy,and
invented transferred

Lyre
by
it to
wrote

of

France,
and

and

anciently
his

represented
half-brother of the

the

instrument
in turn of whom

Hermes his
:

given to

Apollo,

son

Orpheus,

cian the musi-

Argonauts,

Shakespeare

The

Constellations

"

281

Everything
Even
the

that heard
of the

him
sea,

play,
lay by.

billows

Hung
While
of

their heads, and

then

Manilius
from

said

that

its service

in its last owner's

hands,

in the

release

Eurydice

Hades,
Gain'd
As then it

Heaven,
Rocks

and it

stillits force appears,

now

the

draws

on

the

Stars.

From

its

ownership Cyllenea

by
and X

these

divinities
Hermes

came

various and his

adjectival titles:
birthplace; Cicero's
; and

and Epfxa/77

KvXXevaif}, referringto

Clara Fides
or

that ereurialis,

Varro

also used

the
was

Cithara,

Lyra, Apollinis, Orphei, Orphica,

and

and

Mercnrii
but

It

also

Lyra plain

Arionis

Amphionis,
later on,

from
;

those

skilful
"

players;

usually

it

was

Lyra and,
also used
we see

Cithara

Fides,

the Fidis of and

Columella, who, with Pliny,

In and this
same tion conneca

Fidicnla; Pidicen,

Decachordum;
the

Tympanum.
Psalterinm;
from of the the

Lyrist;
from

Deferens

Canticum,

Song.

The
was

occasional
shown

early title Aquilaris was

fact that also

the instrument

often

hanging

the

claws

Eagle

imagined

in its

stars.

In Greece of the Greek

it was

KiOdpa;
and

the ancient

the Qopfiiyi-,

first stringedinstrument the KarotpepTJf, Pendent

bards;

Avpa

or

Avprj, and

Avpa

Lyre.
Ovid

mentioned

its

seven

stringsas equaling
in his

the

number

of the
:

Pleiades

Longfellow confirming

this number

Occultation

of Orion

with
Its chords The of

its celestial keys,

air, its frets of fire, great Aeolian

Samian's

Lyre,
bars,

Rising through all its sevenfold

From earth
unto

the fix"d stars.

Still it has

been the

shown

with but

six,and
to two

vacant

space Pleiad.

for the

seventh, which

Spence,
and

in

Pblymttis^ referred
to

the

Lost

Manilius

seems
"

have
we

made do
not

distinct their

constellations

of

this,
"

Lyra
is

Fides,

although
Hafiz

know
to

boundaries,

and

the

subject

somewhat The

confused

in his allusions called it the ; the

it. of Zurah, and

his countrymen this into Al
lated trans-

Persian

Lyre

KiOdpa
which
and

by $anj Bnmi
and others

Arabians

turning
centuries

Sanj, from
Assemani
The repro-

Hyde

derived

Asange, Asenger,Asanges, Asangue,Sangue,

in

Meeanguo,
that

all titles for

Lyra

Europe

ago.

But

thought

these

were

from

Schickard's

Azzango,

Cymbal.

282

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
while
Reduan's

duced turned and In but which

Alfonsine
into the

Tables and
more

of

1863-67
in the

give Alsanja;
translation
as

Sanj

was

again

Arnig
still

Aznig

of been

Commentary,
Ideler.

into

unlikely Brinek, Lyra

was

has
na

explained by
the

Bohemia
the Teutons

our

Hauriicky Harapha,

Bebi,
the

Fiddle

in the
as

Sky;

knew of the

it

as

and

Anglo-Saxons

Heaipe,

Fortunatus

6th the that

called the century, the poet-bishop of Poitiers,

barbarians'

Harpa.
the has

With
said

early Britons
it
was

it

was

Talyn Arthur, Harp

; but

that hero's

Harp.
that it

Novidius
was

King

David's

JuliusSchiller,
but this
to

Manger
been

of the

Infant

Saviour, Praeaepe Salvatorii.

the

Jugum
was

from wrongly applied to it,

or

Zvyov

of Homer,
no

for

the

Yoke,

Cross-bar,
Homer
use

of the

instrument, with
did
not

reference

the

constellation,which
Zvyo"fia
was

probably
for it

know

; still the

equivalent

in

frequent
fancied

by Hipparchos.
been
current

Sundry
Acosta of
occur

other

figures have
as

for these

stars.

mentioned

them of

Ram Urcnohillay, the parti-colored ancient Peruvians Arabic and

common

in

charge

the

heavenly
with

flocks and

the

Albegala
Baghl,
a

and

Albegalo
although

Bayer

Riccioli,like the
is
not

AI Nasr

Mule,

their f

appropriateness
Dik

obvious;
the

al Din

wrote

of a, f, and
; this
was

as collectively

Paye
Greek

among

people

of

Persia nomad scribe's

the

Xvrpd-rrovc,or
Chirka,
also

tripod,and
to

the al the but

as

Uthflyyah
was,

of the
some as

Arabs.
error

attributed
this and

Nasr
on

Din,

by

for

fiazaf, figured in
with
a

location
two to

Dresden
on

globe

circular
a

vessel

flat bottom

handles; Assemani,
stars

the

Borgian
perhaps

it is

monly comScroll,

known,
The

according
of

Rabesoo.
a

association
of the
or

Lyra's
and,
in

with

bird

originatedfrom
India,
"

conception
an

figure current
;

for millenniums

in ancient

that of

Eagle
this
"

Vulture
there

Akkadia,
with
"

of

the But

great storm-bird
the Arabs'

Urakhga

before al the
o,

was

identified

Corvus.

Al Hair title,
Stone

WakiV

Chilmead's

Alvaka,

referringto
to

the

swooping

Eagleof
the group

Desert, generally has been

e,

attributed with
our

the

configuration of
contrast

" which

shows

the

bird

half-closed

wings, in
smaller

to

Al Hur
y,
on

al

Ta'ir,1 the

Flying Eagle,
the from which

Aquila, whose
the

stars, p and
the

either Al

side of a, indicate al

outspread wings. Scaligercited

came

synonymous
and

Nasr

Sakit,

ffessrasakat

of

Bayer

Sean-

aakito
Al

of Assemani.

Sufi,alone

of extant
wrote

Arabian
as

authors,

called

it Al

Iwaiz,

the

Goose. and it has

Chrysococca
been
1

of it the
few

Tut/*KaOfjuevog,the SittingVulture,
and
Arab
an

Aquila marina,
are

Osprey,
in

Falco
astronomy
animate

the sylvestrifl,
where
more

Wood
than
one

Falcon.
star
"w

These

two

of

the

instances
to

utilized

represent

object.

284

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Shalyak
the former and
as

in the Alfonsine Tables

for the

and

other

bygone

lists;

Sulahfit,words

Tortoise, Ulug

Beg's

translator

having
words

Shely"k,which
on chapter were

Piazzi
the into

repeated in
;
"

his

catalogue ; Salibak, which

Arabic in the

heads
to XeAvc.

Kazwini's

Lyre

Ideler and

tracingthese
Zuliaca
The
:

They
all these lestudo
;

turned

Azulafe

originalAlfonsine Tables, and

of 151 5 combines cadens
:

Sehaliaf in
for figures

Chilmead's

Treatise.

Almagest
et est

Lyra's
of 155
1

stars

in its Allore

Vultur

et est

while that

says

Lyrae Testndo.
the

But, notwithstanding
the coins
name

singularlydiverse
been

conceptions
the

as

to

its character, Roman

generally has
bear and

Lyra,
does

and
one

figure so

shown.

stillin existence
in the

it thus, as

from this
same

place birthDelos, Apollo's

Cyclades;
on

Cilician money
The of

had

design with
has* the the

the head

of

Aratos

the with

obverse.
side bars

Leyden

Manuscript
similar shows had base
"

conventional

instrument,

splendid
of

horns with
a

issuing from

tortoise-shell
it Luraas

base; the Venetian

well
as

Hyginus
the
nor

1488,
of

figure,calls
an

Lyra

; but

drawing
in modern

Hevelius
ever

instrument
Durer's north.

which
tration, illus-

neither

in ancient
as

times

existence."
towards
next to

well
on

as

others, places it with

western

the

the

Lyra
neck of

is

the

edge

of the

Milky

Way,
48
stars
as

Hercules, with the

to

Cygnus
to

on

the

east, and

contains

according
one

Argelander,
regions

69 according

Heis.
of stars

Its location

is noted

of

the

various

of concentration
a

with

banded

spectra, Secchi's
of that radiate of
our

3d type, showing
sun.

stage
From

of

development probably
its *,
meteors

in advance of
at

near

50

southwest
are

Wega,

the

swiftlymoving
on

Lyraids, the 19th

month
comet

which

their maximum
in lesser been

of appearance from
as

the

and
to
1

20th the of
1

of

April,but
of

visible These

degree

the

5th

of that of the

10th 86
1.

May.

have

identified

followers

azure

Lyra,

like

woman's

eye,

Burning

with

soft blue

lustre.
The Scholar

Willis'

qf

Tfubtt

ben

KhormL

0L9

0.3,

pale sapphire.
the

Wega,
Waki'

less

correctly Vega, originated in Arabs, Bayer

; and

Alfonsine

Tables

from

the

of the vel

having

both

Waghi; titles; Scaliger,

in the

Riccioli,

Vnega
The

Vagieh
turned
Latin

Assemani, Veka.
it Avpa,

Greeks

called

which,

and 16th-century Almagests Alohore.

Tables, was Among

into Allore, Alahore, and

writers it
was

Lyra,

in

classical

days

as

seen in later,

in

The

Constellations

285
"*
vocatur

the

Almagest

of

1551

as

Fulgens
dicta

quae

in testa
;

est

Lyra
Fidis
its

and

in

FlamsteecTs for the

Testa
as

julgida

Lyra

but

Cicero and
so

also

used

specially

star,

did

Columella

and the

Pliny Fides usurpation of

Fidicula,
many

preeminent
of

brightnessfullyaccounting for
indeed titles,

of its constellation's

undoubtedly originating them. Harp-ftar.

made much of

In

Holland's

translation

Pliny it
The

is the

Romans

it,for
It
was

the

beginning
this star

of their autumn the hour

was

dicated inof

by
was rising

its

morning setting.
to, called
forth reference of ancient

that, when
"

its

alluded

Cicero's
to

remark,

Yes,

if the edict

allows

it,"
"

contemptuous
with the
course

Caesar's in the

ference arbitrary, yet sensible, interreformation of in the his

time
as

calendar,

an

interference

that reform

occasioned
1

much

dissatisfaction

day

as

did

Pope Gregory's Sayce

of of it:
At and time

in the in

16th

century.
senger Mes-

identifies

Wega,
a

Light,

name

Babylonian astronomy, with Dilgan, the also applied to other and Brown stars;

writes

one

Vega

was

the

Pole-star

called

in

Akkadian

Tir-anna

("

Life

of
seat

Heaven
therein

")"
;

in

Assyrian Daymn-aame
millenniums

(" Judge
have

of Heaven

"),

as

having

the

highest

but

fourteen

passed since Wega

e

occupied
Chin

that

position! Spinning
over

The

Chinese
or

included

it with
at Sister,

and end

" in their
of the

Veu,

the

Damsel,

the
"

Weaving Aquila,
a

one

Magpies' Bridge
at

the
the and

Milky Way,
Japan,

their
one

Cow
not

Herdsman,

being
China,

the also

other;
in

but

story, although
is told

popular
many

only

in of

but

Korea

with

variations, parts

Cygnus

sometimes

being

troduced. in-

These
most

same

three

stars

were

the

20th

nakshatra, Abhijit,Victorious, the

and far out of the
or,

northern

of these utilized
to

stellar

divisions
in this

moon's
as

path, but
says, the

apparently
because
had it

bring

splendid object ;
for under the

Mueller

was

of the

speciallygood
Asuras;
these of Greece. in some, and

omen,

its influence
Hindu
one

gods

vanquished
to

last It
was

being
the

divinities of evil,
of that of the their

similar

the

Titans

doubtful in others from

country's
lists in all

lunar stations, included

ages manzii
1

but

omitted

of

their
and

astronomy,

entirely different
in

corresponding
figured it
the Old
: a

sieu, which
refused and made
to

lay

Capricorn.
till 175a,

The
when

Hindus they abandoned 14th,

were

as

The
of

English

adopt
made

this reform
the

Style

on

the 2d

September,
"

succeeding
great

day September
and

New

Style

change,
in
quence conse-

however, that
The of the of eleven

was

under

very

opposition,

there

violent persons

riots
were

in different

parts of the country,

was
'

especially at
back
our

Bristol, where
for

several

killed. been

cry

populace days."

Give

us

fortnight/

they supposed

they

had

robbed

286 Triangle, or marking

Hewitt the its

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
aquatic plant Cringata,Wega
it marked
was

as

the

three-cornered with the

nut

of the

junction
that
was

adjoining "ravana.
it
was

says
"

in

Egypt
to

Ma
b.

at, the Vulture-star, when

c.

pole,
time
b.

this

12000

1 1000

(!),
"

and

Lockyer, long
so

that it

the
to

orientation
the 7000

point
when y
one

of

some

of

the
a

temples
Ursae

at

Denderah
were

antecedent
"

Draconis of the

and oldest

Majoris by

used,

probably
with

c,

"

dates

claimed

him

in connection

Egyptian temple worship. Owing

far the from the 20'
to

it will precession,
the whole
as

be

the

Polaris of about
of successive 14300 and

11500

years

hence, by
then

in brightest
exact

circle
was

and pole-stars, years Herr ago. In

4)2"
it was
it

point,
Sun's

it

about Boss

1880

510
the

distant
of the

Professor

Lewis

Stumpe

place near

Apex
Picard

Way.
to

failed in his efforts

that he had

obtain

its in

parallax

in the

17th

century, but

Struve
to

thought

succeeded

this by his
recent

observations

previous
Elkin,

1840;

still much gave earth

discrepancy exists
o".oo,2 ; or,
the
sun

in the

determinations.

in

1892,
the

it

as

to

put it in popular language, if the distance

as one

from be
some

to

be

regarded

foot, that
about of At

from

Wega
away,

would used for

158
be

miles.

The

ioth-magnitude companion,
to

48"

of these
seen

determinations, is entirely independent

the

it, although difficult

least
two

to

owing
the the

great
have

of Wega. brilliancy found.

to
on

other still

fainter

companions
was

also

been

This
process,

first star

submitted

the the

camera,

by

the

daguerreotype
after Sinus,

at
on

Harvard
western

Observatory edge
of the of the
stars

17th

of

July, 1850.
and, figure,
of the

It lies is the
most

the

constellation

prominent
all
to

showing
but than
our

spectra
the
sun,

Sirian type; Still it is

yet, with

its be

splendor, enormously

affords

i
our

of

latter's and
at

light

supposed
much miles
a

larger
toward
"

very proportionately

hotter.

It

is

moving
makes

system

the in

rate

of about

9*2
sphere hemi-

second,
to
an

and

the

nearest
"

approach
while
Miss its

the

northern

independently
the

blue of

star

justifies flashing brilliancy

strangely called it

its

being
Wega

called

Arc-light

the

sky.
north

Mitchell

pale yellow.
rises at
at
some

sunset

far toward of every

the

on

the

1st

of the

May, and, being

year, of is
an

visible
and

hour

clear

night throughout
It

easy

favorite
e

object

of observation.
one

culminates
several

on

the

12th

August.
one

With
"

and

f it formed
while

of the

Arabs'

Athafiyy, this
often

being
and

of

the

people,"
"

the

others, fainter, in
"

Aries, Draco,
are

Musca,
very

Orion,
them

were
are

of the

astronomers
to

for

sky objects

to plain

that

invisible

the

ordinary

observer.

The

Constellations

287
very

p, Variable

and

binary,
are

3.4

to

4.5,

white.

Sheliak, Shelyak,
names

and

Shiliak
star

from 8"

Al

Shily"k, one
from

of the

Arabian

for from

Lyra.
y.
1

The

lies about

southeast

Wega

and

2*4"

west

With The

"5 and

it

was

Tsan

Tae

in China.

changes period

detected in its brilliancy, from

by
to

Goodricke and

in 1784,
showed
a

were

fully

by Argelander investigated

1840
now

1859,
is
12

creasing regularlyinwith several

which of variability somewhat and

days, 21^ hours,

the

fluctuations Like
y
"

of

complex
other best also

nature.

Cassiopeiae perhaps
dark

variables of

of

Sirian type, it shows

"

in its

spectrum,
the and usual

the

specimen
the

Pickering's4th class,
of

not

only
the

lines,but

bright lines

glowing
these

gases,

hydrogen
from the
common

helium

conspicuous. being especially

and

Pickering concluded,
lines,that
a

character singular
star must

behavior

in the luminous

shiftingof
bodies
of

chief

consist
of

of at least two
a

rotatingaround
three

centre
a

gravity at
"

very

great rate

speed, perhaps

hundred

miles

second, the period of revolution

Scheiner equaling the period of variability.

more

says of in the
recent

it,
case

There of 0

is great

that probability

than be

two

bodies

are

concerned of the of

Lyrae*'; and
at

yet it may

not

impossible,in view
that lines.1

discoveries
may be

the

Johns

Hopkins

Laboratory,
of shifting

variations

pressure

concerned

in this remarkable

T"

3-3,

bright yellow,
another of the

2)4"

east

of 0

is

Sulafat,from
for

titles of

the

whole

stellation. con-

Jugum,
the
a

formerly
where of the

seen

it,may

have

come

from
to

misunderstanding
star's

of

Bayer'stext,
on

it probably is used

merely being
of ad much
y

designate the
cornu,

position
lugum,

frame

Lyre,
the

his words

dextrutn

Zvyov,

"

fair
a

example

of

indefiniteness from

of his stellar nomenclature. wonderful

At

point }i
C.

of the 57

distance

0
in
was

to

is the

Ring Hetrala,
from

NT. G.

6720,

M., discovered
annular In form
our

1772
not

by

Darquier

Toulouse,
Sir William form
what some-

although
Herschel's

its apparent observations.

at

revealed

till later show

by

day high-powers
a

its oval
centre

undefined
a

the

edges,

with

dark

opening
only

in the in the

containing

fow

very

faint in

stars, among

which,
is
a

visible

largesttelescopes,
of

but

prominent
1 A

photographs,

central

condensation
in

lightlike
for

star.

full and

interesting discussion

of this appears

Popular Astronomy

July, 1898.

288
The

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
is

spectrum
oval

of
to

nebula
us, it is

and

central
to

"

star

"

purely
small

gaseous.
seen

Although

appearing
It is the
are

supposed
known.

be

but nearly circular,

obliquely.

only

annular
now

nebula

visible

through

although telescopes,

there

six others

S
,

or 2

Fl. 4,
or

Binary,

4.6

and

6.3,
and

yellow
both

and

ruddy

"
,

Fl. 5,

Binary,
Double
two

4.9

5.2,

white.

These

are
a

the

celebrated of
over common

Double,
hundred

each years,

pair probably separately

and both if so, the

revolving in revolving
to

period

pairs perhaps
the
b period

around

their

centre

of

gravity; but
measures

be

reckoned
no

only by millenniums,
orbital

for the is

of

last

fifty years
of the

show kind

sensible

motion.

This

by

far the

finest

object

in all the
are

heavens.
to

They
but

207" apart, and,

the

ordinary eye,
them

form

an

elongated star;
The
are pairs

exceptionallysharp sight will

and will each of

resolve
a

without

aid.

3". 2
of 140 e1 is

and 2/;.45 apart respectively,

separate
and

pair.

The

good 2^-inch glass with a power positionangle of the components of

that of c1 and
the

120;

of those

e2, 1320;
was

while

t2 is 1730.

Their

"double-double

"character

first

published by

Jesuitfather

Christian
to

Mayer
William The

in 1779, Herschel. distance

although

its

discovery has generally been

"2,small
"

attributed

Sir

between in

e1 and
"

as

it is, is
the

nearly twice
and

that noticed

by

astronomers, the
a

1846,

128"
a

between

actual

the

computed
them of the

positionsof
existence Such
of is the

planet Uranus,
remote

discrepancy
and led

which
to

convinced

stillmore

planet
modern very

the

discovery of Neptune.
measurements

marvelous these
stars
are

nicety of
lie three the

astronomical much

Between

two fainter,

of

which, of the
of
Sir

13th magnitude,
Herschel,
e

DebiliMima,
in

Excessively Minute,
the
were

John

discovered
an

by

him

1823.
sides about
one

and

f form
at

equilateral triangle with Wega, angle.

These three
stars

20 long;

being

the

northern

of

the

Athafiyj

of the
fj9
a

early Arabs. 4.4-magnitude, is

the
star

Aladfar

in the

the
same

Century Atlas, by

some

confusion

with

\l\ and

with
Palace

0, of

brilliancy, was,
Al
fainter

in China, Leen

Taou,

Paths the

within

the

Grounds.
was

fit of

5th magnitude,
which he

Kazwini's
as

Athfar,
star

the front

Talons of the

Falling Eagle),
one,
1.

described

in

(ofthe bright

e.

west

of

Wega.

The

Constellations

289

(gUc"ma ""?ectt\ca,
one

of

Bode's With

constellations
him call it
was

of 1800, lies south

of and

the

central

portion

of

Cetus. the

the Elektrisir

Machine

Machine

Electrique;

Italians
now

it Machina

Elettrica.
from the maps and

It is

generally omitted

catalogues.

(Jtticrottojrium,
formed

by

La

Caille and
to

although
meridian In German Ideler's its

small

of Piscis Australis, Capricornus and west unimportant,contains sixty-ninestars, varying in magnitude south of lucida

from in

4.8

7, the

being
due

01.

The of 0
an

constellation

comes

to

the

September, nearly
work he of thus

south

Aquarii.
early figure referred to,
as

perhaps including it,was vicinity,

astronomical

in

1564

from

Frankfurt,

Neper,

the

Auger,

Bohrer,
situated the
at

which

described:

It head

is of

the

tail

of
on

Sagittarius and
the iron three.

Capricornus,

and

has

many

stars.

At

the

Neper

two, and

Brown volume of

alludes

to

it

as as

an

unknown from
a

object,and
German les

illustrates

it in the 47th
of the this
:

Archaeologia
but

astronomical

manuscript
Monoceros

15th
same

century;

Flammarion,
mentions
du

in

"toi/es" probably referring to

as

manuscript, thus
II
est

Neper,
Neper
ou

the

predecessorof
n'est
autre

question

de

la constellation

Foret, qui

que

la Licorne.

t#e (Unicom, (JttonoceroB,

das
corno two

Einhorn
in

in

Germany,
the the and

la

Licorne
but

in

France,

and
vacant

il Unicomo

or

Liothe it

Italy, lies in

large

comparatively
the

field between

Dogs, Orion,
l9

Hydra,

celestial equator

passing through

290 lengthwise from

head
Its of

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
animal, justbelow the
title Cernu.

the

Belt

of Orion

to to

the it the

tail of the

Hydra.

Proctor

assigned

alternative
of the

4.6-magnitude S, or
is
modern Bartschius

Fl. 15, marks

the head

facingtowards figure,
first

the west. This

charted of much
a

constellation,generally supposed
as

to

have say

been

by

Unioornu
the south latter

; but

Olbers

and

Ideler
to

that itwas

earlier "the
on
a

formation,
Horse

quoting
Twins

allusions
and the

in it,
n

the work of and

1564,
found

as

other Persian

of the

Crab

Scaliger

it

sphere.
of it with the still earlier

Flammarion's
been mentioned

identification under
seems

Neper

has

already

Microscopium.
to

Monoceros asterisms
the It
112,
"

have Four

no

star

named, individually Canals;

Kwan

but and

the Chine*

Sze

Mh,

the all

Great

Kew;

Wae

Choo,

Outer

Kitchen,
66

lay within
stars

its boundaries.

contains and located

to

naked-eye

according
its many

to

Argelander,

"

Heis says
as

is

interestingchiefly from
in the the

and telescopicclusters,

being
It

Milky Way.
in of

comes

meridian
Fl. 30,

February,

due

south

from

Procyon.

a, the

lucidayis

3.6 magnitude.

(Jtton* (JtUenafti*,
at

the

feet of Bootes, Sobiescianum

was

formed this title

names.

by Hevelius,

and

published
those
of

in his Firm-

mentum

coinciding with
It is
as

lar stelneighboring

groups

bearing
Mons
astronomer

Arcadian
"

sometimes, although incorrectly, suggested,

Plutarch. the after andrian the Alexand

given
The

as

Menelaus,

perhaps,
to

Smyth

referred know
a

by Ptolemy

Germans has

it

as

the

Berg

Menalus
of

; and

Menrto. as Italians,
as

Landseer

strikingrepresentation
and of its

the

Husbandman,

he

styles
A possible

Bootes, with

sickle

staff, standing origin

may be

on

this constellation found Times in

:

figure.

explanation
Essays
The
on

what

Hewitt

writes in his

the

Ruling
thence who
to

Races

of Prehistoric
up the

Sun-god
the

climbed is reach

mother-mountain
old traditional of the

of the

Kushika

race

as

the

stellation con-

Hercules,

depicted
the

in the

pictorial astronomy
now

as

climbing
thu"

painfully up
attain the

hill

constellation
was

Tortoise,
from
10000

called 8000
B.

Lyra, and
c.

polar star Vega,

which

the

polar

star

to

292

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings

tfle QXtuecAQjJoreafte, (Jtortfcrn $%,

the the small Italian Houzeau who called group of

3^the

to

sth-magnitude
Mouche,
to

stars

over

the

back

of the Ram, is

Motoa,

French

and

the

German but

Fliege.
others Bee
;
to

attributed

its formation
the

Habrecht,
also

Bartschius,

it

Vespa,
the

Wasp,

although
that it this

Apis, the being

the

ther furand, still the

changing
the flies, heathen

figure,wrote

represented Beel-sebul,
insect
the Scarabaeus.
we owe

god of
of that

Phoenician

Baal-zebub;
at

ideograph
La Lande's

divinity,varied
is
a

times

by
To

Apes
can

probably
not

typographical error.
it is thus has

whom Flamsteed in
some

its present of

title I

learn;
The

but

given
been the

in the

Atlas

178

1.

constellation
not

retained

popular astronomical
nor

worts

although
Ptolemy
Its the the
star

figured by
the British

scientific

Argelander, Heis,
of his

Klein,nor

recognized in

Association in the 33,

Catalogue.
five 35,
or

included

its stars

dfiop^roi
and 39 of

Kptdc,
were

the Ram.
common to

chief

components,

Fl. 41,

Aries,
"

28th

nakshatra, Barani, Bearer,

the

Apha They
But do

Barani,
Fl.

Yama,

the the

ruler of

spiritworld, being
towards
the nakshatra and the

presiding divinity ;
Krittika. Britain.
the

35

being

junction
or

also formed
as

the sie u Oei

Wai,

ancientlyVij ;
location Aries.
was

manzil
e.

these

Chinese
with

and Arabic
the

titles, signifyingBelly, 1.
of Al the

of

Ram,
a

not

coincide
the of the

present

stars,

we

may

infer

change Bright
same

from One

earlier drawingsof
Little

Tizini's
41,
a

ffa'ir al Butain, the

These the

ably probBelly,
were

3.6-magnitude.
station

stars, p being added,

the

the Fa-

Persian

lunar the

Pish

Parvii,
and formed
on

Sogdian Barv,
the of the

Khorasmian

rankhand,
Flamsteed's Musca Instead

Forerunners,
35,
to

the

Coptic Koleon,
another the

Belly, or Scabbard.

41,
comes

and the

39

Arabs'

Athaflyy. Lily, le
Lil orle

meridian

17th

of December.

of

the

Fly, Royer
the maps. French

figured here,
coat

in but

1679,

the

Fleur
of the

de Lis, with
books and

of

arms,

this has

out entirelypassed

f" (Ttt$f 0*f, (TtorfuA,

has been added

by
the

some

modern upon

to

the the

already overweighted Hydra.

extreme

I1

is shown

by

Burritt
on

perched

of tail-tip Scale.

that

but figure,

encroaching

boundary

of the

Southern

The

Constellations

293
but Solitaire, neither

Its location of these

formerly
is
now

was

occupied by

Le

Monnier's

asterisms

recognized.

"mf tfye (Itormd et (Regufa,

was originally

dnb

Square,
and

composed
of the

of

some

unformed

stars

of Ara

Lupus, within

the

branches the

Milky Way,
Caille
to

just

north and

Southern

Triangle
La

of Theodor its present

came Apus ; but later it beBayer. According to Ideler, of and

to it

it was
of

altered

by

form,

associated
on

with

Pair

Compasses,
and

the

constellation
Centaur.

Circinus,next
Modern

the

north, adjoining
call it the

the fore

feet of the locate

astronomers,

however,
to

simply
of

Norma,
and

it as

an

entirelydistinct
Quadra

constellation

north

adjoining the Triangle. given

edition of
Houzeau
as

It is sometimes
as

Euclidis, Euclid's

Square, not Quadrant

has

it often
The

is

translated. incorrectly
Flamsteed's of Atlas the
same e

French and

of

1776

it
but and

as

Niveau,
in in France

the it

Level;
now

cites Libella la

meaning; Squadra;
4.6
about and

is

et l'"querre
or

Bftgle; in Italy,Riga

Germany,

Lineal
Norma
none

Winkelmass.
contains
to

64 naked-eye stars, from

named. south

to

7th magnitudes, but

the
so

seem

be

They
from the

culminate
star

4th
are

of

July, their only

in

northern low La In

limit

15"

Antares,

visible

latitudes.

Caille's
Norma

Normae

lies within in

the

present limits of
nova

our

Scorpio.
by
Mrs.
at

appeared
on
a

1893

7th-magnitude
taken
on

detected

Margaret Fleming
Special interest
of the
nova

photograph
to

the

1st

of

July

the

Harvard

station Observatory's

near

Arequipa, although it never

it from
the

was

observed. visually with kind that covered. dis-

attaches of

identityof
the

its spectrum of their

Aurigae

the

preceding year,
stars at

first two

The

appearance
as

of
Clerke

two

new

such

short

interval had been

is also

ticeable, no-

Miss of

says

that

only

about

eighteen

recorded
as cent re-

since the

days
the

Hipparchos
down
to

; Professor ; but

Young
than

reducing

this to eleven in
camera

known certainly years,

1892
are

observers known

have

greatlyincreased
the

heavens

better

formerly, and

i9"

294
shows what the

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
telescope, cannot,
The
"

eye,

aided

even

by

the best

all factors

in the

problem
few

of the

detection of

of these

strangers.
the

photographs retain
is practically

impressions of thousands
limited
to
a

stars, while

visual

observer

hundred.

f$e (JlUgdfamc Cfouta, (ftuBecufae (SUgeffani,

were

the

Cape Clouds
seen as

of the

earliest
neared

navigators,being
the

the

prominent
Hope;
took and and but

enly heavafter
tained re-

objects Magellan
his
" signifies

they
and

Cape

of

Good

became
name.

noted The

fully described
word is the

them, they
of

have

Latin

diminutive

nudes,

literally

the

Little Clouds."
alluded of the
to

Miss
the been

Mitchell

them

as

the

Magellan Patches
but the in
near

; and
term

Smyth,as
the

Sacks

of Coals
to

English navigators; darkly

vacant

latter the

has generally
near

applied
and

spaces and
to
one

Milky Way
Robur

Northern

the

Southern
seems

Cross,
to

the

Carolinum.
were

Although Bayer
thus mentioned

have

been

the

first to Decades
:

figure them, they

by

Peter

Martyr

in Eden's

Coompasinge
the
same,

abowte

the

poynt

thereof, they myght

cloudes here and cauled

see

throughowte
amonge Lactea

al the heaven the starres,

about
unto

certeyne shynynge
are seene

whyte
tracte

there

like

theym
waye:

whiche

in the

of heaven

via, that is the mylke whyte

and

by
sawe

Corsali

[We]
of the in

manifestly

twoo

clowdes

of and
ever now

reasonable

bygnesse
which

movynge

abowt

the

place

pole continually now

movynge, with frome .xi.

rysynge
a

faulynge, so myddest

keepynge theyr
is turned

continuall
abowt

course

circular

starre

in the

with them

abowte

degrees
is y

the

pole.

This

star

Hydri,
to

3.2-magnitude red, Polynesian

as

now

15"

from

the the

pole.
clouds

According
the

Ellis, the

Islanders

called and

lUhn,

Mist, distinguishingthem
natives
Russell's of the

Upper

and

Lower;
their in

Gill, in
similar

his storiesoi

Hervey

group, taken
at

cited

somewhat

photographs,
each in with his
two

Sydney
of

1890,

show

them
as
"

Hga MafL to be spiral

William
of stars,

in formation, Whewell clusters

of
wrote

centres

condensation, and,
of

Doctor
masses

Plurality of Worlds, composed regular

and and irregular,

stars, nebulae

nebulous

streaks and

The

Constellations

295
the been of

patches."
the up

The
"

space

around

them

is very

blank, especiallyin

case

Minor,
and

as

if the cosmical
in these
serve

material

in the

neighborhood
of the

had

swept

garnered they

mighty groups."
show the

Together
of
a

to

location
which the

pole, marking
the

two

angles

of nearly equilateraltriangle,

polar point is

third.

10e greater Cfoud, Q}u6ecufaQgiajor,

Hubes

Major
and in lies

with the the

Royer,

is the

Italian

tfube

Maggiore,
Mons the

the

French

Grand

Vuage,
It south square Cloud contains Al and

German

Gtomo

Wolke.
Dorado and in

constellations
an

Mensae,

200

from

the

pole, covering

irregular space
of its intensity

sky

of
to

about that of

forty-two
the Lesser it

degrees
and 291

; but

the

lightis inferior 582

Ox,
but

is obliterated

by

the

full

moon.

According
stars.

to

Flammarion,

distinct nebulae, 46 clusters, and

it
as

Sufi

mentioned
from

Al

Bakr,
or

the

White

of

the

southern from the Ideler

on

Arabs,

invisible Strait
this
as

Baghdad,
al

northern in 120
"

Arabia, 15'

visible

parallel
lated trans-

of the

of Babd the

Mandab,
of

of north

latitude.
a

Oxen

Tehama,

Tehama

being
and

province
Volans

the

Red

Sea

; this

title

probably
combined

includes
it with

the

companion

cloud. Piscis in his biblical

Julius

Schiller

Dorado

figure Abel

the Just

i0e feeeeer "foud, "uBecufa (gttnor,

Babes Minor
of the the with

Royer, is
and

the

Vube KLeine

Minore Wolke with

of of

the the

Italians, the
Germans.

Petit
It lies

Huage
within

French,
of

the and

borders

Hydrus

Tucana,

which

Julius Schiller

ioned fash-

it into the

archangel Raphael.
Flammarion,
about devoid
ten

According
stars, and
space

to

it contains square

37

nebulae,

and clusters,

200

covers

degrees, the
as

immediately surrounding
Herschel
"

being
to

almost

of

stars, or,
to

Sir
on

John

wrote,
a

"

most

oppressively desolate," and

Close

access

it
k

all sides

is

through
centre

desert."
con-

it,between
vacancy date.
of

r\ 2400

Hydri
to

and
2000

Tucanae,
c,

is the the

of the of the

stellational

b.

marking

place

south

pole

of that

296

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings

Hie Sub

vertex

nobis

semper
atra

sublimis;

at

ilium

pedibus Styx

videt, Manesque

profundi.
Vergil's 1st Ckorgk.

Octane
now

")abfeianu0,
formed invented and in and

known in

simply

as

Octant,
the the

was

published by
1730 the

La

Caillein It

1752
is the French

recognition of
Octant,
edition

octant

by John
Italian

Hadley.

French

German Atlas

Oktant,
has it
as

Ottante.

The

of Flamsteed's
to

l'Octans
to

Inflexion.

Gould

assigns

it 88

naked-eye
of its

stars

down

the

7th magnitude; the

is

brightest,v, being only marking

away.
at

3.8 ;

but

the

constellation
a

noteworthy as

the A

south

pole,
line

5.8-magnitude
a

being

about

}"

of

degree
the

straight
distance

from the
a

Crucis

to

0 Hydri

almost

touches

pole

yi

of the

from
to

latter star.

Ancient makes mentions

references Phoebus it
as

south
to

pole
it in

are

allude
motto

his thus

ever, infrequent; Ovid, howinstructions to Phaethon ; Vergil

of

course

in

our

; Creech the lower

renders

from

Manilius

pole resemblance
shines with

bears
;

To

this

above, and

equal Stars

and

Pliny tells

us

that

the

Hindus
Polum

had

given
Dramasa

it

name,
vocant.

Dramasa,

"

Austrinum

Indi

The

heathen

Arabs, too,

seem

to

have

had

some

knowledge
a

of

for they it,

on

imagined that, like

all afflicted persons The of the

its northern who would

counterpart, it exercised
observe attentively
more or

healing power

it.

early navigators commented

heavens
knewe
;

less

correctly
wrote
:

on

the blankness

in this

region, and
there

Peter
this

Martyr

They
poynte

no

starre

lyke

unto

pole,that myght

be

decerned

aboate the

in Pigafetta,
Betweene and these

his

descriptionof
are

the

Magellanic
bigge, nor

Clouds

these,
two
are

two

starres

not
"

very

much

shyninge,

which

move

little:

the

pole Antartike,

probably
and

the

colored

stars

/3 and

Hydri

of

about

the

3d magnitude:

Camoes:
Vimos E Do
a

parte

menos

rutilante,
menos

por

falta d'estrellas

bella

polo fixo,

The

Constellations

297
his translator

which

probably
as
an

refers

to to

the the

same

thing,but
or

which

Aubertin
the the other of

claims

allusion

Coal-sack,

Soot-bag. Vespucci, on
that
"

hand, strangely
the those
stars
as

stated, in
are
.

his Lettera and he

of 1505, much
saw

the

stars
more

of

pole

south
. .

numerous,

larger and
in the southern
comment

brilliant

than

of

our

pole";
as

and

that and

sky
on

about

twenty
in

bright
"

Venus is
"

Jupiter.
of

Ideler's

Vespucci,
reliable is richer
Hall:

this connection,
!
stars

the

greater part

his

news

is of

this South

acter charin

Even

now

it is the

popular

opinion

that
in

the

than

is the

North;

Tennyson

expressing this
burning.

Locksley

Larger constellations

tfle Officind "gpogrdj"#icd, ing Office, (print

was

formed

by
east

Bode of

"

at

all events, but

first

published by
found
on

him maps

"

from of
our

stars

immediately
nor

Sirius;

it is seldom

the

day,
on

recognized by
of

astronomers,

although

Father

Secchi

inserted

it

his

planisphere
Italian
or

1878.
it as

lists have

Tipografia,and

the German

as

Buchdmoker

Presse,

Bnchdrucker

Werkatadt.

the
. .
.

length of Ophiuchus
Milton's

huge
Paradise Lost.

In

th' arctic

sky.

t"ef^etpenfdriuB, t$e Serpent*0ofber, Qpfyucfyu*

not

Ophiuohnfl Serpentarius,is
the

Ofiuco
with

with the of

the

Italians,Sohlangentrager

with

Germans,
from

and

Serpentaire
east

French. Hercules the

to

It stretches the

just

of

the

head

Scorpio,partlyin
though but, alits stars united

Milky

Way,

divided
shown with

nearly equally by
the The

celestial equator;
have

always
distinct from

Serpent,the catalogues
classical

entirely
the
two

the
a

latter.

Hyginus, however,
some

figures into
Sogdians
and

single constellation, and

Khorasmians,
did
the

early nations, especiallythe

the
stars

same,

being intermingled

in

their nomenclature.

298
The

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
the

title, original 'O0tov#o", appeared

"

in

earliest Greek
the the

astronomy

ftoyepds, toiling," being

Transliterated
as

an

adjectivalappellationin
title it
was

Phainonuna.

in

our

best in

known the

to

Latins,

but also

as

Ophiulchus, Ophiulons, Ophiultns, and, Ophiulculiu ;

Afeichius, Serpen
and tarius while the classical word 16th the

diminutive, Ophiuculn* and

itself in the

plainlyshows
and

Afeichm,

Alpheiohiuflof
first

the

17th
on

centuries.

appeared Anguifer
had

with

scholiast

Germanicus,

while Serseen

pentiger, Serpentia Lator, Serpentis Praeses,

for

and

Serpentinarius are
was

it;

as

also

the

of

Columella,

which

Angniger
Golius the

elsewhere.

Cicero

and

Manilius

the
a

peculiarAnguitenens.
one

insisted that

this
noted would

sky figure represents

for
seem

Serpent-charmer,
the the

of

Psylliof Libya,
this

their
to

skill be

in

curing
by

bites

of

poisonous

serpents; and

confirmed

constellation's

title le

Psylle in Schjei

lerup's edition
But
or
a

of Al

Sufi's work. identified with

as
"

the

Serpent-holdergenerallywas King James

and whose

'AcKktfmd^,1 Aaclepioe,
a

Aesoulapiua, whom god,"

with

I described
were

mediciner
as

after made of symbols

worship serpents
father

always
power of

associated

prudence, renovation, wisdom,

Educated
the earliest

the

discovering healingherbs.
was Chiron, Aesculapius

by his
of his

Apollo, or
he became

by
the

the

Centaur

professionand
over

ship'ssurgeon
so

of the

Argo.
of

When he
even

the
stored re-

famous

voyage the dead

:

was

skilled

in

practice that

to

life,among

these

being Hippolytus,

whom

King

James

wrote

Hippolyte. After

his

members them

were

drawin and

in

sunder

a: by foure horses, Esculapius

Neptun's request glewed

such

together

revived

him.

But and for with

several

successful
to

operations
revive
the
to

and dead

numerous

remarkable led
to

cures,

the attempt especially

the
a

Orion,
Jove

Pluto, who
strike

feared

continuance thunderbolt

of and
was

his

kingdom,
among

induce
the

Aesculapius

put him
associated

constellations.
the
;

The Hercules
1

figurealso
and
to

with

Caecius, Inferno

Blinding One, slainby

indeed, it is said
that the

celebrated
Greek

by

Dante
was a

in the
lineal
Works

According
Doctor

tradition, he
in his

ancestor

of the

great physician Hippocrates;

and
A

Francis

Adams,

Genuine
a

of Hippocrates, writes:
of bis forefathers, up
to

genealogical table,professing to give

to
us

list of

names

Aesculapius, has been

tnw

mitted

from

remote

antiquity
Chiliads

This

list, from from

the

of

Tretzes his

of
son

our

iath Pod al in

century,
us,

makes with of

Hippocrates
his

the

15*

in

descent
an

Aesculapius
as

through
as a

who,
walls

brother

Machaon.

vis

army

surgeon,
name

well

valiant
were

fighter before
continued
in

the the

Troy.
an

The

and

the

profession

Asclepiadae,

order

of

cians priest-physi-

long noted

in Greece.

300 standing
Hyginus Bayer
on

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
his

the

Scorpion
has
to
a

and

holding
similar

the

Serpent in
Grus said
aut
was or

hands;

and

the

of

1488

somewhat

representation.
Ciconia
from the
on

added
,

his titles for

Ophiuchus
he of
a

SerpenAcum
Moors, but
a

inscription* Elhagut,
Ideler asserted
was

insistens,which
from
a

drawing
customary
a

Crane,
and

Stork,

Turkish
of 1551

planisphere instead
alludes be the
to

of
as

the
were

figure;

the All

Almagest

Ciconia
to

if it

well-known

title.
was

this,perhaps, may

traced

ancient

India,

whose

mythology
would

and largelyastronomical,

Adjutant-bird, Ciconia
Soma,
so

arga/a, prominent
its devotees

in

worship
be

as

the typifying in

moon-god

that

only

following custom
Hill writes:

locatingit among Although this

Out the
of the
sun

the is not

stars.
one

of the

zodiac

twelve,

Mr.

Royal
16th
are

days, twenty-five
in sixteen

from

the
Libra in

21st to

of

November

to

the nine

of

December,
in the

which

spends

passing from

Sagittarius,only

spent

Scorpion.

the other

being occupied

passing through Ophiuchus.

of the this the

Thus, according
zodiacal

to

his idea
than

boundaries,
But

actuallyis more
boundaries
are

of

constellation

is the

Scorpion.

very

variouslygiven by uranographers. Argelander

It
we was

enumerates

in it 73 that

naked-eye stars, and

a. d.

Heis
second

113.
nova

in

Ophiuchus
At least the 10th

appeared,
first other

123, that

the of

of which 134
b. c,

have

reliable

record, the
three

having
such

been have

Hipparchos,
in

in in

Scorpio.
1230
;

appeared

another,
on

so-called of

Kepler's Star, discovered

in the
eastern

Ophiuchus: one pupil by Kepler's

near

Brunowski,
gave of the Galileo

the

October, 1604,
for his
"

foot

0, which

opportunity
Hind

onslaught
"

upon

the

Aristotelian axiom
on

of incorruptibility
as

the heavens of the

; and

third,discovered
and

the 28th of
as

April, 1848, by
nth
or
1

4th magnitude,

still visible

of the

2th.
as

Citing Firmicus
II met

authority,La
au

Lande

wrote

le Bernard

nord

du

Scorpion avec
alluded
to.

Ophiuchus

but

I do

not

find

this Fox

elsewhere

tt,
Has

2.2,

sapphire.
Has
al the

alhague,
The

or

Rasalague,
Moorish
Tables

is from

Hawwa
,

the its

Head

of the

Serpent-charmer, Bayer.

the

El

Hauwe,
21

first

being
and

with only title

has original

Alfonsine

of 15

have

Rasalauge,

the

The

Constellations

301
Ras

been

variously altered
occasional
; but
"

into

Ras

Alhagas, Has
traced from Turks for the

Alhagus, Rasalange, Alhague,

Turkish
nation and the does and the title for
not
seem

al

Hangue, Rasalangne,
The

Ras

Alaghne, Rasalhagh,
has been
to

Alangue.
the
stellation con-

Azalange
a

universal

star-name

that

ble," probaArabic.

and Has al

it is

more

likelythat
has
as

the

adopted
star; and

altered

the

HayTO
Hawwa

also

been

seen

Century

Cyclopedia
though al-

mentions Kazwini
now

rarely used.
Rai,
the

cited
a

Al

Shepherd,
may
a

from
come

the

early Arabs, which,

here
to

title for y
the

Cephei,

have

from

the

adjacent
Kalb of

Raudah,
al

or

Pasture;

near-by
while

Herculis,

6"

the
the

west,

being

Rai,

the

Shepherd's Dog;
the

neighboring stars,
; and

present

Club

Hercules, marked
In China
a

Flock.
the
at

was

How,

Duke

the hand.

small

surrounding stars, Hwan

about twelve miles

Chay, a title duplicated

Its spectrum
a

those the the

in the
star

is

Sirian,and
on

is receding from
of

us

second.

It culminates

28th

July.

P"
Cebalrai, Celbalrai,
of the and

3-3"

yellow.
from the

Cheleb

are

Kalb

al

Ra'L

"

The

Heart
neous, erro-

Shepherd," which
doubtless
from is
now

Brown

gives as
of the
a,

meaning
Kalb,
of

of his

Celabrai, is
and

confusion
of in

Arabic

Heart,
Taurus

Kalb, Dog.
the

The

star

90

southeast

and

50

west

Poniatovii,

Polish Bull,

included

Ophiuchus.

T"
has been

4.3,

called
in other y
were

Muliphen,

but

I cannot

trace

it here,

although

this

title is

famous 0 and
70

parts of the sky.

Taring Ching
east

in China.
y

Ophiuchi,
is
a

of

and

in

the

stars

of
a

the

Polish of

Bull, now
about

carded, dis-

most

binary system, interesting

component
stars
are

with
4.1

period
6.1

eightyit
a

eight years.
and

The in the

of

and

magnitudes, yellow
6". 7; in

purple

color, their distance

varying
Its

from

to i/;.7

1898

was

and 2//.o5,

position angle lightyears,

invisible
and

2800.

parallax,o". 16,

indicates show

tance disthat

of twenty

certain

in motion irregularities

there may

be

an

companion.

302

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings

5,
is Ted

2.8,
two

deep yellow,
stars

Prior,

the

Former

of the

in the

Hand,

"

the

Arabic

Tad,
It

"

with originating sometimes

It
was

Bayer, adopted by Flamsteed, and

Jed.
a

now

common.

is

written

Leang,

Mast,

in China.

S, Ted

3.8,
or

red.
found modem

Posterior, the
was

star

Behind,

is Following, "?,

on

our

but lists, In and

not

given by Bayer.
Tsoo,
the
name

China
some

it other

was

of have
rj

one

of

the

feudal

states

and,

with

stars, is said

to

formed

Hwan
and
a,

Chay.
and "J,
e

The

two

stars

Yed,

with al

f and

Ophiuchi
the

of

Serpens,
Line the of

stituted con-

the

Vasak

Yamaniyy,
here and The Hercules
stars

Southern
a

Boundary
of al

the
;

Raudah,
other
or

or

Pasture,
in

which

occupied
between

large portion
the

heavens

stars

Ophiuchus
Boundary.
Al

forming
within

Vasak
two

Shiiniyyah,
marked the of the

Northern

these

Nasak the his

Raudah

itself and These

Aghnam,
were

the

Sheep
by
the

it,now
and

Club

cules. Hertwo

sheep
the

guarded
of

Shepherd
and Hercules. of

Dog,

lucidae
c

marking
the

heads

Ophiuchus

was

Euphratean
is said be the

Hita^-bat, the
contains
a

Man

Death.

Coincidently,
the Hand

in of

modern

astrology,which
to

some

singular survivals,
"

Ophiuchus
6 and
v, the
e

star

'

of evil influence.'

point out
the

left hand the

was

grasping the body

the

of

the

Serpent

and

other

hand, holding
left shared in Al

tail.

", 2.8, near

It
to

knee,
with

Chinese
title

Han,
or

an

old

feudal

state.

sometimes latter star thinks Man with of

tj the

Sabik,

Preceding One,
lunar asterism
or

attached

the Brown

Tizini's

catalogue.
the Akkadian the
,

that, with
Death

e, it marked 77, 0, and

Mulu-

bat, the
tamer; the One.

; with

Persian
"/.
e.

Garafsa,

Serpentin the Evil

rj, the

Sogdian Bastham,
and

Bound,

Ophiuchus
the Head

enveloped
of

coils of

Ophis";

the

Khorasmian

Sardhiwa,

T^
is Sabik
name

2.6,

pale yellow,
included
;

with

Al be

Tizini,f Saik,
the

often

being

but

Beigel thought

that

the

should Brown

Driver.

combines it
was

rj, 6, and

f in the Akkadian
of the

Tsir, or Sir, the Snake.

states.

In

China

Sung,

another

early feudal

The

Constellations

303

%
lies on
the

34, the southwest of the

right foot,only
the
nova

little to

place

of the noted

Kepler's Star, Epping

by it
as

of

1604.
of

says

that

the

constellation 25th ecliptic

undetermined the

Babylonia
the the

was

marked

Kaah-fhnd

of 8ha-ka-tar-pa, the

signification. Magician;
Tshio,
last two.

With

it

was

Sogdian Wajrik,
and

Khorasmian

Markhanhik,

the

Serpent-bitten;
; i\

the

Coptic

Snake,

and

Aggia,
With
l"
a

the

Magician
stars

being
was

included

in the

adjacent

it
was

the

Chinese
one

Tien

Kiang,
measures

the

Heavenly
of

River.
but

4^-magnitude,
*

Ho,
other be

of

the
stars

dry

China,

this

titleincluded
Gould thinks

and that

two

near-by
variable.

of Hercules.

it may

/*, Binary,

and

6,
the

yellowish white
similar Arabic

and

smalt

blue. which

Marfic,
it

or

Marflk,

is from

Al Marfik, the Elbow,

have and it
s.

marks.

Bayer,

Burritt, and
the

probably
forms of the

others

Manic,
This

doubtless
same

from

confounding
for
k

antique

letters/

title

appears With The and

vj
an

Herculis.
stars
are

neighboring
components
estimated

the Chinese
i".6

knew
a

it as

Lee

Sze, a Series
of

of in

Shops.
1897,

apart, with

positionangle
years.

530

period
was

of revolution

of 234
a

4^4 -magnitude,
0, Xj

She

Low,

Market the
name

Tower;
of
a

and

the

5th-magni-

tudes

V%

anc*

were

Tung Han,

district in China.

While
That

far Orion flow among

o'er the

the

waves

did

walk

isles. Shelley's Tfu

Revolt

of Islam.

Orion

with since

his

belt glittering has

and

sword time shall be.

Gilded

time

been,

while

Thou

splendid soulless
along
the

warrior

What

to
we

thee,
! Orion.

Marching

bloodless

fields,are
Lucy

Larcom's

"Bfonf 4"rion, tfle

admired in
all

anb punter,
most

Warrior,
of the stellar of the

historic ages
the

as

the

brilliant strikingly
on

groups, lies

partly within

Milky Way, extending

both

sides

304
celestial equator

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
so

south entirely

of the

and ecliptic,

is visible

from

every

part of the
With era, it
was

globe.
Greeks of

Theban

Corinna's

time,

about

the the the

year

490
of

before the

our

the initial letter having 'Qapio"v, somewhat

taken like

place
letter

ancient the

digamraa, f, which, pronounced

early
utveiog,
see

IV,

rendered in

word but

akin

to

our

Warrior. of

Corinna's
the

pupil

Pindar

followed

'Qapiwe

by
in

the

time

Euripides
words

present fQpiu"vprevailed,
b.c.
:

and

it thus

Polymestor's

in the

of 425 'Effa/fy
the

through
Where
The

the

ether

to

loftyceiling,
their eyes

Orion

and

Seirios dart
of fire.

from

flaming rays
Oarion
; but

Catullus

transcribed
to Aorion

from

Pindar,

shortened

to

Arion,
to

and

times some-

changed
was

the much

later the in

Argion,
faithful but

attributed

Finnicus,

for The

Procyon, probably
derivation
of the

from

'Apyoc,
has of
to

dog

of Ulixes. refers
to

word

been

doubt,

Brown

it to
sun,

the
as

Akkadian

Urn-anna,1 the Light

the

Heaven,
the
moon

applied originally
; so

the may

Uru-ki,
come

Light
Greek
or

of

Earth,

was

that

our

title

have The of
no

into

mythology 'Tpi"v
of Tables

and

astronomy
or

from

the

Euphrates.
TTxion
is in

Ovpiov, Ovpov,
the
sense

the

original Alfonsine
an

Byrsaean, story, the ', graphicallyexplained by Minsheu, Hyriean,

and Ovid vouched from

although Hyginus acceptable title,

its currency the in
seems

for it, thus

showing marking
At the
1

their

day.

Caesius*

derivation

*"2pa,

as

it"

Seasons,
it
was

fanciful. in the be

one

time

'AkerpoTrodiov,found
Idelersaid
to
a

Uranologia

of Petavius

of

6th

century, which
the constellation and
so

should

Cock's 'AkeicTpom'tdiov,
; but

Foot,
back
to

likening
'A

StruttingCock
'AAr/rpoTro"ov,
in his

Brown

goes

Roaming, At/,

reads
as

it

the

Foot-turning
till

Wanderer,
stored re-

mythologically
to

recorded

roaming
the

blindness

miraculously
of the

sight by viewing
his stars

risingsun.
to

The

Boeotians, according
called

Strabo, fellow-countrymen
title for

earthly
of
war.

Orion,
well

Kavdduv,

their alternative Greek

the god "Apijc, of the and from

even

agreeing with, perhaps

said that that
name

the originating,
was

conception

Warrior.
some
thors au-

Ovid

the

constellation
never

Comeoqne Bootae;
idea

asserted

Orion with

set,

an

possiblycoming
to; although
been

the
as

early
to

confusion

in

Bootes would

already
not

alluded

that

constellation
Arnold
This
muz,

the

assertion

have and

correct. strictly
:

Matthew

wrote similarly

in his Sohrab Chaldaeo-Assyrian

times
as

Rustutn

divinity was widely

the later

sun-god
Aries

Dumu-zi,
also

the

Son

of

Life,

or

Tarn-

known

in classical

Adonis.

represented

him

in the

sky.

The

Constellations

305

the

northern

Bear,
with

Who

from

her frozen
the

height

jealous eye
in the South.

Confronts

Dog

and

Hunter

IManjae

Comes, Hero,

and

Amasius, Companion,
from the been located

and

Lover,

of

Diana,

were

other for the his

quest re-

titles,

the

after his death

Scorpion'ssting inflicted
in his present in the
:

boastfulness,
of the
rose

having

by Jove
escape said

at position,

goddess, that he
in the east,
"

might
as

west

when

his

slayer,the

Scorpion,

Aratos

When Orion

the

Scorpion

comes

flies to utmost

end

of earth.

Thompson
an

sees

in this alternate

and rising

settingof
in

these

two

ures sky figand

astronomic

explanation
of flight in the the
Great

of the

symbolism
and
to

classic

ornithologyof
Sea

the

mutual

pursuit and
compared
Odes

Haliaetos Oris

Keiris, the

Eagle

Kingfisher,
In Horace's

poem

these

opposed
pronus;
the

constellations. and

constellation
Orion

is termed

Tennyson

had

sloping slowly

to

west,

which,
charm

with
of his

the

rest

of

the

beautiful

opening

passage,

adds

much

to

the

Locksley HalL
made but
a

Homer,

who

singleallusion
in the

in the Iliad
wrote
"

to
"

this the

constellation,

followed Orion,**
and
most
to

by
and

parallelpassage
the of men,

Odyssey,
as

of

might

of

huge
tallest plied ap-

described

earthly hero
"

the

Illustrious

Orion,

the

beautiful
our

even

than said:

the

Aloidae,"

all well adjectives

stellar
When

figure; Hesiod
strong Orion of monstrous

chaces

to

the

deep
did

the

Virgin

stars

Pindar, rruzjci/na

that

he
;

was

size; as authors,as
warrior.

Manilius
as

in his

Magna
thus
:

pars
scribed de-

coeli

and and

nearly
as an

all

well
In

have illustrators,

Orion,

armed
his

the

End^rf
arm'd;

we

read

with

sword glittering

Orion

in
a

Ovid's
fine

works,
in

of

ensiger Orion;
Palinurus

in

Lucan^of

ensifer ;
in 15 13

and

Vergil

has

passage

the Aeneid

quaintlytranslated

by

the

"Scottis"

Oavin

Douglas,

where

Of

every

sterne

the

twynkling
move

notis
we

he
se, rane,

That

in the

still hevin

cours

Arthurys house, and, Hyades Watling

The
20 strete, the Home his and

betaikning
the

Charlewane,

tiers Orion

with

goldin glave;

306
these But his last later
a

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
quoted
off

very

liberal

translation
when

of the

the fleet

much
was

armatumque
the old

auro.

on

in the

voyage, enthusiasm

Capreae,
lost

in pilot,

astronomical

dum

sidera

servat,

his

balance, and

tumbled The

overboard. constellation's

stormy

character

appeared
is
seen

in

early Hindu,

and perhaps

even

in earlier

Euphratean days, and

to

everywhere

among

cal classi-

writers

with
and and

allusions
;

its direful
trisHs

influence. and
a

Vergil termed

it aqwsus,

nimbosus,
sideribus;
nautas

saevus

Horace,

nautis favorite of

infestus; Pliny,horndus

the

Latin

sailors had
Greek Roman

saying, Fallit saepisdm

the second

Orion,

Polybios, the
the

historian

century before
war

Christ, attributed
its

loss of the
"

squadron
"

in the

first Punic

to

having
same

sailed

just after

the

risingof Orion
the winds
a

Hesibd

long

before wrote

of this

rising:
then And veil the round
ocean
war

aloud,
cloud
: on

with

sable

Then

the

bark, already haul'd

when the

shore,
roar

Lay stones,
and

to fix her

tempests

Milton,

in Paradise

Lost:
when

with

fierce winds coast, whose

Orion
waves

arm'd o'erthrew

Hath
Busiris

vex'd and

the his

Red-sea

Memphian

chivalry.
for its sign,
we

Many

classical

authors

variously alluded
the

to

it

as

calendar
as

morning risingindicated
Works and

beginning
was

of

summer,
to

when,

find in the

Days,

the

husbandman

instructed
first appears,

Forget
To

not, when
your

Orion

make

servants

thresh

the

sacred

ears;

his

midnight risingmarked
the
as

the

season

of and

grape-gathering ;
its attendant for in the
storms

and
:

his evening
an

appearance that

approach
late
as

of winter the

opinion o/M
others the

prevailed
known
as

17th century,
the

Geneva in the

iarly Bibb, familBook and

the which

Breeches
starre

Bible,

marginal reading Jugulae,

the
as

xxxviii,31,
called the

is

"

bringeth
and in
at

in winter."

Plautus, Varro,

constellation
two

Jngnla
stars

to Joined, referring

umeri, the

bright
it

the

shoulders,
the and

if connected

by the/itf*
but derivation,

/um,

or

collar-bone. claimed Warrior.

Such,
as

least,is

generallyreceived
hence the

Buttmann for the The

"

from

jugulare,

title Slayer, a fitting

Syrians knew
the

it as

Gabbara

; the
"

Arabians,
and

as

Al

Jabbar,

both

ing signify-

Giant," IVyae with Ptolemy,

in Latin

Giga*; days occasionally

308

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Saho
;

The

shoulders

of the

constellation

and:
I

see

the

motion

of the

holy constellation

Sahu.

similar title, but

laid
to

of
rest

Akkad in

origin, appeared
this constellation the

for

Capricornus.
of

Egyptian
it did in read:

mythology
the star

the Book

soul

Oriris,as
we

Sinus

that

of

Isis; and, again, in

The

of

the Dead

Osiris

is the

constellation

Orion

in

this connection, Orion

The Giant in

was

known been

as

Smati-Osiris, the Barley God.

back turned

generally
armed profile,

has

represented with
club, or sword,
and

toward

us

and
or,

face
as

with

protected by

his shield,

Longfellow

wrote,
on

his

arm

the

lion's

hide

Scatters The

across

the radiance

midnight

air

golden

of its hair.

Diirer

drew

him

facing
has
a

the

Bull, whose

attack with

he
a

is

warding off; but

the

Ley

den

Manuscript
and the

clad youth lightly in the

short, curved

staff in the

right hand,
The head

Hare

background.
and and that the the "p"2,
stars
a

is marked and
tc

by A, 01,
left foot latitudes

and But

y Sir

pointing out
John

the

shoulders, j9
observed well from

the

right
the
stars

knee.

Herschel

southern
a

inverted
that
we

view

of the

constellation

represents
for the

human

figure;

imagine
Cursa

the shoulders appearing of

knees, Rigel forming

the

head,

and

Eridanus,

one

of the In

shoulders.

astrology
allusion
hide

the
to

constellation
as

was

Hyreides, Bayer's Hyriades, from

fabled from origin
a

Ovid's
the

it

Hyriea proles, thus recallingthe

out

bull's of

still marked
is
now

in
as

the
a

sky.
lion's

This, formerly depicted as

skin
; and

shield

rawhide,
story
that

figured
the of

it

perhaps
cattle

was

this

Hyriean
corded it

gave

stellar

Orion
"

the verie

re astrological reputation,

by

Thomas

Hood,

being
the

the

cutthrote

of

"

; at

all

events,

certainly gave
has I been hazard his
name

rise to

TprraTpoc

and

Tripater,applied to
here the I
cannot

him-

Saturnus

another the guess

but title, that

as

its connection this

learn, of the
sun-

although
god

divinitywas
used

sun-god
Orion,

Phoenicians,

might naturallybe
of word

for Uruanna-

the

of the Akkadians.
to

Anterior Job and

much the
"

this,we
Orion
"

find for

in the

the

various

versions

of word

the Book of ally literX'fll,

Amos

original Hebrew
"

signifying

Foolish,"

Impious,"

Inconstant,"

or

"

Self-confident."

The

Constellations

309
name

This month

ly connected perhaps is etymological

of the Hebrew considered
"

with

Kislev, the

for the ninth

calendar, the
this

tempestuous
an

November-December. for Orion. usual

at

Julius Fiirst
"

Kislev

early title
to

The his
some

epithet rising.
sions, ver-

Inconstant The K/silim is also

has of

been fancifully Isaiah

to

referred rendered

the storms

xiii,10,
refer to word
as

"constellations"

in

thought

it and "the

other

prominent sky figures; in fact,

in the
,

Cheyne
while

translates

the

Orions"

Polychrome ix, 13,

"

Bible;

Rahab,
in

in the Revised the

Version
"

of the Book

of Job

the

"proud
to

helpers"
"

Authorized,
some

is referred group
"

by Ewald, Renan,
"

and

others

this, possibly to
as
"

other

of stars,

with
"

the

same
"

significations Strength," or
Nimrod
the
;
at

those

of

K*sil, or
the

perhaps
called

Arrogance," Gibbor,
the

Rebellion,"

Violence." Later
on

Jews

Orion

Giant, considered
whence be

as

bound

to
or

the

sky

for rebellion of

against Jehovah,
some
"

perhaps Cords,
before for
or

came
a

Bands,
but the

Bonds,

Orion,

which
as

say

should Hunter

Girdle

conception
the
to
men

of Nimrod
sense

the

mighty
word,

the the

Lord,"

least in

ordinary
universal rather for the
to

of

that

is erroneous,

original,
or a

according
Hunter of

Eastern than of

a tradition, Lurking Enemy, signifies

beasts.

This

idea

may

have

led to

Latin

title, Venator,
But, relative
groups,
that Wish Kiraah is the

stellar Orion,

the

renderings of
Doctor Adam

biblical Clarke

words
wrote

supposed
in his

to

refer to

sky

the
has

Reverend
been

Commentary
Kesil

generally
be

understood

to

signify the
; but

Great

Bear;
do

Orion;

and

Pleiades, may

seen

everywhere
have

that

they

signify these
their

tions constella-

uncertain. perfectly

We

only conjectures concerning

well have
appear that been

meaning.
of the
are

As

to

the Hebrew

words,

they might
not

as

applied

to any at

other

con

stellations of

heaven;

indeed, it does between the

constellations

all

meant.

The

discordance
correctness

various and

renderings
that
we

would in
no

indicate

the

ble probaas

of these of

comments,
Bible

are

respect assured

to

the

identification

star-names.

Yet

it is worth of the Book

noting of
Job

that and the

the of
:

three constellations
Amos the in the Bear in the Hindu
a

adopted by
Version

the

translators the

Revised the
east

fitly represent
in the

cardinal
the

points of

sky

north, Orion
and Brahma
west.
nas

south, and

Pleiades

rising and
the
roe

in setting In the form of

Orion

is
of

personifiedas
his
own

under Praja-pati,1 beautiful

stag,

Mriga,

in
In

pursuit
his

daughter, the
he
was

our Rohini,

Aldebaran.
and

unnatural
in the

chase sky by Hindu

Corvus,

transfixed

by
immense

the

He

was

also,

differently, represented
Bootes

astronomers

as

an

figure
20*

stretching from

through

Virgo,

and

Libra

into

Scorpio.

10

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings

arrow three-jointed

"

the

Belt

stars

"

shot

by the avenging Hunter, Srius,

This
the the
seven

which

even

now

is

seen

stickingin
his time, thus
up

his of

body.

hero

was

the

father of whom the

twenty-seven
latter The the

daughters, the wives

made

King Soma,
to referring

Moon,

with

equally divided
Chinese

nakshatras.

their 4th sieii from

knees of

the
the

conspicuous
Shan,
or

stars

in

shoulders, belt, and

Orion, with
may have

title

Tits,

Three

Side

by Side, anciently Sal, which

at

originatedfrom
lunar its 6

ing the Belt havwas tioned men-

first alone

formed

the
as

situ.

Indeed, the
Stars.
was

asterism

in the

She

King

the

Three

determinant;

but it from

overlapped
the

the

corresponding nakshatra, although entirely distinct

in the feet of the Twins.
our

4th

manzil

Orion
as

was

worshiped
Shi

in China from the from

during
moon

the

thousand

years it also

before
was

era as

Shell,or
White

Ch'en,

station ; but

known

the

Tiger, a

title taken

the

adjacent

Taurus.

The

Khorasmians
of Gemini.

adopted Orion's
called

stars

as

figure of their zodiac King;

"

in

place
The

early
; and

Irish the

it Caomai,

the
or

Armed

the

Norsemen, that Grimm

Orwandil

Old with

Saxons, EbuSrung,

Ebioring,
of the from

words

thought
Caesius

connected cited the the

Iringe,or Iuwaring,
0, but
he Hero
or

Milky Way.
Al the Arabic Rijl, the

singulartitle Bagulon, perhaps

star

designation for
the Man

made
; and

this the

equivalent of
that Hebrew of

Latin Vvr,

par

the excellence, the

suggested
the husband

Orion

represented
but

Jacob

wrestlingwith
it
was

angel;

Joshua,
the

warrior;
the and

Julius
Virgin.

that Schiller,

Saint
as

Joseph,

Blessed
De

Weigel figured
1643,
Chalice
found
; but

it

the

Roman among
to

Two-headed its
such
stars

Eagle;
Christ's

Rheita, of
Coat and
a

somewhere he
was

Seamless

addicted
115
stars

discoveries. and

Argelander
whole

has

here; Heis, 136;

Gould,
it is

186;

while

the

is

as

rich

in wonderful

telescopicobjectsas
California

gloriousto

the casual

observer.

Flammarion

calls it the

of the

sky.

tt, Irregularly variable, 0.7,

orange. of the

Betelgenze
into down
to

is from

Ibt

al

Jauzah,
Beit

the

Armpit

Central

One

generated deetc,

Bed

Elgueze,

Algueze, Bet El-geuze, Beteigeue,

Alfonsine
Tables had

the

which present title,

etc.

itself also is written

The

Betelgeuse,Betdguie, Beldengenxe,and
Al Mankft

Betelgueze, Betelgeux,
Riccioli,Beotelgense
The the
star

and

Bedalgenze.
various Arabian al authors
as

also Al

was

designated by
the Arm

Shoulder;

Dhira,

; and

Al Yad

Yamna\

the

Right Hand,

The

Constellations

311 Algeuze,
that

"all

of the

Giant;
from

but

Chilmead

wrote

"led

"

is,Orion's

Hand," quoted
The
used originally

Christmannus. from y, also

title Kirzam,
for La

Al Murnm, is

the
to

Roarer,
this
as

or

perhaps the Announcer,

the

applied

heralding
name

risingof its
star

companions.
quoted
it
as

Lande,

borrowing

the

full

of

that

for

this,

Almerzamo

nnagied. identifya
under with the

Sayce

and

Bosanquet

Euphratean
Brown
to
o

Gula,
that y and that

other

stars

possibly being included

the Constellation
see

and this title;

or

says with

Xakkab
A. We

Sar,
can

of the

King,

Ungal,
the

refers

in this

the signification

origin of

astrologer's idea
and other

Betelgeuze
Gem,

portended fortune, martial honors, wealth,

a

kingly attributes.
as
a

alone constituted

the

4th nakshatra, Ardra, Moist, depicted

for its and presiding divinity, character of
so,

with

Rudra,
the

the

storm-god,
but

perhaps, the
lunar
tion, sta-

of origin

long established
a

stormy

Orion.
differed

This

formed therefore,
the

part of the
star

4th situ, and

was

entirelyfrom ably probthe

4th
from

manziL the

Individuallythe
Hindu
a,

the

Sanskrit

Bahu, Arm,
a

conception
j3, y,
and
k

of

the

whole the

figure as legs
and

running Stag, or
a

of which Antelope,

marked the

feet,with

on

left forearm; the Brown mentions

adjacent Sirius being

its

hunter

Mrigavyadha.
the

equivalent Persian
from

title, Besn,

Arm,

and

the

CopticKlaria, an Bayer quoted Chrysococcahad Among perhapsnone

tendit ad the

Armlet.

ykrjvea

Aratos, but

it is not
of
"

in

the
to

original; and
"

the Shoulder "Q/ioc diSvfiow,

i.e. next the in

the

Twins.

many

queerly worded
so

descriptions in
of

15 15 part
ad

Almagest,
thus:

is

more

than

that

this star,
ad
terram.

reading
This
an

ipsa

rapinam
star
seen

quae

appropinquat

tendit

rapinam,
and

also used for the

as

Antares, apparently has

any

been

unsolved

puzzle ;
not

I have 151 5

never

explanation, my
Ulug
of
a

own

suggestion may
these which

be

amiss.
emy, Ptoltor translavery
trology's asfers re-

The

Almagest

followed

Beg's Tables, and

as

followed

who
turned

characterized

the color
"

vnoKippo^,

Ulug Beg's
into the

into rubedinem,
of the of

ruddiness,"

and

the

Almagest
of
war

not

different word

quotation,expressing
red
stars.

ideas

and

carnage, doubtless

attributes
to

The

appropinquat ad
of the
star
near

terram

the

comparatively
says

low that

elevation
at

above
a

the

horizon.
it

Professor Young
matches Aldebaran rich topaz. Secchi

times,

when

minimum,

closely
it
as a

in color
makes

and

brightness,and typicalstar
be

Lassell

described
a

it the

of his third class with the

banded

spectrum, suggesting that

Elkin finds its the earth
at

it may

approaching
to

point

of

extinction.

parallax insensible; according

rate

Vogel, it is receding from

the

of

10}^ miles

second.

1
3t2
It time
was

Star-Names
firstseen be variable
were

and by

their

Meanings
Herschel and in

to

Sir

John

1836, from

which similar

till 1840 "its variations

most

marked

striking."A
"

the periodbegan in 1849, and on the 5th of December, 1852, it was actually brilliant in 1894. star in the northern hemisphere." It was especially largest Argelanderfound a period of 196 days,but Schoenfeld thought periodicity questionable. Its position is less than 30 west of the solstitial colure ; it rises at sunset the 29th of January. It has the 30th of December, and culminates on on an 8th-magnitudecompanion 20' away, firstobserved by Wilhelm Struve as of the present day reveal other double, 1 8". 5 apart, and the great glasses in the combination stillnearer members and smaller than the original panion com;

while Barnard

has discovered

about

it large and

diffused

nebulosity.

fa Double,

0.3

and

8,

both

bluish white. it is universally

Algebar and Elgebar are seen in poetry for this star, but from Rijl Jauzah al Yusrfc the Left Leg known as Rigel,
,

of the

Jauzah.
had

by which
become Tables
Lucida
a

extended

title the

Arabians modern

knew
name

it after the word

Jauzah

the personaltitle;
1.

first appearingin the

Alfansine

of 152
que

These
in

say of
:

in connection it,
communis ei
et

with Eridanus
aquae
:

est

pede

sinistro

et est

et

dicitur

nator Algebarnomi-

etiam

Rigel.
had

Riccioli

Kegel; Schickard,Riglon;
gave the earlier whose

and

or Chilmead, Bigel Algeuze,

Algibbar.
Al Sufi of the

popular
camels

name

Rai
the
stars
a

al Jauzah, the
a, y, y.

man Herds;

Jauzah,

were

6, and
i.e. next

if

and Al

Najid,the Conqueror,which also was given to Chrysococca termed it Ilotr didvpwv, the
Twins; Smyth
and

and

Foot

of

"

to

"

the

Bayer,
that
the
"'

the Hebrew

Xesil,of the constellation.

wrote

independent of
of his own; St. Marinus

nautis

Orion infestus

"

character

of the
"

constellation, Rigelhad
aster"

one

for it and

was

to^theastronomical
owe

of rising

this

marinus calendar.

in March, that

St. Aster

their births in the Romish

He
not
came

gave,

however,
in any

no

familiar from

stellar connection.
at the end

of this, and these explanation Possiblyits

saints "marine" its

are certainly

character

its location

of the

River,and
in the

from

in beinggiven
as

the various editions of the

Syntaxis and

Alfonsine Tables

common

The

Constellations

313
character the of the for

to

both

constellations;
group
in

although

the

supposed stormy
may have induced

whole

affecting navigation
star.

epithet
those

Orion's greatest

Astrologers said
were

that

splendor

and

honors

fell to

the

lot

of

who

born the

under

it.

In

Norsemen's the other

astronomy
toe

Rigel
been northern

marked

one

of the

the

great
Thor

toes

of

Orwandil,

having
to

broken

off

by

god

when

and frost-bitten, Alcor of the

thrown Bear. below

the

sky, where

it became

the

little

Greater lettered

Although being
rus,

Betelgeuze,
Harvard

it is

usually superior to
as

it in
to

ness, brightArctu-

estimated

in the

Photometry
is like that second.

exactly equal
and Sirius,

Capella,and
our

Wega.
about

Its spectrum

of

it is

receding easily
that

from The
seen

system

ioj^
a

miles

smaller

star,
the

at

position angle
of the

of 2000, is o/'.i away, It is

but

not

owing

to

brightness

principal.

stronglysuspected

this smaller Another

star

itself is closely double.

minute

companion

is 44". 5 away.

Y? Slightlyvariable,
the Bellatrix, rather Female in the had

2,

pale yellow.
Star, is
its Arabic from the

Warrior,

the

Amazon

translation,

freely made
Kazwini

Alfonsine

Tables, of Ulug
to

Al title, Murzim

Najld, the
al

Conqueror.
the

this last,but
or,

Beg

said Al the

Najid,
Lion the mediate im-

Roaring

Conqueror,
presence the

according
as

Hyde,
star
were

Conquering

heraldinghis
This Murzim
to

by

his roar,

if this

announcing
whole which

risingof
both

still more

brilliant Rigel, or
in
two
our

of the

constellation. is also plied ap-

occasionallyappears
of the
stars

day
as
was

as

Mirzam,

(3 in the
which

Dogs
said

heralds

of Sirius and of
a

Procyon.
many
to

Al

Sufi had words

Al
for

Ruzam,
the

Hyde

another it also

the

very

Arabic

lion, but

Beigel thought
to

reference

the

camel, another
Meier's
traveled very many remark

roarer.

Still it is well
"

remember with
a

in word

this

connection has
not

that

etymology

has

full
"

play
a

which

beyond
other cited the the

astronomical
star-names.

language,"

statement

equally applicableto

Caesius
y

Alganza
Hindus' of the

from

the of

name

for the and the

whole.

marks and

left shoulder

Orion,
titles of

naturally
star
a

shared

the

Arabs' of

Mankib,
Orion
In and

Bahu, Stag.

on

the

rightshoulder
with

forearm

Amazon

River

myth

Bellatrix

is

Young

Boy

in

Canoe

an

old

314
man,
near

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Boi,
a

the

star

Betelgeuze,chasing
the all natal
women

the

Peixie

dark

spot in the sky

Orion.

In

astrology it
and
or,
as

was

star

of

all destined under

women

to

great civil

or

military cious; loqua-

honors,

rendered
old

born

its influence born under

lucky

and

Thomas

Hood

said,"

this constellation

shall

have

mighty tongues."
is Sirian
the
rate

Its spectrum
our

in character, and

indicates
a

that

it is

recedingfrom

system

at

of about

5^

rniles

second.

0,

Double

and

variable, slightly
Al

2.4

and

6.8, brilliant white

the first star
seen

and

paleviolet. portion

Mintaka,
of the

from

Mintakah,

the

Belt, is

in that

risingconstellation.
of south

Burritt has it of

it Mintika.
as

Astrologers considered
It is about

importance
of the o". The

portending good
is
or

fortune.

23'

arc

celestial equator, the

components 53"
the star

apart,
seems

at to

position angle
very has
one

of

spectrum

Sirian,and
recession. of the
star.

have

little motion

either of

approach

Burnham

discovered
of the

still another
ever seen

companion
near a

13th

to

14th

magnitudes,

faintest

brilliant

S,

1.8, bright white.

and
as

AlwiUm, Vathm,
middle
It The the

Anilam,

Ainilam,
of

Alnihan
Recorde

are

from the

Al

Hithim,
set

or

Al

String

Pearls, or,

said,

Bullions

in the

of Orion's

Belt.
to

public honors portended fleeting

spectrum
miles
a

those recedes

born from

under
us

its influence.
at

is Sirian,and

the

star

the

rate

of about

i6yi

second.
one

It is the

central

of the

Belt, culminating on

the

25th

of

January.

C? Triple,
Alnitak, or
the

2.5, 6.5, and

for

9,

topaz
lowest

yellow, lightpurple,and
star

gray.

Alnitah,

the this,

in the

Belt, is

from

Al Rtfc

Girdle.

The second. One of

spectrum

is

Sirian,and

the

star

recedes

from

us

about

nine

milesa

of its components,
was

2".4 distant from

the

at largest,

angle position
discovered by
which ob-

*SS"i

singularlymissed
in

by
of

Sir William
some

Herschel,
hue

but

Kunowski

1819,

and

seems

nondescript

about

316
Seamen the "11 have

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
tradesmen,
as

called the

it the

Golden
and

Yard-arm;
the of

the

L*or ED,
tween be-

and
the

Yard,
outer

Yard-stick,
"

Yard-wand,
Gavin and the

occupying 3"
the

stars,
and

the

Elwand

Douglas;
along
Three
or

Catholics,Our Rhine, Bateau,

and the it is

Lady's Wand;
the often Rake. the In

the husbandmen

of France it has the been

Upper
the

Germany
Three
had

Mowers;

Magi,

Kings,

Three
"

Marys,

simply

Three

Stars, that Tennyson

in his Primess,

those That

three

stars

of the

airy Giants' frosty dark.

zone

burnished glitter

by

the

The
4000

celestial years

equator

now

passes

through

the

Belt, but

was

120

below

it

ago.

Yj, Triple,

3.5,

5, and been this

5,

occasionally and
al Jabbar, the
stars

very Sword line

appropriately has
of of the Giant
"

designated Saiph,from Saif

title included
"

; but

other all

adjacent

in the been
a

same

sight,
Alkat,

the

Ensis

of Cicero,

and

supposedto
the Belt;

have Al and

separate
them

constellation Al

with which line

Pliny.
we

Sufi called

have
stars
"

seen

applied
and
a

to

Burritt,the
of the

EU,

because

this

of

is

once

quarter the

length

yard."
0
?

4.6,

pale white,
marks the Fish-mouth of the gave
a

although Hebnla,
celebrated N.

not

individuallynamed,
C.

of

the

Great
the

G.

1976,

42

M., in the sword

its midst. De in

scabbard

figure,with

Trapezium
of it in
one

in

Quincey

scription characteristic de-

of his

Essays
to

Philosophy.
naked have eye, been in his
was

This

nebula,
is

visible faintly

the
to

not

even

mentioned by
bv

Galileo, and
Christian

generally thought
in

accidentallydiscovered
Sy sterna
the Saturnium

Huygens

1656,

and

described of the

halfa
nomical astro-

century

after Galileo's
use;

adaptation

principleof already
Herschel of be his

telescopeto
it in 1618.
on

but

Cysatus
to

of Lucerne

had

known

Thi"

was

the

first1 1774,

object
the

which

Sir William

directed,
own

the

4thot
after

March,
two
as

first serviceable the

telescope
to at

construction

hundred it
was

failures ; and

first nebula

photographed, successfully
upon-

by

Professor
1880.

Henry

Draper,

Hastings-

Hudson,

on

the

30th
1

of

September,
it the
was

Similarly, too,
reflector, on

the of

last

object viewed
1811, when

by
the

Sir

William

through
was

his

forty-fi**

19th

January,

great

glass

laid

aside

forever

The

Constellations

317
Sir

Its spectrum

is

purely

gaseous,
seem

and
to

spectroscopic investigationsby
show
"

William

and

Lady
and from the

Huggins
nebulae

unity of composition
and link them
our

of the

stars [trapezium]

which

surround

them that Holden

together."
system
are

Keeler

finds
at

spectroscopic observations
rate

it and thinks

separating
The but

of ten

miles

second.

it of

fluctuating

brightness.
nebula proper
covers over
a

space very

equal
much in

to

the

apparent
area,

size of the

moon,

nebulosity extends
William the with

larger

for recent Wilson's

observations

by Swift,by
Barnard

H.
camera

Pickering
on

1889
that
"

from in

Peak,

and

by

Mount

Hamilton

October, 1894, reveal

the with Belt and

nebulous
of the

matter,

140

to

150

in

diameter,
says Great
to

includes

much

body

of Orion. old

Barnard so-called

of it:

Compared
is but
a

this
A

enormous

nebula, the globes,each

0, or

Nebula,
of the

pigmy." 1889
showed

million
not
a

of

equal
One

in diameter of the

that

earth's of

orbit,would

equal
certain

this in extent.
amount

Harvard in the

photographs
Great
Nebula.

of

spiralstructure
N.

The

adjacent nebula,
on
a

G.

C. of

1982, catalogued separately by

the of

Messier

as

43, is shown
to

photograph
it
are

30th

of

November,

1886, by Roberts,

be connected At

with

by

threads

nebulosity. Trapezium,
the in four
a
2

least six stars

found

in the

largest being
the
was

ot

the
a

5th, 6th, 7th, and

of 140. he the

8th may

visible magnitudes, easily

form
a

J^-inch glass with

of triplicity first but
seen seen

power

They
"

system.
;

Huygens

noted

ttl when

discovered

the

nebula

the Robert

4th component
Hooke the 6th More in
was
are

in

1684;
and

5th

was

discovered
Strove in of

by

1664,

forgotten
by by
some

rediscovered

by
the

1826";

and

first

Sir

John Herschel,on
recent

13th
Burnham

February, 1830.

claimed

observers, but 3.36

square

disputes their existence.

of the 01 nebula Bond

In
stars.

degrees

catalogued nearly

1000

t,Tripleand

nebulous,

3.5,

8.5, and
Na'ir with
star

11,

white, pale blue, and Saif,the Bright

One

grape

red.

Al

Tizini

designated
is the
was

this

as

al
us,
k.

in the

Sword,
of the

but it is tide
In

unnamed practically than it

although
and

far

more

deserving

Saiph
China

succeeding
a

Fa,
name

Middle-man,
Edkins
or

intermediate the word

"

stars

being

cluded inand the

under

this

; but
"

translates

Punishment,"
to

givesanother
Arabian

title for it,

Tui,
taken

Jui,

the

Sharp

Edge, analogous

Saif and

perhaps

from

it.

318
It lies just south
are

Star-Names
of

and

their

Meanings
The ith
two stars larger

0, inclosed
a

in faint
of of

nebulosity.
1420; 1030.
the
1

ii".5 apart,
is 49"

with
at

position angle
a

panion -magnitude com-

away,

positionangle

located

near as

the

right knee,

was

appropriatelydescribed
the

by

the

Arabic
but

tronomers as-

Rijl Jauzah
that

al Yamna',
Al and

Right Leg

of the

Jauzah,
at
some

we

now

know from

it as

Saiph, from
weapon,

Saif,the
the
name

Sword, although it is

tance disstars

really belongs

to

tf, 1,

and

near

by.
In his
vast

Head

immerst

in boundless

spheres
bears.

Three But

Stars

less bright, but off removed,

yet

as

great, he

further

their Splendor's lost.

Creech's Manilius.

A, Double,
Al

3.8
y

and

6,

pale by

white

and

violet.
of

Kaisan,

the

title of
as

Geminorum,
and and is
now

some

error

Firuzabadi
Al

was

applied to
Al the

this star ; but

Meiasa,

common

for it.

Sufi calledit

Tahayi
Head The

Al

Ferghani
which Al and

Al

Tizini

knew

it

as

Bis

al Janxah,

of the

Jauzah,

it marks.

Arabic original

name,

Hak

ah,

White

Spot, was
and

from has

the added

faint
to
us

light of
as

the and

smaller

01
These in

02

in the
stars

background,
another
were

descended

Heka
and
to

Hika.

three

were

of the A

of the th"fiyy all similar

Arabs;
groups,

everywhere
be

early astrology
influence
in human lunar y and

thought, like
affairs.

of unfortunate the

They

constituted
a

Euphratean
found the for

station

Mas-tab-ba-tur-tur, the
; and

Little Twins,
were

title also
stars

rj Geminorum

individually
with the
sun

important
the
summer

among

Babylonians, rising to
a

them
as

at

solstice, and, with

of the and the the

and

y,

were

known

Kakkab
were

Sar,the

Constellation

King.
Khorasmian

In

other

lunar the

zodiacs

they
the

the

Sogdian

Marez"nfc,
Coronet Al

Ikhma,

Twins;

Persian
were

Avep, the 3d mansii,

; and

Coptic Klusos, Watery.

Tsee,
gave
or

They
Beak,
or

also

the

Hak

ah ; the
which

sieu

Troy He,
Keo
"

the

Taok,

Reeves Head

as

; and

the nakshatra the

Pouting Lips, anciently KrigaQiraa, or Krigiits

the Qiraha, and lunar

X

of the

Stag,

Soma,

Moon,

being

presidingdivinity,
As
to

the

junction

star

towards

Ardra, and
very

its

determinant.
:

this

station Professor
little

Whitney
that the
to

reasonably wrote
of the system
of the should

It is not the

strange

framers

have

chosen

for

marking

3d

station

this faint group,

the

neglect

brilliant and

and conspicuous pair3

The

Constellations

319
case

Tauri,the tips of the Bull's

to

horns.

There

is

hardly another

where

we

have

so

much

reason

find fault

with

their

selection.

But

they

were

possiblyinfluenced
here 4500
B.C.

by recollection
In

of
to

the the

fact

that

the

nal ver-

equinox lay
Weber title,

addition

customary
from

Hindu

mentioned
or

Andhaka,

Blind, apparently Invaka,

of

its

dimness;
times some-

Aryika, Honorable,
read
In China

Worthy;
SI

and

doubtful

meaning, Tiger.
the La

Invala.
these
as

stars

were as was

ma

the ts'ien,

Head the the

of the group
A. to

Ulug Beg,
Persian of them

well that

Nasral

Din, likened
to

letter of the Lande

wrote

alphabet
:

similar in form

Greek

qui ressemblent

un

jeu

de

trois

noix,

ce

qui a

fait appeller cette

constellation

Nux,

ou

Juglans,Stella jugula.

Hipparchos "%, the

and has in his in Nebulous been

did

not

allude

to

them,

but

Ptolemy

called
to

them casual
to

vetpeXoeiobserver,

One,

for such

is their appearance
all

the
even

their

designation in
nebulosa. k has
a

early catalogues,
faint of
at

Flamsteed's

capite

Orionis

Although
visible

called

double,

second

companion
12th

149"

above

it,
tant. dis-

by
The

3^-inch glass; and

two
two

another,

the
a

magnitude, 27"
of

largest stars
stars

are

4". 2 apart,
an

positionangle
of the

4o".3.
as

A and

the

phi furnish

easy

refutation

popular error

to

the apparent Handbook

In
as

magnitude
of

of the moon's

disc,Colas

writingof

this in the Celestial

1892

lookingat
the distance

this triangle nobody from

X to

would

think

that

the from

moon

could
to

be

inserted is
a

in it ; but
;

(p1is 27',and

the distance

0l

^2

is

33',it

positivefact

the moon's

mean

apparent
attracted and of
an

diameter
attention

being 31' 7".

of many treated of

This
men;

illusion, prevalent Ptolemy, Roger

lunar it is be

in all ages, has

the

great
it.

Bacon, Kepler,
the naked
"

others

having
of
as

The
as

disc,seen

by
pressed, ex-

eye about
a

uninstructed size
or a

observer, appears,
but dinner-plate,"

frequently
seen as

the

should in
to

only

equal
inches viewed

to

peppercorn,
or,
to

circle

half-inch

diameter the

fifty-seven

away;
at

write

it

astronomically,equal
a

planet Jupiter
or

opposition through
and distant

telescope magnifying fortydiameters;

when
at

equal to
to

Mars

magnified seventy-four times

millions thirty-four
tells
us

his To

nearest

approach
trate illus-

the earth

of miles.

still better

Professor this,
when about of

Young
between

that

the

planet Venus,
inferior conjunction, has
looks
an

midway 40",
so

greatest elongation and

a

apparent
the

diameter
moon

that, with
and of

magnifying power
same

of only 45, she

size.

exactly like

four days old,

the precisely

apparent

320

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
4.6,

V,
were

4.7,

and

",

the

Chinese
mark

Shwuy
the

Poo,

Water-depot.
the radiant

They
meteor

Orion's

right hand, f being

the 18th

point

of

the

fine

stream,

Orionids, of

of October.

7T 01,02,1C1,

IT,

1C
,

7t

7C
, ,

and

^, the

all of

the

4th

to

the

5th magnitudes,
Al of

in

vertical

line that and

at

rightof
Arabians'
the

the

figure,indicate
Al

the the

lion's skin ; but

Tizini their

said

they
the the

were

sians' the PerAl skin

Taj,
the

Crown,
of the

or

Tiara,

kings;

Kumm,

Sleeve

garment

in which

they dressed
Pendent Al

Giant,

being
globe
a

omitted.

Ulug

Beg

called
same,

them

Al

Dhawaib,

Anything
but

; and

the
was

Borgian
Hanics,
tion disserta-

had

the

perhaps originatedit ; protectingGauntlet;

which
some

Sufi's gave
a

title

Latin
on

term

for

and

Grotius person

lengthy

the

Mantile
thrown these

anonymous
arm.

applied to them, figured

have bull's been hide

as

cloth

over

the Giant's
in the
as

With

Pliny

stars

lion's skin

are

supposed
from the

to

arate sep-

constellation

known

the

Shield,made
Ke,
the
was

of the

Hyriean legend. They

r,
were

the

Chinese
north of

Tsan

Three known

Flags.
in China
as

3.6,lies just
Golden Well.

Rigel, and

Yuh

Tiffig,

the

u.

4.7. his

Thabit
It lies

is Burritt's
on

name

for

an

unlettered

star

on

Atlas,
the

the

of Heis.
or

the

lower

edge

of the the

tunic,but
Al

I cannot

learn

derivation
"

history

of the

title, although

Arabic

Thabit

the signifies

Endurer."

Junonis

volucrem,

quae

cauda

sidera
Ovid's

portat.
Metamorphoses.

f$e (peacoclt, (pat*,

lying
twelve south of

Sagittarius and
the

the Italian

Southern

Crown,
the

is

one

of

Bayer's

constellations,and
Pfau.

Pavone,

French

man Paon, the Ger-

The

Constellations

321
stars, as
be from this the

The been
a

title

is

an

appropriate one
of but

for

enduring
to to

bird
annual the

has

long

symbol
its
is from

said immortality, fancifully

ing renew-

of

feathers;

this is

common

all

birds, and
the

symbolism
sacred
to

probably
Juno,
the the

the fact that, its starry tail rendered queen of the

peacock

immortal of

heavens,

and

thus

in classical times, as bird

was

in
tronomical as-

days

an chivalry,

object

of

adjuration.
Argos,
when

This

stillfurther
the

in who the
was

originally having
by Juno
has
to
a

been

the

builder

of
was

ship Argo,
to

changed
where the he

peacock

his vessel

transferred

sky,
In

since rejoined her.

was

China

constellation united it with

129
to

Joo Tseo, their translation

in his biblical

of

our

word.

Julius
Gould but
new

Schiller

Indus

figure
2d
to

"

S. Job."
the

catalogued
none seem

component
be

stars, from

the
as

tudes, 7th magniall the

individually named,

is the

case

among

southern

figures.

That

poetic steed,
oat

With
The

beamy

mane,

whose

hoof

struck

from

earth

fount of Hippocrene. Bryant's

Tkt ConsUUaiicns.

(pe"46U0,
called
north Great thus in

Germany,
of

but

P6gase
and of the of of

in

France
easternmost

and

Pegaso
Fish, the

in

lies Italy, of the

of

the

Urn

Aquarius
the the

the

stars

Square
command

the body inclosing he

was son

Horse. and

Mythologically
father's after from her

Neptune
the

Medusa,

sprung

by

his
sea

from

blood severed

latter which and of his

dropped
he
was

into the named

from

head

had

been

by Perseus;
the

either

ntjyai, the
He caused
was

Springs of the
snowy flow
"

Ocean,
in

place
the
on

birth,or

Ili/ydc,
for
on

Strong.
he the had

white

color, and
Pirene
one

favorite of the
"

Muses,

to

their fountain
whence
came

Helicon,
the

or

Hippocrene
dress

Acrocorinthus,
Inventor.
of the

of

constellation
in modern

Fontis titles, this

Mnsanun

reproduced Longfellow prettily

his

portion winged
put in
21

story, in
mane

Pegasus

in

Pound,
a

where

"this

wondrous

steed

with

of

gold,"strayinginto

was quiet country village,

pound

his quarters ; but, finding

uncomfortable,made

his escape,

and

322

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
again.

To

those

stars

he

soared

But

they found
his
and

upon

the

greensward
had

Where Pure
From

struggling hoofs
a

trod,

bright

fountain

flowing

the hoofmarks

in the sod.

He

seems,

however,

to

have

come

back
at

to
waters

earth

again, for
latter's

he

was

quently subse-

caught by Bellerophon
him when he slew the

the

of his the

fountain, and

ridden

by By

Chimaera,
had

helping in
him but

destruction.

this time

classical
to

legend
to

given
;

wings, and
threw

Bellerophon soughtby by his boldness,

as

their
caused
wrote

aid
an

ascend
to

heaven

Jupiter, incensed

insect

stingthe steed, which

Bold In

his rider,and,

Wordsworth

Bellerophon (so Jove decreed

from the

wrath) fell headlong

his permanent that
as

fields of air.

Pegasus
the

then

rose

alone Horse

to

place
the

among

the

stars, becoming

Thundering Ptolemy
continued
"

of the

Jove

carried well

divine

lightning.
in his
as

mentioned till ours,

wings
the

recognized
is
now

day

and this

has

"

for

sky figure

known

the

Winged
the etc, of in pre-

Hone,

recurrence

to

Etruscan, Euphratean,
on
a

and
on

Hittite

ideas,for

wings
those

are

clearly represented
this

horse's

figure
may been have

tablets,vases,
been in known the

countries, where

constellation is said
to

classical times.
the

Indeed, it
to

have

placed
the Horse

heavens

by

early Aryans
Early
classical artists and

represent Asva, the Sun.

did
not not
seem

mythology
authors Rubens while do

associate
to

with

though Perseus, alfor this, the

have

remembered the

celebrated held from the

pictureby by
a

in

the Berlin
in full the
waters
on

Gallery shows
armor

asus winged Peg-

Cupid,
Cetus

Perseus in

is

unbinding Andromeda
and the late Lord

rocks,

raging
his hand

close
at

by;
the

Leighton
the

left unfinished in his

Perseus
;

Pegasus

cliffs of
Cressida

Joppa, with Shakespeare

Gorgoneion
"

while

in Troilus

and

mentioned
The added

Perseus' called

horse." the constellation Eratosthenes

Greeks

simply 'I^ttoc, although

alluded
to

Aratos

" divine," and iep"5c,

it

asserted times

that
was

it

was so

without

wings, and

until

tinctly Ilf/yoaoc,but disclassical after middle

as

it

generally
this

drawn, although
The

loose

plumes
it

at

the

shoulders

occasionallywere
reason

added.

figure was
under in

considered Thus if

incomplete, a possible
was

for

being given
had

Aries.
or as

characterized

as

TjutreX fa
while

and

"cut ^/itro/ioc,

two,"

partly hidden

in the clouds:

Nonnus

'KfiKpav^

the Half-visible AlQvg lix^oq%

Libyan

Horse.

324
old work the

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
"

Destruction
was as

of Troye,we
likened
to

read
a

of

ship built by Perseus, and

vant; Ser-

named

Pegasus, which
and of
a

flyinghorse."
an

Brugsch mentions
some

in

its location would

seem

Egyptian constellation,the
to

its stars

be

shown

on

the

Denderah

planisphere as
The the Arabs

Jaokal.
the familiar Latin the

knew
of
;
some

quadrangle

as

Al

Dalw,

the

Water-bucket,
for the Urn in Al Farai
;

Amphora Aquarius Th"niy

the

imitator,which
astronomers

generallywas
followed
turned into

used

in al

and Second

Arabian

Ptolemy

Horse, which
; and

Bayer

Alpheras
6th

Chilmead,

into Alffcras Alathem

La 108

Lande, into Alpharta.

stars

Argelander catalogued Heis, 178, to

The the

here, down

to

the

magnitude;
Baldah,

and

6^.
toward

starless
a

region

Pisces

was

Al

Biruni's I find
no

Al

the Fox's

Kennel,
Before

term

for whose

stellar connection is worth

explanation.
to note

it leaving this constellation, lost virtually and

to
us

while

that

an

aster-

ism,

now

and

seldom

mentioned

except in the

lists of Al the title

Sufi,Al Amasch,
Al Faras

Kazwini,
the
to

is described Horse. the

by

the last-named somewhat the

under

al Tamm,

Complete
have

Although
space and

indefinitely
eastern

marked of the

out, it is said

occupied
last three
"

between the tail of held in

wing

Swan,

the chest

of

Pegasus, Equuleus,
the
; but

Lacerta, drawing
it could have

for its components

from the

Beigel
Tamm in the

that

existed

only
in

with

grammarians,
the is the

the

its title
name

being easily
for Pegasus. I find any
one

confused,

with transcription,

Than! sole and

Arabians'
work

Ideler's Sternnamen
reference
seems

modern
even

in which in

to

this

Complete

Horse,
as

that

author,

passage,
somewhat

to

regard

Monoceros

the

modern

representativeof
if Kazwini's in his

this

mythical constellation; but accepted.

to

this is

impossible
on

be description

Indeed,
that of

Ideler

himself, later

book, changed

his

opinion

agree

with

Beigel.

Ct,
Markab
"

2.5,

white.

Flamsteed's
"

Marchab
ridden it

"

is upon,

the
"

Arabs' that
was

word

for

Saddle,

Ship, or Vehicle,
star;
or

anything
Bayer
"

early applied to this

Horse's Withers
or, more

but

they
and

also

designated
cited
Arabian well the the of the

as

Matn

al Faras, the
the Horse's knew the it and

Shoulder,

Ted

Alpheras,
Kazwini
Al
star

Hand, 0
as
was

properly,Forearm,
wah,
In the Cross-bar it
was

Tad.
in which

Al fArkiused.

Dalw,
of the

Bucket,

India

noted

as

junction

Bhadra-pada nakshatros,

detailed

under

j3.

The

Constellations

325
sieu that

In

China

it
thinks

was

Shih,

title borrowed
y

from
was

the the

it marked. asterism Idk-

Brown

that, with
"

and

f, it

Euphratean

bax-ra,the Among
with y, the
and all It culminates

Hyaena,

perhaps 3d
of

Ur-bar-ra.
to

astrologers it portended danger

on

life from
when and
on

cuts, or stabs,and
the

fire.

the

November,
Great

and

meridian
the

forms,

southern
to

side of the

Square, 0

forming

northern,

150

180

apart.
is
a

Markab's
three

spectrum
of
a

Sirian,and
second.
lunar

it is

receding
observed

from

us

at

the

rate

of

quarters
one

mile

It is

of the so-called

stars, much

in

navigation.

p,
This is

variable, Irregularly
Bcheat
from the of

2.2

to

2.7,

deep yellow.
and

the

Tycho,
Said,

the the

Palermo

Catalogue,
Part of the

modern
or,
as

lists

generally,

either from

Al

Upper
in

Arm,

Hyde pairs of

suggested,
stars.

early Sad, appearing Alpheras

knew
;

the

subsequent
;

three

Bayer
; and

had

Seat

Chilmead, Seat Alfaras

Riccioli,Bcheat

Alpheraz
Arabian

Schickard, Saidol-pharazL
it
and
as

astronomers

Manlrib
still

al Faras,

the
as

Horse's

der, Shoulmead Chil-

mentioned
had The

by Ulug
Square,

Beg

occasionallyseen

Menkib.

Almenkeb.
of which

Great

0 formed

one

corner,

constituted
and

the

double

asterism, the 24th and

25th nakshatras, Purva, Former, Happy Carp

or

Uttara, Latter,
also called

Bhadra-pada, Beautiful,Auspicious,or Proahtha-pada,

translated
to

Feet, sometimes
Ox
; but

Proshtha

meaning
Feet,"
and

Professor do
not

Whitney
agree
as

it

"

Footstool which
a

said that the authorities

some

the

figures by

they
Couch

are or

for by represented,

the

one,

by

others

the

other, is

called
a

Bed,

the

alternate

one,

in either case,
is
a

being

pronounced

Bifaced
group

Figure, or
if both Weber

Twins.

This
are

Couch

not

inapt representation
four
or

of the well

asterisms
calls

taken

together,the
a

stars

marking
as

the

feet.

them

Pratishthana,

Stand

port, Sup-

Whitney
allusion

wrote,
to

an

evident
a

the

of disposition
or

the

four bright stars

which

compose

it,like the four

feet of

stand, table,bedstead, of

the like ;

the and

regents
Ahi

these
the the

nakshatras Bottom Vedic

being Aja Ekapat,

Snake,
"

the

One-footed
of figures, formed

Goat,
obscure

Budhya, Fargh
al

two

mythical

from significance,

Pantheon." the Fore

The

24th manzil,
1. e.

by

and
"

0,

was

Al

Ku^dim,

Spout,

of the

water-bucket,

Al

326
BirQni's Al
situ
was

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Upper,
or

Fargh al Awwal,
same

the

First,or
as

the

Spout;
a

and

the

24th

these

stars

known

Ting She,
of the

Shih,

House,
and

anciently

Sal and

Shat ; but
also
were

it also
Persian

comprised parts
Vaht,
all

Aquarius
and

Capricornus.
Eanhftt
Water ;

They
Bath,
while

the

Sogdian
mankind

Khorasmian

and in

the

Coptic Artulos,
of

signifying something pertainingto

to

astrology 0 indicated
the
area

danger sky
the

from

that

element.

Within

this Square
clearer that

Argelander
of Athens

counted

only
saw
102.

about

30

naked-eye stars, but

It
was

in the situ

Schmidt
record
a

in

the

24th

Chinese

conjunction
of

of the

and planets Mercury, Mars, Jupiter,

b.

Saturn,

on we

the

28th

February, 2449
see

c,

according
made
as

to

computations Bailly's
five of

; but

sometimes and
as

this statement taken nitely indefi-

to

planets,Venus
that
as

being added,
year
some was

having

place

on

the

29th

February,

being bissextile. point between

in
a

Smyth
Steele

mentions

this

conjunction
states

at

Arietis and the

alludes

Pleiades; Flammarion
to

that between

it

Capricorn;
and
were

and

it

as

of At

2246
that

b.

c,

and the

the

tenth

eighteenth degrees of
about

Pisces.
The found

date

signs and
discovered

constellations

coincident.
and

of /3 was variability
a

by Schmidt
but

in

1847,
thinks

Argelander irregular

period
a

of

forty-one days;
of Scheat red and

Schoenfeld
more

that

in oscillations, The which

period
of the

thirtyto fifty days, are

is of
the

probable.
Secchi's of the

spectrum
includes
o

third
stars

type
and

of
most

classification,
variables:
"a

orange and
us
0

Ononis,
The

Herculis, Antares,
is

Ceti

(Mira)
miles

are

good examples."
second.

star

receding

from

about

four

Y,

3,

white,
the
extreme
as

erroneously placed by Tycho wing,

so

in

Pisces,marks
has been from Al

tip of
Side.

the Horse's from

that

its

name

Algenib
it Al

considered

derived

Al

Janafe,the Wing,
been written

but

probably is
Second,

Janb,

the 6
t.

times It has someas

Algemo.
the

Biruni
or

quoted it,with
1.

(a Andromedae),
Bucket.

Al

Fargh al Thani,
Al

Lower, Spout,
but appears and in in

of the

This
list

also is the
as

title of the

25th manzil,
the Rear

Professor
as

Whitney's
Al

Fargh al Ku'Kir,
called that said

Spout,

Smyth's

FargTL

Chrysococca
Reeves the
at

it nfjyaoog from Chinese

the

constellation. Wall
or

it is the

Peih, a

Partition,thus taking 6, constituted.

It lies

title of the
the

25th situ,which
the nakshatras

it marked

and, with
and

junction of
in the

Bhadrapada
lunar station

Revati;
other

and, with d, was

nations.

included

corresponding

of several

The

Constellations

327
up the the

With
these in
a

the

same

star

and

0 Cassiopeiae it makes
on

Three

Guides,

all

being

almost

exactly
of Pisces

the about

prime meridian, 150

south of y

vernal

equinox lying
Two

starless

region
are

Pegasi.

uth-mag-

nitude stars

close

by.

0,

2.2,

white.

This, as

already noted,
astronomers

is the of
"

same

as

Alpheratz (a Andromedae),
as

and
or,
as as a

recognized by
Aratos member Al wrote, of Achsasi

every
common

age

in

either
It
seems

constellation
to

"vvoc

aorfip,

star."

be

unnamed

Pegasus.
included it with y in the

Fargh

al Mu'fiir.

S, Triple, 2.5,

1.5, and

8.8,
are this,

yellow,
from Al

and
,

blue.

Enif,Enf,
the Arabians

and

Enir,

all titles for it. also

Anf,

the

Nose, by
and

which

designated
It
was

Scaliger had
Fnm

Enf

Alpheras,
Horse's

Schickard
; and

Aniphol PharanL

al Farai, the
on

Mouth

Al

the Lip, this Jafrfalah,

last
"

being found

one

of their

globes.
and these

of the the Almagest" Chromium interpreters Bayer quoted from Muscida,respectively Jaw and Muzzle, so describingits position; but

have become
knew it
as

proper

names

for f Draconis

and

tx

Ursae

Majoris.

Flamsteed

Oi

Pegaii.
the
star
a

With

0, and

Aquarii,it was
it is

the

23d sieu,Goei,or Wei, Steep

from about five miles

or

Danger, anciently Gui

Enif second.
s

spectrum
Gould

is

Solar, and

receding

us

thinks it

probably variable.

C,
Homam
from Sad1
seems

3-7" first

Ught yellow. given

Star But Al
to

to

have

been the

this in the the

Ihlermo in which that

Catalogue,

al Hum"m,
; other

Lucky
Homan.

of

Hero,

Ulug
the

Beg
al

included f
was

lists have
the

Hyde

said mentioned

original
Sad

Al

Hammam,
Arabic

Whisperer.
Good
been

Tizini

it

as

This

Sa'd is
seem

"

our

Luck

"

and
to

component

word

of many

titles in the

Desert
mencement com-

sky,all of which
of the
and

to

have
season

applied
of

stars

rising in the morning

form,
was

twilight
the

at

the

pleasant

spring.
;

Al Sa'dain, the dual

title for and

Jupiter
Saturn.

Venus, the Two

Fortunate

Planets

Al

the Unlucky, Hfthiftn,

referring to Mars

328
Ha'ainah, the
al had

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Al Two

Lucky
0 and

Star

of

the

Ostriches
One
was one

; and

Achsasi,

as

Ha'ir Sad
Al

Bahaim,
said
were

the

Bright
v.

Fortunate Thus

of of

the the

Beasts, which
Al

Sufi
al

general group

SuM

tfujum, the
The

Fortunate called

Stars.
it

Chinese
to

Luy Tien, Thunder. point assigned by Denning

the d
meteors
as

70
the

the

north

of f is the

the 28th

radiant of
of

first stream

ofPegauda,
locates it
near

visible about

the

June;

although Espin

Cygni.

?), Double,
on

3.2,

the

left the

forearm,
Fortunate

is the

Matar
as

of

Whitall's

Planisphere,from
0

Al Sad al

Matar,

Rain;

such, however,

was

included

with it.

6,
were

3.8,
the

and

v,

4.8,
Luck of the Two

Al

Sufi's Sad

al Bahaim,
the

Good

Beasts;
in

Al

Achsasi modern

adding

to

group

the had

stillbrighter "

0 alone

is Baham

some

lists;but
on

Ulug

Beg

Biham,
as

the

Young

of domestic the

animals.

It appears

the

Dresden

globe

Al

Hawa'im,

Thirsty Camels.

%, Triple and

binary, 4.8,

5.3, and

10.8,
in

yellowish and
China,
where

orange, it is Jih,the

marking
Sun,
The
o/7.2
a

the

right forearm,
for
"

is unnamed
X

except

title also
two

and

Librae.

largeststars
and,

were

divided
o".i

by

Burnham Their

in

1880

and

found

to

be

apart, this
is

decreasing to
with See

in of the

1891.
6

orbital
most

tion period of revolu-

\iyi

years, until third

that

Equulei, the
character

rapid
of

known

to

astronomers

discovered
are
1

binary
at
a

of LI. 9091

in Orion.

The

first and

stars

1"

apart,

positionangle

30805.

\
were

4.1,

and

n,

3.4,

Sad

al Bbf,
it
as

the

Good

Luck the

of the

Excelling One;
Luck
of

but

Kazwim

designated
Get
to

Sad

al

HazT,

Good

the

Camel

to Striving

Pasture.

The

Constellations

329
both titles
are more rectly cor-

was

Fum

al
to

Paras
e.

and

Al

Jafrfalah,but

applied
-n

was

the

Chinese

Woo,

Pestle.

with

v,

was

Al

Sufi's Sad
over

al Ha'amah,
a

which

Knobel
were

thinks known

should
as

be

Al

Ha aim, the
the

Cross-bars

well;

but

they also Sagma

Al

Karab,

Bucket-rope.
usual last titles for
two
v r
"

The but the

Markab
be

and
a

or

Salma

"

are

from

Bayer,

should
t,

Salm,
a

Leathern of three

Bucket.
were pairs,
a

\ H,7]

o, and

forming

group

noted

asterism

in

China,
This

under

the

title Li
names

Kung.
for rather

long

list of

inconspicuous stars

shows

unusual

early

interest in the

constellation.

There
Perseus.

was

the

knight of

fair-hair'd Danae

born,
Shield

Elton's

translation

of the

of Hercules.

Perseus,
Andromeda

even

amid in chains

the stars, must aetherial

!

take

Mrs.

Browning's Paraphrases

on

Nohhhs.

#e Cfyxmpion, (ptrtm",
the French
was

Pers6e,
as

the

Italian et

Perseo,

and

the

German

Perseus, formerly

catalogued
He is shown

Perseus

Caput

Medusae.
*

in

early illustrations
a

as

nude

youth wearing
around his the had
a

the

/a/aria,
in of from

or

winged sandals, with

the and

light scarf
or

thrown of

body, holding
mortal received
one

his left hand the

Gorgoneion,
in his drew and him

head

Medusa-Guberna,
which he

Gorgons,

or/a/x, right the "pn7jt thus, but

have added
a

Mercury.

Diirer

flowing robe,
they have,

figuringthat
main,
all of

Bayer, Argelander,

Heis

followed,

as

in the

that great artist's constellation

A
to

figures.
still seen,
was

title

popular

at

one

time, and
under

the

Resener, for,according
a

the story,

Perseus,
the

when

obligationsto
at

furnish
;

Gorgon's
the

head

to

found Polydectes,
1

Sisters asleep

the

Ocean
now

and, using
in the

shield

of

Tintoretto's celebrated

painting of the hero's

of Saint

exploit

hangs

Hermitage

Gallery

Petersburg.

330
Minerva off her has
as a

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Medusa's
cut glance,

mirror, that he might

he then

not

be

petrified by
rescue

head, which

utilized in the

of Andromeda.

Some

one

written about

this :
In the

mirror

of his Medusa

polished shield
slumbers

Reflected, saw
And Then And
not
one

take,
awake
;

serpent by good chance

an

backward from
her

unerring blow
at
once

he

sped,
head.

body lopped
as

her

Aratos either from

characterized the haste fact that with

the

stellar hero
are

"

stirring up
the
:

dust

in heaven,"

from the

his feet he

in the

celestial road, the

to
rescue

Milky Way, or
; and

which

is

going

of Andromeda

Manilius, describinghis place

Her Proud Perseus of the

in the

sky,wrote
Foot his

joyns, her weight,

known
and

Shoulder
with

bears

mixes

her

Stars.

His story
b.

probably
and may

was

well

in Greece each
wrote
a

anterior
drama

to

the
on

5th century
da's Androme-

c,

for

Euripidesand
with
be that

Sophocles them,
as

based he

history ;
a

with the
from

subsequent Greeks,
Hebrew
400
B.

was
a

Ueporis,
Horseman,
as a

word

derived

the

Parash,
c,

although
stellar
name

Ctesias,in
from

his Tlzpoind of about

may form be

had

Panond"s

Babylonia that
is

this.

Para"iea, current original.

also
are

in late

Indian

astronomy,

only

another and

of the

Greek

the Horseman, 'Inno-iys, these

stars.

Profogus, the Flying One,

Maria/
and

titlesfor

Classical Hero his

poets called
been

it Pinnipes,referring to the

the Cylleniui,

having
of

aided

by Mercury; Abantiadet Inaohides, from

a

from Acrisioniades, the first

grandfatherand
Argos;
and and

father ;

still earlier ancestor,

king
with

Deferens

caput Algol, Viotor cathenam,

from

Gorgonei monstri,Gotassociation
of Perseus

Gorgonisue,and gonifer,
Medusa the

Deferens

the

chain

of Andromeda.
some error

probably came, correctly applied to the plainlythe Arabians'

found in their

Alove

by
star

in

from transcription,

Al and P

Ghul,

more

; while

Bershawish, Fersaus,
Greek the title,

Siaush are
not

orthography
of
was

of the

letter

being
Mi

alphabet. They, however, commonly

the Demon's

called

it Hindi

al Ghul, the Moorish

the
same

Bearer

Head,
from

which

became
as

Alminugual in
caput larvae,

Spain,and

translated
in the and

Ulug Beg

Portans

being stillseen
Celeub, Cheleub,
Uranometria

German

Trager des Kedusen

1515
the from Arabic them

Kop"
the

The

Chelub

of the
are

Almagest \ Al/onsine Tabks, Kullab,

to

and

Bayer's
would

probably
and

Hero's

weapon,

although Grotius
render

others

have

referred

Kalb, a Dog,

which

the intelligible

occasional

titleCanifl.

332
Algenib
the horizon
never

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
York

sets

in

the

latitude

of

New

City, but
that the

just touches second, or

star

at

its lower the

culmination.
Potsdam
at

Its spectrum

is of Secchi's

Solar, type,
our

and

observations
rate

indicate
a

is approaching

system

the

of

6j"

miles

second.

the

Gorgon's head,
a

ghastly sight,
woe.

Deformed

and

dreadful, and

sign of

Bryant's translation

of the Iliad.

(3, Spectroscopic binary

Algol, the Demon,
its
the

and

variable,
the

2.3

to

3.5,

white.

Demon
Demon's

Star, and Head,

; but

Blinking Demon,
to
no

from

bians' the Ara-

Bit's al Ghul, the

is said I find

have

been

thus of

called from
that

rapid and

wonderful took and

our

variations
the the

evidence
Al Ghul Ghoul

this,and

people probably Mischief-maker, Nights

and ago of

title from
name

Ptolemy.

a signifies literally

still appears

in the the

of often

the

Arabian
some

day.

It

degenerated

into

Alove

used

centuries

for this star.

tgjv tv

Ptolemy
of those

catalogued it as
Gorgon's
w, ; the

yopyov/w
Al Tizini well-known

Aa/irrpdc,
"

the his

brightone
Hair, for,
the Got-

in the

head,"
up

which

followed group,

in

with gonea

7r, p, and

it made

that
of and of

itself

being

prima

Topyoviov

Chrysococca, Gorgoneum
the

Caput

of Vitruvius,

Caput Gorgonis
With vae, the

of

Hyginus,
writers Head.

Gorgonii

Ora

of Manilius. ago

astronomical

three

centuries

Algol

was

Caput Iw

Spectre's
and

Hipparchos
stars
as

Pliny
of

made

separate

constellation almost
to
our

of

the
own

Gorgon
though day,al-

the

Head

Medusa,
with

this

descending
ha
also

always
The Hebrews

connected knew

Perseus.
as

Algol

Bosh
; but

Sfttan, Satan's
as

Head,

Chilmead's

Bosch

hassatan, the Divela

the nocturnal of the vampyre

head

Lilith,Adam's
world that

legendaryfirst
in the of the characters

wife,1

from

the
as

lower witch

reappeared

demonology
in Goethe's The
1 We

Middle

Ages

the

Lilis, one

Walpurgis
gave
to

Nacht.

Chinese
are

it the gruesome
Talmudists had Version

title Tseih

She,

the

Piled-up Corpses.
in

indebted

the

for this story, which

probably
and

originated

Babylonia;
Eve
was

and

they added
for him. the

that, after Adam

Our Authorized

separated
renders

from
the

Lffith

their demon

children,
14,

created

originalword.in/ftuoAxxxiv, Cheyne adopts the Hebrew corresponded

"Puck."
woman,
to

by**scn*cb
in the

owl";
chrome and

Revised and

Version,
Luther "Robin the

by "night-monster";
's Bible had

LUith

Pofy-

Bible;
the

Kobold,

but

this

the

Scottish Brown*

English
it
"

Goodfellow/'"
Greek
and

Shakespeare's
in his Ijtmia.

Saint

Jeromes
beautiful

Vvlg*

translated
a

Lamia,"
that

Roman

title for the fabled

above, bat

serpent

below,

Keats

reproduced

The

Constellations

333
unfortunate, violent,and
been
one

Astrologersof dangerous star

as

course

said that

it

was

the

most

in the
most

heavens,

and

has it certainly in the

2

of the It
"

best

served, ob-

the

noteworthy
at

variable

northern

sky.

continues
first

constant sensibly

2.3

magnitude during
with about nine

y2 days, then
3.5

decreases, at

and gradually,

afterward

to increasing rapidity,

magnitude";

its
as

oscillations occupying light

2

hours; its total period being stated

Al
to

days 20

hours

48

minutes

55 seconds.
no

Sufi,a
its

good observer
it

for his
a

day,yet strangely making

magnitude
nari
; and

allusion
was

called variability,

2d-

the

phenomenon
years of

first

noted scientifically
This those
to
was

by

Monta-

during

several

preceding 1672.
1694, and, later, by
seems

confirmed
of the Saxon

by

Ma-

raldi's observations
but Palitsch,1

farmer

its

approximate period
even

have the

been

first announced of
a

by Goodricke

in 1782, who
around

then

advanced

theory

dark

panion com-

revolving
off its the spectroscope

it with

immense

which velocity, in

cut periodically

light. This,

reaffirmed hands

by Pickering
of

1880,

was

made

certain

by

in the
must

Vogel

of

Potsdam

in

1889.
of 130

Chandler

thinks that there

or

exist another which the in both

invisible body
revolve
on

larger than period

Chandler way.

either
years; bases Its
name

Algol
but

its companion, around shown be that

in

Tisserand has

phenomenon
a

which

this is
may
now

opinion can
used be for the

explained

different

and

simpler
Of these

type

indicating short-period variables

of
"

whose
seventeen

changes
are

explained by this theory

eclipses."

known.

Although
wrote

classed

among

the

white

stars

with
as

Sirian

spectrum,
at

Al

Sufi for about

a

of it as

red, which
1.

Schmidt
seems

confirmed
to

seen

by
us

him
at

Athens
rate

short time in 184

a

It

be
as

approaching
a

the
a

of

mile

second

; and

is estimated

little

more

than

million

miles

in

diameter.
When
on

the is at

meridian

Algol

is almost

exactly

in the

zenith of New
of December.

York

City. This

nine o'clock

in the

evening

of the

23d

",
In China It has

Double,
the

3.5

and

9,

greenish white
v

and

lilac.

with this,

4th-magnitude
of variation
at
a

and

some as

others, was
well of
as

Keuen

She.
The

been
are

suspected
about
a

in

color

in and

light.
form
an

components

9" apart,
four-inch

positionangle

io",

terestin in-

object for
1

telescope.
discovery of Halley's
comet
on

Palitsch also

was

famous

for his

Christmas

night, 1758.

334

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
and smalt

y], Double,
is unnamed But and

5 and

8.5, orange

blue,

except in China, where, with y, it was

in

Tien. Chuen, Heaven's

on one

Ship.
his

it is noticeable
one on

having

three
a

small

stars

side

nearly in line,
of

the The

other, forming
components
are

miniature
28"

of Jupiter and representation

at
a

satellites.
X

apart,
were

position angle
Mankib

3000.

and

p,

4th- to 5th-magnitude
of *'. e. next it marks of

stars, of

Tseih

Shwuy, Piled-up Waters.

al Thurayya,

J, a \% -magnitude, is
the
on

the Menkib
to
"

Burritt,from

Shoulder

"

the Pleiades

in the Arabian

although figure,
from the the the word

modern
o,
a

charts
star
on

the left ankle.

double found

4th

and

9th magnitudes, is Ati

the
now

and

Atik,

Al
and

Atik

the

Borgian globe, at
but it is

space

between
near

shoulders,

applied to
a

it

by Ulug Beg;
was color,

located
and

left foot from 34

7r,
to

$y2 -magnitude, was

in

Gorgonea secanda; Gorgonea

others in Great Mound.

p,

variable

4.2, orange t,
a

tertia.
the
was constellation,

4j" -magnitude,
as

with

known

by

the

Chinese

Ta

Ling,

the

marking
Bayer,
all
"

the

tip of

the

weapon

in

Perseus' but
none

hand,
of them
dicitur

bears
"

many

titles with
no name at

all
seen

to referring

its

location;

of these
:

indeed,

is
fake

in modern

lists.
trium

Bayer

wrote

In

adamanthina

praecedcns.
Maroni

Falx

"

curvus

Harpes, Gladios
Saturni dens.

falcatus," incurvus, Arab. The

"

Nembus,

Ensis

falcatus, "

curvus

Arab" and of

would if intended

seem

erroneous,

for

Nembns

is neither
as

Arabic is
no

nor picion sus-

Latin,

for

Nimbus,
the
a
"

is

equally wrong,
Curvus Saturni

there dens
was

nebulosity about
the well known and

star.

Vergil's

designationin
and X, naked
a

Georgics for

pruning-hook,"and
with
two

the

equivalent of Falx
with the and in 15'

so Ap-xi], a

in connection the little h mark

Perseus. clusters noticeable

multiplestar,
eye, Nos. almost

884 and

869
the

of

the New

General
a

Catalogue, 30'

diameter,

connected,
were

and

apparently
Mi (am

Milky Way.
"

They
to
"

Arabians'

protuberant part of the al Thurayya, the Wrist of

them,
"

1.

e.

next

the

Pleiades.
to

Hipparchos
subsequent
nebulous. of

seems
"

have

been

the first to
as

record

which

he did

as

a ve"t"eXoEi6rfgf cloudy spot "; Ptolemy,

ovorpo^fj,a

dense

mass"; and

astronomers

down

to

The

Alfonsine

Tables ensis
,

day similarlyconsidered them said, revolutic nebulosa, and the Almagest

Galileo's

iS$i,girus ille in eapulo

They
seem

this

girus

"

correcdy gyrus
the

"

a signifying

circle.

strangely to

have

escaped

notice

of

astrologers,

The

Constellations

335
as

who,

as

rule, devoted
accidents
to

much

attention

to

clusters

harmful

objectswhich

portended
In

sightand
Foo

blindness.

China

they
and
v

were

Shay.
are now

These
'" g"

stars

clusters
the

known

as

the

Sword
In

Hand
small

of Persons,

4"j and
clusters %
stream

marking
one

outstretched
most

sword.

telescopes the
reach.

twin

form an^

of the
ues

beautiful

objects within their

the
to

Between
meteor

tne

diverging point of
the the

Perseids, the prominent

the 17 th of

visible from
about appear

19th
10th

of

July
the

August, its

maximum several of from streaks their that back

occurring
days.
These

of

latter of

month

and
an

continuing
elevation
and

in the

early part

the

night,at

of

to fifty-six speed seventy miles, moving with moderate radiant the yellow light advancing nearly 300 eastward ;

leaving during
with
as

period
of
as

of

found visibility. Schiaparelli comet,

III of 1862. The

their

orbit
were

coincident recorded

Turtle's 81 1,
to
seven

Perseids
down

far
are

appearances been

being

mentioned
solar

to

841,
Dante

and

they

supposed

have

members

of the

system
in

for thousands

of years, may have

although
made

now,

perhaps, steadily decreasing

to

number.

reference

them

in the

Purgatorio
saw

Vapors enkindled
At

I ne'er

so

swiftly
serene,

cleave earlynightfall
at

the air
clouds

Nor, and

the

set

of sun,

the

of August

in the

later

Middle

Ages
l

they
of

were

known

as

the the

Larmes red-hot

de

Saint

Lament,

Saint
taken

Laurence's

Tears, his martyrdom

10th
was

upon

gridiron

having

place

on

the

August, 258.

o, of the

5th magnitude,

Oorgonea qnarta.

(pfloenur,
the French the Phftnix, Gennan

Phonix,
Eridanus
y in
a

and and

the

Italian south

Fenioe,
of

is

one

of and

Bayer's new Sculptor,

"

6gures,

between

Grus, Zauxak,

Fornax

its a, k, fi, 0, v, and which

line

curving toward
Al the

the

south knew which

like that them.

of

primitive Boat, by
another

figure,as
Al

Arabs
"

Al Sufi cited

name,"

Rial,
a

the

Young

Ostriches,

Hyde
used Al
our

wrongly read
Sufi's
term
was

Al

Zibal, perhaps
included
of this Saint
over

synonymous of Al

title;and Nahr,
the

Kazwini

in

describing some by

stars

River, in which

Phoenix
1

then
church and

Arabian
at

astronomers.

It is in the

Laurence

Upton

that

the

remains

of Sir William

Her-

schel lie buried,

them

is the

fitting inscription:
claustra.

CoelorumperrupU

336
Others

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
so
a

changed
of
a

the

figure to
into

that modern

of

Griffin, or Eagle,
was,

that

troducti the in-

Phoenix
than

astronomy

in

measure,

by

adoption
But,
with
"

rather

by

invention.
it
at
or

whether

Bayer

knew
"

not,

his title is

an

appropriate one,

for

various

early nations
been
"

all events, in

China, Egypt, India, and Persia

of

this bird has

of the the the and
:

an

astronomical
fable

symbol
of the

cyclicperiod,"some
with the Period
sun

sions ver-

well-known

making
at
noon

its life coincident

the

Great

Year among
sun

of

ancients
stars

beginning
Aries; and,

day
the

when

entered
when the

of
rose

in the

Egypt, with
20th of

Sothic

Sirius

together on

July.

Thompson

further writes

of this
A Pius
on

new

Phoenix-period is
a

said

to

have

commenced

a.

d.

139, in the

reign

of An toning is manifested

; and

recrudescence

of astronomical

symbolism

associated

therewith

the coins

of that

Emperor.
the

Coincidently,Ptolemy adopted
the first of showed

as

epoch

of his who

catalogue
knew

the year
as

138,

Antoninus. it
on

With

the
was

Egyptians,
an

this bird

Bennu it

and

their such

coins, it
in pagan
was

emblem
as

of

immortality; indeed
times.
Fire

generally has
In

been the

as

well

in Christian the

China

constellation
from the

Ho

Neaou,

Bird, showingits

derivation

there

Jesuits.
it with Grus
stars

Julius Schiller
Gould
a,

combined 139

in his Aaron

the
2.4
to

High
7. the

Priest

catalogues
2.2

naked-eye
was

here, from
Na'ir
al

of

magnitude,
in the horizon from

Al

Tizini's

Zanrak, Cymbat.

BrightOne
It culminates

in the

Boat, rendered

Hyde's

translation

lucida the

just above

of New its

York

City

on

17th

of November, Fomalhaut been

and is

quite conspicuous
A

solitary positionsoutheast
in has tint, of 2800.

from

i4th-magnitude companion, purple

by See, 9"
away, with
a

recently

ered discov-

positionangle

And

here the
out

fantastic fishes
calm for waters,

duskly float,
while their the

Using
Throb

fires
air.
Drama,

quick rhythms

along
Mrs.

shallow
A

Browning's

of ExiU.

are

the

German

Fiache,
and

the

Italian

Pesci, the

French The

Poisaons, the AngloAlfonsine Tables of

Norman

Peiaun,

the

Anglo-Saxon

Fixaa.

The

Constellations

337

52

had

Pesoes,

and

the

Almagest

of

15 15

Echiguen, Bayer's Ichiguen, a

has

word
a

that has

defied

commentators

unless

Caesius

explained it as being lying

one

corruption of Iehthues.
The

figures are
of and of the

widely separated
headed towards

in the

sky, the
it,and

northeastern the

one

justsouth
east

/3 Andromedae,
headed

towards
and
are

southwestern lucida

from

Aquarius
Both

Pegasus, the
north the of the

marking
first weeks

the knot

connecting
the 28th of

bands.

the ecliptic, three the

culminating on
earlier. In but in reversed

November,
shown

and close
as

second

about above

early days they were

of

one together, now.

other,

directions, although
its boundaries

united

By
but

reason

precession this constellation

lies the

is

now

the

first of the
g"

the

zodiac,

entirelywithin
in
a

sign Aries;
"a

vernal in the
a

equinox
tail of the

being located
southwestern

comparatively starless region south

and about
as

of

Fish,

20 far

west

of

line

from

Andromedae
is known

through
as

Pegasi continued
Aries, and
are

again."

This

equinoctial point
; and

the First of the it,

the Greenwich the

as

of the

Sky

from

ing their contain-

Fishes

called them

Leaden

of the Celestial Host

and

The
the

Greeks
as

knew
we

'l#0ve

'lxOveg,in
them
as

the

dual

and

plural ;
Puces,

Romans

do,

often

designating

Imbrifer said

Duo

Gemini Pisces,and

Piscis Gemellus.
and very aqua,
or

Classic authors
the

times Aquilonius,some-

Aqnilonaris; perhaps
the

for appropriately,

Aquilo

of the

Romans,
from
stellation, con-

derived
and
as

from well

a aquilus, signified

wind rain-bringing the

north,

also and

represented the supposed watery character of its northerly position. Ampelius, however, ascribed
or

Aquilo
the

to

Gemini,
Miss

Eurus,
thinks which

Vulturnus,
the dual six

the form

Southeast of
was

Wind,

to

Pisces. recalls

Clerke

that

this constellation

additional
calendar of

morith

every

years

inserted
in this
or

into

the

Babylonian
the
been also

360 days
these

; and
as

Sayce, agreeing
the
as

opinion,translates
la.
It has

earlytitle
found
on

for

stars

Fishes

of Hea
the

Euphratean remains
title, Zib, of
may
mean

Nuni,

Fishes, a supposed

equivalent
;

of its other this last word Another for this Aztecs' It

was

the
"

Graeco-Babylonian astronomy as Boundary being at the end of

"

later

although
zodiac.
Aratos

the

is signification

the

Water,
this also

which

we

have

already seen
of the

with

part of
name

the

sky;

is the

meaning
the

word

Atl, the

for Pisces.

the

Babylonian Nunu,
all Baffle, translated

the
"

Syriac Huno,
";
while Brown

Persian

Mahik,

and

the Turkish

Fish

Kircher
translates and

cited,from
"

Coptic

Egypt, TliKOTupiuv, Piscis Hori,

claims for
a

which formed

Protection," but

Coptic

lunar

asterism

by 0

y Arietis.
a

In earliest Chinese
22

astronomy,

with

Aquarius, Capricornus,and

part of

338
it Sagittarius,
was

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
quarters
or

the
or

northern

one

of the

the

four

of

the

zodiac,the
but

Dark

Warrior,

the

residence

of

Dark,
the

Northern, Emperor;
Two
;

in their zodiac later,

of twelve the it Two

was

it was figures,

Pig, T"eu

and, after the

Jesuits,Shwang
With the
one,

Yu,

Fishes. Al

the

Arabians

Samakah,
Al

"

Chilmead's

Alaemcha,"
the

or, in

dual, Al Samakatain
the

;
as

and

Hilt, the
that
so

Fish, referring to
the northern with in the

southern
founded con-

Vernal
with

Fish,

marking
stars

equinox;
not

being

Andromeda's

and

associated

the zodiac.

From

these

came

Sameh,
combined that

Haut, El Haut,
the here
two

and

Elhautine

Bayer's Uranonutria.
Celestial
saw

Dante

in

his in

Celeste

Laaea,

Roach

or

Mullet, saying Major;

and

and

Aquarius
:

geomancers

their

Fortuna

thus

described

I Pesci

quivering are
And the Wain

the

Fishes

on

the

horizon,

wholly

over

Caurus

lies.

This

was

on

Saturday morning,
time
was

and

the

positionsof
in the that
as

the

constellations of

dicate in-

that
or

the the

just before Wind,

the

sunrise

month

April;
the
or

Caurus.

Corns,
Varaha

Northwest mentioned before

symbolizing
constellation

quarter

of the which

heavens.

Mihira

Ittha, in

Greek Hioam

word in the The

two

appears Tamil 26th

; but

his

day it was

Anta, Jitu, and

Mina

dialect.

nakshatra,

Revati, Abundant
as a

or

Wealthy, lay
or

here But and

in the the the

thirtymanziL
sponding corre-

stars

from

" northwards, figured

the Fish's
or

Brum

Tabor.

Batn

al Hut,

Belly,

or

Al

Risha',
were

the

Cord,

situ, Koei,
a

Kwei, Striding Legs,

to
v

formed

by

sixteen in

stars

in

figure 8

from

Piscium

Andromedae,

and
seem

mainly lay
to

this

stellation, con-

although

0
of

and these

f in Andromeda

have have

been been

minant their detereven

points.
extended,
the three Al

All

stations,however,
"

may

more

for there

certainlyis
that it is
"

perplexing disagreement
of that the

in detail among

systems."
asserted the
name

Biruni
one

sign in

all

languages signifies
was

only

fish," and
to

probable
it

the

originalasterism
great

such, for.

according
or

Eratosthenes,
and
so,

symbolized
named The

the

Syrian goddess Derke

this and

Derketo,

later,was
Phacetis.
of

Dea
Greeks word head

Syria, Dercis, Dereetis, Dercete,

called from upon
a

Proles
from
a

Dercia, supposed
it
was

and

'ATopyanc;1 and
Dag

derivation with
a

this

Adir

(Great and
In this

Fish)
manner

drawn

woman's the

huge
the

fish's

body.

it was
was

connected
made
to

with
Atargatis
show

Syrian Dagdn
apocryphal
a

and

their Jews' Dagafin,

xii. 26; and gems

1 Allusion
now

this

in the the

2d Book
star
or

of Maccabees,
other

in the

British

Museum

fish-god with

astronomical

symbol.

34"
this that
Pisces
"a

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
malignant influence
for the in human

was

considered

of

such

affairs,
"

dull, treacherous, and

anterior Hebrews of
to

phlegmatic sign"; yet

said
; and
to

this

opinion,
from

doubtless, was
of sea-fish the
out

the in

patriarch'stime,
abhorrence
a

Egyptians, the
abstained

structor ining eat-

astrology,are
fish
a

have when

dread

and

they

would

express

anything odious, represented

asserted that the appearance of
war

in

their
here

hieroglyphics. Pliny,too,
indicated
but this

comet

great
became

trouble the

from
mon com-

differences besides religious

and

pestilence ; they
showed

reputation of
In of the the

comets

wherever

themselves.

early astrology

the

constellation
and
as so

appropriately was
Sidus

under

the

care

sea-god Neptune,
of

the

Neptuni

of Manilius Bathes

; and

it

was

Exaltation

Venus,
In

Chaucer
where

said in the
Venus is

Wyf of
"

Ta/ey"

Pisces

exaltat, the

which

Sir Thomas upon

:

Browne,

the

author-physician of

17th century,

thus

commented
Who

will not

commend

the

wit

of

astrology ?

Venus,

born

out

of

the

sea,

bath her

exaltation

in Pisces.

Thus but

it

naturallyruled days
was

the

and Euphrates, Tigris,

the

Red

Sea, and

Parthia;
Home

in later

assigned to, the guardianship of Jupiter,whose Egypt, Calabria, Galicia, Normandy,

was

it was, and

reigning over
It human of of the

Portugal, Spain, mariners,

and

Ratisbon.

predominant
and

in

influence

with
a

had
as

charge
of fish

feet ; the the

:

designated color being

it
was

white, glistening
its namesakes,

just
to

out

water

like fruitful,

for,

according

Manilius

Pisces

fillthe

Flood.

Ptolemy
rear or

distinguishedthe

members
"

of the front
or

constellation
western
"

as

^ropfvoc/'the
Southern

eastern," and
vortoc;
a

rjyovfisvo^,

the

; the

Fish
founding con-

being his
in
water

precaution rendered
by
classical

necessary A
our

by

the

frequent

of these
seen

three

writers.
where

notable Pisces
are

instance

of this is
to

the

Poetkon the

Astronomicon,
Urn. is In

made

receive

the

from

Humboldt's

Cosmos
to

they
taken
; and

are

Pisces boreal*
name

The

constellation with
to

popularly thought

have

its the

from

its

coincidence

the

sun

during
two

the

rainy season joined;

but

symbol

for the

sign, X,

represent the
affix of asserted

Fishes

Sayce

thinks

it the Hittite

determinative Postellus
fed
"

plurality.
that the
men,

Fishes
beside of

represented
women

those

with
"

which
;

Christ

about

five thousand
were

and

children
Oeov

and

Caesius,
a

that

they

the

IX0T2

'lrjoovg Xp/"rr6c

'Ttoc

Iwnjp,

fish

The

Constellations

341
but when the old

always being
twelve

the

symbol
turned
to

of

the

early Christians' faith ;

of the

figures were
successor were

into those
traitor
to
a

these apostles,

became

Saint

Matthias,
The
wall of

the

Judas.

Fishes
Merton

changed

Dolphin
from the

in

the

zodiac

sculptured on
to

the

College,taken
and warden

armorial

bearings of Fitz James,

1482
fish
was

bishopof London,
being of
Within
as

of the

collegefrom
pagans die
"

1508;

dolphin

sacred their

significance among
took 747

as

among

Christians.

boundaries

place
of these

three the

distinct
year
to

conjunctions of
which for
a

Jupiterand
time
some was

Saturn

in the year

Rome,

long

assigned Christ's birth;

Saint that these

phenomena
account

agreeing in strikingly
of the Star of Bethlehem. in their visit to

of their details with

Matthew's

The
was

opinion
in 1826 held

appearances

guided by
the

the

Magi

Judaea
worked that the

first advanced

and

advocated
in

celebrated

Kepler,

and

out

by Ideler, and

1831 by

Encke.1

It is noticeable in the years

Rabbis
a

the tradition, recorded

by Abrabanel
three
at

similar

conjunction took
and
were

place in Pisces
the national Saturn
to

15th century, that previous to the birth

advent.
the Thus
as

of

Moses,

they anticipated another

considered

their Messiah's
of

the Fishes
as
a

constellation
were

Jews,
here

well ruary, Feband

tribal
1

symbol.

Jupiterand being added

again together
"

in

88 1, Venus

the

group,

well

remembered

most

beautiful

sight.
was

Here, too,
Stonier said
created the It
was

the

seat

of the another
;

predicted conjunction
Deluge
in 1524,
"

of three

planets that
that

would

cause

an

announcement

universal
season

consternation
was

for but, unfortunately

the

prophet'sreputation,
of Lilien-

unusually dry.
the 2d of

in

Pisces,on

September, 1804,
minor for

that

Harding,
Spenser

thal in In

Hanover,

discovered

the

planet Juno.
Edmund thus scribed de-

his

Shephear"Ts

Kalendar

November,

the

constellation's
But
nowe

place in
sadde

the

sky :
welked of his in

Winter
weary

hath

the

day,

And

Phoebus,
hath
taken up

yerely taskc, lowly laye,

haske.

Vstabled
And

his steedes his ynne

in Fishes

La

Lande,

quoting indirectlyfrom
of Petosiris
:

Firmicus, mentioned

as

from

the

Egyptiansphere
au

nord
recent

des

Poissons, il place le Cerf, "

by the late

une

autre

constellation
Charles

du

Lievre

More

determinations,
the

Reverend
our

Mr.

Pritchard

of Oxford, have

have

somewhat

altered

previous conclusions, while

that the time-honored
now seems

chronologists, meanwhile,
of the Star

changed
with

the date of the these

so Nativity,

identification discarded.

of the

Magi

planetary conjunctions 22*

to be

342
but for this second

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
had Cerva
as a

Hare
"

I cannot of the

trace, Fishes." indistinct

although Bayer
between

title

Cassiopeia
is that of
a

north

There Whale Stream

sprinkling of
Vitruvius
called

stars

the

Fishes

and
as

the the

'Epjuedov*/, explained by
some

Hesychios
as

Faint

Stars, but
that the may

by
be.

French

commentator

Us

delices dt

MercurCy
was

whatever

Riccioli,callingit Hermidone,

said that it the Urn ; though Cord, althe proposed

effusioAquarii, Baldus, with

this
new seems

classical

designation
that the word

for
was

the

Stream

from the be

but

said Scaliger,

Apnedovrj,
stars

equally inapplicablehere.
noted under

These

may

Testudo

0 Ceti. visible
to

Argelander
but the lucida

gives 75 components
is

the

naked

eye, and

Heis

128;

only

of the

4th magnitude.

Qt, Double
Al

and

probably binary,
Al
from

and

5.5, the

pale

green

and

blue.

Resoha,
is 200

or

Kucha,
the

derived
of

from

Arabians' of the
; the

Al

Risha', the

Cord,
and

south the knot

head united This

Aries, 2".7 north

of the Fishes

celestial equator,
same

marks
to

in the

cords word

tide

being
the

applied

j3 Andromedae.

originally may
it

have

come

from

Babylonian

Riksu,
and

Cord.

Hipparchos
Aivu)v, the
Geminos scholiasts others missura The
as

Ptolemy
of the these and

designated
or

as

Svvdeonog Threads,

twv

or ,I#0v6n",

rwr

Knot

Fishes,
words

of

the

varied

by
by

Aratos and Cicero

as

and the and Com-

in Aea/zoc;
as

being

transcribed
were

by

Germanicus

Sundesmos

Desmos.

They
Nodus

rendered
;

Nodus, Nodus
Piscium
; and

and coelestis, in the

15 15

Piscium
as

by

Pliny

Almagest
al

Nodus

duorum

fllorm
as

Arabians
are

translated unusual

these titles
now.

by 'Ukd
from

Haitain,

which,

Okda

and

Kaitain,
The the

not

uniting cords, branching

Fish,
to

through

o, 77, tj, and

p to
g"

of the tail marks the

northernmost
one

and

through f, v, /*,/, et f, e,
were

and

6 to

that

tail of the authors.

the

south,

Ptolemy's kivov, "thread,"

Vincla,
the

the the

kivoi of other

Cicero

called

them

Bonds;

and

scholiast Hevelius

on

Germanicus,
Linum
the
star

AUigamentum
and

linteum
Some cords.
as

or

luteum, divided
of these
terms

by

into

boreum
6
as

austrinum.
one

also

were

to applied

marking
knew Al

of the these

The

Arabians and
romance

cords the

Al

Halt

al

Kattaniyy,
them
; but

the

Flaxen

Thread;

Asma'i, about
Antarah
as a

year

800,

mentioned

brated in his celedone

distinct

constellation

Pliny had

the

same

long

before

him.

The

Constellations

343
fainter than
y

Al

Rischa,

although
on

lettered

is somewhat first,

and

q.

It culminates The

the
stars

7th
are

of December.

component
a

3" apart,

at

position angle
Achsasi that Chinese
as

of

3240.
the

0,
Fish's of the

4}4 -magnitude,
Mouth,
two.

is

given by
it

Al

Fnm

al Samakah,
in the
westernmost

of descriptive With
y,

its positionnear
u

feature

0, 1, and

was

the

Peih

Leih, Lightning.

""

4-i.

has

in

Bayer's
seem

Uranometria
to

many words have

of

the

titles

already
of the
names.

noted star's

under

a, but

they
the and

would

be

merely indicative
used them
as

position on
c,

Cord, f
a

although
up the

some

proper
a

d, a,
Screen.
was

", p,

v,

made

Chinese

figure Wae

Ping,

Rolled

f,

double

5th- and
as

6.3-magnitude, apparently unnamed,

prominent sphere
the about vernal the the

in Hindu the year

astronomy
572,
It when formed

marking
of the

the initial within

point of
io' of

the

celestial

it coincided

longitude
lunar

with

equinox.

part
and of

the

Khorasmian

station

Zidadh,

Sogdian1 junction
station

Biwand,
star

26th

nakshatra,
With

Eevati, Rich, being

e

between

Revati

and

A9vini.
Cord.

it

was

the

Persian

lunar

Kaht

and

the

Coptic Kuton,

TQ, Double,

and

11.

Epping
show the

asserts

that

this

marked the Cord

the of

1st

eclipticconstellation
Fish, which,

of

the

Babylonians,

Kullat

Hunu,
Greek

the

if correct, would the

origin of
with

the

and title,

the

present
In The
k

figure.

Another
o, p, and

signification may
#, it
1"
stars
was

probable great antiquityof be the Dwelling of the Fish.

the

China,

Yew
at

Kang,
a

Right-hand
of fin of

Watch.

components

of 77

are

apart,

position angle
the and
as

i2".9.
the
western

and

Xj 4th-magnitude
the Chinese in

just
the

above

ventral Rain.

Fish, were
o,

Yun
the

Yu,
15 15

Cloud

4.6, appeared
of

Almagest

Toroularis
this A/i"oc, word should

a ieptentrionalis,

translation
Thread Fl.

Xrjvog,erroneously written
from
a.

for

star

being

on

the

northeast

But

the has

Latin been

read

Toroular.
Hall
as

65,

6th-magnitude double,
Sun of the

regarded by

Maxwell

the Central

Universe.

The

Arabs

considered
was

Sogdiana
of the

one

of the

four

fairest lands and of

on

earth

; its

capital, Samar-

khand,

the home

great Tamerlane

Ulug Beg,

his

grandson.

344

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings

Next From To

swims the

the South

Southern

Fish

which
a

bears feeble

Name

wind,
in

and

spreads

Flame.

him

the Flouds

spacious windings
Creech's

turn. Maniliu*.

T4ft6,tfc ^OUffcm "l$, ("U0f (pXBCXB

is the

Italian Peace Sudliche Fisch.

of the

Aurtrale
It lies

the

French

Poisson
south the of

Anrtrale;

and and

man the Ger-

immediately
known and
as

Capricorn
Aratos

Aquarius,

in

that

part
"

sky early
the

Water,

describingthe

figure as

on

his back

Fish,"
reversed

The

Fish

still shows

his

belly'sstars

but

modern

representations give
it is very of the Fish the

it in

normal whole is

attitude.
outflow
an

In from

either case, the Urn. and in the

; may

however,
This
have

unnaturallydrinking the drinking

been
as

idea

the

Stream found

ancient

one,

given

rise to has

title Piscis aquosus,

with

Ovid

and

4th

Georgic,which mentioning
; but

commonly

referred the this

to

this constellation

Vergil
vest harfessors Proin

it in his directions proper and

to

time

for

gathering
is article

the

honey

the

applicationof
Wilkins,
in

title adjectival

uncertain,for
on

Ridgeway
Doctor

their admirable
and Roman

Astronomia
:

Smith's

Dictionary of Greek
has been
"

Antiquities,write
to

The
"

Piscis

in

question
Fish
"

variously supposed
the Dolphin
"

be

one

of the

Fishes

in the Zodiac

the

Southern

Hydra

or

even

the Scorpion.

Smyth
In the

said

that
editions the there

early

Venetian

of

Hyginus, by

is that

smaller

fish

close under
from

it,rtmm

fashion, interfering with

Solitarius

which

astronomer,

its insulated position,

designated

Piscis

Notius.

Accordingly
and the

the

edition

of

1488, with
of the

this

representation,
showed

had

it Piioet,
a

German

manuscript
omitted
at

15th century
the Farnese

it with

still

larger companion.
The the Urn In

figure is strangely
of

from the
was

globe,

the

stream

from

Aquarius ending
our

tail of Cetus. the

early legend
been known

australis under this

parent

of the

zodiacal

two, and has

always
of

varied specifictitle,

by

the

other

adjectives

equivalent signification, austrinus, meridionalis, and

La Lande asserted

notius.

that

Dupuis

had

proved

this to be the

sky symbolof

The

Constellations

345
adored in

the

god Dagon
even

of the been

Syrians,the Phagre
associated
and with the
;

and

Oxyrinque

Egypt;

and it

has
was

still greater

Oannes.
and

It also

T#0vc
and

T#0vc

voriog

'l#0vc

peyag

Pistil magnufl
its

povdfav 'tyflvc
and it is

Piscis solitaries ; PisciB

Capricomi,
Greater

from

position;
Golden

speciallymentioned
to

by
of much

Avienus the
more

as

the

Fish. called
those and

Longfellow,
it the in the north.
names

in the notes

his
as

translation
so

Divine

Comedy,

Fish, probably
When became mediaeval the

being
al
into

conspicuous
Greek

than

Arabians Hnt

adopted
Haut

the

constellations
Southern

this in late

Al

Jannbiyy,

the

Large

Fish, distorted
Chilmead
south of it : than
as

days
but

elgenubi, and
extended Grus.

given by
to
wrote

Ahaut
ours,

Also

gennbi;
included
The widow

their

figure was
modem

further

the

and

stars

of the

Smyth

Mosaicists
; but

held

the asterism pronounces

to

represent

the Barrel taken

of XmI

belonging
Peter with
a

to

Sarephtha's

Schickard

it to

be the Fiih

by St.

piece of money

in its mouth.

Bayer said
Gould

that

it

partook
it 75

of the

character astrological

of the

planet Saturn.

assigns to

naked-eye components.

a,

1.3,

reddish.

Fomalhaut,
been
the
common

from

the
name

Arabic for

Fum

al Hut, the

Fish's that

Mouth,
Pom
a

has

long
Al-

this star, Os

Smyth
Piscis

saying

Alhout still

genubi

appears,

with

its translation
of 1340.

Meridiani,

in

existing

manuscriptalmanac
Aratos

mentioned distinctly

it as

One

large and
in the

bright by

both

the Pourer's

feet,

which marked
noted In his

is its location

maps and

of

to-day, although
was

sometimes

it has is

the eye
at

of the

Fish,

formerly

still

placed, as differently
inserted of

0.
to

addition

putting it in
Flamsteed

its

own

constellation,Ptolemy
him in

it in Piscis

Tdpo^ooc, and
79 of
star
seems

followed

making

it his 24

Australis and
No other

Aquarius, callingit Aquae

to

Ultima
an

Fomalhaut.

have of 152

had
1

so

varied it in it in

orthography.
as

The the
1st

Al/onsine

Tables but

locate

Aquarius
Piscis

Fomahant
as

and in

of
ore,

magnitude,

they
do

describe
a

Xeridionalis
The other

its title and omitting

calling it
not

4th-magnitude.
mention it
at

editions

of

these Tables, and

Kazwini,

all in this

but constellation,

346
in

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
of the of

Aquarius;
in his

nor

does

Bullialdus of the

in his edition Persian The

as

Rudolphine

though Tables,alhe calls it

reproduction
and

Tables Astronomica in

Chrysococca
Danica of

Os
tanus

Piscis

notdi

Fumahand.

Longomon-

includes
at

it in

Aquarius
also

ultima

effusione Fomahant, Kepler's

Fomahandt. Fumalhaut
Riccioli's
;

givingno
1627, have
cites
in it,

Piscis
the

all; Tycho's
and Hevelius
as

Rudolphine

Tables ', in
as

edition

of

same,

puts it there
Fumahant
and

Bayer

Piscis

Notius,
Caesius

Fumahant,
has

rectius

Chilmead,Phom
names

Ahnt;

Fomahand

Fontabant;

for it

are

Fomauth,
La

Phomaut,Phomault,
; La

Phomant,
Lande's
are

Phomaant, Fnmalhant,

Phomhant, Fomahant,
as

Phamelhant
and

Phomalhaut Cattle's,
; and

Phomaand Sir

hant

Schickard's, Fomalcnti.
had it

Costard

gives it

Fomahont;
:

William

Herschel

Fomalhout,

writing to

his sister

Lina,

"

Last

night

"

popt

"

upon

comet
.
.

between
.

Fomalhout

and

3 Ceti.

More has

correctlythan
the

all these,

Hyde
but

wrote

it Pham

Al

HEt

Burritt's Atlas It generally, French. Stella Caneanother

"

present form
but

Fomalhaut,
is

his

Planisphere, Fomalhani
as

wrongly,

pronounced
of

Fomalo,

though
has

from

the

The

Harleian the

Manuscript
which

Cicero's
is either
as an

Aratos
erroneous

the

words

pus
the

at

Fish's mouth,
for any very Arabs
on

title, or
a

use

of

word

bright star,
Fomalhaut the

is noted

under

Argus,

Canopus.
First Frog : the

Among
and in

early

was

Al

Difdf
is the

al Awwal,
word

the

its location

Borgian globe
title.
was

Thalim,

Ostrich,

evidently another
Flammarion
the winter

individual that
a

says

it

Hastorang
Star,one
while

in

Persia four

3000

b.

c,

when

near

and solstice,

Royal
other

of the about

Guardians
b. c.

of Heaven, it
was

sentinels

watching

over

stars;

500
at

ject the oblater still

of sunrise
on,

worship
knew and

in the

temple

of Demeter

Eleusis ; and
power.

with The With

astrologers,portended eminence,
Chinese Achernar it
as

fortune, and

Pi

Lo

Sze Xnn.
it made that it up Dante's be

Canopus

Tre
the

Facelle;
Central

and Sun

sixty
of the

years

ago,

Boguslawski thought
300 15'
stars

might

Universe.
It lies in about of all the in the of south visible

declination, and
in the latitude of and

so

is the York

most

southerly
itis

prominent
of

New South

City,but
from As

zenith

Chile, the Cape

it
seems

of Good
a

Hope,

Australia.

To the sence the abone

uninstructed of the

observer

full

ist-magnitude, perhaps
on

near-by stars.
lunar
stars

It culminates it is of

the in

25th

of

October.

o(

so-called

importance

navigation,and

appears

in the

Ephemerides

of all modern

sea-going

nations.

348
It lies between all very
was

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
the River

the

fore

feet of

Taurus

and
4

Eridanus, its
o2 been

stars

inconspicuous,unless
for
now

it be

the
But

^-magnitude
loan has

Eridani,which
returned, for

borrowed
is not

its formation.

the

Psalterium

recognized by

astronomers.

t$e (gUnner's Compass. QUufic4, (ftaris

Pyxis
associated
was

formed with
the

by

La

Caille

from

stars

in the

Mast
an

of

Argo,

and

so

Ship, although there, of

it to La

course,

it is

anachronism.
had been

Baily reannexed
by

Argo, since
Caille found

four

of
so

its members that for

a

placed
with

Ptolemy
but

where Gould from

them,

time
of

it fell into

disuse;

inserted

it in his Uranotnetria

Argentina

1879,

stars sixty-six

3.8

to

7th magnitudes.

t$e (gturaf Quobranf Quabrans (gturafts,

between the

rightfoot
was

of

Hercules, by
his La

the

left hand in

of

Bootes,
as
a

and

the

stellation con-

Draco,
instrument the
stars

formed he and

Lande

1795,
Le

souvenir

of the

with

which

nephew,

Michel

Francais, observed
tatter's Histoire

subsequently incorporated under

this title into the

Celeste

Franfaise.
Manor Quadrant
is not of

It is the of the

Stieler's Planisphere, and

or

the
nor

Qnadiante

Italians,but
astronomers. to meteor

figured by Argelander
with

Heis,

recognized
of

by

modern It A
comes

the

meridian the

(3 Ursae

Minoris
radiates

on

the

19th

June.
on

rich

stream,

Quadrantids,

from

this group

the

2d and

3d

of

January.

(Reficufttm (RfcmBottofte, tfc(gfcmBoifef(lief,

is

generally supposed
he used

to

be

of La

Caille's

formation

as

memorial observations

of
;

the
but

reticle which

in

making his celebrated

southern

The

Constellations

349
the

it
so

was

first

drawn

by

Isaak

Habrecht,
its

of

Strassburg,as
from

Rhombus,
of
to

and

probably
the

only adopted by

reputed inventor.

It lies north 3.3

Hydras
nitudes. mag-

and

Greater

stars Cloud, containing thirty-four

7th

It is the and the

French

Reticule Reticolo.

or

Rhombe,

the German

Rhomboidische

Net*,

Italian

(RoBut "4rofmum,
the

Cfarfc*'0a*"
of of

Quercia

of in

Italy and

the

Karlseiche

Germany,
the

was

formallypublished
Oak of

by

Halley

1679
which Cromwell

*n

commemoration

Royal
for
on

his patron,
after

Charles
his defeat
1

II, in by
This

the

king

had

lain

hidden

twenty-four hours
the

in the secured

battle for

of Worcester,

3d

of

September,
Oxford,
that

65

1.

invention
the

Halley his
But of
"

master's La the and

degree

from

in the

1678,

by

king's express
of the

command.
some

Caille
finest the

complained
stars
ceases

construction
that

figure,from

in

the
to

Ship,
it,and
stars.

ruined after

already incomplete constellation,

a

Oak

flourish

half

century

of

possession,"although
it into
a

Bode

sought
to

to

restore

Burritt

incorporated
list of Ohnen,

his maps,
was

assigning changed only

one

it

twenty-five
now

Halley's 2d-magnitude
Reeves'
Han

Roburis

to

j3 Argus, entry under

in Carina.
"

Chinese
Southern

star-titles has

Robur

the

laid down. Ship, 0, etc., but doubtful, incorrectly

There Without Nearer

is in front
a

another

Arrow

cast

bow

; and

by

it flies the

Bird

the north.
Brown's A rates.

the

French

Flfcche, the

German of

Pfeil,and Aquila
and

the south

Italian of

Saetta,

lies in

the
ward east-

Milky Way,
;

directly north
although
and

Cygnus, pointing
no

and,

for ancient, is insignificant,

none

it has

star

larger than

the 4th

magnitude,

that

is named.

350
It has
was

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Eagle's talons,
described
The it for the bird

occasionallybeen
to

drawn but
now

as

held

in the

armor-bearer had

Jove;
as

Eratosthenes
is
on

as separately,

Aratos the the

done,

and

it

our
was

maps.

common

belief that
on an error

latter included version that of

it with

his A/etoc And of

based, Grotius
been the
one

said,
as

in

Germanicus.
the

it has
or

regarded
shot

the

traditional towards
the

weapon the

slew

eagle

Jove,

by

Hercules

adjacent Stymphalian birds, and

; but

still lying between

it
as

them,
with the

whence which

title Herculea

Eratosthenes

claimed and

the

arrow was

Apollo Copii

exterminated
The called

the of
a

Cyclopes;
1488
showed

it sometimes

Arrow

of

Hyginus
it Tofov,
it
as our

it

overlying
and the

bow;

indeed, Eratosthenes
form
; Aratos
tioned men-

Bow, signifying Arrows

Feathered
"

in its

plural

the

Arrow

Well-shaped
from

Dart,
that

the of

akkoc

dioros

of

motto,
has

another been and

arrow," in distinction

rius. Sagitta-

it Still, its
owner.

often

thought Ptolemy
times

of

as

the

latter's weapon

strayed from
Cahurnu,
were

Hipparchos
authors of all
as

had

plain 'Oiaroc.
knew which the But it the
as

Latin and

classical

and Reed and

since
from

Canna,

Harundo,
; and ; Telum

signifyingthe

arrow-shafts

formed
Dart

Missile, Jaoulum,
even

Telum,

Weapon,

Javelin,and
was

descending
all the and

to

Kepler's day.
mentioned

Sagitta

its

mon com-

title with it
as

Romans

who

its stars;
it is not. of

Cicero

izing character-

clara who

fulgenSy which, however,

to

Bayer,

ascribed

it the
names
:

nature astrological

Mars

and

Venus,

picked

up

several

strange

Daemon,
one

Feluco, and
the
or oefxeiat,

Fossorium, apparently
notae^
;

here; Obelus, unintelligible

of

of

ancient

grammarians,
cited
a

or,

possibly,an
and

Obelisk, which
Albumasar the

it may for the

resemble
Turkish

Orfercalim,

by Riccioli Arrow;

Beigel from

Otysys Salon, Vectis, a Pole;

attributed
star-name,
to

Smooth
and

Temo

meridianns,

Southern The the

Beam;
Missore
as
a

Virga
Cicero for the
a

Virgula jacens, a
and the
was arrow
or

Falling
never

Wand.

is erroneous,
one

used
while the

by
the

latter of

but

who for

shot

Mosator Arabic the

Aben
a

Ezra

is either

barbarism The

Missore,
called

may

be
or

from

Satar,

StraightLine.
and

Hebrews and the

it H5s Al

H8ts;
all

Armenians
an

Persians,

Tigris ;
on

Arabians,

Sahm,
turned into Tables

meaning
Chilmead

Arrow

; this

last,given

the

Dresden

globe, being
and the
as

by
Sham.

into

Alsoham,

by Riccioli

into Schaham,
In
some

by

Piazzi

of

Alfonsine

appeared Istusc, repeated

of the

gest in the Almathe

of

15 15

Istiusc,both
of 152 Five
1

probably disfiguredforms
Alahance,

6*"tt6c;and
Arabic

Alfonsine
or

Tables the

had

perhaps
feature.

from The

Al H-ans
also

H'amsah,

its noticeable (Stars),

est nun,

same

Almagest

had

Albanere, adding

all

unintelligible except

from

note: Scaliger's

The

Constellations

351
Dages
in

legendum Alhance,
accidit in Arabismo

id
et

est

Sagitta,hebraicae

converso originis,

Nun,

ut

saepe

Syriasmo.

Schickard

wrote not

it Alohanzato.

is Sagitta

noticed

in the

Reeves shot

list of Chinese

asterisms.
Elisha's
stone

Caesius
one

imagined
sent

it the

Arrow

by Joash
David
at

at

command,
; and

or

of those

by Jonathan
or

towards of the modern

the

Ezel

Julius

the Schiller,

Spear,

the in

Vail,

Crucifixion.

only 40 Originally
to
more

length,

astronomy

has

stretched

the

stellation con-

than

io"; Argelander
gave
on seem

assigning to
4.

it 16

naked-eye

stars,

and It

Heis
comes

18.
to

Eratosthenes the meridian

it

only
of

the
to

1st

September.
named,
as

None

of

stars Sagitta's

have been G.

been known Clark

to

but

its but
an

triplef
the

is

an

interesting system.
was

It has the late

long
Alvan

double,
be

larger star
close

discovered
and

by

itself

extremely

double The

rapid binary.
are

components

of

6, 6,

and of

magnitudes;
The blue.

the

two star

larger
is

o".i tant. dis-

apart in

1891,

at

positionangle
are

i82".8. and

smallest

8".5

The

colors

greenish,white,

glorious in
follows full drawn

his
an

Cretian

Bow,

Centaur His Bow

with

aiming Eye, ready

to

and

let

fly.
Manilius.

Creech's

the

French

and the Italian Sagittario, Sagittaire,

"

the

German
was

Schutze, Tofev-nyc, Tofyvrfip

"

Bayer'sSchiitz,
Archer, and
other Greeks

next

to

the the

eastward

from

Scorpio,
with

the

Pwrwp
; and

rogov,

Bow-stretcher, Eratosthenes,

Aratos;

with and

Toforijc

with cited of Lucian

Hipparchos, Plutarch,
not
a

Ptolemy.
These

The

BekoKpdrcjp
Drawer

by
the

Hyde, though
the Romans and

lexicon

word,

the probablysignifies
were

Arrow. and into

our

translated

by
His

title, although

Manilius
term

had

Sagittifer;Avienus, Sagittiger;
to

a Cicero, Sagittipotens,

peculiar
"

him.

equivalent Arquitenens,
Ausonius and with

the

ancient

form

of

Arcitenens, reappearing with

Al

Biruni

in Sachau's

352
translation,
"

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
writers for

was

also the Atlas

used

by early
seen

classic

this constellation

although

where

word has

is

with

Vergil it is for the

common

god Apollo.
before

Flamsteed's

Sagittary,
house
"

for

centuries
Arsenal
was

him;

Shakespeare
the

callingOthello's
the

probably

the

in Venice"

/. e. bearing Sagittary,1 ; and

zodiac

sign.
The

The

word

early written
bis
had

Sagitary

Sagittarie and
predecessor,
called De

Saagittare
Thaun.

in Chaucer's

Astrolabe, from

Anglo-Norman
Columella how these Others
names

Anglo-Saxons
the

Seytta.
but

it Crotos, and

Hyginus, Croton,
not

Herdsman;

are

applicable does
On 'Ittttottjs, from

appear.

have

been

Horseback;

Semivir,

the

Half
now

Man;

Taurus
in for

and

Minotauros,
; while

his fabled

early shape, although

and

figured
it.

equine
our

form

Cicero's

Antepes

Antepedes
also has its parts, and

may

be for this, or

Centaur. the

Cornipedes, Horn-Footed,
whole
was

been
as

applied to

Sometimes
we see

personifiedby
Arcns of
; in

with

Aratos, where
and known the
as

T6"ov,

the

Bow,
of Ovid

the

Cicero

Germanicus;
to have

Haemonios
an

Areas
held

Egypt, hand;

where and

it is said
with the Ovid

been in

Arrow

in

human the

again

Thessalicse induced

Sagitta, Thessaly being Longfellow's lines

birthplace of
Calendar

Centaurs.
:

This

in his Poets1

for November

With
A

sounding hoofs
Thessalian

across

the
a

earth face.

fly,

steed

with

human

And

it has

been

Sagitta aroni applicata;

cited

or

plain
from
name

Telum

with
to

Capellaof
the
Bow.

Carthage.
EUcansn translator which Persian Hebrew
a

Bayer

Pharetra,

the

Quiver, and, recurring

the
auem

or

Elknsu, Ulug

Schickard's added 151 5

to

Alkauuso,
its modern
in

Arabic etiam

Al

Kans.

The wcant.
was

of

Beg

Arcum It

the

Almagest
and

of

confirmed

its et

est

Arcus.

the

Kaman

Vimasp
Riccioli's
some was an

; the

Turkish

Yai ; the
the

Syriac

Keahta

and the all

as
a

Kesheth;
Bow,
whence This the

Kertko,

"from

Chaldaeans";

fying signiBow

early maps
idea the tribal

illustrated

Sagittarius simply
in Asiatic of

and

Arrow.

prevalent especially symbol

astronomy. and in

Among
from

Jews

it

was

Ephraim

Manasseh,

Jacob's

last words claimed

to
as

their father

Joseph, King
of

"

his bow

abode

strength.''
out

Novidius of "the
1

it

Joash, the
at

Israel, shooting
the

arrows

window
and

eastward,"
Cressida, where
The

the

command

of

dying Elisha;

but the

In

Troilus

Agamemnon
dreadful but

says

Sagittary appals
to

our

numbers,
monster

the reference armies and of the

is

not

stellar

one,

the

famous Guido
the

imaginary
delle Colonne,
of the

introduced
work
was

into tfc

Trojans by the
in

fabling writer by Lydgate,

whose

translate

versified

the

Troye

Book

great poet

15th century.

The

Constellations

353
the Apostle, although

biblical set Caesius The

generallyidentified
that of the

it with

Saint Matthew IshmaeL

on

claimed formation that of

was Sagittarius

this constellation

the

Euphrates undoubtedly
; but

ceded pre-

the larger figure, in the

on

Centaur

Chiron

the
as a

first recorded

classic

figuring was
from

Eratosthenes'

description of
of the Farnese equoy

it

ably Satyr, prob-

derived
and it
so

characteristics
the
more

original Centaur, Hea-bani, globe.

and with But

appeared
in
our

recent

Manilius

tioned men-

it,as
very different

modern the mild

mixtus style,

threatening look,
the and Centaur maps of

from

aspect of the
is

educated

Chiron,
his

the South

; while

it sometimes his
at
was crown

given

in later appears

manuscripts
near

with
his

flowing robes;
arrow

but

always
in

fore

feet, and

is

always aimed
said that it

the

Scorpion'sheart.
Egypt
Archer
as
an

Dupuis
Denderah
so

shown

Ibis
the

or

Swan
of
a

; but

the

zodiac

has

the

customary
gave

with

face the

lion added,
as

making

it bifaced.

Kircher

its title from

Copts
47th

nipdTjpe,
of
our

Statu? The

amoenitatis. illustrated has the

a

manuscript
centaur-like
title is of

partly reproduced

in

the

volume

Archaeologia Archer; holder,

holder.
It is in this but
as

figure,Astronochus, which, perhaps, is

it be the the

unexplained derivation, unless Serpent-holder,and

that is illustrated

StarRein-

Ophiuchus

is the

Heniochus,

same

manuscript
the
"

sky
Court

group, Fool

Jocnlator,1
of mediaeval

usually rendered

Jester,"and
trace

representingthe
in the

days
We

; but

I find

no

of this elsewhere. the

have

already
Centaur

noticed

confusion
of the
"

myths

and
some

titles of

this

zodiacal

with

those of the

southern

Centaur,
with the modern

thinking
the mans; Ro-

the Xelpwv Sagittarius

Greeks,
and

Chiron

Hyginus

and

although
this and
name

Eratosthenes
to

others, as
proper.

did

stood Ideler, under-

refer to the Centaur

are

Ovid's
has been

Centaurus, however,
the
case

Milton's

Centaur

the

zodiac

figure,as

with
:

some

later poets;

James

Thomson
Now To when

writingin the Winter

the chearless the

of his Seasons

empire
Archer

of the

sky

Capricorn
the

Centaur

yields.
of the Archer
;
stellation con-

Early tradition
to

made the

earthly Chiron
in their said

the inventor

guide
as

Argonauts

expedition to Colchis
Cleostratos As
to

although,
consider
Bishop

and

about

reasonably, Pliny
the 6th
the
or

that
b. c.

originatedit, with
this
seen

Aries, during
1

5th century
of the
a

we

may
with

The

Latin

word,

equivalent

early French

Jongleur, is

old

Thomas

Percy for

Minstrel, applied to King

Alfred.

23

354
that, while
of the

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
write
on

Cleostratos, possibly,was
gave it form the
or

the

first to
we

it,certainlynone
evidence
of its

Greeks

for title,

see

abundant

much

greater

antiquityon
and the
or

Euphrates.
the

Cuneiform

as inscriptions designate Sagittarius

Strong One,

the Giant

King
archer Lord. An

of

War,

as

Illuminator

of

the

Great
his

City,personifyingthe
the Great

god

of war,

Hergal

Nerigal,1or
of White

under

guardianship,as
Book

This

divinityis
a

mentioned
a

in the

Second

of Kings, xvii, 30. by Sayce

as
as

on inscription,

fragment
of the

planisphere,transcribed
Face,
Sun and is

Utueagaba,
the
to

the

Light
or

by

Pinches

Udgudua,
an

Flowing (?) Day,

this constellation which accord
as

the

Smiting
on

Face,

supposed
appear and
were

to be

allusion

; while

this fragment
of

also

the

words

Hibat

Ann,

with
the

an

astrolabe of

Sennacherib,
star. to

considered

by

George

Smith

name

its chief

Another

inscribed

tablet,

although
of the and bow

somewhat
or

imperfect,is
"

thought

read

Kakkab
"

Kastn,

stellation, the Conor more

Star, of the Bow,

stars

in Akkadian
This

Ban,

indicatingone
for the

of

the

Archer.

will account with

Totjov of Aratos

the the

Arcus Star

of the of the

Latins, Sayce agreeing

Fa
our

this in his
seem

rendering Millto

ban,

Bow.

and

#nt, Dayspring, also

was a

have

been

the titles,
some
a

latter because

Archer of

type

of

the

rising sun.
the Old In

Upon

of the

boundary

stones
"

Sippara (Sepharvaim of sculptured

ninth which it would in full

Testament),

solar

city,Sagittarius
was

appears the

glory."

Assyriait
to

always
our

associated

with

month,
we

Kislivu, corresponding

November-December,
From all the

with

have
seem

already
safe
to

seen

Orion

ciated. asso-

foregoing

assume

the Archer

to

be

of

Euphratean origin.
also claimed for Sagittarius
or

India
a

its zodiac
"

of 3000
"

years word

ago,

as figured

Hone,

Hone's

head,

Horseman,
in the

Ac.vini,
parts
of

that Al

appearedin
Biruni the have
a

Hindu that

stellar nomenclature the

different Sanskrit
as

the
or

sky.
while

said

constellation

was

Dhann, Dhanns;
and

Dhanasn,
we

Tamil
very

Dhamsn,

given by
that the fan

Professor the of
stars

Whitney
of the

early statement represented

Gupta, Maurya
Indian The and the and

bow

human

part of the Archer

the the

lions' of

tails twirled 300 and

b.

by
ruler

Mula,
over

wife
Indian

of

Chandra

Sandrokottos the

c,

kingdom
in later

Gangaridae
it became located and with here the

Prasii

along
derived

the from

Ganges.
the Greek

But

astronomy
Hindus

Taukshika,
another of

To^otj/cthe 18th

their double

nakshatras,

19th,the Former
were were

Latter

Ashadha,
and

Unconquered,
siett of the
same

which, in the

main,
These

coincident under
may be
seen

the

manazil the
name

numbering.
Vicve

the

protection of
Mandaeans'

divinities Apas, Waters, and

to-day
"

IThis

in the

Nerig

"

for the

planet Mars.

356

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings

In

the

north

is the

Ladle
to

Raising its handle

the

west

But

it lades

out

no

liquor ;
the
same

so

that

our

Milk

Dipper, f,
The
a

-, a, "p, and

X, in
were our

spot, is

not

modern

conceit

after all. for at least

stars

of this Ladle years before

objects of special worship in

era

China
as
a

thousand

indeed, also

were

known

Temple.
whole constellation
name,
was

The

the the

Chinese

Tiger, Williams
or

giving,as
A

other an-

early
and
was

Seih

Muh,
the

Cleft

Tree,

Branches Man-Horse.

cut

for fire-wood,

the

later name,

from

Jin Ma, Jesuits,

and
some

the of

part of it
the

included

with

Scorpio, Libra,
the

Virgo's

stars

in

large
it with

zodiacal

division

Azure

Dragon,

The

astrologers incorporated

Capricornus

in their

Sing Ki
constellation
at
was a

Astrologically the having appeared

Schoter
"

the

House

of of

Jupiter, 1386
honor

that

planet
it the

here

the

Creation,
of

manuscript

calling
was

ye and

principalhowce
Leo. of Nor did

Jupit
of

"

although this
its
was

shared

by

Aquarius
was

Jupiter monopolize
one

possession,for
at

it also
the

the of

domicile the
to

Diana,

whose

temples
last,when
and

Stymphalus,
and

home

Stymphalian birds.
the

These

slain

by Hercules,
are

were

transferred

sky

as

Aquila, Cygnus,
has been

Vultur under

Cadens,

all the

as paranatellons of Sagittarius,

explained
Sidus.
It the

Aquila.
to

Thus

constellation
character
a

was

known it
as

as

Dianae
as

inclined

a fruitfulness,

assigned to
and that south the

far back
over

and Babylonian inscriptions;

was

fortunate

sign, reigning
cities of it ruled

Arabia

Felix, Hungary,
and

Liguria, Moravia,
;

and

Spain,
said the

Avignon, Cologne,
and and with the southwest the

Narbonne

while

Ma-

nilius it with

Crete, Latium,

Trinacria.

Ampelius associated
Yellow the color

wind, Auster,
also

wind, Africus; Aries and

was

Scorpio
attributed
wrote

being
to
a

associated
the

latter.

it,or
man

peculiar green
under
a

sanguine;
be and tailor,
was

and

Arcandum

in 1542 very

that

born become

this

sign would
Such of

thrice have of of

wedded,
three

fond of

vegetables, would
the last at

matchless

specialillnesses,
of his

eighty years

of
on

age.
a

much

the

science
a. d.

day!

is shown Sagittarius

coin
;

Gallienus
on

about

260, with the emblematic

legend Apollini
of his La

Conservatori in

and in of

those when

of

King
sun

Stephen
was

having

landed

England
rj out

1135 this of

the

here. the

Caille took

the

star
was

constellation

for

0 of his otivpov,
or

new

Telescopium.
which

This
would

the

25th
that

Ptolemy's
him the

list in feet

the
a

tern, pas-

indicate
on

with maps.

had

very

different

situation

from

that

the

present

The

Constellations

357
with part of the bow.
to

The

symbol
to

of the

sign, /
54

shows
,

the
stars

arrow

Sagittarius contains according

The the
21st
1

naked-eye
none

according
the from 2d the

Argelander, and
of December
stars fi on

90

Heis, although

is above

magnitude.
16th
near

sun

passes of

through
but then

the

constellation the

to

8th

January, reaching
of feature in the

winter

solstice1

the

the

of

December,

course

in the

sign Capricorn.
the boundaries of

noticeable
an

heavens void
east

lies within
near

tarius, Sagitone

almost

circular black
and
to

the stars y and

6, showing

but

faint

telescopic star;
form.

the

of this empty

spot is another

of

narrow

crescent

An

extraordinarilybrilliant
in
ion

nova

is said

to

have three

appeared
months.

low This

down
was

in
corded re-

the constellation in the

or

1012,

visible for
Touan

Chinese

annals

of Ma

Lin.

a,
This is

4.

Bnkbat, Ulug
it is Al
nr

but

variously written
al Archer

Bucba,
the

Bucbah,

Bukbah, Knee;
in

and
some

Bucbar,

from

Beg's Bnkbat Bami,

the

Bami,

Archer's The

earlybooks
has Buchbar
The
some

himself.

Standard

Dictionary

Banioh. Vibat
chief
star
was

Euphratean
other of the that

Ann, already alluded

components
of the

to, may

be

for

this,or
for
e

for

constellation; perhaps
now.

if,

in

early days,

comparatively as bright as

p
Arkab
and

Double,
are

3.8
Al
the
as

and

8,

and

4.4.

Urkab

from

'Urkub, heel, and

well Al
as

translated

by

Ideler with

as

the

Tendon location

unitingthe
in the

calf of the
on

leg to
maps, Foot
to

this coincides with their the

their

figure

modern Left
stars

Euphratean
engraver

titleUr-ner-

gub, the Sole

Kazwini
birds

of the these
a

; but

Sufi and of the

as
as

of the

Borgian

globe assigned
knew

the
two

rear

horse's

body.
the two sparrows and

and

the
"

betas
some

Al
"

Suradain,

Surad, desert
"

differentlydescribed,
black and

by

larger than
as

and

gated variethan

white

(magpies?); by

others

yellow

larger

doves.

Y"
Al head
1

3.1,

yellow. designating this

as

Haal,
of the
solstices

the Arrow
are

Point, is
; but

Al

Tizini's word
cited

marking the meaning.

and

Hyde

Zujj al Nuahshabah
in three different passages

of similar
of his Works

The

first mentioned

by Hesiod

Days.

23*

358
The

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Junction, indicating the
meet.
was

Borgian globe
the
arrow,

termed and
e

it Al
hand and

Wazl,

the

spot

where This
in the

bow,
6 and

of the Archer

star, with

with
three

j3 of the Telescope,
were

the

situ

Xi, but

worship

of China

the

Feng Shi, the

General

of Wind

8, Double,
Kans Bow. the

and

14.5,

orange and

yellow
Latin
;

and

bluish.

Meridionalis,
It marked the

or

Media,

is Arabic
two

for the

Middle y and

the) (of
c,
was

junction
or

of the

Ashadha the
at
a

and,

with

Akkadian

Sin-nun-tu,
was

Si-nn-nn-tum,
away in

Swallow.

The

companion

26"

1896,

positionangle

of

276"4.

S, Double,
is Kans In
e

and

14.3,

orange Bow.

and

bluish,

Australia,

the

Southern it may
on

(part of the)
have the been 8th
at
a

Euphratean
comes

days
is of

tfibat Ann.

to

the

meridian

of

August.
of

The
A
one

companion

32".5

away,

positionangle, in 1896,
j3,y, d,
far to of and show
e

2950.
not

comparison
in his

the

magnitudes
the

of a,

in

each Sagittarius,

being brighter than

of

preceding, goes
any such rule
to

that

Bayer

was

guided
order

star-lettering by
has been

alphabeticalarrangement in

brilliancy as

attributed

him.

C5 Binary,
The of the The Latin

3.9

and

4.4.

Almagest

of 15 15
on

gives this
the maps.

as

Afloella, 1.

e.

Axilla, the Armpit

figure,still its location

two

components

have

the
a

rapid

orbital of the

revolution 18th

of

i8}"

years.

With Ha
sieu aim

a, t, and

0 it formed
the

portion
the

manzil, Al Na'ais, or Al
but the

al Sadirah, and
X and

whole

of that

nakshatra;

corresponding

included

/a, with

"/" as

determinant.

h, Kans

3.1,

yellow.
of

Borealis, the
the has

Northern of the

(part

the) Bow,

was

Al
to

Tizini's Eii il
the

Valim,
which

Keeper already
birds.

Na'ams,

the

uncertainty as
Kazwini Al jti,

meaning

of

been

noticed; is,with

but the

evidently understood

byit

Ostriches, for
these desert

in his list it

stars

Thalimain, plainlymeaning

The

Constellations

359
Akkadian

With
to

the been A

same

stars

it may with
the

have

been

the

Anu-ni-tnm,

said

have Near

associated
in
a.

great goddess Istar.

appeared

d.

386
M.

bright nova,
the

the

fourth

on

record;

and

70

the northeasterly

cluster

25

is visible to

naked

eye.

(1 , Triple,
form
a

3.5, 9.5, and the

10,

and

[1 ,

5.8,
are

wide

naked-eye
and

double

on

upper

part of the bow, and

star.

named

in Akkadia

Arabia
the

with
of in

the

preceding
winter

They
southward visible to

mark

point
and eye, G. its N.

the line

solstice cluster

two

thirds
G. and C.

of

the 8

way

towards,
the naked

with,

the

N.

6523,
nebulae

M.,
close

with
C.

other

noticeable
24

clusters the of

by.

One

of these, N.

6603,

M.,

towards

northeast,
while off to

is Secchi's the the brated celewest. southdark

Delle Canstiohe, from Trifid Hebnla,

This
was

peculiar arrangement
G. C. in

curves,

6514,
from of

20

M., lies
so

not

far

discovered noted specially

to
a

1764,
a

and

named
recent

from

its three
in its

it is rifts; with
of this

now

suspected
rifts.

change

tion posi-

regard
show

star

in

one

these

Spectroscopic observations
results. Persian
were

object
says

considerable
the
stars

discordance
were

in their the

Brown
dian and the

that

in the bow but

Gail and

the

Sogas a

Khorasmian

Yaugh,
them of
as

by

these Foal.

nations

imagined
both them

Bull;
vl
were

Copts
v2, red
al

knew
stars

Polis, a

and

the

5th magnitude, Eye.

12'

apart, and

double,
as
a

Ain

'Rami,

the
"

Archer's

Ptolemy
"

catalogued
among the

nebulous

double

star,

tcai dnrkovs, veipeXoeidfjs

first to be

so

designated.
With
*,
a

f and

they

were on

the

Chinese back it of

Kien the

Sing,
head,
Al

Flag- staff.
Al Tizini's Al

3d-magnitude
the
the

the
which

was

Baldah,
it
as

from

19th manzil,
Bright One,

marked;
station.

Achsasi

considering

Al

Mir,

of that

lunar

"*9 This has been identified with

of the

2.3. of the of the

Vunki

Euphratean
Sea,
this Sea

Tablet

of the Thirty
the

Stars, the
It is the

Star

Proclamation

being
Piscis the

quarter

occupied by Aquarius, Capricornus, Delphinus, Pisces, and

same

Australis.
haps per-

space

in the

sky

that

Aratos

designated

as

Water;

another
In India It lies on

proof
the

of the the

Euphratean

origin of much
nakshatra Archer's the

of Greek Ashadha

astronomy.
with

it marked
vane

junction
arrow

of the

Abhijit.

of the

at

hand.

360
"r, with

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Gu-sbi-rab-ba,
the Yoke of

f and

n, may

have

been

the

Akkadian

the

Sea.

The the

5th-magnitude

stars

%l"1, %l,

and

x2

were

tne

Chinese

asterism

Xow,

Dog. CO, 4.8;

A,
5; the

by
hind

4.7;

and

"r,

4,

forming
bellum,

small

quadrangle
for

on

quarter

of in

the the

horse,
Low

were

the Tew-

of Ptolemy, rerpd-rrXevpov still often

seen

which these

Bayer repeated
stars.
as

Latin

The
w,
or

Standard

it Dictionary gives
e.

thus, but mentions

The

the knew

components
this little

a\
Kow

b and

Chinese

figure as

Kwo,

the

Dog's Country.

t$e (granbenBurg "kepttt, ^ctptxum (grdnfeenBurgicum,

was

charted

in

1688

by
of who

Gottfried

Kirch,
more

the

first astronomer than

a a

of the

sian Prus-

Royal

Society
it

Sciences, and,
thus
to

century
from

thereafter,was
oblivion into
but four stars, north

published by Bode,
which, however,
of the

rescued

it for

time

the

seems

have

lapsed again.
in
west
a

It contains

4th
below

and the

5th magnitudes, standing

first bend here had
an

straight line
from

and

south,
The

in

the

River,

Lepus.
the nine

Chinese but
was,

asterism, Kew
\iy g", and

Tew,

Scallops of

Pennon,
There introduced Lacerta

in this in the

they sky,
in

included

b of Eridanus. held

still another in honor

Soeptre
of

by

the

Hand

of Juitiee,
of place

by Royer
; but

1679

King

Louis

XIV,

in the

this also

has

been

forgotten.

that cold
.

animal the

Which

with

its tail doth

smite

amain

nations.
of Dante's

Longfellow's translation

Purgattrie-

Scorpio, tfc Scorpion, or Jfcorpiu*,

was

the

reputed

slayer
as

of

the

Giant,

exalted

to

the

skies and

now

rising
alit;

from

the horizon

Orion,

still in

fear of the

Scorpion, sinks

below

The

Constellations

361
writing in
his Induction
to

though

the

latter

itself was

in

danger,
"

Sackville
:

the Mirror

of Magistrates,
Whiles Whose Down

about

1565

dart Scorpio, dreading Sagittarius' bow

prest bent
the
ocean

in

flightthe string had

flood

slipped,

slid into

apart.

Classical of the

authors steeds of

saw

in it the

monster

that in

caused the

the

disastrous

runaway hands of

Phoebus

Apollo

when

inexperienced
it
"

Phaethon. For zodiac

some

centuries

before with
"

the the

Christian

era

was

the

largest of
chelae

the of

figures, forming
now

XrjXcu, its Claws, constellation,as

membra

the prosectae

Cicero,

our

Libra,

double

Ovid

wrote:

Porrigit in spatium signorum

and this

duorura

figuring has
of which it
to

been the

adduced
that

as

the six

strongest

proof

of made

Scorpio's
up the

great

antiquity, from
zodiac,
the Greeks

belief

only

constellations
one.

earliest With but the

term

this extended

sign was

was universally

Snop-nto?; Aratos, singularlymaking

Great another This

slight allusion
1720 with
was

it,added
to

MeyaQripiov, the MeXadvpiov;

Great while

Beast, changed
very

in

edition
Aratos due

of
was

Bayer Tipag
the

appropriate slayer
it
as

fieya, the

Sign.
that

reputed magnitude
size for the

perhaps
of

to

mythological necessityof greater

to

great

Orion,

in

reference

which

author

characterized

"appearing huger TAcidrcpoc Trpo"t"aveis,

The
or

still."

Latins

occasionallywrote
while African
as

the

word

Soorpios,but
and

usually SoorpiuB,
Columella the gave

Scorpio;
kindred copy,

Cicero, Ennius, Manilius,

title

perhaps

the

Nepa,
the writers

or

Hepas,
Greek

the

first of which

Alfonsine

Tables Backward. modern

did

Manilius

adjective'OTnoOo-Pdfiwv, Walking
down
to

Astronomical

and

commentators, its
two

comparatively
the combined the showed

times, occasionallymentioned
cum

divisions

under

title ScorpiuB
Scales in the

Chelis;
Claws.

while

some

representationseven
the Claws and Graffias,

creature's the

Grotius

said that

Barbarians

called

the

Latins,

according to Pliny,Forficulae.
In

early China

it

was

an

important
East and
; but
name

part of
of in

the

figure of

the

mighty
it
; and

but

genial Azure
of the

Dragon

of the

spring,in later
the for the time of its star of the

days

the

residence
was

heavenly Blue
the
a

Emperor
a

Confucius Antares

Ta

Who,

Great

Fire,

primeval
was

Shing
member

Kung,

Divine

Temple,

applied

to

stars

tail.

As

362
of the

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
in the 16th

early

zodiac

it

was

the

Hare,

for

which,
the the

century,

was

substituted, from
Sir William
Abraham here the knew biblical
on

Jesuit teaching, Tien He,

asserted
an

Celestial
zodiac
commentators

Scorpion.
which the have

Drummond it
was

that and

in
some

patriarch
located

Eagle;
of the

Chambers

the South, Scorpio being directly opposite

to

Pleiades
of the

the

sphere, both
Job with
two

thought
other

be

mentioned

in the

same

passage Bear and

Book
; but

of
the

the opposed constellations,

a

Orion
heavens Kfsil
stars

originalusually is considered
Aben
;

reference

to

the

southern with the these

on

in of
as

general.
Hebrews

Ezra

identified
that

Scorpio, or
is

Antares,

the
a

although
emblem shown for it at in modern of

people generally considered

claimed,
inscribed
was
"

Scorpion, their 'A^rabh, and, it

Dan
as

it
a

the

banners

of

the

the it
one was

tribe
as

whose
a

founder

serpent Basilisk.

by
A

the

way."

When

thus

crowned
of

Snake

or

similar

figure appeared
met

period
times, for
of the

it is thus

with

deed Egyptian astronomy ; inChatterton, that precocious in his

poet of the last century, plainly wrote

The

Scorpion
in his
course

line,

slimy Serpent

swelters

and

long

before

him

Spenser had,

in the

Faerie

Queen

and

now

in Ocean

deepe

Orion
His

flyingfast from flaming

head did

hissing snake,
hasten for

tosteepe.

But

the

Denderah called

zodiac the
at

shows

the

typicalform.
lo-iac, Statio
of Isis.

Kircher
Antares The

whole
one

constellation time
a

fsidis, the bright

having
Arabians

been knew

symbol
the

it

as

Al

'Akrab, Alatrap,

Scorpion, from
"

which

have

generated de-

Alaorab,
Hacerab
; and

Alatrab,
was

Hacrab,

Riccioli's
Riccioli word he

Aakrab
us

and

it similarly may be

the

Akreva. Syrians1
in this

gave

Acrobo

Chaldaeis,
reference The
to

which the

true, but

Latin

probably had
and the

astrologers.
had
a

Persians their

Scorpion
it

in and

their

Ghezhdum

or

Kazhdfcro,

Turks, in
The

Koiroghi, Tailed,
called

Uznn
the

Koirughi, Long-tailed. Stinger, and

the

Akkadians

Girtab,

Seizer, or
of of
on

Haw
acter char-

where
;

One

Bows

Down,
some

titles indicative

the

creature's cuneiform

dangerous
text

although
Sword.

early
With

translators dwellers of

the the

rendered it
was

the

Double
of

later the

Euphrates
power in that

it

the symbol

darkness, showing
then located formed

decline

the

sun's

after the

autumnal Jensen
is;

equinox,
thinks

in it.

Always
5000

prominent
b.

astronomy,
as

that

it was

there

c,

and

pictured much

it now

364
the
so

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
the But
or

baleful the the

source

of

war

and the

discord, the birthplaceof

Sidnj
as

planet Mars,
this
the
was

and

House

of Mars,
and

Hartis

of

Manilius.

located
of the
der un-

in

sting
yoke
the

tail ; the
to

claws, Venus,
It
to
was

Zvydc, Jugum,
this

Yoke

Balance, being
the of

devoted

because

goddess
to

united the

persons

matrimony. body,
and

supposed
over

govern

regionof the
Valencia, and
of

groin in
Norway,
Messina

human

reign

Judaea, Mauritania, Catalonia, Morocco,

West
; the

Silesia,Upper
earlier Manilius

Batavia, Barbary,

claiming
other

it

as

the the

tutelarysign
Italian
coast.

Carthage,
Brown
was

Libya, Egypt, Sardinia, and

its

islands
that

of

assigned color, and

a

Pliny asserted
and reptiles in the the
two

the

appearance

of

comet

here

portended

plague

of

of insects,especially the
sun

locusts. but nine

Although days
chus,
could in
so

nominally
of the
as as

zodiac,

actually occupies project upwards

except
for these

passing through
far south be

portions that
of the of the

into

Ophiu-

is it ; indeed, ecliptic
a

it projections,

not

claimed

member

zodiac.

Scorpio
the the first in of appearance sieu

is famous

the

region

sky

where

have

appeared

many
b.

of
c,

brilliant

temporary
astronomical

stars, chief

among the The

them, perhaps, that occasion, Pliny

Chinese
star
"

of 134

annals,
about of 125
"

and
c.

said, of the
confirmed
that

logue cata-

Hipparchos, by
marked that had
as

b.

She

Ke of

this

its record

the

strange

in June

the year, in

Fang,

by 0, (J, n,
the

p, and

others of this

in

Scorpio.
novae

Serviss
near

thinks it

conceivable may the least

as

strange
effect in in

outbursts

these

in and
to

Scorpio
with
at

have ancients

some

causing
from

constellation
But

be

regardedby
may,

malign

its influence.
come

this character

have equal probability, the

the in

fiery color
connection

of its lucida, as well

with

from

historyof
attributes latitudes

the

constellation

Orion,

and

the

poisonous
In

of its

earthly namesake.
in its

southern
"

Scorpio is magnificentlyseen
it 184

entirety, nearly
"

450,

Gould

cataloguing in

naked-eye
in from the

stars.

Along days,
but
we a

its northern

border, perhaps Fox,

to

Ophiuchus,

there

was,

in very of

early

constellation,the
know

taken

Egyptian sphere

Petosiris.

nothing

as

its details.

capricious
in the

An

tares

Flushing

and

paling

Southern
Willis' The

arch.
Scholar

of

Thebet

Ben

KkenL

Ct, Binary,

0.7

and

7,

fieryred

and

emerald

green. is

Airfares, the well-nigh universal

from

title for this and

splendid star,

transcribed
to

Ptolemy's dvrdprfg in

the

Syntaxis,

generally thought

be from

The

Constellations

365
reference
to

avri
"

'Apiyc, similar to,"

"

or

the

"

rival

of," Mars, in
;

its

color,

the

Latin
of the of the

Tetrabiblos

had
"

Marti

comparator

or, in the

Homeric the

cation signifithe
rally natu"

words,
star to

the

equivalent of
latter, or planet
and

Mars," either from

the

blance color-resem-

the

because that

astrologers considered
its
"

Scorpion the
followed and
was

House
the

of that character

god

guardian.
perhaps

Thus

it

of its with the but

constellation,
and

originated it, Veapertilio, Hesychios

stellation con-

always

associated
said called and the
was

eminence word

in mankind. activity
as

Grotius, however, Sophocles perhaps "AvTapT^c,

a

that

a Bat, which, signifies

it;

Bayer erroneously quoted

Caesius

from

Rebel,

Tyranxras. Lurking
Antar'g
One.

appropriatelystyled the they forget Ptolemy,

to

Insidiata,
Others say Antar
was

that
or

it

Star,
"

but

"

the celebrated

Antarah warrior-hero

who, just previous

of
one

the

time

of

Muhammad,

the Our

mulatto

of the written the Latin and

so

Golden

Mu'allakdt.1 which

word, however, is sometimes

"

Antar,

Beigel said
1

is the

Arabic equivalent of
connected it with

Shone

"

; but

translator

of the

Almagest

JValar, Rapine,
ad of

possiblyexplaining the generally applied

the
to

unintelligible expression tendit

and in the

rapinam
152
1

An

tares

in that may

work
to

Alfonsine
of

Tables

or

expression Rudolphine

here lables

refer

the character it as

*Ap^c, the god

for
"

of

war.

The

designated

rutilansy Pliny'sword
Arabians' the

glowing redly."
the

The

Kalb

al

'Akrab,
and and and

Scorpion's Heart,
Greece and

which Rome

probably

ceded pre-

Kapdia
in

Znopmov

Cor

Soorpiiof

respectively,
Calbalacrab, unique Altuted constithe

became,

early English
he

Continental Cabalatrab
wrote

lists, Kelbalacrab,
; Riccioli

Calbolacrabi, Calbalatrab,
cantub, although
the
1

having
An
tares

generally

Kalb

Aakrab.
one

alone

6th

manzil, Al
included
a

Kalb,
and
a

the
r,
on

Heart,
either

of

the

fortunate

stations;
mous synonysays of the
a

but the Chinese

side, for
;

their sieu, the

Sin, anciently Sam,

that this Heart
four great 531
b.

being
of

the

determinant
the also last
seems

although

Brown
one

refers

to

that

Tsing Lung, They

which

Azure have
a

Dragon,
record

divisions
"'

of

their zodiac.

of

comet

c,

to

the
as

left of the Fire

Ta

Shin,"

Williams
to

identified been

with

Antares ; while,
in

Star, Who
our

Sing, it
for

have

invoked
some sons

worship

centuries
one

before of the

era

protection against
by,
whom

fire.

With
;
as

adjacent it was
and

Ming
his

t'ang,or Emperor's
close
to

Council-hall

his

courtiers,other
the

stars, standing

Antares,

Ta

Who,

announced

of principles

government.
poems
and

These
of

were on

the

famous

seven

selected

of Arabia,
as

said their

to

have

been

inscribed

in letters

gold

silk, or

Egyptian

linen,

suspended,

title

in the Kabah signifies,

at

Mecca.

366
The known

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Jyeotha, Oldest,
Ear
a,

Hindus
as

used

a, a, and

for

their
of An

nakshatra

also

Sohini, Ruddy,
of the of of

from

the color that

was

tares,
"

Indra, the sky-goddess,

JeweL

being
It the their

regent
one

asterism four

figured
of

as

pendent
b. as

was

the the

Royal

Stars

Persia, 3000
mentioned
; the

and

probably
this

Guardian
lunar

Heavens
was

that

Dupuis
Red

Safaris ; but, as
to

asterism, it
the

Gel, the
One the

Sogdians changing
The the

Maghan
It

sadwif,

Great

saffron-colored.

Khorasmians
Heart

called

it Dharind,

the Seizer; and

out to

Copts, Kharthian,
their 24th Urbat
and
to

pointed
in the

the

Babylonians
itself

Hum, constellation, ecliptic

to
an

of uncertain

meaning, palace

being

according
in

astrolabe late Other the

ered discov-

of Sennacherib

by interpreted
stars

the

George Smith; Euphratean

Creator
to

Brown,
names

however, assigns this title

were

Lupus.
;

the Bilu-sha-ziri,
to

Lord

of

the

Seed

Kak-thisa,

of

Prosperity, according
and,
in the lunar

Jensen, although this is generally ascribed

Sirius;

zodiac, Bar
the
with

Lugal,
the

the

King,

identified
the Ul

with

the

god

of

Lugal Tudda, lightning,

much of it in connection association its Arean read Star.
or

Lusty King.

Naturally

make inscriptions

planet Mars, their

very

Suru, showing
and from them

that
we

evidently had
the Hero and the the

early origin;
and

Kara
Brown

(?) Sar,
the

King,

Kakkab

Bir, the Vermilion

identifies it with

seventh

antediluvian

king, 'Evedupavxot, 36th

from the

Udda-an-^u,
From

Day-heaven

-bird.

his

Assyrian researches
of the Book

Cheyne
;

translates

the

verse

38th chapter

of
hath

Job

Who

put wisdom

into
to

the
the

Lance-star Bow-star ?

Or

given understanding Lance-star Minor.

to

Jensen
it with In

referringthis
Procyon

Antares.

Hommel,

however,

identifies

of Canis

Egyptian astronomy it represented the goddess Selkit,Selk-t,or SerH heralding the sunrise through her temples at the autumnal equinox about
3700-3500 Renouf Penrose the
b.

c,

and

was

the Arcturus

symbol
in the

of

Ilis in

the

pyramid ceremonials.
oriented the

included
mentions

it with
the

immense

figureMenat temples as equinox

in
:

following early Grecian

Antares
at

towards
at

rising or

setting of
year

the

vernal

Heraeum

Argos,inthe

1760, perhaps
first Erechtheum
to

the
at

oldest

temple
1070; with
;
"

the
one

cradle
at

of Greek

civilization;the
an

Athens,

Corinth, 770;
in
our

early temple
one

Apollo
date
on

at to

Delphi, rebuilt
Zeus of
at

this

orientation
before nth of

630;
era.

and

of the

same

Aegina

all of these
on

It rises at

sunset

the

1st

June, culminating
some

the

July,and
it
was

is

one

of

the

so-called

lunar

stars; and

have

asserted

that

the

The

Constellations

367
daytime, although Smyth
it
as

first star made

so

observed

through
for Arcturus.

the

telescope in Ptolemy
been

the

this claim in

lettered

of

the

2d

magnitude,
now

that

his 0

day

it may

have

inferior in

to brilliancy

the

very

much

fainter

Librae.
to

Antares

belongs

Secchi's

third

type of

suns,

which
as

Lockyer

says

are

"

in

the last visible

and stage of cooling,"

a

nearly extinct

self-luminous

bodies;

although this is
The

theory by
is 3". 5

no

means

universally accepted.
and

companion
photograph
Nebula

away,

suspected
is

of

revolution

around

its

principal;their
A

present

positionangle
in
a

2700.
the
vast

by

Barnard

1895

first showed around

and and

intricate
the
star
a. on

Cloud
It
was

stretchingto
two
or

great distance
north of
c

Antares that
was

here,
of

three

degrees

Antares,
of

discovered,
comet

the

9th

June, Coddington's comet,

the
camera.

1898, the

third

made

known

by

p, Triple,

2, 10,

and

4,

pale white,

and
,

lilac.

Graffias generally is said

to

be

of unknown here lies the

derivation;

but since

Tpaxpalog

signifiesCrab,"
"

it may
ideas

be and

that words

origin of the scorpion

the Grotius

for it is well title,

were

known

that

the in

for crab the belief

and that

almost
was

changeable intererated gen-

early days, from

It
was

latter creature
to

from

the former.1
the he Claws used of but

thought by
double for f

be

"Barbarian" said the

claw. ancient

for designation
same,

of the the word

constellation

; and

Bayer
northern

although
Claw;

Scorpiiin
1856
0
at

the

modern

In Burritt's Atlas northern

1835
in he the

it appears

for f of the of he the

northern

Scale, the
it
to
our

edition
a

applied
base from

0 Scorpii,
of
e.

and in both

editions

has

second

of the

west tail,

The

Century Dictionary printsit Grassias, probably the junction of the early type for the letter/. 0 is near body,
modern included
or

ing erroneously readthe

left claw

with the
In
some

in the

arch

of the
"

Kite

bow,

8"

or

90

northwest

of Antares.

lists it is in the of 6 and

Acrab,

Riccioli's Aakrab
Iklil it al

schemali
the with Crown of the

It

was

15th manzi/,
which
n

Jabhah,

Forehead, just
the other
stars
one

north
to

feature
some

lies, taking in

this,however,
v

authorities
from

occasionallyadding
this manzil
as

and

p.

This

was

of the fortunate The

stations,and
knew
"

title

comes

the

occasional Jclil.

Hindus

the

group the

their

15th nakshatra,
of the
or

Friend, one Annridha, Propitious or Successful, Mitra, it and the being presiding divinity they figured as a Sow ;
lThis
was

Adityas,
which
fidently con-

Ridge,

held

even

by the

learned

Saints

Augustine
Isidore
in his

and

Basil

of the
et

4th century, and

expressed by Saint

Origines

Etymologiae.

368
the
a

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
The

line of component Room

or

stars

well

indicates.

Ftag, corresponding situ,

of
to

House,

anciently Fong,
thought
to
one

consisted

)3 with
the

6, n,
with

and

p,

though al-

Professor faintest title Ta up the of the group and

Whitney
and the

it limited the south. of the But

determinant

it, the

farthest central

It
seven

shared lunar

Antares

the

Who,
Azure
as

was

asterisms
to
was

making
been

Dragon, Tsing Lung. Sze,

the Four-horse also

0 individually
of

seems

have

known

Tien

Chariot
was

Heaven,
the

and

worshiped
Handles,
as

by
and

all horsemen.

It

probably
as

Fu the

Kwang,
of that

Basket

with and

highly regarded
the Timochares
commencement
saw
a

presiding over
of the
season

rearing of silkworms,
in the

cating indi-

great industry of China.

year 295
b.

0 occulted
statement

by

the

moon

a;

and

Hind

repeats
Mars

by Ptolemy,
it
on

from of

Chaldaean

records, that the

272 271
b.

planet
date.
The third

almost

occulted

the this

17th

January,
and

c;
b. c.

Smyth.
as

however,

substituted

j3 Librae

in

phenomenon

the

two

largest components
from the

are

14" apart,
a

at

positionangle
of G. It

of

25"; the

being o".g
from

with first,

positionangle
fine cluster broad. N.

890.
C.

Half-way
the
western

|3 to Antares
of
a

lies the

6093,80 M.,on
this that called

edge

starless

opening 40
:

was

forth Sir William

HerscheFs
Hier ist

exclamation

wahrhaftig

ein

Loch

im

Himmel

although powerful telescopes reveal

described nine fortysuch

in it many

minute

stars.

His

son

wards after-

spots in various

parts of the
been short

sky. This by
stars

cluster,that
drawn from of
a

Sir William that vacancy,

thought
"

might perhaps
lit up in i860

have
a

formed
time

was

for

by

burst the out-

temporary

star."

T,
in Bayer's lies, Flamsteed's the end
20

3.25, the

red, claw,
and is the
to
same
as

map,

on

the

tip of

southern

star as

Librae; sting and

but nebulous

Smyth
;

strangely
Burritt

alluded

it

being at

of the

and

placed Bayer's
hundred
; for

letter at the

object mentioned
has been

by Smyth.
among

Indeed
astronomers

for at

least three
as

years

there

disagreement
and Heis

to
:

this

star

Aralthough

gelander
Since
to

follow
of the

Bayer,
question
to

Gould
that it

writes

it appears

out

it should

ever

again
o

be

regarded

as

belonging

Scorpius, I have

ventured

designate
the

by

the

letter

[Librae].
was

Bayer
in
so

cited far
as

for it

Brachium,
a

Arm,

as

from

Vergil,but this

ous errone-

being

title for this star, the

originalbrachia

in the Gcvrpcs

The

Constellations

369
;

simply signifying the

Horn,
In
as

"

claws

"

that

it marks

Bayer

added

Conm,

the

from

some

anonymous

writer.

Arabia Zuban

it
al

was

Zub"n

al

'Akrab,
Acrabi
from

the

Scorpion's Claw,
Bayer
al in said

which

has

come beand

Kravi, Zuben
contracted

; and

Zuben

Hakrabi

Zuben
Claw.
In

el

Genubi,

Al Zub"n

Janftbiyyah,the
the

Southern

Similar
China

titles also appear

was

for stars the

Libra,

early Claws.
the

it

Chin

Chay,

Camp
near

Carriage.
in

Brown

included
or

it,with

others

by

Hydra's

in tail,

Akkadian

Entena-mas-luv,

Ente-maa-mur,

the

the Assyrian Etsen-tsiri,

Tail-tip.

8,
Dschubba
the

2.5.
from Al

is found
or

in the

Whitall

Planisphere, probably
title Iclarkrav
would is

Jabhab,

Front,
the

Forehead,

where

it lies.
the 1800

In

Palermo

Catalogue
the year
a

applied to
our

star

whose the

assignedpositionfor
case,

indicate word

6*. the

If this be Arabs'
seem
as

it may

have Crown

been of the

coined specially
; and

from

Iklfl al

'Akrab, the by
our

Scorpion
that and

this

conjecture would
nomenclature

justified
seen

previous experience of
efforts with
a

catalogue's star
with

in

its remarkable d
was

0 Delphini. Riccioli had 0 and

n,
on

Aakr"b

genubi
in
a

of

importance
the
so

in

earlytimes, for
for the the Garden of that
was

either side

bending line,it is claimed

the

Euphratean
of other

the Gifl-gan-gu-sur,
"

Light

of

Hero,

or

Tree

of

Light,
by

placed
Tree

in the

midst

of the

abyss,"and
of the Garden with
to j3,

reminding
of Eden.
out

us

tree, the
the

of

Life,in

the midst

It

selected

Babylonian
of the Head

astronomers,

point

their

Qablu

(und qabu)
The with these

sha

23d rishu aqrabi, the

that
stars
we

constellation,which ecliptic
Middle of the from have
seen

Epping
of the is in
b. c.

calls pion. Scor-

earliest record
same

planet Mercury
country

tion connec-

two
n

that

265
the

In

the and

lunar zodiac

6, 0,
the

and

were

the Clawless

Persian
;

Nur, Bright ;
the

Sogdian
A,
formed the

Khorasmian
In China

Bighanwand,
the

and
/i,

Coptic Stephani, the

k, v, and
as

Crown. the

2d-magnitude

e, with

f, rj, 0, i,
as

17th sieu,Wei,
Brown
one

Tail, ancientlyknown
Tail coincided made reference is rather

Mi with

and that

Vi,

pi

being
our

terminant; de-

but, although this

thinks that of the

part of

Scorpion,
Dragon,
in

to

the

tail of the Azure zodiac

which

divisions quadripartite
red of

of the the

Chinese

lay here.
the of the

0, a

2d-magnitude
south

star,
A and it

was

Euphratean Sargas, lying

which

Milky Way just

of Twin pairs
*"*,

v, with

it formed
And of it may that

one

seven

Stars; as

such of

was

Ma-a-tnL
lunar

have

been, with
Vanant
of

A, and
24

v, the

Girtab

the

zodiac

the valley,

370
Persia
"

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
the
"

and
"

Vanand
; but

of

Sogdiana,
and these

all

meaning
words

Seizer,"

"

Smiter,"
used for

or

Stinger

the

Persian

Sogdian
were

generally are
the be in revolution See

our

Regulus.
6".77
a

In

Khorasmia

stars

Khachman,
may

Curved.

6 has

i4th-magnitude greenish companion

away in

that of

around

it,

1897,
of

at

positionangle
interest
;
one

3i6".9.
of
the
most

writes of this:
doable

magnificent system

surpassing

difficult of known

stars.

K
Shaula

1.7. the

probably
to

is

from

Al

Shaulah,

Sting, where
been

it

lies; but

according
of
names

Al

Biruni, from
to

Mnahalah,
These in the

Raised, referringto
have

the

position
with the

the

sting ready
for the

strike.
and

words
course

confused
to

adjoining v,
and

of time

corrupted
these last:

Shanka,

Alaioha, Mosclek,

Shomlek;
which

Chilmead

writingof
is read

It is also called Bohomlek,

for

Scaliger thinkes

of by transposition

the letters

Mosclek,

which

the bending signifieth

of the taile.

Naturally it
A the from and Two
v

was

an

unlucky

star

with Al

astrologers.
and the that nakshatra

were

the

17th manzil,

Shaulah,
Vedic

Vicritau,

Releasers, perhaps from

the

opinion

they brought relief

the v, called

lingeringdisease.
Hindu

Some whole

authorities,taking
the

in

all the

stars

from

to

Mula, the Root, with

was

divine
a

Nirrity, Calamity,
A and

as

regent of the

asterism, which
for
stars

represented as
In

Lion's

also Tail; this title appearing

v

of

Sagittarius.
on

Coptic Egypt
Saror.
from N. G.
v

were

Minamrcfi

the

Sting; and,
An the

the

Euphrates,
extended
6 M. and These

imaginary

line

through 6475,
were

Shaula

serves

to

out point

near-by
an

clusters

C.

M-" visible together in

ancient
A and

the

field of

opera-glass. Smyth
about

probably

the
on

termination
v,

of the is

sting to
not

which clear

alluded the

in his comments

althoughhe

quite

matter;
of

they certainlywere 2/tdp7r/oc ; and

Girus had

the We

of ve^Xaeidrfc nebulosus nebuhsa in the

Ptolemy,
Latin

among

his apoptpuroi of

Almagest

1551.
"

Ulug

Beg's

translator

Stella

quae

sequitur aculeum
In group, the the the the

Scorpionis,
of the

Tali' al Shaulah, That

which

follows

the Sting.

legends
stars

Polynesian Islanders, notably

the that
names

those
\l to

of the Hervey A and the

v, were

in the

Scorpion, from
with which
the
; and

two

lettered drew

Fiflh-hook

of

Maui,

god

up

from that

depths

great

island

Tongareva

and Pollux

PblynesianResearches, applied to

Castor

and

in his Ellis, in Gemini, the Reverend

legend

372
formed

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
is
a

by Scaliger's conjecture from

is not
a

Alasclia, which
the
;

corruption
all these

of al-shaulai

Lesath, therefore,
form the it is

term

used

by

Arabs,

who
are

designate
formed

bumps, which
*"

vertebrated tail, Al-fikraht

twirls

they

by

e, /i,

C, Vt 0$ '"

K "wi

t,

and

supposed that
nebulous

the

sting,punctura

was scarpianist

formerly

carried

to the

following

star, y, marked

by Ptolemy.
; that

But claw

this very

y is

surely wrong
the
west

letter

reallyapplying
as

to

star

in the

right

far to

of the

sting,
"

far

as

the

make-up
Al Biruni

of the creature
wrote

will allow. and

v v

Still Burritt located

in the vel

it

as

Smyth
the

did.
Vertebrae.

that /

were

Harazah,

the

Jointsof
Elaakrab

Riccioli

mentioned
EU*
we

as

Lesath
and for

potius Lessaa
recti

Morsum

Soorp. vel
renders this

Denneb
which

krab;
seen

Bayer, Lesehat
k ; but the

Lesath, Xosehleek, Alaseha,

of these
stars

have

proximity
them the y

not duplication

unnatural. The Ideler Bode's Chinese knew

v

as

Keen

Pi,

the

Two but

Parts this

of does

Lock.
not

thought drawing

of

Telescopium,

agree

with

of the

latter.

0),
The the

4.1,

and

0),
al

4.6,

red.

Arabians

called and the

these

Jabhat

'Akrab,
a

the

Forehead,
and Latch.

or

Front, of

Scorpion ;
are
an

Chinese, Kow

Kin,

Hook

They
but

interesting naked-eye pair,14*^'

and shows

apart,

lying just south

of 3-

Bayer mentions

only

singlestar.

as

it is

now

generally known,
Phoenix.
He which

was

formed

by

La

Caille

from

stars

between

Cetus Studio

and
or

called

it l'Atelier and

du

Senlptenr, the
have

Sculptors
to

Workshop,

Burritt

others

changed

Officii*

or Scnlptoria, Apparatus Seulptoris. The occasionally

Italians say Scultfflt,

and

the It is

Germans
an

Bildhauerwerkstatte,--Bode's
contains
stars

Bildhauer

Werkstsdt

inconspicuous figure,but
most

the

intenselyscarlet variable
heavens,
with
a

R,

one

of the

colored brilliantly
to

in the

oi period

from variability The

5.8

about

7.7 in 207 with from

4.2

days. bright
star

constellation of

culminates and 131

the

of

the

Phoenix
York

on

the

17th

November, catalogues

is visible

the
to

latitude

of New

City.

Gould

stars, from

7th magnitudes.

The

Constellations

373

the and

French
the German

lieu, Bouchiere, or
Sobieskiseher
stars

de

Sobieski, the
formed

Italian

Soudo

di Sobieski,
the
seven

Sehild,was
in the

by Hevelius
west

from the

unfigured 4th-magnitude
between tinoiis, the

Milky Way
and the

of of

feet

of

An-

tail of the
to

Serpent
The

head

Sagittarius. Heis
as

increased bieskii
or

this number

eleven..
as

title is often

seen

Scutum

80-

Sobiesii,sometimes
but
our

Clypens Sobieskii,more
Flamsteed in his of the third

written correctly

Clipens ;
who well when
was

astronomers

follow

plain Scutum.
his

1 1 is pictured as the Coat of Arms

so
as

John Sobieski,king of Poland,

wars

distinguished himself
in his successful back
at

in the
of

defensive
the
on

of

native
on

land,
Vienna

as

resistance
the he

Turks the 12th

in of

their march

turned

Kalenberg
had of made

September,
into the

1683.

It

when just after this, the

his

triumphal entry

that city, the

at

cathedral
:

service

thanksgiving the
sent

priest read officiating

John.

passage

There

was

man

from

God,

whose

name

was

Seven

years with

subsequently
a

this
to

new

constellation
and

was

named

for the
as

him

by
it

Hewel,

glowing
he

tribute

his merit

heroic
on

deeds;

sign of the
we

Cross for which

fought being

emblazoned

his Shield
that of the in

have

to-day.
honored four
stars

Some

this Cross, however, identify

with
at

ciscan Franfighting

Saint friar,

John

Capistrano,famous
on

Belgrade
Vienna four

1456,

and

now

by
on

colossal the

statue

the exterior Shield creation

are

of the for the

cathedral.
sons

The

border

of
a

the

of been

the

king.
in
some

Although
China
as

Scutum

is

recent

with

us, it has

long
are

known

Tien

Pian,

the

Heavenly Casque,
about the the 10th

but

in

this

included

components
It
comes no

of Antinoiis.
to

the

meridian

of

August.
not

It has
some

named maps,
"

star,
"

indeed
is

figure itself does

from the

appear

upon

modern

and

noticeable chiefly

peculiarbrightness degrees
M.,
wild
the

of the

surrounding Galaxy
Sir William
rich in nebulae.

; for within

its boundaries, in five square

that notable there
are

of space, it is very

Herschel Of in 1681 chief

estimated these and of the

331,000 N.
to

stars; and

cluster

G. C.
a

6705, 1

discovered by
lies ducks, naked
eye,
on

Kirch
the Sir

likened the called

by Smyth
This

flightof
to

dexter

Shield.
it
"

is

just visible

and

John

Herschel

gloriousobject."
Horseshoe,
the
or

Just below
N. G. C.

the 17

constellation

is the the
most

celebrated

fl,Nebula,

6618,

M.,

one

of

in interesting

heavens, although

*4#

374
in small

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
to
a swan seen
on

glasses
comes

it bears

more

resemblance

the

water,

whence

another

the title,

Swan

Nebula.

The

starry Serpent

Southward

winding
to remoter

from

the Northern
its

Wain,

Shoots

spheres

train. glittering
Statius.

le

Serpent

in

France,

il

Serpente
its

in

and Italy, has

stars

die

Behlange
as

in Germany, the The

probably
hands head
stars

is very

ancient, and
at

always

been

shown and
at

grasped by Ophiuchi.
the from

of

Ophiuchus
by
r, and

pair

of

d, e,

v,

is marked all lettered 2o"

to

the

noticeable

group

i, ", y,

0,
io"

v, p, and

eightlittle
the Crown

consecutivelynumbered,
Arcturus the
; the

south

and
1

due

east

from

figure line
and

thence northeast

winding
along

southwards
the western

5"

Libra,

and

turning to

southeast

edge
Eagle
Of

of the and the

Milky Way, terminating at

west

its star 6.

0, 8"

south

of the tailof the

of that

constellation's
this those

four

stellar Snakes

preeminently
of

is the

Serpent, its
Manilius

stars

inally orig-

being

combined

with

Ophiuchus, although
nomine dictus dividit

wrote

Serpentem
but and it is
on

Graiis

Ophiuchus

now

catalogued separately, and

either knew side it
as

occasionallydivided simply
but

into

Caput

Cauda

of the

Serpent-holder.
or
as

The
as

Greeks and
as

'QQiovxov, *0"j"ig

*O0tc, and
the Eel
;

familiarly
the Latins,

'EpneTov

'Ey^eAvf, respectively the Serpent

and

occasionally
often

Angnilla, Anguis,
the
as

and

Coluber;

Serpeni, as universally
and
The thus
as

as qualified

Serpent

of

Aesculapius,Caesins, Glauons, Laoooon,

and

of

Ophiuchus
and their

; and the

Serpens Herculeus, Leraaeus,

Tables with of 15
21

Sagarinus.

1515
bining com-

Almagest

Alfonsine
Latin

had

Serpens Alangne,
Lesbins
and

corrupted
those and

their
was

equally corrupted Arabic,

Draoo

often is

the

case

with

works.

It also

Tiberinus, and,

perhaps, Ovid's
In the

Vergil's Lncidus
of Arabia it
was

Anguis.
Al

astronomy
but before

Hayyah, by
the

the

Snake,

"

Chilmead's
was
a

Alhaft;
different

that country

was

influenced

Greece the

there
stars

very

constellation

here, Al

Eaugah,

Pasture;

j3 and 7,

The

Constellations

375
Northern
were were

with

y and
;

Herculis, forming
and
c

the

Naiak

Shfimiyy, the
enclosed
on

dary Boun-

while

d, a,
the

with (J, Serpentis, ", ", and

r\ Ophiuchi,

the

Naiafc by

YamSniyy,
the stars and To
now

Southern

Boundary.
of Heroules,
in

The

sheep
west

shown

in the the

Club
a

guarded
and

the

by

the

Shepherd
earliest

his

Dog,

stars
as

Ophiuchus
have been renders

Hercules.
was one a

the

Hebrews,
Renan
;

to

most

nations, this
the the
our

Serpent
referred

from
to
as

the

times,and,
Job, xxvi, 13

said, may
with

in the Book the

"

of

but

Delitzsch, who

words original Draco known

to

Fugitive
visible
of in

Dragon,"

and

others

him, consider
ancient
and

be from

the

constellation
ever

intended, as probably more circumpolar position. The

Eve, while
the stars of in
our

widely
made

its

biblical school

it the another Andrew

serpent seducer

day imaginative observers

head,
with
one

find

heavenly
or

Cross

the

that

belongs
the

to

Saint

Saint

Patrick.

Serpens Image
of The

shared

Ophiuchus
is

Euphratean
to

title of
one

Nu-tair-da, the
tives representatimes. Tien Shi

of the

Serpent
the

; and

supposed
between

have of
v

been Old
c

of the

divinityto
Enclosure
counts

Ophites, thespace of the 51

stars

Hivites

Testament
was

comparatively void

and

the

Chinese

Yuen, the
82.

Heavenly
within 5

Market. constellation

Argelander

the

boundaries, 85

and

Heis

In its cluster

N.

G.

C. 5904,

M., Bailey has discovered

variables.

a" Unnk1
the
al

3,

pale yellow.
is from
for
"

Hay,"
later

or

Unnkalhai,"
Arabic
name

'Unfc al Hayyah,
star;
error

the

Neck of It

of the
was

Snake, the

this

the

Unnk

al

Hay

Standard Dictionary is erroneous,

also

type

perhaps
as

for Unuk. for the

Alioth,Alyah,

and

Alyat,
that but

often may
we

considered have know Al been

terms
some

broad

and

fat tail of the Eastern here in the

Orientals'
so

sheep

at

early day figured

these
are

sky;
their

nothing Hayyah

of

this,and
of the

not

Arabic words,
more

that

origin in

constellation

is
and

probable.

Smyth
in

somewhat the

states indefinitely

that

Alangne
for

Bat
"*

Alangue
have

appear been

Alfonsine Tables, presumably anguis

of Ovid and

this

star.

may the Cor With

the lucidus

Vergil,as

it

was certainly

of Serpentis A it
was

astrology.
as

known

Shuh,

the

title of certain
:

in territory

China

; and

Edkins
The

rather

writes unsatisfactorily
stars

twenty-two

in the

Serpent

are

named

after the

states

into

which

China

was

formerly divided.
Although errors
indeed almost
in the

adoption of Arabic
thisTJnuk
is

star-names

into

our

popular
is the

lists

are

common,

universal,

peculiarly wrong,

for 'Unuk

plural of 'Unk.

376
As their of

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
to

radiant

point
2d

it has

given

name

the

Alpha Serpentida of
from
a

the

15th

February.
type
on

It is of Secchi's
a

of

spectra, and
28th of.

receding
July
; and

us

about

14

miles blue

second.

It culminates is

the

i2th-magnitude

companion

58" distant.

P, Double,
This
was

3 and

9.2, the been

both

pale blue.
one

Chow
it does
are

with
not
seem

the

Chinese,
to

title of
named

of their any

ties; imperial dynasnation.

The

but

have
at
a

by
of

other

components
Near
meteors

3o,/.6 apart,
radiant the
was

positionangle
the

2650.
minor
stream

it is the

point
18th
to

of the

Beta
of

Serpentidfl,a

of

visible from
a

20th

April.
in Chinese lists.
was

y,

4th-magnitude,
a last,

Ching,
Herschel.

and

Tain, "5,

This
as a
a

white

and William

bluish

4th- and

sth-magnitude double,
The

firstnoted

binary by Sir
at

components

are

3".6 apart, with

positionangle
e, of 3.7

present of about
was

1850.
name

magnitude,
; the

Pa,
rj

the

of

certain
the

in China. territory Eastern Sea of

a

", a 4^ -magnitude,
that

and

were

Tung
a

Hae,

heavenly

country

latter

star

being

golden-yellow 3.3-magnitude with

small, pale lilac companion.

9, Binary

and

variable, perhaps slightly

and

4.5,

pale yellow and

gold yellow. Alya,

The of the Palermo is from knew

Catalogue
the
same one

and
source

others
as

(sometimes, but erroneously,

similar title of the lucida.

Alga), probably
Chinese It is the

the

it as
star

Sen,

of their

districts.
lies southwest branches of of in a Aquila,

terminal

in the

Serpent;
the

and
two

comparatively
The

starless
are

region
21"

between
at
a

of the

Milky Way.

components f, 3.7,
on

apart,

positionangle body,
was was

1040.
the

the

lower back

part of the
of the

Han

Hae,
a

Southern

Sea;

and

v, 5.3, on

the

head,

Cha

Sre,

Carriage-shop.

^rtane (Urdniae
was

formed him in

by

Hevelius

to

commemorate at

the

Sextant
from

so

used successfully
to

by

stellar

measurements

Dantzig

1658

1679. The

The

Constellations

377
stars

original figure comprised Hydra,

With that
more

the

twelve

unclaimed

between

Leo

and

west

of

Crater;

and

Smyth

writes:
the

zeal said and formed

at

than

taste, he
was

fixed the machine in the mo9t

these

upon

Serpent's back,
that
to

under

the

plea
it between

the

Sextant

not

convenient
were

situation, but
of
a

he

placed

Leo and his house

overcame

Hydra
a

because of

animals

fierynature,
of

speak with
instruments

ogers, astrol-

sort
was

commemoration in

of

the
;

destruction
or,
as

his

when
Vulcan

Dantzic

burnt

September, 1679

he

expresses

it,when

Urania.

Its inventor's

great

name

has

kept

it in the

sky

tillnow,

and

it is still generally

recognized by
Here, Regulus,
Sudarixun
on

astronomers

as

Sextans.
south
a

the De

frame

of

the

instrument, 90
that
he had handkerchief Herschel the

by
Saint

east

from

the

star

Rheita

thought
the

found of

representation of
Veronica.
"

the

Veronicae,
upon

sacred

menting Com-

this
seen

discovery,Sir John
among the
stars

said
use

that

many

strange

things
became
The

were

before

of

powerful

telescopes

common."

lucida,
of the
was

4th-magnitude,
Sextant the Chinese

is 120

south

from

Regulus.
as

One

stars, which Tien

Reeves

gives
the

q, Bode's

2306,
of

6th-

magnitude,

Seang,

Heavenly
Heis

Minister

State.

Argelander

catalogues 17 naked-eye

stars, and

48.

^ofdrtum,f#e "un;*tdf,
lies
east

from I

Horologium,
can

between
find

the

head
as

of
to

Hydrus
the Burritt

and

the the it

tail of

Dorado; but although Miss

Atlas.
It
seems

nowhere

anything
it in
our

origin of
drew its stars

figure,
on

Bouvier
to

included

her

and list,

his

be

ignored by neighboring

astronomers,

being

bined com-

with

those

of the

constellations.

Cardntoui t"efQfatngif et, #e QReinfceer,

a

small

and

faint

asterism
Le

between

Cassiopeia
under the

and

Camelopardalis,
as
a

was

formed by Pierre Charles

Monnier,

title Eenne,

memento

378
of his stay in know It has

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
in

Lapland
it
as

when

engaged
and

in

geodetic work
so

1736.
Die

The

mans Ger-

Rennthier,

Bode
now

inserted

it in

Gestirne.

seldom

been

figured,and

is

never

mentioned.

Ere

the heels touched

stern

of

flying Capricorn
mountain's
the

Have
I

the western

darkening rim,

mark,
The

Taurus*

through

twilight gray,
dim,
at

glinting of thy horn,

sullen
to

And Bent

front, uprising large and starry Hunter's

sword

the

bay.
U

Bayard Taylor's Hymn

Tmatrus.

tdurus, tfc (guff,

le Taureau
was

of
one

France, il Toro
of the

of

and Italy,
most

der Stier of

Germany,

where every-

earliest and
it marked age the the of

noted vernal

constellations,perhaps the

first 1700

established,because
b.

the archaic

equinox

from

about

4000

to

c,

in the
to
us

golden

astronomy;
this that

in all ancient

zodiacs
in the

preserved
much

it began

year.
1st

It is to

Vergil alluded
rendered
:

quoted

lines from

Georgic^

which

May

When
The

with yeare

his
; and

golden homes
downward the

bright Taurus
crosse

opes,
;

Dog-starre stoopes

and

the poet's
he

description well
was

agrees

with
and

mythology's idea
snowy

of

Europa's
This
the

bull, for
descended candidus

always
to

thus

described, Bole,
The

white
and

in color.
from

Chaucer's of
:

Whyte

in

Troilus
"

Criseyde^
the

Taurus

the

original.

avtrso,

crosse," in

second

line

of this passage

averso

cedens

Canis

occidit

astro,

"

adversus

with

Ovid,

and

aversaqut translated reversed

"

Tauri

sidera
as

with
a

Manilius," generally
it is from

has, however,
the the

been

backward,"
but

supposed allusion to

constellation
mutual

in rising the

position;

quite as probably

of hostility

earthly animals.
literature, was
Bull
more

Tavpo^, its universal

as

title in Greek the

given specifically
drawn with

and Tofirj forward

npoTopfj,

Bust,

the

generally being

only

his

parts, Cicero
Pars

following

this in his prosecto corpore

Taurus, and

Ovid

in his prior apparet Posteriora latent,

380
It which bore

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
:

synonymous
to
now

titles in

various

languages

in

Arabia, Al
;

Thaur, Tor, by
was

degenerated
even

El Taur, Altor, Ataur, Altauro, by Schickard

Riccioli ; and

Taur,

in
or

our

Standard
in

Dictionary,

In and

Syria it
in

Tanra;

in

Persia, Tora, Ohav,

also known

Gau;
as

Turkey, Ughux;
a

Judaea,
in the

8h6r, although
in the Revised Latin added the

there of
our

K''5m,
as

word
"

that

zoologically appears
but better

Authorized
as

Version
"

Bible

the

unicorn,"

the

wild

ox."

writers

mentioned the the and

it under

its present

name, also

to
was

which

Germanicus

Bos
Leader
more

from
of usual

country

people, although it Bubulcus,

the

Prinoept aimenti,
of the

herd,
more

and

peasant

Driver La

Oxen,

title

correct, however,

for Bootes;

Lande

quoting

it

as

Bubulum

Caput
Taurus
seven as

Manilius
to

characterized

dives pue His

" ^

rich in of

maidens," referring Atlas, and

the chief An
on

its

seven

Hyades
in
a

and

Pleiades, all daughters

not

attraction Grecian of the

seer

constellation
three

otherwise hand figures,

stars
as

speciallynoticeable.
in

early

gem

shows

nude
seven

hand, standing
the
are

the head Landone

Bull, one
to

pointing to
the and

in line

over

back, which strongly

Charles the

referred

Hyades
the in letter

; but

six of the

stars

cut, and Anthon three

but

faintly so,
Graces,
with

is

superscribed,Doctor
for the
were

is

undoubtedly
for the

correct
or

claiming

them

Pleiades, and

figures

Charites.
sun,

These
.

the originally
; and

Vedic

Harits, associated
character in Boeotia

the the

stars, and

seasons

this astronomical

adhered
were

to

Charites, for
to
b.

their

symbols
from

in their ancient

temple

stones

reputed
struck
to

have
c.

fallen

the

sky.
bore the still
a
"

coin,

43 the of

by

P. Clodius surname; the

Turrinus,
while

Pleiades

dent in evib. a"

on

allusion

consular

earlier bull The

312-64

the their
and
as a

Seleucidae

Syria placed
of this attributed

humped
to

in

positionof
or

attack

coins
the

as

symbol
rupees,

constellation.

gold mu/irs,
of

mohurs,
Taurus

zodiacal

Jehangir Shah,
with the the in

16 18, show

complete, although spiritless, creature,

cattle. descnbed silver rupees This
as

gibbous hump
the

peculiar
figure,

to

Indian
was

is

always

drawn
an

Euphratean
on

stellar

and But in

KvpToc
of the

by
same

early

commentator

Syn/axis.
by
very
a

the

monarch
as

have

the and in

customary
as

half animal described

A

bold, butting
in coin his of

attitude

exactly
and

it is now,

it

was

Manilius ancient

flexus

nisus, and
of
a

by
6th

Lucan

his curvatus. before

Samos, perhaps figure of

the

century
a

Christ, bears
on

sectional half-kneeling, and

one

bull,with
the

lion's head
b.

the the the

obverse;

of in
on

Thurii, in Lucania,

of

4th century
of this
same

c,

has

complete
Bull with

animal
a

positionto charge.
its

Another

city bears
Doves.

bird

back, perhaps symbolizing the Peleiad

The

Constellations

381
that

Plutarch
was

wrote,
1.

in his De
e,

Facie

Orbe

Lunae,
there

when

the the
or

planet Saturn legendary

Saturnian,
gration miSea

in

Taurus,
from the

every

thirtyyears,
continent
or

took the

place
Cronian,

external

beyond
ideas French in the "

to

the South for

Homeric

Orgyia,
savage

to

one

of its sister islands. held

American
La

tribes the

similar to

our

own

about

rus, Tau-

Condamine,
the Amazon
more

celebrated
saw

scientist of the
of
at

last century, the head of

a

said

that

Indians

the the

Hyades
time

bull ; while of that the

Goguet Tapura
it has
to

stated definitely

that,

of the

discovery
called civilized horns

river, by

Yanez

Pinzon

in the

500,

the of

natives
an

along
and

its banks
even

group

Bayoaba,
been

Jaw

Ox;
its

in

countries

fancifully thought
tide of
to

that

shape, with
also

the

extending
In

0 and
it formed

", gave
part

the

constellation.

China
the

the
a

White
very

Tiger, and
it the

was

known

as

Ta
and

Leang,
Pleiades the

Great
as

Bridge, from
a

early designation of
was

the
or

Hyades

; but

zodiac

constellation
of the

Cook,
When

Hen, recalling
duced Jesuits introOx.
to

modern

Hen

and

Chickens
nomenclature

Pleiades.

the the

their Western
After

it became the Taurus

Kin

Hen,

Golden

Egyptian
also

worship

of

bull-god

Osiris

had

spread
his

other

Mediterranean
as

countries, our
of his wife and of the Nile

naturally became
even

sky
her

tative, represen; but

sister Ins, and

assumed
at

name

the

starry

Bull

country

was

not to

ours,

least the

till late zodiacal

in that series

astronomy.
on

Still this constellation is said

of
a

have

begun
made

the have

walls been

sepulchral chamber
its stars title,
not religion,

in the

Ramesseum much

and,
of

whatever

may all

its

certainlywere only
the that

throughout
the

Egyptian

historyand
from In here.

from human the

its then
race was

containing
created
was

vernal

equinox, but
was

the

belief

when the
as

the Good

sun

Coptic Egypt
Statio of the ancient the

it, or

Pleiades,
it
was

'Qpia?,
known

Season,
modern

Kircher's form

/fori, although

better
as

Apia, the
Nile may
As the

Hapi,
it

whose

worship pyramids.

god

of

the

have

preceded
the

even

building

of the

first in

early
that

Hebrew

zodiac

was

designated by
crude

A
of

or

Aleph,
Bull's

first letter of horns

alphabet,coincidently a
of the

figure
the tribes

the

face and
and

; some

Targums
to

assigningit to
their the father horns of of the

of Manasseh

Ephraim,
of that it and
"
"

from
"

Moses*
',

allusion
horns
on
are

Joseph
wild
;

in the

33d chapter
but others it to

Deuteronomy

"his

ox";
or

said Simeon

appeared only
Levi

the

banners

Ephraim
the
"

referred

from jointly,
"

Jacob's
;
or

death-bed

descriptionof
strong

their character,
"

they houghed
the
ox

an

ox

to

Issachar,

ass

which

shared
It has

with been

the

burdens with

of toil and the animal

carriage.
that Adam first offered in

associated

sacrifice,

382
or

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
and the

with

the

later victims
was

in

the

Jewish temple; recognized

the
ox
"

Christian
the

school
that of

of

which with
"

Novidius the
ass

spokesman
manger
were

in

Taurus

Ox

stood
this:

by

the

at

blessed
or

Nativity.
no,

Hood
how
; but

said
he

But

whether In the
"

there

any

there
it became

I know

not

will prove said

it." that

apostoliczodiac
him it
was

Saint

Andrew

Caesius

long

before

Joseph
Mithraio
in

the Patriarch. Bull

on

Representations of
before
was as

the

gems de

of

four

or

five centuries that Taurus

as

Christ, reproduced
at

Lajarde's Cuite
in Persico-

Mithra,

prove

that

time

still One

prominent
of these be the

Babylonian

astronomy
the front of

well

in its

religion.
may

showing representations,

of the

Bull's b
,

head,

very

well been with

originof
a

our

present symbol
of the

this

sign,
cent cressome cent cresb.c

although
moon, that
moon.

it also has

considered

combination
as
a

full and

associated Taurus This

was

this constellation
as
a a

nocturnal

sign ; and
of about

assert

drawn
on seems

demi-bull

from

his representing the 2150 of

appears it

Babylonian cylinder seal

to

Still earlier
its double which

in Akkadia

have
its two
so

been

known the
to

as

the

Bull
and

Light, inder cylrain.

Te Te, referring to title,

age have the been of

groups,

Hyades

Pleiades,
and with
a

in every has

much

interest

mankind;

Gut-an-na,

Heavenly

Bull, mentioned

in connection

so

recallingthe
and that

rainy Hyades.
four of their it

Epping

says

that

it
were

was

the marked

Babylonians'
by
its stars;
son

Shur,
while

constellations ecliptic
as

Jensen

mentions
seems

symbolic
have been

of

Mardftk,
2200

the
b.

Spring Sun,
c,
"

of

la,

whose
"

worship
and that

to
was

general

probably long
as

before,
Fish of

it

originallycomplete
of the
two

and

extended

far

as

the the

la, the
of

northern Taurus

Fishes.

This
to

high authoritycarries
5000 of the
b.

formation the

still farther
The
name

back,
of the
seems

about

c,

even

before

equinox lay here.

with the

second

antediluvian

lonian Baby-

kings,the mythical Alaparos,

or

connected

with

this constellation

lucid a, Aldebaran month

were

and

its stars

certainly were

associated

with

the second

of the in the

Assyrian Epic of

year,

A-aru, the
with the

Directing Bull, our

conquest
Hindu

Aprilor

May,

as

they
was

Creation the

of the Centaur.

Taurus

the
"

Cingalese Urusaba,
Tamil

early
of

Vriaha, Vriahan, subsequendy

and Al

Vrouehabam,
Mihira gave
as

in the it
as

tongue, Riahabam
his

; but

Varaha

Taouri,

rendering

Taurus,

Biruni, in his

India,
With

Tambiru
the Druids it
was an

important object
held when the that claimed
our

of

worship, their great

entered
tors
are

ligious re-

the festival, and the it old

Tauric, being
been fancifully,

sun

its boundaries; of

has, perhaps

the

England

were

sites of their Taurine

of the

cult, as
cakes with

cross-buns
same

the

sentatives present repre-

early

bull

the

stellar

association,tracing

The

Constellations

383
And the
seen

back

through
on

the New

ages

to

Egypt
eve

and the

Phoenicia. Bull

Scotch

have

story that
and twilight The

Year's

Candlemas
"

is

rising in
after gave

the all.

sailing across
Manual

the

sky,

matter-of-fact four

statement,
ago

Anglo-Saxon

of Astronomy

centuries

it

as

Fearr.

Astrologers made Shakespeare having

between Sirs Toby
this character

this
an

sign the amusing

and And

lord

of

man's in

neck, throat, and

shoulders

passage

Twelfth Night,
when under both the
"

in the

dialogue
as

Belch

Andrew

Aguecheek,
considered
the

blunder

to

of Taurus. this

it

was

guardianship of
some

Venus, sharing Libra,

"

distinction
was :

with
as

body

of

Scorpio,
by

said with

whence

it

known
an

Veneris

Bidns, Domus
influenced

Veneris
its

nocturaa,

and the

Gaudinm

Veneris

idea
the

also

perhaps

containing
over

IleXeiddes, the Doves,

favorite of

birds of that

goddess.
Persia, Asia

It ruled

Ireland, Greater

Poland, part
and

Russia, Holland,
modern

Minor, the
over care

Archipelago, Mantua,
Asia, and
much
were

Leipzig in
;

astrology, as
to

it did it the

bia, Araof the

Scythia
allotted
a

in ancient

Ampelius assigned
the

dreaded
the colors

west-northwest
to

wind, Pliny's Argestes.

it. On

White
unfortunate

and

lemon lation, constelin yat

whole,
of

it

was

an
"

although
syne schal
a

manuscript
grace in

almanac
"

1386

had

whoso

is born
sun was

have

bestis

and

thunder,

when

the

here,

"brought
The

plentifulsupply
and

of victuals." the
stars

extent

density of

in Taurus
121

are

shown

by

the eye;

fact

that,

according to Argelander, it
to

contains

visible

to

the naked

cording 188, ac-

Heis.

go

forth at night, where

he flames

And In

talk with the cold

Aldebaran,
of the

forehead

wintry sky.
Mrs.

Stgourney's The

Stars.

Ct,

1.2,

pale rose.
Follower,
it marked
i. the
c.

Aldebaran

is from

Al

Dabaran,

the

of

the

Pleiades,
that

or,

as

Professor Whitney suggested,because

the first. The entire
name,
now

2d

matizil

followed

monopolized
the

by

this the

star,

originallywas
mansion

given
as

to

the
al
was

group

of

Hyades
One
as

and the

lunar
our

which,
marked of the
;

N"'ir

Dfcbar"n, the Bright

of

Follower,
the of

star

yet there

diversity of opinion
aPpHed it solely to
as

to

this,for
that

first edition and Al

Alfonsine
not

Tables

a, while

1483,

Sufi,did
it

recognize a

included in

the

title.

Riccioli

usually wrote

Aldebara, occasionally

384

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
of

Aldebaram, adopted Spenser, in

appears had
;

in

the

French
wrote

edition

Flamsteed's
which the

Atlas

of

1776;

the

Faerie in

Queen
the Hous gave

Aldeboran,
and
as

occasionally still
modern and La

Chaucer,

of Fame,
the word

even

Lande,
and

Aldeboran;
in his

Schickard

Addebiris

Debiron;

Costard,
Al

History 0/ Astronomy,
as

cited Aldebaron.
to

Biruni Al

quoted,

titles
Fat of

indigenous
and

Arabia, Al

Fanik,
Female

the

Stallion
the it was

Camel;
smaller

Fati^, the
stars

Camel;
the

Al

the Mnjtdij, the

Camel,"
; and

adjacent

Hyades Najm,

being

Little
the

Camels Stella
Indeed

Tali

al

Najm
Niebuhr
of

and
as

Had!
if heard

al

equivalents of
Pleiades
before

Dominatrii
in
on

of classical ages,

driving the
the Gulf.

it.
al

the the

last bian Ara-

century

synonymous A

Sttk
later
to
name

Thnrayya
was

shores which with

a

the

Persian

'Ain

al Thaw,"
"

Western

astronomers

corrupted Tauri,
gave and the
more

Atin

and

Hain

Alter,

identical
even now

'Qufia Boo?, Ooulus

title.
Ezra
as

early English Bull's Eye,

Ocnlns definitely as

common

Riccioli Left

this

anitralif,and

Aben The

the

Eye.
said

Alfonsine
out

Tables, however,
way; and it has

Cor

Tauri,
the

the

Bull's

Heart, which
Arabic title,

is far

of
to

the El
was

borne

constellation's

changed

Tanr.
the

Aldebaran

divine

star

in the
that

worship

of

the

tribe

Misam, who

thought
showers The

that

it brought
a

rain, and
year.

its heliacal

rising unattended
nakshatra in

by

portended
Hindu

barren
a

Eohinl,
was

Red

Deer,

used

also from for had

for the

the star's that

Scorpio

marked

by Antares,

unquestionably
Prognostication Alfonsine
Tables

ruddy hue, Leonard

it is "ever
ad
aerem
a

in Digges writing, rodde valde

"

his the

1555, quae

meatc

[red]
est ut

"

and ;
cerea,

trahit

clarum

Palilicium,1
the whole

in

various of the

orthography, but Hyades,

it Sucula
was

correctly Parilioium, used

as a

for

group

descended
to

for special designation where it is

Aldebaran used.

through
Columella

all the

catalogues
as

Flamsteed's,
of the

exclusively
emy's Ptol-

called

chief

peasants'

Suculae.

Aafinadiag, Torch-bearer,
The

Aafi-rravpag in Proclus'

Paraphrase.
Aben

1603

and

1720

editions

of

Bayer's
the
means

Uranometria

terminate distinctly
and here

their lists of Aldebaran's

titles with
often the
name
a

words

Subrufla

Exra; but
The
whom

Bayer's

star-names

are

by

no

clear, and

incorrect.
to

latter of these he often

is

merely

of the

famous

Jewish
the

commentator

refers ; and
is from

the former

designationof
"

lightred

color

(Subrvfo)

This

word

Palilia, or
"

Parilia, the feast of Pales,

marked
the

the Latin the

and shepherds' divinity

aist

their
star

feminine vanished

form
in

of Pan,

which

birthday of Rome

of

when April,

thi*

the

twilight.

The

Constellations

385
Aldebaran
*

of the burns

star
"

which
and

we

all

recognize. Some
Thayer,
I

poet has written "red

in his Halid
:

William

Roscoe

saw

on

minaret's

tip

Aldlbaran
Into the

1 like

slip ruby aflame, then leisurely

bowl.

black

horizon's

In

all

astrology honor;

it has and
was

been
one

thought eminently fortunate, portending

of the four

riches and
the such

Royal Stars,or
the vernal
Lenormant but
a

Guardians

of As

Sky,

of

Persia,5000

years

ago,

when

it marked which

equinox.
said

Flammarion

quoted its title Taschter,

caused
among who

signified
and leader still of

the Creator of these another

Spiritthat
Stars

rain and
the

deluge;

different
under

conception

Guardian is

Hindus

is noted
Aldebaran

Argo,
the

given by Edkins,
stars.

makes

Sataves,

the western Flammarion for

has

assigned
it God's in

to

it the

Hebrew and Aben with which

Aleph
Ezra all the he
to

that

we

have

seen

Taurus, rendering

Eye
to

identified it with

the

biblical

inra"hj probably
on

connection
Kfril

Hyades

and

as

being

directly opposed
the especially

the

sphere

claimed

for Antares.
was

Sharing everywhere
case

in the

prominence given
the Furrow
to

its

this constellation,
the

in

Babylonian astronomy,
of

where

it marked

tic 5th eclipand

as

asterism
the whole

Pidnu-sha-Shame, zodiac, and

Furrow. the Still

Heaven,
and

perhaps representing
Arabic
the Padan Bull's

analogous
So

the the

Hebrew Ram had

or

Fadan,
Leader of Stars.
"

the of

that,before
was
was

taken

place

Signs,Aldebaran
more

Ku, I-ku,
the Akkadian

I-ku-u, the

Leading
this,as
to

Star the
we

ancientlyit
"

also rendered Gift-da, of and

to

Furrow
seen,

of

Heaven

and
to

Dil-gan,the Messenger
Hamal,

Light,
"

have

being applied
their the have

Capella,Wega,
with respect
we

perhaps
for the
star

other In

brightstars, as
same seems

positions changed
used also

the

equinox.

the

way
to

Syriacword
been the lunar

which 'Iyiltha, for Aldebaran.

have

seen

Capella,
Khoras-

As

marking

station it was

the

Persian

Paha

and

the

the mian-Sogdian Baharn, signifying Riccioli

Follower.

cited,from

Coptic Egypt,
with the

IltuptMv, Static

Hori

and

Renouf

identified Aldebaran
An The of the Al
l

indigenous Nile figure Sarit

Aumea, as it,
titles for the
be
in

old

Bohemian

title is Hnua. associated

with

Hervey
Pleiades.
Biruni
the

Islanders

Sirius in their

legend

quoted strange Arabic

of the word the
seems

comparatively vacant
although the best usage

space
follows

Thus

pronunciation

to

doubt,

originalArabic

in Aldebaran.

25

386
westward

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Small,
"

towards

the

Pleiades,
"

Al

Daika, Growing Dog

of But that
stars

1. e.

from its

and rapid setting, it

was

Kalb
a

al Dabaran,
of he and evil

the
omen.

Aldebaran,
there
seems

that asserting
to

considered
to

place
the
21st

have wrong

been who

dispute as
marked Aldebaran

its

location,for by

added
2

those of

authors
"

were
k

this

Dog

2d

Taurus,

and

v.

is but

south slightly thus often

of the

and, lying in the moon's ecliptic,

the

path,

is frequently occulted,
As
one

showing
used is

opticalillusion
1st

of

projection.
only star

of the Harvard

lunar

stars

it is much
which

in

navigation.
of the It thus

It is the

in the

Photometry
of that

exactly
it is

magnitude, although
has three

by

the

Estimates

catalogue

1.2.

times the

of Polaris. brilliancy The

parallaxis given by
unit the
our sun

Elkin

as

o".ioi, showing
interval between
be

distance
earth

from the
one

us

of

twenty-eightlightyears;
the that astronomers' between from of and
at

or, if the

the

and
as

sun,

stellar

measurement,
would of be

considered

inch, It is receding
to

this star the

rate

twenty-seven
a

miles.

system
to

miles thirty

second, and, next

Herculis, seems
the

bright stars
of the

greatest velocityin the line of sightof any of beautiful The is Solar, and a yet determined. spectrum
have

the

example

type.
to

Aldebaran

comes

the

meridian
away,
11

on

the

10th has

of

January.
been
at

It has

10th-

magnitude companion, 109"

ham of

which and
a

long

known,
a

but Bum-

recently divided 2790;

at
a

this into

13.5,

i".8

apart,

angle position

and,

in

1888, discovered
of

i4th-magnitude companion
radiate from
"

3i"4

tant, dis-

positionangle
of the
star.

1090.
of November
meteors
are a

The

Tanrids

20th These

and point north of,

preceding, this
appear among

slow,

and

fireballs occasionally

them."

The

Hyades

marked

by

the

sailor.
Potter's translation of
'!""" Euripides'

As

when
an

the

seaman

sees

the

Hyades
clouds,
steeds.
Marlowe's

Gather
Auster

army

of Cimmerian with

and

Aquilon

winged

Christopher

History o/ Doctor

Fotat".

a"

and 01* A2! y" "*"

Tauri,

io"

southeast
all the

of the

Pleiades,
forehead,

Whitening
form ages,
one

Bull's broad

of the

most

beautiful objects in the

the

sky, and

have

been

famous for

with especially

classical authors.

388
and The Owen queer
"

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
"

Meredith
old Guide

has into

"

the

watery
of

Hyades
I

in

The

Earl's

Return, the Seven

Tongues

John Minsheu, callingthem

have
met

Stan,
makes

the

only instance
intimate reader

of this title that

for

this group,"
at

stillmore
the

their connection
to

with the showers; for

its word

Hyades

is referred
stellae

the
in

word

Raine,
Tauri

where

we

see

Hyades, iadez, dictae

vias

quaedam

cornibus

; quae

ortu

occasuq.

sus

pla-

largosque imbres
in Doctor

concitant.

And

Johnson's Dictionary
Thus

the

word

is defined

as

"

watery

stellation." con-

they

have and

always
all who centuries.

been
were

considered

most

noteworthy by
the weather,

husbandmen,
even

mariners,
last two them
or

dependent

upon

to

the

three

Ovid
name, and it

called after
was

Bidus
seem

Hyantia,
to

after their
most

earthly brother, Hyas,

derivation additional

whose

all,would
their
in

be

the

natural gave

of the title : Horace's

grief at
one

his death version

which

point to
Jove
to

tristes in the But the

Hyadas, and,

of their story, induced

put them

sky.
their

title among colloquial

the

Roman the of Greek

country-people was
'Tc, Homer's
vetv.

Sncnlae,

Little

Pigs,as
as

if from be the

Sus, Sow,
derivation

Dvc, which
name stantly con-

indeed

might
occurs

well

cT""o*ecas the

This of

in astronomical and

literature from
Flamsteed
season

time

Columella
for it

and the
so

Pliny to Kepler, Hevelius,

fact that

Pliny accounting settingmade

swine
!

by

the continual
stars

rains seemed
was

of the
to

of their

the roads And

a

miry

that these

delightin dirt,like
contradiction
come

this idea, fore century beDeorum. the group like

a

trivial

though it seems,
think the said that
; or

sufficiently prevalent
of in the from and in his the and its

for his

Cicero,
De

Pliny,to Smyth
a

worthy
title

Natura of
were

might

resemblance
stars

to

pig'sjaws
her

because Peck

Aldebaran

companion
Roman

sow

with and the

litter.

suggests,
Suculae
was

Dictionary of
oldest
to

Classical
name,

Literature

Antiquities,that
Greek

appellation was
as
a

known,

be

compared
etc.

with

given before popular our

traced it to
correct, than

stellar titles such stuus, that

"

the

Dipper,
Italy.

Charles'

Wain,

Isidorus

moisture,"
in and

pleasanterderivation,and
This group will
as

possiblymore
for

held

ancient others

account

Bayer's Suoeidae. symbol

with

Bassus

knew

the the y at
in

v-tytkov,the V,
as

oras Pythagwrote:

for human and

e

life; and

Roman
the

it resembles But

those

a letters,"

being the extremes,

stellae

vertex.
forma

Ulug Beg's
Graecoruxn

translator
forma

Quinque
In the
a

quae

sunt

in facie,

Lambdae

et

rob Dil.

Alfonsine

Tables

we

find

Lampadas,

the

accusative

of plural

Lam-

pada,

Torch.

The

Constellations

389
a

Occasional Al
from

Arabic
the

titles

were

Al

Hijda^,
the

Triangular Spoon,
smaller
wrote
as

and

Kil"f,

Little She
the

to Camels, referring

stars

in distinction word

Aldebaran,
Little

Large

Camel in

; Al
one

Ferghani
Arabic

the

Kala'ij.
before the
woo

These

Camels

appeared
in evidence

story

driven
went

personified Aldebaran,
Al his
so

of his

riches,when

he

again to
on

Thurayya,
poverty.

the

Pleiades, who
author the

previouslyhad
made Greek the and in word Roman that

spurned
Al
ideas

him

account

of

Another in Arabia

Kallis,
of

the

Boiling Sea,
and
were

continuing
Dabaran,

its stormy

watery
Al

character. which Tables

to

Generally,however,
was

country, the

Hyades
well
as

adopted
where those the 2d
"

in
we

the read

151 5
sunt

Almagest,
stellae The these Arabic

as

in

the

Alfonsine

of
star

1521,
y of of

aldebaran, specially title, therefore, constituted, as

the

referring
was

the

in the

face." which

identical
also the did

with the

that 2d

manzil,

stars

they
with The many the

nakshatra, Bohini,
asterism
to

Aldebaran

marking

junction
there
term

adjacent Mrigacfrsha.
Hindus

figuredthis

as

Temple,
of that

or

Wagon
the

; and

are

allusions astrological various

standard

it in the books

Siddhdntas,

collective

for

astronomical
it for but
to

people.
or

The

Chinese
or a

utilized

their 2d included
north.

situ, Pi,
X and The
Net

Peih, anciently Pal, a

Hand-net,
this

Rabbit-net,
farthest
and

a;

although
King
sky
;

some

limited it :

station

to

e, the

the

She
of the

thus

described

Long
but with that

curved

is the

Rabbit

people generallyit
have
"

was

the

Star

of the
was

Hunter, and,

with

the the in
or

astrologers, the Drought Car.

This
as were
1 100

title, however,

for inappropriate, rain in China the

was as

Hyades
Greece

seem or

to

been indeed

closelyidentified worshiped
b. c. as

with

Rome,

Tfi

Shi,

General,
not

Ruler,
but
must

of

Rain,
have

from been

at

least

Still this character

native,
cided coin-

derived

from

western

Asia,

where
was

the
not

early rains
the
case

with

the heliacal
two

of rising The

these

stars, which

in China

by
the

nearly

months. Public

adjacent small
and the whole

stars, with
group

f, were
was

Tien
as

Lin,
the

Celestial of

Granary;
on

known

Announcer
The

Invasion
have been

the

Border.
with the

Hyades
and

identified
even

Kazziroth, but scriptural

for the Book

there

is little foundation

for this ;

less than

their identification, by Saint

Jerome
whatever in the

by Riccioli,with
titles
may have
are

the

Klm"h

of

of Job, ix, 9.
and

Anglo-Saxon
these

Baedgaitran, Baedgasnan,
; and

Bedgaesrom,
people
saw

mean

the

Boar-Throng
rather than

which
as

that

sky

may

been

this group

Orion

generallyis
towards

posed. sup-

It is

thought

that the

Hyades

have

united

proper

motion

the

390
west.

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
interest
to

They

are

rich in doubles

and

full of

the

owners

of

even

small

glasses.

(3, Double,
El Hath
the also northern appears said is from

2.1

and

10,

brilliant pure

white

and

pale

gray. the This

Al

NatilL,the Butting One,

from and

because
on

located southern.

on

tipof
title

thorn, 5"
for Aries that many

f, similarly placed
its star Hamal. it and

the

Bayer
seems

included

" in the
had has

Hyades

group,

but

this

improbable, although Pherecydes

identical with y

it thus. been

0 Tauriis
to

Aurigae, and
the Heel left

considered
or

as

belonging
As
a

either constellation ; Burritt's Atlas

of

callingit Aurigae
ankle, and
his
was

"1

Hath.

member

Auriga

it lies

on

the

Arabians'

Xabd

al

'Inan, usuallytranslated Smyth,

Can B With who this is often
star at

the

of the amid

Rein-holder.
exact

humorous the
to
"

science,referringto
from of

the
:

positionof
"

greatest possible distance

the

the hoof, says

not

this have from

a

given rise
'

otherwise

pointlesssarcasm
it the

ing know-

bull's foot and

Capella Babylonia
the but

other

stars

in

Auriga

was

Chinese

Woo

Chay, a
Bull
our

Fire-carriage.
In it
was or

Shur-narkabti-Bha-iltanu,
the Northern
"

the the

Star

in

the
not

towards

North,

Star and

towards the

Chariot,"

Wain,
The

the Chariot stood the

near

of

Auriga,
at

marked

6th of

constellation. ecliptic
years ago.

sun

this star it

the

commencement

spring 6000
of and fire,

Among
bore that

Hindus
as

title;

also that

representedAgni, the god the similar Hutabhuj, the Devourer

El Nath
star.

commonly
all who

of the Sacrifice. fortune

to

Astrologers
could claim
a

said
as

portended
is

eminence

and

it

their natal

It has miles
a

Sirian spectrum,

and

receding from
discovered
that has

us

at

the

rate

of about

five

second. it and celebrated

Between the the

now

V Aurigae
nova

was

on

the

24th
so

of

January, 1892,
interest in

Aurigae

occasioned

much

astronomical

world.

Y,

4.2,

yellow.

Hyadum
dum,
not

I is
more

generally seen
with

for

this,and, synonymously, Primus

Hy"-

or,

as correctly,

Flamsteed, Prima
before it

Hyadum
an

; but Arabic

this was

originalwith
as

him,
had

for

long

evidentlywas
the "in the

tion, designa-

Al

Achsasi

Awwal
it as
ev

al Dabaran,
tw

First of the

Dabaran.

Hipparchos described
at

pvyx^h

muzzle," stillits location

the

vertex

of the

triangle.

The

Constellations

391
Princes, of China.
from the bic Ara-

With

others

adjacent it was
H
of the
near

Choo

Wan,

the

Many

"5, 4.2, is Hyadmn

f,

3.6, one

Hyades, according
which it

to

Whitall, is Ain,

Ain, the Eye,

Northern Some

Flamsteed lies,

it Ooulus barens, the calling

Eye.
think that
a

it alone

constituted
N. G. C.

the

2d

situ,Pi.
one

Close

by

is

small

nebula,

1555,

of

the

few

known

to

be

variable in light.

C"
was

3-5" of

the

determinant

of

the

constellation 7th ecliptic

in the Bull towards the

Babylonia, Shnror

the Star narkafati-aha-flhatf, Star towards the

South,

the

Southern

Chariot.
with it, has others
near

Reeves
In

gave

by,

as

Tien

Kwan,

the

Heavenly

Gate.

astrology "
the

been the

considered southern

of mischievous horn and the

influence.

It marks

tip of

singular Crab
now

Nebula,
known it
was

little to the northwest, the first in Messier's

N. G. C. 1952,
1

catalogues,1and
seen

as

M.

Although Bevis
by
Messier
on

had the and 1771

return

this in of

1731,

dentally acci-

rediscovered

12th led
to to

September, 1758, while

two

f observing
nebulae and

and

neighboring comet,
these

his

catalogues of
first attempt
comet
was was
a

103
at
a

clusters, published from

of

1782,
of

the

complete list

objects.

The
to

Halley's
the

first

observed in August,

1835, close

this star, when

nebula

perfect

mare's-nest to astronomical

tyros.

The

seven

sweet

Pleiades

above.
Owen Meredith's The Wanderer.

The

group
show

of sister their

stars, which

mothers

love

To

wondering

babes, the gentle Seven.

Bryant's The
Constellations.

fc0e
the Harrow

tftfeiaoee,
Stan
of

Cloudy Train
Atlas'

of Female of Keats'
Caille

Manilius,
have
was

and

the

Starry
been brought
William nebulae

Old Seven,
1

Children,
shared
class

Endymion,
and

everywhere
to

The

work

of Messier,

by La
in

Mechain,
; but

supposed
years

have Sir 5079

rr'gether all objects of that

the

heavens

twenty

afterwards
has

Herschelhad
and

added

asoo

to

their lists,and

his son's

General

Catalogue of 1864

General Catalogue, to 9416 was enlarged by Dreyer, in his New been have added December, 1887 ; and since then at least 1000 by Swift and more observers four clusters. are at Marseilles. Halley, in 1716, knew only six, and of these
UP to

clusters. This

discovered
the

392
among
heavens the
;
most

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
and

noted
as

objects in the history, poetry,

Aratos

mythology

of the

though,

wrote,
not
a

mighty space
are

Holds

all, and

they

themselves

dim

to

see.

All

literature have

contains
been

frequent allusions
more

to

them,

and

in

late

years they than

any

probably
other

attentively

and

studied scientifically

group. been located the

on

They generallyhave
them,
on

the

shoulder

of the

Bull

as

we

have them

but hind

Hyginus, considering
quarter;
In cauda

animal

figure complete, placed

on Pliny,

the

Nicander, Columella, Vitruvius, and

Tauri

the tail,

septem

quas

appellavereVergilias ;
have that made
a

"

although
of them.

Pliny
the

also

is

supposed
Geminos

to

distinct
on

constellation

Proclus

and which

said

they

were

the

back;
to

and

others, on
where

neck,

Bayard Taylor followed

like

in his Hymn

Taurus,

they
Cluster

golden

bees

upon

thy

mane.

Eratosthenes, describing
Hesiod in his

them

as

over

the

animal,

imitated the
as

Homer

and

IU"ac;
them

while
near

Aratos,
knees

calling them, in
of Perseus
;

Attic dialect in most

of his them them in
as

HkffiMfft,placed
poem, that Ukeidc of the

the whose

thus,

following Eudoxos,
spot.
and

Hipparchos
lUemdec;
did
on

in but

the

sphere, it is said, clearly showed with coincided main this,giving

used the word Taurus. Hindu in the The them from the

Ptolemy

singularfor four
Arabians
on

stars, and
them

not

separate

and
the

Jews put
head The

the

rump
we

of Aries
now see

; and

astronomers,

of the

Bull, where
seem

the the

Hyades.
first stars of

Pleiades

to

be

among

mentioned
b.

in

astronomical
the lucid**

literature, appearing
then

in

Chinese

annals

2357
now

c,

Alcyone,
north

being

near

the in the

vernal Hindu the

equinox, although
lunar General zodiac of the
as

240
1st

of the

celestial

equator;

and
or

the

nakshatra, Xrittitt1
into Aries.

Karteek,
before Al

Kartiguey,
b.

Celestial the

Armies, probably long

Pleiades,

1730

c,

when

precession carried
this
"

equinoctialpoint
the

Biruni, referringto
he found noticed
were

early position of
some

equinox
2

in
:

the

which
1

in
nurses

books
of

of
the

Hermes,"
infant
six heads

wrote

The

Krittikas

the

six

Skanda,
to

god

of war,

representedby
nourishment,

**

planet Mars,
his nurses'
2 These

motherless, literally
in

who

took of the
sacred

himself

for his better

and

name

Karttikeya, Son
Books
were

Krittikas.
canon

Hermetic and the knew

arts
as

the

of

Egypt, in forty-two volumes, being

ascribed
to

"* treating

religion
the

and

sciences, their authorship

the

god

Thoth, wboo

Greeks

Hermes

Trismegistos, Thrice

Great

Hermes.

The

Constellations

393
and

This

statement

must

have

been

made

about

3000

years

more

before

Alexander.

And Year The and

their

beginning
Pleiades"

the

astronomical

year

gave

rise to

the

title 25,900 the

"

the

Great

of the

for the

cycle of precession of
stars
as a

about

years.

Hindus

picturedthese
Hindus
held

Flame
have

typicalof
been month of But

Agni,

god

of fire

regent of the asterism, and

western

it may in the

in allusion to

this

figuring
gin ori-

that the

Pleiad

Kartik

vember) (October-Nowhich gave

their great star-festival Dibali, the

to

Feast

Lamps,

the

present

Feast
a

of Lanterns

of
a

Japan.
short

they
the

also

drew

them,
word in

and

not

as incorrectly,

Razor
"

with cut." them

handle,

radical

their The As

title, kart, signifying

Santals
a

to

of

Bengal
lunar
a

called

Bar
were

en;

and

the

Turks, Ulgher. Pervifl,Parvig,

Parnr.
the
or

Persian

station

they

Perv, Perven,
and
a

Parviz, although
the maker of

popular

title was

Peren,

poeticalone,
Omar of

In
tentwere

Rubd'is^ox Rub"iydt,

of the
"

poet-astronomer
who

Khayyam,

Naishdpur
the

in

23,

stitched

the tents

science," they
the

Parwin,

Parven

of that

country
and

to-day ; and,
;
"

with similarly, from

to

Khoras-

mians and
as

Sogdians, Parvi
all

Parnr

all these reference

Peru, the Begetters,

their

beginning
In China

things,probably

with

beginning
the
or

the

year.

they

were

worshiped by girlsand
as

young
were

women

as

Seven

Sifters of Industry, while

the

1st

sieu

they

Mao, Man,
unknown

Maon,

ancientlyMol,
Alcyone being
On the

The the

Constellation,
determinant. with the

and

Gang,

of

signification,
been Pollux

Euphrates,
zodiac.

Hyades, they
of the

seem

to

have and

Mas-tab-

the Great ba-gal-gal-la,

same

Twins

Castor ecliptic,

being

the

in the the

In
our

5th century
nocturnal the and

before

Christ

Euripides mentioned
Sappho,
a

them

with

'Act6c,

Altair, as

timekeepers ; and
the

century

previously,
still earlier
verse;

marked Hesiod former

to

middle
Homer

of

night by
them

their into

setting. Centuries
their
most

brought
in his

beautiful

the

callingthem
them

'Arkdyevrj^, Atlas-born.
word

The
a

patriarchJob
Heap,
with

is

thought
the

refer to

twice

KImah,

Cluster, or
contemporary
"the
seven

which

Hebrew
also

herdsman-prophet
the

Amos,

probably

Hesiod,
in
our

used;

prophet's
but
or

term
"

being
"

translated in the

stars" similar

Authorized

Version,

Pleiades

Revised.
"

The

lonian-Ass Baby-

Kimtn,
the

Kimmatn,
in

a signifies

Family
as

Group,"
Oemat
Pleiadum

for which
most

Syrianshad
simile

Kima,
is

quoted
in

Humboldt's Medea

Cosmos
as

; this

natural

repeated

Seneca's

densos

greges. the

Manilius had

Glomerabile

Sidns, the

Rounded

Asterism, equivalent to

394
Globus Pleiadmn
as

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Brown translates the

of Valerius

Flaccus;

while

IUqidfyf

of Aratos In

the

Flock

of Clustexen. the

Milton's

descriptionof

Creation

it is said
the

of the

sun

that

gray

Dawn

and

the
sweet

Pleiades

before
"

him

danc'd,

Shedding

influence,

the

original of

these in

last words

being

taken

by

the

poet
some

from have

the Book

of

Job, xxxviii, 31,

the
to

Authorized the Pleiades

Version,
as

that

thoughtan
of
kind, man-

reference astrological
or

influencing the
the renders
as
"

fortunes

to

their presumed
The

influential

position as
for

early leaders
them
"

of the

Lunar and the

Mansions.

Revised
the
a

Version, however,
word

cluster,''

Septuagint by
group

Greek

"band,"
it
as

of the

into

fillet; others al
:

translate

bers uniting the memconception a girdle,"

if

of their

figure seen
Sir William

in Amr

Kais' contribution

to

the

Muailakdt,

lated trans-

by
It
was

Jones

the hour

when

the Pleiades
with

appeared

in the firmament

like the

folds of

silken

sash

variouslydecked
Herder gave

gems.

Von

Job's
Canst

verse

as

thou

bind

together the

brilliant Pleiades

Beigel

as

Canst

thou

not

arrange

together

the

rosette

of diamonds

of the

Pleiades?

and

Hafiz

wrote

to

friend

To

thy poems

Heaven

affixes the

Pearl

Rosette

of the

Pleiades

as

tality. seal of immor-

An the

opening

rose

also
we

was

frequent Eastern
:

simile ; while in Sadi's Guiisian,

Rose-garden,
ground
the
was
as

read

The
on

if strewn
trees ;

with

pieces

of

enamel,

and

rows

of Pleiades

seemed

to

hug

branches

of the

or,

in Grafs

translation

as

though

the

tops of the

trees

were

encircled

by the necklace

of the

Pleiades.

William

Roscoe

Thayer repeated

the

Persian

thought
slowly the

in his Halid:

Pleiades
trees.

Dropt

like

dew

from

bough

to

bough

of the

cinnamon

396
at

Star-Names opening
title

and

their

Meanings
may have

the

of

navigation.
the

These

stories

given
from Latin

rise

to

the

Sicilians' Seven Another

Caesius Bunch

Dovelets,

Sette Palommielle
to

of the is Butrom

Pentameron.

analogous

the
"

foregoing
in the Theon it and have
"

Isidores,"
for

wrongly writing it Brutnm,

of

mediaeval

Borpt^, 1
a

Grapes,

to

which

the
*

younger

likened

them. avian of the

common

It is

happy

simile,although Thompson
like that
seen

considers

merely
the

another

association
lucida. for the

in the and

poeticalPeleiades Vergiliarum
the

Alcyone
been

Vergiliae
cluster
as

Sidus

always

risingafter Ver,
at

Spring,
in the

the Breeches
Book
which

Bible
y

ginal having this mar:

note

its word
when

"

Pleiades"
sunne

of Job
is the

xxxviii,31
time and

which

starres

arise

the

is in Taurus

spring
Latin

bring
to

flowers

And

these

names

obtained
often

from

the

times

of

the

poets

the 18th

century,

but

erroneously
them
feet

written

Virgiliae. Pliny, describing the

likened them
to

glow-worms, designated
Behold
here

asstellae

and

the

Pleiades:
are

before

your

very

are

your

Vergiliae ;

of that

constellation

they the

offspring.
And the much

quoted
Many
Glitter
a

lines in
I

Locksley

Hall

are

similar
the

night
like
a

saw

the Pleiads, rising thro'

of fire-flies tangled in
a

mellow
braid.

shade,

swarm

silver

Bayer

cited

SignatriciaLamina.
them the

Hesiod

called

Seven
the

Virgins daughters
of
to

and

the

Virgin Stan;
and has

the Vergil,

Eoae

Atlantides;

Milton,

Seven

Atlantic
from had
,

Sisters;

the Hesperidet, been

title for another

to

batch

of Atlas' in the
"

Hesperis,
Atlantes
As the

applied
"evene;

them. his
"

Chaucer,
Sterres
to

Hous refer the

Fame the

donghtres
Seven
in various

but
are

sevene
as

planets.
they

Sisters they

familiar
; in

all ; and

Seven of the

Stars

occur

earlyBible
also wrote

versions Pliade
modern been
was

the the

Siftansterri

Anglo-Saxons,
cited institoris, numerical
the Greater

though

they

; in

vestis Septistelliutn

German

Siebengestirn.
to

This of

by Bayer ; and in the has title also frequently

Bear,
as

applied
to

the

brightest stars
"

in

earlydaysit

the

"

seven

planets,"
had
as

the the

Sun, Moon,
words
to
"

Mercury, Venus,
Starres
"

Mars,

Jupiter,

and
l He

Saturn.
traces

Minsheu
the word and

Seven

for indiscriminately
Columba
"

back
so

equivalent
from its

'Otrag, a Dove,
breast
bird that coins

probably
like

omas
"

of OW

World

ornithology,
to
a

named
; or

purple-red
because
the

wine,

o"i"?,

and
at

nahiralo
the time

referred of the doves

bunch This

of grapes
is

perhaps
of
see

appeared
coins

in

migration
alios
in

vintage.
with

strikingly confirmed by
we

by
bird

the

fact

of

Ciliciabore
ing bear-

bodies

formed and

bunches

grapes

; these and

being succeeded
in

by others

grapes

alone;

often

the

fruit still associated

early Christian

symbolism.

The

Constellations

397
to

the in
a

Pleiades, Hyades,
cluster the think
seven

and

Ursa

Major, saying, as

the

"that first,

appear

about group that

stars

midheaven."
outline

As

is

not
more

unlike

that

of the

the
name name

Dipper
Little
is not

in

Ursa

Major,
than do for

many
the

they
in in

much

deserve

Dipper
uncommon were

Ursa
our

Minor;
6th

indeed

that

them.
a

And
or

even

century, with
well-known

Hesychios, they
Ursa his countrymen, from the

Zdrtkka,
Sehif"hrta

Chariot,
Ideler

Wagon,
a

another

figurefor

Major.
"

mentioned
Sailors' of

popular designationby
"

Geetirn, the

Stars,
their Tables

peculiarlyappropriate
title and Obscure
"

generallysupposed
of
2000

derivation
years ago; this The

Greek

meteorological character
Wordis of

but in
'"

the

of

some

King James

pated I antici-

Seamen*
had the

Starres

the the

seaven

starrest and 280

Teutons

Senlainer;

Gaels, Griglean, Grioglachan,

Grimm says, and have

Meanmnaeh;
native
names

Hungarians,
the

who,

originated
"

for stars, called

Pleiades of

Fiastik

Heteveny,
them
as

this last
;

in Finland

Het'e
same

wa'ne;

the

Lapps

Norway
the

knew

Hiedgierreg
Fur cold with

while

the

people
seven

in

Sweden

had
a

strange Suttjenes Rauko,

turned them
a

in his

Frost, these
master.

stars
mns

covering
French

servant

out to

into
a

the

by

The
some

and the

Lithuanians

likened
to

Sieve

holes
"

in

it; and

of

peasantry

Mosquito Vet, Coufini"re,

Russians called them

in the the Old As Hans

Languedoc
Wife have
; and
seen

tongue
the the

Cousigneiros.
the likened

The Old
to
a

Baba,

Poles, Baby, Hyades

Wives. Boar

we

Throng,

so

we

find that

with this

Egede,

the
was

first Norse the

missionary
of

to

Greenland,
country,

1721-34,

sister group and

Killnktnrset Y
twr among
arms

that the

Dogs

baiting a bear;
the

in Wales, similarly

tewdws,

Close

Pack.
as

Weigel
Sancho

included
a

them of

his heraldic merchants.

constellations

cation Multipli-

Table,

coat

for the

Panza

visited them, in his aerial

Seven and them
to

voyage

on

Clavileno
and but

Aligero,as
of

las Siete Cabrillas, the

Little

Nanny
simile in

Goats;

la Bacchetta, the
the
astronomers
as

Battledore,is
that country
The Rabbis "the the Standard reversed
as

familiar know
are

happy
as

Italy;
those of

now

and Plejadi, called

or

Germany
the

Plejaden.
and

said

have

them "the

Snkkoth
Tents of

Rfndth, usually translated

Booths

of the

Maidens"

Daughters,"
title ; but be Book

Dictionary
as

still cites this

supposed

Hebrew

Riccioli
ous, errone-

it

Filiae

Tabernaonli.
in the words

All

this,however,
on

seems

to

is well

explained
where

Speaker's Commentary
are

the

2d

of

the

Kings xvii,30,
The

the

shown

to

be

intended wife of

for the Bel

were

lonian Babyproba-

goddess Zarbanit, Zirat-banit,or Alfonsine

Tables say that the
"

the Zir-pa-nit,

Marduk.

Babylonians," by

whom

398
bly
the
meant

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
word form from for of

the

knew astrologers,

them

as

Atorage, evidently their

Ones,
to
a

manzil

Al

Thnrayya,
from We the
see

the Al

Many
Biruni

Little

diminutive
be either and

Tharwan,
appearance, attendant

Abundance,
or

which

assumed in the

their

plenty produced
this and title

pastures

crops

by

the

rains. ?i*aft

in

Bayer's Athoraie
distorted
on

; in

Chilmead's mediaeval

Atauria
work
on

Taurinae;

otherwise

in these sed

every in

late his

astronomy.
wrote

Riccioli,commenting
non

Almagestum
seu

Novum, Elnasch,

Arabic*

Athoraiae

vel the

Atarage

Altorieh
may

Besat

hoc but

estfiliae congregationis;
the his Astronomia

first half of which the he

be correct
stars

enough,
those Altorieh
from the A

Benat, etc., singularlyconfounded

In

Pleiad

with and

of Ursa from

Major.
Aben

Reformata
is another likened

cited Athorace
Hewitt

Ragel.
where the

Turanya they
for them
were

form,
to
a

which

says i" with

southern
star

Arabia,
as

Herd

of Camels

Capella

driver.
was

special Arabic

name

Al
the and

Hajm,
of
86th

the

Constellation par

and excellence,
to

they
Muhammad

may

be

the Star, or in
the

Star

ferred piercing brightneM,re-

by
from

53d

Suras

of

the

Kufdn,

and
.

versified

the latter

by
By

Sir Edwin

Arnold

in his Al

Hafiz,

the Preserver

the Al

sky
Tarik

and

the

night

star

By
To

the white
dawn
near

star ;

proclaim

Shining
When

clear
man

"

darkness

covers

and

beast

"

the

planet

Venus

being intended
the

by
Star.

Al

Tari^.

Grimm

cited

the

similar

Syryan Voykodsynn,
They
shown used
movere

Night

shared in

the

watery

character nivosum

always ascribed
sidus ;
as

to

the

Hyades,

as

is

Statius*
"

Pliadum
"

and

Valerius did

Flaccus

distinctly

the word
;

Pliada

for the

showers,

perhaps
very

Statius in his fluid*

stellar allusions, that 170
"

while

Josephus
of

states, among

his

few

during

the

investment
from

Jerusalem
of the

by

Antiochus but
were

Epiphanes,
relieved finally
In

b.

c,
a

the

besieged suffered
shower of rain
are

want

water,

by
same

large
way
so

which

fell at

settingof
with

the

Pleiades." of the Flood the

the

they
many

intimatelyconnected
Yet and with
:

traditions

found

among

and

widely separated nations, and

all

in especially

oi Deluge-myth

Chaldaea. Works

this well

established

reputation,we

read in the

Days

When Beneath Of the

with
some

their domes

the

slow-pac'd snails retreat,

the

from foliage, tools

burning

heat

Pleiades, your

prepare.

The

Constellations

399
one

They
Chu
or

were

marked

object
to

on

the

Nile,

at

time

probably
Hit
or

called the the

Chow,

and of the

supposed
the Roman the

represent
of

the Lower

goddess

Keith, by

Shuttle,one
Greeks that

principal divinities
Minerva.
of Stars

Egypt, identified

with

Athene,

Hewitt

gives another
very

title from
to

country,
word

Athur-ai,
for them of
were

Athyr
Charles

(Hathor),
Piazzi

similar

the that

Arabic the
seven

; and

Professor

Smyth

suggests
seven y

chambers

the

Great oriented

Pyramid
to

commemorate
or

these their lucida

stars.

Grecian
Athene
on

temples
the

them,

to

those

of

Acropolis,of
when of
b. c.

different These
c.

dates, to
were

their

ent correspondingly differof 1530

b.

positions Hecatompedon
same

rising.
11

the

temple

c.;
on

the the

50

b.

and of

the

great
at at

Parthenon, Athens,

finished
b.

site

438

The

temple
did the
b.

Bacchus

1030

c,
b.

looked
c,

toward the

their
at

as setting,

Asclepieion
c.

Epidaurus,
unknown

1275

and

temple

Sunium with
the
a

of

845

While

at

some

date, perhaps

contemporaneous
New and World
on

these of

Grecian
a

structures,

they
upon

were
a

pictured
blue

in

the

walls

Palenque object

temple
in other

background;
for Cortez world of the

certainly were
there, in

well-known
a

parts

of

Mexico,

heard in
some

15 19,
at

very

ancient

tradition

of the

destruction

past age
common
a

their

midnight
these

culmination.

figure for
Hen

stars, everywhere
"

popular
instance here other held

for many

centuries,
ciation asso-

is that of

with Pleiades

her

Chickens,

another

of the

constant

of the from their

with

flocking birds, and

Aben

especially appropriate
Hebrew
"

compact

grouping.
sometimes

Ragel

and

writers the

thus

mentioned linae of
stillcurrent

them,
the

with the
;

Coop

that

them,
in

Mama

Gal-

Middle
among

Ages
the
or

these

also

appearing
In

Arabic

and folk-lore,
as

English peasantry.
HovXeki,
not

modern the word

Greece,
of

the

coop, Hen-

they
had

are

HovXia the
note

unlike
of the

ancient

Greece.

Miles Coverdale,
as
a

translator
to

in 1535 passage
the

first

complete of
Job:

English Bible,

marginal

the

in the

Book
her

these

vii star res,

clock henne

with

ohiokenB

and

Riccioli,in
Germanice

his A

Images turn
:

Novum

Brathean

Anglice Bntrio Bntrnm

of farm

id est

gallina fovens

pullos.

We

see

in in the

the

foregoing
The

the

Isidorus, Riccioli's
laborers call them

great
Olnck

cessor predeHenne;
the Eve

Church.

German

the Russian, Vastidha, the Hen

;

SittingHen;
charge
of the

the

Danes, Aften
Cluck Hen and

Hoehne,
her
the The

while
a

in Wallachia

they are
in

the Golden

five Chicks.
star

In Servia

Girl is added

brood, probably
the Mother.

Alcyone,
and

Maia appropriately taking her

place

as

French

4-00
Italians

Star-Names designate them,

had the

and

their

Meanings
way,
as

in somewhat

the

same

PuLnniere, Poiwi-

nidre,and
and called Borneo them

Gallinelle,the Pullets,Riccioli's Gallinella.

similar Brood-hen
knew the ideas star about them.

Aborigines of

Africa

Pliny's translator
well did the the

Holland

Vergiliae.
as familiarly,
as

Savage tribes
ancient
and

Pleiades
;

peopleof
of the

modern

civilization

and

Ellis these

wrote stars

of

natives the Little

Society and
The Pleiades and
two

Tonga

Islands, who
year
were

called
divided

Matarii,
;

Eyes:

seasons

of the commenced

by

the

Pleiades
those The
to

the

first,Matarii
on

i nia, the horizon,

raro,

Above,

when,

in

the
were

evening,
above. ceased

stars

appeared
season,

the i

continued

while, after sunset,

they

other

Matarii continued

the

Pleides

Below,

began when,

at

sunset,

they

be

visible, and

in the till,

evening, they appeared again above Gill

the horizon.

gives a

similar
at
one

story from
time but
our

the
a

Hervey

group,
so

where

the that

Little their

Eyes

are

Katariki,
in envy

and

singlestar,
took hurled

bright
in

god

Tane
our

got hold
the

of

Aumea,

Aldebaran, and, accompanied

by Mere,

Sirius,chased
drained off the six

offender, who
and that Tane
we now

refuge
Aumea whence

stream.

Mere,

however,

water,

at

the the
as

breaking him fugitive,

native
name

into

the

pieces
Latin
at

see,

for the

fragments, Tauono,
like the

the

Six, quoted by

Flammarion
were

Tan,
one

both of
to

titles singularly the

Taurus.
sea

They
of

the from down

favorite
one

various

avelas, or
as

guides
the

in

night voyages worship

The Men
; and

island

another; and.

opening
GirlB
of
a our

year,

objects
these
to
as

to

1857, when thought

Belt
stars

Christianity
of them
as

prevailed throughout Young

some

islands.

Australians
"

playing
Indians,
of them

Young
Dancers

dancing,
the Solomon

the

of Orion;
as

Islanders of the

Togo

ni

oanra,

Company
consider

Maidens. their

The

Abipones

Paraguay

River and

country

great

SpiritGroaperikie, or Grandfather;
of the had

in the month back

"

of with

May,

on

the

reappearance if he
art

constellation, they welcome

from
at

their the hast

father Grand-

joyful shouts, as
we

recovered

sickness, with
Ah I thou

hymn,

What

thanks !
"

do and

owe

thee

! And

thou

returned

last ? of the

happily

recovered

then

proceed with American

their

festivities in honor

Pleiades'

reappearance.

Among
The
as

other pagan the

South

tribes
to

they

were

Cajupal, the
here the
seat

Six Stars. of

Arabs, according Berbers,

the
or

Hafiz, fixed
of northern all

immortality;

did

Kabyles,
of

Africa, and, widely

them the and central

separated
of point in

from the

them,

Dyaks

Borneo;

thinking
in before

universe, and

long anticipating Wright

in the

1750

Madler

1846.

and, perhaps, Lucretius

Miss

century
and every

Christ.

Clerke, in
which should

charming
be read

instructive

chapter in
us

her
:

System ofthe

Stars

by

star-lover,tells

that

The

Constellations

401

With
the

November,
of

the

"

Pleiad-month,"
culmination
of of

many the

day

the

midnight
to

primitive people began their year ; and on I 7, no was Pleiades, November petition sented presame

in vain for the

the

ancient
of the

Kings

Persia ; the

event

gave

the

signal at
the

Busiris tion celebra-

commencement

the

feast of Isis, and

the

regulated less immediately

Mexicans.
"

connected this

with
in

fifty-two-year cycle of
of

Savage Australian
are

tribes to
the

day dance
The of

honor

the

"

Seven

Stars," because
them with

they

very

good

to

black

fellows."
the

Abipones
fire and

of Brazil

regard
of

pride as
are

their ancestors.
to to

Elsewhere,

origin
and

the

knowledge
after

rice-culture
a

traced

them.

They

are

the

"hoeing-ttan"
their
over

of South

Africa, take the place of

farming-calendar waking-up
time
"

the Solomon with

ers, Island-

last visible

rising
as

sunset

is,or has
the
"

been, celebrated
to

rejoicingsall

the southern

hemisphere
a

betokening
ancient

activity. agricultural
the

They

also

were

sign

to

husbandmen thus

as

to

seeding-time;
:

Vergilalluding to

this in his 1st

Georgk,

rendered

by May

Some

that before
to

the fall 'oth' Pleiades

in the

Began
Have

sowe,

deceaved
oates

increase,

reapt wilde

for wheate.

And,
the

many

centuries the

before

him, Hesiod
of

said

that

their appearance

from the
never

sun

indicated
new

approach

harvest, and
Aristotle

their

settingin honey

autumn
was

time

for the

sowing;
their
to

while

wrote

that

gathered
made like

before

rising. Nearly
them. from rising, the

all classical

poets and

prose

writers

reference found

Mommsen month

in their

the

21st

to

the

25th

of

the

Attic

BapyrjXiuyv, May-June,
the

occasion
the

for

the

prehistoricfestival
of the
corn

Athene's UZvvrfjpia, and

Clothes-washing,at
the
annual

beginning
Achaeans

harvest,
mised sur-

date

for

election

of the in the the marked

; while

Drach

that the autumnal of Tishri.

their

midnight
in rising
many

culmination have fixed

time
of the of

of

Moses,

ten
on

days
the of

after 10th ceased dealso

equinox, may
Their

day

atonement

November

time

for
"

worship
a

friends
seen as

by

of the

races original

the

South,

custom

with
also in

more

civilized Druids'

the

peoples,notably among midnight rites of the

in the All three Souls' of their the

the
1st

Parsis and

Sabaeans,
while
Hallow
a

of of

November; time,
All

recollection

of it is found

holy days

our

Eve,

All

Saints'

Day, and
made much with

Day. Pleiades, dividing

relation the
to

Hippocrates
seasons,

the the

year
sun

into

four

all connected

in positions

his winter

beginningwith their setting and ending till their rising; the summer, from lasting
Arcturus;and
the

with their

springequinox ; spring
to

appearing
And

the

rising of
their
mencement com-

autumn,

tilltheir

settingagain.
and

Caesar

made

heliacal rising begin the

of winter. 26

Julian summer,
In

their cosmical
were

settingthe heavenly

classic lore the

Pleiades

the

group

402
chosen with
them the
to

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
in favor
of Atreus

sun move

by Jove
from

to

manifest
to west.
we

his power

by

causing

east

Notwithstanding, however,
in which
as

all that

read
were

so

favorable

to

the

gard highre-

these

stars

were

held, they
accidents

considered

by

the

astrologers
with

portending
in the

blindness The rays

"

and

to

a reputation shared sight,

all other

clusters.

Arabs, especially, thought

was

their

pearance forty days' disapto

sun's

the the

occasion
star

of great harm

mankind, and
the earth."

Muhammad But

wrote

that had

when

rises all harm in his with

rises from

Hippocrates
the

written differently of the

:

Epidemics, a
the

thousand
and

years

before, of
on

connection

Pleiades

weather,

fluence of their in-

diseases
of the

of autumn Pleiades, and

until the

season

at

the

approach

of

winter, many

ardent

fevers set in;

and:
in autumn,

and

under

the Pleiades,

again there

died

great numbers.

Although
with

the many the

legends of their originare

nations
that
once,

chieflyfrom

Mediterranean

countries, yet
our

Teutonic
It says

have when

very

singular one
a

associated shop,and

Saviour.

passing by
He asked the

baker's
a

attracted

by

the

odor

of
was

newly they
a

baked

bread,

for

loaf; but being

six

refused

by the baker,
In baker became

secretlysupplied by
were
x

wife

and
as

daughters
Stars,

standing by.
while from and the

reward

placed
and
so

in the

sky
he

the

Seven the

cuckoo;

long

as

sings in

spring,

Saint Tiburtius1

Day, April 14th, to

Saint

John's Day, June 24th,hiswife

Pleiades
with
name are

daughters
Another,

are

visible.
Baker's

Following

this story, the

a

the Gaelic

Crannarain,

the

Peel, or Shovel,

title shared

Ursa

Major.
treats of

still homelier, but translation from

:

appropriatelyfeminine,
the Historia

is hinted at in

Holland's
"

Naturalis,

where

Pliny

the
So

star

Vergiliae
in the

"

evident

heaven, and
out at
a

easiest Broker's

to

be

known

of all

others, it is called

by

the name

of

garment who

hanging
have London ages
or b.

shop.

Those

traced

out

the will

origin of
been
we

the

title Petticoat

Lane

for the

well-known In in various

street

recognize what
taken
see as

Pliny

had

in mind.

their title has literature.

c, This

for first

philosophy
to

noteworthy groups of seven Pleiad in the Philosophical

Wise Men of Greece,
or

of 620 the

550

otherwise

known
as

the

Seven

Seven

Sages, generally given

be

or Bias, Chilo, Cleobulus, Epimenides

May

it not and

from

this that

comes

the

English
How

term

"

Cuckoo
the

Bread,"
Wild

that

we

find in Mrs. for the

Dana's

Miss

Satterlee's the

delightful book.
Sorrel of
our

to

Know

Flowers,

Jow

flowering Oxalis,

dainty Wood

northern

groves

404
later Al
Bull in his of

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
the Thurayya, which, literally

Achsasi
the

added

to
e.

this list Thanr

the

al

Pleiades, i.
for

Leading One,
Alcinoe allude the
"

probably

was

current

title

day,
has

his

Italian
lucida

contemporary
"

Riccioli
was

said, in
turn

his

Astnmotma

Reformata,

that
been

the

Altorich
his

Athorric
and

Hip-

parch os
the face

supposed

to

to

it in

6"vc,

rfc "JfvraTOf,
Yet, in
it in the

nXeiddog,

the of

Bright One,

and

Brightest One, apparently did

of

of the
not

Pleiad.

these while

Ptolemy epithets,

mention of
star

Sytitaxis; lablts,
which

Baily,in his edition

Flamsteed's
as

Hyde's translation
i\ to the

Ulug Beg's
of Taurus,
est ad

affixed

25

and

Bayer's
minuta

32d

is described
Atlas.

stella externa

vergiliarum^

quae

latus

boreale$"o\ix
In

Babylonia it determined
Stone. India

the

constellation,Temennu, 4th ecliptic

the

Foundation In and Hindu Seven that future of the We

it

was

the

junction
the

star

of

the

nakshatras

Krittika
says

and

Rohini.
in earlier

individuallyAmba,
literature it
was

Mother;

while
to

Hewitt

that

Arundhati,
were

wedded the

Vashishtfia, the
Rishis them
on

chief of the

Sages,
every home

as

her

sisters
married

to

six other

of Ursa first

Major;

and

newly
before

couple worshiped
the northern that
"

entering their
this
a

they worshiped
of the

pole-star. He
and southern
no

thinks
tribes way

symbol
with

union prehistoric often the

see

of India.

the

assertion
that

our

title is in
or

connected

'Akitv"v,
with the
nurse

Halcyon,

the

Kingfisher,"the
of the

mystical bird, early identified Alcedo or Ceryle ; so that although ornithological symbolic
that
"

myth

Halcyon

Days,

clement

and

temperate

time,the

of the

beautiful
When

Halcyon,"
sit

birds of calm

brooding

on

the

charmed

wave,

is not

yet understood,

some

of

Thompson's
writes

conjectures
that

as

to

its stellar

aspect will be found

the with
to

interesting. He
to
some

story originally referred

the

astronomical

phenomenon, probably
is the

in

connexion appears
P. c,

Pleiades,
been the

of

which

constellation

Alcyone
of ancient

principal

star.

In what
than
sun

have

most

vigorous period
to

astronomy
and

(not

later the

2000 rose

but

continuing long equinox,

in coins Suidas
.

afterwards

influence the
.

legend

nomenclature)
the the

at the

vernal

in

conjunction
with

with

Pleiad, in the sign Taurus:

and
. .

Pleiad

is in many
on

languages
back
. .

associated

bird-names

am

inclined associated

to

take

bird

the bull's

of Eretria, Dicaea, and

Thurii

for the
were

constellation
At

of the Pleiad.
stice, the winter sol.

definitely
same

asserts

that the

Pleiades Pleiad

called 'AAxvovef.
at

in

the

ancient

epoch, the
three and

culminated

nightfallin mid-heaven.
heliacal

"

"

This

culmination,
was,

between

four months
as

after the

risingof
than
no a

the

Pleiadin
to the
tiquity an-

Autumn,
and but that

conjecture,symbolized
of the
was

the

nesting

of the

Halcyon.
more

Owing
doubt

corruption phenomenon

legend,
in
some

it is

impossible
an

to

hazard
one

conjecture;

the

form

astronomic

I have

The

Constellations

405
his

Madler been shown

located
to

in be

Alcyone

the

centre

of is
no

the

universe, but

theory has
for his
clusion, con-

fallacious.
much of
more

There for Miss

"

reason satisfactory

and

not

Clerke's

remarks
to

as

to

the

probable eightyAll

size and
three

distance
the

Alcyone,
of

that

it shines

its sister stars

with

times
as

lustre

Sirius in
that of

terrestrial skies,while
the
sun,

its intrinsic brilliancy,

compared
the the

with

is

1000

times
of
a

greater.

this
duced de-

rests

upon from

extremely doubtful
star's proper
on

assumption

parallax of o".oi3

motion.

It culminates The three

the

31st of December.
a

little

visible with companions, easily from

low-power, form

tiful beau-

triangle3'

away

Alcyone.

Multi

ante

occasum

Maiae

coepere. Vergil'sxst Gtorgic.

Fl. 20, Maia poet

in the the farmer
motto
as

or

Bessel's

c,

4.

appears

personifyingall

the

Pleiad

stars, and
the time

the of its

cautions

against sowing his grain

and
most most

before

setting.
She
was

the first-born
her
star
was

beautiful
of

of

the

and sisters,
; in

some

have

said that in his dum

the

luminous

the of

group Maia:

fact, Riccioli,
lucida Pleiain the

Aimagestum
"* tertii

Novum,
quae
"

wrote distinctly

dicta

honoris,
at
a

mater

Mercurii
"

perhibetur, although
lucida he
;
so

Astronomia which group. bears But would

Reform
of these the

his

Alcinoe the

is the

that for
some

we

are one name

tain uncer-

stars

was

Pleiaa

that

used

of the Maia first of be

mythological importance
that Riccioli the may

of the

goddess
correct stars two

whose
as

indicate

have

been

to

the

these

and that identifications,

titles of the

perhaps

should

interchanged.
The older
name

also of

is written

Mea

and had
was

Maja,
the

the

feminine

form

of

ma/us,

an

form

magnus.

Cicero

word another

Majja,

calling the
for the

Pleiad

for in sanctissitna, much named

or name

his

day
the

Maia

only
Dea,

figure

great and
as

known Rhea-Cybele, Fauna, Faula, Fatua, Ops, familiarly

Ma,
gave

Maia
to

Maiestas,
the
to

Bona

or

Great

and

Fruitful

Mother,

who

Roman her

month,

our

May.
the Moist

Ovid

added

title Pleias used

uda,
her

Pleiad, as

another
as

symbol
the At-

for the group;

and

Dante of that

title for the

planet Mercury,

lantid The

was

mother

god.
for the

equivalent Maou,

Pleiades

in

China, is singularlylike

the

Latin word.
26*

406
The nebula the

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
general nebulosity
that

attached
group,
was

to

this star,

part of the
in 1882
on

envelops
and the

first noticed

photographs by Pickering

Messrs.

Henry.

the lost Pleiad

seen

no

more

below. Byron's Btfpo.

Fl.

17,

or

",

4.6.
centuries from the the

Eleetra, although
visible star, has withdrew
was

for at least

two
as

or

three Lost

title of

clearly
that she

been

regarded
sorrow

the

Pleiad,

legend
of Fasti:

her

lightin by
her

at

witnessing the
"

destruction Ovid
in the

Ilium,

which

founded

son

Dardanos,
Electra

as

witness

Trojae spectare

ruinas
manum

Non

tulit ante

oculos, opposuitque

or,

as

Hyginus wrote,
as
a

left her
comet

place

to

be

present
in Al

at

its

thence fall, down

ing wanderclose In the

off
to

hair-star, or

; or, reduced

settled brilliancy, and

our

Mizar

as

the 'AXtonrj^,

Fox,
word

the

Arabs'

Suha,

Alcor.

Harleian

Manuscript the
called her

is written

Electa.

Ovid
The

Atlantis, personifying the family.

tribe of the of

Pirt-Kopan-noot
this the and queen

Australia

have

legend

of

Lost

Pleiad, Crow,

making
our

other away

six,beloved

by their heavenly
returned
to

Canopus,

who,

carried

by him,

never

her home.

Thy beauty Thy

wedlock

shrouded
won.

by

the

heavy veil
Worthington
Fiske.

Elixabeth

Fl. 23,

or

"/,
the

5, Lost her

silverywhite.
Pleiad, because, having married
face in
a

Merope
mortal,
of her
the

often

is considered

craftySisyphus, she
with the She

hid

shame

when had

she

thought
self her-

sisters' alliances
seems,

gods, and
to

realized recovered others.

that she
her The
name

thrown

away.
now

however,
some

have the

equanimity,being
itself signifies

much

brighter than
is

of

"Mortal." This
star

enveloped

in

nebulous faintlyextended, triangular, in

haze,

visuallydiscovered
nebula,
almost

by Tempel

October, 1859
in

an(*
"

there

is

tinct dissmall,

discovered

by

Barnard

November,

1890,

close

by Merope,

hidden

in its radiance,

although intrinsically very

bright.

The

Constellations

407
turn

Taygete simul

os

terris

ostendit

hones

Pleias. Vergil's4th Georgic.

Fl.

19,

or

e9

Double,
a name

5.1 and
famous

10,

lucid white

and

violet.

Taygete,
Lace daemon of the latter

or

Taygeta, by Zeus,
this stellar
was

in Spartan story for the

mother

of

mentioned
the
seasons

by
former

Ovid

and

Vergil as

another

sentative repre-

family;
two

calling it Boror
the

Pleiadum,

and

using

it

to

fix the

of

honey harvest, as
our

in Davidson's

translation
as soon as

of the

passage
has

beginning

with

motto

the

Pleiad

Taygete
waters

displayedher comely
ocean

face to the earth, and

same

spurns

with

her

foot

the

despised

of the

or

when the

the

star, flying the the wintery

waves.

constellation

of the

watery

Fish, descends

in sadness

from

sky

into

Ulug
Bayer

Beg

applied
to

to

it Al

Waaat,

the

Central

One, usually and

more

appropriately given
lettered is
a

Alcyone. describing it
e. as

it q,

Pleiadum

minima;

but

the

Century

Cyclopedia's "

misprint for
And is there void

glory from
"

the heavens

departed ?

"

Oh!

unmarkld!

thy sisters of the sky high,

orb
so

Still hold

their

place on
thine
art
seen

Though
Thou,

from that
no

its rank
more

long hath started,

eye.
Mrs. Hemans' The Lett Pleiad.

of mortal

Fl.

16, or
been

g,

white. 6.5, silvery

the Lost

CeLaeno, Younger
It

or

Celeno, has
was one a

called

Pleiad, which

Theon

the

said
but if

struck

I by lightning

gives
eye,

half the one,

lightof Taygete
is
so

it can ; still

be

seen

with

the

naked

good

and

given

in the

Heis

Verzeichniss.

The Mourn

Sister Stars
for their

that

once

were

seven

missing

mate

in Heaven.
Alfred Austin.

FL

21

and

Fl. 22,

or

k and

/, 6.5 and
are

7.

Sterope
star at

and

Sterope II, less correctlyAsterope, edge

of of the

widely

double
son rea-

the the

upper

risingcluster, and
so

visible only by faintly

of

combined
use

light ;
show

that

Al

Sufi's

5th magnitude
the he

seems

large.
present

Ovid

made

Steropes sidufl to symbolize

that his star
"

whole,

but

the

magnitudes

would

indeed, if,

referred

to any

special

408
star at

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
or

all, as

is

improbable
place.
Pleiad.
In

"

was

not

ours,

else
not

that

change
reason,

in has

has taken brilliancy been

fact, this also, and

without

called the Lost

Atlas, that
Yon

on

his brazen the ancient

shoulders mansion
Potter's

rolls
of the

heaven,

gods.
of

translation

Euripides'*lwr.

Fl. 27,

or/, Double,
with
of

4.5,

intense

white.
added in that

Atlas his

was

Pater
the
:

Atlas

Riccioli, apparently having

the
seven

been

day

to

originalgroup
Pleiades

daughters.
relevare

It

was

of him

Ovid

wrote

incipiunt nmeros
the

paternos

for their heavens.

settingrelieved
Pleione
has in of
a

father of

some

of

his burden

as

bearer

of the

With

it marks
very

the

end close

of

the

handle

of

the
to

Pleiad
have been

Dipper, and
discovered
the
moon,

probably
by
on

minute,
and

companion, said
at
an

Struve the 6th

1827,

again revealed, 1876.

occultation

by

January,

Hinc

sata

Pleione
ut

cnm

caelifero Atlante

Jungitur,

fama

est,

Pleladasqne parit.
Ovid's Fasti.

Fl.

28,

or

A,
and

6.5. Plione,
the word
were

Pleione,

Riccioli's

Mater
Valerius

Pleione,
Flaccus shows that

equally hydrogen
had
a

modern whole.

additions, although
As of P the

used the

to

personify the

spectrum

of this star

bright lines

of

like that

Cygni, Pickering suggests

thus be the
a

it may
: a

similarlyhave
scientific and that is
now
"

temporary
ever

and brilliancy been in

Lost in

Pleiad the

if there
"

has

historic time solution

have been of

star

cluster

missing
so

the most the mother

probable
seems

this much
well of
as

discussed
many

question;
Aratos
et

that ! the

to

lost,as

of the

daughters

The

Harleian heads

Manuscript
under

Cicero's

represents

Sisters by
ally individuMaia.1

plain female
as

the title VII

Pliades

AthlanHdes,

and

Merope, Alcyone, Celaeno, Electra, Ta

has them

Ygete, Sterope, and

more

Grotius
1

in the
were

same

way,
to

but

in

far

attractive

from style,
on

Other

names,
as

too,

assigned
Plancia,

the

mythological

septette

the scholiast

Theocritus the familiar

giving
Maia.

them

Coccymo,

Protis, Parthemia,

Lampatho,

Stonychia, and

The

Constellations

409 orthography Asterope

has become
common

the old

Leyden
former

Manuscript,
of

where

we

find with

the

and

Mea,
in
our

the

which, appearing

Germanicus,
from the

day.

The

German

manuscript, dating
Dark the

15th century,
the

shows
ing wear-

seven
a

figures,the full-length
dark-blue

Sister smaller
rest

than

others, and
with
faces

head-dress,

brighter in color,
Pleiad increase
:

of

true

German

type.
this

While

list includes

all the

named every

stars,
of

some

visible practicallyin-

without
number.

optica] aid, yet

wrote

power

reveals

larger

Riccioli

about

this in 1651

Telescopio autem
Sidereo ;

spectatae

visae

sunt

Galileo

plus

quam

40.

ut

narratur

in

Nuncio

first-rate field- glass,taking in

3^"
the with

and

magnifying
telescope 16-inch;
space of
1421
to at

seven

diameters, shows
Swift
sees

57 ; 300

Hooke,
with his

in

1664,

saw

78

with

best his

of

his day;
Wolf

4j"-inch,and
Messrs.

600

and

catalogued, at
But with the

the Paris
camera

Observatory
the
a

in 1876,

625

in

90' by 135'.
in the any

Henry

photographed
2326
than
a are

later, by

four-hours'

exposure,
"

down

1885, and two 16th magnitude

one

years

within
naked Bruce

three square
eye in the

degrees,
whole

more

visible

time

by

the the

sky.
3972
no

And
stars

recent

photograph by Bailey,with region

20 square
to

reveals telescope, there although is

to

in

the

around
the many but

Alcyone;
group.
ceed ex-

that certainty

all of these and

belong
make

Pleiades
of

Statements

as

their

magnitudes
to

distances

them
are

Sirius in size,and
upon
an

be

250

light years

away;

these

based

assumption

of

parallax as
verses

yet only hypothetical. But, if correct,

in his Night
of these

how

appropriate are

Young's
How distant distant

Thoughts:
Sans
!

some

nocturnal
'twere
at

So
To Are

(says

the

Sage)
set
out
so

not

absurd

doubt, if Beams yet arrived

at

Nature's

Birth,

this
so

foreign World
as

Tho'

nothing half

rapid

their

Flight ;

and

stanza Longfellow's

in his Ode

to

Charles

Sumner:

Were
For

star

quenched
would its

on

high,
from the

ages

light, sky, sight.

Still

travellingdownward
on

Shine

our

mortal

While
true

some

of

these

undoubtedly
seem

are

only opticallyconnected
form
a more or

with

the

Pleiades, yet

the

largerpart

to

less united

group,

41

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
same

which

the first

spectroscope

shows

to

be

of

the

general type; 1886,

from
to
a

this fact

being
of

brought
of the

out

by
of

Harvard

observers

in

comparisons
be
gether todrifting

the

spectra
toward

forty

its

stars.

They
and
so

are

supposed
be

south-southwest,

may

called

natural

stellation. con-

Nicander tertia

wrote

of

them

as

"U/'"a"vac,
"

the

smaller that

"

ones

Manilius,as
some

forma

"the
y

third-sized"
from
names

; and

many of the
to

think Lost
stars

the

light of
and the
not
are as

has

decreased,
some

not

only
sisters'

the

legends
are

Pleiad which

fact that

of been
to

the

applied
eye, but whoever counted

could

possibly
now

have

seen

by

the

unaided
and

also
can

because
see seven

only

six

ble visi-

the

average
more.

observer,
Miss
his

can

readilysee
;

at

least two

Airy

twelve

; Mr.

Dawes,

thirteen

and

Kepler said
and had

that

scholar

Michel
eleven
as

Mostlin
the

could

distinguishfourteen,
of the

correctlymapped
have the done clear

before

invention
Carl
more von

telescope,
has
are seen

while

others In
to
us

about
air of the

well ; indeed

Littrow
group

sixteen.
than

tropichighlands
"

of the

ble visi-

in northern eleven
:

latitudes,

from
;

the
so

Harvard

observing station at
was

Arequipa, Peru, right in his

verses

being readily seen

that Willis

unconsciously

the

linked

Pleiades the sister band away

!

Undimm'd The

are

there, though from

gone
down
;

fairest has

and

South

Smyth
If been may

wrote

we
more

admit

the

influence
that
seven.

ofwhile

at long periods, the variability

seven

in number

may and

hare Aratas

distinct,so
mention

Homer

and

Attalus

speak

of

six, Hipparchus

properly

Yet

we

find

Humboldt,
that

in

Cosmos, saying
are

that with

Hipparchos
the naked

refuted the
that eye, and

assertion

of Aratos

only six

to

be

seen

One

star
on
a

escaped his attention, for when

serene

the

eye

is
are

attentively fixed
visible.

on

this

tion, constella-

and

moonless

night, seven

stars

But
wrote

Aratos*
:

words

do

not

justifythis

statement

as

to

his

opinion.He

seven

paths
are

aloft viewed
no

men

say

they take,
eyes. is lost

Yet From

six alone Zeus'

by
star

mortal

abode

unknown

Since

first from

birth

we

heard,

but

thus

the tale is told;

412
the

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
But
"

brightest in his day

to

"

the

ioth

century.

Ulug

Beg, although he
"

is supposed that

have
were

followed Fl.

Ptolemy,
21, 22,

applied
and 25 gave

Al

Thurayya

to

the

five

Baily said Thuraja."

19, 23, of

(Alcyone). only
Fl. 19

Baily himself,
and 23
as

editing Hyde's
"

translation

Ulug

Beg,

of

Al

Recent

photographic observations degrees

of

have

revealed

other

nebulous the
vast

matter,

in different

condensation,
while

scattered Barnard

throughout
in

necting concluster,

its various
extendin The
as

members;
as

1894
the I
am

found

nebulosity

g almost

far

as so

Z,Persei.

Pleiades
to

afford moon's

convincing
from between

proof

of

sion popular misapprehentempted

to

the

apparent

magnitude
these
stars.

that The and

introduce
between

another

illustration drawn
and Electra than the and
mean

angular distance Taygeta

moon's is greater

Alcyone
that

Merope
diameter

by

eral sev-

minutes
so

angular
be
room

of the the

disc,
"

31'7",-by
those

the

latter could with

inserted
to

within
spare
;

quadrangle formed
in

four the of

stars

plenty of
that the
our

although
cover

looking
of this

at

the cluster

impression is
the is

satellite would

the

whole.

An

occultation
fact ; and
to
as

Pleiades
a

by

moon

gives a vivid realization

I commend

this

not

infrequent phenomenon,

its observation

any

unbeliever.

9
form the

and

82,

4.1

and

$.6,

pearly white
to

and

yellowish,
William found Peck

a name

naked-eye Alya
for these ;

double

in the
as

Hyades
is
not

which

Mr. and

applies
no

but,

this
we

inappropriate
suspect
error

with
"

other

author

stars, may

in

? transcription that of

thistitle

belonging by
Although
*, with
were

universal

recognition to
our

another be in

01,
"

Serpens.
to

337" apart,
and

thttas

may the

physical relation
all of about the

each other.

ky /, ",
Chinese

o, between

horns,

5th magnitude,

the

Choo

Wang,

the

Many

Princes.

X1 and

%2,
5.1 and

4.4

and

6.5,

and

o,

4.3 ;

"p, Double,

8,
the of his

and

^, Double,
ear

5.6 and
were

8,
the

stretchingfrom
Kalbain, Pleiades,
Reeves X and
v

the Two

left eye

to
1. e.

left Al

of

the

Bull,
as

Arabs' Al
of the

the would

Dogs,

Dabaran,
as

who,

the

Driver

naturallyhave
0, #, and
the

dogs

near-by attendants.
Li
; and

included in Tien

^ in the

Chinese
Street

Blub,
n

Coarse
p, of

Sandstone;
the

Keae,

Heavenly

and

5th mag-

The

Constellations

413
in Tien

nitude, with Festival,

A

other

small

stars

near

the

Hyades,

Toe,

Heaven's

pair
white

of

nth-

magnitude stars, 4/;.9apart, lies between

and orange in
are

the the

kappas;

the

phi stars, yellow

of x, and

color, are

53". 6 apart

; and

components

bluish

white,

i9/;.3apart.

gaum
the Taurus

(gtoff, (poniafotwftt'B (pomdtotrii,

of

Begalis

Houzeau,
Italians
;

is the

Taurean

Boyal
of

of the the

French Germans

; Toro ;

di Poniatowiki
on

of the

Poniatowsky's Stier
Stier, the Polish
stars

and,

the It
was

Stieler made

Planisphere,Poln
up
Abbe*

Bull

from

unformed

of

Ophiuchus, Smyth
of been the Stanislaus obtained

writes,
King
form of

in 1777

by the
;
a

Poczobut,

of Wilna, in honour
effect

Poniatowski,
from

Poland

formal

permission
the
a

to that

having
and

the French
stars

emy. Acadthe

It is between

shoulder

of

Ophiuchus
to the
seven

Eagle, where
and stars, the but

some

letter V, and Taurus.

no

from

fancied
was

resemblance
with

zodiac-bull

Hyades,
Bode

became has

another
gether to-

Poczobut fewer than

content
"

component

scraped

eighty,
20

of

course

for only chieflytelescopic,

as

to

25

are

visible to

the

unaided
mers, astrono-

eye ; but and We have

distinct constellation
have been
names

it is not
to

generallyrecognized by Ophiuchus.
these, but

its stars
no

returned

individual
the and
a

for any

of
or

sundry

small

ones

in

the head A
our

were

Chinese
half been

Tiling Ting,
before

Tsung Jin, a Relative.

time
these into

century

Poczobut's

stars, with

those the

of

Vulpecula, had
Its

introduced
had y,

by

Bartsch

his
a

platesas
of

River

Tigris, although this probably

course was

previouslybeen
in the

recognized
; thence

tion. constella-

from

0
and

and the

right
of and

shoulder

Ophiuchus,
between

onwards

between

Aquila
and

left hand

Hercules the

Albireo

(0 Cygni)
at

Sagitta to
since

Equuleus

front

parts of
as

sus, Pega-

ending
with
the

the

latter's neck. has

This

Tigris continued
from the the

until
maps,

late

as

1679
from
to

Royer,
memory

but of

long

disappeared

and itself

indeed
seems

most

observers; while

Royal
Arabian
of

Bull

be

into lapsing Three

or

similar
four

obscurity.
before all this the the engraver of the Bor-

centuries

gian globe appropriately represented

stars

this constellation

by

triangular figure.
It
comes

to

the

meridian
no

on

the

10th
"

of 70

August.

Although
eastern

it has
the

named
a

star, its celebrated

Ophiuchi,"
a

the

middle
of

one

in the

leg of

V, is

binary, with

period

about

ninety

414
years, the

Star-Names
2"

and

their

Meanings
the year of 1897,

components
A third

apart,

at

position angle, in
is

276".58.

invisible

companion

suspected.

"fe0copium, or "u6ub (^sfrcmomtcue,

was

formed

by
but

La in

Caille such

between

Ara

and that been

was

on Sagittarius

the upon

edge
the
;

of the

Milky Way,
old

form irregular

it encroached
taken in Corona of
as

four of the scope's Teley

was

constellations

; r\

having Sagittarii
for its

/3 to

mark

stand;
the
v

Ophiuchi
Bode had

8;

Australis
as

and

of

Scorpio.

it in his

Gestirne

1805

the

ABtronomiiche
but

Fernrohr, crowding
Gould Gould Small

it in between
of

Sagittariusand
stars, the

Scorpio;

Bailyand
Australis.

restricted it to the south

and Scorpio, Sagittarius,

Corona
3

assigned to
as

it

87 naked-eye
bore

brightesta

^-magnitude.
astronomy;
"

these
as

are,

two

individual
and
on

titles in Chinese

being
The

known

We,

Danger;
culminates

as

the

mythological
of

Chuen
the

Shwa
same

constellation of the

the

13th

August,

at

time

as

Wega

Lyre.

"efe0coptum gewcfcfii
formed
first and maps The been

by

the

Abbe"

Hell in

in

781,

in honor It

of

Sir William the has

Herschel,was
and away

published by
appears and
star
on

Bode

1800.
;

lay between
his

Lynx

Gemini
from the

Burritt's Atlas

but

since

day

passed

catalogues.
n

of the

Gemini
stars i/"

marks of

its former
not

location, the
the

western

end

having

among

Auriga,

far from

latter's 0.

Five

splendid Stars
bears, and
that

in its

unequal
the

Frame
a

Ddtoton But And those

from

shape
dim

Name

grace

the sides

Light display
ManiHus.

yieldunto

the Basis

brighter Ray.
Creech's

"ridngufum,
the German

Breieok,
as

the

French

and

English Triangle, and

Rudolphine

the Italian

Triangolo,appeared

Triangulus

in the

Tables, always quali-

The

Constellations

415
It lies just south and from and

fied
y

as

major tillthe
on

Lesser the
our

Triangle
of

was

discarded.

Andromedae

edge
by
the

the

Milky Way,
one
us.

although
old

small

faint

notwithstanding
but it is

is poet's description,

of the

constellations
it
as

evidentlymore
now

noticed
a

ancients

than
at

by

They
base and

drew
a

lateral, equihead
as

scalene

figure,0, 6, y
was

the

at

the vertex. the

Hood of Aries

strangely said that it might

be better of Aries' stars.

placed
which

in the

heavens blunder

only
of

that

known,

recalls

the

Aratos

to

the faintness It
was

beXTtorov which

with
in

the

earlier

Greeks,
it ;

from
as

their

similarly shaped

ter let-

A,
Brown

to

Ovid
more

his Nux

likened

did Aratos

in his lines that

renders,

than literally
Below

rhythmically:
in three sides measured

Andromeda,
;

Like-to-a-Delta
As The it

equal two
better

of them
to

has, less the third, yet good

many stored

find
stars.

sign, than

with

Transcribed
the also

by
as

Cicero well and

as

and with
so,

Hyginus
astronomers

as

Deltoton,
to

it became

Beltotom

with

Romans,
was

the

17th century.
and the

Naturally it
Nile,
became
was originally

Delta,

associated
the

with
Home

Egypt
of the

Aegyptns,Nilus,
Mi

Nili Domum,
Gift of the

Nile, which
norafiov

Donum, Tp/ywvov,

the

Nile, from

Herodotus'

dwpov,

"

the

river'sgift."
used

by Hipparchos
with

and

Ptolemy,
translated the Trinal

became

Trigonum
Creech. of

with Tri-

and Vitruvius,

Trigonus

Manilius,

Trigon by
Aspect
terrarum and

cnapis, Three-pointed, and

found for it while ;
the representing

Triqnetrum,
had of the

astrology, are tripertitns as

Africa
;

Bayer

and Triplicitas

Orbis

three

parts

earth, Europe, Asia,

his the
own

and

it from to distinguish Triangula* Septentrionalis,

Southern

Triangle. shape
same sembling re-

Pious

people
the

of

his

day

said

that of

it showed

Trinity,its
of the

Greek

initial letter of Saint

AZo^;

while

others

sort

likened it to the Mitre

Its titles

Peter.
and

Sieilia, Trinacria,
island in the

Triqnetra Sicily,
" "

are

those had

of

the

ancients
of

for

the

similarly shaped

of

that

Ceres

begged
with
the of

Jove

might be reproduced

sky,

triangularfrom
and
at

its three

promontories, cal mythiSun,

been the

Lilybaeum, Pelorus,
Thrinakia that Gower
noted It
as was

and

Pachynus,

times

identified of the

of the called

Odyssey \ the
Mela's

pasture-ground
Ox-land.
In

Oxen

Holy

modern

days

it has

the

site of the
that
was

famous

Palermo

Observatory.
the first New Year

here

discovered the

by Piazzi, on

Day
For-

of the present

century,

first minor

which planet,

he

named

Ceres

41 6
dinandea
the Bourbon

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
of the island and been of his

in joint honor
Ferdinand
as

of the of

patron

goddess
the of

king,

Naples
to

; but

adjectivehas
from

dropped by
nomenclature times in the

astronomers

not
"

conforming
little bodies.

their rule
much

mythological
in recent

for the

planets,
of these

rule,however,

deviated
the

naming
their

Perhaps
It
was

astronomers
as an

have

exhausted
star"

classical

dictionaries!
says
as
a

found1

8th-magnitude
little
next

Flammarion
far from
our

comet

"

between

Aries and Sioilia ; but

be found

not Taurus, coincidently

Triangulum,
433 than similar

the

ancient
would

it in

was

imagined at
last by

the time years,

more

that

bodies

the
seven

ninety-seven

150
an

of them unknown

since
art.
our

1892, and
Al

all but

of these

photography,2
The Western

then

Arabians
usage
as

translated

title

as

Mnthftllath, variously seen Almutlato,

in

Almutallath,
and

Almutaleh,
with

Mutlat, Mutkton,
still other

HnfUthum,

Mutlathun,
forms
are

Mntlatnn,

probably

similarly

degenerated
The

of

the

original.
known

Jews

said to have
of

it

as

ShaUfth, from
with three

the

name

of

an

strument in-

of music
1st

triangular shape, or
This
at
same

cords, mentioned
the three

in the

Book

6. of Samuel, xviii,

figure,for

brightstars

of

Aries, has
Heis

already

been

noticed 30

y of that

constellation. but

enumerates

here

naked-eye
Ta

components,

Argelander
cluded General, in-

only
The

15.

Chinese this with

asterism

Taien

Twang,
the

Heaven's
of the

Great
Smaller

X of Andromeda

and

stars

Triangle.

a"

3"6!

yellow.
Baa al Mnthallath

Caput
astronomers.

Triangnli

was

translated

by

the

Arabian

It is

half-magnitude inferior
these
to two
were

to

0, although
Al

the

latter bears Scale-beam.

no

name.

Together
a

the
on

Arabs' the 6th

Mixiii,

the

comes

the

meridian

of December.

This, like many

other of

important discoveries,
an

being in search
Wollaston's Recent

extra

star, the

ently, was Piazzi, very differby a happy accident, eighty-seventh of Mayer's list,wrongly laid down in
"

catalogue.
measurements and

by Barnard
the first in size discoveries of
the

show the

that minor
was new

Ceres

is
as

only
in
on

litUe of

less

than

500

miles in

diameter,
*

thus

planets by
art

order

discovery.
of December, been
on

The

first of such No. 323

;

by

camera

Wolf
to

the

20th

1891.
with
in

of Brucia, the

the first

applications
Doctor

of the W. of
;

the heavens of New

York

having City,
Mixar

made
moon

daguerreotype

process

by Wega
a

John
and
was

Draper,
the

the
at

1840; again, by the professional Whipple Observatory,

The the
on

Boston,
at

under
same

Bond's

direction,
on

the Harrani
in

the

star

in

1850

place
a a

and
;

Alcor
a

1857(near

first photograph
sun

of

star's

spectrum

in

1872

of

nebula, in 1880
meteor, in

of

comet

during the latter's total eclipse),in x88a; and

of

1891.

The

Constellations

417

(Jtttnor "ridn$uftmt
was

formed,
to

and south

thus

named,

by Hevelius,

from

three

small Hamal

stars

ately immedi; but

the

of the

towards major constellation,

of Aries

it has has

been

discontinued
revived

by

astronomers

since
on

Flamsteed's the

day.

Still Gore
lation trans-

recently

it in the

title

Triangula

planispherein his
list.

of r Astronomic

Populairey as

did Proctor

in his reformed

ffc "ouf$em trtdngfe, "riangufum^uefrafe,

much
more

noticeable
of
a

than

its northern

first appeared original, its formation

in

print in
to

Bayer's
Theodor Caesius them the

Uranometria of

1603, although

is attributed

Pieter

nearly

century previous.
for it drawn Arabice from the older

cited

names

constellation,among
would show
to

Almntabet Arabians
But had

algenubi

which neotericis^
or

that learn

either of his

anticipated Bayer,
it the Three

were

very

prompt

work. and
to

he also called from

Patriarchs, doubtless
stars ; and

Abraham,

Isaac,

Jacob,
their

its three

prominent
the

JuliusSchiller had Signum

Tan.
.

recourse

descendants it
as

for his

alphabeticaltitle
Northern and

Proctor
one

logued cata-

plain Triangulum,
The Chinese

Triangle being

of

his

Triangula.
words. The The

French, Germans,

Italians exactly translate Kid

the

Latin

equivalent
lies south Gould
a

is San

Hung.
the

constellation

of Ara, between

tail of Pavo
down

and
to

the the

fore

feet of the

Centaur,
The
y,

assigning to it 46 components
comes were

7th
angle Tri-

magnitude.
a, 2.2,

lucida 3.1

to
"

the

meridian
are

on
now

the
"

14th
the

of

July.

P and

each,

perhaps

seamen's

Stan. Ideler of the said that La Caille substituted for it Norma appear side
et

Regula,

but

in maps

present day

both

constellations

by

side.

Zucana, t$e"oucan,
was

published by Bayer
it in

under

our

English name,1
we
now

but

some

one

has

ized Latinand

ornithologists' style
Alfred Newton says
that

as

see

it.
may
be

Burritt had
from

Toueana

Professor

the

avian

word in

the Guaranis'
in

TI, Nose,
that Brazilian

and

Cang,
Indian

Bone;
tribe.

and

that it first was

It is the

mentioned

print by Treve*t
naturalists.

1558

as

from

Rhamphastos

toco of the

27

41 8 Tonchan;
Tukan.
as Jesuits,

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
; and
to
a

the The

French, Toucan;
Chinese translated
the Beak

the the

Toucano Italians,

the Germans.
them
creature

original word, given

very

by

the that

Neaou
all beak.

Chuy,

Bird,

appropriate to
Brarilian

is almost In gave and

as

the

17th century
later authors

the

English
it

called

it the

Pye,

but

Caedus

it the
even

geographically
knew

incorrect
as

Pica
Anfer

Indica; while Americanui,

the
a

Kepler, Riccioli
title that appears

the

late Tucana

as

Stieler's

planisphere of 1872, in
south of the

American

Oam.
on

lies immediately
to

Phoenix, bordering
Achernar the of

the south and marks

polar
the

Octans, its tail close

bright
and

Eridanus,
circle.
2.8
to

crossing of
Gould

the

equinoctialcolure
to

antarctic

assigned

it

81

naked-eye stars, from

blue,
cluster and 47, the N.

the

7th

tudes. magni-

The
most
"

4th-magnitude
notable of
"

y is very is Bode's lettered

5j"
G.
as

v,

strongly red;
This
like
a

but

its

object
has

C.

104.

celebrated

ball

suns

been

f by Gould,
660"
seems

it shines

hazy 4?2stars, and

magnitude
among with them

star.

Bailey counted, within

The cluster
stars.

of its centre,
to

2235

six variables.
to

be

completely insulated

regard

the

surrounding

Zuxhus JMtortuB, $e
was

"0ni0$, "ofifarg
the faint has
stars
over

formed

by

Le

Monnier
some

in

1776

from

the

of tail-tip

the avian

Hydra, where
title
1

modern
or

seeker

of fame

since substituted

another

figure,the Hoctua,
is said to in the be

Night OwL
of the

The island

that Indian has

Solitaire, formerly peculiar to

344 miles for
to
two

the little ritius; of Mauas

Rodriguez although
is the

the

Ocean,
been

the

eastward
"

bird

extinct

centuries,

indeed

now

constellation.
to

Little
as

seems

be

known

of

this sky figure,although Ideler

wrote

of it

Einfiedler, the German

1

DrosseL
its

The

generic
name,

word

Turdus,

however,

is
an

erroneous

for the bird

was

not

thrash, but,

as

correct to

Pe

top Aap

solitaria,denotes,
taller than
a

extremely modified

form

of

pigeon allied flightless

the

dodos"

yet

larger and

turkey.

420
Yet group and

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
did of them
not

it is remarkable under made

our

that

the

Teutonic
the

nations
was

know

this stellar
to

this much

shape, although
of in story and

animal

course

familiar
stars

them the

worship.
wrote

With in the

these

were

Wagen,

familiar Wain.

Aratos

Phainomena:

Two

Bears in her

Called

Wains

move

round

it,either

place;
both them

Ovid,

in the

TVistia,Magna
Ursae;
We while
meet

minorqne ferae;
with ioth

and

Propertiusincluded
Ovid, again, called
The Greek
rare

in his Gemmae

Horace, Vergil,and
Arctoi
and

Oelidae
Manual

AretL

also of

Arotoe.
the

Anglo-Saxon
though Arctoi,al-

of Astronomy
it adds "which
in his

the

century
men

adopted
Woman

untaught Epicoene,
star
or

call Silent

Carlee-w"n";
called
,

old Ber.

Jonson, in 1609,

the

Kallisto

MiitreM

Urmia

in the

heavens

and

La
to

Lande Areas.

cited

Fera

major, Filia Ursae,

and

Ursa

cum

ferring repnernlo,

The

well-known, although varied, story

"

of

KaAAiarw,
of has

"

as

old

as

Hesiod's
tran"-

time,
ferred allusion

who
to

was

changed by
the

to

bear of

because

Juno's jealousy and

the from

skies

regard

Jove,

given
where
y

rise to

much

poetical
In

Hesiod's
of

day

till ours,

especially among
this

the

Latins.

Addison's
we

translation that

Ovid's

Metamorphoses

myth

is related.

read

Jove
snatched
In them and

through

the

air

whirlwinds
the add
a new

up

to heaven

fix'd them

there;

Where And

constellations
northern

nightly rise,
skies
;

lustre to the

although

the

dissatisfied

Juno

still complained

that

in this location

they

proudly
In

roll

their

new

orbs

and

brighten

all the

pole. Minor.

This

version he

of
was

the

legend

turned

Kallisto's
Arnold

son

Areas

into Ursa

although
and
son

Bootes; Merope:
The Stars In The The the

Matthew

correctlywriting

of the mother

in his

Gods
now

had

pity,made

them

Stars.

they sparkle
Heaven
"

northern

guard Arcturus, guard-watch'd

Bear.

The

Constellations

421 'Aprefug
also of
extreme

Another the

version
as

substituted
the

her

divine

mistress
"

"

known the

to

Greeks

KaXMoTTj,
; the

Roman

Diana word well

for the

nymph

tial celes-

transformation
of this

last Greek La

describingthe
referred the

beauty
the
to

constellation.

Lande, however,

title to

nician Phoea

Xalitsah,
voyage.

or

Chalitsa, Safety, as
from the old story from
as

its observation

helped

safe

Among
onia

its

names

are

Kallisto herself; Lycaonia,

Lyeaof the

Pnella, Lycaonia Arctos,

that
to
are
was

her late
as

father,or grandfather, king

Saint Paul's
1

aboriginal race
dialect Phoebei
it
was

known Acts her

day, with
;

the

distinct
and
:

alluded

in

the

of

the

Apostles,xiv, 1
in
arms

Bianae that

Comes

Miles
one

from

companionship
oceani
metuentes

with

goddess

and

of the
arctos

aequore

tingi,
Kallisto her

because

Tethys,
dominions.

at

had Juno's instigation, Yet

forbidden

to

enter

watery

Camoes,
saw

from

lower

wrote latitude,

of As

Unas:

We

the

Bears, despite of Juno, lave

bodies in the boreal
wave.

Their

tardy

Ovid's immunia

arctos

aequoris expertes;
Bears below

immunemque
from
ocean

aequoris
fact

Arcton

liquidique

ponti,and
the

were utraque sicca,

the

that,being circumpolar,
This
was a

neither of
conceit and of

sets

the

horizon.

favorite before
as

the poets, and

astronomicallycorrect day, although

Chaucer
not

during
so

millenniums times

centuries

after Homer's in

in recent

to

the

Greater, except
of the De

high

latitudes.

reproduced
whom

this in his

rendering
:

Consolatione

Philosophiae by Boetius,
"

he

Boece styles
abouten
in the

Ne

the sterre

y-cleped
of the coveiteth

the

Bere," that enclyneth his

ne

ravisshinge courses
nis
never-mo see

the

soverein
westrene
see

heighte
see,
ne

worlde,
nat

the

same

sterre

Ursa

wasshen the

depe

to

deyen
see;

his

flaumbe

in the

of

occian, al-thogh he

other

sterres

y-plounged

in the

our

Bryant rendering this

The In

idea:

Bear the

that

sees

star

settingafter
not to

star

blue

brine, descends

the

deep.

Poetical titles induced

by

the

legend
towns

of Areas Nonacris

were

Virgo Honacrina
Tegea
more

and

TegeaeaVirgo, from Erymanthian Bear;

those mountains
;

the Arcadian Boar

and

Erymanthis, probably
Ursa,
the from

perhapsthe Erymanthian

that

Hercules

slew, but
and

Maenalia

Arctos, Haenalis,

Maenalis

Parrhasis, Parrhasia

Virgo, and

Parrhasides

Stellae,from

*7#

422
the

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
for this
to

tribe, although
the

Pluche

went

farther the

back
Hebrews'

the

Phoenician

Parraiu, pilots'
wrote

Guiding Star,"
as

PharaahaL

Sophocles
country

of it in the the

Oedipus

Aroadium
of

to Sidus, referring

the whole

of

Arcadia,
mountain
as

Switzerland
scenery of the the
; and

Greece,

famous

in the coins

classical world for its showed

the

wild
Bear

very

earlysilver

of Mantinea

mother has been but

patron

god.
of

Such

myth

this constellation it all,and

and

current

for at

least three

millenniums;
The the

Mueller

discards

says:
of

legend of Kallisto,the beloved

of

of Zens On the

mother

Arkas, has nothing

was

to

do with
been

original meaning
into the Arktos
*
or

the
or

stars.

contrary, Kallisto
she
or
was

supposed
of

to

have

changed
of the

Greater
race,

Bear her

because
name,

the

mother
son,

Arkas,

thai is to ay, the

Arcadian

bear
name

and

that of her

reminded

Greeks

of

their long established

of the

northern

constellation.

Aratos* the
two

version Bears the

of

the

legend, from
nurses

very

ancient

Naxian

made tradition,

Cretan

of the

infant

Jupiter,afterwards
this
came

raised to Cretaaee

heaven

for their devotion of

to

their but

charge.
said
:

From

the

fdve Arotoe

Germanicus;
with any the

Lewis

This

fable is inconsistent
never

natural
or

history of the island

noxious animals.

for the

ancients testify

that Crete

contained

bears

other

Subsequent
Melissa. well The
as

story changed

the

nurses

into also

the

Cretan the

nymphs

Helice and
Uifitf
as

Hyginus
Arctufl.
Hebrew
to

and

Germanicus

used

masculine

form

word refer to

Ajh
the

or

Ayilh

in the Book

of Job, ix, 9, and

as a

xxxviii, 32,
not
a

supposed
was

Square

in this

constellation in
the

Bier,
;

Bear,
was

translated in the

Aroturns
version the

by Saint
of Bible
to
"

Jerome
authorized
our

Vulgate

and

this Hence

adopted

161

by King James.
star
a

the

popular belief

that

mentions
the Bear
to
us

Bootis

; but

Umbreit had
the

already corrected
of

this

and of
"

her the

young,"
Bear Von Pole her

and

in her

Revision

1885
the

the

patriarch talks
the

with

train,"these
dered renstrangely

latter

being represented by
first of these
more

three
"

tail stars. and Bear the with

Herder

passages
"

Libra the

Star,the
"

Seven

Stars";

but the
stars
1

the

second,
or,

correctly,as

young
a

feedingaround
mother
of the

pole;

by
her

another lost

tradition,the children,
"

nightly wanderer,
that
were

seeking
KuDe
"

those
the

no

longer
an

are

visible. The

Lucian,

Astrologia, wrote
Ovid

that

"

Arcadians

ignorant people and despised primitive mode by

Gower:

astronomy
well

and

graphically
Bear

described

their great

antiquity and

oflife

justifying their title of the

Race, they

his lines
run

being quaintly translated

sign
and

Therefore Of

naked chat

in

honour
manner.

hardiness

and

old bare-skinned

The

Constellations

423
Arcturus
:
"

Breeches

Bible those

has that

this
are

marginal
about the

note

to

its word

The

North

Star,with
Hebrew

him." constellation

observers

called

D5bh; Bear,"
these
"

Phoenician, Dub;
Dubhelaobar
with

and

Arabian, Al
and

Dubb

al Akbar, with cited

the

Greater
"

Bayer
from
;
as

Dub

Alacber
Caesius

Chilmead,
the in
"

all of

perhaps adopted
Dnbhe,
and

Greece.
and Robert

Mohammedans'
his Jochanan

Dubbe,

Duben
these

Browning,
the

Hakkadosh,

repeated
North

Dob.
But whence Was
came same

idea
or

into

the

minds
of the

of
a

our

American

Indians?
far

it by accident?
Asia ?
"

is it evidence
of
;

common

origin in
stars

the way

antiquity of
the

The

conformation
the
"

seven

in them

no

resembles and men, in 17

animal,

indeed
for Le
a

contrary

yet they called

were

Okuari
the

Pauknnawa,
as
1

words

bear," before
in
1

they
the in

visited by
Cotton

white

is attested
2,

by

Clercq

691, by
Fitau
Bancroft

Reverend 1724, and in his

Mather French
our

by

the

Jesuit missionary
in
1744.

La

by

the

traveler

Charlevoix
:

And

wrote

history of

country
The

red

men

did
...

not

divide

the

heavens,
that

nor

even

belt in

the
of

heavens, into
the

constellations.
and
was

It

is

curious

coincidence,
the

among

the
and

Algonquins
the

Atlantic
Star

of

the

alike Mississippi, Bear.

among

Narragansetts

the Illinois,

North

called the

In

justice,however,

to

their

with familiarity
our

bear's
to

anatomy,
either
creature

it should

be

said that the

or
a

impossible tail of
with his two
which the in

Ursa in

was

them the

Three
; the

Hunters,
star

Hunter
the

Dogi, they
present

pursuit of
cook

Alcor the

being

pot

would

her.

They
ideas The
of

thus

avoided

incongruousnessof
who roamed Great

astronomical

Bruin's

make-up, Indians,
and Bear Stocklasted and its

although their cooking-utensilwas

over

inadequate.
Pittsfield

Housatonic
Lenox stellar

that

valley from
said that when the

through
of the
was

bridgeto
from blood The the

Barrington,
till the in the

this chase
the forest.

spring

autumn,

animal

wounded

plainlyseen

foliageof

long tail of the Bear, a queer appendage to Hood for by old Thomas animal,is thus accounted
Scholar.
1 marvell

comparatively
in his didactic

tailless

style:

why (seeing

she

hath

the

forme

of

bearc)

her

tail should

be

so

long.
her

Master.

Imagine that Jupiter, fearing

and drewe thereby her from up into and the distance
ner

to come

too ;

nigh
so

unto

her shee

teeth, layde holde

of

on

tayle,
that

the
to
reason

heaven the

that
very
none.

herself
was

being

very

weightie,

the earth Other

heavens know
I

great, there

great likelihood

taile must

stretch.

424
My
tells

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
of

friend the
me

Reverend
a

Doctor

Robert
current

M.

Luther the

Newark,

New

Jersey.
of
to

that

similar The
;

story
same

was
"

with
"

Pennsylvania
will

Germans

forty years
the Smaller

ago. Bear kink Seven

weightie
different

reason even

apply equally well

indeed

the
a

latter's tail is
turn.

longer, proportionately

although
of

the

in it takes Stars with

It is has

probably given

tion this associathe

sional occa-

these

our

aboriginesthat
"

them

title of the Seven

Trevisa rounde therefore

Little Indians,
title thus
:

derived
that

the

alwey

thoo
a

sterres

wyndeth
aboute

and

turneth
And

aboute that
:

lyne, that
is

is calde the

Axis, as
more

bere

the stake.

cercle

clepid

bere."

Boteler

borrowed

this for

his Hudibras

And A

round

about
a

the
at

pole

does

make

circle like

bear

stake.

The

great

epic of
used that

the

Finns,

the

Kalewala,
in which
"

makes

much

tion, of this constellasees

it Otawa styling
to

and

Otawainen,
our

Miss
the Bear

Clerke

likeness

the

names

by

aborigines for
said
that the beautiful

great Teutonic
stars, and
in of

King

of

beasts."

But

people
and

also

the especially and spinning

were pole-star,

young

maidens
a

highly skilled
resemblance

weaving, lightto
The Bear that
a

"

from story originating web. has

a

fancied

their rays of

weaver's

Century Dictionary
for these
seven

theory

as

to

the

origin of

the

idea

of

stars,
"

doubtless

from

its

editor,Professor

Whitney, nation, desigStar/'

seems

plausible,

at

all events,
two

scholarly. It

is that their Sanskrit

"

in Riksha, signifies,
"

different
a

genders,
of

Bear," and
"

"a

Bright," or
to

"to

shine,"
"

hence
some

the Seven title,

Shiners,
of the Riksha
two

so

that it would

appear
a

have
not

come,

by
with

confusion animal. connected the Seven

sound,
on

words

among

people
the

familiar

the
so

Later with

was

confounded
or

with of

word

Bishi, and
with the

the

Seven
of

Sages,
Greece,

Poets,
Seven the

India;

afterwards

Wise
of used

Men

the

Sleepers of Ephesus,
Seven Stars
of is Pleiades, certainly the Taurine. and Minsheu three

Seven

Champions
as

Christendom, etc.;
for the Ursa

while
as

early authors,
much had
more

often

Major

for the
to

appropriate to
Seven Starres Chaucer
wrote

Ursine
Charles

figure than
Waine
sterres

"the

called

in the

North,"
with

centuries
to

earlier this the

of "the The

seven" had
the

manifest

reference

constellation.

Kalewala

equivalent Seitsen tahtinen;

the

Portuguese

Camoes,

Sete Flammai;

and

Turks, Yidigher Yildnz.

Hewitt says that these
as

seven

stars

at

first

were

known

in India
as

as

Seven

Bears, although
latter merged

also

Seven
the

Antelopes,

and

again
as

Seven
Seven

the Bulls, Bears also

into one,

Great

Spotted Bull,

the

The

Constellations

425 keeper;
who and he

were

into

Ursa

Major,
titles
e, and
star
as

with Kratu

our

Arcturus

for for

their

gives
for
was as as

their individual

for a, Pulaha for 77, the six

sons

0, Pulastya Brahma, however,

for y, Atri himself Atri works

"5, Afkgiras for

Marici

of

Vashishtha,
their ruler
to

the

f.
there

The
seems

Vishnu-Dharmay
to

claimed

indeed,

be

much

variance

in Sanskrit

the When

identity of
the
as

these

stars

and Bear

titles.
was

figure of
great
as

the

extended
we

to

its present

dimensions,
to

four

times
from

Homer's

Arktos,

do

not

know,

and,

quote

again
we can

Miss

Clerke,
but there the is evidence that it
was

only conjecture ;
wrote

well fairly it
over

established

when

Aratos and

his

descriptionof

constellations.
and
"

[He
above Ursa

stretched used
B.

Gemini,

Cancer,
made
"

Leo.]

Aratos, however,

copied Eudoxus, astrologers

than the
to

Eudoxus
2000

observations We
. . .

doubtless the the

by Accad
Bear the from

or was

Chaldaean
no

c.

infer, then, that Thus, World,

some

Babylonian globe

other the
same

modern the

Major.
of the

circling
we

valley of
with the

Ganges sign

great
northern
even

lakes

New

find

ourselves association

confronted of

in the

skies, the relic of

in Homer's time.

primeval

ideas, long since Tatios

extinct.

Extinct

And Brown

Achilles

asserted distinctly
to

that

it

was

from

Chaldaea. and modern

But
stellations con-

thinks, in regard
of this
name

the

identityof
country,
to

the

archaic

in that

that

at

present there is

no

real evidence
or

connect

the

Kakkata Ursa

Dabi
;

(or Dabu,

the

lonian Baby-

Bear)
and

with

the

Plough
latter

Wain, with

still less with

Major

identifies
of

the
"

the Bel

Euphratean
himself.
A

Bel-me-Khi-ra,
group of
seven

the

Conis

fronter
often

Bel,
on

Bertin, with
the

stars

shown

cylinders from
of

Babylonia, Lajard's
the reference may "the that

Culte have

de been

Mithra
to

givingmany

instances
it is

this, although

the
so

Pleiades; while

Sayce's suggestion
in the of the invention and
a

perhaps

god seven,"
Ursa
to

mentioned frequently Theon's attribution of

is inscriptions,

connected

with

Major.
the

of the

constellation

mythical
worthy
the

Nauplius,son
of mention.

Poseidon,

famous

navigator,hardly
Boar,
tracks of and

seems

Among
feet of in
our

the

adjacent Syrians it was

the

Wild
the Sarw the

in the

stars

of

Bear far

early nomads
it has been the

saw

of their GhazaL the of

larly, Simifamiliar

the

North,
of in his

the

Lapps, their
the

Reindeer,

the

Los

Ostiaks, and

Tukto
:

Greenlanders.

Smyth
King
name,
"

wrote

Speculum
hero

Hartwdlianum
of the
"

Arthur, the

renowned

the Mabinogion" typified

Great

Bear; sky, may

as

his
the sibly posthe

Arth, bear, and

Uthyr, wonderful,
a

implies in
the
of North

the

Welsh

language;
of the

and

constellation,visibly describing
have been the
true
a

circle of the of

in

Polar

regions
famous

origin

Son

Pendragon's

Round

Table,

earliest institution of

order military

knighthood.

426
Whatever may be

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
know the that the

the

fact

in

this
home

speculation,we
here,
or

early

English placed King

Britain

Arthur's

and

that which

people

of Great

long
Last

called Minstrel

it Arthur's
:

Chariot

Wain,

appears

in the

Lay

of the

Arthur's
In
utter

slow

wain

his round

course

doth

roll,

darkness,

the

pole.
one seen

In

Ireland in

it has

been the

King David's
Great poet
the Car back
or more

Chariot, from
and of the it
was

of that
on

island's Gaulish

eariy
coins.

kings;
The and La

France,

Chariot,
Thaun modern

Anglo-Norman
Lande been cited the
us

De

12th

century
Wheel.

had

it Chaiere;

la Bone, the

Occasionally

it has
And

called

of Bodtes.
to

this carries the

another
"

of

the

earliest

titles for
"

our

tion, constellaIliad and

the
same

Wain "A/iafa,
Homer the
seven

Wagon,

Riccioli's

Amaxa,

of the

Odyssey, that
limitation
to

used

equally with
John

mApicTo$,although
the

with

stars.

Describing

shield

made

by Hephaistos

for Achilles, the

poet
the

said, in Sir

Herschel's

rendering :
ensculptured,

There

revolving Bear, high,

and

which

the
course

Wain

they call, was

in the Ocean

Circling on
Sole of the

in all its

regarding Orion;
to

starry train which in

refuses

bathe

which interest

have that
we as

quoted,

preference
in the Homer

to

others
as
an

more

rhythmical,from
in the

the

all feel
a

translator

astronomer,

but although book of the

little known

poet.

repeated

this

5th

Odyssey, where

Ulixes, in Bryant's translation,is

Gazing
Bodtes with fixed eye and
on

the

Pleiades,
Bear,

setting late
called the
toward into the

the Great which

and of the

By

others
ever

Wain,
Orion

wheeling round,
deep.
bade

Looks

alone

Dips
For
so

not

waters

Calypso, glorious goddess,

on

That,
That

his

ocean

journey,
ever on

he

should

keep

constellation

his left ;

Ithaca, whither

he the

was

bound,

lying due
Horthera

east

from and

OrgygiaCalypso's isle,
the lines
on

Pope

rendered

originalthe
To The

Team,

Orion:

which,

around

the

axle of the

sky,

Bear, revolving, points his golden eye.

These

passages before

clearlyshow
Cynosura
was

the known

early use
to

of the
; as

Wain Aratos

stars

gation in Greek navi:

them

wrote

428

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
them
;

The
He Seven

God
sat

Thor
naked
as

was
a

the

highest of
and
stars

child,
hand Charles's

stars

in his

Wain.

The

Goths
to

similarlycalled
modern
Germans

the
as

seven

Karl Himmel

Wagen,
Wagen,
the

which the

scended has delast with

Wagon
northern of

and in which

the But

story that it represents the Chariot

in the
or

Elijah journeyed
it
was

to heaven. of Odin,

heathen

times the

of the father

nations
and the the

Wagon
Bayer
is the

Woden,
ons.

Wnotan,
cites
of Caesius call

Thor,

Irmines

Wagen
of
now

of the Sax and the

Grimm

Herwagen,
; while
a

probably
common

Horwagen
name

Hnrwagen
The the Poles three The

English Heavenly
the
:

Waggon.

it Wos
of
our

Hiebeski,
Bear
were

the

Wain.

In

all these similes in line.

tail stars

three

draught-horses

royal poet King James

Heir
And

wrote

shynes
heir

the

charlewain,

there

the Harp
there

gives light, bright.

the Seamans

Starres, and

Twinnis

This than carle

old
mere

and

still

Charles's universallypopulat title,

It has often been

Wain,
the

demands
Saxon

more

mention.

derived
thus the has
"

from

the ceorl,

of mediaeval the

times, our
New of
:

churly and

peasant's
exhaustive

cart

"; but thisis

article
on

incorrect,and words,
well

English Dictionary
here: repetition

an

the

worthy
Forms

Chariot*! Wain.

carles-waen, Cherlemaynes-wayne,

Charlmons
Charles

wayn,

carle wenor

sterre, carwaynesterre,
Charles
or

Charel-wayn,
Wain.

Charlewayn, Charle
or

wane,

wayne

waiot,

Carol's

wain(e), Charlemagne [OE.

The

Charles wagn,

his wane, the

wain(e), Charle- waine, Charl(a{ia"a"plaustrum)

out

maigne Wain, (Charles

of the

Charles's

Carles
name

wain
to

of Orl

Great, Charlemagne).
A returns
;
so

appears
or

arise the wain

of the

tion verbal associa-

the and

star-name

with that became been

Arturus what
at
was

Arthur, and

legendary association of
of
or

Arthur

Charlemagne
carle's Arcturus wain

originallythe
wain

Arcturus

or

Boote?

(*Bootes'
guess As the

golden wain,' Pope)

or

length the
in sometimes
name

of Carl of the

Charlemagne.
the
occurs

(The

churt's
name

has
was

made

ignorance

history.)]
constellation
to applied

formerly
Great

applied loosely to Carletoayne -sterre

Bootes, and
the
star

incorrectly to

the

Bear, the

Arcturus.

The

editor

cites from

various
a

authors

since citation
some

the of

year

iooo,

when from
one

he finds of the

CarleswsBn

(I

can

make

still earlier of

this word

Anglo-Saxon
from

Cottonian

Manuscripts
the

years of the

and quotes previously),

Sir John

Davies,

philosophicalpoet
Those

Elizabethan

age:

bright
his

starres

Which But Since

more

English Shepheards, Charles

this He her is

waine, do

name;

Charles,

his

waine,
became
;

Charles

royallwagoner

and

from

John Taylor, "the

King's water-poet,"

of

1630:

The

Constellations

429
his

Charles stellifide.

his

Cart

(which

we

by

custome

call Charles

wane)

is most

gloriously

The late

list ends

with

quotation
these I

from

J.

F.

Blake,

of

1876,

who

even

at

this

day

had

King
of

Charles'
of

Wain.
Seven Stars with

This the

connection

England's
it
as

kings
in

was

due

to

courtiers and Tom

Charles

and

II,
William

who

claimed

their

masters'

honor,
in Old

elsewhere

occurs;

Bas,

or

Basse,

about

1650, having,

of

Bedlam:

Bid

Charles

make

ready
in the

his

waine; Wake of

James

Hogg,

the

Ettrick

Shepherd,

Queen's
wain

1813

Charles

re-yoked

his

golden

and

Tom

Hood,

of

fifty years

ago

looking at
This Sir

that Wain

of

Charles, the

Martyr's.
Anecdote the
"

is from
William

the

Comet,

the whom

humorous the

Astronomical

of

the

great
and

Herschel,
as

poet

called

be-knighted,"

further

described

like

Tom At Or Some

of Coventry,
Dian

sly peeping,
his glass
lass the

sleeping;
thro'

ogling

heavenly

Tripping
Coverdale's Bible alludes

with

pails along
it and in Rouen his its

Milky Way.
the

to

companion
of of

as

Waynes
Waves

of into of the
or

Heaven,

which and

Edmund

Becke,
in German his

edition edition
have

1549,

transforms the

Vaynes,
Heaven.
Saxon

Cadmarden,
and

151 5, into
am

Dutch

versions

Wagen

Hinunel;
of where full
as
a

versions, Wanes

Thisl, or Wagon-pole
seen

; and

this idea

wagon, the
to

itsparts and
is not

its driver, is

in all the Teutonic nomenclature.

Northern

tongues
is very

Bear this

recognized.
of the the may

Grimm's

Mythology
the Hebrew who

branch

stellar Wain's

Ukeidda,
but the group

Septuaginfs rendering of
have misled The the

Ash,

is

correct, manifestly into

later Rabbis

applied
translates

this last word the

in Taurus.

Feshitta-Syriac
our
so

Version Wain. often

Mazzardth

of the Book The

of

Job

meaning by 'galta,
German
a

isth-century

manuscript
title
more

alluded

to

mentions
Ursa

it

as

the Southern and

Tramontane,

fully treated
of the
two

under
:

Minor;

Vespucci,

in his j" Lettera,

wrote

Bears

43"

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
"

La

Stella

tramontana

l'orsa maggiore

minore.

Both

of these
measures

have

been of time

"

perhaps

still are

"

night clocks
Ulalume,
"

to

the

English

rustic,and

as generally,

in Poe's

that star-dials

pointed

to

morn."
at

Shakespeare's Carrier
ArTt and be
our

the

Rochester

inn-yard said
Charles
Wain is

not

four by the
not

day, I'll
;

be

hang'd;

over

the

new

chimney,

yet

horse

pack'd

Tennyson,

in his

touching
danced

New

Year's

Eve

We Till

about
Wain

the May-pole
came

and

in the

hazel

copse,

Charles's

out

above

the tall white

chimney tops ;

and

again,

in the Princess:
I

paced
a

the

terrace,
arc

tillthe
seven

Bear slow

had
suns.

wheePd

Thro1

great

his

Spenser,
to

in
as

the
a

Faerie

Queen,

thus

refers

to

the

Wain

as

and timepiece*

Polaris

guide :
By this
His That But To the

northern
teme
ocean

wagoner
behind
waves

had
the

set starre

sevenfold
was

steadfast

in is

never

yet wet,

firme
all that

fixt,and
wide

sendith

lightfrom

farre
arre.

in the

deep wandering
in

Its well-known the

"

use

by

the

early by

Greeks

navigation
to
same

was

in paralleled the Sicilian,

as

deserts

of

Arabia, "through which," according

course

Diodorus
manner

travellers sea."

direct their

the

Bears,
to

in the

is done Mrs.

at

They

serve

this in The

same

purpose

the

Badawiyy
:

of

to-day,as

Sigourney

describes

Stars, writing of
caravan,

Polaris

The

weary

with

chiming bells,
the desert

Making
Guides

strange music

'mid

sands,
march.

by thy

fires its pillar'd

nightly

Sophocles
;

made

similar

statement

of the said
:

Bear

as

erally directing travelers gen-

in King Henry Falstaff,

We that take

IV,
go

purses

by the

moon

and

the

seven

stars;

and

the

modern

Keats,

in his Robin
the Or the

Hood:
stars

seven

to

light you,

polar

ray

to

right you.

The

Constellations

431
to

But which

the

astrologers of Shakespeare's
in

time

ascribed upon

it evil
:

influences,

Edmund,
is the
oar

King

Leary
the make

commented

with

ridicule

This

excellent
own

foppery of

world, that, when

we

are

sick in fortune, (often the

the
sun,

surfeit of stars,
"

behaviour),we

guilty of

our

disasters

the

moon,

and

the

claiming

that

his

own

nativity

was

under

Ursa

Major,

so

that it follows

am

rough

and

lecherous.

Both of

of

the

Bears

have in
a

been
more

frequently found
important
and way,

on are

the

old

sign-boards
on

English inns, and,

of the The

emblazoned
Netherlands.

the

shields

cities of Antwerp
has been with
so a

Groningen
title with
a

in the the
as

Plough
time,

common

English
of the three
same

down
one

to

the the

present
few

even

competent

scientist
the

Miss

Clerke,

of
names as

astronomical
and
not

writers who

still continue

use

good

old

of stars

constellations.
the

She, however,
mentioned
1. e.

takes

the

line stars way, but

the

Handle,
ut

Team.

Minsheu

it in the

added

placet astrologis dicitur Ennius,

the Father and
"

Temo,
of

the

Beam, Song,
the

term

originating with
Fale, in

Quintus

Roman

adopted by Cicero, Ovid,

1593, in the first instance Irish

Statius, and
described

Varro,
as

common

with

astrologers.

it
I

called

of

countrymen
Thus it was,

the

plough,"
in

print

that

have

found.
sees

perhaps
even

still

is, the

Cainand

eheaeta. quotes
name as

Hewitt
from

this

Heavenly Plough Sugi,

the

India, prehistoric
later became

Sayce

the

title

Wain,

which

Libra's

the Yoke.
the Wain and

With

Plough naturallycame
the Romans the

the

Plough Oxen, by
around the

the

Triones

of Varro, Aulus

Gellius, and

turned generally,

the grammarians

into
floor of the

Teriones,

Threshing-oxen, walking
these qualified

threshingand Par-

pole.
also

Martial
the

by hyperborei Odrysii

but rkasii,

called

constellation

Parrhasium
with

Jugum

; and

Claudian,
later Latin in
:

inoccidui, "never

setting." Cicero,
or

contemporary
the

and

said Septemwriters, Aeneid song of the

as Septentriones,

did

long-haired Iopas
of them

his

two

Northern
Flectant

Oars ; and
tarda

Propertius wrote
boves
;

Icarii sidera

while

Claudian

designated
have with

them

z"pigri ; applied to
and the

all of which

remind

us

of similar

for epithets

their driver
to

Bootes. been
a

Septentrioseems
used

either constellation; and

Dante

it for the
a

Minor,

beautiful simile,in his

Purgatorio, Eventually
wind
; then

it became

term

for the

north

pole

north

for the North

432 generally,as
tentriondle the
;

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
stellar

word Chaucer

Arctic

has from
of the
"

the

""p*roc.

Dante

had sel; point

sito

spoke
VI:

Septentrioun "asa

compass

Shakespeare,

in

King

Henry
as

the

South

to

the

Septentrion
and

Michael
wrote

Drayton,
in of the
"

the

friend of

of

Shakespeare

poet

laureate in

in 1626. Re-

Poly-Olbion
cold has
"

"septentrion cold";
in
our
"

Milton,

Paradise

gained,
the

Septentrion blasts"; and, beyond

in the blue

day, Owen
; while

Meredith in
word
seems

Wanderer
as new
an

Septentrions
all modern the Seven

the

current

adjective
in all

nearly

languages.
Stars marked

Still there is the North

nothing
in the The

this,for
of the

in the heavens.

Avesta

four

quarters

Persian

title was

Hafturengh, Heft
to

Averengh,
Bulls,
goes

or

Heft

fied Bengh, qualibe

by Mihin, Greater,
this the and
as

distinguish

it from Seven

Kihui, Lesser; Hewitt giving

that

originallyHapto-iringas, the
of the

possibly may

origin
says
who
:

Triones.

Cox, however,

far back

title of this classic

They
the
taras

spoke
or

of

the

seven

triones

had

long forgotten

that

their

fathers

of spoke

(staras) Biruni the

strewers

of

light ;
word from received from the

and

Al

derived

the Thus

tarana,
results

"

passage,"

as

of

the

stars

through
it is

heavens.
our

of modern
to

research philological
derivations search of many for them far

possible that
should
or

long
be

opinions as
and that
we

the should

star-names

abandoned,

back

of Greece

Rome.

Heraclitos,
that

the

Ionic

philosopher
marked the
as

of

Ephesus

of about between
on

500 the horizon.

b.

c,

asserted
and the

this

constellation

boundary doing
consul around when

East

West,
A Stars Trio
one

which

it may
74 in
b.
an

be
c,

regarded
struck

the

coin

of

by

the

Lucretius
the
new

Trio,
moon,

bears

the Seven

disposed
within

curve irregular

while the word

name,

the known

crescent

is

an

evident

allusion

to

the

consul's

albeit

hardly
The

in Roman

history.
or was

Hebrew

Ash,
Haash
the
"

or

'Ayish,is reproduced by,

Knbra,
the

derived
Great of end

from, the
e.

Arabic

Banat
"

al

Daughters
and

of

the As

Bier,1.
Chilmead

the

Mourners,

Benenas,

Benethasch,
the three

Beneth
in the
came

aod

Christmannus,
77 being whole Al

applied to
the Chief

stars

extreme

of the group.

Ka'id,

One;

from

this

Bayer's El
said that

Keid
the the

for the

constellation.
with
more

Riccioli, quoting
definiteness termed

Kircher,

Arabian
Bier of Mrs.

Christians

it Ha' ash
"

Laazar,

Lazarus,

with

Mary,

Martha,

and

Ellamath,

this

last

being given in

The

Constellations

433
or

Jameson's
as

Sacred

and

Legendary
toward

Art

as

Marcella Al

Manilla,
the

but the

by Smyth position
to

Magdalen;
Marcella where

Riccioli's word

should the
two

be

Amah,

Maid,

that

occupied
she
even was

women

during

their journey

seilles, Mar-

canonized.

Karsten

Niebuhr

said that the constellation

was

known,
Wetzstein

in his tells the

day,

as

tfa'ash

by
who

the Arabs

along

the Persian which Al

Gulf;
these

and

modern of Al

story, from

that
was

people, in by

mourners,

the
are

children

Na'ash,

murdered their
"

Jadi, the

pole-star,
the her their known and wdliddn new-born

still nightly
among the

surrounding
"

him
star

in

thirst for vengeance,

daughters

the

Mizar is

holding to-day
title This
now

in

her

arms

infant,the
from
a

little Alcor, while Delitzsch Flammarion says

Suhail
that

slowly strugglingup
the
to

to

help
as

the in

South.

even

group the
to

is

Bier motion

Syria;
of the and

this attributing
the the and emblem

slow have

solemn

figure around
from it
come

pole.
titles
the
even

seems

originated in Arabia;
heard
for the

occasionally
With
the

quadrangle
the Banat

stars

"

the
were

Bier
an

Great
of

Coffin.

early Arab
It had
cus

poets
other

stars

and inactivity

laziness. Germani-

names

also.

Cynosuris appeared
is

with

Ovid

and

for

this,although it generally
or

applied to
from
"

the the
"

Lesser

Bear;
as we

Uklv8tovt
see

used

for it

for its quarter

of the

sky, was
the

Greek,

in Plutarch's the
;

dl r"v augurs while the

nXivOiwv
the

vnoypaQai,
the

or fields," or

spaces," into which

of the

divided
,

heavens,
or

templa,
and

coeli regioties,

Latins

"EA-if the Curved,

constellation its

Spiral, One,
and the the

apparently first used 'EA/kt;,

became
one common

for
as

by

Aratos

Apollonius Rhodius,
pole,
"

of descriptive the

twistingaround having
of

whence

of

its titles now,

Twitter

;
"

Sophocles

same

thought
Some,
the chief

in "Apicrov

orpo"l"d6eg
the

KiXevdot,the
name more

paths circling
curved
or

the

Bear."

however,
stars

derived

from

the

twisted

positionof
he

; and

others, still
Ovid

probably, from
this tide in the

the

city Helice,

Kallisto's

birthplacein
the

Arcadia.

used

Fasti, where
duas

wrote

of both

Bears, in navigation :

Esse

Arctos, quarum,
Graia

Cynosura
notet ;

petatur

Sidoniis, Helicen

carina

but later
nurses

on

Helice nourished

was

considered the infant

nymph,

one

of

the two

Cretan

sister

who

Jupiter
near

In odorous

Dikte, the

the

Idaian

hill, in the

whence
to

she

was

transferred

to

skies.

Dante,

Paradiso,

alludes

barbarians coming
That every from
some

region delights in.

day by
her

Helice
son

is covered she

Revolving
28

with

whom

434
Homer's
to
as

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
and
so

'EAS/cuto? has
Grecian

been

rendered but there

"

"

observing Helice,"
to

applied
for this, quently frezs

the

early

sailors;
"

seems

be
"

no

foundation

the word
was

merely signifies black-," applied

to

or glancing-,"

and rolling-eyed,"
no

various

characters

in the

I/iad, with

limitation

to

sex

or

profession.
as are

Ancient, however,
Plaustrum,
three
"

"Apicroc and

Ursa,

'Ash

and
ran

the

Bier, "Auafa,

and
or

Triones, this
even more or

splendid

constellation before in
even

still further back"

or

four

millenniums
the Fore

these There of Edfu

titles were
it
was

current

as

the Bull's Denderah

Thigh,
of the
The

Shank,
in the
to

Egypt.

represented
a

on
or

the hind

planisphere and
animal,

temple
in the
in the

by

thigh single
as

quarter

alluded
of the

Book
northern

of the
sky
and

Dead

constellation

Thigh
the the

and

thus

mentioned
at

in

on inscriptions

kings' tombs
the

the
was or

walls ol the

Ramesseum that these of

some

Thebes.

Sometimes
disc and

figureof
;

Thigh
called

changedto

of

cow's

body with
were seems as

horns in

but, however

represented,
mythology
for specially

stars

always

prominent
to

the

early astronomy
their

and

Egypt.
one

Mes^et
of

have

been

designation,and
red shown

them,

representativeof
his wife Taurt of
was

the
or

malignant

or Sith, Set,1 Sit,

Sut

or

Sutech, who,

with
a

Thoueris,

by

the

adjoining

Hippopotamus
divinities
of

(now

part
also
as

our
a

evil.

Set

Draco), represented darkness and the generic term applied to all circumpolar
somewhat
were paradoxically

constellations, because, thought

Hewitt
our

always visible, they

to

typifydarkness.
writes of Set in his earliest
;

form
at
or

as one

Kapi,
time

the
on

Ape-God,
the Nile may be
not
same

stars

of

Cepheus marking
seem

his head the

while of Set La

the Wain have

more

stars

to

have

been

Dog

of

Typhon.
and

This

given
cor

rise

to

the

title Canii
as

Venatica
the

that

Lande

cited,if this hound;

rectlyconsidered
in the Caesius
The cited

classic and

Kallisto's Canes

the

idea appears

Catuli, Lap-dogs,
for both of of the
one

Laconicae,

the

Spartan Dogs, that

ciphered Egypt,de-

Wains. of the of
most

myth
from

Horus,
the

ancient 5000 years

b.

even

in ancient
as

temple

walls

Edfu,
3000
same

c,

connected

with the

stellar the

Hippopotamus,
which did then when

was,

about the

afterwards, transferred tu
the Hilr

Thigh,

occupied
the
to

circumpolar positionthat
made. In

popotamus

was originalinscription

view of this,

Champollion
1

alluded

the

Thigh

as

Horns

Apollo.
and

Set,
was

also
one

Anubis,
of

Apap,
winds,

Apepi,

Bes, Tebha,

Teirtha,

Typhoeus
the
and

according
Greek
buried

to P*

tarch,
father
Aetna.

Egypt's greatest gods, who

but

subsequently
with
a

became

giant Typh"r"
under M"unt

of

the

fierce

slain

by

Zeus

thunderbolt

436
Popular
to
names

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Cleaver,
somewhat the similar Hen, and

for it have

been other

the Seven

Butcher's

the

Hindu

figurefor
us

the

Stars, the
do the

Pleiades;

Brood

also

reminding
Peter

of

that

cluster,as
or

Gaelic

Grigirean, Crann,
star-lover In

Crannarain;
Saint
the

Peter's ; the

Skiff;from,
;

the

originalof,Julius Schiller's
to

8hip of
or

Ladle
the been

and,

what

is known

every
our

one,

not,

Big Dipper,
this has
the Before

common universally

title in

country.

southern

France

changed
of

to

Casserole, the Saucepan.

observations

the that
to

navigators of
the
our

the

15th

and

16th

centuries
a stellation con-

the

singular belief prevailed

near

southern Bear
or or

heavens
Wain
;

contained

the

pole

similar
on an

indeed,

it is said to
:

have

been

represented
The
To With

early
Pole

map

globe.
bears
with

Manilius

wrote

lower this

resemblance
and

Above,

shines
round

equal
the

stars

Bears

averse,

which

Draco

twines

and

Al

Biruni Creation

repeated
an

the

Sanskrit
was

legend
by
dead

that

at

one

time
to

in the
a

history

of the

attempt

made the
a

Visv"mitra

form

southern and

heavenly home
this work
been
was

for the
not

body

of

king, the
pole
the

pious Somadatta;
and another this Bear

abandoned

till

southern
to

had

located the made

in

positionscorresponding
Lunka,
or

northern,

pole passing

through
Manual
can never

island

Vadavamukha
of

(Ceylon). duplicate

The

Anglo-Saxon
"

distinct mention
Towards
our

this

constellation
"

which

we

see."

day Eden, describing the

pole Antartike,"

said: Aloysius Cadamustus

great
passe,
starres
we *

wryteth
the stande

in

this And

effecte

We

saw

also

syxe

cleare
with

bryght tnd
our

very found
to

lowe
them

above
to

sea.

consyderynge
in
:

theyr
this But
we

stations

coom-

ryght south, fygured

wayne of the
we

maner,
saw

"*"",.
not

W*

judged

them
we

bee

the
not

chariot

te or

south

the

principal!
north

star re, as

coulde

by good

reason,

except

shuld

first lose the

syght

of the

pole.

And, quoting
Abowt foure the

from
of

Francisco
the
a

Lopes
or

of 1552

poynt

Sou

the

pole Antartike, they

three
other
or

sawe

lyttlewhyte cloude and

resemble
oure

starres

lyke
and

unto

crosse

with

joynynge thereunto, which

tokens
of the south

Septentrion,
What is that
on

are

judged
to

to bee

the

signes

exeltree

of heaven.

is referred of the

here

is not

known,
this

for, although

the

figurerepresented
is

Southern
as

Cross,
the
Cada claimed

constellation
was

always

upright when
140
in the
in or

the
This

meridian, and,
Alois,
or

observation
Mosto
the

made
Venetian

in latitude navigator
Verd Islands and

15".

Luigi,
least in

di

was

noted

service of
these

Portugal, for whom

had
been
seen, at

is often

discovery of the Cape

1456; but

part, fifteen years

previously, by Antonio

Bartolomeo

di Nolli-

The

Constellations

437
seem

its base of

star

was

plainlyvisible.
was

Still it would

that of
a

some

ledge early knowWain.

.

the

Cross

the

foundation
in
some

of this idea of

southern
Ursa

Pliny
in of
one

strangely
its

blundered

his allusions

to

Major,
visit
to

ing assert-

in invisibility from
:

Egypt, and,
"

again, describingthe
"utmost

Rome
"

ambassadors
of them

Ceylon,

Milton's

Indian

isle

Taprobane,"

wrote

Septentriones Vergiliasque apud

nos

veluti

novo

coelo

mirabantur.

ai

0j
the

7*

^9

eJ

it and
form

V* the

tnis

order, as

one

follows which

the Mr.

line B. F.

of

seven

stars

from in his

north,
on

familiar

Dipper, of

Taylor writes

World

Wheels:

From the
summer

that

celestial
world.

Dipper,
"

or

so

thought,

"

the

dews

were

poured

out

gently upon

All

these

stars, unless
are
a

possibly cJ,which
our

is

too

faint
rates

for of

the
.

Potsdam Flam-

observers,
marion
has

approaching
page,
on

system

at

various

speed.

this so-called
their years proper

in star-drift, motions
as

his PAstronomie will form

an

fbpulaire, exaggerated
Cross 50,000

concluding
Steamer years ago.

that

from

they
did
a

Chair

50,000

hence,

they

magnificent

(X, Binary,

and

n,

yellow.
abbreviation
Greater of the bians' Ara-

Dubb9

more

generally Dubhe,
al Dubb al Akbar,

the the

Bear, is the
Back of the

Thahr
first found Al Biruni

Bear,

Dubb

being

in the

Alfonsine
it
was

Tables. the Hindu the

said that
asserts

Kratu, Eye,
of the of

the

Rishi

or

Sage.
one

Lockyer

that

it

was

Ak,

i. e. the walls that

prominent temple

of

the

constellation,
at

utilized and

in the

alignment
the the the

of the
structure

of Hathor before
4000

Denderah,
b.
c.

the

orientation
before of when he

point Thigh

perhaps

5000
b. c.

; at
was

all events, in the

became

circumpolar,about
the

This the about

times

Hor-she-shu,
star

worshipers
of
so

of

Horus, 640,
"

before
now

reign of Mena,1
620

had other

declination also

over

24'.

And of
as

finds

two
was

temples
Iaia and

oriented.

As

typifyinga goddess
The
a

Egypt, it
Tien
from
accurate first historic

Bast
Heaven's

Taurt
and
as

Isis. Kow

Chinese is

know

it

Choo,

Pivot,

Ching.
stars

50
a

from

j3 and
means

io" of

cJ,and, being always

eye
measurement

visible,these
of others

afford
l

ready
or C. to

adjacent.

Mena,
from

Menes, 5867 28"

b.

Min

was

the
c.
,

king of Egypt, his date making

it,from

being variously given

data, 4777
B. c.

389a

B.

Flinders

Petrie

astronomical

438
The

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
while,
as

Keepers
to

was

Arago's

name

for the south

them;

the

Pointers, they
a,

indicate

beginners in
away

astronomy
the

pole-star,28^"
;

distant from
been

and

Regulus, 450
Two Stan.
are

towards

and

they

have

called the

They
much

circumpolar north
in the in

of about
l

320 45' ; and,

that
was

with

received Polaris,
in 1473.

attention

first almanac

printed in London,
red

Klein

surmised,
in

1867,
"

that in

Dubhe

shows
"

lar, remarkable, although irreguto

variations

color,

not

light,

from Its

yellow, in
is

of period

54^
The

days

; but
our

this is still in

doubt.

spectrum
miles
a

Solar, and

it is approachin

system

at

the

rate

of twelve

second. away, revolution

was

nth-magnitude
in

companion,
and is

.97 of
to

second

discovered
around
it.

by

Burnham

1889,

thought

be

in

rapid

P?

2.5,

greenish white.
the Loin

Merak,
mead Greeks The said
as

or

Mirak,

is from

Al

Marakk,

(of the Bear)

have been

but Chil-

Mirae, Helike,

and
one

Mizar. Scaliger, of their it Tien

names

It may for the

known

by

the

whole. and the Hindus,

Chinese
one

called of the is

Senen,

an

Armillary Sphere,
toward

Pnlaha,
Its second. Close

Rishis.

spectrum

Sirian,and

it is

moving

us

about

i8#

miles

to

it,on

the

west, lies the

in

Owl
so

Nebula,
called from

N.

G. the

C.
two

3587,

covered dis97 M.,

by
spaces,
stars

Mechain with
to
a

1781,
star

and

interior
one

circular
of the"e of thb

each
seems

central

representingthe
since

eye;

although
contain

have
"

disappeared
indicates
a

1850.

The

angular
to

diameter

nebula of solar

"

2'

40"

magnitude

sufficient

thousand"

systems.

"f"
Phaed
from Al The and

2.5,

topaz yellow.

Phachd, Phad, Phaed, Phecda, Phekda, and

the

Phegda,
figure.

are

all

Al

Fafidh,
said

Thigh,
it it
was

where

this star

is located of the

in the

Biruni

that knew

Pulastya, one
Ke

Hindu

Seven

Sages.
Armillan

Chinese

as

Seuen

Ke,

and

as

Tien

Ke,

another

Sphere.
Its spectrum
rate

is similar
a

to

that

of /3,and

the

star

is

approaching \%"

us

at

the

of

16.6

miles
have

second.
the

It is 8"
of
or

distant

from

0, and
being
a

from

d. lished po-

1 This

is said

to

been

second

such
in

works;
or

the

first

variously given
years

as

in

Vienna

by Purbach,

Buda,

in Poland

few

previously.

The

Constellations

439

t*9 3-6,

pale yellow.
Root of the Tail.

Megrez
In

is from it
was

Al

Maghres,
and have that
a;

the

China
the

Kwan,
it may said from

Tien
been

Kuen,

Heavenly
one

Authority.
their
Seven Bear.

With the

Hindus

Atri,
the y\

of
stars

Rishis, and

Vishnu-Dharma
distant

it ruled from

other

of the
c;

It is io"

4^"
of and

$}4"
almost the

from
on

and

320

from

the

pole, directly opposite j3 Cassiopeiae, and

",

the of

equinoctialcolure.
the of

3,

yf

and of

6 form the

the

bowl

the

Dipper,
but

body
a

Bear,
less

and than

the

frames of the

Bier, Plough,
constellation.

Wain,

occupy Heis
to

space shows

}"

whole is

Within

this square

eight stars.
in lustre that
:

Megrez

thought
the

to

be

variable, and slightly

on
e.

have

decreased

during the present

fainter than
The

century,

the As

very
to

doubtful

ground

it is much

succeeding
observed
now

this Miss

Clerke

writes
fixed

immemorially
one,

constituents another of the

of the

Plough

preserve
at

no

order

of

relative
the

now brilliancy,

septett having

sundry

epochs

assumed

primacy.
But

this is uncertain, although

and

we

know

that

Ptolemy

rated

it

at

the

3d

magnitude

Tycho

at

the

2d.

S,

2.1.

Alioth, sometimes
of the
as

Allioth, seems
and

to

have with

originated in
Chaucer
as

the

first edition

Alfonsine

Tables,
as

appeared
from and

in the Risalioth

Hous
; with

of

Fame

Aliot ; with

Bayer,

Aliath,

Scaliger,and Alhaiath,
Fat Aliare
on

Riccioli,
rived, deBut

as

Alabieth, Alaioth, Alhiath,

all somewhat of the

improbably
sheep.
Riccioli's
that

Scaliger said, from

the later
"

Alyat,1 the
adopted
of of 15 15, the

Tail and

Eastern
"

Alfonsine the Latin

editions

Aliore

Alcore
word
e.

from

Almagest
the White

Al
or

Tizini's
the

statement

the
1.

was

Al

Hawar,

Eye,

White Al

Poplar Tree,
Haur.

tensely Inhad

Bright; Hyde
Al

the originalas transcribing

as

Ulug Beg
Al

Harm,

but

this Ideler, rejecting Black

not

being
to
some

an

Arabic

word, substituted

Al Jaun, the
star

Courser,

as

if

belonging
gives
on

the

governor,

Ka'id,
this

the

77, and

its

comparative
the

faintness
said that of

probability to globe
that it is
"

jecture. con-

Assemani, however, Fish,

"

the

Cufic

Alhut,"

the
to

one

of

many

instances

blundering

Ideler

attributed

him.

Bayer

also
iTbe

assigned

to

it the
word

Micar,

Miraoh,
not

and

Mizar
definite

that

we

give

to

syllable Al, in this

Alyat, is

the Arabic

article.

44-0
rj, and
as

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
and

designated
those Biruni China

it

as

Aay"v,

the

Flank, figure.

'Trrd^w/ia,the

Diaphragm,
Sages.

marking
Al In

parts of the
was

Bear's

said that it
it
was

Afigiras among
the
;

the

Hindu

Seven
a

Yuh

Kang,

Gemmeous other

Transverse,
stars

portion of
it and
6

an

early astronomical Seang,

e

instrument
of State. and

while

between

were

the
a

Minister

has
a

Sirian spectrum,
It is

is in

approach 4*4"
it the

toward from

us

at

the

rate

of 19

miles In in

second.

5^2"

from

d, and thought

f.
of the
seven

1838

Sir John
77 had

Herschel taken sequence its

was

lucida in

stars, but
1

1847

that that

place. Franks,
e, r\, f, a,

1878, considered
rf.

the

lucida, and

the

/3,y, and

Double, possiblybinary,
Mirak
was an

2.1

and

4.2,

brilliant

white

and

pale emerald.
/3; but Scaliger Ki'zar, a
its Girdle in place

early

name

for the

of this,a repetition the

that

for

changed it to incorrectly
or

present Mizar, from

Arabic

Waist-cloth, which, although

lists ; Mizat in the and of

has inappropriate,

maintained
There

modern

Mirza

being

other
a

forms. stellar

is evident it has also

sion confubeen

early
the

use

this word
e

as

for title, The

applied to
42d
word
as
"

stars

0 and
is

of

this constellation.
associated in the with

"hill Mizar"

of the

Psalm misar the

sometimes

wrongly
rendered

Hebrew this,the original Coverdale's minor

being

better
e.

Psalter,from
it was
the
a

version,

little hill," 1.
was

of

Hermon,
'Anfik
at

of which al

peak.
of the

" also

the the

Arabic

Ban"t,
or

Necks

Maidens,

referringto
"

Mourners

the for in

Bier;
some

perhaps this

should

be rendered Tables itwas

the

Goat

of the

Mourners,"
"

editions of
Assemani errors,
as

Ulug Beg's
it
was

written the much With

Al

Inak,

correctly Al 'Inz.
another
or

said that
all these

"Alhiac,"
birds
were

Ostrich, probably
farther Alcor
an

of
our

his

stellar

south, in
it has

near

River

Eridanus. titles noted

at

various

combined

that

star; and
of the

WettBanat.

stein repeats

Arabic

story in which
infant.

Mizar

is the

wdliddn

with
In

Alcor India
was

as

her

new-born have
to

it may

been be

Vashishtha,
noticed
as

one

of the

Seven

Sages.
"

"
at

the

first star in

double, telescopically
much observed

Bologna

1650,

and

fifty years
Kirch and like

later his that

and

by Riccioli very fully

described Winckelmann and his

by
:

Gottfried
an

scientific wife, Maria

of the

Margaretha
Herschel

association
last

great
and

observer

of sister,

the

century, and
of

of Sir William As

Lady
it
was

Hugginsin
successfully oftheHai-

their

spectroscopic work
with

to-day.

early as
the

1857

da^uerreotyped,

others

surrounding,by

younger

Bond

The

Constellations

441
the

vard
at

Observatory, although Wega

same

had

been

pictured by
of each with of
a

same

process

the The

observatory
are

seven

years

previously by
of
arc

the elder

Bond.
a

components
of

within
De a

14"

other, with

position
tion; revolu-

angle

i49"-5,

anc^ may has

binary system

long period
the

of

while in

Pickering
the

shown, by study

its spectrum

photographed
two

1889,

that

brightestcomponent
around
104

is itself double, their

common

bodies,
of

of

nearly equal brightness, revolving

at
a

centre

gravity
apart,
is

speed
with
a

of

100

miles
mass

second

in

days,
of the
a

140
our

millions
sun.

of miles

and

united
the
star

forty times

that
us

This 19.5

spectrum
a

Sirian,and
C is 4"""
passes Mizar proper

is in
e, and
exact
are

approach
70 pole
from i"

to

at

rate

of

miles

second.

from the Alcor

some

rj; and

straightline reaching
they
be also their have in

from

it to

Polaris

through
and

14' before

Polaris.

n' think

48"
that

apart, and, since

nearly identical revolution,

motion,
so

they

may With for

a

mutual
stars

although
one

distant finest
a

from

each in

other. the

attendant

they

form

of

the

objects

sky
of 40

small

telescope,being readily
with
a

resolved

by

terrestrial

eyepiece

diameters

2^-inch objective.

T^

1.9,

brilliant white.

Alcaid, Alkaid,
al

and

Benatnasch
of the the Arabic

are

our

present
of the

from titles,
e.

Ka'id
Chief

Banat
of the
"

Ha'aah,

the

Governor of
"

Daughters
poets

Bier, /.
these

the

Mourners.
stars e,

Some and
77

wrote

that

Daughters

the

"

were

Good

for

nothing people
in his

whose

rising and

setting do
for the

not

bring

rain.

Bayer included "Beaenaim,

alluded
to

Elkeid
had

list of

names

stars

as

well he
text

as

for the for i\ Bootes

and constellation,

authority for
correctius The

it from

Kazwini;
and of in

but his
1

added of

Bennenatz
as

Benetnasch," Alfonsine
Tables

it

Benenacx.

152

say

Bennenazc;
Al Ka'id

Benat Riccioli, often has

In this Al been Ka'id word the

Elnanflohi,Beninax, Benenath, Benenatz

turned
we

; while and others' of the

into the

Alchayr, Arago's Ackair,

derivation, through
with the
same

Aokiar.
modern the

see

the

Moors,
Ideler

Spanish

Alcaide;
"

and,

idea,

translated

as original

Stadtholder." from
one

Assemani
Al Biruni In China gave

transcribed
it
was an as

the

Borgian globe "Alcatel," Destroying.

Seven
a

Hanoi,
known
as

of the

Rishis

of India.

it

Yaou

Kwang,
to

Revolving Light.
:

Boteler has

amusing

reference

it in Hudibras

442

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
depend

Cardan

believ'd
the
as

great

states

Upon
That,

tip orth'
she whisk'd

Bear's

tail's

end;

it t'wards
up needs and

the Sun,
down
;

Strew'd Which
Because

mighty empires
others your say
true must

be
no

false,
tails.

bears

have

r\ is Pointers the

70
"

from towards minor

C, and

6"

from

a;

and
as

with

" forms
the

another radiant of

oi pair
one

Arcturus.
meteor

It is noted the for

as

marking
of the
were

of

richest

streams,

Urrids

10th made
were same

of November.
on

Bradley's
y
even
a

earliest but
own

observations

parallax

this star

and

Draconis,
in
our

unsuccessfully, day
"

his

instruments
on

inadequate;yet
purpose showed

Pritchard's
and

work

tf for

the

negative result, o".046,

Alkaid's

equally unsatisfactory.
the
star

spectrum
a

is

Sirian, and

is

approaching
tocida of the

us

at

the

rate

of

6.

miles

second. Herschel

Sir

John

thought it,in 1847,

tne

seven

stars.

9,
This, with
which Banat This sprang this
t,

Double,
v, 0, e, and

3.4

combined,
the Bear's

brilliant white.

h,

/in
a

throat, breast, and

the Arab

fore knet".

describe al

somewhat the Throne

of

semicircle, was
Mourners.

Sarir star-gazers'

Na'ash,

of the

space for

also
at

has the
now

been

Al
of

Hang,
the

the
Lion's

Pond tail ;

into

which

the

Gazelle*

safety
the

lashing
our

although fhufr
Bear's

Hyde

applied
But the

title to

stars to

Coma

Berenices,
near

and the

al Ghixlan, the feet.

Gazelles' engraver In

Tracks,
of the

the

small

outlying stars
them
at

Borgian globe placed

v, and

stars

in the

neck.

China

0,

were

Wan

Chang,

the

Literary Illumination.

I, Binary,

3.2 that

and

13,

topaz yellow and

purple,

and

X,

3.5.

Smyth
this star has

wrote

obtained

the

name

of

Talita, the third

al
;

vertebra, the meaning

for Al

of which

is no'.

quite
the

clear.

Ulug Beigh

has

it Al Phikra the

Thmlitha, perhaps

Kafzah al-tkalitkch,

third

spring, or
was

leap, of

ghazal

but

he

not to
t

sufficiently comprehensive,
and
k

for this last title was

b} applied

the Arabs

together;
the Second

al

Ula,

the

First (leap),being shown

k

by r ^
p
as

", and

al

Thanlyah,

(leap),by

and

/*,
"

not

and

thai

444
The
1

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
the members of each
to

foregoing three
or

pairs, about

200

apart and
with
as

pair

J4"

20

apart,
were

are

beautifully grouped
to

others

invisible
are

the naked and

were

eye.

They

interesting

the al

Arabs,

they
the

now

to

us,

collectivelydesignated
each

Kafeah

Thiba',
Gazelle

Springs
the

of

the from

Gazelle, the
formed un-

pair marking
stars

one

spring ;
up
as

the Leo

being imagined
and

since
due
to

gathered
its fear the her
as

Minor,

springing of
Ideler the

mal the anithis

being
from shows Al
a

of

the

greater Lion's
at

tail.
;

adopted

Tizini Gazelle

and and

Cufic

globe

Dresden
same

while

Borgian globe
muzzle

Young

in the
over

location. eyes,

Kazwini, however,
ears, and

described
of the

this group
our

extending
Major.
the

the

eyebrows,

figureof
to

Ursa

According Bhang
a

Williams9 Reeves
near

Chinese this
b. c.

knew title to

these
1

six
".

stars

as

San Taa, or records

tion men-

Tae
comet

; but
seen

limited

and

Their

by

in

1 10

0,

Double,
"

3.5

and

15.2.
a

Bayer
coined Bear The

said

that

"

the

Barbarians for the

called

this Miucida,
of
an

word

apparently
of the

in the that the

Middle
star

Ages

muzzle

animal,

the

feature

marks.
are

components

7" apart,

at

positionangle

of

191 ".4.

TCl, 5.6,
Mnjeida
nearer

and

TC2, 4.8.
these, although
Heis locates them

has eyes.

also

been

applied

to

the

Ol,
with
were

5.2,

and

02, Binary, 4.8

some

and

9.5,
eyes,

flushed

white

and

sapphire,
of the Bear,

o, 7T, p,

and A, //, that

others

in the
as

ears,

and the

muzzle Gazelle. Three of

the With The

t,
a

asterism and "j"

Kazwini
were

knew

Al

Thiba',
San
a

others

they
of a2

the Chinese

Tsse,

the

Instructors.

components

are

3'' apart,
with

with

positionangle
stars
near

2500.
was

5th-magnitude double,
the Inner

other

small

by,

nese the Chi-

Nny Keae,

Steps.

X,

4,

red,
Al

placed
the

on

the
a

right foot by
star
on

Burritt of the

as

Kaphrah,

is wrong,
and

for Heis puts has

no

letter at

the

rear

right hind quarter,

letterat

The

Constellations

445
should be

Burritt's
1

star

; if entitled

to

name

at

all,it

Al

Kafeah,

as

at

and It

k.

Still the the

Standard

Dictionary follows Tang

Show,
the Sun

Burritt in its El

Kophrah.
Shaon

was

Chinese similar

Tae

Governor,

and

We,

of somewhat

signification.
yellow
star, is Tien Honorable.
was

V""

^-magnitude
says

Tsan, according

to

Williams,

but

Reeves
w,
a

Ta

Twin, Extremely
with

5th-magnitude,
V" and
one

near-by stars,
nearer or so

Tien

Laou, Heavenly
is the
a

Prison.

Between
LI.
2 1

g", somewhat

to stars

the

former,
follow

7th-magnitude
in
can

185,
to

of

the

two

three far
as

that

Centauri

imity proxbe

our

system,

and,
away.

our

present

determinations

trusted, 6j4 lightyears

gy

or

80

Fl., 4.8.
of

Alcor
it be, has

is the been

naked-eye
famous that of it:

companion
the

Mizar, and, inconspicuous though

in astronomical of
star

folk-lore. may be from the

same

This
for

and title,
wrote

e,

Alioth,

source,

Smyth
are a

They
ness
:

wrong

who

pronounce

the of

name

to be
a

an

Arabian

word

ted importing sharp-sigh

it is

supposed
Alioth
"

corruption

al-jaun,
Tables This

courser,

written incorrectly
was was

whence al-jat,
c

probablythe
the
"

of the

Alfonsine
Wain.

came

in, and

assigned
also

to

Ursae

Majoris,
Suha
plored im-

thill-horse

of Charles's
or

little fellow

termed familiarly
a

[the Forgotten, Lost,

to

Neglected One,

because and

noticeable

only by
was

sharp
theme

eye], and
of
a

guard

its viewers of
saws

against scorpions
:

snakes, and

the

world

of wit

in the

shape

but Miss
The

Clerke

says
the

Arabs
to

in

desert
"

regarded
"

it

as
"

test

of

penetrating
to

vision

and

they

were

.accustomed

oppose

Suhel

to

"

Suha

(Canopus
of

Alcor)
So that

as

occupying respectively
Alcor,
to

the highest and

lowest
to

posts in the celestial hierarchy.

a

Vidit

at

non

lunam dull of

plenum, came
apprehension

be

proverbial description
facts.

one

keenly alive

but trifles,

for broad

Al

Sahja was "Khawwar,"

West, of
the

the the

rhythmical
Faint

form in
an

of the

usual

Suha;

and

it appears
star-

as

Al

One,

list of interesting

Arabic

names, Robert

lished pubH.

in Popular

Astronomy

for

January,
at

1895, by

Professor

Syrian Protestant
called
; while

College Riddle,
said
of
some

Beirut. Al
"

Firuzabadi

it

Our

and

Sad"k,

the

Test,
their

"

correctly

?Mdak,True
this star."

Kazwini
wrote

that
as now

people
seen

tested with

eyesight by
Arago

Humboldt
to

it

being

and difficulty,

alluded similarly

it;

but

consider

it

brighter than

formerly

446
and
no

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
even

longer
;
or as

the

difficult object that

increased has in been

it was,

in the from
was

clear Mizar.

sky

of the

Desert

having
statement
an

angular
made
was

distance
Alcor

Although
Greeks,
wandered Latin title there

the

that the and

not

known

to

the had
a

is

old

story that it
her

Lost

Pleiad

Electra, which

here
was

from

companions
the

became

the "AXcjnrjS,

Fox;

Eques Stellula,
Bayer;
on

Little

Starry Horseman;
his

the liquet,

Cavalier, is

from

while

the

Horse
are

and
well

in Rider, and, popularly, Mizar

England,
Al
1

Jack

the Middle

Horse,

known,

being

the horse.
on

Biruni

mentioned

its importance in the

family life equinox

wdliddn

of the
a

Arabs modem three

the

8th

day

of the

Syrian month
makes

Adar,
it the
as

the

March of the

; and

story
Banal

of that In

same

people

infant there

of the been and that in

North
or

Germany Hand;
the the

Alkor,
in Lower
"

written, has Dumke;

der

Hinde, the

Hind,

Farm Hans

Germany,
the

Holstein,Hans
a

Bumken,

Thumbkin,
Saviour
; but
as
a

legend being
weary, he
was

Hans,
the drive he

wagoner,
of

having given
heaven
west

lift when he

offered rather

kingdom
from

for

reward all

said that
wish
was

would

east to

through
the

his eternity, of his the with

granted, and
A

here version

sits on

the

highest of
here for call the
was

horses in

heavenly
of

team.

variant

placed Hans Hungarians

ston

neglect
star

service
a

his

master

Christ ; and
Another
one

the

Oontzol,

somewhat
our

similar tale.

Teutonic of his of the

that

their Thor

giant Orwandil,
broke

Orion, having
it at the

frozen

big toes, Wagon.

the

god
In At

it off and

threw

middle

horse

where

it still remains.
China the it
was

Foo

Sing, a Supporting
formed with Alcor

Star. and Mizar

obtuse
an

angle

lies the
a

Sidns ludo-

vicianum,
was

8th-magnitude
in

bluish

star, just visible in

of

Thi" field-glass.
1723

first noted

1691 by

Einmart in it he

Nuremberg,
discovered

and
a

in
new

by

another it

German,
after his

who,

thinking that

had

named planet,

sovereign,Ludwig

V, landgrave

of Hesse-Darmstadt.

1830 Groombridge,
is the
recent

or

4010

B.

A.

C,

6.5,

well-known

Flying Star,
a

or

Runaway

discovery of
in the

swifter

one

in Pictor, had
the in

Star, that, until Kapteyn's shown the greatest velocity

La
not

of any

heavens,
an

although

7^-magnitude Sculptor,are

Caille far

9352

in Piscis it in this

Australis,and
respect.
Argelander sphere
in

Sj4 -magnitude
to

behind

According
discovered in

Miss

Clerke,
to
as

1842
in

its pace
over

be

such of it

as

would

carry

it around
covers.

tbe entire

185,000 years,

or

265

much

as

the sun's

diameter

The

Constellations

447
Coma

Another This of
over

calculator

states to
a a

that

in

6000

years of

it will reach of
arc

Berenices.
the
a

is

equivalent
200

proper

motion and its

7".o3

annually, at
still greater,
"

rate

miles

second,

velocitymay
says,

be

speed

uncontrollable,
of the The

Professor

Newcomb

by

the

combined

attractive power

entire

sidereal

universe. for its the from the of

observations

parallax
star
a

do

not

accord of

in their

but results,

fessor Pro-

Young
It is about "
on

assignsto
1

distance

37^

lightyears.
Coma and the n"
stars
v

6"

south of

y,

half-way between
its exact

and

the

right paw
and also

Bear;
north observed

location

being
150

46' of right
LI.

ascension

38" 35'
much

declination, about

from motion

21258,

an

8^ -magnitude
years From hence the the

for its great proper

; but
at

50,000
ioo".

Flying

Star

will have will be

separated
seen

from have of them

this by
in the

least

foregoing list it
stars
"

that many

we

lation entire constel-

twenty
even

individuallynamed,
evidence and

inconspicuous, two
well
as

telescopic,
popular

enough

in itself of the

of, as antiquity Major.

the

continued

scientific interest in, Ursa

The

other, less in size but valued

with all her
stars

more

by sailors,
Poste's

Circles

in smaller

orbit.
Aratos

feeder (gear, ffle (Urea (gtinor,

the Orsa Minore shared of

Italy, Petite
its

Ourse

of

France,
the

and

Kleine

Bar

of Germany,

with
and

major companion

latter's

Septentrio,*Ap"Toc,
sal univerdown
to

"Ajuafa,*kyavvay

'Ea/k^.
but
"

Similarlyit
the time of the

was

Kvvoaovpic,
translated the

solely Kvvoaovpa;

this early and

title, usually

Dog's Tail," continuing as Cynosnra

;

Rudolphine
The
to

Tables

although
word the

with

us

"

Cynosure
for the

"

is
star

applied
group

only
does

to not

Polaris.
answer

origin of
name

this

is

uncertain,
be

its

unless of

dog
and

himself her

attached of

; still some,

a recalling

variant here

legend
lay
the

Kallisto

Dog
have

instead
drawn

Areas,

have

thought that
that of the
to

explanation.
east
saw

Others

this title from

on sailors,

Attican
it from be any

promontory
the sea,

of

Marathon,
stars

because above

their
;

approach
but if there

these
at

shining

it and

beyond
is
more

connection

all here, the

reversed

derivation

448
probable;
Greek
Cox word while for
"

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
no

Bournouf

asserted

that

it is in

way

associated

with the

dog."
word with
not

identified the
Yet

AvKoaovpa,
seem

which

he
to

renders
a

Tail,or Train,

of

Light

this does
would

appropriate
the

comparatively faint
title in Arcadia, the But the stellar
name
sidering con-

constellation,and
country
so

rather

recall with

city of
Bears.
as

that

intimately connected
antedated the the
most

the

probably long
by Lycaon
dians moon,

geographical,old
ancient the

this was;

Pausanias
been

Lycosura
some

city in
Deluge

the

world, having

founded the Area

time
that

before and

of

Deucalion.
antedated

Indeed the
term

asserted
an

they
which

their

country
to

creation of the
for them,"

assertion
and the

gave

occasion

Aristotle's

npooekrjvoi

Latins1

Proselenes. the

Singularlycoincident
distant Gaels gave
to

with
these

foregoing AvKooovpa
"

was

the

title that the

stars,
Brown

Drag-blod, the Fire

has

Tail. word is not lenic Hela

however, Very recently,

in but origin,

suggested

that

the of

Euphratean
that

and, in confirmation

this,mentions
as

constellation
the

title from
Brown

valley, transcribed
reads this

by Sayce

An-ta-fUM*. in
tainly cerRising,

Upper Sphere.
very or, the

An-nas-fur-ra, High
and he compares

appropriate to
initial
consonant

Ursa

Minor;

it with

K-vv-oo-

ov-pa,

being omitted, Unosoura.

This, singularly

like the

Euphratean original,
Kunosoura under the the influence And of
a

might easily become

appearance
view of the is the

popular etymology, aided by the

exact

tail stars

of

constellation.
curious
of

in

accordance

going with the fore-

following somewhat
Then,
When

passage Kynosure
runs

in the
very

Phainomena,
high,

308-9:

too, the head

night begins.

Ursa

Minor it
was b.

was

not

mentioned
among

by

Homer

or

Hesiod, for,accordingto
of the

Strabo,
about

not

admitted

the

constellations
in

Greeks
his

until

600

c,

when

Thales, inspired by its use

it
to

Phoenicia,

probable
bor, neigh-

birthplace, suggested
which two, much
to

the

Greek

mariners

in

place

of its greater

till then
as

had

been of
was

their
the
a, our

sailingguide.
Minor,
its

Aratos, comparing the

and y, then

wrote,
nearer

in
the

our

motto,
than

Guards, 0

being

pole
it

present pole-star. Thales

is reported

have
seven

formed chief with and

the by utilizing somewhat

ancient

wings

of the

thai Draco, perceiving well-known

come
*

the

components respect
Ursa
to

resembled From

Wain, but

reversed

each

other.

all this

its tides "on,"ty

Phoenice,
The
two

Phoenicia.
made Ida sister of

later

classical story that

nurses on

nymphs
infant

out

of the

stars

of our

Bears, and
in his

Mount

the

Jove,

is alluded to by

Manilius

line,

The

Constellations

449

The

Little Bear

that

rock'd

the mighty Jove.

Although
size,
"

but occasionally,
wrote
:

wrongly, figured and

described

as

equal in

Euripides
with
the

Twin

Bears, have

swift-wanderingrushings

of

their tails, guard the

Atlantean

pole,
"

they

always occupied
:

their present
front

and, respectivepositions,
bat each doth
;

as

Ma-

nilius said

stand

not

to

front
as

view

The

others

Tayl, pursu'd
Darwin of

they pursue
the last in his

the

scientific
Robert

poet

Erasmus of

century,

grandfather of
."

Charles

Darwin

this this, imitating

kindred the

Economy of Vegetation

Onward Dance

the round

Bears, with

rude, footsteps
and

pole, pursuing

pursued.
of
name

This

"

dancing

"

of

the

stars

as generally,

well

as

the
to

planets, was
6 and
e

favorite

simile, and in
well

classical in Hindu

days specially gave

astronomy
; while

of this

constellation,as
all those that
were

as

Dante

thus

applied it to

circumpolar:
Like
unto stars

neighboring the steadfast poles,

not

Ladies

they seemed,
Ursa Minor

from

the

dance

released.

The
"

Arabians

knew

as

Al Dubb Dub

al

Afghar,
"

the

Lesser

Bear,

Bayer's Dhub
was

Elezguar, and
familiar
our

Chilmead's
as

Alatgar,
; and

although earlier
the three of the

it

even

more

to

them

another al Na'ash

Bier al

they called

stars

in the Lesser

tail of Bier.

figure Banat

Sughra,

Daughters

the

Here,
ancient
called Two known

and

in Ursa

Major,
the

stellar

figure of

located the Fold, an earlycommentators Firuzabadi as Arabs, and an appropriate title,

some

0 and

the gammas

in Ursa Two

Minor

Al Farkadain,
Ibexes
stars

usuallyrendered
was

the well mals ani-

Calves, but, better, the

as more
a

Young

Polaris, too,
names

Young
or

He

Goat, and
with

adjacent
a

bore

of had

desert

less associated

fold.

Perhaps

Lowell

this in mind

when

he

wrote, in Prometheus, of
The
Bear

that prowled all night about

the fold

Of the North-star.

But

Manilius

him anticipated
Secure Nor from

in

writing of

the

BearsV

roll'd, meeting they're distinctly

pass the

leave their Seats, and

dreadfull

fold.

29

45"
The Arabs heathen axle of found also
or

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
to
a

likened

the

constellation it
was

Tiah, while
the

with

all that the

nation,
earth's Others

Muhammadan,
its
as

Al

EaM,

Hole

in which

bearing.
well
as

them,
or

the

Persians, figured
or

here

the

the Ihlilagji,
stars
were

Myrobalanum, thought by
In
to

Date-palm Seed
;

Fruit, which
word

the

grouped by
Ideler

resemble

but

Hyde, writing the

"

said Myrobalanaris,
as

that

it signified one
our

of their

geometrical figures, described

the
stars

bounded

a,

d, e, ", fi, y, /3, a9 6, and

this Heft

in the

head

of

Camelopardalis.
Minor
last also
was

Persia, where

foregoing figure was

or

popular, Ursa
Kihin,
the

Heft

Bengh,

Averengh,
to

Haftnrengh
Major.
of

word

nating desig-

in size its inferiority

Ursa

Jensen
this

sees

here there Nile

the and it
was

Leopard
in the

Babylonia, an
all other

emblem

of darkness

which

shared,
on

Egypt,
Jackal
is there

with

circumpolar constellations;
of Set
the
even as on

while

the

well-known also shown

Jaekal
appears in

late the

as

the

Denderah of the

zodiac.

This but

carvings

walls

Ramesseum,
with the

with

ciding coinpendent tail strikingly

outlines

of the the

constellation. Phoenicians
it was

Plutarch
to

said that with Arabian

"

Doube
as

or

Dobher
"

lar simi(?),

the

but title,

defined

by Flammarion

the

stellation Speaking Con-

better, I think, the "Guiding

to steer at
sea.

One," indicating to their sailors

or

the
as

course

Jacob Bryant assigned it to Egypt,

that may be. knew

Phoenicia,

Cahen
The

ourah, early
of
; as

"

whatever

Danes

and and

Icelanders

it

as

the

Smaller

Chariot, or

Throne, Wagon
the

Thor;

their descendants
very

still call

it Litli i

Vagn,the Little
of nations of

also,but
But the

Fiotakonur differently,
among

lopti,the Milkmaids
the northern

Sky.

Finns, apparently alone

Vaha

Europe
Dante it

in this called in
as

conception, have
the
seven

Otawa,

the Little Bear.

then
a common

stars

Cornn, doubtless
as

name,

for

appeared

Vespucci's j"
a

Lettera

Eloorno, his editor

the

plaining erroneously ex-

this
his time

typographical error
as

for carro, And

;

wain been

; Eden

and

others of

this translating

the

Home,
a

it has
the

the

herds' Spanish shepa Bogini,

similarly shaped Bocina,

Boa.

Bugle

and

Italian

sailors1

Caesius
and the With

mentioned

Catuli, and
as was

Canei

Laoonioae,
of the

the

Lapdogs

or

Puppies,

Spartan Dogs,
the

titles for both Peih

which

Bears.

Chinese
or

it

Sing. probably should

the be of be

Alrucaba,
found
to

Alraocaba,

Al

Bukkabah,
1

isfirst

in the lucida. the

Alfonsine Tables, although

While

edition
to

152
from the

applied itonly
the

the

this

generally is supposed
asserted that

Arabic Al

Bakabah,

Riders,

Grotius

it is from

Chaldee

Bfttah

452
A

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
passing through
dle the mid-

collection
of the

of manifold

jewels, a mountain
on

of
either

gold, is Meru,1
side.

and protruding earth-globe,

Commenting
"the

upon
'sent

which,
of the

he
'

says

gods

is Mount

Meru, in their

situated

at

the north

pole."
Hill of Heaven, bow, Rain-

The and

Norsemen the abode

had of

the

same

idea
the
to

Himinbiorg, the
of
or

Heimdallr,
the earth

guardian
Asaheimr,
the

the

the bridge Bifrost, the

which

united
of the

Asgard,

or Yard, City,

Stronghold
While four the far

Ass, their gods, and

them
at

Olympus

of Northern

mythology.
day,in by
Peter

back

of
one

the each

Egyptians supported their heavenly vault by

of the cardinal the

mountains,
report by
we
"

points.

Towards

our

Christophorus Colonus,
that the

Admyrall," recorded

Martyr,
that
the

read

great discoverer
But than

thought
it
was

earth

is not

rounde; perfectlye

that when the other

created, there
same.

was

tor-

teyne heape reysed thereon, much Columbus called

seem

hygher

partes of the

this Paria,
his narrative

asserting that
that he North

it contained

Paradise;
in the

but it

would

from his

located

it somewhere South
America.
we

borhood neighin

of

discoveries

between than
a

and
after

Even find

Chiimead's
reference
to

Treatise,more
this

century
as

Columbus,

serious

mythical mountain
lies under

the mountain*

Slotus, which in these

the Pole, and

is the

highest

in

the world.

May
and that

we

not

see name

the

originof
from I would

Mons
our

Coelius, the Heavenly

constellation's
call attention the

tain, Moun-

of the

Tramontana
? And

location above
to

celestial Seven

elevation

here under

the

old story
in

of the
our

Sleepers of Ephesus,2 who,

slumbered Coelian of for
;

persecution of Decius
grotto under
of

3d century,
named
and
seven

nearly 200
these
our

years

in the

larly the simithe

Mount

worthy
Van
so

successors

Epimenides

Cnosian
with The the the

predecessors
stars

Rip

Winkle

being early associated

that of

of Ursa

Major, and
was

perhaps with this,the Minor.

similar
to

latter's

genethliacalinfluence

its

companion;

Prince, in Tennyson's
For
on

Princess,thus
my

accounting
the Northern

for his temperament:

star

cradle

shone

and where
1

likeness

in their motions

is alluded

to

in the

same

author's

In

Aftmork*

Whatever Roof These

of the

geographical
World,
that
canonized

foundation has

there

may of

be

for this Meru

probably
in

lies in the Paro*

the
2

lately become
are

strategical importance
in

Asia.
Roman

Sleepers

still commemorated

the

ritual of

the

Cathofi1

Church

for the

27th of June.

The

Constellations

453

the lesser wain

Is twisting round

the polar star,

"

one

of the

Greater
that

Bear's

titles being the

deserves reform than

Twister;
does

and

in the

Lazy Team,

designation
In Proctor's the

it stillmore

Ursa
names

Major.
he calls this

attempt
Bear
now

to

constellation

simply
coils of

Minor,
Ursa Draco 27
stars

Greater
as

being
drawn,
almost

Una.
is inclosed
on

Minor,
;

three

sides

by
here

the

formerly
down
to

it
the

was

entirely so.
and Heis

Argelander
54.

enumerates

5^ magnitude,

one

unchangeable upon

throne

Broods Content Of
some

o'er the frozen

to

heart of earth alone, reign the bright particularstar

who

wander

and

of

some

who
Rossetti's

groan.
Later

Christina

G.

Life.

OLy Double,
Phoenioe
this
"

2.2

and

9.5,

topaz yellow and

borrowed
"

pale white.
for its constellation,
star

was

the

early Greek light

"

name, the

from

lovely
"

northern

and

most

useful practically

in the

heavens
or

but

for many
"

centuries

it has

been

Stella Polaris, the

Pole-star,
to
:

simply Polaris,

Riccioli's Pollaris ; this

position seeming
in the Paradiso

be

first

recognized

in literature

by

Dante

when

he

wrote

the

mouth

imagine of
the

the

horn

That Round

in the about

point

beginneth of the axis

primal wheel
revolves.

which

Euclid
A
star

said

in his Phainomcna
between the

is visible

Bears,

not

changing

its

place,but always revolvingupon

itself;

Hipparchos,
with three

that

the

pole

was

"in

vacant

spot forming

quadrangle
of had

other

both stars,"

of these

callingthis IldAoc, the Pblus Euphratean

other is
no

Lucan,
called used
was

Ovid,
their these

and

other

classical Latins; and

or

observers

Pol, pole-star
words
for
some

Bfl.

But, although
star, there remembered

astronomical
as certainty

writers
to

individual
be

which

intended,

for it should has

that

during
our

many

millenniums
2000

the years

polar point
ago
was

gradually been
from

approaching
"

which pole-star,

far removed

it,

in

Hipparchos*
Marinus of

time

120 and

24' away
cited

ing accord-

to

his

own

statement

quoted by
to this :

Tyre

by Ptolemy.

Miss

Clerke

writes

as

29*

454
The entire

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
count

millennium

before

the Christian

era

may

for

an

interregnum

as

regards
not

Pole-stars.
assumed it.

Alpha Draconis

had

ceased

to

exercise

that

office ; Alniccabah

had

yet

Kochab

(the P
have io"

of

Ursa

Minor),
the

and
as

of

Draco,

at

different times
last
a

in that

epoch, may
about away
as

been
from

considered
true

this

the pole-star, the And

was

4th-magnitude
unlikely,

distant

pole; although
was

5th-magnitude ",4C
this is not

in Eratosthenes1
this

day, perhaps
bear the

intended.
reason,

inconspicuous object, for

the
"

some

noteworthy sufficiently
the may

among

Chinese

to

title How

Kung,

Empress.
have

The

"t"avfjg9ever Polaris, then

The

visible," of the 5th-century Stobaeus

about the

referred

to our

70 distant
Polaris the Greek 320

from of

the

pole.
not

fact that

his

day did
; and

exactly mark navigator

of

the

polewas

noted
modern

by Pytheas,

astronomer
b. c. was

and

Massilia,the
belief
was

Marseilles, about
that of in the

till this

discovery the
be

prevalent
In
as

heavenly pole foregoing

but
cases as as

absolutelyfixed.
does
a

none

the

singlestar
in this art
a

seem

to

mentioned
a

guide place

navigation ;

knowledge
Stella

increased, our
Saint

took
in
no

the his

of its constellation

Maris,

title that

Jerome,
with of

Onomasticon,
or

applied

to

the

Virgin Mary;
But
a

there, however,
a

marine,
was

connection. stellar,
of the
as was

star,

being always
so

symbol

tity, sanc-

peculiarlyso
was

holiest
one

of

women,

that this title of the chief

her his

star

of heaven

adopted

of interpretation well known in 1511, before

Jewish day, by
the

name

Miriam.
lated trans-

Bayer's la Tramontana
from
the First

for Eden

Decode, printed
de the

"cauled

montana1'; Italians Tramore

and than
a

Jehan
before

Mandeville

("syr Iohn
of
our

Maundauile")
in his
statement

century

discovery

continent,
of it
as

of

his belief in the

of the earth, sphericity

that
we

wrote

the Stem
toward

Trmnimantane,
the Northe,
that

is

cleptthe

Stern
Stem.

of the See, that

is

unmevable,

and that U

clepen the

Lode

One the and of

a

derivation
Mediterranean the word

of

this transmontane
saw

is from

the

fact that

the

nations along

the

star

beyond their northern

when

mountain
among

boundary;
races,

appears

in the
his

popular saying,current
one

the Latin
lost his

man's

"losing
and

Tramontane"
more

had

bearings.
a

Another the

earlier

much

however, probable origin,

to.

is from know

for title

constellation the Star

already alluded
at

Similarlythe

Finns

Polarisas

Taehti,

the

Top
10th of the

of the

Heavenly

Mountain.
the
"

Anglo-Saxons
star;

of the

century said that it was

the ShipStip-steorra,

Eden,

"cauled

Spanyardes Hortes

Bayer, Angel Stenif the

The

Constellations

455
it
was

Pivot

Star,

and

the

Latin

Navigatoria;

while

the

Steering Star

to

early English

navigators,who
knew
no

North,

but

when

the Pole

Star shone.

Andrew

Marvell, II, said:

strangelythe

common

friend

of

John

Milton

and

King

Charles

By night the northern

and Thomas Moore

star

their

way

directs

wrote,

in his

Light of
on

the Haram

that star,
The To
seaman

starry nights
the

singles from
his bark for
ever

sky

steer

by.

Thus,

as

the

leading star,
;

it became

the

Loadstar,

or

Lodestar,

of

early

English

authors

Spenser saying :
The
can pilot no

loadstar

see,

and

Shakespeare's

Helena,

in A
Your

Midsummer

Nighfs

Dream,

tells Hermia

eyes

are

lodestars.

Bryant
North

beautifullyalludes
Star:
Constellations Star of the
Alone

to

its office in these

verses

from

his Hymn

to the

come,

and thou

climb dost

the heavens,
see

and

go.

Pole
in

! and

them

set.

thy

cold

skies,
station

Thou Nor Nor

keep' st thy old unmoving join'stthe dances

of that

yet,

glitteringtrain,
blue
western

dipp'st thy virgin orb

On

in the

main.

thy unalteringblaze
mariner, his compass lost,
his

The

half wrecked Fixes

steady

gaze,
to

And And Are

steers,

undoubting,
thou dost

the

friendly coast

they who
glad when

stray in perilouswastes
shine
to

by night,
.

guide their footsteps right.

beauteous

type of that unchanging good, beacon, by whose

should
ray way.

That The

bright eternal
voyager
of time

shape his heedful

back
to

And

Wordsworth,

in the
Chaldaean Beneath
the

Excursion,

thus

goes

the

earliest times

shepherds, ranging
concave

trackless skies

fields,

of unclouded in boundless

Spread like

sea,

solitude,

456

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
on

Looked And His

on

the

polar star,

as

guide
never

guardian of their
steadfast
eye.

coarse,

that

closed

Milton's

Comus

had

the

much

quoted
Star of A

Our

ready,
;

Or

Tyrian Cynosure

and

Allegro

The

Cynosure
which

of

neighboringeyes,

"

designation
and 8th

of

Polaris

has

everywhere
in

become

common;

while

Cinosnra
and of
1

Cynosura regularly appeared

but this
was one

scientific works ancients'

to

of the

17th

centuries; Minor,
and

of the limited

titles for the whole

lucida. The
to

Ursa

never,
to

by them,

the of

Star of

Aready
her
to
a

either referred
transferred mother
error

Arcadia, the earthlyhome

skies by his father transformation.

Kallisto,or

Areas,

son,

to

the

Jove,
The

when

ignorantlyabout
followed identified with

slay his
common

after in

her

poet, however,
was

locatingAreas
several

here,

for he

properly
; Ta

Bootes. The

Chinese
the Great

had

names

for of

it," Pin Keih

the

Shin

; Tien
stars

Hwang circling
and

Ta

Ti,

Imperial
the

Ruler

Heaven,
the

circumpolar
Subtle
borne

around

it in

homage,
Tow

whole

forming
Ursa

Purple
from
to

Enclosure;

Ti
And

or

Ti Tso, the
it 77.
was

Emperor's Kwei,
in
as

Seat, this

last also

being
their

by

Herculis.

with

Major,

its square emperor

of stars,

0,y,v Ti,or
certain
remote

and

Its first use

navigation is ascribed
of Noah
!

Hong
it
seems

Hwang
that
some

Ti,

grandson
or

However

this may been used

in

be,

polar star,

constellation,has

China

from

antiquity.
In

earliest Northern
the

India

the

star

nearest

the

pole

was

known

as

Gra-

hadhara,
Al It Biruni
was an
l

Pivot
that

of the among

said

Planets, representingthe great god Dhruva, and himself. the Hindus Dhruva of his time it was

object along

of their

worship, as
lower Al

our

Polaris

is

to-day
it is the

among

the Man-

daeans The from

the

Tigris and
Polaris
as

Euphrates.
"because and of
are

Arabs

knew

Kiblah,
away,

star

least distant any the strange

the pole,"
distant
strange

although
from
an

then

50

helped them, worship, to

also known
as

in

location
1

established
to

place

know

points
or

This

people, fast dwindling

In their

extinction,

Nasoraeans,

Saint

John
the

Christians.
is an
ocean

representation
and

sky

of water,

pure

clear,but
us

of

more

than

adamantine

solidity, upon
is the central Abath
sun

which

the stars

aw "

planets sail.
the

Its transparency bodies

move.

allows

to

see

even

to

the he

who pole-star, stands with before

around whom
at

heavenly
of

Wearing

jewelled

crown,

fir's door

the gate

of

U*

world

light; the

Mandaeans

accordingly invariably pray

their faces turned

northward.

The

Constellations

457
and

of the compass which it Al

as

and

thus
Muslim

the

direction
turn

of

Mecca

its Ka'bah,1 towards

every

good
heard

must

his head

in prayer.

They
story

also
to

called

JadI, the

Young
dead says the

He

Goat,

which and

subsequently degenerated
known

Juddah,

Niebuhr the

it a century
man on

ago,

in Desert

as

Giedi, the

slayerof
As the
stone

the Bier

of Ursa

Major. Mismar,
Al title, the
;
a

Wetzstein

that

in Damascus

it is called the Al

Needle

or

Nail.

marking
Northern
of
a

north
or

pole
which

it bore

latter's

Kntb
fixed this

al
in

Shamftliyy,
the under

Axle,

Spindle,from
the upper
as

Kutb,

Pin and

mill around in

stone

turns

same

thought Faustus,

later
where

appeared
he says

English poetry,
stars

in Marlowe's

History of

Doctor

of the

that

All jointlymove Whose

terminine

upon

one

axletree the

is term'd

world's

wide

pole.

The of
as

Arabian

astronomers
an

knew

it

as

Al

Kaukab

al

Shamaliyy,
ancestors

the

Star
to

the
nearer

North,
the

appellationperhaps given by
in their time.
the would belief of the
cure common

their nomad

pole
Kaukab the

Kazwini
of
as

mentioned
Al

people
the

that
"

fixed

plation contem-

itchingof
of the have

eyelids, ophthalmia, then,

et est

now,

being
and
next

prevalent
Tables of

disease 1521
seu

Desert. Stella

The Polus with The that its

;

Alfonsine

Alrucaba

polaris
was

sive

Bayer, Alruocabah
star,
know
as

Buocabah

Ismaelitis

; but

this

shared

the

also
as

with

the

constellation. Star

Turks

it

Yilduz,
for from
a

the time the

par

excellence

and

have

story

lightwas
is i" from the

concealed

after their capture

exact

of

Constantinople.
on

Polaris line drawn

to

14' distant
Polaris
to

pole, which
and when

lies

the in

straight
proach ap26'

f Ursae
the

Majoris,
year
an a

will continue it will be

gradual

pole
Square

till about

2095,

only

30"
says,
gels anone

This

ancient
;

House,
on

probably
earth site.
as

early Sabaean
tabernacle

temple,
his

was

built, tradition
let
was

firstin heaven

then

for Adam
its celestial

of radiant
at

clouds

down

by the

directly under
of stone it
was

This,

disappearing
in its turn
was

death,
away

replaced by Hajar
the al

and erected

clay by the patriarch Seth, that by

often Abraham from and Ishmael
to

swept
Black

by the Deluge.
Al

Lastly
a

contain
and

the
now

Stone,

Aswad,

ruby, or jacinth, brought

or

heaven
;

by Gabriel
but it is

blackened

by

pilgrims' tears,
as seven a

because The

so

kissed

by sinners
dozen of the

generally regarded
it
as an

by unbelievers
oval

ite. meteorin

Century Cyclopedia, however,

of about
corner as a

describes smaller

irregular height
word

about
and

inches The

diameter, composed
is set
2

stones
a

of various

shapes
for

sizes.

Stone

into the

northeast
same

wall,
and

at

convenient

kissing.
the
was

Kaukab

is the

the
name

Assyrian
of Bar

Chaldaean the Son

Kakkab,
a

Hebrew

Koljabh
of
a

this last second

over a

also the revolt of

fighting
the

Cochab,

of

Star, who

the leader

the
star

Jews

in

132-135,
name

during the reign of Hadrian,

was

his shekels Bar

bearing
Coziba,

tetrastyletemple.

The

variously written, but correctly as

from

his

birthplace.

458
away.
a

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
yf tt, C, v" and
a

It will then 6 of the

recede
and

in favor

of successively the

of

Cepheus,
from
serve

and

Swan,

Wegaof
hence the of

Lyre, when,
be which

marked

by

liant this last brilits

as

star, 11,500

years

pole will Wega,

about for 3000

500 distant
years will

present positionand
the

within
then and
to
r

5"

pole-star of
Draconis years,

the
1

existingraces
Herculis, 0,
a

of mankind.
t, and
a

The

polar pointwill
Ursae from

thence
and
to
*

circle past

Draconis, j3

Minoris,

back

our

again;
in Julius

the

entire

period being

25,695
not

25,868

according
he
wrote

to

different calculations.1
Caesar: Star,

Shakespeare did

know

all this when

constant

as

the Northern
fixed

Of

whose is

true
no

and

resting quality

There

fellow

in the firmament.

Its distance years, second. The 9

from

us

has from

been
our

variouslyestimated
system
at

from of

36
about

to

63 light
miles
a

and

it is The

receding

the

rate

16

spectrum

is Sirian.
i8".6
was

j4-magnitude companion,
a

distant, is
discovered
around

good

test

for

2%Her-

inch
schel

glass with
in

power may

of be

80. in

This

by

Sir William

1779,

and

revolution minute

its
be

principal.
seen

Its present

position angle
in the

is

2150.
the i"

Other
Messrs. of the

stars

can

with

afield-glass
phy by photogra80

vicinity ;

and

Henry

of

Paris

have

charted

1270 known While mentioned and from

stars, within

pole, where
a

previouslyonly
fainter slightly
the much

about

were

by telescopicobservation,
Polaris
a

itself is

than

0.

is the
now

nearest

naked-eye
as

visible to C. 3172,
; while

true

Smyth pole,
in 1843.
a

nebula,

known called the

N.

G.

nearer

its

proximity bearing
Celestial

Polarissima
title says
and

nearer

still

was

10th-

magnitude point.
Anonyma

star

warlike

Blficher,then
of
some

within

2' of the exact

star
:

Poole's

Handbook

unidentified
2' ; it is the

"

Double

magnitudes 7.5

9 ; distance

nearest

to

the

pole.

(3, 2,
Koohab
this star
1000

reddish.

is from that the

the

Arabic

title that

it shared
called

with

; and

it

Greek
our

astronomers
era.

T16Xo$, for

it

was

perhapswas the pole near

years

before

Burritt has
also

Kochah.
to
was

Alruoaba, variouslywritten, is
to
1

common

it and

Polaris,as wellas

its constellation,Smyth
This

saying that
owing
orbit

this
of

the

Alfonsine Reicchabba.
arises from of tbe fact that

uncertainty
not
a

in

the

period of the cycle

one, to

precession mainly slight motion

the

circle is action

strictlyclosed planets
upon

the

of the

pole

the

due ecliptic

to the

of the

the

of the earth.

460
common as

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
specialtreatises by navigators, night.

people, and
their China
use

even

thought worthy
hours Crown

of

to

in
was

indicatingthe
Ta

of the

In

y1

Tsie, the

Prince.

""
Yildnn is better is

4-3i

greenish.
from
to

generallygiven
to
a

to

this,probably

the

Turkish

Yilduz that
the

applied

; but

it has

degenerated
a

Vfldiur, and
for the

Century

Dictionary has

Gildun, perhaps by
npuTTj for the
two

typographical error.
Xopevr^c
also

Bayer's Xopevrrjs
the First and
a,

and (J,
were

devrepa

adjoining ",
which

Second
stars

Dancer,
y
were

general designationsin

0,

and

the

included.

C"
marking
AUfa
the

4.3, handle

flushed

white,
the
bowl of the Little is Dipper, but these

junction

of of

the

with

al Farkadain

some

lists, i\ being Anwar better,belong

to

al Farkadain;
y.

and titles certainly, In

much

j3 and

China

it

was

Kow

Chin. mentioned
as

b, a 5th-magnitude, has been

How

Kung,

the

Empress.

Virgin august
With

come

in

thy regal
and
brow is
own

state
serene

soft majestic grace

the

Though
The And

fierce Lion's
heat

reign

overpast
as

summer's

is all thine

yet,

all untouched the rude

thy

robe

of living green blast.

R.

By

of fingers

the northern

J.

PhUbrick's

Virgo.

the the
"

Anglo-Saxon
Italian in fact

Msden,

the

Anglo-Norman
and has
ear

Pulcele,
the

the

French

Viffgei

Virgine, Bayer's Jnnckfraw,

a

present German

Jvngiraii*
the

universal

title, generally
"

been

figured with
in her

palm

branch she
was

in her known the

right hand
in Roman the

and

the

spica,or
as

of wheat,

left. Thus

Attic

dialect

K6pq,
of

the

Maiden,

sephone, Perrepresenting
the Roman

Proserpina, daughter
dialect

Demeter,

Ceres;
her
"rra-

while

in the

Ionic

Nonnus,

of

our

5th century,

called

The

Constellations

461
Cereris,
the

Xvvfaft Kovprj,the Virgo spicea

she
was

Wheat-bearing gestaas
by
the of Pluto

Maiden,

spieiferaVirgo
When

mnnera

Manilius.
in also his
was

regarded
the

as

Proserpina,
of

being
and

abducted

Chariot,
Demeter

stars

cent adjaCeres
Ceres
correct

Libra;

constellation
the

herself, the
of which
more

spieiferadea,changed by
was
as

astrologers to Arista, Harvest, Puellae,

Harvest.
the
sun

goddess.
Aristae
Those who

Caesius
the

had Maiden very

it Arista
of the

that

would

seem

Paella,

claim

high antiquityfor
the

zodiacal
was

signs
at

assert

that

the idea of these

titles
of

originated when Egyptian

while Aratos

in

Virgo

the

spring
them vest harword

equinox,
back

the
1

time
5,000
so

the

harvest. said

This, however,
that
Leo

carries the the

nearly
month;

years,

first marked

that

another that

has signification

been

given

to

(TTo^vwd^c.
In Ogygian
with
an ear

We

read, too,
and

ages of
corn

among

the

Orientals, she
a

was

represented
fields
;

as

sun-burnt

damsel,

in her

hand, like

gleaner in
a

the

and, like
to

most

of that classic that

with class,
authors. is stillseen
or

very

different character this ancient

North
"

from

that

assigned
of Scottish

her

by

the

Is it not in the

story of the
and South

Maiden

the Wheat-field
custom

English
the

of

the

Kern-baby, by Lang

Kernababy,
and

Corn,
f

or

Kernel, Baby^

thus described
The
and of

in his Custom
last field bound

Myth
in
a

last gleanings of the

in
some

are

up usage

rude

imitation

of the human

shape,
hands

dressed

rag-tags of finery. The

Maiden" in
was
a

has

fallen into of the

of

the conservative

children, but
a

of old "the sheaves the that

regular image by
farm.
a

harvest-goddess, which,
and

with with

sickle

and

her

arms,

attended
to
"

crowd

reapers,

accompanied
of mentary rudi-

music, followed

last carts the

"

home

the

It is odd
the

enough
of

Maiden
The

should
"

exactly translate
has

the

old

Sicilian
us

name

daughter

Demeter.
; but

"

Maiden
Peru had

dwindled,
own

then, among
her Harvest

to

the

Kernababy

ancient

her

Maiden,

Goddess.

And

in Vendue

the
to

farmer's

wife, as
luck

the

corn-mother,

is tossed

in

blanket

with the last sheaf Caesius had

some

bring good
this

in the he

subsequent
associated

threshing. Perhaps
our

of

in view

when

sky figure with

Ruth, the Moabitess, gleaning in Virgo

also
was

the fields of Boaz.

from
"

Erigone,
"

perhaps

the
a

Homeric stellar
was

^Epiyeveia, the
title

EarlyBorn, for the constellation is very old, Vergil's apotheosis of his patron Augustus. This
herself in grief at
the skies with
or

appearing
who

in

the

maiden
was

hung
to

the

death
as

of

her

father

Icarius, and

transported
as

Icarius which

Bootes, and
is attested

their faithful hound

Maira

Procyon,
may

Sirius ; all of

by

Hyginus
Lines

and
on

Ovid.

It

have

been this Icarian

story that induced

Keats1

the Mermaid

Tavern;

462

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings

Sipping beverage divine, And pledging with contented

The

smack

Mermaid

In the Zodiac,

Sometimes

she

was

figuredwith

the

Scales

in her

hands,
out,

"

Astraea's
Poised
on

scales have
the

weighed
"

her

minutes

zodiac,

whence

she
or

has

been

considered

of Justice, the At**/, the divinity the

Roman last ot the

Justa
the

Juititia; and

Astraea,
the

starry daughter of Themis, the

her modest
:

celestials to leave

earth, with
wrote

sister Pudicitia,when

Brazen

Age began.

Ovid

of this

Virgo caede
Ultima

madentes,

coelestum,
she

terras

Astraea

reliquit;

when, according

to

Aratos,
Soared
Whence

up

to

this abode, heaven, selecting

at

yet

night she shows

herself

to

men.

Thus

she

is the

oldest
seems

of representation purely allegorical

to

innocence
was

and

virtue.
full

This

legend
his

be first found

with

Hesiod,

and

givenin
Other
the Pax

by Aratos,

authors of the

mentioned

longestconstellational historyin the Phaitiomena. her as ElpTjvrj, Irene,the sister of Astraea, and
the olive branch the
;
as

Romans,

with
as

Concordia;

as

UapOivo^
a

A/"",the
into
stellation, con-

Virgin Goddess;
Hades
; and
as

2ij3vAAa,
Roman the

Singing Sibyl,carrying
Fortnna,
because very her Pisces she is
a

branch headless

Tv^t/, the
writers

the

stars

marking

head

being
from

faint.

Classical

Latin

called occasionally here

Ano, Atargatia,and
;

Der-

oete, the Syrorum Dea

for
our

transferred

Cybele

drawn

by lions,
and

Leo and

immediately precedes
even

her ; Diana
b.

; Minerva

; Panda

Pan-

tica;

Medusa,
of

Posidippus,289
the Theban
was herself,

c,

gave
; and

Thesbia
some

orThespia,
said
that
one

daughter
of the "Aanokia the is and Statio

of

Thespius, or
even

Asopus

Muses,

Urania

placed
took Nili

here

in the the

sky by Apollo. Coptic Egyptians,

This, however,
of

is from

Kircher,

who

in

turn

it from

amoris, quern
H

in incremento

dii ostendcbant.
as

like singularly the

TloXidgydesignating Minerva
seen as a as
a

guardian

citadels
was
a

State,already
in Leo
was

title for this constellation ; and

station.
on

there

Coptic Asphulia
In much

moon

Egypt

Virgo by

drawn

the

zodiacs

of

Denderah
an

and

Thebes,
to

disproportionedand
the
her
stars

without
of Coma

wings, holding
the

object

said

be

distaff marked Avienus

Berenices; while
thousand-named

Eratosthenes

and the

identified

with

Ms,

goddess, with

The

Constellations

463
to

wheat

ears or

in

her

hand her

that
arms

she the

afterwards
young

dropped
the

form

the

Milky
sun-

Way,
god,
the

clasping in
last of the

Horus,
very

infant

Southern

the

divine
as

kings.

This

ancient
the

figuringreappeared

in

Middle
to

Ages

the

Virgin Mary
as

with

child

Jesus, Shakespeare

alluding

it in Titus

Andronicus

the

Good

Boy

in

Virgo's lap ;
asserted that the
are

and

Albertus

Magnus,
It has

of

our

13th century,
said
that her International

Saviour's
the

scope horofor

lay
the

here. ")?;

been
the

initials, MV,
of

symbol
a gram mono-

sign,
of

although
the first

Dictionary
one

considers

this Greek

Uap,

syllableof Uapdsvoq,
the

Virgo's

titles ; the

and

others, a
This

rude

picturing of
and

wing
the

of

the Ifltar,

divinitythat
Creation.

Semites

assigned to its stars,

Irtar, or Ishtar, the

prominent
of

in the

Epic of
the

Queen

Stars, was

Ashtoreth
of Greece Hathor
to
our

of

the and

1st

Book

the Venus

of the Aphrodite of the Kings, xi, 5, 33, the original of Rome; perhaps equivalent to Athyr, Athor, or the Astarte Greek of

of the Esther

Nile,
and Bede the

and

Syria,the
of

last

akin philologically
was

Star, the
with
stars

'Aorfjp. Astarte, too, goddess

shine
so

identified
at

by

the

Venerable

the Saxon

Eostre, spring,
the

whose

festival, our

Easter,
the

of

Virgo
of

brightly in

eastern

evening sky
to

; and

Sumerians month In while

as

southern

Babylonia assigned this constellation

or

their sixth

the

Errand,

Message,
the

of Istar.
;

Assyria Virgo representedBaaltis,Belat, Belit,and Beltis,Bel's wife

some

thought
the divinity,

her

Mylitta
the and

of

Herodotus.

But the

this

was

very

different

Babylonian Molatta, the Moon, worship

17, 19,

Mother,
in the

or

Queen, of the
with

of Heaven,

against whose
xliv,
the

Jews
that

were

warned
not

Book

Prophet

Jeremiah,

should
our

be

confounded

Ashtoreth,
In

goddess
was

of the

Zidonians,
the of Tamil the

figuresymbolized.
or

India

Virgo

Kanya,
"

Kauni,

Maiden,

"

in
a

Hyde's
Goddess in

Xannae, transcription, sittingbefore

a a
a

mother
as a

great Krishna, figured as

fire, or
stalk

Gul ; and
in

in the her

Cingalese zodiac
Al
e,

as

Woman

Ship,

with

of

wheat
stars

hand.

Biruni
a

thought this ship

Varaha
or

marked

by

the

line of
the

j3,i\, y, d, and
name,

like

ship'skeel.

Mihira Pathona.
In

borrowed

Greek

turning it into Parthena, Partina,

the
"

Persia

it

was

Khoaha,

or

Khusak,
the

Ear

of

Wheat,
it

and

Secdeidos
"

de

Darzama,

this last often

translated

Virgin in Maiden
that
was a

Neatness Persian

; but

Ideler,doubting this,cited BeigePs conjecture

of

ing renderhad it

Staohys, one early

Arabs

of the

Greek

titles of

Virgo's star
ot

Spica. Bayer
the

Seclenidos The

de Darzama. made
from
some

members

constellation

the

464
enormous

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
the

lion
at

of their Lion.

sky ;
Adhra1

and

of

others

Kennel

Corner, with dogs

the Greek

barking
of which in the

the

Their

later astronomers,

however, adopted
the Innocent

figure,and
are

called found

it Al

al

Bafhl"h,
But

Maiden,

remains

in the mediaeval of Albumasar. the

stars
as

titles Eladari, Eleadari, Adrendeta, and

as

Adienedesa

they

would

not

draw

the
or
as

human
some

form, they showed

stalks with
star.

sheaf
same,

of

wheat, Al
the

Sunbulah,

the

ripened ears
gave found both in

of the of

from

Roman the

Spica, its brightest

last

Kazwini

these

Arabian

names,

degenerating
The

into

Sunbala,

Bayer, and Virgo

the
as

Sumbela, still occasionally seen.

Almagest
The

of 15 15 says knew

est

Spica.
as

Turcomans and the

constellation

Dufhiza

Pakhiia,

the but

Pure before

Virgin;
their
but known

Chinese,
it
was

She

Sang Hen,
of the

the

Frigid Maiden;
translates stellar

Jesuitdays
the

Shun

Wei, which

Miss

Clerke

the

Serpent,

Williams, the Quail's

as

Tail, a part
or

early

figure otherwise

Bed
as

Bird, Pheasant,
the 20th in the

Phoenix.
of
e.

It appears and that

Ki,

Euphratean cycle
Asm,
that
"

tions, constellaecliptic the

moon

considered
; but

equivalent to
Jensen
the
"

Place,
the

i.

station
be

Spica marked

thinks

originalshould
of this also is

Sim,

or

Shim, perhaps meaning

Ear

of Corn

; much

individually

applied to Spica.
In with the the land of

Judaea

Virgo
Jacob

was

Bethulah, and, being always associated

was

idea of abundance

in harvest,
had

assigned by
"

the

Rabbis be

to

the In

tribe of

Asher,

of

whom

declared

his

bread

shall

fat."

Syria it was
Thus,
much like named

Bethulta.

Isis, one
and

of

her

many

prototypes,

Virgo always
Landseer
we

has of

been

symbolized heavenly figure;

and

saying

it,

"

so

so disguised,

modernized
see

be-Greek'd
. .
.

that

don't literally

know

her

when In

we

her." constellation the and

was

astrology this

Gemini
created

were

the

House

of Mercury,

Macrobius

saying
by

that

planet
of

here;
the

the

association

being

plainlyshown
with But
to

the

caduceus of the
more

that

god,

herald's

trumpet
her

entwined
left hand

serpents, instead
and usually, far

palm branch,
the

often

represented in
have

appropriately, Virgo's stars

namesake,

been of with

givenover
the harvest

the

care

of

Ceres,

her

long-time goddess
black in the

For
was

her

colors astrological of
as

Virgo
the

assumed abdomen

speckled
human

blue; and
and
as

thought
rule
over

governing

body,

ing bear-

Crete, Greece, Mesopotamia,

as an

Turkey, Jerusalem, Lyons, and sign.

of the

Paris, but always

his

unfortunate,
of

sterile

Manilius

asserted and the

that in

day

it ruled

the

fate

Arcadia, Caria, Ionia, Rhodes,

to

Doric

plains. Ampelius assigned

it the

charge

wind

Argestes,

that blew

The

Constellations

465
to

to

the

Romans

from

the

west-southwest
to

according
of
comet

Vitruvius, or

from

the

west-northwest The many latter

according
said that
the

Pliny.
a

appearance

within

its borders

implied
ancient

grievous
was

ills to the female with

the Leo sun,

portion of
and

the

population.
star

Virgo
to

associated
when

with
were a

the
source

Sirius in the
of heat
; Ovid

opinion that,

with

they

alluding

this in his Ars

Amatoria:

Virginis aetheriis

cum

caput ardet

equis.

And

John Skelton, the royal orator

In
autumn

of

King Henry VII,

sun

wrote:

when

the

in

Viigine
our corne.

By radiant heat enripened

hath

coin

of

of Sardis, the capital

ear

the and

kingdom
a

of

Lydia, bears right ;

and and

her

figure
her

with the

wheat

in her much

left hand the

same.

staff in her

the stateres
as a

of Macedonia very young

a a

have

The

Alfonsi/ie Tables Manuscript caduceus;

The and

showed
the the

girlwith
young
woman woman

wings;
with
a

the

Leyden
and

Hyginus

of of

1488, as

branch

Albumasar

1489, as
also gave

with

fillet of

wheat
her in

ears. a

old German

illustration
; and

her

wings, but
as a

dressed

high-necked,trailing gown
Saint James the

Diirer drew

her

lovelywinged angel.
her
stars

Julius

Schiller

used

to

represent

Less,

and

Weigel, as
But when

the Seven

Portuguese

Towers.
as some

all these

ancient figurings,

of

them

may

be,

are as

modern

compared
perhaps

with the still enduring

of the times of the

Sphinx generally claimed

anterior
to

toric, prehisthe first

dition, tra-

Hor-she-shu, long
from fact

to

historical

Egyptian ruler,Menes Virgo'shead

on

; and

constructed, according
the that of the

Greek
sun

with

Leo's

body,

the

passed
Some of the

through these two constellations during the inundation however, would Egyptologists, upset this astronomical
Virgin, Lion, Ptolemy
have
the it, and

Nile.

connection
to

Sphinx, Mariette
and others the
as

claiming the
an

head

be

that

of the

early

god Harmachis,

of

earlyking.
somewhat the modern
to

extended
feet

constellation
carried into

farther

to

the

east

than
stars

we

being

Libra, side,to

and

the

that

Hipparchos placed
the
our so

in the

shoulder of the

shifted
stars

the

correct,

as

he

said, Upon

comparative
maps

distances

and

members the

of the
east
on

body.
X and north

it is about

52"

in length, terminating on

at

p, and

is the longest of the zodiac

figures.
;
on

It is bounded
east

the

by Leo,
on

Coma
3"

Berenices, and

Bootes

the

by Serpens

and

Libra ;

the

466
south

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
the
west

by Hydra,
the

Corvus

and

Crater;

and

on

by Leo,

Crater,and
the
casual

Corvus.
While beautiful

Spica
marked

is its most here its

over

noteworthy
the 17, y, this which

object
nebular

to

observer, yet the telescope shows heavens,

other in the space
are

densest

region
of Leo

in the
while

by
all

0,

d, and

Denebola the

nebulae found
"

scattered
no

region of
later nakedHeis

sky.
has

Sir William

Herschel
over

here many

less than
more
1

323,

search
eye
stars

increased

to

500,

very

nebulae of the in

than

in the

tion. constella-

Argelander gives 10
It is for these four
stars

and latter,

181.
e

Virgo, forming
Denebola,
y
at

with

two

sides of
that

right-

angled triangleopen Young along

Von of
uses

towards word

its vertex,

Professor

his mnemonic

Begde

to

recall their order. the the

They
Corner

extend
of the

and were wings through the girdle, Barking Dogs of the Arabs, often considered as the

Kennel

Bogs
day

themselves. of the first year lost

;
some

Zach,

of Gotha, the minor

rediscovered

here

on

the

last

this century
after its

planet Ceres,
Piazzi
on

whose

positionhad

been

time

discovery by

the

previous New evening, the

found,
one on

Year's first

Day
of

Olbers

repeatingthis,and
the

independently,the

next

anniversaryof
March,

originaldiscovery. Here,
minor

too, Olbers

the

28th

1802, another named,

as
"

planet, Pallas,the second

of thirty-first stars." the

discovered, and appropriately

described this goddess

for the

the Orphic Hymns

inhabitingthe
passes of October

The the

sun

through
;

constellation
this time

from

the

14th

of

September to

29th

and

during

the
No
more

Virgin

trails blue.

her

glittering garments

through the

Ot, Spectroscopicbinary, 1.3, brilliant flushed

and Spioa signifies, hand hand
"

white.
in the

marks,
"in
was

the

Ear

of

Wheat

shown

left Virgin's
"in her

Aratos
"
"

wrote

her

hands";
to

Vitruviusand
be Ceres. All

Hyginus,
the the Romans

right

when

she

thought
and

called it Italians,

thus,

Cicero

saying Spioum,
have thus

their In Old

descendants,

modern
the

Spigha;
and among
even

the French
Flamsteed

1'EpL

England
at

it

was

Spike, Virgin1!
has import,
to secure

designatedit.
Latin

For

least
or

and centuries, twenty-five

of similar

all civilized
;

peoples, the

word,
an

words

obtained
for it the

although Smyth
name

mentioned

attempt

before

his

day

illustrious

of Newton. the
same

Xrdxvg, perhaps

of

although signification

another

has

been

assigned to it,appeared with Aratos, Hipparchos, and Ptolemy, transcribed had by the Latins as Stachyi. Manetho Xto^vwcJ^c,which we have seen

468
divinity;and
identified with
In
some

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Star that

have

thought

it the Tistar

generally has

been

Sirius. the representing

whole the it personified constellation,

Babylonia,and
of

wife

B31,

and

as

Sa-Sha-Shirfi, the
name,

Virgin's Girdle, marked

lunar

the 20th
the Hero of of

asterism ecliptic the

of that It
was

and

the

asterism

Dan-nu,

Sky

Furrow.
common

also Emukn

the Might Tin-tir-Ki,

of the

Abode

Babylon itself. In Chinese a Spica was great favorite as Ki6, the Horn, or astronomy Spike,ancientlyKeok or Quik, the special star of springtime; and with {
title for formed their 12th situ under
have been that
at

Life, a

title.
one

Naturally it
time in

was as name

the the

determinant

It is said to and
was

known

Egypt

Lute-Bearer,
was

of importance, for evidently and

star

another
"

Egyptian
Mena may

Bepi, the
to to

Lord;
which
same

Lockyer thinks
we

that

the great

with symbolize Spica,

have of

seen

Min-worship temples
or

associated."

According
dedicated

this this

author, one
and
2000

the

at

Thebes,
was

probably
to

Mena,
3200

Menat, Menes, Min,

b.

Khem,
of the

oriented
at

about Spica'ssetting
was

c; about
to

the
b.

temple
c,
or

Sun

Tell

al Amarna A

also

so

oriented attached
"

perhaps
two

somewhat have

later. been

similar character
at

it in

Greece,
one

for

temples

found

Rhamnus,

almost

touching

another, both

following (and with

1092'
were

accordant
747
so b.

dates)
"and
at

the

shifting places

of

Spica,"at
Argos
of" and

their erection
of Here

and
also

c;

still another

pair at Tegea."
b. b.

Temples
the Great

oriented

Olympia Athens,
It
was
11

1445
30

c,

at

Girgenti; and
Diana
and of

those

of Nike

Apterosat
b. c b.

c,

and

of the

Ephesians," 715
about 300 with

to

the

observations

of this star

Regulus

c,

corded re-

by
150
to

the

Alexandrian

Timochares, that, after comparison

was

his own

years him the of

later, Hipparchos
the

indebted

for the
;

precessionof

the

equinoxes
and

great discovery attributed although Babylonian records,

may

and

temple orientation of Egypt knowledge of this. practical According

Venus of
on an

Greece,

indicate

far earlier

to

Ptolemy,
of

Timochares
star
"

observed
the

an

occultation
"

by the planet perhapsy"or

Chaldaea
now

unidentified
12th

on b.

tipof Virgo'swing,"
is tablet from

g"

"

the

October,
of the while
earlier

271

c.1
686
B.
"

l A

still earlier record British

planet, dating from

still
are

c,

on

in the

Museum;

Homer's
that shines
of the

Ean%qog, the
;

Latin

Hesperus,"

the and

brighteststar
. .

in Heav*n

Isaiah's
.

day
"

star,

son

morning,

that titles Star

out

Authorized

Version

rendered
the
was

Lucifer,

"

the

equivalent of
The
or

the

Greek

alternative
in the

and 'EtootpoQOQ the

#010^000$,
Star

Latin

Phosphorus.

identity of this Morning by Parmenides,

with

Evening

Hesperus

discovered

by Pythagoras,
Star, and

5th century before The planet also

Christ.
was

known

as

as tA(fQoSlttj, Juno's

as

Isis.

The

Constellations

469
show second
of

Spectroscopic
with
a

observations
of
at

speed

by Vogel in 1890 least fifty-six miles a

the
common

that
in

Spica is in
an

lution revo-

orbit

of three

millions of miles'
an

radius,around
in
a

centre

gravityof
It Its

itselfand
never

obscure

companion
the

period of
case

about with
us

four the
at

days.
star

is, however,

eclipsedby
Sirian ; and Gould
It is south

the latter, as

is the

Algol.

spectrum
a

is

system is approaching

the rate

of 9.2 miles

second.

thinks
one

that it shows the lunar

fluctuations in
much south

brilliancy.
and navigation,

of the
on

stars

utilized in
of the

lies but
to

20 the

of

and ecliptic, the 28th of

io"

celestial equator,

coming
of

meridian With

May.
Cor

Denebola,
north

Arcturus, and
and

Caroli it forms

the

Diamond

Virgo,

500 in extent

south.

P"
Zavijava, a
but Piazzi, the

3-9" in

pafc yellow.
modern

universal

name

catalogues,is
Dogs,

first found

with

is
or

Zarijan
Corner,
and

in the

Standard

Dictionary.

It is from
"

Al Zftwiah,

Angle,
stars

1. e.

Kennel,
bear

of the Arab the title.

although y exactly
the nth
; while
"

marks

this Corner

should

The

0,

rj,y,

d, e, outliningthis Kennel, formed

was

manzi/, Al
Firuzabadi
"

Awwa',
Al

the

Barker, which
the Two

considered
station

of

good

omen

included it with the preceding moon

group rains.

Al

Sarfah, Cold,

0 Leonis,
season

in the

Nahran,

was Rivers,as their rising

in the

of

heavy
said to

Other
; and

indigenous titleswere
Warak
the 18th of

Al Bard,
Lion's

the

which

it was

produce
the

al Asad,

the

Haunches. of

0 marked Hind

constellation ecliptic

Babylonia,Shepn-arku sha-A,
also
seems

Leg

the here.
to

Lion,
With

for this country rjfit perhaps

was

to

have of

had

one

of these creatures

Ninsar,

the

Lady
As

Heaven,
and

probablya
one

reference
seven

Istar ; and
stars
same

Urra-gal,the God
in that

of the Great
a

City ;

of the

pairs of
it bore

famous title Corner.

astronomy.
but

Euphratean
all the
ponents com-

lunar asterism

the

Ninsar,
the

this included

of the Arabs'

Kennel Persian the

These rasmian

also

were

the

Mashaha,

Sogdian Fastaahat, the

Kho-

Coptic Abnkia, all of the Arabic signification. of Law. In China it was Yew Chi Fa, the Right-hand Maintainer 0 is 130 south of Denebola in Leo, culminating with it on the 3d of May.
Afsasat, and

variable, Y" Binary and slightly

The
names

3 and

3.2,

white.

Latins
of two

called

this

Porrima,
of

or

Antevorta, sometimes
sisters and

Postvorta,

ancient

goddesses

prophecy,

assistants of Car-

3o#

470
menta
or was

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
invoked
Gellius

Carmentis, worshiped
known
as

and

at

times

by
of

their
our

women.

Porrima y the much that

"

Proraa

and

Prota
Kazwini
;

by
as

Aulus

2d century.

was

mentioned specially
or same

by

itself being ZSwiat

Al

al 'Awwi'"

Angle,
the

Corner,
name are

of the for all

Barker Al

and

Tizini,with
from

Ulug
Al
meant

Beg,

had

it ; but

BirunI, quoting
that 'Awwa'
stars.

said Zajjaj,
"

these

people
the

wrong,"
in the the

and

here

Turn,"

referringto figureis Spica and

west,
In the Star

turn,

or

bend,
to

line of

This

early interesting
between and the north

noticeable

even

casual

observer, y being midway

off stretching
e.

Denebola,

the

sides of the Kennel

to

marked respectively

by
the

r\ and

6 /3,

and

Babylonia
or

it marked Shur

ShiiMnalirtt-ihirii, constellation, 19th ecliptic

while it individually
was

Front,
of the

West,
the and

(?) ;

Kakkab
of
an

Dan-ira,the
observation
of this

Hero,
on

and
1st

the of

reference 228

point in
b.

their annals

of Saturn1 that The

we

March,

c,

the

first mention

planet

have,
Chinese

recorded y
as

by Ptolemy.

knew

Bhang Seang,
the
two stars

the

High

Minister

of State. in and light;

Astronomers
some

consider

alternatelyvariable
apparent
rule of

call both

yellow,so followingthe
of binaries In but when of

similar

coloration

in components of

equal brilliancy ; those

showed
as a

unequal being
in the
more

contrasting colors.
in use; other
as

1836 they
now
are

singlestar
an

largest
tric eccen-

telescopethen
than
at
are

6"

apart, moving in
a

orbit

any

yet well determined, with

years.
to

period of
was

mated revolution esti-

about

190

The

positionangle in 1890
as

3300. They
to

of

interest special culminate

on

astronomers,
17 th of

well

as

show

object

all.

They

the

May.

$1
unnamed although individually On the
;

3-6,
in

golden yellow,
our

lists, was

one

of the
or

'Awwa.
"

Euphrates
with
c,

it

was

Lu

Lim,

the

Gazelle,Goat,
another of the
or

Stag,

or

perhaps

King
stars

and,

probably Mas-tab-ba,
The the

seven

pairsof TwinWaters; and

of that

country.

Hindus
Second

called

it Apa,

Apat,the

the

Chinese, Tize Seang,

alluded
to

Minister
its most

of State. beautiful

Secchi of the

as

from bcllissima, of
a

banded

spectrum

3d

class of spectra, like that

Herculis.

",
is the modern
1

3.3,

brightyellow,
it has
with
;

Vindemiatrix
but lists;
was

of

the

Alfonsine Tables, whence

descended

into

in Latin
and

days
the

it

was

Vindemiator
the Greeks

Columella, which
the Piercer, wi"

Saturn

Xqovog

tfa/vwr,
; and

Shiner, with
or

Al the

Thakib,
Latins.

the Arabs

Saturnus,

Stella Solis, with

The

Constellations

471
with

is found

as

late

as

Flamsteed;
Provindemia

Vindemitor, major, with

of the

Ovid

and

Pliny;
time

and

Provindemiator

and

Vitruvius

; all

the signifying
of the

"Grape-gatherer," vintage.
These and

from

in the its rising

were

morning just before

the

titles

translations

UpoTpvyerrjp, UporpvyeTrjg,
other and Greek

Uporpvyerog, authors, the

the
"

Tpvyerfjp,used
words
"

by Ptolemy, Plutarch, and

in the
a

first of these

appearing
; but

Phainomena,
of the poem

rendered considered the

liest ear-

Fruit-plucking Herald
;

it is in
This

line

doubtful

Riccioli had indicates

the

Protrigetrix.

profusion of titles from

which
this
now

times
star
was

singularinterest
astronomy.

with

inconspicuous
the

regarded
on

in classical it :

The

Century Cyclopedia has

followingnote
At the time when
at

the

zodiac

seems

to

have

been

formed
20, or,

(2100
since

B.

c.)
is

this star
some

would

first be that it

seen
was

Babylon before brighter than

so

sunrise it is now,

about

August
a

there This

evidence
seem

then

perhaps
tradition

week

earlier. than the

would

too

late for the

vintage,

that

perhaps this
was

is older

zodiac.

The
and Those

classical

name was

translated

by

the for

Arabians

Mukdim
from Al

al Kitaf ;

another Who

title Sent

Almuredin,
Traces

still seen of these of the

it, perhaps
are

Muridin, Alaoast,

Forth. and

words

found

in the

Alcalft, Alaraph,
In On China the

Almueedie

Bayer's
Second

Uranometria. General.

it was

Tsze

Tseang,
have

Euphrates it may

been

Kakkab

Mulu-in,

the

Star of the

Man

of

Fire,possiblysymbolizing the god Laterak, the Divine although that title has been assigned to p. Virginisand
It marked
was
a

King
and

Desert;

6 Librae. in

the

eastern

boundary

of

the

nth
on

manzil,
2

astrology

mischief-making star.

It culminates

the

2d

of

May.

I], Variable
Zaniah
the stars

between

3 and

4.

is from

Al Zawiah,

applied being
the

in German Kennel.

lists to

this

instead

of

to

0 and
it

y, all of these
was

in the

In China It lies on

Tso

Chih

Fa,

Left-hand

Maintainer
the
as

of Law. is the

the

left side of the

Virgin,and just to
the With Chinese knew

westward Yih

point
Mun,

of the autumnal
or

equinox
Heaven's

which Gate.

Mun,

Twan

Een

Mun,

? it almost

exactly marks

the line of

the celestial equator.

0, Triple,
is on

4.4, 9, and

10,

and pale white, violet, the

dusky,
f.i
and

the front
the

of the garment,

below the

girdle; the components,

stars

65" apart;

positionangle of

first two

being 3450.

472
Moderns
have

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Siddhanta it
was

no

name

for Waters.

it,but in the Surya

Aptmiin China

Atsa,
With
as

the

Child

of the

another

adjacent,but
and

now

unidentified,star, it

was

known

Ping Taou, the Plain

Even

Way.

ij

4.2.

Syrma is from
of the

Zvppa,

used

by Ptolemy
in
or
"

to

designate this
first Arabian the the

star

on

the Train

Virgin'srobe.
*

With

and
as

it "f"

was

mentioned

the

translation
; but

of the
lator trans-

Syntaxis
of read
stars

being in the himdr,

Latin
as

skirt,"of

garment

the

the

edition

of
an

15 15,

missing
that
as

point They

at
one

the of

first letter, these the three

the

word

Aimdr,

"

ass,"
work
as

so

this central
asino.

strangely appears

in that

in

formed

13th

manzif, Al Ghafr, the Covering,

because
the

Smyth explains,
when

beauty
others

of say

the
on

earth
account

is hidden of the

they
of the

rise
stars

on

the

18th

Tishrin,
as

or

1st of

November;

shining

being

lessened

if covered;

but

Kazwini,
they rise, the earth
robes

because, when
robes.

herself

in her

splendour and finery,

"

her

summer

The been

Arabic
taken the

word, however,
from

is

analogous
Al

to

Zvpfia, and

so

may

have

Ptolemy; although
in the

Biruni

quoted
have word

from

Al

Al Zajjaj

Ghafar,

Tuft

Lion's

which tail,

it may
the

marked
Ghafr

in the figure
is the
most
"

of the ancient Ibex." Al

Asad. also

Another

of signification

Young

Biruni

said that

the Arabs
between
venom

considered
the

this the

fortunate

of their lunar claws and

on one

stations,as
side
from
a

lying
the

evils of the
of the

Lion's
on

teeth and
the

and

tail and

Scorpion

other,

quoted

Rajaz poet:
The
Lies between best

night
and

forever

Al

Zubanah

Al Asad

adding
As

that

the

horoscope
coincided these

of the

Prophet lay here,

the

and

that

the date of the

birth of Moses
a

with

it.
were

lunar

station
the

stars

Sogdian Sarwa

and

the Khorasand the

mian

Shushak, they

Leader;

the

Persian
A

Hugru, the Good being substituted

the He

Goer;
for

Coptic Khambalia,
said that
the
were

Crooked-clawed,
the also Akkadian

Lu
"

Lim,

it is 0; and Goat, Gazelle, or Stag.

original perhaps

meaning

King," and

employed

for d.

The

Constellations

473
Star, Xnlu
a

alone, according
and "',
v

to

Hommel,
the

was

the

Death

Bat.
*

1,

constituted star;

13th situ, Kang,

the of Old Mun

Man's

Neck,
united

being
group

the
was

determining
8hen it may
fiy
a

while, with

preceding station, the Age

;

sing,
have

as

Edkins
been

writes it,the Star in the

Al

and, with others

at

near,

included
was

Tien

mentioned

the the

star

77.

3.9-magnitude,
It has
a

Achsasi's

Eijl

al 'Awwa',

Foot

of the asterism

Barker. Mulu mian

to

been

included

with 6 Librae
e

in the Akkadian

lunar and

In,

title also

applied to
t, k, and

; the

Sogdian Fatarwa,
"One
next to

the Khoras"

Sara-fsariwa,
asterism
7r,

both

the signifying
A.

the

Leader"

i.e. next

the lunar
v,

f,

o, and

forming
p
was

the Xew

head

of

Virgo,
the
a

were

the

Chinese

Nuy

Ping,

the
some

Inner

Screen;
stars

Heang,
others

Nine

Officers of State, in which

smaller %

were

included;

and

t, Tien

Teen,
Heen

the

Heavenly

Fields ; while
stars

anc* V"" w^n

to

adjacent, were

Tlin

; all of these

being

of

4th

6th

magnitudes.

(ttufpecufd cum
is known in

tfle (Booee, "neere,ffc Eittfe fox ttitfy

oolla Oea
as

Italy as Volpe
; and that

; in

Germany
avec

as

Fuchs,

or

Fuchschen,

mit der Gans

in France this is
in

Petit Benard

l'Oie.

Smyth
a

wrote

modern

constellation, crowded
where

by

Hevelius into
so two

to

occupy

space For

between
this

the Arrow
he

and

the Swan,

the Via

Lactea

divides
was

branches.
the

purpose

ransacked

the informes of this bifurcation, and

in the elaborate

satisfied with
He

result, that the effigies figure

it
a on

print
Vukur well

of

his

offerings to Urania.
"

selected
"

account

of the
a

Eagle,
in the and

Cerberus and
space of the

Cadens. fitted to
are

wished,1' said
such
an

he,

to

place
is

fox

and

goose

sky

it ; because of the
same

fierce. Aquilaand Vultur

very cunning, and greedy." nature, rapacious

animal

voracious

The

two

members

are

sometimes
Atlas both

given separately;
shows
in his

indeed

the the
now

Anser

is

often omitted.

Flamsteed's

both,

but

separates
Astronomers

titles; and
call the

Proctor arbitrarily combined whole Vnlpeeula.

Its inventor 62.
saw

Vulpes,

27
to

stars

here,

but

Argelander catalogued
the end named of August.
star

37,

and

Heis

They

come

the

meridian

toward found
no

Although I

have

elsewhere

in

Vulpecula,

and

its

474 general faintness

one,

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
whether there
ever

would

render

it doubtful

has been

yet the

Standard
small

Dictionary says of it under

in the

the word
and

Anser:

star

constellation

of the Fox

the Goose

and

the

Century Dictionary has

much

the of the

same.

This head.
the

may

have

been a,

the lucida, a
A
meteor

4.4-magnitude just west

stream,
the from

Fox's

Vulpecnlids,appearing
a

from

13th
;

of

June

to

the

7th
most

of

July, radiates
C.

point in this constellation

but

the tatter's

noteworthy object is the Double-headed

G.
star

Shot, or Dumb-bell, Veboli,

southeast from

N. the

6853,

27

M., just visible in

i^-inch finder, 70

Albireo.

...

the
of

milky

way

i* the

sky,"
a name.

meeting

gentle lights without

Sir

John

Suckling.

Torrent

of

light and
bed

river the

of the

air,
stars
are seen

Along
Like

whose

glimmering
sands in
some

gold

and

silver
streams

ravine

Where

mountain

have

left their

channels

bare!
Tfu

Longfellow's

Galaxy

Z$t "afaty, or QjMtfy Ttfag,

has

borne

fanciful titles in or descriptive, arbitrary, 550

b.

every

age.

Anaxagoras,

c,
that

and

Aratos

knew

it

as

to

TdXa,
;

shining wheel,

men

call it Milk

Eratosthenes, authors,
as

as

KvkXo$

TaAafr'ac, the Circle

of

the

Galaxy; other Greek Hipparchos, as

the A of

KvkAoc

yakattriKog, the Galactic Galaxure,

the

Circle ; and

TaXdi-ios, the
may have been

Galaxy.
the

Lovely One,
of

Homeric
the

Hymn

of this; and personification

was
a

Galatea, Oceanus,

Milk-white,
the Galay

of the
was

Iliad, for this nymph

known
as

daughter
Stream
as

and

long

Eridanus,
Akkadian

the of

of

Ocean.

Indeed

duringall
that of a

historic time

it has
was

been the

thought

the of

Eiver it in

of Heaven. connection with

Such, too,
Great
No "tream

idea

Serpent ;
doubt
"

Brown

writing of this :
in
one

the g., But

Great

Serpent,
Norse

of its

mystic phases,
the whatever

is connected

with

the C

e.

the the

mdhgardhaormr,

Weltum-tpanner
else

(M Stretcher-round-theit may
cerbe associated,

world

").

Akkadian

Snake-river, with

476
nine
from

Star-Names
the heavenly crystalcircles, which
of

and

their

Meanings
of the

foundation
of the

old system

of

astronomy,
in till

issued

the

Harmony
but

Spheres

universally believed
written
Nature,
music. and

the times
Thee

Copernicus;

Euripides already had

Being,
who

of it :
whom

I invoke, thou
the

self-created
train

gave
with

birth

to

light and

darkness, and Towards

whole

of globes, encircle

eternal

our

day Shakespeare, in
There's
But
not

the

Merchant
orb which

of
thou

Venice ; said
behold'st

the

smallest like
an

in his motion

angel sings ;

Milton, in Paradise

Lost:
the And In

fix'd stars, fix'd in their orb

that flies,
move

ye five other

wand'ring
not

fires that song;

mystic

dance

without

Ben

Jonson

Spheres keep and Addison doubtless

had

one

musick, they

one

measure

dance

it in mind singing
tones

in his beautiful

astronomical

hymn

Forever

as

they shine. music

bass
to

Kepler assigned issuing from

tenor

the of

various
the

in
the

the

various and

planets,one
the Jupiter, from

each

spheres :
from

from

Saturn

from

Mars, the contralto

of the

Venus, and
as a

the soprano

Mercury.
laetif

The has and been

conception
current.

Milky
is
seen

Way
in the and

pathway always
Via coeli way

and

everywhere
Via
ing render-

This

Romans'

regia;

Via

laetea, the

Mylke

way

Mylke
; and

whyte
Ovid's

in Eden's

; Semita

laetea, the Milky Footpath

High
Road

paved

with

stars

to

the

court

of Jove

imitated, in Paradise

Lost, by Milton's
The

Way

to

God's

eternal

house,

the much

quoted
Broad And and

ample

road
as

whose
stars

dust
to

is

gold,

pavement
in the

stars,

thee appear

Seen
Which Powder

galaxy,
as
a

that

milky way
tbou
seest

nightly
'd with

circlingzone

stars.

The

Norsemen in the

knew

it

as

the

Path
"

of

the

Ghosts

going

to

Valholl

halla), (Val-

region Gladhsheimr,

the

palace of

their heroes

slain in battle ;

The

Galaxy
the
same

477
idea,as witness
she the
"

and old

our

North

American

Indians

had

wrinkled

Nokomis,"

when, teaching the little Hiawatha,

Showed the broad white
road in

heaven,

Pathway
Running
Crowded To
To the

of the ghosts, the

shadows,

straight across
with the

the

heavens,

ghosts,the shadows,
of Ponemah, hereafter
;

Kingdom
of the

the land

the

brighter
Hayne's

stars

along

the

Road

marking

their
:

camp-fires.

William

ilton Ham-

Indian

Fancy embodies
leagues of
between pass
stars

it thus

Pure

from

garish lightwithdrawn pale

as

Behind I think Souls

celestial

lace- work

foam,

"

the midnight and

the dawn

through

you

to

their

mysterious home.
it the

Our

aborigines
of

and
"

the

Eskimo

also hot
see

called
and

Ashen instead thus

Path,
of cold

as

did

the

Bushmen
that

Africa,
travelers

the ashes

glowing,
home,
"

and

dark,

benighted
the

might
:

their way

ing unwittinglyfollow-

classical

Manilius

this Where
The Phoebus

was

once

the in

Path

drove;
took

and

length
burnt
strew'd

of Years the Stars. the

;

heated Colour

track

Fire and
Ashes

The
And

changed, the
the

Way,

still preserve

marks

of the

Decay

although

he

also

more

wrote scientifically

Anne

magis

densa

tell arum

turba

corona.

Among
throne
in and

the

early

Hindus

it

was

the

Path

of da

Aryamin, leading
ghat,
of the the Path Snake.

to

his

ElysiunY;
in northern

in the

Panjab

it is Berfi
the

of Noah's

Ark;
The

India, Nagavithi,
think it the road
on

Path

Patagonians

which

their

dead

friends

are

ing hunt^

ostriches.
The

Anglo-Saxons
"

knew

it

as

Waetlinga Strot,
word

"

Hoveden's

Watlingaor

itrete,

the

path

of the

Waetlings,the giant sons

:

of

King Waetla, Vate,

Ivalde ; Minsheu
howsoever Hoveden
sea

thus

definingthe
make because it
. .

the saith

Romans it is
so

might
called

the
.

names

bee

from made

the it

Saxons,

and the

Roger
East

the

sonnes

of

Wethle

leading from

to

the West;

and

going

into extended

and

very

details interesting

as

to

its course,

and

478
those
of other

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
Old
Thomas

Roman
no

"

waies

"

in

early

Britain.

Hood

larly simi-

could

see

derivation
narrowness

for this

title,
to

except it be in regard of the

it seemeth
and

have,

or

else

in

respect of that great

highway
This
was

that

lieth between

Dover

St. Albans.

variouslyknown

as

Werlam

Street, Wadlyng
ancient road stillin
to

Street, Vatlant
use

Street, and

Wailing Street,1the lastly Deva), through

London

from

Chester

(the

ancient
and

(Londinium),
in the
thine

Dover
:

(Dubris

Portus);

its stellar connection

appears
cast

Hous

of Fame

Lo, there, quod he,

Se

up

eye.

yonder, lo, the Galaxye,

men

Which
For

clepeththe Milky Wey,

whytt,
and
some

hitt is hit

parfey,

Callen

Watlinge

Strete.

Another

title, Walsyngham

Way,

first found

in

Langland's
to

Vision

of

liam Wilin

concerning Piers
heaven,
as

Plowman,
way
was

made

it the

road

the

Virgin Mary
she
was

as

the

earthly

to

her shrine in Norfolk, where till1538, when existing

of other way

known

our

Lady
from

of

Walsyngham
The

; this

England

abolished
have

her
come

monasteries. the

idea of
that

and this,

similar

path-titles, may
with
stars

fancy

this

heavenly

crowded

resembled
it

the
as

earthly roads

crowded
or

with

pilgrims. Anglo-Saxon
; and
as

have glossaries

binges Uueg, Weg,

the thus
cut

Wee, Iringe's Way

of

Bil-Idun's

Way,
to

these

personages
over

being descendants

Waetla,-and both

Ways

leading

Asgard
road

bridge joined
to
was

at

which
to

Slavonic

mythology
"

terminated
monks

this celestial way, the sacred

on

and

earth

heaven,
attempt

where
to

four

guard
Later

and

pieces all
the
as

who

traverse to

it." the

this
and

Aigard
bow, Rain-

Bridge
And from

title indiscriminatelyapplied
to

Milky Way

varied,
here

the be

latter, by

Bifrost for

or

Asbreu.

may

pardoned
of the

repeating a quaintly beautiful although

not

passage
with the

Minsheu's
nor

definition

Rainbow,
:

connected

Galaxy,
The
10.
nor

astronomical strictly
is the "

Bow

weapon
10.

ofwarre (id).
The

and Bow

thereforecalled
that is

the

Bow
in the

of the

battel!,If Zach.
hath in
no

9.

(battle-bow)
no

4.

appeareth
no non

clouds

string,
fore there-

deadly
should

arrow

prepared upon
"* indicans foederis, that hath him

it,there
mundum aside

wrath secundo and

that

appeareth

it ; et iicitur

Arcus
we

clementiae

periturum aquis. And

embraced
us

love

laid

his

wrath,

with

mercie.

It will
l It is

be

remembered
to

that
there
are

Minsheu's
other

was

polyglotdictionary!
Street,"
it
was as one

Ves-

only fair

say
to

that
the

derivations

for

Watling

by

no

mean*

improbable,

Minsheu

contrary

notwithstanding, namely,
whom the Britons

that knew

called Guetalin.

after Vitel-

lianus, the Roman

director

in its construction,

The

Galaxy
much
"

479
same

pucci,a

century
the

before, expressed
Bible with Science god

the wrote,
men,

sentiment

where

"

but

connecting
It is
soonne. a

he
and

in Eden's
is
ever

rendering :
ageynst
the

pledge

of

peace

betweene

and

directly over

Grimm,
the Northmen
or

in

Teutonic

Mythology,
Wnotanes
Midland

cites many
or

titles for the

Galaxy.
or

Among
Women's

it was
among

Weg,

Straza, Wuotan's,
Vronelden

Woden's, Way,
; in

Street;

the
or

Dutch,

Straet, the Hulda's,

Street, and

Hilde,

Hulde, Straue, Saint

or

Hilda's, or

Street

Jutland, Veierveien,
Weather

Brunei, Straet; in Westphalia, Wiar

Strata, the

Street, and
and the

Miilen

Weg,
of
and

the In

Milky Way
it
was

; and

in East

Friesland,
the
Via

Harmawith
because Belli,

Melkpath. journey

Hungary
and

Hada
from Asia

Kuttya,
their

in the

war

migration
have
to

ancestors

followed

this

shining mark;
the

the

Finns

the the into

pretty Linnunrata, the

free and
a

Birds' Way, because dovelets

In

as

flitthither winged spirits

happy land,
of snow-white Kielis,
our

or

the

united

bird-songs once
overhead.

were

turned the

cloud

still seen

This Milch

was

Lithuanian is the

Paukszcziu
of now,

Germany
and

the

modern it has

Straftse and

translation is
even

best-

known Straoe

title ; while Jakobs

the

long been,
Road
And

popularly
the Belt

Jakobs

Weg, Jacob's
road.

; as

of Orion

is his Staff with

lying alongside
that
In

it has

been

still further

associated

patriarch as
Sweden
the
"

his Ladder.

Milky Way
their Winter Miss

is the Winter Oatan

M. ; and

Street,
"

so,

at

all events,

with

the peasantry,

that
:

country's idea of it is thus

beautifully given by

Edith

Thomas

Silent with
The

star-dust, yonder it lies Street,

so

"

Winter

fair and

so

white

Winding
Down

along through the

boundless

skies,

heavenly vale, up heavenly height.

it

Faintly
When

gleams, like
light in
star-dust! Winter

summer

road is

the

the

west

sinking low,
abode

Silent with
Does the

By

whose in its

Street

windings
and
unseen

go

And

who

are

they, all unheard

"

O, who
Pass
over

are

they,whose highway
the

blessed smooth and

feet
sheen Street ? ?

that

What Are
In

pilgrims travel
not

Winter

they
the

those

whom the

here

we

miss
are

ways

and

days
and

that

vacant

below?

As

the

dust it
not

of that

Street

their

footfalls kiss
?

Does

brighter

brightergrow

480

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
stray

Steps of the children

Where And

there

may

the broad
at

day shines though dark earth sleeps,

in the

there

peace
one

light they play,

still wakes
and weeps.

While

some

below

The
knew

old

Norsemen

had

similar title in their Vetrarbrant

also
occurs

; and for the

the

Celts

it as
but

Arianrod, the Silver Street, which

there
as

Northern

Crown,
In

the Silver Circle.

has thus been the

England, for centuries, the Galaxy

the

Way
But

of Saint
Via

Jan*

sometimes

Way

to Saint

James, and
the

the figuratively

regia; in
French

the Italy,

Via it
a

lattea;
has

in

France,
the the
star

Voie

laette.

with

the

peasantry
last itself

always

been from
a

Road

of Saint

Jacques of Compostella,this
of bones

stellar
was

word

Campus
in

Stellae
to

Theodomir,
of

bishop of

Idria, who
field. El
The

guided by

835

the
there

Saint James in a
as

same

title obtains

in

Spain, but

it is
of

popularly known
that

Camino

de

Santiago, the
in his

patron
:

saint in battle

country,

fellow Long-

writing of this
The

Galaxy
sees

Spaniard
His

in thee

the pathway, where

in the sheen
serene

patron

saint

descended
on

Of his celestial armor,

And

quiet nights when it is Ceruoo

of
a

all the heavens

were

fair.

In

the Basque Wherever

tongue
this

Esnibidia.
was

idea

road
as

held

in

early times it

seems

to

have

referred
men,

to

the

Milky Way
wrote,

traveled

by the departing

souls

of

illustrious

who, Manilius

were

loos'd Of

from
own

the ignoble Chain

Heaven

Clay, and
were

sent

to

their

again,
"

to
as

those
the

stars, that
souls had

regarded
the earth.
out

not

only
it

as

the

homes

of

such,

but often

very

themselves upon

physicallyshining
Thus
was

in the known

skies, as,

cally, metaphorias

they
Heroum the
Italian
"

in classical times

Sedes.

Following
di

this
the

conception, the Weg

secured.

Galaxy
the

later

became

Strada

Roma;
"

Swiss

nf

Rom;

Slovak
that

Zeiti

v'Rim,
of the

all

the signifying could

access

Way
to

of Rome," be the
:

because

only through

capital

church

heaven

Thomas

Moore says
as

somewhat
to

changed
in

figure in his Loves

of the Angtb,

where

he

the

stars

general

Rolling along

like living
to

cars

Of light,for gods

journey by
even

"

thought

that

also

is found

with

and Pliny,

with

Saint

Clement

The

Galaxy
was

481

Romieu identifies
may
same

says it with the

that the

the

Galaxy

Masarati, probably Assyrian, and

the Course
we as

hieroglyphicXasrati,
the
Creation

of
see

the

sun-god, that
much the the zodiac.

be

origin of
the

story of Phaethon, and

very

title in

Babylonian
to
"

Legend

applied to
some

This

word,

similar

the

Hebrew

Xasz"roth
appears and
,

that

Rabbis

positively
as

asserted

the signifies

Milky Way,"
from
on

in Stoffler's De

Sphaera
be
the

Xaiain the

rati, apparently
of the In

taken

Ptolemy,
the Book

supposed by
xxxviii,32,
the

Canon
to

Cook,

Speaker's Commentary
Arabic addition Al
to

of Job

equivalent
had

Majarrah, the
this last,
"

Milky
but

Track.

Riccioli's

Almegiret,
"

Arabians
as

Tarik al Ta-

al Laban

of the

same

meaning, Chopped
the

also knew

the

Galaxy
as

Darb

banln,
Straw

the Path
Road. gave

of the

Straw

Carriers,and
Nedhlbath Sh'bhll

Tarik

al Tibn, the

Riccioli

this

as

Hebrew

NethiTebhen, correctly

bhath,

which
or

the

Syrians

translated
the

Tebhna;
Pimoit

the

Persians, Bah

Kakaahan,

simply Kakeshan;

Copts,
to

ende

pitch;

and

the

Turks, Banian Road,

the
"

Ugh'rilL

These

last also called

it Hagjiler Ynli, the

Pilgrims'
Grimm,
;

traversed

in their annual
"

journey
"

Mecca.

Riccioli
same

also cited the

Aethiopian

Chaaara
the Straw

tsamangadu;
Stalks
And

and

country'sPasare probably
from
some

Zamanegade,
source,

lying in the Road

a

both

from

one

transcribed. original differently tells us

were

singular Chopped
after (!) Harta-

legend,

unknown
the

that

these

Stalks,or
Saint Venus

Straw, marking
her theft from

Road, Pilgrims' Peter; hence

In

dropped by
Armenian
the title

Saint

her

Hartacol,
name

or

cogh,

the from

Straw-thief.
the color

China

it shared
straw.

zodiac's

of the Yellow

Road,
In

of this scattered the

classic folk-lore Isis in her

troubles

dropped by
wrote

Milky Way was from flight Typhon

with

marked
; or
was

out

by

the
of

corn some

ears

the

result

of

Juno's nursery
that it

the infant Hercules.

Alluding to

these,Manilius

justly draws
Its name, the

Milky Circle,from
Roman

its

cause.

From

this doubtless

came

the

Oiroulus
in

Jnnonins. connection

Early India
with

accounted
and
a

for it in somewhat

similar

thought

same way is expressedby the Arabic

the

Sarama;

Umm

al

SanuV, the Mother

of

of the

Sky. Gwydyon,
of the

Caer

the Castle
one

of

Gwydyon,

the

enchanter
more

son

Don, the

King
of the also

Fairies,is

of its Celtic

titles in Corona

modern

times, others
But

family appearing
it the road

in

Cassiopeia and
which

Borealis. his

the Celts

thought
3*

along

Gwydyon

pursued

erringwife.

482
The Incas

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
of

of Peru
; the

said that it Ottawa

was

the dust
that

stars, and the

gave
water

titles to its stirredup

various

parts

Indians,
the

it
of

was

muddy
while

by

turtle

swimming
it
as

along
the

bottom

the

sky ;
been

the

Polynesian
indeed,a
ture of Na-

islanders In

know

Long, Milky

Bine, Cloud-eating Shark.

poetry, too, the

"

Way

has

ever

favorite

"

hackneyed
in

subject. Miss Myra

:

Reynolds

tells us

in her

7 reatment

English Ibetty
Waller
on,

From

the
;

Milky

Way

virtues typifies

so

numerous

that

tbey

shine

in

cne

undistinguishedblaze
and

that Swift's
use

Apollo'sEdict
of

of

1720,

among

its

prohibitionsto
that of would
our

authors of

the

of

some even

the

more

wearisomely frequent similitudes,specifically Milky Way,

"

forbids

their

naming

the

rule

have

been

equally applicableto
the former, Manilius

the classical authors

wrote

as

to

those

day.

Among

of it :
beaten Path and
are

as

that

spreads
the

between Green. the

troden
as

Meadow,
Seas
on

divides

Or
Foam In

when

plow'd

behind

Ship, Deep.

curls Heaven's

the dark

green

surface such

of the
this

surface

Circle lies,
skies.

And Or
as

parts
when
seems

with

various

Light
her
to

the

Azure
Bow

Iris draws this Circle

radiant the

Such

World

below.

Among

recent

poeticalsimiles

we

find

Edward midnight golden

Young's
pomp,

this This gorgeous

arch

with

worlds

inlaid

Joseph

Rodman

Drake's
The

milky

baldric

of the skies,

and

in the

CulpritFay;
the

bank

of the

milky

way

Tennyson's
marvelous Below Orion
round
;

of

milky light

while
Lancelot

in

the
to

Lady

of

Shalott

he

likens

the

"gemmy
see

bridle"

of Sir

some

branch

of

stars

we

Hung
The

in the

golden Galaxy.

Finnish

Topelius

made

it the

484
Some
"

Star-Names

and

their

Meanings
of

thought it the
and
as

sunbeams

left behind

in the track
termed

the

sun's the the

chariot,
Girdle

the

Vestigium Solis, that Macrobius

others, Via
the
sun

Zona said that

penuta,
it
was

Burned;

penuta.

Plutarch
us.

shadow
the

of the earth
1

passed beneath
the
the

Diodorus

the

of Sicilian,

st

century

before

Christ, and

of philosopher-naturalist Theophrastus,

the
"

3d,
a

asserted

that it marked
thus

junction of
:

the

two

starry hemispheres,

statement

versified
the

by Manilius
grown

Whether
And

Skies

old here
admit
an

shrink
upper

their

frame, joyn'd,

through the
whether here

chinks the

Flame,
are

Or
But

Heaven's
a

two

Halves
behind.

odly clos'd, still leave

here the

Seam

Or To
Like The

parts in Wedges
are

closely prest,
than and

fix the Clouds

Azure

Frame,

thicker
appear,

the Rest. bound

the

condens'd

Sight,

being

thickened

into White.

Even

as

late

as

1603 Bayer
Constat
hie

wrote

circulus

ex

tenui

nebulosa

substantia; of the

and
seven

such

probably
he

was

the
"

general scientific conception glazed optic tube

Nuncius
"

Galaxy until

years later Galileo's

revealed

its largerconstituent

stars,

and,

as

wrote

in the
the

Sidereus,
for it is

got rid of disputesabout

stars

Galaxy

...

nothing else

but

mass

of innumerable

planted together

in clusters.

few, however,
its
true

even

in

antiquity seem
; for

to

have the

known,
of
a

or

at

least

pected, sus-

character

Democritus, him, said

master

Epicurus,about
assemblage of coincided;
to

460
very

b.

c,

and

Pythagoras
stars, in which

before

that

it

was

vast

distant

belief

Aristotle

seems are

to

have

though al-

several man,
as

other, and
to

absurd, opinions
Manilius

attributed

this eminent

well

as

Democritus.

thus

expressed this belief:

Or

is the

spatious

Bend

serenely bright
there their Beams

From
And

little Stars, which

make
one

unite,

solid and

continued

Light? is quoted

Arabian

poets

wrote
"

as similarly,

Ta'abbata

Sharran, whose

verse

in the Hamasahy

The

Mother

of clustered

stars.

Our
one

knowledge
of
a

of it may

thus

be summed briefly

up

It

covers

more

than

tenth
seems

the
vast

visible heavens,

containing nine

tenths

of the

visible stars, the sphere,

and

zone-shaped nebula, nearly a great circle

of the

The
in Coma

Galaxy
In
a

485
it can
the
stars

poles being optical aid

not

and

Cetus.

measure

be resolved

by slight
not at

into innumerable

stars, although even

will telescopes largest

are

resolve

the faintest parts.

with
our sun

Many

of these It

small,

"

all
to

comparable
the
is to

in dimensions."

is inclined

about

630

celestial
sidereal

equator, and, Sir

what
the

John

Herschel
to

wrote,
"

invariable

is ecliptic

planetary astronomy

plane

of

ultimate

reference,

the ground-plane of the sidereal system.

positionclose to it t"ut, as we see it,

^branches

Our

its central is marked

plane is not by
is strange

favorable cavities and

to

correct

survey

excrescences,

with

at interruptedin its course, especially and force still at Ophiuchus Argo, apparently by the operation of some in well in its width as Its these interruptions its course. as -work, being
"

in all directions,and

apparent

structure

is

not
or

uniform,
with
almost number
are

but

curdled

or

flaky, bright patches

"

alternatingwith
While

faint

absolute of the

vacancies.
has but few
true

it contains

large
in

it star-clusters,

nebulae, although among

Scutum,
the Dumb-bell of

these

important Horseshoe
the

Nebula

below

Vulpecula, and
found
to

Trifid in

Sagittarius; yet
it.
the

masses are nebulosity large work seems Pickering'sspectroscopic

diffused

in several indicate sidereal

of
two

portionsof
that

Milky Way
Gould

forms

system
to

separate from

the it is
"

rest

of

the

universe ; but
or more

inclined

the

opinion that
"

the

resultant

superposed

for the brighter which will perhaps account in Cassiopeia portions galaxies," crossed ringsvisibly and Crux as representing the intersection of the two Clerke thus concludes the chapter on divergingin Ophiuchus." And Miss

the

Milky Way

in her

System of the
entire
of

Stars:
formation, whether
the firmament
the
are

What

is unmistakable

is that the

single or

hoisted phenomenon.
k
It is
a

All the contents of

a

compound, is arranged with reference

of finite minds
to

no

to

large part

larger scheme

exceeding

compass

grasp

in

*!sentirety.

3'*

INDICES

GENERAL
including
Authors' Arabic

INDEX
Greek

Not

Names,
indices

Titles, Biblical
follow this

references,
General

nor

matter.

Separate

for these

Index.

A,

or

Aleph
399. the

(Taurus),

381.

Agni, Aigle,

91,
55. 80.

390.

Aaron,
Aaron

High
330.

Priest,

237,

336.

Ailuv, Airy Aja,

Abantiadea, Abeille,
Abel Aben Aben the Exra Exra
291.

Trigon,
78.
437.

49.

Just,

20a,

395,

347.

Ajala,
86;
et

(correctly Ibn (Cassiopeia),

385.
33.

Exra),
144.

passim.

Ak,

437. 437.

Akanna,
Akiah

Abhijit, Abigail,
Abraham's Abraham

Gangi,

475.

Akhahafarn, Ram, 78. Isaac,

151.

467.
7.
our

Akhtar Akkadian

Wenik,

with

astronomy,
of the

knowledge with,
x

of, limited,
et

Absyrthe,
Abukia, Acator, Acerra,
85.
6a.

85.

connection

calendar

passim.

469.

Akokera,

138. 36a. 36a.

333.
on

Afcrabh, Akrevi,
in.

Acetabula,
Acetea,
199.
112,

Alatus,
Al

Blrunl,
lunar

the

study
8, 9
;

of
et

the

stars,

xii,7;

and

the

Ackahi,

348.

mansions, (Abbireo,

passim. Albeiro, Albirco),

Acreshi,
Acria

348.
330. 151.

Albireo

Alberio,

Acrisioniades,
Venator,
362.

196. Alcidea,
Alci'one
240.

Acrobo, Acrux,

and
403.

Alcin'oe,

403.

Alpha
59.

(a) of Crux,

191.

Alcy'one,

Acvattha,
Afvini,

Aleph
8a,
3x3, 354.

(Aldebaran),
and

38s.

nakshatra,
342.

Ales Ales

Avis,
193.

193.

Adam,
Adam

Jo vis,

and

Eve,

234. 324.

Ales

Ledaeus,

193.

Adhupakarik,
Adler,
Adler
55.

Alexandrian of (note),

School,
19.

Greek

in

character,

19;

gin ori-

mit

dem
135. 415.

Antinous,

56.

Alfonsine Alfonso

Tables,
the system

The,
remark

12;

Aegoceroa, Aegyptua,
Aequoreua Aequoris

Tenth,

et passim. maic of, concerning the Ptole12.

of astronomy,

Aequinoctialia,
Hircua,
323. 237.

76. 46.
135.

Ali Vicrika,
Al Kitib al

363.

Juvenia,

Mijisti,
linteum derivation
240.

xii.
or

Alligamentum Almagest, Almannus, Alpheichius,

luteum,

34a.

Aereua, Aeaacus,

of word,

xii (note 3) ; et

passim.

Aeroata'to,

399. 303,

298.
Arabic and Arabian star-names,

Aesculapius,

398.
invention
of astronomy,
2J

Al
et

Sufi,

on

xiii;

Aethiopia, claim of, to Afeichius, 398. Afelar, a3o. Africa, and the zodiac, Afsasat, 469.
Aften

passim.
(Libra),
or

Altar Altar
6.

273.

Altare

(Ara), 61.
63.

Altar

of

Noah,

Alter,
Alter Altera

xi8.

Hoehne,
427.

399.

Castor,
Soils
403.

223.

Aganna, *"*"tya
Agena,

Porta,

136.
reviser of Al Kitib al

(Sanskrit
154.

for

Canopus),

71.

Alti'one,
Al Thabit xii. Al

ibn

Kurrah,

jisti, Mi-

Agenoreus, 370. 489

Tixini, work

of, translated

by Hyde,

; et

passim.

49"
Alub,
57.

General

Index
tion deriva-

Xi 86.
305.

Amalthea,

of Phi
379.

of,38; 38; name (") of Andromeda, of,38; Bayer's estimate of; 30. name
(*) of Andromeda,
; names

Amaaiua,
AmaaiuB Amaxa,
Amazon

and in Chinese

Chi

(x) Andr.,

30 ;

Paaiphaea,
426.

position of, 39
Great

astronomy

of,3539:

Nebula,
39;

The,

of

Andromeda, of, 39:

from
39 ;

sition Po:

Star,
404.

313.
name

of,

ancient

knowledge
noticed
names,

AI

Sufi's

Amba,
American
Ammon

for, in 986, 39
under

; not

986-1612, 39

4x8. Libycua, 78.

315. 97. 49.

Qana,

catalogued by Marius,
Andromeda'a

many

descriptwe c"
39.

39 ; true

character
35.

of, undetermmed,

Amnls, AmoB,

Head,

Ampeliue,

Lucius, and Aquarius, and Zethua, 333. Ampbion or Arionia, Lyra, a8x. Amphionia, Amphitrite, 199. Amphitryoniadea, 24 1. (Two-handled Wine-jar), Ampbora
Amru,
Anacea,
or

Angel Stern, 454. Anguifer, 398. Anguiger, Anguilla, 398.

374. 374.

Anguia, 303, Anguitenena,

45, 334.

398.

Bmru
333.

(Aries), 78.

Anelar, Anhelar,
Announcer

930. 330.

An-nae-aur-ra,

448.
of Invaaion
on

Ancha,

54.

the

Border,

389.

Anderaon,
gae, 9*-

Tbomaa

D., Dr.,

discovers

Auri-

Ano

(Virgo), 46a.
Americanus, 418.
or

Anaer,473,474.
319. 399. 31 ; names
;

Andhaki,

Anaer

Androgeua,
Andromeda,

of the ancients

for, 31
,

mentioned by Sappho, 700 b. c. classical Sophocles on, 31 ; antedates times, 33 ; the Euphrates the probable origin of, 3a ; Sayce's claim concerning, 33 ; noted in Phoenicia, 3a ; tides of,33 ; familiar to the classic Latins, additional

of,31
and

Jitu, and Mina 3a. signifi- Antamarda, ; cance 364. ripides Anta'rea, 31 ; EuAnta, Antarii,
Antar'a 86.

Minam,

338.

Star,

365. 448.
131,133. 131.

Ab-ta-aur-ra,
Antecania Antecedena

(Anticanea),
Cania and

3a ; name
name

of Caesar

Germanicus

for,
classic

3a ;

liast's scho-

Arabic
3a;

and

for,33 ; another names' of, other

versions
of

3a;

for,3a ; original figure of,

name

Antepea

(Antecuraor), Antepedea, 353.

legend of, 3a ; Arabian for the astronomers* representation of, 33; reason Utter, 33 ; idea of the Spanish edition of the A l/tmsine Tables
33;
as

various

the

Antevorta, 469. Antigonua Gonatas, patron of Aratos, Antin'oiia, location of,40; origino", 40;
to

17.

lime

know

early
;

astronomers,

40,

41 41

; ;

to, 33;

Pisces, Caestus'
name

other

dictum
;

of, with early connection early representations of, 33; Julius Schiller's concerning, 33;
cross

to, 41 notices
appears 41

unnoticed

till 1551,
variant

Ptolemy's aflusioa various subsequent

of,
41 ;

of,
for

41

rides

occasional?
names

Aquarius,

41 ; various

other

of,

for, 33

the

of,

34 ; the

bounds

of,

34 ; to,

; various

locations of, 41.

Milton's 34;

reference to, 34 ; Kingsley's reference stars position of component of, 34; recent Heis and concerning, 34; Argelander components

Antlia

fusion concerning con-

astronomers

4a;

to (the Air Pump), 4a ; known Loft Pumpc, Antlia,4a; die German has 85 of, 43; position of, 43; culmination as

Pneumatica

of,

34 ;

the 35.

Phoenician

sphere
names

and

the

composition of, 34,

Alpha
35; the

(a) of Andromeda, 35 ; various significanceof, in astrology, 35 ; of,

35 ; identical

of,

naked-eye stars, 43 ; inconspicuous period of, 43. 43; Anubis (Canis Minor), 13a.
359,

but interestm*.

Arabic

scription deAnu-ni-tum,

with

delta (i) of
35 ; its

35 ; is one the Hindu

of the Three lunar

Guides,

Pegasus, positionin
to

Anuridhi,
Anuv, Aorion,
80. 304.

367.

sodiac,

35 ; its relation

Gamma

(y) of Pegasus,
confusion
to

35 ; culmination

of,

35.
names

Apa,
of,36:

or

Apaa,
aao.

470. 473.

Beta(/S) of Andromeda,36;
with Zeta

various

(") of Ursa

by

Hipparchos,

Major, 36; referred bian 36; position of, in later Ara-

Apami-Ataa, Ape, The, Aper, Apea, Apet, Apex Apha

340. 39a. 309.

locations 36; various of, 36; its astronomy, position, 36; significance of, in astrology, 36; in for, 36; included Sca)iger*s name by Brown lunar station Kuton, in Arit,36. 36; by Renouf Gamma (y) of Andromeda, 36; various names

of the Barani

Sun'a

Way,

345. "9*-

of, 36,
easy

37 ; eminent

in

astrology,37; duplicityof,37;
;

Bharanl), (correctlyApha Aphelion (Aphellar, Aphellan), 33a Apln, lunar station,53.

resolution

of, 38

Sir William

Herschel
;

on,

38.
;

Delta

(") of

Andromeda, of, 38.

38

position of, 38

of position

components

Apia, 391, 393, Apia Indica, Apia Muaca,

381.
43. 391.

492
and

General

Index

Khorasmian
59 ;
a a

thology,
vana,

component

correspondents, 59 ; in Zend my. of axst nakshatra* "raof the Chinese and

use

55 ;

component

Ho

K.00,

60; other

in

astrology, 60;

magnitude
color,

of, 60;

Minor, Arctus, 433. Arctusona, 10a. Arcua, 35a.

Arcturus

93.

details of, 6a

Ardri,
names,

31

x.

Beta

03) of Aquila,

and

of, 60.
Gamma

(y) of Aquila,
61.

color, color,
with

names,

of, 60,

Epailon
of, 61
Lambda
;

(") of Aquila,
in Chinese

names, 61.

astronomy,

tt passim. position Argelander, 10; Argha (Argo), 66. and tion posiArgion, 132, 304. Argoa Puppis (Argo), 66. and Argolica Navia tion posi(Argo), 66. Argonautic Expedition, characters

of,repraeoteii
poaoot d divisions "J,"h :

(A) of
in Chinese

Aquila,
astronomy,

Iota

(1), names

in the heavens,

18 ; et

passim. of, 64-67; of,64

;

of, 61

61 ; in the

Grynaeus

Argo
64
in
;

Navis,
extent

various

names

Syntaxis, 61.
and Aquarye, 48. Aquary Aquila (Italian), 55. Aquila Antinoiia, 41. Aquila cadens, 283. a8a. Aquila marina, or Tortor 56. Promethei, Aquila Promethei, Aquilaris, a8z. Aquilids, The, radiant point and period of, 60. Aquilonaris, 337. Aquilonius, 337. 46. Aquitenens, Ara, various names of, 61-63; location of, 61; in classic times, 6a; in Euphratean astronomy, 63; components various of, 63, 64; representations meteorological importance of, in early-

and

culmination

Alfimsine TaJUts,vA ir" other in mythology, to65; Comtticum, legends concerning, 65, 66 ; conspkoGJs 1 low latitudes, of, 73. 7f" 75 67 ; minor components Ariadnaea Corona, 174.
poetry, Thtatrum

65; in the

Ariadnaea Ariadne's Ariadne's Ariadne's

Sidua,

174. 177. 168. 174.

Crown, Hair,
Tiar,

Arianrod, 480. Aries, locations of,

Manilius
on, 75;

75;

various

names

of,

75-79-

of, 62-64;

c-s Longfellow on, 7s: legend* cerning, 75, 76; representationsof, 76-79: tsckoi prominence of, 76; in the Jewish calendar, 7: Dante in mythology, 78; in Eastern as"on, 77;

times, 63. Arabia, backward

in the
art

nomical in after

systems,
on,

78; with
in

the

biblical school. -S

early astronomy, 36; Muhammad,

9$t a6-

35 ; her progress
star

Aratos minor

79:

worship

components

in,

a6.

Alpha
astronomy,
or

(a) of
on,

astrology, 79; symbol of, ;*of,83. and posi"oDo(.6c. Aries, names

various
;

Arabian

Chaucer

80;

conjectures cooceraisg.
culmination
names

Arabib,
Arabic

Aribib, 78.
inter-relation

80, of, with

Greek

81 ; in

navigation, 81

of, S";

star-namea,

Beta

03) of Aries,

various

of,81, 8a

pan

xii. titles, AraboLatin

at

of the uakshatra

Acvini, 8a.
luunesand o(:: duplicity

Almagest,
in 1515,

The,

originof, xii; published

Gamma Delta Ariete

(y) of Aries,
75,

Venice

xii: el passim.

(4) of Aries, details concerning, S3. 78.

Ara
Ara Arator Arator

Centauri, 6a. Thymiematis, (Auriga), 85. (Bootes), 92.

(Aries),
80.

6a.

Arietids, The, positionof, 83.

Arietis, Arion,
195, 304.

Ara

on

and the number of the constellations, 11; sky figures,17; ignorant of astronomy, 17; the "certain his sphere identical other," ("*/!*), 17; with that of Eudoxos, 17 ; criticized by Hipparchos,
t os,
1

Arista, 461, 467. Aristae Puella, 461, 467. Arista Puellae, 461.
Aristaeus, Aristotle, 46,
399.
on on

7 ; his Pkainomena 17; et

founded

on

its prose

namesake

Aristophanes,
3 ;

star star

by Eudoxos,
Arcadium

passim.

worship, 26. worship, 26.

Sidua,

42a.

Arit,
Ark,

ao,

36.
101.

Arcanua, Arcaa, Archer,

94.

76. Gabriel, 333. See Sagittarius.

351. 386.

Ariture,
435.

Archangel
The.

Arkat Ark of

aha the

hi-na

Shahu,

141.

Covenant,

181, 184.
112.

Arcitenens,

Arc-light,
Arctoe Arctoi
et

Draco,
Arctoe,

204.
430.

Arku-sha-nangaru-aha-ahutu, Arku-sha-pu-u-maah-maahu, 80. Arku-sha-rishu-ku,

Arma,
151. 260.

336.

and
420.
102.

Arctoe,

Arctur,
Arcturi
Arctu'rua

Armagh, Armiger
Arnebeth,
Arnum

Alea, 56.
365.

Arcturus.

Custos, 94. (Ursa Major), 42a. See a of Bootes, under

Bootes*

93,

98.

(Aries), 78. Arocea,475.

General

Index

493
part
;

Aroch,

475. 351. 352. 35a

Arabia's

in

Arquitenene,
Arrow,
Arrow
351,

origin, 47
Druids, Knott).
As

centred

early early, 25; perhaps of very and in Aquarius by the Magi

and the Creation

48.

of

Cupid,
See

As-sur-ba-ni-pal, Uraaa,
421.

Legend,

Arrow, ArtJLn,
Arthur's

The.
353.

Sagitta.
Wain, 436.

Chariot
93.

or

Asvahtirs,

The and
177.

Seven, Der'ceto,

5.

Artophilaxe, Artulos, 336. Artulosia, Arture, xox. Arturo, 102.

ArQ,
Arula
253. 35.

Atar'gatis 'AtirSth,
Atelier du

462.

Sculpteur,
X35.

373.

Athalpia, Athamas,
Athor

75, 76. (Athyr), 205. 399.

(Ara), 62. Arundhati, 404. Aryabhata (Hindu Hipparchos,

21. 100.

Athur-ai, Atl, 337.

astronomer),
used
same

signs

as

Atlantis,
Atlantea

406.

doughtres
94.
or

sevene,

396.

Aryaman,
AryC, Ary5,
353. 3x9.

88,

Atlas,
Atlas, Atri,

Pat'er

Atlas, 408.

Aryiki,

439. 303,
xox.

253.

Audax,
Audiens,

307.

Ascella, 358.

Asclepios, 298. Aaelli(Asiiii), xxx.

Aaelline

Aumea, Auriga,
xxx.

385.
various
names

of, 83-86;
Ideler
;

position of, 83;

Manilius
on,

Starlets,
105.

of, 83-86 figurings

the

on,

84

84;
;

Asellus,
Asellus Asellua

Egyptian

Horus, 85
of,

Professor

Young

and, 86

Australia, Borealis, Bridge,

Former
477.

minor
xxx. in. a

components

90-92.

Aagard Ashidhi,
Ashen

478.

'Ash, 87, 422.

and

Latter,

354.

Manilius on, fluvial*, 86; Pliny and in the Den86; legends and figurings of, 86-88; with Ptah, 87; in various derah Zodiac, 87; connected Eastern 88;
on,

Alpha signum

(a) of Auriga,

various

names

of, 86-88

Path,

Ashiyane,
Ashtaroth,

2x8. X77.

in

systems, Peru, 88;

88 in

in the Akkadian

dar, calen-

astrology, 88;
and others
on

88;
;

Professor

Young of, 89.

Tennyson color of,

and

Ashwins,
Aaina,
247.

The,

223.

89

culmination

Beta

(0) of

Auriga,

various

names

tion posi-

Aakar,
Asleha,

88.
354.

of, 89.
Gamma Same
259.
as

(y) of Auriga,
common to

names

and

position of,
90.

Asmidiske.

s/idiske

74.

89, 90;
Delta in

Asphulia,
Aas,
323.

Auriga and Taurus, (6) of Auriga, position of, 90;

90; in Hindu

unnamed Chinese

Aspidiake, 74.
Astacus, 107. Asterion, 1x5. Aater'ope, 407. Aator, 333. Aatraea, 373, 462.

English astronomy,
90.

and

astronomy,

Epsilon
of, 90.
Zeta poetry,

(") of

Auriga,
names

names

and

variability
;

(0 of Auriga,
90,

of, 90,

91

in classic and

91

the

westernmost 90, 91. 91.

of the

Haedi

prophetic of
terms

storms,

Astrologers, Roman
Rome

for, 33;

driven

from

Iota Lambda

(1) of

Auriga,
Tents,
91.

prosecution of, 33. Astrology,originated in the Euphrates Valley, 33 ; Roman designations for the devotees of, 33 ; Dante's beliefin, 33; English reliance on, 33, 34 ; instances of the latter, of, in England, 34; its 34; decadence by law,
23
;

Greek

(A) of Auriga,

with

and

"r, forms

one

of the Arabs' Mu

(m) of Auriga, (t) of

91,

91. 91.

Sigma
Tsu

(?) of Auriga,

Auriga,
92.

discovery of, 91

details

cause,

prevalent 34; by Gassendi, Kepler, and

on

the

Continent, Tycho
in and
term

34;

tised prac34
;

concerning, Aurigae,
or

Brahe,
in

"1

Nath,

390.

Napoleon'sbelief in,
century,
and in
35
;

35;

died

England
the

17th
25 ;

stillalive in China
35;

East,
35;

Manua, Aurigae 85. Aurigator,

or

89.
(Ara),
61.

Germany,

Kepler's

for,

Autel, nally origiAvdem, Avecr,

Encenaoir
259.

included

astronomy,

35 ; et

Passim.

Astron'ochus,353.
Astronomische Pernrohr,
advance stellar divisions
4x4.
a

3x8.
230. 230.

Avelar,
thousand years after
33

Astronomy, Ptolemy, xa

no

of, for

Avellar, Aveata,

in

early Chinese,

The,

5.

494
Avis Avis

General

Index

Ficarius,

x8a

Satyra, x8o. Avis Veneris, 193. Axis, the Earth's, in Ayil, 80. Ayish, 432.
Asasel,
Axure
137. 904.

Milton's

Parodist

Lost,

4.

and Bellerophontes, Beller'ophon Bellerophon (Auriga), 85. Bel Marduk, 3a. Bel-me-khi-ra, 425. Beltia, 376, 463. Belua, 163, 378. Belua

393.

Axhdehft,

aquatica, Benjamin, 279. 356, 361.

Bert di

383.

Dragon,
463.

ghia,

477. 170.

Berenice's

Bush,
Hair.

Basitis,

Berenice's Berenice's
of the and chief

See

Coma

Berenices.

Baba, or Baby, 397. The, Babylonians,

among, 23; et

meaning

stars

well versed 23 ;

in astronomy

astrology,

Periwig, Berg M enalua, 390. Berdssos, Chaldaean

Abraham famous that Ber Abraham

170.

historian

(260B.C),

";

dcdaicd
2

Bacchi

passim. Sidus, 96.

Roger,

for celestial observations,

s.

said

953.

Bacchus,
Bacon, Baculus

zand 311.

taught the Egyptians, nisheste, 341.

stars

(uote).
315.

Besn,
Bessel's

Jacobi,
X45.

lettered
or

in the

Pleiades,

405-**

Bagdei,
Baharu,

385. 136.
311, 3"3*

Bahi,
Bihu,

Centauri, 378. BethQlah, or Bethulta, 464. Bhidra padla, incorrectlyBhldra-padi, ki Kachahri, Bhagwin 475.
Biblical
et

Bestia,

Bestia

3*5.

Bahumehi,
Balaena,

190.

160, 163.
or

Balance, Balances, Baletne, Balik,

Ballon

Scales,
375.

The.

See

Libra.

160.
337.

School, The, passim. Biene, 291. Bier, 42a, 433, 449. Big Dipper, 436.

and

the

consteDauof""

"6.

Aerostatique,
The.
3x5.

337.

Balloon, Balteua,
Baltic

See

Globus

irostaticus.

Bighanwand, 369. Bilancia, 369. Bilat, 376.

Bildhauer Werkstadt, Bildhauerwerkatatte, Bil-Idun'e Way, 478. Bilu-aha-siri, 366.
373. 373.

Sea,

The,
339.

203.

Bambycil,
Ban,
354-

Band,
Bara, Barani
Bar

483or

Biot,

on

the lunar

mansions,

8.

Bere

(Aries), 78.
393.

Bir,
Bird

374.

(correctlyBharani),
35.

of the

Desert,
19a.

x8t.

Farshat,

Bird, The, Jakob,

13.

Bartach Barv,
Basilica

(Bartschiua),
393.
82.

Bittern,
Black Blase

The.

See

Grus.

Magellanic
Star,
177.

Cloud,

190.

Bashish,

Stella

and

Basiliscus,

356.

Basilisk, Bast,
399.

362.
30a.

Bastham,
Bast Isis

and

Taurt
145.

Isis, 437.

Bathsheba, Batillus,
6s.

Blinking Demon, 333. Bliicher, 458. Blue, 483. Blue Emperor, 361. Blue Planetary, The, Boar-Throng, 389.
Boat,
335. 435-

152.

Bayer,
Beam, Bear,

Johann,
431. 451.

3; the

Uranometria

of, 13

; et

sim. pas-

Beardriver, Bears, Becher,

435182.

The,

94.

Osiris, 365. Bochart, the on Samuel, et passim. 33; groups, Bocina and Bogina, 450. Bode, Johann EUert, 14:
X4-

Boat

of

origin of

man?

*ty

the

Uransgrsfkk

"

Bed, Bede,

or

Couch,
The

354,

355.

Bohrer, 389. Bombycii Hierapolitani,

6.

399,

Venerable

(Baeda),

Bodte, BoStea,
and

92.

Beehive,

The, xxs. Beel-zebul, 293.

and

Begde,466.
Belat

various names of,93-98 ; various denvsooos figuring* of, 93-98; Carlyle on, 93" Sytttaxis, 93 ; Cicero on, 93 ; Maiulius oft. 9* r:
on, 94
;

0l^f
*" "r

Belit, 463.
and

Aratos
94,

Ovid
on, on,

on, 94
;

94

Homer

(Doty
00,

Be'lier,
Bellator

75.

96;

La 95;

Lande

in the calendsr, 95*

;

Bellatrix,

307,

3x3.

siod on,

Vergil

95

Minsbeu

96 (**)"

General

Index

495

Dante
97
:

alludes in
;

to,
97
;

96;

in

the

Poland,
minor

Diirer*s

Alfonsine Tables, drawing of, 98 ; extent

;

of, 98

Alpha
names

components (a) of Bootes

;

of, 104-106. (Arcturus), 98

and various

Bridemif, 278. Brightly Radiating; Brood Hen, 436.

Brood-hen

One,

The,

124.

of, 98-103
often

early knowledge

naming of,

98;

99;

with
99:

confounded with Ursa neously Major, 98; errosupposed to be alluded to in the Book of Job, once a constellation, 99; in Homer, 99; famous early seamen, of,always dreaded, 99 ; influence in ancient
99;

star Vergiliae, 400. Robert, Jr.,xviii, 5; et passim. Brunei Straet, 479. or Brutum, Butrum, 396, 399. Bubulum Bub'ulcua, or Caput, 380. Bubulua, 96.

Brown,

marine stormy

insurance, 99; reputation of, 99;

100;

in

Latin

bandry, Bucca hus-

(BuccanHorn),

135.

on.

99; mention astronomy

in

Plautus,
100;

in

Horace,
xoo;

of,

in astrology,

Hippocrates Pope's 100; in Egyptian

an

Buchdrucker

Buchdrucker

Preaae, 297. Werkatadt,

297.

associated of

object
100;

various
100;

with Antares, 100; worship, xoo : in the Hindu in Chinese opinions of, 100; the
xox

tian Egypsystem,
my, astrono-

Bulino, 106. Bull, The. See Taurus. Bull, The (Centaurus), 150.
Bull of
or

Light, 382.
Ox,
of Chinese astronomy,
X39.

with

Arabians,
;

100,

101;

in

thcAl-

Bull,
Bull's Bull's

fimsine

Tables,
with

in
101

the
;

weapons,
xox s

picted Imagest, xox ; deof, xox ; early visibility identification

;

Eye, 384. Thigh, 434.

with
xox

Al
;

Blrunl,

;
name

Chaldaean

of,

on,

Wiclif John xox ; varying

X02;

for,xox
of, xox, Recorde,
with

John
xoa

of Trevisa in the

locations Robert

Synto

Bunch of Arrows, 173. Persian lunar station,52. Bunda, Bundeheah, The, and the zodiac,

5;

and

the

nar lu-

taxis,
be
seen

with the
eye

102;

first star

in

daytime
before

with
102

naked
;

sunset,

seen telescope, 102; brilliancyof, xoa;

Piiny
of,
xos

and
;

the color of, with

102; ;

Schmidt Elkin

and

the
xoa,

color
X03; 103
;

large

proper

Schiller,xoa motion of,

and,

mansions, 9. Bungula, 153. Burin, The, 106. Bushel, 435. Bushgali, 136.
Buaaola Butcher'a

103;

spectrum

of,
with

(in. Argo), 64.

culmination

Beta Gamma

(0) of
Al

of, 103. Botftea, various

("), and
103;

Cleaver,
86. 331.

436.

names

for,103;
of

(y), Delta

Mu

(m) of Bootes, the

Cabrilla, Cadmua,

trapezium
Gamma

Dhi'bah,
;

the head

Bootes, 103.
of,
on, 103 103 103.
; ;

Cacodaemon,
299.

(y) of Botftea, various

X03 on,

names

position of,
Flammarion Delta

Euripides
103;

and

Manilius

in Chinese unnamed

astronomy, except

(6) of

Bootea,
X04.

nese in Chi-

Caduceua, 171. Caeciua, 298. Caelum, or Scalptorium,

xo6; culmination

106;

various

names name

01,

astronomy,

of, 106;

Burritt

changes

Epaifon (c) of Botftea, various names of, 104 in the Alfonsine position of, X04; Tables, 104; beauty of, 104; binary character of, 104; Herschel's
failure Bta
to

of, xo6.
Caer Caer

Arianrod, Qwydyon,
7.

177.

481.

determine

fa) of

of, X04
Chinese
Theta

parallax of, 104. Botftea, various names of, 104 ; ; in Euphratean astronomy, 104
105.

sition po; in

Caes, xi Caeaiua,
Caeaiua

the
tt

Coelum

Astronomico-Poeticon

of (see

*0t*),3i;
Caeteua

passim.

astronomy,

(*) of
Iota

(") and
X05
;

Bootea, (1) of Bootes,

X05.

associated
105
;

with
names

Kappa
of,

various

Caga
Cahen Cahen

position of, (m) of

and various

Mu

Botftea,
names

color

and
105; 105

ternary in
;

character

(Ophiuchus), 299. (Hercules), 240. Qilgati, 206. Ourah, 450. Sihor, 120.

of, 105;
Tables

of,

the

Alfonsine
105.

Almagest
99.

of 1515,

Idelerand,

Bootea
Botftla

(a Boons),
and

Botftrea,

93.

Boa, 380.
Boteler

(Butler), Samuel,
(on Argo), 64.
Mias Hannah
352.

3.

Bouasole

Cain, 267. Cajupal, 400. Calamus, 350. Calendar, the Akkadian, details concerning, Calf of the Lion, First, 467; Second, xoi. California of the Sky, 310. Calls, 183.
Callisto

x.

Bouvier,
Bow and

M.,

92.

Arrow,
234.

Bow, The,
Brachium
Brahma

(correctly Bracchium), Ridaya, 88.

58.

368.

(Kalliato), 421. Calx, 236. Camaleonte, or Cameleon, Camcheacta, 431.

165.
106 ; various

Camelopardalia,
names

or

Camelopardus,
of,
106
; extent

Branchiae, xxx.

and

formations

and
107;

location
nents compo-

BraodenburgJEagle, The,
Braallian Pye, 4x8.

of, xo6;
and
109.

in Chinese culmination Cattle

astronomy,

xo6,

Breastplate of Righteousness,

Camels,

or

of, 107. (Sagittarius), 355.

496
Camelus,
Camino de
xo6.

General

Index

Canis, and El, 480. of, of, position of,

in the
107

Canis

Australior,

1x7.

Santiago,
107.

Cania Cania

(Cassiopeia), 144. Latrana, Major

93.

Cammarus, Cancer,
sine

various

names

107; 107;

107:

Canis

(Australior),position o(

X17;

nnoc

distinguishing feature
Tables,
107
;

with

classic
107
;

writers,

of, 117-xao; Alfonnames meariyandmclassktixaei,!!?. mer, nificance in the Prognastica and Pkaiuemena, ; insig117; in Hoon, 107; X17;

of, in the zodiac,

mythology

Hesiod

on,

1x7;

with

the 118;

Greeks,
in the

1x7;

of this,107 ; subject of early attention, 107 ; reason in astrology, 107, 108; evil significance of, 108; in Akkadian various astronomy, identifications with
108
;

with sine

the

Latins, 118;
xx8
;

in

Ovid,

Alfom.

Tables,

mentioned

by Vergil,1x8; legends
to, xx8;

in
;

the

calendar,

108

concerning
Aratos'
name

and

allusions

Bayer and, xiS;

astronoxoy,
ixg

of, 108

in Saxon and

chronicles, Milton, 109;

109;

for, 1x9; Almagest,

and astronomy,

in Arabian
1x9;

xo8, 109;
in with of the

Dante,

Chaucer,
109; with
on

in the Latin 1x9;

in

in the Urammetria.

Egyptian
Denderah,

records,

Albumasar,
the round

with

Chumead

La

Lande,

1x9;

imponact Young
or.

biblical

school, 109;
on

zodiac
110;

Euphratean
various
; among

1x9; 1x9;

Professor with
1x9
;

109;

the

Farnese

globe,
and,

in

X19; 119

figuring! of,
Northern

the Hindus, ides-

Hindu Doctor the the

astronomy,

zxo;

various
xio;

picturings of, no;

xxo;

nations, Major
various Homer
xax

Novidius*

Johnson
in,

and,
the H
xxx

Ampelius symbol

in

tification of, 1x9.

coinage of Cos,
sun xxo;

1x0;

alley comet
various

of,no; and,

period of
xix;

Alpha
vabon of
on,

(a) of Canis
name,
iao;
iao

(Sirius), 120;
names

den-

chief
1x4.
xxx

of, no:
iao;

tarch Plu-

components

of,
(a) of of,

minor

components
names

of,

Galen

and

on,

sacrificed

Alpha
culmination Beta Gamma

Cancer,

of,

to
xax

by
;

Roman

farmers,
of

among

the Lanes,
in

xxx. xxx.

in the Palladium derivation

0/ Husbandry,
Arabic
names

Ede? k

(0) of Cancer,

on,

xax;

of, in;

(y) of Cancer,

various

names

of,

xxx

in the Latin
xxx;

A Imagest the A l/onsine Tables, and Manilius trology, and, ixx ; in asBailey and, xxx; in meteorology, xxa; Pliny and, xxa. ixa;

on in : the early works xax, astronomy, modem in Finnish " literature, 122. Subaii, xaa; Eastern Edkiosoa, Oceania, xaa; of, x"; names

various

xaa;

Hewitt
123;
star ;

on,

xaa;

in

Euphratean
in
;

astroooo). 123; the

Delta

(i) of Cancer,
on,
xxx;

various
on,

names ixx;

of, xxx,
in

xxa;

122,

its

periods known
with in
;

in Chakiaea,

Bailey
x 12;

Manilius
xxa;
xxa.

astrology,
xia

only
123

known

certitude
123

Egyptian records,
on

in

meteorology,
Solar

inconspicuous,
various
names

in

worshiped
123, 124

Egypt,
Plutarch
;

the Deadenfc
;

Hind's

System,
and,
xia;

zodiac,
names

and,
of
;

124

other foro*
riod, pe-

Epsilon
1x3; the

(") of Cancer,
Galileo

of, of,
xxa;

11

a,

of

worship of, 124

124
;

the
on

base

the

Canicular

Bayer
of the 1x3:

scientific

in
on,

Lockyer
Minsheu

this,124
124;

Sir Edwin
name

AnwU for,
us ir

Almagests,
lunar

113;

and,

113;
1x3
;
as

nent compoology, meteor-

134:

on, 125;

Cnestus' the

station

Avra-k,
on, in

in
a

124;

position of,

with

Phoenician*,

Pliny and
of

Aratos

1x3;

heraldic

ignored by Chinese relatively

Chinese

astronomers,

125;

sign and
Zeta interest mercurial Theta

in

astrology, 113; Cancer,

China,

113. 114;

(0
to

position of,
1x4
; one

of great intracelebrated
125; in

of/**, astrology, 125 ; the Maxzaroth Hebrew worship of, 125 ; calnunaboo
at

probable im-

oC

astronomers,

of Watson's

Eleusis,

125;

veneuted

in Arataa,

planets, 114(4) of Cancer, planets, 114.

(k) and
Xi
109. 109.

one

of

Watson's

intra-

Pope,

mercurial

early astrology and poetry, 125; Homer, Spenser on, 125 ; in the Aeneid and Gt orgies, iao; Hesiod, Hippocrates, and Manila*
and xa6; and heliacal Milton

Kappa
Mu Cancer

Lambda

(A) of Cancer,
1x4.

114.

on,

rising of,
on, 127;
x

iao;
on

Gcminos the Farnese

on,

irf

(m) and Minor,

(") of Cancer,

Dante
127
;

globe.
: "*

Pliny concerning,

27 ;

with

Aristotle, 127

Cancre, Cancro,
Candlemas Cane Cane Canea Canes

Le,

107,

late

astrology, 127;

character

of, in

W" opposition,
"

II, 107.

Bull, 383.
117. 131. 434, 450.
names

Maggiore,
Minore, Laconicae,

always the brightest star in the heavens, 127 *ecD in daylight, 137; change of color of, 127; AraK*' adjective for, 137 ; Tennyson on, 127 ; Arago'sArabic

for, X27; name among parallax of, 128; its color

apparent the
sun,

the

nearest

stars,

i^-

perhaps
of, xa8;

the caused*
dun brighter

Venatici,
on, X14; 1x5;

various

of,

1x4,

115;

emy Ptol-

magnitude,
128;
spectrum

ia8; fortytimes
Kant

in the Bartschius

Prodrvmus,
and

1x5;

usual
on, 1x5;

ing figurCor other with

of,

Assemani

1x5.

culmination idea facts taire

of, 128:

upon,

velocity of, "*" xa8; Manfrtf Swift and

"
*

Alpha
Caroli
names

(a) of

Canes

Venatici,
Flamsteed

the

concerning, 128; satellite of, located, x*S" 'J9concerning the satellite of, 129 on this,129.
of Canis (fi) the
130:
;

of H

alley, 115; Ulug

1x6; details Canea the

on,
a

1x5;

of, xx6;

Beg

on,

1x6;
on,

favorite

amateur

observers, of,
x

Espin
Venatici

xx6;
116.

tion culmina-

Beta
130;

16 ; other

concerning,
star

forerunner in

of

Major, various names of.139. Butttnano "*Sirius, xso; Major,

130; nan**, tion, por-

Beta
next
em

(0)
Cor

of

(Chara),
of the

116;

129,

China,

130.

to

Caroli

brightest

South-

Gamma

(y) of Canis (") of Canis

Hound, xx6. Canicula, xa, 118,

disappearance, and
13a.

reappearance

of,13"-

Delta

Major,

of,13* variability

General
Bpailon (") of Canis angle of, 13a
Zeta
names

Index
oriental

497

Major, Major,

names

and

tion posiand

(") of of,
130.

Canis

130;

location

Eta
131
:

fa) of

Cania
131.

Major,

universal

name

of,

Smyth

on,

nificance legends concerning, 135; weather sigAlmagest, 135; of,135; \n\ne A rabo-Latin Greek legend concerning, 136; in Eastern systems, in earlytimes,136; Platonic* 136 ; frequent mention of, ideas concerning, 136; Sargon on, 136 ; NumaPomand, 136 ; in astrology,136: Akhabituson,i36; pilius
140;

Mu

(m) of Cania

Omicron Canis

Major, Grotius on, 132. Major, with Pi (*) of (0) of Canis

other small
stars,

Major and
131.

the Chinese

Ya

Kc,
Cania
to

Minor,
the Greeks

various

names

by

any

of,131-133; not known comparative title, 131 ; Roman

peculiar to Vesta, 136; Ampelius on, 136; Manilof 1386, X37; Ariuson, X36, 137; in the almanac ably the pet of astrologers, candumon, 137; 137; favorregarded regarded by the Arabians, 137; classically influence the weather, 137 ; of bad as on Horace and Aratos on this,137 ; in the Euphratean

fanciful identifications of, 137; on tablets, 137; epithets for, 131; Lucan 132; on, 13a; in Horace, various identifications the Augustan Pliny upon, coinage, 137; in astrology,137 ; on 13a; in mythology, 13a; tent, mixed nomenclature British coinage, 137 ; figuringof,generally consisof, 13a; of, 13a; Bayer and, 13a; in the Almagest, 13a; Arab fables sign, 138 ; Caxnoes on, 138 : on 137 ; a nocturnal the Egyptian zodiacs, 138; on theDenderah zodiac, concerning, 13a; related in position to Leo, 133; zodiac,138 ; Jewish Rabbis on, significanceof, in astrology, 133; Digges on, 133; 138; on a Brahmin names for,with the biblical school, 133 ; origin of 138; other Eastern 138; in Egyptian astronomy, Indian outlines identifications of, 138 ; last in order on diac, zouncertain, 133; position of, 133. of, Minor, various names (a) of Canis Alpha 138; in the Aztec calendar, 138; in Chinese Akkadian omy, astronrecords, 133 ; in the A I134 : in earliest Greek astronomy, 133. 139 ; in Assyrian and tion's of its constellafonsin* Tables, 133; bears many Jensen and Sayce on, 139; early origin 139; lation, of earlier origin than the constelof, X39; symbol of, 139; origin of symbol of, 139; 133; names, derivation of, 134 ; Euphratean Dante and Milton on, 139 ; Tropic of Capricorn and, 133 ; Bryant's Dupuis on, inconspicuousness of, 140; chiefly noticeable correspondent of, 134; Hommel 134; 139; and Edkinson, for the naked-eye duplicityof its lucida, 140. 134; in China, 134; in the Hervey culmination in astrology, 134; of, of, Islands, 134; Alpha (a) of Capricornus (a1and a*),names of, 134 ; minute panions comof, 140. spectrum X40; various derivations of, 140 ; culmination 134 ; parallax and Beta (0'and 0s),names of, 134; period, mass, and lightof, 134. of, (0) of Capricornua Keen of Chinese situ Nieu Beta of, and or Minor, 134; names (0) of Cania 140, 141; components with silk industry in China, details concerning, 134, 135. Nieu, 141 ; connected of the Zeta (f) of Cania Minor, a component etc., of, 141. X4X ; position, various Chinese Gamma Shwuy Wei, 135. (y) of Capricornus, 141; of the Babylonian asterism defined Theta Minor, a component (0) of Canis names of, 141; Mahar sha ni-na ShahQ, 141 ; with other stars formed the Chinese Shwuy Wei, 135. of the Chinese Omicron Minor, a component (o) of Canis Liiy Pei Chen, 141. various Delta names Shwuy Wei, 135. the Chinese of, (6) of Capricornus, of the the Chinese forms other stars Pi Minor, a component Luy Pei (w) of Canis 14 1 ; with Chinese my, Shwuy Wei, 135. Chen, 141 ; Ideler on, 14X ; in Babylonian astronoCanis Canis Canis Canis Canis Cania

Orionis, 13a. Syrius, 1x8. Tritonis, 161. ululans, 378. venatica, 434. virgineus, 13a.
350.

141

Neptune

near

it in

1846, 141.
with
141.

Epsilon
forms Zeta Eta Theta Iota

(c) of Capricornus,

other

stars

the Chinese

Luy Pei Chen,

Chow

(0 of Capricornus,
of Capricornus, (1?)

the Chinese in

Yen,

14a.

(0) of Capricornus, (1) of Capricornus,

Chinese

China, 14a. Tsin in China, 142.

Tae,
with
14a.

Canna.

the Chinese forms

141.

Canopo

fosco, II, 190. 67-73 ; history of, 68-73 ; see Canopus, Navis and Alpha (a) 0/ Carina. A rgo 68. (the pilot), Canopus
Caneer, Cantana, Canticum,
109.

Kappa
also under
stars

(*) of Capricornus,

other

the

Lambda the Chinese

Luy Pei Chen, (A) of Capricornus,

with

other

stars

256.
a8x.

Caomai, 310. Cape Clouds, 994. Capella, 86-89 (see under Auriga). Capellae, 91. Caper and flexus Caper, 135. Capilll, z6o. Capra (Capella),86. Capra ilia Amalthea (Capricornus), 135. Capricorn, Capricorne, Capricorno, 135. Capricornus, positionof,135; various names of,135-

Luy Ching, 14a. the Chinese Mu Kuh, 14a. {n) of Capricornus, the Arabic Nu Shat, 14a. (v) of Capricornus, the Chinese Loo Upailon (v) of Capricornus, Sieu, 14a. of Capricornus, with Chi Phi ("*") (*), the Chinese Wei, 14a. of Capricornus, the Chinese Psi (ifr) Yue, 14a. Capuja, 156. Caput and Cauda, 374. and Caput Caput Gorgonis Larvae, 33a. Caput Trianguli, 416. Carcinus, 107. Cardinal's Hat, 363.

Tien

32

498
Carina Carina.

General

Index

Argon
See

(Argo), 66.
under A rgo,

Lambda

(A) of Cassiopeia,
Foo

component ofthe
with Tbea(#"

64.

Chinese
;

Alpha
names

(a) of

Carina,

history of, 67-72

00,67;

ous variof
cient an-

Mu of

Loo, 148. (fi)of Cassiopeia,

as

associated the

of, 67-72;
name

Strabo

derivation

Cassiopeia in Arabia
motion

Elbow, 148; treat

modem

of, 68;
;

always
Moore
on,

worship of, 70
in various
on,

important, 69; 70 ; Carlyle on,

systems,
;

proper

of, 148. (") of Gemini,

under

70

; ;

Cassiopeia's
Castor. Castor Castore and
e

ancient
71 ; in

astronomical

70-71 on, 73.

Chair, 143. See under Alpha

Pollux. See My,

23a
iw

Dante See

geodesy,
7a;

71

Tennyson

Gemini,
123. 223.

tt seq.

also

Canopus.
(0) of Carina, (v) of

Polluce,

Caatores, Caatoris,

Beta Eta

position of, 7a.

Castor

fraterque
144.

magni

Carina,
in

of, 73
Iota

variations

position and importance light of, 74 ; nebula of, 74 position and

names

Casyapi,
Cat,
The.

See

Felts.
55.

(t) of Carina,

of,

74.

Qatabhishaj
Cataletto, Catalogues
tt

(33d nakskatra\
of

Carles-waen, 428. 420, Carlwaynesterre (Arcturus), 101. and the constellations,x\; Carlyle, Thomas,
Passim.
The Carman, (ofMinsbeu), 96. Carnabas, Carnabon, Carnabus, CarofBotites, 426. Carreta and

427.

Constellations,
13a.

various, 11-14-

Catellus Cathedra Cat'uli

(Catulus),

mollis, 143. (Canes Venatki),

66. 213.

1x5

(the Wains),

434*

45*

299.

Cautel,

Cavallino,

Cairo,

427.

Casserole, 436. See Cassiepeia. Cassiopeia

1
'"

Cecrops, 46. Cefeo, 155. Ceginus

names

Cassiopeia.
various best-known W
" "

(and variants),

95,

156.

(or Cassiope),
of the oldest and
as

of, 14abelow the

;

Ceichius

45

one

constellations,
when

14a

known
as

the
""

"

Celestial M

156. (Chegnius), Celaeno, or Celeno, 407. Cela 8culptoria, 106. Celeris,

Celeste
3x3.

pole, and

the

Celestial

when

above Aratos

it, 14a
on,

Hyginus'

description of, 14a, 143;

astronomy, the various

143;
on,

Lasca,
M and

338.
Celestial
177. 66.

important in Greek
143; 143,

143;
among 143,

Hevelius

Celestial Celestial Celox

W,

143.

among
144;

Romans, ngurings
and the A

143;

the Arabs,
144;

Sisters,

of,

in

the

Jasonis
340. 373.

(Argo),

Al/onsine Tables
144;
in

rabo-Laiin
144; 145
;
on

Almagtst,
on, 144;

Celticus,

in

Celtic astronomy,
astronomy,
145; 144,

Schiller its

Censer, Centaur,
Centaure Centaur's

Chinese

Egyptian
for,

Centaur respondent, cor-

(Sagittarius), 353.
The. See Centaurus.
151. 172.
names

well
145;

known Landscer's

the
name

Euphrates,
145;

145;

Milton

on,

in

17th-centurynomenclature,
145;

145;

in the

Leyden

Chiron, Crown,
various from

MS.,
*45
name
"

astrology, 145; Professor Young and, position of, 245 ; rich in clusters, 145 ; Arabic for it, 146; the nova of, 146, 147 ; Tycho and
latter, 147
name ;

in

Centaurus,
Aratos with
149; 149
;

of, 148-152; times, 148;

on

derived

by

early Greek
149;

associated
the latter,

Pholos, 148,
Eratosthenes
Sir Isaac
149

Apollodorus

the

excitement

caused

by it, 147
names

nese Chi-

concerning, 149;
and,
149 ;

and

Chiron,

for it,147.

Newton
;

Matthew

Arnold

Alpha

(a) of

Cassiopeia, Smyth

various
on,

of,

on

Chiron,

the

UlugBeg 245; on, 145; culmination period, and

146
;
a

146;

variability,

constellations, 149
150; 150,

of, 146;

component

of the Chinese

of, companions Yuh Lang, 146.

names

Prometheus
151;

Centaur, the investor of u* M* legends concerning. ; Greek "" various figuring* and, 150;
Morris
and

William

the

Centaur,

150;

Beta Tizini's Three

an

(0) of Cassiopeia,
name

various
as a

of, 146;
of the

Arabic
151 151
; ;

for, 146
marks

component

cL figuring of, 150; Ptolemy's descrrptioo cC Hipparchos and Puny on, 151 ; position

Guides
of in

indicator useful
;

146;

equinoctial colure, 146; Polaris* positionin regard to the pole, marking sidereal time, 146; parallax
146.
147
;

the

the

the Farnese on glebe, X51 ; in the Hyp**** Al/onsine Tables, and the Leyden MS., i5": Bayer's and Burritt's figuring of, 151; in Roan*
151
;

of, 146
Gamma

Poe

on,

nomenclature,
Chinese
147; 147.
name

Recorde's with

name

for, 151

ton Tri"

(y) of Cassiopeia,
of interest
to

and,
mediaeval

151;

confused

Sagittarius, i$":
15 1;
one

for,

147;

astronomers,

variable

Christian

astronomy,

of tb"

spectrum Delta

companions of, (") of Cassiopeia, names

147;

of,

largest constellations,151;
;

position of, i5a: ^

of New minor

of, 148

utilized

partly visible
other details

in

the

latitude
152;

York, "S3: components

of.

by Picard in geodesy, 148. (") of Cassiopeia, Epsilon

name

concerning,
154,155.

sometimes

bears

the

of, and

their names,

of Delta Zeta

(6) of Cassiopeia, 148.

Alpha
of the
"5"-*54
on

(a) of
:

Centaurus,
of, made
it
an

various

names

(") of
Foo (r?) of
to

Cassiopeia, Cassiopeia,

component

splendor
153;

object of worsh'P
X53;

Chinese Eta
the

Loo, 148.
a

the

Nile,

Lockyer

and,
153;

importance
to astron*-

noted

binary,

one

of

of, in Chinese
culmination

astronomy,
;

positionof, *53"
interest

nearest

the solar

system,

248.

of, 153

of greatest

500
Chin

General

Index

New,
and
;

285.
the

(note);

lunar

mansions,

8;

and

the

deems,

9:

China, in, 7
ax

zodiac,
the

5,

6;

the of the

lunar

claims

formation
to recent

astronomy
to

in, due
21

Chaldaean advance

also

Arabians,
to

of sky figures, xo; multiplicity etpasam. constellations, Clip'eus, or Clyp'eus Sobieskii, 373. Shark, influence, ax ; Cloud-eating 482. Cloud omy, of, in astronNebula, 367.
on

mansions

the

due Chin Chinese

Jesuit missionaries,si. 369.

5-7,
21

Club

of

Hercules,
8tar.
190,

The,
See
297.

943,

246,

302,

375.

Chay,

astronomy,
168.

et

passim.

Clusters, Coal-Sack,
Coat of

Nebula*.

Chine;, 376.
Chioma,

Arms, Cocchiere, 83.

of

Sobieskt,

373.

Chiphus,
Chiron be the

156.
(preceptor
inventor of

Jason),

said

by

St. Clement
et

to

Cocher, 83. Cock, or Hen,

Coeli

381.

of the

18; constellations,

sim. pas-

Cingulum, 475. Coelum, Coelulum,

Coeur Coiled de

Parvum

Coelum,

173.

Chiron Chiron Chironis

and

Chyron (Centaurus), (Sagittarius), 353. Pilia,

Chnemu,
379.

149.

Charles,
of

116. 174. et

Hair

Ariadne,

Chnum,
Choo Choo Choo Choo Choo Choo

Gnoucn, or Knum, Chinese (Pillar) asterism, 91.

(Ara),

138.

Coinage, Ancient, xvii; Colca 88. (Capella),

Collarium,
Collum

passim.

63.
155.
2a.

(Centaurus),

Collum Colomba

85. Ceti, 164. Hydrae, 249.

and Colombe
X05. 247, 374.
;

Neaou, Wan, Wang:,

142,

de

Noe,

166.

391. 4"-

Colorrhobus,
Coluber,
Columba
203,

Chow,
Chow Christi Christ's

376.
171* 194.

Ting, Crux,

of, 1 66 Noae, various names published by Royer, 166; located on

of Canis

first foraaHy

plait Bayer's
not

Major,

166;

Caesius

and,
166
;

166;

nized recog-

Seamless

Coat,
76.

310.

by early
minor
399.

astronomers,

Smyth

sad, 167 : of,

Chrysomallus, Chu,
Chuen
or

components

of,

168.

Chow

(the Pleiades), 20,

414.

Alpha
167;
in in

(a) of Columba

Noae,

variousnasies

Shwo,
Ho

China, 167; Egyptian

;

Chung Chung Chung

Mud,

206.

tance inconspicuous, but of importemple worship, 167 ; Lockyer

culmination

Shan, Tae,

246.
443.

and, 167
Beta

position and
of Columba

of, 167.
various
names

(0)

Noae,
167.
Re

oi,

Chushe, 467. Chymische Ofen, Ciconia, 30a Cigno,

192.

167;
221.

inChilmead's in the
De

Treatise,

Columella,
Coma don its

Rustic^

19;

et

passim.

Cillas, 84. Cincinnus, Cingulum,

Cinosura

Berenices, various names of, 168-172 ; pooi": to of, x68 ; first alluded by Eratosthenes, constellation place long unsettled, 168; in Tjcatalogue,
and
168
;

169.
36. 456.

cho's

in Aratos*
;

PAasmmuma,

16S:

after whom Callimachus

named,

168

invented
on,

by Conon, 169:

and Cynosura, Cipactli, 138. various Circlnus, names

Catullus

of,

166;

formed

by

La

with, 169 ; Hyginus' name on by Manilius, 169; 169;

in the Holland's blunder
on,

ated 169; legends associtioned for,169 : not menMercator's globe,

on,

Caille, x66

position and

culmination

of,

166.

Circitores,
Circulus Circulus Cirros

459.

Almagests, 169; Pliny concerning, 170;

170; Serviss* poetry, Dresden
171
;

169,

170.

SchiDer

asd

lacteua, 475. Junonius, 481. and Cirrus, xn.

192.

Thompson
in Middle
170,

English
171;
on

description of, 170 : figuring? various 170; globe,

171;

of,

the

in "**** nese of Chi;

Cisne,
Cithara

Egyptian
Clara Fides

nomenclature,
for, 171
171. ;

abundance

and

Cyllenea,

281.

names

components

of, 171

nation culmi-

Citrt,
Clamator Clarum

182, 467.

of,
Comae

(Bootes), 93. Tyndaridae

Z05.

Sidus,

222.

Clava,
Clavator Claws

Comesque Comets,
Commissura

Berenices, Bootae,
AI Biruni

169.
304, on, 27; et

passim.

and of the

Claviger,

240.

Clement, sephus
and the

Saint,
in

Scorpion, 269. of Alexandria, with Joagrees reference to the high priest'sbreastplate

2.

Companions

zodiac,

and Compas Concordia, 462. Constellations,

18 ; and

Piscium, 34a. of Denebola, 859. 166. Compasso, The,

details

concerning,
xo

""-

lt'
"

Cleonaeum

Sidus,
3.

252.

present

boundaries

of,

Greek

names

Cleostratos, Clerke, Miss

Agnes

M.,

and

the

zodiac,

3,

ber for figures in, xo; numfiguresin, xo; Latin terms of, xx ; later catalogues of, after Bayer, 1% *4:

General

Index

501
Pirmiana,
Qnosida
177. 174.

discovery of
heavens,

new,

14, x8 ; new,

14 ; various

mostly in the southern early investigatorsof the, 14

number

Corona
;

Corona Corona

discrepancy in modern

of,15

106

claimed

(Cretica, Gnossis), Sagittarii, 173.

179; radiant and

various estimates other by Ideler, 15; acknowledged, 15; eighty to ninety now said of
to

of,

15;

Chiron the date

be

the inventor 18;

of, 18

Seneca

on

Coronids, The, Corvo, 179. various Corvus,

Greeks and

duration

of, 179.
with 179; the in

names

of,
179;

179

noted
upon,

their

formation,
formation the

19;

ascription of,by mycologists, of, claimed by China, 21;

the,
37 ;

Romans,

Ovid

Ideler the and

on

biblical

school
;

the,

28

origin of the, 32 ; Cicero on and the, 28; Giordano and the, 28. other iconoclasts
groups.
247.

180; mythology, 179; in the Metamorphoses, ends legand figurings of, 180, 181 ; in Arabic omy, astron180; x8x; the Hindus

Bruno See also

and, 181;
the

the

A vesta

and,
to

in Akkadian
181
;

nomenclature,
and
to

x8i; known
;

the

Sky figures and Star Continuatio Hydrae,

Copernicus, Corbeau,
Cor Cor Cor Cor date 179.
see

Hebrews,
tt

Chinese, 181

in Christian

of work

of, 13;

passim. Venatici, 1x5.

of, 182. legend, x8x; minor components various names Alpha (a) of Corvus,
the Chinese Yew
183
;

Hea,

181

decrease

for,181 ; liancy, of, in bril-

Caroli, Hydrae,
Leonis,

Alpha (a) of Canes

349.

181,
Gamma

356.

of, 182;

change in color of, 182. derivation and Corvus, name Chinese nth brightness of, 182; marks
(y) of
culmination

Scorpii, 365. Cor Serpentia, 375. Cor Tauri, 384. Cornlpedes, 353. Cornipes, 333. Cornu (y Scorpii),369. Cornucopias, 87. Cornua (Aries), 76. Cornua (Taurus), 379. Corolla, j 73. Corona, Corona Ariadnae,
Corona

sieu, 182
Delta components

of,

182.

(S) of Corvus,
and

titles and

positionof, 182
182
;

positionangle of,
(y), and X82; nakskatra,

with

Alpha

(a), Beta
the

OS), Gamma
xxth

CorEpsilon (") of vus, part of the early

Lion,

183.

or Ariadnes, 174. Auatraie, 172. Corona Australia, various titles of, 172, 173; inconspicuousness of, 173 ; location of, 173 ; Aratos silent

Cos, 183. Coumbum, 48. Coupe, 182. Couronne Auatraie, 172. Couronne Boreale, 174. and Cousiniere, Cousigneiros Cowherd, The, 58.

397.

emy, Hipparchos, 173:10 Ptolwith Sagittarius, not tioned men172 ; associated 172; by Manilius, 173; classical legends concerning, in 5th-century nomenclature, the x73; 173; among Arabs, 173; in China, 173; Bayer on, 173 ; inthe/f /fonsine Tables, 173 ; the lucida of, 173 ; culmination of the biblical school, 173. of, 173; in the astronomy
to

concerning, 17a; known

Qparegha, 467. Qpur, 467.

Crabba, 108. Crab Nebula, 391. See Cancer. Crab, The. See Grus. Crane, The. Crann, 436. Crannarain (Pleiades),402 ; (Ursa Major), 436. and Crater, various names of, 182-184; formation position of, 182; long associated with Hydra and Corvus, 183 ; in Greek
183;
Hewitt

Corona Corona stellar

Borea

(Borealis, Septentrionalis),
various
to
names

174.

Borealis,
crown

of, 174;
and

the the

only

known with
174;

Eratosthenes

Greeks,
in modern

174;

concerning, always
comment
a

Latins, 174; Apollonius Rhodius

the

early classic legends

upon, on, 174; 175
;

legend, 183

with

the

mans, Ro-

and, 183;

Brown

upon,

183;

classic poetry, 174 ; Dante Chaucer favorite,175; on, 175;

upon, 175; 175;
stars

and

with the Jews, 183; old English name for, 183; in early Arabian 183; in the A (fonsine astronomy,

Skeat's

Tables,
the 10th in

183;

Riccioli's

names

for, 183;
and
stars

part
upon,

of

Ge

orgies,
to

in the Spenser on, 175; of, favored by astrologers, cording ac-

sieu, 184;

Caesius minor

Schiller

184;

astrology, 184;

of, 184 (under

decreased

Manilius, 176 ; in Arabian astronomy, 176; various ngurings of, 176, 177; various writers 176; in the A {fonsine Tables, 176; Dupuis on,
and,
177; 177;

o). (a) of Crater, Alpha and culmination brilliancy Cratera, 183.

21st
202. 200.

titles of, 184

of, 184.

in

Hebrew Kwan

astronomy,

177;

in

Syrian,
name

the Chinese
177;

Soo,

177;

Shawnee
177;

Qravana,
Craver,
in

nakshatra, 59.

for,
den

with
177;

the biblical

school,

in the

Ley-

MS.,

interestingto
;

astronomers,

177;

QravishthS,
Crayfish,

Australasia, 177
177;

appearance

of the

Blaze

Star in,

and

minor stars of,x 79; uncertainty as to lettering Creation naming of stars of, 171. the signs in, 2 ; where it was (a) of Corona Alpha found, Borealis, various names of composition of, 2 (note). of, x 78, 179; Bayer on, 178; in the Georgics, 178; central of the group, Cressa one S pence Corona, 174. 178; on, 178; sive Arctoe, 422. and culmination of,179 ; the radiant point Cretaeae spectrum of the Coronids, 179. Creter, 183.

The, 109. Legend (Epic of Creation), The, by George Smith, in 1872, 1, 2; name
2

covered disof date

(note)

3**

5"2
Crines and Crines

General

Index

Berenices,

169.

Custos Custos Custos

Qrob, 376.
Croce, 184.

85. Caprarum, 118. Buropae, Hesperidum, 204. Messium, Lande,

now

Crocodile,
Croisade,

The,

272.

Custos

various 191
;

names

of,

191;

funned
uorecof-

Croix,

184. 184.
59.

by La
nized

origin

of 192.

tide, 192;

by

astronomers,

Qroni,
Crooked Crooked

Cybele,
74.

Billet, The,

Crosers, Cross, The.

Crosse

Serpent, 475. Crosier, Crosiers,

See Crux.

and

Crossiers,

189.

Cycno Cycnus Cygnus,

with

46a. Generati, 222. and Cygne,

various
names

19a.

of, 192-195
192
;

positionoC,192:

Cross, Cross,
Cross Cross Croton Crown Crown Crown Crown Crown

in
on

Stars, 189. Serpens, 375.

Sobieski's

Shield, 373.
194.

adopted by the Roaac*. various legends concerning, 192-194; oeed 192; "1* the Argonautic constellations, 193 ; possibly known the Euphrates, 193 ; did not originals on
Eratosthenes,
with
193;

Calvary, of Jesus, 200.

and of of

of

the the
on

Greeks,

193;

in

Arabic
193
; :

nomeadatore. Meier's
ment com-

Al/ottsine Tables
the variants

and,
194

Crotos,

352. 177. 174. 173. 104

of,

usual

oC figuring

Ahasuerus, Amphitrite, Thorns,

See

; identifications on, 194, 194

;

of, by the
Smith's

biblical school, 194:

Lowell

in

Come,
astronomy,

Learn

of tkt
195;

of Eternal of

Life,
177. 174.

Stars,

195;
195

in Chinese
;

mingham Bir-

on,

contains

the

Lace-work

Nebula,

of Vulcan, The.

195

minor

stars

of, 196-198.

Crow,
Crowned

Corvus.

Alpha 196 Crusiers,and

unknown with
as

(a) of
sensible

Cygnus,
proper
;

various

names

of, 195.

Snake,
188, 189.
various
under
names

362. Crusero,
Cru-

no

motion,

Crucero,
zero,

Cruciero,

spectrum Beta

of, 196
(0) of
show

culmination

aa) 196 : parallax of, 196.

names

Cygnus,

various

of,196;

Crux,

of, 184-191
modern
;

to

the

one

of the

objects of the sky, 196: postwo

the Chinese Ties

ancients
was

title, 184;

Ptolemy
such

part

of the

Centaur, 184

outlined

by

angle of, 196. Oamma (y) of Cygnus,

Tsin, 197
;

197;

Bayer, 184, 185 ; Hipparchos and, 185 ; Pliny and, 185 ; possibly the Sula of Al Blrunl, 185 ; Hewitt
and, 185;
with
;

location

and

spectrum

of,

197.

Whittier, 185;
invention
years

time

last
to ;

seen

in

Bpsilon (") of Cygnus, concerning, 197.

tails position of, 197; de-

Jerusalem, 185
known Mollineux for
200

attributed

anterior, 185
other
;
more

in

1592,

185; of, 185

as

Roycr, but figured by figurings of, 185;

like
a

Omega1

(V) of Cygnus,
tides

components of, 197;

and position

angle of, 198. of Cygnus, Pi1 (it1)

Chinese

part of

uk

position and
cross,

extent

kite than

Tang
Tour,
213.

Shay, 198.
228.

185

unnoticed

cross

till mentioned

by
Lusi-

Cylenius Cyllarus,

Dante, adasy

186, 187; Vespucci

and,

187;

in

the

Meredith 187 ; frequently on, 16th-century navigation, 187 ; Pigafetta's term terms for, 188; other for, 188, 189; d'Acosta ment Cristoval it, 189; religious sentinames

187 ;

Owen

mentioned

in

Cyllenius, 330. Cynocephalus,

Cynosura,
447. 433.

The

(Ara),

20,

64.

Cynosuris,
Daemon,

and,
Humboldt
190;

189
on,

Mrs.
190; 190;

Hemans with in the

and,
Pareni

189

Von
350.

189,
and,

Indians,

Lockyer
associated
190;

Chinese 190;

astronomy, contains
190;

190;

with with

Brazil,
the

the minor

338. Dagaim, Dagiotho, 339.

Coal-sack,
stars

Peruvians,

of,

191

(under

a).

Alpha
and Crux
cum

(a) of
S.

Crux,

or

Acrux,
191.

338, 345. DlgOn, Dancers, 400, 459. plicity, Danish position, duElephant, Dan-nu, Dante,
on or

435.

culmination

of,
194.

468.

Helena,

Cujam,
Cuor

246.

Dark,
Dar
or

Northern,

Aquarius, 48; et passim. 338. Emperor,

di Carlo, 116. Passion, Cup of Christ's 248. Cup of Noah, See Crater. Cup, The.

Cup

of

Joseph,

184.

Lugal, 366. 8ign, The, 109. Dark Warrior, The, 139, Daull, incorrectly Daulo,
Dark

338.
47.

Currus,
Currus

199,

427.
or

Dauphin,
Volitans

Maris

(Argo),

66.

David David

and

Curvus,

198. Cushiopeia, 145. Custos Arcti, 93.

CustoB Custos

198. Jonathan, head withjthe

Bsiru,

224.

of Goliath,

331.

Dayan
and

Dayan

Same, Dayan Sidi, 206, 285.

Dayan

Shisha,

Erymanthidos Boum, 96.

Ursae,

93.

Dea

Syria, 338. 288. Debilissima,

General

Index

503
or

Deborah, 145. 281. Decachordum, Decana, The, 9; Miss Clerke of, 9; Manilius' term for, 9; Deer-slayer, The, 13a. Deer,
Defectum Deferens

Dil-kar,
DillmamVs
on,

Askar,

80.

derivation
241.

of Mazz"rdth

; et

passim.

9 : various Firmicus and,

names
10.

Diodaa,
Diodorus

The,

aof

144. 240.

(the Sicilian), the origin of Egyptian on et passim. constellations, 20; Dione, 399.

Sidus,
caput

Dionyaiua Dioscuri,
Diota Discus

Bxiguus,
223.

on

the

stars, 27.

Algol, 330. Deferens cathenam, 330. Deferens leonem, 278. Deferens 28 1. psalterium, De la Nicolas Caille, Abbe
and Caelum

(Two-eared
parvus
171.

Jar), 46. confractus,

176.

Distaff,
and his Mtmoires Dob and

Dobh,

423.

StelH/erum,

14 ; it

passim.

Dodecatemory
Doe, The, zoo. Dog of Orion,

divisions, Enoch

the inventor

of, 2.

Delfino, Deli, 47.

Delle

198.
359.

1x7.

Delphin, Delphis, rarious Delphinua,

Typhon, Dog of Tobias, 119, 133. of the of, 198-200; one names Dog, The, 78, 157. smallest erature litDogs, The constellations,198 ; in all astronomical 466. Barking, has borne its present title, 198 ; of religious Dog-star, The, 120. the sky emblem significance in Greece, 199; of Dol, or Dul, 47.
or

Caustiche,

Dog

of

Set,

of

434.

and

Delphyn,

198.

philanthropy,
in

Cicero,

199

Manilius on, 199; in Ovid, 199; other legends concerning, 199

200

199
;

Dolones

in

Dolphin

(Stimulus), 92. (Pisces),341.

Hindu

nomenclature,
200;

possibly the Euphratean

the early Christians, 200; Greek title adopted by the Arabians, 200 ; in the Al/onsine Tables, 200; position and culmination with the

Makhar,

See Deipkinus. Dolphin, The. Dolphyne, 198. Domicilium Solis, 252, 257. Dominus Soils, 156. Domus Veneris

of,
stars

200;

in

Christian
200.

nomenclature,

200;

minor

nocturna,
m.

383.

of

(under a),

Donkeys,
strange
name

The,

Alpha
201

(a) of Delphlnus, variabilityof, 201.

of, 200, of, 200,

Do

Patkar, 224. other Dorado, names

201;
on

Beta
201

Delphinua, position angle of, aox.

4x5. 53. tot urn, 415.

(0) of

strange

name

Gore's

tronomie of

of, of, 201, 202 ; derivation planisphere in translation of VAsPopulaire, 201 ; in the Celestial Handbook
; ; ;

Delta,
Delta

1892,
\

202 202 202

Caesius location minor

and, of,

203 202

; ;

in the
near

Rudolpkine
nebula
30

Aquarids,
and Del

Tables

the

Deltoton

DoradQs,
Doradus

components
20 1. 202.

of,

202.

Dem'eter,
Demon Denderah
and

461.
Demon

and

Dorade, Dosanes,
Shot

8tar,
The,
and

332.
no;

DoradQs,
et

30, location and Double

of,

Zodiac,

109,

passim.

Dorsanes Double

240.

Dercete,
De

Dercetis,
53; 9t

Rheita,
or

Dercia, 338. passim.

338.
240.

(in Lyra), 288;

(in Scorpio), 371.

474.

Double-headed
Double Double

Nebula,

Derke,
Desanaus

Derketo,
and
34a.

Desanes,

Desmos,
Deus
Dew

Libycus

(Aries), 78.

Ship, The, 139. Sword, 362. Doubting Thomas, 253. 202. Drache,
Draco

(the 19th sieu), 355. Dexter, 118. Dhamsu, Dhanasu, Dhanu, Dhanishtha, 200. Dharind, Dhruva,
Diadema Diadem Diamond 366. 456. Coeli,
of 175.

(Cetus), 162
various
same,
202

(Hydra),
of,
the
203 202-206

247.
;

Draco,
and

names ;

title of,
203

generally
; in
;

Dhanus,

}54-

the

in

Latin
;

Skield
upon, 203

of Hercules,
203;

Tables, in mythology,
203;

the

203 the

ler Schil-

Caesius

and,

with

Swedes,
;
as

; Delitzsch's

assertion
;

concerning,
on

203

Renan's
to

idea

about,
203;

203

Proctor

its change

the

Solomon, 173. of Virgo, 259, 469.

305, 421.

pole,
204 204
; ;

Diana,
Dianae Dianae

462. Comes,

in Hindu Persia, 204; worship, in Babylonian records, 204 ; Rawlinson upon, probable Chaldaean figure of, 204 ; usual figuring
204
;

in

of,
204; 205
;

in the A

rgonauUcae,
about

204

in

Vergil,
b.

Sidua,
223.

356.

stars

of, circumpolar
observed in

5000 205
;

c,

Didymi,
Dii German!
Dii

much

early Egypt,
on

on

the
at

and
399 282.

Dii

Samothraces,

223.

Denderah

planisphere, 205;
205;

the

Ramesseum
205:

Syrii, Paye,

Thebes,

Delitszch

on

this,

symbol
205; ;

of the

Dik

Dilgan (a Arietis),80; (a Lyrae), 285. Dil-gan I-ku (or Babili), 88.

Egyptian deities, 205; Lockyer upon, Egyptians and, 205 ; close to Necht, 205
Arabian astronomers,
205
;
on

among

the

Borgian globe,

504
905 305
;

General

Index

astrologicalidea
905 ;
extent

of, 305
Williams

on

Turkish
305
;

maps,

Bayer and, concerning, 306 ;

;

and,
;

Edkins

Dragon's Dramasa, Draught Dreieck, Drossel, Drought

Drum
or

Tail, The, 396. Oxen,

4x4.

206.

of, 306

minor

components

The

(of

the

She

King), 58.

of,

307

(under

Beta

(j8)), infra. Draco,

in
various
names

Alpha
among

(a) of
seamen,

of,

306

4x8. Car, 389.

306;

China,

206;

Sayce
306
;

ing, concern-

706;

Brown's
b.

opinion concerning,
ao6; of the
seen

location

Tabor,
and

338.
Dubon,

of, in
central schel
307
;

3750

c,

passage

concerning
culmination

night and day from the HerCheops' Pyramid, 307; brilliancyof, 307 ; with Bayer,
307.

Dsi, 376. Dub,

Ductor Duf hisa

Dubbe,
in

433. 15.

Linguae Nebula,

(1617-1637),
464.
474.

of,

Pakhixa,

Beta

(0) of
Arab

Draco,

various

names

of,

307

in

Dumb-bell

early

307 ; position angle of astronomy, of, 307 ; in China, 207. Gamma names (") of Draco, 307 ; other

panion com-

Dumke,
Duo Duo Duo

446.
xix.

Asini, Lupi,

of,
ferred re-

Corpuscula,
210.

334.

307-309;

in

early

Arabic

astronomy,

308

not

Duo Pavones, to by FlrCtzabadi, 308 ; familiar to seamen, 334. Du Paikar, 334. symbols of, 208; notable in all ages, 308 ; seen the present solar zodiac to Egypt, in daytime, 308 ; Bradley traces Dupuis, and, 208 ; of by Hooke in Aquila, 56; et passim. on origin of names 19; early importance on the Nile, 308 ; was the natural 28, of Alpha (a) Ursae DUrer, Albrecht, his delineation of sky figures, Majoris as an object of successor of constellations, in Egypt as Isis, 39; et/assim. temple worship in Egypt, 208 ; known 39;
308
;

208

location

of,
308

308
;

and

Thebes,

Lockyer

rising of, visible at Denderah concerning, 308, 309 worshiped

of,
in Thebes,

Du-shisha,
;

133.

various
309

Egyptian
;

titles of, 309;

location

of, 309. Draco,

various other
names

Delta TixinI

(6) of and,
309

209

Al

with
3

components, title of,

the
310;

nese Chinear

Tien the north

Choo,

10;

Chinese

pole (g) of

of the

3io. ecliptic,

See Aquila. Eagle, The. Eagle, The 133. (Sirius), Eagle (Lyra), 283; (Scorpio),363. of St. John, Eagle of Military Rome, or Bar Jewel, 366. Earthly Trigon, The, 136.

57-

Zeta with
meteor

Draco,

sometimes

Al
210

Dhi'bah,
radiant
210.

and of

Easy

Chair, The,
and
347. 337. 107.

162. 310.

Eta

(v) the 1'wo

of

Hyaenas,
19

; the

Bbioring
Echidna, Echiguen, Ecu,

Ebtiorung,

streams

Jan.

and

March

28,
Hea

Eta Theta Iota

(ij)of Draco,

the Chinese the Chinese various

ShangTsae,
Tsae, of,
3x0;
names

210. 310.

(0)of Draco, (1) of Draco,

310;

"crevisse,
or

in
sxo.

Bouchlere,

de

Sobieaki,

373.

China,
Lambda
an

radiant

of the
a

Quadrantid
future various
2x1.

meteors,

Kappa
;

(*) of Draco, (A) of Draco,

pole-star,458.
names

Draco,

of,

10,

etymology of, sxo;

(m) of

in China,
211; names

Mu location Xi

of, six;

modern

Eculeus, sis. and note; Eden, Rycharde, 13 et/assim. Effigies defects labore, 340. Bffusio Aquae, 51. ad first given shapes Egypt, said by some to nave
names to

of, six.
names ;
n

the

star

groups,
;

19 ;

her

early cowtdbof, unsdesnfe, of, 10;

"b

(") of Draco,
of
1515,
311

of, six,

3x3

in the Almagest the radiant

tions of native

origin,19
the of

present

solar iodise traced

Proctor

and,

213;

point

of the

Draco

ids, 313.
location of
our

by Dupuis to, 19 ; ignorance our 20;

connection with

astronomy the astronomy

8igma
of Phi Chi Pal
name

("r) of of,
31

Draco,
3

of,

212

tion deriva312. 313.

religionin, 20;
135. 251.

et/assim.

; one

nearest

stars,

Egyptian
Eidechee

X, The,
and

(4) of

Draco,

the Chinese the Chinese

Shaou Kwci

Pih,
She,

Bidexe,

(x) of Draco,
Niu

sis.

of Draco, nese of, sis ; the Chinames (*', "i"2) She, sis; position angles of, 212. name of, 3x2; withy (*") of Draco, Omega Draconis the Hyaena's Claws, 3is. Draco

Einhorn, 389. Einsiedler, 4x8.

Blcorno,
Electa Elektrisir
450.

and

Blectra,

406.

Machine,
Tusk,
and

389.
355.
or

Lesbius,
The,

374212.

Elephant's Ell,
El Ell

Draconids,

Yard,

El

wand,

316.

Drag-blod,

448.

Taur,

384. 184.
180.

See Draco. The. Dragon, several in China, 354, 364, 372, 356, 361. Dragon, (French) and Dragone Dragon (Italian), 202. (Leo Minor), 364; (Libra), 273. Dragon of Aetes, 246. Dragon Dragon's Eyes, The, 307. Dragon's Head, The, 307.

Blvarad, Emansor,

Emperor,
Emuku

Dark,

or

Northern,

338.

Tin-tir-Ki, 468. Engonasi, Engonasin, Engonasis, or

the inventor of the Dodecatetitory

139*
* dhriaoos,

Enoch,

Ensis,

316.

General

Index

505
(17)of

Ente-mae-murandl"ntena-ma8-luv,248,
Eoxu,
Boae
140.

276,369.

Eta Theta

Erldanus,
Erldanus,
219;

names
names

of, etc., 2x8, of, 219;

on,

219.

(0) of

in

the Ric-

Atlantidee, 181. Eorosch,

323.

396.

At/bnsine
cioli and, in

Tables,
2x9
;

Bullialdus in the

219;

visible

latitude
219. 219.
220;

of New

York

Ephippiatus, Epifl'f466.

Epipataecua,

240.

early winter, 219; Baily and, Ornicron (o1)of BridanuB, of Erldanus, Omicron(o')
23o

the

AbW

Hell in

Equerrc la Regie, et 293. Equea and Equee Stellula, 330, 446. Equi Caput and Bquiculus, 313. Equi Praeaeetio and Equi Sectio, 213. Equuleus various of, names (Bculeus),
location of,
212

and,

duplicity of, discovered

great
proper

by
220.

Herschel

1783,
Tau

220;

motion
220.

of,

(r) of Eridanua,

Upsilon
212-314:

(v1,Vs)

of

Erldanus,

names

of, 220.

Hood but
not

upon,

213

formed

by Hiphim,
213; 313;

Erigonaeus, 117. Erigone, 461, 467. Brigonius,

132.

parchos, Ptolemy
the

213;

published
later

by

and,

2x3;

with

astronomers,

in bles, Ta-

Syntajeis, Almagest
2x3; 213
;

{\s%\), and
2x3; 2x3

Al/onsine
with
;

with with
names

the the

Arabians,

the

dus, Hinand

Erlgu, 59. Ermelia, 1x3. Erndtehiiter, Brymanthis,

191. 421.

mycologists, Equuleus, Sze Wei,

Caesius'

Schiller's

for, 2x4;
of Chinese

culmination
names

of,

214.
;

Alpha
Beta Delta

(a) (8) of
214.

of, 2x4
tacts

with

(0) the

2x4.
cerning, con-

Equuleus,

astronomical

Escorpiun, 363. Btsen-tsiri, 248, 369. the sky figures,18. Eudemos, on of the original author Eudoxos,
17,

prose

"ait'opera,

18;

et

passim. (or Opeutus), astronomy, in,

x.

Epsilon Equuleus
214
;

(") of
Pict

Equuleus, and oris, named

of,
214
;

tacts

concerning, by
of,
La
;

214.

formed

Caille, Kap-

Eupeutos Euphratean
Euaebius, Eve,
291.

140.

six alternate

signs
et

of the

other

names

location

2x4

solar zodiac
on

teyn's discovery in, 2x4. Equulua, 2x3. Equus, 213, 323. Equus Alee and Equus dimidiatus, Equus 278. maaculue, Equus (Argo), 66. Neptunlus Equus Equus Equus
Minor and

early star

literature, xv;

passim.

Exaltation
323.

of Venus,

34a

Esor,
Exra,

connection
45x.

of, by Hyde,

with

Mazzar"th,

2.

Equus
323.

Primus,

213.

Fa,

317220.

Pegasus,
posterior
and

Paelis,
Equus

and

Eratosthenes,

the

volans, 323. constellations, xx;

Fahne,
on

255.

the

Pair Palco

Star

of the

Waters,
282.

The,

124.

Centaur, 149 ; et passim. Ereote, 241. Erechtheue (Auriga), 84.

sylvestris, Grype,
of

Palling
Pals

283.
106. 60.

Italica,

Erib-me-gali, 217.
Eridan
and

Pamily
215.

Aquila,

Eridano,
(the Milky
The
2s

BridanuB

Eridanus,
as

Way), 474. River, various

5;
extent

Pang, 368. Parankhand,

names

292.

of,

2x5-217

;
garded re-

Parahat

Bath,
277,

326.
473. 3,

divisions of,
of

of,
extent,

215; 2x5
;

anciently
with
;

Pasariva,
Fascia

indefinite
215
;

modern

(the Milky Way),

of

483.

astronomers,
215:

with

the Greeks,

2x5

in Hesiod, association

Pastashat,
Father

other the

identifications 2x6;

of,

2x5,

3x6;

469. Light,
51.

The,

139.

of,with

Heliades, Eratosthenes and the

with the Nile

legend concerning, 216;

upon, 216
;

Faulx, Fearr,
Felis Felis

The,

Scholiasts La the Lande

in

the

Al/onsine Tables,

216;
and 2x7;

and,

216;

tified iden2x7;

383. (Canis Minor),

(Paelis),
formed in

131.

Euphrates,
2x7;
name

216,

by

La
now,

Lande
221;

in 1805, Proctor

220;

George Smith
the Moors other and

and,

Landseeron,
:

among

discontinued
;
22X.

charts

and,

Arabs,

2x7

Caesius'

for, 217 of, of,

218
;

figurings of, 217;

minor

components
names

2x8. 217,
one

Peluco,

350.

various (a) of Eridanua, ai8; location of, 217; writers various

of

Alpha

Peng
Penice, Pera,
Pera Fe

Shi,

358.

on,

335.

Dante's
ax8
;

Tre
not

Facelle,
mentioned

218;

the

Chinese
2x8
;

Shwuy
nation culmi-

278.
420.

Wei,

by Ptolemy,
names

of, ai8. Beta ifi) of BridanuB, of, 218; the Chinese Yuh of, 218;
ax8.

major, Yu, 347.

and
and

tion loca-

Piaatik Pides

Heteveny,

397.

Tsing,
names

Pidls, 281, 285.

and

Gamma

(y1)of Eridanua,
the Chin
tse

of, 2x8

with

Pidicen

other components

Tien

Yuen,

218.

Plery

Trigon,

Pidicula, 281, 285. The, 79.

506
Figliuola Pig-tree,
Filia Filiae di

General

Index

Minoi,
254. 430.

La,

175.

Frederic!
names

The,

Honores, of, 331, 322;

nOW,
333.

221;

formation

and

other
costioned men-

Ursae,

position of, 22x;

397.
450.

published by Bode, 221; seldom description of, 333;

106.

Tabernaculi,
a

Pioaakonur

lopti,
Ariea

French

Lilies,
332.

The,
363.
231.

Pire,
First

27a.

Ftere,
in

Star

(y Arietis),8a.
A

Friddo

Animal,
Ehre,
315.

FlrfUfcbldi

(editorof

I KdmUt),

5a.

Friedrich'8

336. Pish (Ursa Minor), See Fishes, The.

Fishes Fish-hook of

Fische,

450.

Prigge Rok, Fuebot, 315.

Fuhrmann,

Pisctt.

83. 368.
46.

Hea,
of

la, 337. Maui, 370.

or

Kwang, Fttllen, 3x3.

Pundens

Fu

Fiskikallar,
Five Reservoirs

313.

laticea,

of

Heaven,

78.

Fundus Fun Mo

Fixas,

336. Flagella, in. Flame, 393. The. Flamingo, Flammiger, Flamateed, Fleche, 349.
156.
Dr. See Grus.

Vasis, 184. (The Tomb),

347, 307. 51.

52.

Furiosus,
Fusor

aquae,

John,

14;

ttpatrim.

Oabbara, 306. Gadjo, 136. Oalapago, Galaxy,

380.
names

Fleece, The, 20. Fliege, 39a. FUegende Fisch,

Flock of

various The, or Milky Way, 474-485; fanciful nomenclature of, 474 ;

of,

with Greek
;

347. 394.

writers,

474

the

Homeric
;

figure for,474
on

kadian the Ak-

Flood,
Flumen

Clusterera, The, 248.

and
215.

idea the
215.

of, 474
475;

Brown

this, 474, Hebrews,

the

475 ; witi 475; in 47S"

Arabs,
and

among
475; 475;

the with in

Fluss

Sridanua,
51.

China
among

Japan,
universal

Hindus,
and

Fluviua,
Fluvius

Latin

writers,

poetry

Aquarii, Fish, Grype, Serpent,

The. See
63. 157,

476-1480;
See Piscts Volant.

conception
the the
:

of, 476;

pro*. with die

dians, In-

Plying Flying Flying Flying Foal,

Focus

The.

Norsemen,
477;

476;
among

among

North

American
477;

The,
251.

56. gonian 446.

Minsheu

early Hindus,
in Grimm's and
; reason

Paa"

idea
on,

of, 477
477,

Anglo-Saxon

figuringof,477
Teutonic

Star, The,
(Ara),

214,

478;

thology, My"

EouuUus.

England
449. variants.
345-347.

479: and

in Germany France, 480

on,

Sweden,
for

479:

titk general
"

Fold, The, Pomalhaut,

Piscis

93,

of, 480;
See under

Romieu
;

481;

RiccioK

and, 4S1:
;

and

Alpha

(a) of

China, 481
481
in
;

in classic folk-lore,
the

481
;
a

Celtic wk

of,

Australisy 368.
Musarum

among

Peruvians,

482

favorite theme Greek

writers,

Pong,
Fontis

poetry, Dante

482;

ignored
;

by early

Inventor,
The, 87.

321.

483;

and, 483

ancient

theories

concerning.

Food-bearer,
Poo Foo Poo Foo Foo Foo Fore

Chih,
Loo, Pin,

165. 148.
350. 335.

483, 484 ; Galileo reveals character of, 484; modem knowledge of, 484, 485 ; opinions concerning. 4S5diac, for the zoHammaxilftth, the Jews' name Oalgal meaning of, 2. 2 ;
Gallina and

Shay,

Oalina,
400.

193,

194,

195.

Sing, 446. Yue, 55.

Shank,
434.

Qallinelle,
Qallue

(the Cock),

Bartsch's

asterism, 75.

'galtl, correctly 'Agaltl, 429.

Gam,
354.

Forficulae,
Former Fornax formed
22i;

361. AshldhI,
Chemica

76.
and

(or Chymiae), Caille,

221;
221

names

of,
Tien

221;

G"ng, 393. Ganymedes Ganymedea, Ganymedes Garafaa,

303.

Ganymede
56.

by
Bode

I-a

the

Chinese

Yu,

of Antinous,

41 ; of

Juvenis, 46. 46. Aquarius,

and,
lucida

the

lucida

of, 221;

tion culmina-

Raptrix,

of the

Portis Fortune
Fortune of

and

of, 221. Fortissimus,

307.

Garnet Garrulua

Star,

O)
Four

(Virgo), 462. fortunarum, Aquarius, 52.

350.

astrologers' name

for

Beta

Gate Gate

of

The, 158. proditor, 180. the Gods, 136.

107. 375.

of Men,

Foaeorium, Royal
133.

Gateway, 256. Gatto, Gau,

Gaudium
33i.

Stars,

Fovea, Fox,

359.

364.

Veneris,

383.

508
Gnoeia Qnosia God's Ardor Stella

General

Index

Bacchi, 176. Coronae, 178.

the sieu in in Andromeda,
51, 327.

Grumium, Grua, 237;

for, and

an,
an

397.

appropriate title, 937;

of,
937,

other

saws

Eye, 385. Goei, Koei, or Kwei,

Goal Got

composition
the

938;

HonpoQooa.
components ef,
aiaor

36.

937; 937;

with

Arabians,
on,

(or Wei),
Cluck Crown

the sieu

Aquarius,
five

Caesius

937;

the 937; Schiller

on,

937;

(Capricorn us), 136.

Hen and her

components

Golden Golden

Chicka,

399. 177.

Alpha
the Chinese Grua Gu
aut

(a) of

of, 938 ; English figuring*at,238. J3S; far, name Grua, Al Tizinfs

of, 938.

of the
345.

Ammonite

King*,

Kc, 338; location

300.

Golden Golden Golden

Gold

Piah,

Ciconia,

NuU, 307. Yard-arm,

Pield,
209.

(a Water-jar overflowing),
of the and north

47. 459.

3x6.
Dorado.

Guardena Guardians

pole,
459.

Guarda,
67.

Goldfish, The. Qtintsol, 446.

See

Gubernaculum, Gui, 397. Guiam, Gaiam,

311. 957.

Goodricke, John, an amateur observer, 158. Good Messengers, 167. Good Shepherd, The, 86. for Aquarius, 46. Gooae, a Roman name Gooae, The, 80. Gorgonea prima, 33a. Gorgonea quarta, 335. Gorgonea aecunda and Gorgonea tertia, Qorgoneum Caput, 33a. Gorgonlfer and Gorgoniaue, 330.
Gorgonia Ore,
339.
xo;

and

Guyam,

946.

Gula,

Gua-ba-ra,

Gu-sbi-rab-ba, Gu-shir-kes-da, Gut-an-na, Habenifer,

Habena

360.
xxa.

389.
85. hircum,
Rkrioli's
as

334.

capellaa (haedoa, Hada Kuttya, 479. Hadronitho Demaluache,

titlefor the solar zodiac, Haedi Haemonioa and
x

etc), 85.

"ChaMeu'
to

Gould, Dr. A. B., Government, The, Grabatichel, 106.

Gramas Gramas
and Graaaiaa

et

passim.

; doubt

tab

oase,

435.

Haedua, Arcua,
155. 75.

90, 359.

91.

(( Librae), 978. (in Scorpio), 361, 367, 371.

Grahadhlra,
Grand Grande Grand Gratua
Great Great

456.
1x7. 4x9. 095.

Shan, Hae Shih, Hafturengh

Hae

Chien, Ourse,

Hafturengh

Kihin, Mihin,

439,

450.

439.

Nuaga,
Iaccho

Crater,

183.

Hagjiler Yuli, 481. Halley, Dr. Edmund, HaUey Nebula, 949. Han,
Hand Hand
30a.

13;

et

passim.

Chariot, 426. Coffin, 433Dragon, Bear, Cloud, The,

The. The.
x x

of

Juatice, 360.
Pleiadea,
144. 43"195.

Great Greater Greater Greater Greater

Great Great Great Great Great Great Great

203.

of the

See Sec
7 et

Ursa

Major. Major.
Cants

Handle,

Nubecula
see.

Hannabeah,
Hana

Dog, The, Fish, 345.

See

Major.

Diimken,

446.

Piah, The, soo. Looped Nebula,

Nebula

909.

(Andromeda),
474.

39;

(Orion),

3x6.

Serpent, Spotted
Star Storm in

Hapi, 381. Hapto-iringaa, 439. 982. and Hearpe, Harpa, Harapha, Hare (Scorpio) of China, 363. (of La Lande), so, 342, Hare, The
Hare,
The.

Bull,
Heen

424.

SceLepus.
479.

Yuen,
181.

The,
the

257.

Harmawith,

Bird,

Greeks,

The,

interested

in

heavens,

x8;

nated origi-

Harnacaff, 144. Georgii, Harpa

347.

scientific astronomy,

19 ; et

passim.

Harpechruti,
Harp-atar, Har'undo,
350.

994.

Greip, 119. Griffin, or Eagle, 336. Grigirean, 436. Griglean and Grioglachan,

985.
The. See Cmstm Mtssmm-

Harvest-keeper,
397-

Haae, H'aall,

964.
904. 71, 125.

Griveneacoa,
Groaperikie,
Groaae Groaae Groaae Groaae Grotius

nx.

Haehteher,

400.

correctly K*aU,
and Delta 182.

Bar, 4x9. Hund, 1x7. Waeaerachlange, Wolke, 395.

and
star

Haaieadra, Haata, Der, 046.

xi; etpassmu

(*) Aqitarii, 53*

Haatorang, Haupthaar,
Hauritor

256, 346.
x68.

nomenclature,

aquae,
am

Grue,

La,

937.

Haualicky

46. Nebft,

9*2.

General

Index

509
Astrum,
and
353.

Hea,
Head Head

or

Hoa,
Tail

904.

Herculeum

and of

of the
332.

Dragon,

ao8,

349.

Herculeus Herd

Herculeus

Leo,

353.

Meduaa,
Low,
or

of Camels,

398.
93.

Heang
Heart Hea Hea

of the

Royal

78. Leu, Kiang Lion, 356.

Herdsman,
Her

The,
of
343.

Majesty

Denderah,

133.

Tae, Taae,

443.
aio.

Hermidone,

Heavenly Heavenly Heavenly

Hebrew Heels Heft

Chariots,

The,

354.

Hermippus, 199. Heros Tirynthius,

Heroum

241.

Dog, 184. Plough, 431. Sinner, 267.

Sedes,
Sir

480.
10;

Herschel,
system

John,

attempts

to

reform
et

stellar

(1841), but unsuccessfully, 16;

passim. 428.

(in Sagittarius),355. Heft Averengh, or Rengh, Helenae Genitor, 193. Hel'ice,

or

Herwagen,
432, 450.

Horwagen,
xx6. 350.

and

Hurwagen,

Hers

Karls,
or

HSs,

HSts,
3;
120.

Hel'ike,
193.

433,

438.
her

Hesiod, Hesiri, Chickens,

399.

et

passim.

Hen,

The,

Hencoop
Heniochus

and

Hen

with

(Auriga), 84.
350.

He"-mut, Hesperides,
Het'e

305.

396.
397.

Herculea,
Hercules

and

Heraclus

(0 Geminorum),

233.

Heu,
Heuen Heu

wa'ne, Hlu, or
Ko,

HU,

53.

location Hercules, of the oldest of, 338; one sky figures, 338 ; first known to the Greeks Engonasi, as 339
"

103. 55.
or

Leang, Woo,

various
339;

names

other

of, 339-243 ; origin of, mysterious, figurings of, 339; Eratosthenes on, of, with

Heung
Hewel

Heung

Wu,
et

22, 13;

52. et

(Hevelius),

Johann,

passim.

339;

connection
an

339;

mythology, Euphratean object of worship in Phoenicia, 239; everywhere of importance, in the Tetrabiblos, 339;
in the various of

Hewitt,

340;

first found

Catasterisms,
other the

340;

Panya340-243; 341 341

; ;

J. P., on Altair, 59; Hilde Strasse, 479. Hinde, 446. Hind's Crimson 8tar, 269.
Hindu

passim.

sis

and,

340;

figurings of,
Flammarion the Farnese

astronomy,
on, 20, 171. 2x3.
21

20,
;

ax

Arabic

and

Greek

fluence in-

in the

4th edition
and,

Alfonsine

Tables,
on,

et

passim.

Bayer
general

globe, 341 ; in the Ltyden MS., ; 341 ; Bayer's figuring of, 341 the Venetian illustrator of Hyginus and, 343 ; with
; on

24 x ; Hyde drawing of, 341

and

Hing

Chin,

Hinnulus,

Hipparchos,
xo,
xi xi

divides
;

zodiac, 6;
on,
xx

names

tions, constella-

Pliny

; date

of observations

of,

the biblical

school,
;

342

Schiller nebula

and,

343

with

the
24s
;

Arabs,
minor

243

the

Halley
of,
344.

situated

in,

passim. Hippolytus, 84.

; et

components

Hippopotamus,
343 343
; ;

The,
135.

20,

205.

Alpha for, 343 Tso,

Beta
244; and

(a) of
;

Hercules,
the

various the

names

Hircinus Ti

Sidus,
86.

with
a

nomads,
of

Chinese

Hlrcus,
Hircus

243;

component culmination

the

Chinese

Ho,

343;

and variability

of, 343.
various
names

Corniger, Hirondelle, 399.

Historia Hiuen Hiuen Coelestis

135.

(j9)of
in the

Hercules,
the

of,
344;

343,

Britannica,

14.

Arabo-Latin
on, 344;

Almagest,
Chinese Ho

Bayer
344;

Ideler

Chung,
the

Hiau, Ying,
243, 303. 231.

139. 47.

spectrum

of,

344.

Ho, Hercules,
344;

Gamma Ho

(y) of
344.

Chinese

Ho Ho

Keen,
Zeta Theta

Choo, Chung
Koo

and

Ho

Keen,

244. 60. 203. 3; et

facts concerning, (0 of Hercules, the Chinese (0) of Hercules, 244;

244.

Ho

(a, fi,7 Aquilae),

of
not

Tien

Holy

Innocents

Bethlehem,
zodiac,

Ke,

244.

Kappa
component the

(*) of Hercules,
of the Chinese
244 ; various

various

tides of, 244

344;

did Homer, Ho Neaou,

mention

passim.

336.

Tsung

Tsing,
of,
various

with

Hood,
Hoo

Thomas

(1590), xi;

et

passim.

Dorians,

locations

244.
names

She,

130.

Lambda
344;

(A) of
244; 245

Hercules,
Burritt
;

of,
the

Bayer and, Chinese Chaou,

the Sun's

upon,

244,

245;

the

345;

changed by recent details concerning this,345.

GO
of

Way,

of vicinity of, the Apex observations,

on Aquarius, 46; et passim. Horace, Home, 450. location Horologium Oscillatorium,

and

names tioned, men-

of, 246;

variable
;
on

component,

246
Chinese Kew

Whitall's

246; rarely planisphere, 246.

108.

Mu

Hercules,
Xi

345;

the

Ho,
Nu

345.

(r) and

($) of
Shan,

Hercules,
246.
facts

components

of

Horoscope, 246. of the Horoscope Horse, or Horseman Horse, The Horseman, (Leo),
The

World,

(Sagittarius), 354.
254. 333.

the Chinese

Chung

Omega

(") of Hercules,

concerning, 246.

(Gemini),

5io
Horse's Horse Horseshoe Head and his

General

Index

(Equuleus), 3x3. Rider, 446.

373.

Beta

(fi) of

Hydra, Hydra,
the

with

Xi

""), the Qukk

Tsing Kew, Epsilon

Iota

Nebula,

249. (c) of

facts Chinese with

concerning, 249Ping Sing, 34$.

others, Al
Ssffs

Horus,
Horus Horus Hostia

85, 307. Apollo,

the and Elder

"t) of Hydra, (") of

349.

434.

Kappa
Horus the

Hydra,
with

and

Younger,

334.

Al

Sharasif,

Hostiola,
115*

378.

Hounds, House,
House House House House House House House House of

The,
340,

Xi (") of Tsing Kew,

Hydra,
249. et

Beta

0), the Ctine*

365. Jupiter, 356. of Mars, 79, 364.

of

Hydra Hydra Hydre,

et et

Corvus Crater

and

Crater, Hydra

et

183, Corvus,

247.

246.
250.

Mercury,
Pive

298, 464.
49,

of Saturn, of the of the of the

136.

Male, Hydre Hydridurus,

Hydrocho6s,andHydrochoos,4C. Hydros,
from 250; 350; 350. 247.

Emperors,
108.
953. 374.

78.

Hydros Hydras,
other biblical

and

Moon, Sun,

distinct
names

Hydra,
in in the Chinese

350;

aad position of the 353;

of,

nomenclature astronomy,

of Venus,
30X.

school,
of,

How,
How

0 the lucida

Kung, 460. 48. Hridroga,

Hrusa, 385.
47a.

Hyre'ldes,

Hyriades,

and

Hyriea

proles, 30S.

Iasides, 156.
Iasonia
479.

Hucru,
Hulde

Carina
or

(Argo), 66.
353*

Strasse,

Ibis,
the Arab

Swan,

and Hunt, William Holman, See Orion. The. Hunter, The Hunter, (Sinus), X22. Hunter with his
two

shay kh,

33.

Ibis, White,
Ibn Bsra. Icarii

The,
See
A 95.

emblem ben
Ezra.

of

Egyptian zodiac

2.

Boves,
Astrum
or

Dogs,
See

433.

Icarium Venatici.

and

Icarius,
133.

xx8,

132.

Hunting
Hurru,

Dogs,
366.
390.

The.

Comes

Icarus,

Icarius, 95,
337. 337. star-names,

Ichiguen, Ichthues,
Ideler,
xvi
y,
;
on on

Hutabhuj,
Hwa Hwan

Kae,

106, 159. Chay, 301, 303.

The

xi;

translator

of
sa;

"axviaL
etpaism
247.

origin of the constellations,

Idrus

Hyades,
in classic
seven,
are

(a, 0\ P,

8,

"

of Taurus),

famous

Idra, Idrus, and

Aquaticus,

246,

days, 386 ; in mythology, 387 ; anciently only six now, 387 ; different authors give
numbers

different other other

of, 387;
various

in

Homer,
on,

387;

with

Greeks, 387;
Latin

authors

387, 388;

Idxu, 376. 56, 59. Idxu Zamama, 376. Ighnuna, Ignitabulum (Ara), 62. Ignota Facias, Ihlilagji, 450. Ikhma, Ilderim, 3x8.
80; (Aldebaran), 385. (a Arietis), in Ben Great I-kuandl-ku-u
340.

character

China,
Saxon

names for,388 ; in Arabia, 389; stormy the Hindus, of, 389; among 389; in 389; with the biblical school, 389; Anglo-

titles of, I and Dr.

Hyadum Hyde,
(note)

389. Hyadum

II,

390,

391.

Shaykh,
of the

Hur%

xii
354.

Thomas,
a

translator of the Tuini's

3

of
term

the

Tables

of
3

Illuminator

City,
241.

Ulug Beg,
;

inventor of Al

cunei/armes,
a

translator of
"

work,

laboranti Imago his vation deriImbrifer, 135. Imbrifer Duo

47.

slmilis, Pisces,
x8x.

Mazzardth,"
names

; et

passim.
;
one

337.

Hydra, Hydra,

of Chaldaea various

(Libra), 376. for, 346-349

347;

Imma,
of the
347;

Ar-

Imperial
Inachides,

Chariot,
330. 379. 105.

gonautic constellations,
astronomers

in the

Ovid,

various

upon, 347;

347;

in

Arabo-Latin

magest,Inachis, Al-

La

Lande's

title for, 347;

general
to,
tronomy, as-

Incalurus, Incenaus,
Incumbent Incurvatus

representation 348
;

of, 347;
in

Noctua of the

recently added
biblical school astronomy, components

156.
in

in the constellations

genibus,
340.

340.

348;
Hindu Eastern astronomy,
star

Chinese

248;

in

in genu, The. See

348

; various
:

of, in
uranog; modern

Indian,
Indianer,

Indus. and

systems,
; in

348

in

Euphratean
248

Indiano,
names

raphy, 348
extent

Egyptian

astronomy,

Indus,

other

Indien, 350. of, 350, 251 ; figuringand

of Bayer's
350;
new

tion loca-

of, 348; Gesnerand,

248;

visibility of, 249; of, 249,

names

of, 250,
350;

351

; one

cossteUatiofl". and, %y\

d*

Al

Alpha
Caesius
name

Sufi and, 249 ; minor components various (a) of Hydra,

250.

with Pe

Flamsteed, See,
251.

Schiller

of, 349;

Chinese

and,

249;

with

the

Arabs,

249;
249

Tycbo's
;

Inflammatus, Ingenicla Ingeniculatus

156.
and and

for, 249 ; in Chinese of, 249.

astronomy,

nation culmi-

Imago

Ingeniclus,

240. 24a

Ingeniculus,

General

Index

511
(Aquila), 56.

Inkalunia,
Inner Throne

105.

of Akkadian

the

Five
name

Emperors,

156.
1.

Innum, an Insidiata, Inthronata,

Invakft and

for the solar zodiac,

Jovis Ale a, Jo via Nutrix.or Armiger Sidus, 353. Jovis et Junonis (Capella), 86. Jovis Nutrix Jovis Judas
Sidus

365.
143.

Invall,

3x9.

Judas Juga, Jugula

(Aries), 78. Iscariot, 367. Thaddaeus (Aquarius), 46.

and

x""

379-

373.

Irene,
Irmines

463. Iringea Uueg, Wagen,

367.

Weg,
438.

or

Wee,

478.

Jugum

Jugulae, ixx, (Lyra), 383, 387.

306,

315.

Isaac,

See Libra. Jugum. Jui, or Tui, 317.

Ishi, a76. Ishmael, 353. Isis, 366, 381, 46a.

Isis Isis
305.

Juka, Julius Major),

373.

Caesar,
the
to

his need 19;

of

an

astronomer
to

in reforming Greek

calendar,

compelled
460.

call the

(Mu

(m) of Canis Sati,

131.

Sosigenes is),
133, 134,

(Hathor,
(Taurt
or

8atit, 80th

Junckfraw Junonis Jupiter Justa, or Juvenca Juvenis Juvenis Jyesthi, Kabarnlt,

his aid, 19. and Jungfrau,

m, 49.

astro

Isis

Isis), 208.
Ishtar,

Ammon

Istar,
Isus

463.
3x5.

and Jupiter Justitia, 46a.

Libycus

(Aries), 78.

Trikind*, Ittha, 338. Ivy Wreath,

and

Inachia, 379. Juvenis gerens

156.

aquam,

46.

171.

Aequoreus, 366.
or

'IyQthft, 87, 385. Ixion, 341. Jabhah, Alf the 8th manxil,

Karbana

(a Carinae), 67,

68.

357,

359.

Kae Kahi

Uh,

55.

Jackal, 334. Jackal of Set, Jack Jacob

on

Nub,
343-

68.

450.

Kaht, Horse,
(on the

the

Middle

446.
nice

Kak-ban, 367;
Kakkab Kakkab Kakkab Kakkab

133.

(Auriga), 86;
3x0.

of the moon),

(Orion),

Bir, 366. Dan-nu, Kasti,

Kastu, Kua,

470.

Jacob,
the

images of his blessing the signs of allegorical

Via

123. 354. a6o. 123. 471. 53.

Solis,a.
Rod and

Jacob's

Jakob

Stab,

3x5.

Kakkab

Jaculum, 350. Jagdhunde, 1x4. Strasse Jakob's Janitor Lethaeus, Japan, ideas in, as Jason, Jidim,
399.

KakkablLik-ku,
Kakkab and

Jakob's
purpose

Weg,
of stars,

479.

Kakkab Kakkab

Mulu-iai, Nammax,
Paldars

xx8.
to
33.

(Pallika,

or

Palura),

134.

Kakkab Kakkab

Sar, 3x1, 3x8. Gud-EUm, Su-gub

or

379.

339.

Kak-shidi,
Kak-ahisa

Kak-shisha

(Sirius),xaa.

Jth, 378, 338. Jin Ma, 356. Jiray, a3x. and Joachim Joash, Job,
the

(Antares),
xo8.

366.

Kalakang,
Kal-bu and

Kal-bu

Sa-mas,
3x5.

123.

Anna,
of

88.,

x6a. 35a.

Kalevan

Miekka,
4*"-

King

Israel,

Kalitsah,
Kallisto

351.

(Callisto),
5a.

431.

Job's Coffin, aoo. Joculator, 353. John Trevisa, John the Baptist,
Joo Tseo,
331.

Kalpeny,
KamSn
on as

(Sagittarius), 353.
473-

of

Aquarius, 48. Aquarius, 6, 46.

Kang,
Kang Kang Kannae, Kenya

Che,

100.

Ho,
and

106.

Jordan, The, 3x7. Jordanus, 1x5.

Joseph,
the dream the
01, and

463.
Kauni,
202.

463.

the

zodiac, a.
of the

Kaou

Pin,

Joseph

Josephus,

Kapi, X56, 434. and K ark at an, high priest's Karka breastplate with the xa signs of the zodiac, 3 ; supKarlaeiche, 349. ported Karls of Alexandria, Vagn, 437. by St. Clement 3 ; declares Karl Abraham 438. for celestial observations, a ; says Wagen, famous Abraham Ksrteek, or Kartiguey, taught the Egyptians, 3. Patriarch, 383.
connects

the

xs

stones

108.

393.

Joshua,

310,

Kfisah

Shekesteh,

176.
303.

Jostandis, 144.

Kash-shud

Sha-ka-tar-pa,

512
Kathaca, Katze,
Kaurba
aax.

General

Index

108.

Kleine Kleine

Pferd,

ax3.

Wasaerachlange,

Der,

350.

and

Kaurpya,
36a.
star-names,

363.
xiv

Kleine

Kaxhdum,

$azwlni,
Ke,

on

et

passim.

338. Keats, on Aquarius, Keen Pi, 373. Keeper, 355. 438. Keepers, Ke Kwan, 155,
Kelbl Kelebh Kennel

Wolke, 395. Klusos, a Coptic lunar station, 3x8. Kneeling Camel, The, 144. Knife, 353.
Ko,
the ancient
or

55;

et

passim.

aad

suu%

5a.

Koei,

Kwei,
and
xox.

338.
Usun

KoiiHghi Kolanxa,
379.

Koirughi,
Musca

363.
393,

KoleOn, Qavoro, Dogs,

1x9. Koo

the

Coptic
154.

Boreabs,

Qabbiri,
Corner

incorrectlyKelbo
93.

Low,

hannlbfth, 3x8.
or

of the

Barking

464, 466.

Keo, Keok,

Koo She, 73. Korneforos, Kornephoros, Ko Sing, Tycho's ncva, 147. Ko

Kornephorut,

343-

Qnik,
edits

468.
13; et

Taou,
and

144.

Kepler, Kepler's Kertko,

Ke Seuen

Tycho's catalogue, Star, 300.

passim.

Kow Kow Kow

Kow

Kwo,
437.

360.

Ching, Kin,

353.

373.

Kesheth K"sll,
Keuen Keu Kew Kew Kew
7X,

Ke, 438. and geshtt,

X35,

Kranlch,
353. Kratu

Der,
or

337.

(a Ursae
184.

Majoris),
107.

437.

308,

3x3,

36s, 385.

Krebs,
Kreus,

Krippe,

She, Hea,
Ho, Yew,
no.

333.

Heang,
345.

473.

Krittikl, 393, 393. Kriya (Aries), 78.

Kshlra,
the Hindu

Galaxy,

475.

319,

360.

Ku.

See/**.

Keyhole Khachman, Khambalia,

Khamshish,

Nebula,
37a 47a. 355.

The,

surrounding

ij

Cannae,

74.

Kuen Kuen

She,

130. 268.

Teing,

Kugha,
Kuh,

Aquarius
143.

in

Turkey,

47.

Kharthian,
Khatsar,
53.

366.

Kulira,
Kullat

108.

Nunu,
5,
xxo.

343.

Khawlya,
Khem,
331.

3x5.

Kung,
Kurra,

181.

Khigalla, Khoritos, Khosha,

Khonsu,
Khumba Ki Kien Kien

334.

Kusam, Kut, Kuton,

Ku-ur-ku Kuxi Kwa
xxo, a

the ancient

xxth

sieu, x8a.

467. or Khusik, 463. and Canopus, 70. (Kumbaba),

48.
; in

Coptic

lunar

station,36,

343. 47-

(Seat of Flowing (Aries),78.

aoo.

Waters),

(sieu), 355,

358 348. Mun, Sing, 359.

and

Babylonia, 464.

Chaou,
439.

Kwan,
Kwan Kwan

Killukturset,
KIml

397.

Kew, Soo, Wei,

390. 177. xi4.

Kimlh,
304.

385, 389,

393.

Kwan

Kim-mut,

Kwei,
Kwei

the 6th

sieu, no;

in Ursa

Major,

435-

Kimtu, King, King King

C.

or

Kimmatu, 393. W., on symbols of signs, 49.

Chariot, 436.

She, Caille,

axs.

David's David's

La

charts

of, 14
and
351;

on

Argo, 64
of, 351 of, 351
; ;

etpsssm-

Harp,
3x4. 157.

2S2.

Lacerta,
components
351

names

formation location

Horse, King's King Solomon,

Kin Kin

of,
of the

aad figuring* Hcveliusaoi

as1-

; part

Chinese

Frying Serpent,
the radiant

Neu,

38x.
aoa.

Beta

(0) of
351
.

Lacerta,

of the point

Yu,
468.

Lacertids,

Ki6,

Lacertids,
Athanasius,
3 ; et

Kircher, Kislev, Kit, 355

passim.

Lace-work Laconian

309.

The, 251. Nebula, The, Key, 143.

195,

Ladder,
Ladle,

479.

Kite, 363. Klaria, 311.

Klelne Kleine Kleine

436.
304.

Ladon,
447.

Bar, Hund, Lowe,

Lake
131.

of

Fullness his

Der, 363.

La

Lande,

constellations
in

(Aries,Taurus, Gemini), 78et passim. 14

'"

Lamash

(Denebola

Babylonia), 358.

General
and Lamp Lampadaa alt

Index

513

Lampe
97.

Nuru,

273,

374.

colure, 356
yam

(tbe Hyades), 388.

Lanceator,
Lance-star

(Antares or Procyon), 366. John, 17 (see also note) ; author Landseer, baean Researches, 17.
Hoo (Sinus), 135. Lang and Lang Lang Taeang (Aries), 76. Laniger Lanx Laocodn Laou
La

Will; in English astrology, 356 ; with Salysbury, 356; with Al Birunl, 356; with Bayer and others, 356; in Eupratean astronomy, nent 357 ; promi357 ; with Horace, 357 ; in Khorasmia,
among

of Sa-

lunar-mansion Al

stars, 3S7

; a

component

of the Arabian

Wei

(starsof Coma),

171.

omy, Jabhah, 357 ; in Chinese astronancient importance of, 357; faintest of 357; and parallax xst-magnitude stars, 357; spectrum

of,357;

observed

in
;

xneridionalis

and

aeptentrionalia,275, 976.

culmination
Beta with

of, 357

navigation, 357 ; location and positionof companion of,358.

of, 358,
and in
359
;

(Ophiuchus),

299.
; et

Jin (Canopus),
Place,
(Ara),
de
on

71.

origin of sky figures,x6

Saint

passim.

358;
sine

names (0) of Leo, various Bayer, Chilmead, Schickard, Nubian with 358; astrologers,

Riccioli, the Alftm; in

;

Lar Larmes

6a.

Tables, 358

with

Proctor
;

and Al

others, 358

Laurent,
iax. (Sirius),

335.

Arabian

astronomy,

358
Uttara

with

BirQnl, 358

part

Laterak,
Latrator Latter

471.

of the nakshatra and

354.

Anubis

Chinese
names

and

AahldhI,
Team,
of
453-

the

19th nakshatra,

phratean
259;

Laxy
Leaders Leaena

Khorasmians,
part of and
a

Phalguni, 358 ; in Hindu 358; EuBabylonian astronomy, of, 258; with the Sogdians and with in Persia, 259; Hewitt, 359;
359;
in

Leang
Lebre Ledaean Ledaei Ledaei Lee Leen Left

Celestial Host, 337. Minor), 363; (Lupus), 378. (6 Ophiuchi), 303. the

Asphutia,

astrology,359
culmination

; spectrum

(Leo

location

of, 359;

of, 359;
259.

component Gamma

of the Diamond

of

Virgo,

and

Lapre, 364. Lights and Ledaean

and
333.

Pratres

Ledaeum

Stars, Sidus,

333.

333.

of, 359 ; with Leo, other names of Al Jabhah, 359 ; Smyth, 359; brightest member of, 360. Herschel and, 259 ; velocityand spectrum (y) of
Delta

Juvenes, Sze, 303.

Taou,
s88.

(6) of

Leo,
; a

various

names

of,

260

with Al

Ulug

Beg,
260;

260
a

component

.of the

manzil

Zubrah,

component in various

of the nakshatra Eastern systems,

Purva

(Aldebaran), 384. Bye, The Leg, The, 145Lei (a Tear), 54. Leier, 380. xo8. Lenkutch, Leo marinus, 378. Leo (Cetus), 163. of, 353-355; Leo, various names Ptolemy and, 353; in classic myth, Manflius,
353; 253; 353;

Phalguni,
spectrum

360; and

260;
360.
"

Epsilon
a

velocityof,260; (") of Leo, various

of Al

Flamsteed
names

and,

of, 260, a6i

location

component

Ashlar,

360; with
names

360; Babylonian astronomy, Zeta (") of Leo, various of the location

353;

the

of, in Chinese, 261.

;
a

of, 261
261 s6x.
;

ponent com-

manxil

Al

Jabhah,
names

proximity
363.

of,

353;

of, to radiant
Theta Iota

point of
Leo,

the Leonids, various

with Ovid
;

and

(*) of (1) of

of,

the emblem

of heat, 353 in

with

ancient
upon,
at

physicians, 353;
353
;

astrology, meteorology,
of the

in

Kappa
Lambda Mu

Pliny

referred

toon

the walls

Leo, details concerning, 363. (k) of Leo, details concerning, 262. (A) of Leo, details concerning, 263.
Leo,
various various
names

Ramesseum

Thebes, 253; figured on the Denderah planisphere,253; partlyincluded in the Egyptian stellar Lion, 353 ; Eastern titles of,all mean Lion, on this, 253 ; tribal sign of Judah, 353 ; Landseer in figurings of the biblical school, 353; on 353; Ninevite cylinders,353 ; in other Eastern systems,
353 sun, ;

0*) of Minor,

of, and

details

concerning, 263.
Leo
names

of, 263;
363;

formed
mers astrono-

by

Hevelius,

263;

with

Proctor,

other

Hewitt
353

Arabic
354
;

and, 353 ; always identified with the heraldry, 354 ; different from the early Asad, 354 ; with early Hindu astronomers,
; in

in

Arabian

astronomy,

354

in

the

Chinese

in x6th cenzodiac, 354; adopted by China tury, derivation of symbol symbol of, 354; 354; the symbols of Mithof, 354 ; hieroglyph of, among raic worship, 355 ; on coinage, 355 ; drawings of,255 ; solar minor components

and, 364 ; in China, 364 ; on the Denderah planisphere, 364. PI. 46, names of,and details concerning, 364. 263. Leoncino, and Leun, Leone 253. Leonids, The, location of, 261 ; date of appearance number of of, 261; probable first notice of, 261; revolutions known and, 261 ; of, 261 ; Theophanes with a6x ; with Professor Newton, Oppolzer and Levexrier, 261 ; other details concerning, a6x, 263 ;
Milton's allusion to, 363.

of,their
Leo,
355;

locations
names

and

names,

365.
;

Alpha

(a) of
names,

various in

of, 355-258
Hindu and
omy, astron-

originof Sogdian
.

Babylonian,
in the

astronomy,

255; among
at

Persian

355,

356

Turanians,
356;
in

356

in

Akkadia,
and

356; Rome,

Nineveh,
356; 356
with
; with

Arabia,

Greece, European

astronomy,
; in

Pliny, 356; in Tycho, 356 ; with

the

Leopard (Ursa Minor), 450. cited by La Lande for Lupus, 378. Leopardus, of, 364-368 ; Aratos and, 364 ; Lepus, various names the Romans, legends concerning, 364-368 ; among 265 ; with the Arabs, 265 ; Riccioli and, 265 ; with and, 265; in Egyptian asKlazwtnl, 265; Hommel tronomy,
365
and with
; with

the Chinese,
on

365 ;

with

Caesius

Dupuis, 356

early times

indicated

solstitial

Schiller, 365;

the

Denderah

plani-

33

SH
sphere, 365; Aelian
oC
tradition
966 ;

General

Index

and, 965
with

Brown
moon

on

the location Eastern

Lion,
Lion'a Lion'a

Le,

95a.

connected

the
*n
"

in

and

legend, 266-367
267,
368.

scripturalsimile,

(Regulus), Heart, The Tail, in Scorpio, 370.

980.
or

956.

267

; in poetry,

Lira,
;

various of, a68 names Lepus, other details concerning, 369. and details of, 396. Beta names (/3)of Lepus, Lernaeua (Cancer), 107 ; (Serpens), 374.

Alpha

(a) of

Lis,
Li Litli

Fleur
4x3.

de

Lie,

993.

8hih,

Leader Leaser Leaser Leaser

Bear, The. Dog, The. Lion, The.

Waterman,
or

See See See

Ursa Cants Leo

51.

Minor. Minor. Minor.

Vagn, 450. Litoreua, 107. Little Camels, 384.

Little 45"Little Little Little

Dipper,
Pox with

The

(Pleiades),

397;

(Una

Minor).

The,

the

Gooae,
See

473.

the 37th sieu, 8a. Low, Level and See Norma. Square. Leviathan (Cetus), 162; (Delphinus),

Leu,

Horae,
Lion The.
and

The.

Equulnu
364.

(/ Leo
See

Minoris),
Laeerta.
455.

200.

Lixard,
Loadstar

Levriera,

1x4. 354.

Lodestar,
109.

Leya and Leyaya, Lexard, 351. Libella, 393. Libra, other names anciently associated
and modern
373;

Lobster,

The,

of,369;
with
370-373

with the Greeks, 369; Scorpio, 369; in classic

;

in Argo, 65. Lochium Funis and Logleine, Blue Shark, 483. Cloud-eating Long Dante's Fortuna on Major, 48, 49. Longfellow, Loo

8ieu,
85.
of
425.

142.

poetry, the
372;

various
37a;

Greek in

names
tronomy, as-

Lore,
Lord

for,

Roman

Jugum,
astronomy,

Indian

Canals,

47.

in Chinese Eastern

astronomy, 373;

273;

its origin,

Los, Loup,
Low,

373;

in
373;

date

of,

certain, un-

278.
in Ara,

273,

274;

symbol of, 373; Miss Clerke with Brown, 274; in modern and
devout 375 ; influence heathen and
275 ;

upon,

63.

cal classi-

astrology, 374,
374; with school's 375;

of, on
in

commerce,

Lowe, 252. Lubdhaka, Lucertola,

Lucida Lucidus Ludentes

119. 251.

the

biblical
ing! concerncerning con-

nomenclature, minor

other

details

Cassiopea,

146.

components

of, and

details

Alpha
in Greek

them, 278. (a1,a") of Libra,

astronomy, Al Chinese
275
;

Anguis, 374. and Ludionss,

and Luft Tudda

459.
337.

various Beta

names

of,

275

Luft

Ball

Ballon,
366.

with

of Libra

forms

Lugal
Luh

(Antares),
106.

the mantil
275;

Zubtnah,

275

; in Hindu

astronomy,

Kea,
or

in

astronomy, in

276;
and and

in

Babylonian
of, 276.
in Brown

Lu-lim,
Lim

Lu-nit

(in Aries), 80.

470, 473.

astronomy,

376; 376
of

Euphratean
various

Chaldaean

menclature, Lu no-

(inVirgo), Mansions,
3;

; location

culmination

Lunar

their in

connection

with

Mao*
7:
tiquity an-

Beta

O)

Libra,

titles of, 276; and

rOth,

their
7;

part

observational

astronomy, 7.
a,

Babylonian
on,

astronomy,

276;

Jensen
;

position of,
of,

276
; ;

Ptolemy

concerning, 276
on

Hind

276
377

Professor

Young

decrease

in

on this, brightness of,

7;
;

of, astrological characters composition of, 7; number

name

7" lena

origin of, 8
for the, 8; and Newton Al

Hindu

for the, 8 in the

Arabic
8 ; 8 ;

color, spectrum, (") of (1?)of

O. in 1702, and

Delta Eta N. Kirch Licorne Lieu and

and velocity of, 377. and details of, 277. Libra, names Libra, location and names of, 277. location details

alluded
on

to

$urin%
on

Whitney

the, 8
on

Biot

the,

Clerke 00

the. 8;

BirunI

the, 8;

allusoes scriptural
vsn-

C. 5904,

of,

377

discovered
277.

by

concerning, 277; Liocorno, 289. Liu, the 7th situ, 948. Pleiadee, 403. Ur-bar-ra, 325.
332.

for, 9; name to, 9; Chinese national forms of the, 9 ous

the, in Japan, 9;
; et

passim.

Horse, 393. LUneburg Lupa, Lupo, and Lupus, Lupus,

various with
names

978.

Lievre, 264. Light of the

Lik Li

of, 978;

bar-ra, Kung,

or

astronomical

of, 978, 979; originof oasot the Greeks and Latins, 278; wious writers and, 978 ; with the Arabians,

329.

978;
sius

Lillth, the star Algol, Limbus TeztiliB, 3. Lince, 279. Lineal, 393. Ling Tae, 363. Linnunrata,
Linum boreum
the

and

Euphratean Hyde,

correspondent of, 978; withOe978,

979; Aratos
on, a79" *'

scribed Schiller

by Eratosthenes, 979; in and, 979 ; antiquity and iiiconspicuousne*

; location

*79"* mythology,

of, 979
and

of,979

; components

of,and

a*8*4

details concerning

them,

979.

Galaxy
and

Finland, 479. auetrlnum, 342.

(the early Asad), 464.
2a

in

Lura, 984. Lutaria, 383. Luy Luy

or Lute-bearer, Pei Chen, or

Linx, or Luchs, 279. Lion, The (Leo), 353;

Lion,

Repl, The, Chin, 48,

20, 55,

466.
141.

The,

of

Egypt,

Tien, 398.

5"6
Mayer,
Gamma

General
Tobias, 37; discovert Johann (y) of Andromeda, 37.
3x5.

Index

duplicityof

Missile Mithraic

and

Missore, 382.

350.

Bull,
331.

Mazlltha, Maxz"ioth,

Mithras,
form of

the

MaxxftrQth, in the Targuwu%

mann's derivations
1*5. 3"5" 405.

Targumts* origin of the

2;

Mazzaroth.a,
word,
2

3x5.

biblical

; form
a;

of,
Dill-

Hyde's o"
a;

derivation

of,

derivation

o(, 2 3"9"

; various

renderings and applicationsof this word,

various

Peter, 4x5. 183Mixing-bowl, (lunar station),35; Miyan (Regulus), Misnaixn and Moznayixn, 273. of signs in the Crtatxm Misrita, names
word similar
to

Mitre

of Saint

255.

Legend,

2; a;

4*9.

48i.

to, appears be

for the form

the

Milky Way,
in the

Mea,

supposed
397.
2;

original oi
the

biblical used

Marxiroth,
Ter-

Meanxnnach, Media, 358. Medusa,

Meea

also
2

of
;

Maxsaloth,

gumu,

probable meaning

oi, a.

46a. Too, 160. Meih Fung, 291. and Menalippe, Melanippe

Melicartus and 239.
479

Mo, Mu, Niu, Nii, or Woo Mochos, 272. Moist Daughters, 387.
323. 240.

Nieu,

54

Melicerta,

Melkarth, Melkpath,

Ki, x39. Mol, 393. Monius, 47. Monoceros, 289;

various with various
names

Mo

of, 289, 290;

of modern 990; in

locanoo

ot

Melius, 241. Melo, 2x6. Mena, Menalo,

Mena's
or

Proctor,

290;

origin, *fi"
China,
spa:

writers

concerning,
Fl
30

Meaat,
290. Followers

ao,

100,

366.
a

culmination Mons

of, 290;
other

at, 290.
and formation

and

Mena'

Herald,

ao.

Maenalus, Hevelius, 290;

of,
290,

position of,
names

by

of, soo;

gins possibleori-

Mendes,

138290; the

291;

Landsecr's culmination

represeatatno

ot

Mensa, 291. Mercator, Qerardus,

s6x. Mercurialis, Mercurii Sidus,
xo8.

globes of,

13-

Mons Mons

and, 290; Menelaus, 290. Mensae,

La various
;

Hewitt

at, 291.
291; fornaboa

names

of,

of, by
name

Caille, 291
;

location
29X
;
now

of, and

origintf
391-

Me're, Merga Merops Mesxet, Mesha,

122.

of, 291

Gould Monstrum

and,

Mensa,
204.

and

Marrha,

106.

Monstruxn Monstrum Monstrum

and

audaz,
x6a.
204.

Mer'ope,

406. (Aquila), 56.

434-

marinum, mirabile,
de la Table
names

78.
123.

Montagne Months,
191.

and

Monte

Tavola,
with

391.

Akkadian

ot, connected

sions divi-

Mes-ri-e,

of the

zodiac, x.
Aries of

Messier, Mes-su,

Le,
260.

Montone,
Moras,
Mosca Moses

the
X32.

Dante,

77.

Mi and Vi, 369. and Maiapladdus (fiCannae), 7a. Miaplacidus Michael, the archangel (Ursa Major), 435. formed by La Caille,289; location Microscopium, and culmination

Australe,

29X,

292.
299.

(Aquarius), 46; (Ophtochus), Net (the Pleiades), 397. Mosquito

29a.

Mouche,
Mouche

of, 289;
Brown and

in

289;
Midhunam Mielan

with and

my, astronoearly German Flammarion, 289.

Australe 355. of the

ou

Indienne,

291.

Mouth,
Mouth

Mithuna,

223. 4.

circul

sodiacuxn,

Mriga Mriga,

(Makara,
a

Home, 459. Makaram, Mrigacirshl, (Canis Major),

Makra),
309. 3x5,
xxo.

138.

Mietitore, 191. Mikid-isati, 259. Milch Strasse, 479.

Milk Dipper, 356. The. See Galaxy. Milky Way, Milton, and the earth's axis, 4 ; etpmssim.

Hindu and

figure of Orion,

Mrigaciras Mrigavyldha Mutrid, X04. Mflll, 370. Mulban, 354. Mulda,

Mulen Muller
2x6.

318.

Minamref,

370.

Minerva, 463. Ming t'ang, 365.

Minoia Corona Proctor's and
name

Weg, 479. Catenate,

3s.

Minoia

Virgo,
Minor,
Nubecula

174. 453.

Mulier

Minor,
Minor

lor Ursa See

Sedls, 143. Mul-lik-ud, X23. Multiplication

Multuns Mulu Mulubat Bat

Cloud, The Minotaur,

Minotaurua

The.

Minor. 151.

(Centaurus), 150, (Sagittarius), 352.

15; et

Table, (Aries), 7s.

397.

(1 Virginia), 473. (in Ophiuchus),

302.

Minsheu.John,
Miraand Stella

passim.
164.

Mira,

Mulu-isi,
Mulus

276,

473.

Mirror,

138.

Clitellatus

(Auriga), 84.

General

Index

5"7

Mummu

Munaga,
54 ;

(Corvus or Crater), 183. lunar asterism in Aquarius, Euphratean in Capricornus, X39.

Tilxnut
"

Muadi Mural

Templum Quadrant,
59.

(Ara), 63.
The. See

Quadrant

Muraiu.

Hum,
Mus and

Muaculua,
350.

183.
of,
cut* with

Mutator,
Muaca
391
:

location other and Australia, namea origin of title of, 991 ; composition and

mutation

of,

991;

with

the

Chinese,

991;

Schiller, 991.
Muaca
names

in Lyra, Nebula 6790, 57 M., Ring Nubeculae, 994, 995 ; 1976, 49 M., Nebula in Orion, 3x6, 317 ; 198a, 43 the Great 884 and M., in Orion, 317; 869, clusters, the of Perseus, Sword-hand ula 334; 6533, 6 M., nebCausin Sagittarius, 6603, 94 M., Delle 359; tiche, in Sagittarius, 359; 65x4, ao M., the Trifld Nebula in Sagittarius, Nebula 359 ; the Cloud in Scorpio, 367 ; 6093, 80 M., in Scorpio, 368; 6M. in Scorpio, 370; 6475, 7 M., in Scorpio, 370; 6705, shoe M., in Scutum, 373 ; 66x8, 17 M., 0 or Horsexx Nebula, in Scutum, 373, Nebula, or 8wan

Libra, 277;
288
;

387,

the

Borealis,
of,
39a;

formation, position, and

components and culmination
not

other

374

x555

in

Taurus,
first

391

of,
erally gen-

Nebula

in Taurus, the

391

; the

1959, x M., the Crab Pleiades Nebulae, of

a

origin of present recognized, 99a figuring of, 99a. Muacida, 337.

292;

title obscure, aoa;

;

406,
X04,

4x3;

photograph
in Ursa

nebula, 4x6;

Ptolemy and,

aoa

Royer's

Bode's,

47 ;

cluster

in Tucana,

M., the Owl

Polarissima

Nebula in Ursa

4x8 ; 3587" 97 Major, 438; 3x73,

; densest

Minor, 458

nebular

Muaicum

8ignum,
909.
933.

zoo.

Mut,

Mu-air-kes-da, Mutatrlx, 958.

region of the sky in Virgo, 466; 6853, 97 M., the in Vulpecula, 474; Dumb-bell Nebula general paucityof, in Milky Way, 485; three of the finest, however, in the Milky Way, 485. whyta 476. way, (Cygnus), 193.
Necht,
N"har
ao, 305.

Mylke and Mylke way Myrtllua (Auriga), 84;

Na

dl

Nur,
3x5. and
334.

475-

Nelson,

Ainanu,

399. for

Nemaeus

Nemaeum

Monstrum,
Alumnus,
and

353.

Naaman, a 16th-century name Nagar-aaaffga, 108. Nagavithi, 477Nahi,

136.
114.

Aquarius, 46.

Nembus,
Nemean

Lion,
35a.
or
or

Nemeas

Nemees

Terror,

Nahn,
Nail

of the

Nakshatraa,

Crucifixion, 351. The, 8; et passim.

108.

Nepa, Nepa, Neper,

Nepas Nepas

(Cancer), 107; (Hydra), (Scorpio), 361.

347.

389.

Nan-garu,
Nan Nan

Nan
Nan

Hae, Ho, Mun, Tow,

376.
134. 153. 355.

Neptune, 2x7. Prolee, 135Neptuni Sidua, 340. Neptuni

199. Neptunua, Nereus (Cepheus),'xs6; (Eridanus), Nergal, or Nerigal, 354* 3x7.

Naoe, 73. Napoleon,

Narrow

Neshr,
3x5.

correctlyNeshsr,
57. 340.

57 ; in the

Ckaidee

phrase, Para-

Cloudy Argo
399. and

Train

of Female

Stars, 391.

Nessus, Nethlbhath
Newton

Nasedha,
Nave

Navire

Argo,
66.

64.

Tebhen, (Spica),466.
Professor
8

481.
Hubert
rt

Navigatoria, 455. Navigium Praedatorium, Navisjasonis, 66.

Naxius Neaou 'Ardor,

Newton, mansions,
New

Anson,

on

the lunar

(not*) ;

passim.

Venus,

The,

147-

176.
4x8.

Chuy,
The and Nebula

Nebuchadressar

Nebula,
Nebulae
Great in

Great

(Cenuurus), 151. (Andromeda), 39; (Orion),3x6.

:

Nga Man, 994. Nlallar, 3x5. Niau, 357.

Nibat Nido Anu

(in Sagittarius), 354,

399.

357*

358.

Clusters in

N.

G.

C.
39,

934, 40;

31 aai,

M., the
3a

di Leda,

M., AquaNebula in Carina "us* of Argo, Keyhole 54 ; 337a 9633, 44 M., cluster " Cancri, the Beehive, 74; 1 12-114; Venauci, xx6 ; 537a, 3 M., cluster in Canes in Canes VenaM., Spiral Nebula 51 5x94, tici, xx6, 1x7; 5x39 cluster " Centauri, 155; 4354, Nebula in Coma M., Pin-wheel Berenices, 99 k Cruris, 19/; 6960 LaceT7": 4755 cluster around in Cygnus, Nebula work Great 9070 195; Looped Nebula, 30 Dorados, aoa; 6905, 13 M., Andromeda,
40; 7009

Andromeda,

Niedgierreg,
Nieu,
Keen

397.

Saturn

Nebula

in

Nieu,
The.

or

Ngu

Gu, the aothM/a, (Hydra), 348.

4x5.

141-

Night
Nile,
Nil! Nilus

Owl,
The

SetNoctua.

(Eridanus), 3x7;
4x5.

Donum,

duster

in

Hercules,

94a;

5904,

M., cluster in

(Eridanus), 3x6; (Triangulum), (Sagittarius), 35a. Nimrod (Bootes), 95; (Orion), 309. Nimrod's Horse, 333. Ninsar, 469. Niphla, 307. NIrru-sha-shutu, 976. Nimasp

33*

5i8
Niru, 139. Niehtya,
the

General

Index

Obelus, 13th nakthatra,

399.
100.

35a

Ocean Octans other

and

Ocean

us,

2x5,

axy.

Nieue, 240. Nit, or Noith, Nitax-bat, 303. Niu She, 2x2. Niveau, 293.
No Animal
a

Hadleianue,
names

formation
; marks

of, by LaCatlle, S96;

South

of, 296

the

Pole. 29!

Octipea, Oculua,
Oculue

107.
a

poetical term
and

for Corona Oculue

Borealis, 17$.
Tauri

australis

(Aldebsran),

Nemaeo mediaeval
name

Truculento,
66.

352. 151.

384.
Oculue Oebalidae boreue and

Noah,
Noah'e Noah'e Noah'e

for Centaurus,

(" Tauri), 391. Oebalii,

22a.

Ark Dove. Raven

(Argo),
See

Columba

Nome.

(Corvus), 181, 248.

270.
;

Noctiparee,
Noctua,
the Nodus Nodua Nodue

Oei, or Wei, the 28th tint, Oetaeue, 241. Officina Sculptoria, 37a.
; not

292.

248
now,

Bullitt's
;

location

of, 292

nised recog-

Officina other dom

names

293

location

of, formerly occupied

by

formed Typographica, of, 297; unrecognized

on

by Bode, a??; to-day, and *d-

Solitaire,
and Nodus duorum

293,

4x8.

found

maps,

297. 97. 43.

coeleetie, 342. ftlorum, Nodue

209, 2x1. of the 8tars,
not

Ogka Piscium, unworthy

342.

(Polish Bootes),
de

Oiaeau

Paradis,

Secundue,
of gxeat

Okuari,
the
tention at-

423.

Nomenclature

Old Old

Atlas*

NSrdiiche Norma

scholars, xi. Krone, 174.

names

Children, 391. Serpent, The, a figure for Draco,

Aatrum,
86.

203.

Olenium

various et Regula, composition of, 293; later 293;

A

of, 293
of,
293;

original

Olor

(Cygnus), Nebula,
of Daniel'e vel

193. 373.

form

Ideleron,

Omega
One
;

in

modern
;

astronomy, and 293;

Has,

293

composition concerning,
; Professor 49.

in- Flamsteed's 293; culmination of, 293 Miss Clerke

293.
on

Ophiuchue
297:

Lions, 253. 8erpentariust

extent

various with

names

of,

other
nova

details

the

location

and

of,

297;

the dasckal 297; in

ear-

of, 293
454-

Young

and,

Hyginus,
liest Greek

297;

among

early nations,

Norma

Nilotica, Cars,
Cross.

Nortee,
Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Northern Nubecula

431.

Coal-Sack,
See The. Crown, Ply, The. Gate of the

197.

298; with the Latins, so8: at identifications legends concerning, 298 ; various Arabian mers, astronowith and Euphratean 298, 299; on, 299 ; Pliny concerning,999 299 ; Brown
astronomy,
"

Cygnus.
See See Corona Borealis. Mtuca
108.

Lord 299; 300;

300;

Bacon various

with and, 299; figurings of, 299, Hill details

as

the

biblical school

300; in

with Bayer.
the todac,

Borealis.

Royal
other

to

its

position

Sun,

Sirius, 133. 426. Team, Major, other

;

names

composition of, 295

the Southern Nubecula with

with

of, 295 ; location and Flammarion, 295 ; among

concerning, 300. oC various names (a) of Ophiuchue, Alpha 301 ; in the Al/imsine Tablts, 300 ; with $ax300, and velocity, wini, 30X ; in China, 301 ; spectrum,
culmination Beta location Gamma

of, 301.
of
301.

Arabs, 295 ; Schiller's figuring of, 295. and Minor, names composition of, 295 ; Flammarion, 295 ; other details of, 295.
allusions to,

O) of,

Ophiuchue,

various

names

of,301

(y) of Ophiuchue,
its name,
30X
;
a

somecoofusioo

cerning con-

Nubeculae,
Nubeculae
names

of,
Peter

294

Magellan!, ; Bayer

by Vespucci, 68, 69. origin of name, 294 ;

first
to

component

of the Chinese

other

Tsung
Delta in

Ching,

30X.

the

wilh 294;
serves

Martyr, 294 ; among Russell's photographs of, 294;

to

figure the, 294 ; the Polynesians,

location of the,

(2)of Ophiuchue,
30a.

various

names

of,y";
e"

China,

locate

the and

South Nube

Pole,

295.

Bpeilon (e) of Ophiuchue, 302 ; in China, 302 ; a component

Hwan

various

names

of the of Nasak

Chinese al Yami-

Nube Nubes

Maggiore Major

and

Nubes

Minora, 295. Minor, 295. Nunl,

and

Chay,
in

302

; a

component

niyy, 302;
337.

Euphratean

astronomy,

ern mod30a; ia

Nunl

112. Nubilum, (incorrectlyNuno), Nunki, 359.

NQnu,

Eta with

astrology, 302; other details concerning,30*U, y"" of Ophiuchue, various names (i)) Brown, 302 ; in China, 302.
with various names (*) of Ophiuchue, of the So?* Epping, 303 ; a component
303;
;

NQr,
Nuru

369.
sha

Theta Shutu 299,

444.

of,

and
375.

Nuru

sha-Iltfinu, 276.

303

Nu-tsir-da, Keae, Nuy Nuy Ping,

the

dian

Wajrik,
303

in

Khorasmian
303 ; with

and

tronomy, Copticas-

in

China,

Gould,

303.

in Leo

Minor, 264

; in

Virgo,

473.

Lambda 303;

(A) of Ophiuchue, inChma, 303;

301

various

names

of,

Oannes,
Oannes

Fish-god,

73

(see note).

(Piscis Australis),345.
304.

Oarion,

location of; Ophiuchi, parallax of, 30X. and Ophiuculue Ophiulchua, 70 and

system, period,

298.

General
and

Index

5"9
Whitney
on, 3x9. on,

Ophiulcue Ophiultua Opus

the

Ophiultua,

998.
name
2.

Professor writers of the

3x8

; in

China, 3x9
the Chinese

; other

(in Auriga), 85.

fanciful

Phrygionarum,

Jews for

Nu

(y) and
320

zodiac, 2; the meaning Orbiculua Capitia, 173.

Orbia Orbia

of,

Foo,

; location

Omicron

($) of Orion, of, 320. (o1,o*)of Orion,

Xi

Shwuy
location

names

and Tsan

lacteua,
terraruxn
or

475.

of, 320;
4x5.

tripertitua,
181.
350.

Ke, 320. Pi (a4,it*, w3, *\ *", a4, and g) of Orion, names

components location

of the Chinese

'drebh,

Orev,

and Tsan Tau Yuh

of, 320; Orion,

components

of the

Chinese

Orfercalim,

Ke,

320.

the stars, 27; on the constellations, on Origan, 27. Orion, brilliancy of, 303 ; location of, 303, 304 ; with the with Theban

(r) of

location

of, 320;

the Chinese

Greeks, 304; variousnames Catullus, 304 ; derivation of name,

304 ; with

of, 304-310;
304 304 ; in the ;

Uranologia,
on, 304 ;

the

Boeotians,
304
;

Ovid

with

Matthew
305;

Arnold,
with

with
305;

Aratos with and poets

Tsing, 320. (v) of Orion, details of, 320. Upallon Ori'onida, The, radiant point of, 320. ad Hound, Orion's 132. Orloge and Orologio, 246.
x6a. and Orphua, Orphae (Cygnus), 193; (Hercules), Orpheus Oraa Maggiore, 4x9. Oraa Minora, 447Orwandil, 3x0. Osiris (Bootes), 96; (Sirius), xao, 124; 24X.

and Homer

Thompson,
and
on,

Tennyson,
305
;

Hesiod
305
;

and other

Horace,
classic

Pindar

Maniliua
on,

and

modern

reputation of, 306; a calendar 306; stormy 305, in the Gentva Bible, 306; with the sign, 306; astronomies, 307 ; various Latins, 306 ; in Eastern writers on, astronomical prominent in Egypt, 307;
307
;
on

(Orion), 308;

(Taurus),

381.

the

Denderah

zodiac,

307

in

Egyptian

mythology, 308 ; in the Book of the Dead, 307, 308 : various figuring* of, 307, 308; definition of, 308; in
Testament, 308, 309; astrology, 306; in the Old with Adam later name Clarke, for, 309; Jewish
309;

Osiris, Car Oa Pegaai,

Oa Oa Piacia

of, 435.
327.

notii, 346.
195.

Roaae,

Ostrich's Otawa

in

the

Revised with 3x0;

3x0;

Version,
the with other

309;

in Hindu
3x0;

tronomy, as-

Neat, 163. and Otawainen,

Kalem,
350.

424.

309;

Chinese,
the

with

the

Otyaya
Our Our

Khorasmians,
with

Caesius,

Irish and Saxons, 3x0; minor figuring* of, 3x0;

Lady's
Riddle

Wand,
(Alcor),

3x6.
445. 355.

components

of, 320.

Overturned

Chair,
241.

of, 3x0-3x2; (a) of Orion, various names Alpha in the Al/onsine Tables, 3x0; in Arabia, 3x0, 311; various with writers, 3x1 ; in Hindu astronomy, fessor and Coptic equivalents of, 3x1 ; Pro311 ; Persian
3x1 ;

Ovillus,
Ovis Owl

Aurea,

76. 438. 382.

Nebula,
The

Ox,

(Taurus),

Young on, position and

(0) of
"

311

other

details

concerning,
of,
star

Oxirinque
Pa Pa

(Capricornus), 138, 345.

culmination

of,3x2.
names

Beta
"

Orion,

various

3x2;

(c Serpentis),376.
and

marine
; in

character

of, 3x2

; greatest

of

Orion,
3x3
;

gut

(Sagittarius), 354.
82.

3x3

spectrum Gamma location in

astrology, 3x3 ; in Norse and velocity of, 3x3. (y) of Orion, of, 3x3
; in the ; spectrum

astronomy,

Padevar, Padua,
Pae

2x5.
201.

various

titles of, 3x3

; ;

Chaou,
385.

Amazon and
names

astrology, 3x4
Delta

myths, 3x3 velocity of, 3x4.

of, 3x4-3x6; of,
3x4.

River

Pagaaaea

Carina

(Argo),
The. The.

66.

Paha,
in Pair

(8) of
3x4
;

Orion,
location

Painter's of

Eaael,

See

EquuUus
See

Pictoris.

astrology, Bpsilon astrology, of,3x4.

Zeta spectrum

and

spectrum
names

(e) of
3x4;

Orion,

spectrum,

of, 3x4-3x6; in tion velocity, and culminatitles of,

Compaaaea, PairofKida, 234.

Pa

Circinus.

Kuh,

Chinese

asterism, 90.

Pal, 389.
of

(0
and

Orion,

various

3x4-3x6;

Palaemon,

240. 2x4.

velocityof, 3x4. Eta (i|)of Orion, various titles of, 3x6. named Theta not individually, (0*) of Orion,
location

Palette,
Palmea Panda

3x6;
Nebula Iota

of, 3x6; details concerning the Great

3x7.

emeritus, 205. Pantica, 462. 278. Panthera,

and

of, 3x6, (t) of

3x7
;

Paon,
various
names

the

French

Pavo,

320.

Orion,

of, 3x7;
location

in

Paou

China,

location

Kappa 3x8.
Lambda
3x9 ; in

(k) of (A) of

of, 3x8. Orion, names

and

of,

Ping, 47. Pa-pil-sak, 853. xox. Papaukal,

Paradiea

Vogel,
330.

43.

Orion,

various

names

of, 3x8,

Paraaiea,
Parilicium Pamela

astrology, 3x8

; in Arabian

and

Euphratean 3x8;

and and

astronomy,

3x8; in other

Eastern

systems,

Palilicium, 384, 387. Parrbasia, 421, 422.

520
Parrhasia Parrhasium

General

Index

Virgo

and

Parrhaaidea
431.

Stellas,

4az.

Eta Theta

(if)of Pegasus, (0) of Pegmaua,

location
with
name

and Nu

title of,jsl

Jugum,
33a

(r) aa of, 398:

Ante
on

Parsondas,
Parthena, Parven,
Parvis Fusts Paschal and

star-group,
or

398; individual

dc

Partina, Parvi, and Parwin,

Pathona,
393.

463.

Parur,
393.

Globe, 3"" (it) of Pegasus, Kappa in China, 338. named except

Dresden Lambda (A) and
If
u

location

of,338; mv
asses

Zamaaegade, The Lamb,

347.

481. (Csnis Minor),

(m)
See

of

Pegaaua,
under 7*W"

133.

of, 338.
Nu

Passer,
Pastinator

(v) of

Pegasus.

*/ {*)

and
940.

Pastor,

95.

Patascus, Patera,
Path of Paukascsiu

183.

Aryamln,
Kielis,
433.

477. 479.

398 (also339). the Chinese Pi (") of Pegasus, Tau names (t) of Pegasus, Li Rung, of the Chinese alatus, 393. Equus Pegasus
Pegasus,

Woo, of,
339. 339

399.
;
"

ponent com-

Paukunawa, Paul, Pavo,

Peih,
of
names

35.

3a6" 3*934345"-

Saint, and the Pkainomsna position of, 320; other

Aratos, of, 330;

81.

Peih Peih

Leih,

nally origi391;

Sing, 369.

in Chinese Argos, 321; Julius Schiller's figuring of, 331.

astronomy,

Peise, Peisun,

336.
135.

Pavone,

330.

Pax,

463.
a

Pelagi Procella, Pele'iades, 395.

idea See for

Peacock, Peacock, Peacocks,

Pecus PeS

Roman

Aquarius, 46. Gemini,

75.

Pelenor,

151. 151.

The. Arabian

Pavo. for
334.

idea

84, Pelethroniua, Pendeluhr, 346.

Pendulum

Athamantidos

Helles,

Clock.
393. 3x5. 104. 33,

See

HervUgium.

(Corona
331.

Australia), 173.
333.

Peren,

Pegase,

Peri-pik, Perisoma,
radiant

Pegasides, Pegmsida, Pegaso, Peg'aaua,

321 ; in 39

The,
x.

point of, 338.

of, 331-334
; location
on

Persea, Persee,
of,
the

399.

3x3;

various

names

Per'seide, of, 335;

Perseo,

The, location
various
names

of, 335 of, 335*

; ancient

knowledge

mythology,
traditional

331

Longfellow
the in

legend early
333;

of, 331;
classical

history of, 331,

Roman

mythology, 333; Euripides* name for, 333;

in the

in 333; Greeks on,

339.

Peraeph'one, Perseua, of, 3"9"

poets, with
extent

460.
names

astronomy,

various
33o 330; ; in

of, 399-331
330

early nguriap
the

with Caesius, Al/onsin* TabUty 393; 333 ; in Jewish legend, 333 ; in numismatics, 333 ; and on the Denorigin of name of, 333 ; in Egypt
393:

legend, 399,
La

; with
on

classes!

with

Lande,
; with

331; the

coinage, 331;
of, 331; theory of, and feet* of, 331 :
331
; newt

astrologers,331
of,
331
;

biblical school, 331;

derah

zodiac,

334

with

the

Arabs,

324

; other

tails de-

minor
;

components components

of, 339. concerning, 334 ; minor components various of, 334, names Alpha (a) of Pegaaua, in Hindu in Chinese, 335; 335; astronomy, 334;
Brown and culmination astrology, 335; meridional and location location of, 335 ; spectrum in navigation, 335. of, 335 ; observed
on, 335;

concerning, Alpha
a

331

minor
334.

concerning them,
(a) of
component in the and

Perseus,
of New

various Tien York

names

in

of the Chinese latitude

Yuen,

sets trum

City, 33s; sPec"

names

velocity of, 333.

(0) of Perseus,
various and
339;

Beta

(0) of
with the

Pegaaua,
Arabs,
335

various
: with

names

of,

335, 335
;

Beta with the 333:

of, 33*:
*** 33* :

336
with

the

Hindus,

Ptolemy, Hebrews,

Hipparchos,
339; in China,

Pliny,
with

Professor the

WHitney

and,

Chinese, 336;
(y) of of, 336;

in astrology, 336; 335; and variability, spectrum,

astrologcn,
of the

variability, spectrum,
(c) of Perseue,
333.

and
a

velocity of, 33"

component

velocity of, 336.

Gamma location

Epailon
of, 336, 337 ; names Pegaaua, with Al BirQni, 336; in China,
Chinese Eta
334
;

Keuen

She,

(n) of Perseus,
details concerning,

unnamed
334.
name

except

in Chou,

the 336; with Three Guides, Delta of

Hindus,
337.

336;

component

of

the

Omega
unnamed
as
as a

(") of Perseue, (v) of Perseus,

of, 335. of, 334

: "*"**

(6) of Pegasus,
337.

Pegaaua,
337;
same

nent compo-

Upsilon of, 334t

Sword

location
;
a

Alpha
various

dromeda, (a) of An-

335 J with Bayer, 334 Hand of Perseus, 335.

et

component

of tbe

Epailon
337; and
a

(") of

Pegaaua,
of the
sum

names

of,

Perseus

Caput

Medusae,

3*9,

component

Goei, 337;
of,
radiant
337,

spectrum

Persian,
Persuaaor

The.

See Indus.
199.

velocity of, 337. (0 of Pegasus,

328;
near names

Amphitritee,

Zeta the

Chinese,

the

338; with point of the

Peace Peaces

Austrmle, 344. (Pisces), 337.

Pegasids, 338.

P**cit 336, 338.

General

Index

521
78.
960.

Peaebre,
Pe

113. 251.

Pih

Sse,

Yang, PikhSrion,
436.
315. 213. 131.

Peter's Peter's Petit Petit Petit Petit Petite

Skiff,

Staff, ChevsU, Chiea,

Lion,

8a. Pikutorion, Pile of Bricks,

995. 147.

Pilgrim
Pi Lo Pirn an,

Star, The,
Sse

Mud,

346.

363.
395.

931. 41.

Nutge, Ourse,
51

447.

Pincerna, Pindar, on

Aquarius, 46.
968.

Petosiria, Ptau, Pfeil,

320. 349.

(and not*).

Ping Sing, 949, Ping Taou, 479. Pinnipes, 330.

Pinwheel

Phacetis, Phae'thon, and Phagre

Pnainomena the work
17;

338.
85.

Nebula,

172.

Oxyrinque (970
of translated
b.

(Piscis Australis),345.
zx

Pipiri, 299. Piri-ere-ua,

on

371.

c.) of Aratos,
17 : many

; founded

Pisces

Eudoxos,

commentaries

on

wide

the,
the
17;

sole best

guide

to

arrangement

by Cicero, 17; by others, 17; of early constellations,

Brown,

of, 336-349 ; names separation of the figures o" 337 ; locations of these, 337; culminations first of the xoof, 337 ; now diac,
embraces the sign Aries, 337; also the with the Greeks, with equinox, 337; 337; Miss Clerke the Romans, on on, 337; 337;
337;

(of the zodiac), various

translated
iB.

by Robert

Jr., 18; quoted

vernal the

by St. Paul, Phalgunt, 954.

Pharaoh

Neku,

sends

Phoenician
600
a.

fleet
14.

to

navigate circum-

Euphrates, 337; in other Eastern earliest Chinese astronomy, 337,

systems,

(?) Africa

about

c,

Pharaahah, Pharetra,

42a.

352.

Pharmax,
Pharua

184.
(Ara),
6a.

338; with the 338; Dante and, 338; with the Hindus, Al Blrunl the Greeks, 338; with 338, on, legends concerning,* Syrians and, 339 ; the with the Chaldaeans, 339 ; in Jewish astronomy,
in

in 337; bians, Ara-

338;
339; 339;
339 340 ; ;

astrology, 340
of biblical

Ptolemy distinguishes them, of,

340 341 ;
;

Pheasant, or Phoenix, 464. Phenix, 335. Phililyrides and Philyrides, 149.

Philo

derivation the

name

symbol
on

of,

340

; with

school, 340,

the

Merton

lege Col-

Judaeua,
04.

and

the

zodiac,

2.

and these

zodiac, 341; ancient Saturn within, 341 ;

with
341;

conjunctions of Jupiter
of
cerning, con-

Philomelua,
Phoebeiua Phoebea Phoebi Phoebi Phoebo

birth

of

supposed connection Christ, 341 ; predictions

34X
;

Ales,

179. 421. on, 349 341

;

Juno
La

discovered

Miles,
Assessor,

with

Lande,
Pisces,
with

in, 341; Spenser details concerning, of, 349

nation culmi-

193.

; minor

components

of,

343.

Sidus,
Sacer
931.

022.

Alpha
179.

(a) of

various

names

Ales,

location

Phoebus,
Phoenice

of, 349; of, 343.

classic

writers, 349;
of, 343;
a

(Ursa
and

Minor), 448; (a Ursae

astronomy, See
names

Minoris),

453.

Beta

(0) of Pisces,
Peih

name

component

Phoenicia, Phoenix,
33" :

18,

19,

22;

etfassim.
of,

of the Chinese Delta

Leih,

343.

Phoenicopterua.
various
name

under

Grut,
335;

238.
location
335,

(") of Pisces,
of Pisces, with Wae

names

identical with
343;
a

those

of,

of

Alpha
Zeta

Bayer,
343.

component

for,appropriate, 336 ; with the China, 336 : with Schiller, 336. Alpha (a) of Phoenix, conspkuousness, name, and culmination of,336.

Bayer's

of the Chinese

Ping,

Egyptians,336

in

(") of
343

Pisces, Pisces,
343.

prominent
Eastern with

in

Hindu

tronomy, as-

; in various

combinations,
343
;

343.

Eta

fa) of
astronomy,

Epping,

nese in Chi-

Phdnix, 335. Phorbas, 299.

PhrixeaOvis (Aries), Phrixeum Pecus, 75.
Phrixi
75.

Pisces Pisces Piscis Piscis

(of Piscis Australis),344.

boreales,
aquoous,

340. 344.

Vector (Aries), 75. Pi" the 25th situ, 35; the 2d """,

389.

PUutos,
Pica

1x4.

ern Australis, location and names of, 344; modrepresentations of, 344 ; with classic and modern the Farnese in writers, 344; not on globe, 344;
344 ;

Indies, 4x8. Piccolomini (of Siena), anticipates Bayer, Pictor,914.

early legend,
13.
name

La

Lande with

and,
the

344,

345;

fellow's Long345;

for,345;
minor

Arabians,

with
xo-

the

biblical

school,

345;

serologically like

Pidnu-sha-8hame,
diac,x
Pin
;

an

Akkadian
x

name

for the

Saturn,

345;

meaning

of this name,

asterism,385.

Alpha
345;
many

(a) of
and

of, 347. components Piscis Aratos Australis,

on,
345;

Ho,

93x.

present
names

location

of, 345;

with

Ptolemy,

PihHoo,22.
Pih
PIb

Keih, 456. Tow, 435.

various

locations

346; with

varied orthography of, 345, 346 ; of, 345, 346; with the early Arabs, Flammarion, 346; in China, 346; one ot

522
Dante's
Tie

General

Index

346; 346.
Beta in

culmination

Facelle, 346; southerlyposition of, of, 346; important in navigation,

Piacia

Pli'one, 408. Plorana (Bootes), 93.

Ploatrum magnum,
431. 497.

(fi)of

Australia,

namea

of, 347;

Plough, Ploughman Plough

Pluteum Pluto's

Piacia Piacia

China, 347. Capricorn!,

Gemellus,
magnua,

with 431.

hia

Oxen,

85.

345. 337.

Oxen,

Pictoria,

2x4.

Piacia Piacia Piacia Piacia and

345. 345.
345.

Meridionalie, aolitariua, Volana,

culmination Fe

Chariot, Pocillator, 41. Poculum, 183. by Bayer,

Schiller 347;
names

275.

introduced

Poeticon the

Aatronomicon, 438. Auatrale, 336.

Volant,
449, 453.
347.

The,

of

Hyginns, 11;

it

of,
347.

347;

on,

347;

Chinese Piah Pish Pietrix

Yu,

passim. Pointers,
Poiaaon

Pai,

235,

336.

344.

Parvia,

99a. (Cetus), 161.

3x4.

Poiaaona,
Poiaaon

Pittore,
Place

Polaris,
One Bows

where

Down,

36a.

Polariaaima,
Pole, South,
of
15;

Plaatrum,
Plauatra

427.

Parrhaaia,

437.

458. around, object The, unfiguxed space of this space, 14, early investigators,14; extent
marked

Plauatric'ula, 427. Plauatri Cuatoa, 94.

Plauatrilu'ca,
Plauatrum
427.

by Octans,
297
;

296;
the

in classic

and and

modem

poetry,

296,

among,

Hindus
in this

Arabs,

296:
497.
names

bleakness

of the heavens

mented region com-

magnum,

Ple'iadea,'The,
classic noted studied poetry,

7 ; various 392;

of,
among

391-403

; in
most more

and

on by early navigators, 296; Peter Martyr Pigafetta on this,296 ; other allusions to, 397.

everywhere
other

the
393
;

Pole-8tar,
Pole-8tar

453.

objects in
;

the lore
any

of the heavens,
group,

of the

South,

190.

of late than

392;

general

Polia,
Poliah

359.

location of, 392

first with
stars

other in and

named

astronomical the

the placings of, 392 ; among literature,392;

Bull,
453. 233.

4x3.

Pollaria, Pollucea,
Pollux,
Pollux. Poln

the Chinese

Hindus,

39a,

393

in Persia*

the on 393! in the BibU, 393; Clerke 394 ; Miss 395;

Euphrates,
393, on, 394;

393; with

Euripides and,
various of
name ing. concern-

233.

poets,

See

under

Arte

O)

Gsmimsrmm.

395

derivation 395;

of,
in

poetical ngurings of,

395! in

legends

European

nomenclature,

396,

397;

heraldry, 397; with the Rabbis, 397 ; among lonian Babycharacter astrologers, 397, 398 ; watesy of, objects on the Nile, 398 ; in Josephus, 398 ; marked oriented to them, 399 ; various 399 ; temples in Greece ngurings
399
;

Stier, 4x3. Polyleukea, 223. 180. Pomptina, 68. Ponderoaua, Poniatowaki'B Bull, Poniatowaky'a and the sodiac, 4. Pope, Alexander, Porrima,
Portana Portitor

Stier,

41*

469.
caput larvae,
330.

of, 399,
to

400;

Miles

Coverdale
;

and,
the

well

known
400;

savage
on

tribes, 400

among

Australians,
among

the

South
400

American Clerke

Arabs,

; Miss
;

Paraguay River, 400; tribes, 400 ; with the pagan and, 401 ; a sign of scedVergil
on

Phrixi, 75. Portitor, or Proditor, Portitor Uraae, 93.

Europae,

379,

ing-time, 401
40X
;

Hesiod, Aristotle, and

and ancient church
;

with

Mommsen various

with in the

Poatvorta, 469. this, Pouaainiere, 400. and Procania, Praecania Drach, 401 ; in connection X31. of worship, 401 ; systems Praecipua, the htcida of Leo Minor, 264.
401;
;

modern
401, 40a

calendar, Caesar,
401

Hippocrates
in classic

Praeciaio

Equi,

3x3.

and,

with

lore,
;

402 ; in astrology, 40a ; with 40X, legends concerning origin of, 402

the
;

Arabs, 402 Pliny's name

stars

Praepee, 235. incorrectly Praeaepe, Praeaaepe, Praeaegmen, 2x3. Salvatoria, 282. Praeaepe Praja-plti, 90, x8x, 309. Pratiahthana, 35, 325. Praxit'elea, xo6.

113.

for, 402 408

4x2

associated
403
;

in all ages BesseTs

with

philosophy and
in, 405stars, 409-

literature, 402,
;

lettered

various

tacts

concerning uda,

the Pleiad
4x3.

; minor

components Pleiaa

of, 4x2,
405.

Pleiaa

and

Ple'ione,

408.

Ple'jaden and Plejadi, 397. Pliaa, Pliade, and Pliadea, 395, 396. for the sky-figures, xo Pliny, his terms
chos,
xx

on

Hipparxx

his number and

of asterisms

and
et

stars,

on

Preaepe, correctly Praeaaepe, 113. and Primus Hyadum, Hyadum 39* Princepa Armenti, 380. Princeps Juventutia, 78. Zodiaci, 76. Princepa See Officwm Typsgrapkk*Printing Office.
Prima

origin of

Aries

18; Sagittarius,

passim.

Priatla

and

Priatix,

x6x.

SH
Riu-but-eame,
River 97.

General

Index
legends scriptions, 354;

353*

354:

Jordan, 2x3, 348. Rlver-of-the-Divine-Lady,

River River of Heaven, of
474.

mentioned in the

in

Second

Bmk

iftkt
354; of

475.

Kings,

354;

Assyrian

calendar,

Ocean, 2x5. Orion, 9x7. Rlver-of-the-Shepherd's-hut,

River of River

Euphratean origin, 354 ; with the Hindus 354 : " ancient ponents Arabia, 355 ; facts concerning minor comtrology, Tiger, 356; ia asof, 355; the Chinese
475.

Tigris,
343.

4x3.

356;
**us

356; on early coinage, 356: La Caule and, other deand, 357; symbol o" 357: the sua
of,
357;

Riwand,
Road Robur Cattle

minor

components

of,

350,

360.
names

of Saint

Jacques ofCompostella, Carolinum, o" origin and names

and,
349; in Reeves' list oi

480.

Alpha
357
:

(a) of

Sagittarius,

various

of,

349 ; La Chinese star-

possibly the Euphratean Nibat Beta ifi\0*) of Sagittariua, (aswlnl,

35B
; on

Ann,
names

357.

of, 357:

tides, 349.
Roha, RohinI, Romans,
Roman
an

with word for

357.

undefined

Auriga, 85. ttpauim.

Gamma
357*

366. 384. 389. The, V,

170.

oC (y) of 8agittariua, various names the Borgian globe, 358 ; ia China, 35I

and

astronomy,

19;

388.
9x4.

Rosa,
Roaa Roach

myetica,

of, 358. (") of Sagittariua, names of, 35I: names (") of Sagittariua, Bpailon facts concerning, 358. ern of, 358 ; b EastZeta (") of Sagittariua, name
Delta

haaaatan, Rosemund, 195.

ha

the

Divela

head,

33s.

astronomies, 358.
Lambda

(A) of

Sagittariua,
;

names

of, 35*,
359.

RSsh Rota Rotanev

8Itin,

33a. 173. aoo,

aoi.

359

with

"anrlni, 358

the

wm

of,
names

Ixionie,
and

Ma

Roue,
Row Row

La,
of
or

Rotanen, 496.
343.
a

of, 359;
Nu
359
;

(m\ "*) of Sagittarius, details concerning, 359; (rl, r1) of Sagittarius,

of the Chinese

and

locacioa
35"

Brown and Kien

upon,
nature

name

of.

Pearls,

components

Sing, 350.
359.

Ridge,

figure of the 15th nakskmtra,

13.
name

367.

Royer,

Augustin,
Tuscan translation

Rubecchio,

for

xodiac, 4;

low's Longfel-

(tr)of Sagittariua, names ("*)of Sagittariua, Sigma of, 359; with the Hindus, 359:
Pi of the Akkadian

of,
names

and

locauoo
nent compo-

possibly a
360.
other with

of,

5.

Gu-sku-rab-ba,

Rubu, 76. Rudolphine Rukub, Rukubi,

Runaway
45"-

Omega Tablee, The,

13.
stars

("") of
Kwo
tenons

Sagittariua,
of

muwr

the Kow

China, 360.
aeu

Sagittariua Sagittary

pateram
35*-

crateram,

131.

84.
Caesius'

and

Sagitary,

Ruth,
Rutilicua

Star, 446. figure for Virgo, 461. and Rutilico, 943, 944.
on

Sagittaire, 351. Sagittifer (Bootes), 97; (Sagittarius), 35X. (Sagittarius), 351 Sagittiger and Sagittlpotens 8agmarius
Caballua,
307. 393.

8a,
Sacks

Leonis

the

Euphrates, 958.

8ahu,
Saint Saint Saint Saint Saint 8aint Saint
1

90,

Babesias,
of

Sacrarium

96. Coale, 994. or 8acria, 69.

59.

Andrew,

389.
999. the

Benedict,
Catherine

Martyr,

57.

Sadmasij,
Saetta,
349-

David, James

iao.

the

Greater,

924.

Sagarinus, 374. Sa-gi-mu, 999. Sagitta, insignificance of, 349;

349-3SX;

of,

Saint Saint Saint Saint Saint Saint Saint Saint Saint

the Leas, 465. James 86; et p"uum. Jerome, Job, 391.

location

of, 349: of,

not

""* with the

astrologicalnature
the with

350;

figuringsof, 350 ; Bayer, 350: with

list, 351;
extent

John, Joaeph,

109, 3x0.

Hebrews,
Caesius

350;

in

Reeves

Laurence's

Teara,
179.

335.

Schiller, 351; other details concerning, 351.

and

of,

351;

Marguerite,
Matthew the

Apoatle,
Malteae

333.

Sagitta arcui applicata, 359. Sagittarie and Saagittare, 359. 8agittario, Sagittarius,
names

Matthias,
Paul with

341.

the

Viper,

999.

331.

quotation from

Smyth of,
with
359;

on, 351;

9;

various the

Saint Saint

Greeks
359;

of, 35*-357: and Latins,

among 359,

location
351;

with

78. 8tephen, 157. Sylvester, 98.

Peter,

Eastern with
on

nations,
biblical

the
353;

Jews,
formation

the the

Sal, 3x0, 396. Salkim, 467. Saltator, 940. Saitatorea, 459. Ugh'riei,
1,949.

school,

of,

Euphrates

preceded that of Chiron, the Southern Centaur, 353 ; various figurings of, 353 ; on the Denderah zodiac,
353 j

48x.

confusion

of, with the Southern

Centaur,

353

General

Index

5*5

Samu,
Sanctua San San KiS

958.
and

Sancua,
4x7.

341.

Hung,
115.

363; in the biblical school, 363; the of,363; in meteorology, 363 ; in astrology, other details concerning, 364; minor 363, 364; Longfellow, symbol
components

Kung, SanTae.444.
San

of, 369* (a) of

with from

Alpha
367;
435. 277, 473.

Tsse, 444. Saptar 3hayarf Sara-faaariva,

derived

365
in

China, 365;

of, 364Scorpio, various names gers, Ptolemy, 364; with the astroloastronomical various writers, 365 ; the with Hindus, Persians, and rising and
culmination

Sarama, 119, 485. Sardhiwa, 30a. Saren, 393. Sargea, 369. Sarlt, 385. Sarttn, 108.

Babylonians,366; Cheyneand,
Penrose other Beta
upon,

366;

366; in Egypt, 366 ; of,366;

details concerning, 367. (/3) of

derivation

368;

367
108.

with

the

of, 367, names Scorpio, various name of,obscure, 367; in Arabia, fessor Hindus, 367 ; in China, 368 ; Proof

Sarwa, 47a. 3artono, correctly Sartana,

Sarur, Sarw,
Sata
370. 495.

Whitney
other details Qamma
astronomers

and,

368;

occultations

of, 368;

concerning, 368. (y) of 8corpio,

at

names

variance Brown

over, upon,

368;

in

of,368, 369 ; Arabia, 369;

portant im-

Sa-Sha-Shiru,
Va8aa,

468.

in China, Delta in Marius'

names

369

369.
names

67. Sataves, 385. Satellites of Jupiter,

(I) of

8corpio,

of, 369,

370;

for, 39.

with

the

Satevia, 956, 366.

Saturn

Nebula,

54.

Theta

early times, 369; on the Euphrates, 369; tronomies, asBabylonians, 369; in other Eastern 369 ; in China, 369. (8) of Scorpio, the Euphratean Sargas,
of,
370;

Saturnua, 308.
Satyr, 353. Sayce, Profoeaor".
i:
et

369; details concerning, 369, 370. Lambda names (A) of Scorpio, H.,
on
on

in

the Akkadian

Calendar,

passim.
and

Hindu and in Arabian astronomy, astrology, 370; other details in the Polynesian islands, 370; 370;

Scaliger
passim.

others,

star

nomenclature,

xi;

et

concerning,
Nu Xi

37X.
names

(v) of Scorpio,

and

location

of,

371.

Scalovin, aoi. Scarabaeua, 109. Sceptre, Brandenburg, 360. of Justice. Sceptre and Hand Sceptrum Brandenburgicum,
now

(") of Scorpio, details concerning, 371. of, 371. ("r)of 8corpio, name 8igma of, 371, names (v) of 8corpio, Upailon
on, 379;

379

See

Lmeerta.

Smyth
Omega of,
379.

in

China,

379;

Ideler
names

on,

379.

when charted, 360; practically forgotten, 360. Scheil, Pare, confirms date of discoveryof Creation Legend, a (note). Schiff,64. Schiflahrta Geatirn, 397-

*") of 8corpio, (""*,

and

location

8chif-atern, 71. Schiller, J. P. C. (the poet), and Schiller, Juliue, 38; et passim.

See Scorpio. 8corpion, The. of Rehoboam, 363. 8corpione 8corpioa, 361. 363. Scorpioun, See Scorpio. 8corpiua.
cum Chslis, 361. 8corpiua 8croll, 989. di 8obieaki, 8cudo 373. by La Caille,379 Sculptor, formed

the

zodiac,

9.

Schjellerup159,
of, xx6.

116;

location

of, xx6;

character

various

names

Schlange,374. SchlangentrMger, 997.

Schlegel,Ouatave, Scooter, 356,
SchUtx
and

of,
Chinoise

379

inconspkuousness
37s. 74.

and

location

of,

379.

Uranographis
3sx.

of, 9a.

8cultore, Scutulum,
Scutum formed known 8cutum

8obieecianum, by Hevelius, in China, 373; Bobieskii,

or

various
373;

names

Schutae,

figuring* of,
details

373;

of, 373; long

373.

Schwan, X99. Schwerdtfiach,aoa. 8dp-ateorra,454. Scorpio, and its daws, a double sign, i. Scorpio, of and legends concerning, names

other

concerning,

Sobieaii,

373.

183. 8cyphue, 8cytta, 359. Sea, The, 45, 359360-364 ; in e"Hy Calf, 33. poetry, 361 ; largest of early zodiac figures, Sea 3G1 ; with Ovid, 361 ; with Latins Sea Goat the Greeks and (or Ooat-Piah), generally, 361 ; in carry China, 361 ; Sir William 8eang, 440. Drummond 8eaou the 165. and, 369; with Hebrews, 369; Tow,

138.

Chatterton and Spenser on, 369 ; on the Denderah *"iiac,36a ; with the Arabians and Persians, 369
with

Seaou
;

36a

the Akkadians, 36a ; a symbol of darkness, in early India, 363 ; with Dante, Chaucer, and

Wei, [964. Secchione, 363. 8ecdeidoa, or 8eclenidoa, de Daraama, Sectio Bqui Minoria, or Equina, 9x3.

463.

526
Sectio Secundus

General

Index

Tauri,
or

379.

Set Set Sete Sette

(Sirius), so,
Flammas Palommielle

124.

(Canis Major), 118. Sequent Bed, Sept, Sepet or Set, 20, 124. Sedes Regalia or Regie, 143. Sedillot, on the lunar mansions, 8. See in Argo. See Pyxis Nautica. Compaae Segel
(Vela), 64.
103.

(the ctrcumpolar constellations), 434.

(Ursa Major),

424.

(the Pleiades),

396.

Seulainer Seven Seven Seven 8even

(the Pleiades), 397. (Ursa Major), Antelopes

Atlantic Bears
or

424.

8istera,
Seven of

396.
424.

Seginua Seginua Segment

Se Seih 8eitaen Han Muh

(Bootes), 95 ; (y Bodtis), (Cepheus), 156. of Peraeua, 331.

fa Librae, etc.), 278.

Bulls,

Champions
424.

Christendom

jor), (UrsaMa-

8even 8even
424.

Dovelets Little

(the Pleiades), 396.

Indiana

(Sagittarius), 356.
tahtinen,
y

in Una

Sekhet,

Draconis

Major, in Egypt, 209.

Seven Seven 8even

Selk-t,
Sella

or

Serk-t,

366. 138. (Centaurus),

Solium, 143. Fiab, The, Semi-Capran

and Fer and Semi Vir

Seven Seven
151.

8emi

8even
8even Seven

(Equuleus), 313. Semi-perfectus 8emita Lactea, 476. 8emivir (Sagittarius), 352. Sen (0 Serpentis), 376. 18. formation of the constellations, 8eneca, on
Senex

(Ursa Major), 424. The, or Seven Sleepers, 424. Towers Portuguese (Virgo), 465. Wise Men, 4*4 Sages, The, or Seven Shiners, The, 424. 8isters, The, or 8even Virgins, 396. Sisters of Industry, 993. (the Hyadcs), 388. 8tars, The of Hydra in China), mS8tara, The (stars Poets, Stars, The

Seven Seven

(the Pleiades), 396. Stars, The (in Ursa Major), 424. 8extant, The. See Sextans Uraauu.

Septem-

156. Aequoreue, or Septentrionea,

(Bootes),
Christ!
94.

8extans
431, 447.

Uraniae,
De

formed

inal

figuring 0^377;
377
; ;

by Hevdnis, 376; oriftronomers, generally recognized by asand,

377. 377
;

8eptentrio Sepulcrum
Ser
or

Rheita

die imcida oi

(Andromeda),
253. 153.
our

33.

377

in Chinese El

astronomy,
124.

Shir

(Leo),

8haddai,
Shad

(note),

Serk-t

(a Centauri),
for
names

Serpens, a name various Serpens, figuring of, 374

and

Draco, of,
374,

203. 375
;

antiquity and
the Greeks the Hebrews, other tails dewith
;

Mashir, Aquila in Sogdiana, 8haghar, Spica in Sogdiana, 467. 8hah, or Shahu (Capricornus), 139.
Shahin
tara

59.

Manilius

on,

374

; with

sed and

of Nasr

Latins,
375
;

374;

in Arabia, the
375;

374,

375

with

biblical minor

school, 375
components

Shakespeare Shak-ahadi,
Shllish
and

al Din, 57. astrology, 23: et passim. lunar

the 20th

station,

14a

concerning,
Chinese
names

of, 376;
of,
375; 375;

for these

last,376.
various and the
names

8hang
Shang Shang 8hang Shang 8hang Shang Shang
8haou

Shftlieha, 82, 416. Ching, in CamelopardaUs,

Pih, i Draconis
in China, Poo Poo, or 8haou Seang, stars in Leo

107.

Alpha Smyth
China,
the
on,

(a) of

Serpens,

21a a".

375;

with Ovid 375; Edkins 375; on,

Vergil,
radiant

in

(A Draconis),
and

Beta
near

Alpha Serpentids, 376 ; culmination with the Chinese, 376; O) of Serpent, the radiant point of the Beta Serpentids, 376
"

point of of, 376.

Virgo, 260, 47" Major,

and
443* 444-

Tae,
Tsae

minor

stars

in Ursa
2x0.

(ijDraconis),
sure

Tseang,
Wei,
107,

in Coma
stars

Leo,

171,

36 j-

unnamed Theta

except

in China,

376.
names

minor

in

Camdopardsfe

and

(") of Serpens, of, 376.

of, 376; in China,

Draco,
Shaou We

158. (9 Draconis), (* Ursae

212.

376

location

Pih

8erpena Serpent Serpent, Serpent,

Aquaticus
Herculeus,
374.

(Hydra),

247.

Majoris),
in

445.

Lernaeua, Serpen*.

8agarinus

or

Shaou and

Tiberinus,
The.
stars

Wei, minor stars Leo, 107, 158, 254. Long

(a Leon
Blue

Camelopardalb,D**0*
The, 4**

See of

Shark,
8harru Shat

Clond-eating,

Lepus in Egypt, 265.

is), 255.

Serpentaire (Ophiuchus), 297. (Ophiuchus), 298. Serpent-charmer

Serpente (Serpens),
The.
374.

(the 24th situ), 326.

Shawsbat, Shay She,

8beaf

Sogdian lunar Shay

of Columba

station,53.
and

Fuh,
stars

Show,

Shay
x68.

We,

ayx

Serpent-holder, Serpentids, The

See

Ophiuchus.

in China,

Alpha,

376.

of Wheat

The Beta, 376. Serpentids, and Serpentinarius, Serpentiger 298. add Serpentis Praesea, 298. Serpentis Lator of Aesculapius (Caesius, Qlaucus, Serpent Laocotin, or Ophiuchua), 374. Australe (Corona Australis), 173. Sertum Servana Antinolim The

Shebbeltfi Sh'bhil

(Coma Berenices), 170. (the Syriac a Virginis), 467. Tebhnfi (the Syriac Galaxy), 481.

Sheep, The (stars in Cepheus), 157. the Pasture Sheep within (Club of Hercules),Mr
She Shen Low

(A Ophiuchi),

303.

Servant,

(Aquila), 56. (Pegasus in Egypt),

20,

324.

(Orion in China), 3x0. The Shepherd, (stars in Cepheus), and his Dog, 8hepherd The, 375.

157-

General

Index

P7

Shepheid Shepherd's Shepu-arku

She Sheu

of

the Heavenly Flock, ioz. (Capella), 88; (Venus), 88. Star, The sha-A, 469.

Sirii, The Two, 195. Sirion, Syrius and Canis 8irius, Serius,
Sirius
etc.,

Syrius,

xx8.

9, 190-199.
121.

Sang

Neu,
"tars

sing:,
Ch'en,

Virgo in China, 464. of Virgo in China, 473. Orion), 999,

310.

Jemenicue,
or

Siru,
Situla Situla

ShibbClcth Sh!

or

(Spica), 467. Chin (Gemini and

(Virgo), 464. (Aquarius), 45; (* Aquarii), (o1 Eridani), 9x9.

of the The

Shiru

54.

Shield, The, 390. Shih (a Pegasi), 395.

Shih Tase

8ivlnam,
Skinker,
in

Kea,

Crux

China,

190.

Sky

Rig Veda, 122. (Aquarius), 48. figuree, multiplicity of, decried, x6;
of, tried,
and countries the
on

reform

in

ShihOr,

Shing See A rgo Ship Argo, The. Ship of Saint Peter, 436.
Shl-shu-mlra
or

incorrectly Sihor, 124. in Scorpio, 361. Kung, stars

Mavis.

system

16 ;

old

system

16 ; formation 16 ; various
sources

original date

of, soil remains, of the earliest o(,

of Eudemos

old

Sim-ehu-mlra
aoo;

(Capricorn us),
aoo, 904.

and the

claim to have originated, x6 ; 48 lost in antiquity, x8; Pliny by the, 18 ; preservation of them

138; (Delphinus),

(Draco),

Greeks, x8;

ancient
on,

Egyptian,
s8; DQrer and

90;

Professor

ShOr, Taurus
Show

Sing
stars

Judaea, 380. (Libra), 372.

of

in

Edward

S. H olden
on, 33.

the, 98;

the

fiur'dH India, 185. Smith,

8mon
no.

See

also under in

Constellations.

Shuh,
Shun Shan Shun

Serpens,
Crux

375.

Smati-Oeirie,

Orion

Egypt,
the

308.
Crtation
199.

Shiila,or Sfila,

in ancient

(Leo), 954. Ho, or Sse Tsse zodiac, in the early Chinese Show, Wei, Virgo in China, 464. Taurus,
marked

George, discovers barbaris% and Smon

William

Legend,

1.

nautis, xvii;
in
et

8myth,
Sobieski's

Snail, The,
Scutum

Henry, perhaps Draco

passim.
904.

Babylonia,

ShQr, the Babylonian

382.

Shield,
Sobiescianum. location

Sobieskischer

8child.

See

Shur-mahrfi-shiru,
Shur-narkabti-aha-iltanu Shur-narkabti-sha-ahutu

by

Virginia, 470.
390.

(0 Tauri),

Solarium,

of,

377

origin of obscure,

377

(" Tauri), 39s.

lunar station,47a. Shushak, Khorasmian Shuter, The Persian Cassiopeia, 414. for Pisces, 338. Shwang Vu, present Chinese name Shwuy Foo, Chinese asterism in Orion, 32a Shwuy Wei (in Canis Minor), 135; (a Eridani), 9x8

ignored by astronomers, 377. Sirius, Solechin, the Egypto-Greek Solitaire, and

Soma-cup,
Sonans the

194.

Solitary
of

Thrush,

293,

4x8.

The,

India, 183. prehistoric

Sonipes,
Son

(Cepheus), 156. and Ales, Sonipes

Shunammite
or

151,

333. 41.

Sib-si-anna

(a and

i?

Bootis), xoi, 4x6.

no.

104.

of the

(AntmoQs),
xoo, 297.

Sicilia (Triangulum),

Soot-bag, 8opet
Soror and

Coal-sack,

Sickle,The, Sidhaya, the

Sidus Sidus Sidus Sidus Sidus Pauatum

253,

255.

Sopdit
aids
or

(Sirius),194.
407.
to

6th

nakajkatra,

Ple'iadum,

Regis,

51.

Sosigenes,
Sot, Sothi,
Southern
203.

JuKus Caesar
90,

reform
194.

calendar, 19.

388. Ludovlcianuxn,
Minervae
et

Hyantis,

Sothis,

193,

446.

Celestial

Clock,
The. The. See

189.
Crux. Corona
A A

Bacchi,

Southern Southern

Cross, Crown,
Fish
,

Vergillarum,
and

Siebengestirn
Sieu,
a

396. Sifunsterri, station,9

;

See See See 8un

Australis. ustraUs. ustraUs.

396.

Southern Southern

The.

Piscis Afusca

Siete Cabrillas,
Chinese

397.

Ply, The.
Gate of the

lunar

et

passim.

Southern Southern

Sigillarius, 3.
Signatricia Lumina,

Pointers,
Tramontane

The

(Capricornus), 136. (a and 0 Cen tauri),154. Major),

499.

Signum
Signum

hiemale Tau

396. (Capricorn us),

Southern
135. 417.

(Ursa

(Triangulum

Australe),

Sihor, correctly ShlbJSr, X24. Siktut,a Greenland figure for Orion's Siliquastrnm (in Cassiopeia), 144.
Silver River, The,
475-

See Triangulum Triangle. South (Crux), 189. Triangle Soboles, or Suboles, 222. 8partana Southern

Austral*.

Belt, 3x5.

Spartan 8pear,

Twins,
The

The, 992. (Sagitta),351.

Si-mal, or
81
ma

8i-mul

(a Arietis), 80.
3x9.

ta'ien
or

(in Orion),
Sinha

Simham,
Simon

(the Tamil

Leo),
137.

254.

Zelotes

(Capricorn us),

The (y Velae), 73. Spence, Joseph, in Polymetis% 50; et passim. and Spigha, 466. Spica, Spicum Spicifera Virgo Cereris, 461. The Damsel, (Lyra), 58. Spinning

Spectral Gem,

Sin, or Sam, the 16th sum, 365. 8ing, the 8th situ, 248. Singe Hanuant (a Canis Minoris), 134. Sing Ki, in Capricornus and Sagittarius,139, 356.

Spira

Australis

(Corona

Australis),173.

Sinha,or Simham,

Sin-nun-tu,
or

in Leo, 954. 8i-nu-nu-tum, 358.

30a.

The, 1x6. Spiral Nebula, (Virgo), 463 ; (Spica), 466. Stachys Staff, Jacob's, 315. in consequence contusion Star-deaignationa, change
Star

of

in, 16

; et

passim.
Constellations and

Sir,or Tsir, 304,

groups.

See

Sky figures.

52*
Star in the

General

Index

Chayre,

The,

147.

8ulcns,
8nn

RicaolTs

name

for " 168.

Eridaai, no.

interrelation of Arabic end Greek, xii; 8tar-names, antiquity of, adii; origin of Arabic, archaic, xin; derivation first given Star 8tar Star Star of of of
many,

(stars in

Celumba),
349.

xiv;

classic

writers

on,

xiv;
xv.

8undeamoa, 8un-dial, 8ung,

Sun Sun's
n

The.

See in

Solarium.

hunters, sailors, by herdsmen, etc., in Milton's Arcady, Cemms, 456.

Autumn

Ophiuchi
South,
and

China,
Cancer

30a.

of the

in Akkadia,
945.

108.

(Sinus),

iso.

Apex

Quit, The,

(or Stars), of Crucero,

of Maxduk

The

(Crux),

188.

(Capella), 88. (Canopus),

Catharine
70.

8tarofOairia 8tar 8tar Star Star of Saint

lunar station in Gemini, Supa, Akkadian La Superba, (15a Schjeuerup), tie. Surya Siddhanta, The, 8 (mote).

331.

(Canopus),
a

71.

of the of the of the

Flocka,
Ooddeaa Hunter

80. Arietis, Bahu (Denebola), (the Hyades), 389.

perhaps

359.

Suttjenea Ravko, 8u-tul, Capricornus Svati, Arcturus and Swan,

The. See

the Pleiades in

in Sweden,
139.

397-

Akkadia,

8tar,
8tar

of piercing brightneaa, 8tar or The, 398. Royal, 257 {extract). 8tarry Seven, The, of Keats' Endymum, 391. Stars of the

the 13th aaJksAatrm, too, Cygnus. Swan Nebula, The, 374. Swargm Dnlii, the Galaxy in North India,475-

Swordfiah,
90S.

The.

See

Xipkuu
in

under

Deride,

Water,
titles

Stars,
number

The,

The, so. of, chiefly

maps, 15;

from

the

Arabs,
of

xii;
ber num-

Swordftah,
8word
Hand

The,
of

Capricornus

Egypt, 138-

of, on

present

15 ; increase

of, to be charted,
other in

German
37;

folk-lore emblems of of

and,

97

superstitionsabout,
art, a8;
to

authors writers
accurate

early Christian in regard

to

blunders
29-31
;

sanctity painters and

in classic

Perseus, The, 335. of Cbwfias Syntaxis, The (Almagest), Pttlaaj. xii ; unknown in Europe tin the x6th century, xn: description of, u ; corrected by Ulng Beg, is tp*
century,
13 ; et

the,

allusions
31;

passim.
iso.

the,

31;

Quintitian and,
31;

Tennyson
and

Syr,

regarding,
on, 31; et

Dante,

Lowell,

fellow Long96; in

Star-worship, Egypt,
Aristotle 96; State 36;
on,

in in
36
;

passim. Arabia,
36; mentioned
et

96:

in

India,

possible Celtic originalof Sams, 8yrius, 118, no. Syrma (1 Virgmis), 47a. Dea Syrorum (Virgo), 40s.
a

Greece,

Aristophanes on, 96; by Plato, 36; by Dante,

Minor
et

Syryan
Sxe 8se

Voykodsyun,
Chinese Chinese
*

the in

Pleiades, 398.

Poo,

stars

CanielopardsKs, 107.
soo.

by

others, 36-38;
Leo and

passim.
in

FHh, Wei,

stars d

in Moaoceros,
314.

Chariot,
on

Leo

Statius, Steering
Steinbok Stella Stella Stelllo

the

constellations, 37;
455. 135.

China, 364. passim.

Sse

and

in

Equuleus,
See
et

Star,

Table

(Capricornus),
Domlnatrix Maris and Stella
351.
w

Tables,
Tae,
454.

The. Mountain, of Ulug Beg, a;

stars
m

Meat

Mens*

(Aldebaran), 384. Polaris, 453,

Chinese
a

passim. Capricofnus, 149.

in Finland, 454. and

Taehti,
Tae Tae

title for Polaris

stars

(Lacerta),

Wei,

of Leo
"

Steph'ani Ster'ope
Stier,
Stimulus Stork Strada
in

(8, 0, and
I and

Scorpii),369. Ster'ope II (Steropes 378. "K Aurigae),

The
oa.

Yang: 8how,
991.

Ursae

Virgo, 354. Majoris, 445-

8idue),

407.

Tafelberg,
Tah, Tail,
the
or

Der

(Taurus), (s)1to
the

8th stem,

948.

Heaven,

(Grus),

337.

Ted Tai

di

Roma

(the Galaxy), 480.

Light, 448. stellar division, Wei, a Chinese VI, in Draco, 906 (extract).

Train,

of

99.

Star, The, in Cassiopeia, 147. Hilda, or Jakob's Hulde, 479. (Sagittarius), Strong One, The 354. and family, 37 {note) ; discovery Struve, Wilhelm, concerning companion of y Andromedae, 37. Birds, The, 56. 8tymphalian Snalocin, soo. Sublimatns (Orion), 307. (Hydra), 347; to Tauri, 384. as Subrnffa, Bayer's error Suc'ula, Suculae, and Succidae, 384, 388. Stranger Straeae,
a

Taj, AI, a Persian figure in Orion, 390. Ta in China, 100. KiS, Arcturus Ta in China, 381. Leans;, Taurus Ta Line, t Persd, 334. Talyn Arthur, the early Britons' Lyra, 98a. Taurus in AI Bfr"ni* s India, 38s. Tambim, ched by Ricdoli for Gemini, 394. Tammech, Tana; Shay,
Taonri,
one m

of

Taurus

early China's India, 38a.

Taurus
on

Dragons.
the Assatoo,

i"i

Tapttra Taraha,
Tarandus
377"
now

Rayoaba,
Persian vel

j*i
d

Sudarium Siidliche Siidliche Siidliche

Sugi Sugi
8ukk5th

("

Veronicas, Fiach, 344. Fliege, 991. Krone, 173. Cannae), 71 ;

and Sirius

377.

lunar

station

in Gemini, and

231

Rangifer,

location

fonnaws

of, 377, 378; rarely mentioned, 378.

names

378:

seldom

**" figured.

(me
974,

Wain),
376.

431.

Taxasad Tarlsuk

and and
an

Tarased,
Terixfl

60.

Stars

(in Libra),

(Libra), 973. 198.

of Hesvcs.
a

Succoth,
in earliest

Sukra,

B'nSth, India, 193.

193.

397.

Tarcuta,
Tascheter

unidentified star-name,
and

Taschter,

Guardian

Su~ku-du,

Sirius in

Assyria,

956, 385.

General

Index

529
of,
name

Ta Ta

Shin Tsun
445-

456. (a Scorpti),365; (Polaris), (6 Geminorum), (x Ursae 234;

(c Leonis), 261
name

names

407;

with
;

classic

writers, 407;

Ulug

Majoris),

teg's
PI.

for, 407
of Taurus
;

Bayer
(or
c

lettered it "?, 407. of the ous Pleiades),variof Maia, 405 ; the nebula

so

Ta

Tsse

(yi Ursae
in

Minoris), 460.
with

names

of, 405

ancient
;

distinction
405

Tau,
Tau

Jewish
and
166.

for Libra, 373. the Pleiades

the Latins, 405

in

China,

of,

Tauono,

Polynesia,

400.

406.
PI. and
ax

Taube,
Taukshika,

of

Taurus

(or / of the

Pleiades), name

Sagittariusin India, 354. Syriac title for Taurus, 380. Taurft, Taureau, Le, 378. Taureau Royal, Le, 4x3. the meteor stream, 386. Taurids, Taurt, y Draconis, 209. first of the twelve signs, 1 ; Taurus,
of, 378-383
; one

details of, 407,

as

408.
(or k of the Pleiades), name
407, 408. (or*/ of the Pleiades),details

PI.

of

Taurus

of, and
PI.

details 33 of

concerning,

Taurus

concerning, 406.
PI. various
names stellations, con-

27 of Taurus

and

details

(or/of concerning, 406.

(or h

the

name Pleiades),

of,

of the earliest and marked the vernal

upon,

most

noted

PI.
names

a8 of Taurus

of the

378;
4000-1700
b.

equinox

from

of, 408-4x2;
;

spectrum

c,

378;
the

Vergil
Greeks,

378;
the

with

cer, 378: in Chaucounts 378; mythology ac-

and, 408
Theta

other

observations

writers on various for the figuring of, 379; figuring of, 379; legends concerning, 379; in various Thompson on, 379 ; titles of, synonymous languages, 380 ; with the Latins, 380 ; with Maniland, 382; ius, 380; on coinage, 380; Plutarch South American tribes, 381 ; in China, among Egypt, and with the Hebrews, 381 ; associated with Adam's first sacrifice, 381 ; with the biblical school, dian 382; prominent in Pcrsico-Babylonian and Akka382 ; Epping on, 382 ; with various astronomy, the Druids, 382 ; other Eastern nations,382 ; among Scotch idea concerning, 383; in astrology, 383; other details of,

(ft1, 0s) of Taurus, with other stars composes Iota (0 of Taurus, Choo Chinese Wang, 412. with other stars (k1,k*)of Taurus, Kappa
of the Phi Arabs' Al
a

Pleiades),various Pickering concerning, 409-412. be binary, 4x2. may

of, 408;
the

ponents com-

Kalbain,
component

4x2.

of Taurus, ("f")

of the Chinese

Li Shih, 4x2. Chi Li Shih

(x) of Taurus,
and Tien

component
4x2.
a

of the

Chinese

Keae,
4x2

Upsilon
Arabs' Al
4x2.

(v) of Kalbain,

Taurus,
;

component Chinese

of

the

also

of the

Tien

Keae,
Taurus

383

minor

components

of,

391.

formed
1777,

from
4x3; 4x3;

various of, 383Taurus, names Whitney and, 383 ; various writers 383. 384; in Arabia, 384; the divine star of the "n" tribe Misam, 384 ; with the Hindus, 384 ; color of, and its names connected, 384, 385: in astrology, Flammarion, 385; with the Hebrews, 385; with 385 ; in Babylonia, 385 : prominent in all systems, and Akkadia, and Persia, 385 ; in Bohemia among quent the Hervey Islanders, 385; location of, 386; fregation, occultation of, by the moon, 386 ; used in naviand velocityof, 386. 386 ; spectrum of, 390; location of, Beta names (0) of Taurus, identical with y Aurigae, 390; Smyth on, 390; 390: in astrology, in China, Babylonia, and India, 390; and velocityof, 390. 390 ; spectrum of, 390 ; HipGamma names (y) of Taurus, parchos on, 390; in China, 391. in Babylonia, 381; in Zets (") of Taurus, tion Reeves' Chinese list,391 ; in astrology, 391 ; locaof, 391 ; other details concerning, 391. the Alcyone of Eta (11)or PI. 2$ of Taurus, other names the Pleiades, 403 ; various of, 403-405 ;

Alpha
:

(a) of

names of, 4x3; Poniatovii, various in Ophiuchus by the Abbe" Poczobut not generally recognized by astronomers,

386

Professor

in Chinese

astronomy,

413;

with

Bartsch,
4x3
;

triangularfigureon the Borgian globe, and companions of, 4x3, 414. culmination for Sagittarius, a variant Taurus, 352.
413
;
a

Regalia, 413. Taushaugjil, Aquila in Turkey, 57. Ta Scorpio and its stars, 361, 365, 368. Who, Tayg'eta, or Tayg'ete, 407.
Taurus Tazxa

(Crater),
or

182.

Tchsng,
Tchin,

Chang,
sum,

the
182.

9th

situ,

248.

the nth

brilliancy of,

403;

with

the

Arabs,

403,

404;

in
404;

Babylonia
Madler and Fl.
names

and

India, 404;
;

Thompson
Gierke,
405

upon,
;

The, in Ursa Major, 431. in Aries, 83. stars Ho, Chinese Tegeaea Virgo, Kallisto of Ursa Major, 421. and Tegmine, Tegmen 114. Tejat Posterior, 236. Tejat Prior, 235. the Telescope, formed by La Caille, Telescopium, Bode's name for,4x4 ; in Chinese astronomy, 4x4; culmination of, 4x4. 414; formed Herschelli, by the Abbe* Telescopium Hell in 1781 and published by Bode in x8oo, 4x4 ; location of former and disappearance from maps, Team,
Teen
4M-

and, 405
16 of

with

Miss
405.

tion culmina-

companions
Taurus facts

of,

of, and

(Bessel'sg of concerning, 407.

with

the

Pleiades),

PI.

17 of Taurus

(or b of the Pleiades), titles of,

406;

legend concerning, 406; Australia,406.

PI. 19 of Taurus

Ovid, 406;

in

(orr of the

Pleiades),various

in Judaea, 78. (Sagittarius), (Sagitta), 352. 350; Temennu, Alcyone in Babylonia, 404. meridianus Temo (Sagitta), 350. Temple, Sagittarius in China, 356 ; the Hyades India, 389. The, of China, 5. Temple Money,

Tell,
Telum

Aries

in

34

53"
Templum TeSmlm,
Tericas

General

Index

(Ara),
223.

62.

Tien Tien

Li

and

Ti

Tche,
near

stars

of Ursa

Major,

435.

Lin,

stars

the

Hyades,
of

Terebellum,
(Coma

360. Berenices),
170. 431.

Tien

Tien Tien Tien Tien Tien

342.

Luy Ching, stars Chinese Meaou,

Mun,
stars

389. Capricornus,
and

14s

asterism

in Argo. 67.

Teriones, the grammarians' Triones, Hercules, 241. the Persian Ternuelles,

Terrestris Testa

of

Hydra

Virgo, 248, 471.

China,
373.

Pien, Scutum Seang,

in modern
377.

(Canopus),

68.

in Sextans,

(Lyra), 283. Testudo, a proposed constellation, 163, 283, Testudo and Testudo 283, 284. Lyrae, Te in Babylonia, 382. Te, Taurus
the 19th sieut Nan Tow, Tow, or inventor of Ursa Minor, 18, 448; Thales,

Tien Tien Tien Tien Tien Tien Tien

Seuen, 0 Ursae Majoris, 438. She, a Chinese general division, Shi Yuen, stars in Serpens, 37s. See, 0 Scorpii, 368.
Teen and
or

22.

Tew,

355. et

Tsin Ta of

Heen,

stars

in

Virgo, 473-

passim.

Tsan, Tsin,
Yu
or

Tsun,

4" Ursae
197.

Majoris,445Fornax,
219;

Thamyris Thegius
cri, 113;
Thesbia Theseus Theseus Thessalicae

(Hercules),
and

241.

stars

Cygnus,
in Cetus of

Theguius
the first

(Bootes), 96. botanist-author, on

e

Yuen,
stars

and

164, 231
star*

Theophrastus,
et
or

Can-

Tien

Yuen,

Eridanus, 218,

if

passim. (Virgo), 462.

231 ; (Hercules), (Gemini), 223. 241.

Perseus,

331.

Thespia

(a Geminorum),
and Pirithotis

Tiger, Sagittarius in China, 356. Tigris (Lynx), 279; (River), 280; (Sagitta), 35* Timshemath, correctly Tinshtmeth, 194. Tipografia, Tir,
20.

Sagitta (Sagittarius), 352. title for the zodiac, 3. Thierkreis, the German Thigh, The, the Egyptian title for Ursa Major, Thompson's,
Greek

297.

the

Persian

and

Pahlavi

Sirius, Polaris,
no. or

tsa.

Tir-An-na,

the Akkadian the 6th

206.

D'Arcy
xvii
;
on

Went

worth,
46;
et

Glossary of
passim.

Tishiya, Tishiya,
Tis-khu, Tistar,

nakskatra,

Birds,

et

passim.
Aquarius,

Tishiga,
Edkins'
name

Tistrija,

Tishtrya,

122.

Thomson,
Thoth Three
Three

James, (Sinus), 124.

Guides, Hunters,

Sirius in Akkadia,

123.
100.

for Arcturus,

The,
",

146,
"j

327.

",

Ursac

Majoris,
316.

423.

Star, Sirius or Spica, 122. Titefui, a Coptic lunar asterism,

Tistar Ti Tso and

468.
255.

Three Three Three Three Three Three

Kings, 6, ", " Ononis, Magi (Hercules), 242. Marys,

Patriarchs
or

Tsin,

Herculis

243. 223.

Tituma,
316. Australe),
310, 417.

Three

Mowers,

(Triangulum
Orion's

or Jituma, the Tamil Gemini, Tjung, the ancient 9th situ, 248. (the Pleiades), 400. Togo ni samu

Stars,
Swedish

The,

Belt,

316.

Tolam,
for

Tulam,
the Gemini
stars

and

Tula, Tyre,

272. 223. 160.

Crowns,
0,
and

Weigel's
"

figure

Tome,
Too

of

Bootes, 98.
Throne

See,
See
a

of Cerberus,

of of

Orion,

a,

y,

Leporis, 265.

Too

Kung,
Persian and

0 Ceti, 163.
tide for Taurus, Torcularis

Throne
Thronos

Throwend,

Thor, Ursa Major and Ursa Minor, 450. for Crux, 185. Caesaris, Pliny's name the Anglo-Saxon title for Scorpio, 363.
(Ara),
Ovid's
62.

Tora,

38a
343

Torcular

septentrionalis,
378.

Toro,
Toro

II, the Italian Taurus,

di

Thymele
Thyo'ne,

Poniatowski,

413. 109.

title for the

Hyadcs,
with

387.
151.

Thyrsus,
Ti, orTi

distinct constellation Tso

Hipparchos,

in Babylonia, The, Cancer Aquila in Australia, 59Totyarguil,

Tortoise,

(a Ursac

Minoris), 0 Ursac
231.

456.
459.

Toucan, Touchan,
Tow

Toucana, The,
the

and Burritt's

Toucano.
name

Sec

Tucama

Ti, the 14th sieu, 276;

Tiam, the ancient
or

Minoris,

for Tucana,

418.

5th j/"",
32,

Kwei,
des

Square in Ursa Kopf, Tramontane,

3x6.
241. of

Minor,
330. 452,

456.

Tifim"t,
Tien

Tiimut,

161,

z8i, 183,

204,

299.

Trager
Tramontane

Medusen
and

Ching,
Choo

late Chinese

Tien
Tien Tien

(in Draco),
y and
stars ?j

title for Libra, 272. (in Ursa Major), 437. 210;

334.
210.

454.

Trapezium,

in Orion,

Chuen,

Persci,
of

Chwang,
He,
Ho the

Draco,

(Hercules), Trapezius (George Trapezuntius

the
Tre

Trcbtzond),

translator

-"t

Tien Tien
Tien

modern

Chinese
475.

Scorpion, 362.
in China, in

Syntaxis, xii.
Pacelle, The,
of Dante,
71,

(the Galaxy),
stars

2x8, 346.

Tien Tien Tien Tien Tien Tien Tien Tien

Tien

Hwan, Hwang
Kae, 0

of Cetus

165. 456.

Trethon

(Auriga), 84.

Ta
and

Ti, Polaris
y

early China,

Draconis,

207.

Kang,or
Ke Keae
and
or

Tien

Tsien,in
244;

Piscis

Australia,

347.

(0 Herculis),
Tien

(y Ursac
in

Majoris), 438.
412, 413. 303.

See Triangulum. Triangle, The. 286. Triangle, a figuring of 20th nakskatrmy Triangle Indien, 250. (Triangulum Australe), 417 Triangle Stars, The

Tare, Han,

in Taurus,

Kiang, Kuen, Kwan, Laou,

Tung

Ophiuchus,

6 Ursac

Majoris,
stars

439.

(of Cygnus), 195. Triangles, The and Triangulus, 4M Triangolo, Triangulum, various of, 4x4-416; locatk* names Triangulum,
and 415;

Chinese
stars

of

Taurus,
445.

391.

antiquity of,
Aratos

4x5; 415;

Hood with

connects

it with Aries.

of Ursa

Major,

and,

Cicero, Hyginus, awl

532
Uccello Paradleo
or

General

Index

Udgudua, Udkagaba

(Apus), 43. (Sagittarius), Utucagaba 354. 965. (Lcpus or Sagittarius),

the
name

Wain,

437;
:

with Aben

Anacreon,
Ezra

427; 437
names ;

Hesyduo'
with
mans, the Ro-

for, 427
427
;

and,

limitations
427
;

of these

of, as

sh"-wa

Aquarius in late India, 48. Udruvaga, Capricornus in Turkey, 136. Ughlak, in Turkey, 380. Taurus Ughuz, Ulgher, Ulug Ungal,
Uogulae,
Umbilicus the Pleiades the Tables in

by Bartschius,
427;

with

the Italiansand

Portuguese.
427; with the

in Scandinavian

nomenclature,
writers forms

Goths,
I and,

428; 428;
;

German variant connection

and,
of

428;
name

Kingjaoes
Charles'

Turkey,
(Ztj) of,
35.
A

393.
2;

the

Beg,

et

passim.

Wain, 428
in Miles poets

of, with

Andromedae,
perhaps
the The. and
a,
arms

Covcrdale's 429;

y, and

Ononis,
ixx.

311.

and,

of See

Cancer,
Monoceros.

Unicorn,
Unicorno

430; 290.

Peskitta-Syriac more English

and
a

Bible, 429 in the Septuaginty 439; Version, 429; Vespucci and, 4X.
in the poets
upon, 430; 430, 431
;

English kings, 439: various Engfcti ;

used
refai

s"

a i"

Unlcornu,

389,
with asterism asterism

timepiece
such
431
;
use

guide,
in

Sophocles
430;

Uooaoura, Upeuritoa, Upulneuti, Urakhga,

193, 282.

its connection

Cynosura, 448. Aquarius, 54. in Aquarius, 52. Cygnus, and Lyra,

in

of,430;

Shakespeare,

in astrology.

Coptic Coptic

lunar lunar

the Akkadian

Corvus,

of. 431 ; n names heraldry, 431 ; mechanical India, 431; Latin names prehistoric of,associaied"ith agriculture, and, 431 ; Dante aa"i. 431 ; Latin writers in
431, 432;
more

English

poets
on

and,

432;

in Penu,
.

Urania Uranus,
as

(Virgo), 462.
discovered

by

Herschelin observations

1781, 236; details of, 236;

Flam-

HeraclitoS'Upon, 43a; 432; in Hebrew nomenclature, 432

43a
;

early coinage, 432

with

the biblicalschool

to

this,236;
and,
260.

ancient

with
name

the

Arabs,

432
;

Arab

legend conceroirg
and,
433
;

steed

Arabic

of, 433
poets,
;
reason

Ddiusch
;
some

with the Una

:

Ur-bar-ra, Urbat,

perhaps stars in Pegasus, 325. Lupus in Akkadia, 278 ; in Babylonia, 366.

in ancient

early Arab Minor, 433

Ovid
434
on

433

names

shared Greek
names

with

of

of,433

Urcuchillay, Lyra Urion (Orion), 304.

Urna,
in

Peru,

282.

the

two
name

Bears,

433

Homer's
434
; on

kr. epithet

; ancient

of, in Egypt,
;

the Denderah

(CraterX 183. Urnam (Aquarius), 46. qui tenet Ur-ner-gub (0" and 0* Sagittarii), 357. Uropygium (a Cygni), 195.
50, 54 ;

Aquarius,

planisphere, 434
astronomy
names

prominence

of, in earlyEgypw"
Hewitt
on

and

in

astrology, 434; Egyptian

of, 435
in with

tian Egyp-

of,

434;

Ursa,
Urea Ursa
2;

Proctor's
cum

Una

Minor,
430.

453.

puerulo,

myths connected figuringsand names Whitney on, in

on

figuring) oC 434 ; later Egvptnn these, 434;

;

India, 435
435 435
;

Profo**

Hindu
;

astronomy, the Chinese,

names

Al Bruii
;

Major,
various
groups,

sometimes
names

identified

with best

Mazzardth,
known of

the same,

435

with

WeigeTs,
; ;

of, 4x9-437:
Sir the G. C.

Schiller's,and
names

Caenus'
:

for. 435

popular
aoaer.t

stellar

concerning,
the of the

419; with 419;

4x9
;

Lewis'
419;

opinion
portance imearly

for, 436

in southern

France,
Manilius
on

436

Greeks,

belief Sanskrit
"

concerning,

436;

this, 436-

of,
419;

many

titles and

associations

of,

universal
common

appellation of, 4x9; of, 419 ; early catalogues name

nations,
other
420 420;

gin possible ori-

legend concerning this, 436; Eden and tbe poleAnta^tike,,, 436; Lopes on this, 436; Phny's of the Dipper. blunders concerning, 437 ; formation Alpha
(a) of
the Ursa

and,

419;

with

Teutonic
420
;

in

Aratos'
420
;

437-

Pkainomena,
in

with

classic
;

poets,

Major,
Kratu, of,

various

names

Anglo-Saxon
with La Matthew

astronomy,

Ben

420; 421;

Lande,
Arnold

420;

in

ancient
420;

Jonson and, legend, 420,

and
421
;
on

437,

438:
;

Hindu
437
;

437; 437
; ;
use

Lockyer

and.

437

in China,
437
;

location

die Egypt*"

and,

legendary
of,
Mueller

Ak,
ners

Arago's

name

for, 438
;

of, to hegi* velocity I

*

poetic appellations with coinage, 422;

the with

and

conceits

early
and

in

astronomy,

438

spectrum

and

Sophocles,
Aratos
on

422;

"8'
various

myth
the

of,

422;

Hebrews,
mistake
432;

422

Saint
from

popular
in the

arising
modern

Beta (0) of Urea Major, legend of, 422; in China, and 438; spectrum Jerome and this, 422 ; Saint close by, 438. translation, Owl Nebula Jerome's misthe of this, 422;
eastern

names

*, ^ of.43*.

velocityof. 43s : ***

"" : 4.1-

corrections
;

Gamma

Breeches
423
;

Bible,
the

423

in various American

tems, sys423
;

438

in Hindu

Major, various name* (y) of Urea nomenclature, 438 ; in China,

location

with

North

Indians,
the

spectrum, Delta in China

and velocity,

of, 438.
439 namesof,

with nian

old

Thomas

Hood,
424;

423;

with

Pennsylvain the
424 424,
;

(") of Urea
and

Major,
;

various location

Germans,
424
;

Trevisa

and,

424;

Kalewith
425;

in India, 439

of, on

the eqo-

utala,
Chaucer time

in the

Century
424; 425
;

Dictionary,
in
on

noctial colure, 439

on

and

Minsheu,

India,

; Ptolemy, Tycho, its comparative brilliancy, 439.

and Miss Cleric

( *".

of

enlargement of,
425
;

the Euphrates and

Ganges,
among

Theon's
;

theory
with the Homer

concerning,

425

; ;

Epsilon (") of Urea and the uncertainty as

on

Major,
to

various names

their derivation,

439* **"

the
upon,

Syrians, 425
425
;

northern

nations, 425
Greek with
names

the

Cufic

globe,
440;

439;

Smyth
and

among

early Britons, Irish,

and
;

the

Hindus,

in

Bayer and, 439 : alBoac to* China, 440; spectrum,

;
now

French, 426;
426
;

with
on

gators, naviOrion of

tion,and Major,
Zeta

velocityof, 440 (0
of Urea

the

biad* of U"*
of.44''

Aratos
;

this,427

used

440.

in

navigation, 427

various

derivations of

Major,

various

names

General

Index

533
452
;

with

the

Arabs,
440
;

440;

Assemani

and,

440;

legend
noted
as

Tennyson,
now

Proctor's

nomenclature

of, 453
knew

as

concerning, typed
of,
441.

in

India,
440;

440

; first star

drawn,

453.

telescopically double,
in

1857,

440;

spectrum,

successfullydaguerreolocation, and velocity

various

Alpha
as a

(a) of
he

Ursa goat,

Minor,
449;

the Arabs
names

it
453-

young "most

various
star

of,

458; (if) of Ursa

practicallyuseful
and,
453;

in the heavens,"

Eta Arab

Major,
on

names

of, 441
441
;

453; 453
;

Dante

in other

Euclid's

Pkainomena,
on,

poets
441
:

on,

441;

the 441

Borgian globe,
to

in

Hipparchos
Clerke

and
453,

classic writers

453

India,
44a
;

in

China,
;

; referred

in

Hitdibras,
of the

Miss
assumes

and,

location
44a
;

of, 44a

the

radiant

point
various

Ur-

the office of
454
;

Py thcas and Polaris, 454 ; the pole-star, 454 ; other details

454
;

sids,

spectrum

and Ursa

velocityof, 442. Major,

442
names

concerning, of,
44s;

with

the

Finns,

454

with

10th-

Theta
442;

($) of
Arabian 442.

century its
use

in

astronomy,

Hyde

and,
with

poetical references to Anglo-Saxons, 454; in navigation, 455; in Milton, 456; in China,

in earliest
name

in China, Iota

456;

Northern

India,

456;
457;

with

the

(1) of Ursa

Major,
;

combined

Kappa
443.

Arabs, 456;
astronomy,
A

of, in Damascus,

in Arabic

(") by the Arabs, 442 (") of Ursa Kappa

(t)

also

by the

Chinese,
with
44a,

Msjor,

combined

Iota

concerning, 457 ; in the 457 ; superstition disl/onsine Tables, 457 ; with the Turks, 457 ; tance
of, from
the
exact

by Arabic (|"),various

and

Chinese Ursa

astronomers,

443.

pole,457 pole,
457,

its approach

to

and

Lambda Mu Mu

(A) of
names

Major,
443
;

combined
443.

with

of,

in China, with
443.

(m) of Ursa
names

Major,
of,
443;

combined in China,

Lambda

(A), various
Nu various the

(r) of
names

Ursa

with Xi ("), Major, combined in Chinese of, 443; astronomy, 443;

443;

458; Shakespeare's error concerning, 458 : distance and velocity of, 458; of, 458 ; other details concerning, 458. spectrum various Beta of, Minor, names (0) of Ursa familiar to the Arabs, 459 ; in China, 459 ; 458" 459
from
'"

recession

the

spectrum Gamma

and

velocity of, 459.

(yi, y") of Ursa

northern
443-

of the two,

other

details

ing. concern-

Minor,

various

names

of,459,
Ursa

460;
459;

components various

of the writers

Dancers
on,

and

of the

Xi various in

(") of
names

Msjor,
;

combined

with

Nu

(v),
443
;

Guards, of, as
a

459;

usefulness

of,443
;

the southern details

of the two,
443.

timepiece, 459,
(6) of Urss (0 460.
Ursa of Ursa

460

in

China, 460.
names

China,
Omicron Pi

443

other

concerning,
444.

Delta Zeta

Minor, Minor,

of, 460. of, 460;

in

(o) of Ursa

Major,

names

Major, 444. "r*) of Ursa ("rl, Major, components 8igma "azwinl*s Al Thiba', 444; in China, 444.
Tau Chinese Chi Psi

("', n*) of Ursa

China,
of

b of Ursa U

Minor, 448.
location 262,

Chinese

name

for, 460.

Phoenicia,

(r) of

Ursa

Major,
444.

component

of the

raids, The,
with the

of, 262; sometimes

442.

confused

Nuy
(x) of (\p)of

Keae,
Ursa Ursa

Leonids,

Major, Major,

names

of, 444,
Tsan in the Chinese

445. 445.

Ursus,
Ursus

422.

Tien

China,

Marinus

(Cctus),
in

1*2.

Omega
Laou,
Fl.
445, and 445.

("*") of Ursa (or.fi of

famous Clerlce Ursa

Msjor, Major,
other

Tien

Uru-anna, Urusaba,

supposed
Taurus

derivation

of Orion,

304.

80

various

names

of,

Ussika,
Uttara Uttara

Ceylon, 382. Scorpio in Ceylon, 363. Bhadrapadss, Phalguni,

stars

446;
Miss

in astronomical
on, 445;

lore,
writers

445

Smyth
446;

the 25th nakskatra, 10th

35,

325.

on,

445,

the

nakskatra,
140.

258.

legends concerning,
446;
A.

446; importance of, in Syria. Germany, 446; in China, 446. of Ursa Major (or 4010 B. 1830 Groombridge details concerning, 446: C), identity of, and
in North and

Uz, Akkadian Vagina, Vagn, Vagn,

Vaha

in

Capricornus,

Germanicus'

name

for Orion's Ursa Ursa Ursa

Belt, 315.
450. 427. 450. 47,

Litli, the Stori,

Otawa. the the

Danish Danish Finn's

Minor,

Ncwcomb Ursa

Young

on,

447;

location

of,

447.

Major,
Minor,

various names Minor, of Greek regarding derivation

name

theories of, 447-453; Gaelic of, 447; name

Vahik, Vaht,
Vanand
a

Aquarius and
and

Capricornus in Persia,

136.

for^ 448;
;

not

mentioned

by
and

Homer
;

and Thales

Hesiod, 448
and,
449:

origin of the constellation, 448

in
on

0 Pegasi in Persia, 326. (Sirius or Procyon), 122, 134.

Zend for Altair, 59.
181.

448;
Dante the
449:

classic

legends the "dancing"

449;

poetry,
stars,

448,
449;

Vsnant,
Vansnt Vanant Varftha

of the
on, 449;

(Corvus),
and Vansnd

with

Arabs, other

Lowell

Manilius
;

((.f Scorpio), 369,

Hindu
astronomer, used

370.

and,
eastern

Arabic
450;
on

rtgurings of, 450

the Denderah

in various
450; 450; dinavian Scan-

Mihira,

Greek

as.

systems,

zodiac,

tronomical

titles,21, 48.
in the

Jensen's Plutarch's

identification with

of, with
450
;

Babylonia,
among

Varak,
Variabilis

Aries

Bundehesk,

78.

Phoenicia,
450; 450;

the with

races, 450;

Dante
in the 451

and,

450;

Cacsius,
451
;

in China, the

Al/onsine
: ;

Tables,

178. Coronae, Vas, or Vas aquarium, 183. Vashishfha, probably "UrsaeMajorisin

Vstlant

India, 478.

440.

among
451

Hebrews,
name

in the modern

Geneva
names

Bible, of, 451;

;

Street,

or

Wadlyng

Street,

'" Caesius'

for, 451
to,

Vaynes,
Vectis,
Vector

Waves, Virga, Arionis,

early references
ideas of,
452;

and

figuring* of,
modern
names

451

Norse in

of Heaven, or Wsynes 429. Virgula jacens (Sagitta), 350.

199.

similar

of,

452;

534
Vehiculum Veiervcicn Vela.
See A

General

Index

Lunae

(Argo),
or

66.

Straet,
rgo.

Vronelden

Straet, of,

479.

Qamma

(y) of Vela,
;

various

names

73,

73 ;

position of, 73
Vena,
Venabulum Venant Venator Venator Veneris Veneris Ventrale Venue
cum

notable, spectroscopically
134.

73.

of, 466-460; Alpha (a) of Virgo, various names in nomenclature of, 466: classic general agreement appellations of, 466, 467 ; with tbe Arabs, 467 ; is the A Ifonsint Tables, 467; the nth marked "u*sii, 467 ; in early astrology, 467 : with Eastern a467, 468; in Babylonia, 468; ia Quoa. covery and, in the disEgypt, 468; Hipparchos of the precession of the equinoxes, 46S and of, 464 Ptolemy and, 469 ; spectrum velocity in navigation, 469: culmination used of, 469: a
tronomers,

Procyon in the Hervcy Islands, (m1 Boot is), 105.

(of Leo), 256.

468;

in

(Orion), 309.
Ursae Mater Sidus

(Bootes), (Pisces), (libra),

94. 339.
;

component

of the Diamond

of

Virgo, 469.
names

374

(Taurus),

383.
Venus

Beta Arabia

(0) of
and

(0 Andromedac), Adone,
Venus

36.
et

Virgo, various Babylonia, 469; in

and culmination
names

o" 469; ia
and

Persia

Chnu.

Cupido,

469

location

of, 469. of, 469,

470;
ously vari-

(Pisces),339. Cupidine Syria cum Vergil, on star-naming, xiv; ct passim. Vergiliae, or Virgiliae, 396. Vernal The, in Taurus, 3285 b. Equinox, in Pisces, 337. in Aries, 1730 d. c, 76; now
Vernal Vernus Pish

Gamma

(y) of Virgo, mentioned,

470; on,

in
470;

Babylonia
culmination various
names

and

Chin.

470; c,
20;

astronomers

of,470. of,
470;

Delta

(I)

of

Virgo,

(Pisces), 338.
and Vervex

Portitor

(Aries),76.
292.

Verseau,

Le,

45.

Borealis), (Musca Vespa, the Wasp Vespertilio (Antares), 365.' Sidus Vestae (Capricornus), 136.

beauty of, 470. of, 470. (") of Virgo, various Epsilon names in classical astronomy, 471 : in 471 ; prominent of, 471. China, 471 ; in astrology, 471 ; culmination of, 471 : i* Eta names (t?) of Virgo, various
China,
Theta
471;

location

of, 471.
location

(9) of Virgo,

of.

471;

names

"."

Vestigium
Vetrarbraut,
Via Via
coeli

Solis the

and Norse

Via

perusta,
and

484.
Via

47a.

Galaxy, 480.
lactea, lactis, 476.

regia,
the

Via

lattea, 480.

Iota (1) of Virgo, concerning, 472, 473. PI. 6 Virginia,

names

of, 473

various details

observed

by

Flamsued

with

Vic"khS, Vichaca,

14th nakshatray
Flammarion

275.

Uranus,
177.

260.

cited from the

for Corona,

Vicritftu,
Victima Victor

17th nakshatra, 370. Centauri (Lupus), 278.

Monstri

Qorgonei
460.

(Perseus),

330.

(Andromeda), Virgo devota 33. (Parrhasia, Tegeaea), Virgo Nonacrina 461. gestana, Virgo splcea munera Vir (Cephcus), 156. Regius Vitruvius,
the
most

421.

Vierge,

scientific

Roman

astronomef.

Vig'iles (0, y1 and Vij,

the ancient Vildiur

y*

Ursae

Minoris),
292.

459.

19;

et

passim. (Cepheus),
(Bootes), 480.
156.
93.

28th

sieu"

Vociferans Vociferator
343.

(5 Ursae
Cicero's

Minoris.), 460.
Cords of the

Vincla,

Fishes,

Voie

lactee,
the

Vinde'mia'tor,

Vindemitor.and

Vinde'mia'trix,

Volans,
Volucris

Plying

Pish,
193.

347.

467,

470-

Violentus

Leo,

252.

(Cygnus), cited by Voluyara,

Vrisha, Vrishan,

Grimm and

for

Auriga, 85.
Taurus
in

Virgine, 460. Virgin Mary, The, 463. Virgin's Spike, The, 466. 460; Virgo, a universal title, 466; usual figuring of, 460:
Attic
and
one on

Vrouchabam,

early India, 383.

Vrishaman,
various
names

the Tamil

of, 460title in the

Vrouchicam,
Vulcani Sidus
cum
names

Scorpio

in

Scorpio, 363. early India, 363.

375.

its Greek
;

(Libra), Ansere, of, 473,

the

Ionic
of

dialects, 460-461
zodiacal
;

with

astrologers,
; ;

Vulpecula
various
474;

formed
474;
to

by

Hevclius,

473:
47 i-

461

the

signs

in

antiquity, 461
of

details concerning,

Aratos

this, 461

other

variations

this, 461

its title abbreviated

Vulpecula,
Nebub

473:

cul

Caesius'

figuring of,461: early legends concerning,

Keats'
poem,

mination
famous

461
the
and

in

462

other

allusions of

to,

462

of, 473 ; object, 474.

The,
Proctor's

Dumb-bell

it* must

oldest

allegoricalrepresentation
;

innocence

Vulpeculids, Vulpes,
Vulture,
Vultur Vulturcadens

meteor name

stream,

474. 473.

virtue, 462
in

allusions

to,

by the classic writers,

in the Middle

for

Vulpecula,
193; 282.

462; Ages,
and
and

Egypt,
the

462;

figuring of,

(Cygnus),
the early Indian

(Lyra), 283.

463;

Persia, 463 Chinese,

symbol of, 463 ; in Assyria, India, with the early Arabs, Turcomans,
Euphrates,
in astrology,

Lyra,

volans

(Aquila), 56.

the 464; on prominence of, 464 ;

464;

tinual con-

464, 465
;

other associations

of, 465

on

coinage, 465

Schiller

and,

465;
;

of, 465 465,

of, 465; Ptolemy's figuring?, Hipparchos and, 465 ; present

details
473.

definition
extent

of,

466; of,

concerning,466;

minor

nents compo-

and Waege, 369. Waage lunar station, 35. Wabir, a Khorasmian 6 and in Sogdiana, 260. 9 Leonis Wadha, in Monoceros, 290 asterism Wae Choo, a Chinese Waenes Thisl, Urea Major of Angk"-Sa"on", 4*" Wae

Ping,

stars

of Pisces, 343.

General

Index

535.
Lupus. Kleine, 395. the Cingalese Virgo, 4I3. a Ship, Stella Star, The, Mira, 164. (c Aquilae), 61.
and 339.
stars

Aquarius, 48. Waeter-gyt, se, the Anglo-Saxon and WatWatlinga-Strete, Waetlinga-Straet, 478. ling Street, 477, and Wage, 369. Wag the Teutonic Wain, 420. Wages, Himmel, am Wagen 439. and Himmel Wagen 438. Wagen, Waggon, The, 428. Indian an figureof the Hyades, 389. Wagon, The (Bootes), 93. Wagoner, of Odin, Woden, Wagon or Wuotan, 428. or Wain, Wagon, The, 430, 436. Wain The (Bootes), 83. man, 9 and " Ophiuchi in Sogdiana, 303. Wajrik,
Wallfisch, Der,
160.

Wolf,
Wolke,
Woman Wonderful

The.

See

Gross* in

Woo,
Woo Woo Woo Woo Woo

or

Yue

(" Pegasi),

Chay,
Choo Chow Ti

of

Auriga
stars

and and

Taurus, 88,
Gemini,
171,

390.

How, Shih, Tso,

in Coma of and

336.

Denebola

Gemini, 336. adjacent stars, 358.

Corona Borealis in Australia, 177. Woomera, Wo* Niebeski, the Polish Heavenly Wain, 97, 428. of Flowers, Wreath Corona Borealis, 175. Wuotanes or Weg, Straza, 479.

Walayngham
Wan

Way
stars
or

and of Ursa Yah

Werlam

Street, 478.
443.
stars

X, The

Wang
*45,

Chang, Leang,
146Pollux

Major,

Xiphias.
of

Egyptian, 73, 135. See Sword/ish, under

Dorado.

Lang,

Cassiopeia, Yai,
Ya the Turkish
stars

Wanjil,

Wardens,

Sagittarius, 352. Major, 131. The Chinese Dark, a Warrior, Hun division, Yang (a Lupi), 379. (or Men) 338. Majoris), 441. Yaou *39" Kwang (i"Ursae Wassermann, 316. Yard-stick, or Yard-wand, 45. in Sagittarius, The, 300, 337, 359Water, stars Yaugh, 359. The, early figure for Cancer, 109. and Ydre Ydra Water-beetle, (Hydra), 247. The, Yellow Procyon in Babylonia, 133. The, 354. Water-dog, Dragon, See The. Waterman, Aquarius. Yellow Road*, The, 481. of Cana, The Stone in Capricorn us, 142. Chinese stars Water-pot (Crater),184. Yen, of Cana, The Fa Water-pots (Dclphinus), 200. Chi Yew 0 Virginis),468. yl and
459. zodiac

in Australia, 339. y* Ursae Minoris,

Ke,

of Canis

Water-Snake,
Waves and

The.

Waynes

of (or to) Saint Way Sisters, a Weaving We (a Tekscopii), 413.

Hydra. Heaven, 439. James, 480. Chinese figure of Lyra, 58.

of

See

Yew Yew Yew Yew

Hea

(a Corvi),
stars

181.

Kang,
Ke,
She Yih

stars

of
stars

Pisces, 343. Aquila, 61.

of Bootes, the Ursa
in 105.

of

Ti,
and

Yh,

Yen,

10th sieu, 184.

Weg, Weg
Wei, Wei, Wei,
Wei

Wee,

or

Uueg,
479.

Iringe's, 478

Jakobs,

479

Yidigher Yilange,
Yildun

Yilduz,

Major

in Turkey,
299.

424.

Wuotanes,
uf

Ophiuchus
{6 Ursae
Polaris

Turkey,
457.

Rom,

480.

Minoris), 460.
in Turkey, the 24th sieu, 326.
107. 239.

the 33d sieu

4
m"

and
?"

Aquarius, Capricorni, 143.

4 Centauri,
sieu 155.

in

51.

Yilduz,

Ying
Yin Yin Ydra

She Tih

(or Shih),
Gemini

and

(Camelopardalis),
Ydre,
in
a

(the 17th
The. that

in

Scorpio), 369.

Yang,
and

in China,
347.

Whale,
Whale Wheat

See

Cetus.

Swallowed Jonah, The, 162. Field, The, a Phoenician sky-figure,192. Wheel, The, a figuringof the 7th nakshatra, 348. Whirlpool Nebula, The, in Canes Venatici, 116. White

Tiger,

Chinese William
on

Whitney,
Indian Who

Prof. xi
;

stellar division, 78, 310, and Dwight, star

Lunar et

381.

Young Young Young Young Young,

work,

Boy
Girls

Canoe

(Bellarrix), 313.

(the Pleiades), 400. He Goat, the Arabs' figure for Polaris, 449. figure for Orion's Belt, 315. Men, Australian Prof. xix; Charles
on

A.,
of
a

his

assistance

in

this
on

menclature, noon

number
on

constellations,15;
153;
t on

the
21

Mansions,

7,

8;

01 Capricorni, 141;
Borealis, 178;
upon the
on

Centauri,
377;
on

Corona a8o;
on
a

astronomy,

passim.
Star, 365.

0 Librae,
of

Lyncis,
;

Sing, An lares, the Bole, The, 378. Whyte Wiar Strate, the Galaxy
Wider
and

Fire

number
311
; on

Ononis,
in

Widder,

Der

Westphalia, (Aries),75.

479.

and

the

moon,

recognized novae, 293 comparative size of apparent 319 ; et passim.

the the

Venus

Young
Y Yu Yue Yue* Yuen in Yuh Yuh
twr

Women,

Gemini

in South
in

Africa,
197.

229.

and Widhu Widhayu (/3Lconis), 259. Wild Boer, The, Ursa Major in Syria, 425. of Noah, Wine-cup The, 184. Eratosthenes' idea of Lupus, 279. Wine-skin, Winkelmass, 393.
Winter

tewdws,

Hyades
206.

Wales,

Choo

(a Draconis),

(^ Capricorni), 142. (ifGeminorum),

335.
stars

Wei, Kang Tsing

lin Neu

unidentified (c Ursae

of

Draco,

205.

Street,
479.

or

Winter

Gatan,

the

Galaxy

Sweden,

Horse, Winged The, Wolff, Der, 278.

333.

Yu Yu

Majoris), 440. (/SEridani),218; (ir Ononis), 320. Keun, stars of Aquarius and Pisces, 53.
(n

Leonis), 263.

53"

General

Index

Yun YU

Yu

(ir the

and Ruler

Piscium),
of Rain

343.

Greek in

names

of,
3;

German first known

name

of,
in

nancs

Shi,

(the

Hyades),

389.

of,

Rome,
name

when

Greece, of,
3;

3;

Cicero's

for, for, fcr, for,

common

3 3;

poetical Anglo-Saxon

D* of.

name

Zenith-star, Zerah,
Zeata v* Pisces Caesius' Rim in lunar A.

The

(y

Draconis),
for

209.
157.

Thaun's

name

names

4.

figure
(the
later

Cepheus,
480.
337.

Pope's
Dante's

name

4;

former Tuscan Hindu

English
name

names

of, ,4 Rig
*"*

Galaxy), Babylonia,

name

of,

4;
5;

Zib,

term

for, for, of, of,

5;

name

of, for, of,

introduce
5;

Paha* Chinese
:

Zibanitu,
Zibbat

asterism

in

Libia,

276.

terms

Zoroaster's
5 5:
;

equivalent

(Dencbola), Lupus
in the
on

258.
names

Chinese

progression
5
;

date the

of

mation for-

Zibu, Zichoa,
Zidadh,

perhaps
Libra

the

cylinders,
270.

278.

in

China,
into William

Jesuits
6;

pean Euro-

9th

century, lunar

todiac

China, Drummond
6; forms division the

Venerable and,
6;

Bede R" and,*: dim**

Khorasmian the

station,
70.

343.

and,
G. various

6; Townsend

Sir

Zinge Zirkel, Zlxumara, Zodiac,

and
its

and 166.

Zingians,

and, national

Ajvcalyfu
6;

of,

unequal
6
;

or

Shi-ahu-mara,

200,

204.
as

of,
to

Hipparchos*
6.

of,

the

paranatel-

Solar,
time of

The,
formation

many

theories

birthplace
as

lons
to

of,
ua,

of,

general
alternate

agreement

Zodiac

the

Latins' Belt the with

zodiac, Ovid,
with zodiac

3. 315.

origin,
of cites

Euphratean
(400
Chaldean" the
a.

six

signs
it,
1;
x

of,
;

Zona,
Zona

Orion's

dictum doli

Servius
"

d.)

concerning
tide

Ric-

peruata,

Galaxy
the
260.

Macrobius,
in

4*4Avtsto,
5-

of,
as

doubt Innum

as

to

Zoroaster,
Zosma

mentioned

the

this,

known

to

Akkadians other

and

(2
the

Leonis),
Branch,
or

Pidnu-sha-Shame,
1

Jewish

names

for,
titles

9;

Zweig, Zwilling,

in

Hercules,
aaa.

24*-

the

Egyptians

and,

1,

2;

Coptic-

Egyptian

of,

Zwillinge,

ARABIC

INDEX

Accentuation in
many
cases

of the

originals of the
is

corrupted
The Arabic

words

has

been with

followed its

for

the

latter

as

fax

as

practicable, but
these
pages.

necessarily

arbitrary.

alphabet,

English

equivalents,

follows

Aa'krab Aa'krab

(Scorpio), genu'bi
Al,
and Exra Poe's Aben'

363.
(4 Scorpii), 369.
poem

Alach'il,
"73-

or

Alad'il,

Algenubi'

(Corona

Australis),

Aar'af,
Abeen' Aben

and

star

title, 146.

Ala'crab,
Aladfar' Alahance'

Ala'trab,
(i? Lyrae),
and

and
288.

Ala'trap

(Scorpio),

362.

(Draco),

205.

(a Tauri),
Aracale'us

384.
(0 Geminorum),
233.

Alhance' Aloho're and

(Sagitra),

350.

Abrachale'ua,
A'camar

Alaho're,

Allo're,
Alamak', 36. Alanat',

(a Lyrae),
Alamech'

284.
Androme-

("

Eridani),

219.

Alamac',
variants
217; 257. A

(y

A'carnar, A'chernar, Achir, Acimon',

Acka'ir and
a

A'chenar,
etc.

and

(a Eridani), ($

918.

dae),

(a Eridani),
in

Eridani),

219.

Alanac',
gae,

Alloc',

etc.,

Auriga

and

Auri-

Tauri
a

Khorasmia,

85, 87.
and

Virginia in the
Ackl'ar and

If on

sine

Tables,
44*.

467.

Alange Alangue,

Alangue
and variants

(Ophiuchus),
(a

299. 301
;

(ij Ursae
Aclu'ahemali

Majoris),

Ophiuchi),

(a

Ser-

Aclil'uachemall

(Corona

Bore-

pentis),
Alanin'

375.

alis), 176.
Acola A'crab Acubens'

(Draco),

205.

($ Ursae
and

Majoris),

443-

Alaraph'
(0 Scorpii), 367.
hi.

(a Virginis), 467;

(e Virginis),

471.

Aa'krab and Acuben'e

schemali'

Alarne'bet Alaach'a

(Lepus),
(A Scorpii),

265.
370;

(a Cancri),

(v Scorpii), (Leo),

372. 254.
a

Adara',
Addeb'lria

Adhara'.and (a Tauri),

Adard',in 384.
197.

Canis

Major,

130.

Ala'sid,
Alatbod'

Ala'aado,
and

and

Ala'tid etc.,

Alatud'o,

Auriga

and

Aurigae,

Adelf'alfa'res Aderai'min
and

("l Cygni),
Adderoia'minon

85. (a Cephei), Leonis),

157. 261. 131.

87.
and Ale'sit

Ala'zet

(0 Leonis),
Alhance

258.

Adhafe'ra,
'Adhara Adhil' 'Adhra' and

Aldhafa'ra,

Aldhafe'ratf
Al

Albanere, Albega'la
Albe'ze and

Ugendum
and

(Sagitta), (Lyra),
282.

350.

'Adbrl',

(in Canis

Major),

130,

Albegaio

(( Androroedae),
al

38.
Al and

Albiz'ze

(a and 87. ("? Ursae

0 Centauri),

150.

Nafhifah,
Adid'

(Virgo),
Adiv'e

464,

467.
206.

Alcahel'a Alca'id and

(a Aurigae),
Alka'id

Adib', Adige
Adren'desa Afr

Addib,
and

(aDraconis),
193.

Majoris),

441. 135,

Adigege
and
y

(Cygnus),

Alcan'tarus,
Alcantub Alcatel

Alcau'curua

(Capricornus),
365. (fj Ursae

136.

Adren'edesa

(Virgo), 464.

(a Scorpii),
and

(a, 0, and

Librae),
in

276.
157,

Alcha'yr

Majoris),

441.

Aghnam, Hercules,
A

Al,
302.

Cepheus,

159;

the

Club

of

Alcha'malo Alchanz'ato

(Aries), 78. (Sagitta),

Alach'bar
351.

gribfth,

Al, in Canis

Major,

130;

in

Columba,
345. 132.

167.

Alchel'eb Alchel'eb Alchemb'

(Canis (Canis
331.

Major), Minor),

119. 133.

Ahaut'
AHawat Anfa'
459.
_

Algenubi'
al al

(Piscis
the
two

Australis), Dog-stars,

Alaa'gar
(a Persei),
and hale Alio and Alkor' Riccioli's and Al
157.

8uhall,

Farkadain'

(y", y", and

( Ursae

Minoris),

Alche'te Alche'ti

Alche'ti Rechaba'tib
re,

(Hercules),

242. 242.

46oal and al al Nahr Al Rami Thaur and

(Hercules),
re,

Ahir Ain 'Ain 'Ain

(a Eridani),
'Ain'

217. 391. 359.

Alcho'ro,
Alcor'

All

ou'

Aloho're

(Lyra), 283.
445,

(c Tauri),
v*

(g
name

Ursae for
c

Majoris),
Ursae

446.
439.

(rl and

Sagittarii), 384.

Alcor'e,

Majoris, 383, 384.

and
,

(a Tauri),
Anilam' and in Ahmal'

Aldeb'aran,
314.

variants Deraf
,

(a Tauri),
Alredaf

Ainilam'

(c Ononis),

Al 181.

Derab',

Alredat'

(a

Ajmal', Ajs
al

Al,
A'aad,
Al al

(Conrus),
180.

180,

Cephei),
Alderal' Aldera'min

Corvus,
362.

Jemln
and and and

(Cepheus),
Al Derai'mln

157.

A'krab,
Aktftb

(Scorpio),

(a Cephei),

157.

A'aad

(0 Leonis),
and Ala'zel

258.
(a Virginia), 467.

Aldiga'ga
Ale
ser

Addigaga'to (Leo),

(Cygnus),
254.

193.

Alaa'zel,
Al'abi'eth Alacast

Ala'cel,
and and

Ale'zet

Alal'oth

(e Ursae (" Virginis),

Majoris),
471.

439-

Alfa'ras

Alathem',
324.

Alpha'res

and

Alphe'ras

Alcalst

(Pegasus),

35

537

538
Alfard', Alpbard', Alfec'ca, Alfet'a,
Alfec'ca Alferkathan' Alfirk' Al Gam meridia'na and
etc.

Arabic

Index

(0 and (0 Canis

(a Hydrae), 249. Borealis),176. (Corona Australia), 173. Minoris), 459. y Ursae (Corona

variants

Al

Nath

(0 Tauri), 89.
and and AlnilanV Alnitak'
330;

Alnihan' Alnitah' Alove'

(c

Ononis),

314 3x4. 332.

({ Ononis), (0 Persei),
and

(Perseus),

(a Cephei),
ua'

157;

(0 Cephei), 158. Minoris), 134.

Alphac'a, Alphakh'aco, Borealis),176, 178. Alphart', Alphe'rat Alpbor'a

Al Al
a

Alphen'a Hydrae,

(Corasa

Algau'za (y Ononis), 313. Algebar*, Algibbar', Algebra', etc. (Orion), 307. Algebar', Elgebar'.and Algibbar' (0 Ononis), 31a. Alge'di (a1 and a" Capricornii, 140. Algei'ba and Algi'eba (y Leon is), 359. Algen'ib, Algen'eb.and Elgen'ab (a Persei), 331. Algen'ib and Algem'o (y Pegasi), 336. Algenu'bl (c Leonis), 260. Algethi' and Algiethi' (Hercules), 34s. Algeuse' and Elgeuz'i (Gemini), 943. (Draco), 305. Algha'vil Altannin' Algomia'a,and Algomeia'a, Minor), 13a. Algomeiz'a Algomeyl'a Algomys'o Algorab', Algorab'
18a.

star

in

Argo,

75 ;

249. 35-

and and

Alphe'raU
Alphrad'

(a Andromedae), (a Hydrae),
349.

Ram'ec,
Reacha'

Ara'mec,
and and and Al

Are'meab Riacha'

(a Bootis),
34a. 45a

iw.

(a Piscium), (Ursa Minor), (a Ursae

Alruca'ba Alruca'ba Alruca'ba Alaa'ft AUahare' Alaahare' and

Alrucca'ba Alrucca'bab

Minoris),

457.

(0 Ursae
Athftfi

Minoris), 458.
("rDraconis),
axa.

aliemali'ja (Canis Major), alsemall'ja (Canis Minor), Aaang'e,

a

1x9. 132. 383.

Algomeya'a

(Canis

Alaanj'a,
Alsciau'kat,
Aleebere'
X32.

and in

variants
380.

(Lyra), a8x, (Cams

star

Lynx,

and

(0
and
y

Canis

Algomia'a (Canis Minor), Minoris), 134.

(Canis
in the

132.

Aacemi'e

Algamei'ea
name

Minor).

Alcbamia'o

Corvi

Alftmtine
modern

Minor), 13?. Tables, 18a.

for 8

Alsem'cha, AUtre',
Alaha'in Alahemali

Chilmead's cited

and

Algores',

names

Corvi,

by Grotius (0 Aquilae), 60.

(m Leonis),
Chilmead's
name

for

for Pisces, 338. Sirius,122.

363.
for
for

Algueae', Riccioli's Alha'fa, Chilmead's Alhague' Alhal'ath,

Alha'ior,
and

name name

for
for

Geminorum,

231

Alaobam',

Sagitta, 350. Hydra, 347. (Aqnixa), Aquilae), 59.

57

Asalange' Alhi'ath, Alhut'

etc.,

Serpens, 374. (a Ophiuchi), 301.

(c Ursae

Chilmead's Aleugahh', Alcalr, Altm'ir, AU'ir,

name

and
etc.

Alcar' (a

Majoris),43o.
a

Alta'ir, Atha'ir,
Altaur'o and

Ata'ir,

Alba'joc,

Auriga

and

Aurigae,

Ataur7

(Taurus),

380.

85, 87.
Alhai'seth Al

(a Virginia),467.

Hamar'ein,

erroneously

for

Cancri,

xn.

Albas',
Al

Alker',
Al

Haur,

Alhen'a Alhl'ac

and Alkea' (CraterX 183. Hague', Alhava' (Ophiuchus), (y Geminorum), 234. Majoris), 440. (" Ursae Assemani's Alior'e
error

for Cygnus, 193. name Alta'yr, Chilmead's for Cygnus. name Alta'yr aldigey'a, Alfonsine Alterf (A Leonis), 263. for Fl. 19 and Ft Al Thura'ja, Baily's name
299.

194.

--3

Tauri,
Al

4x2.

Tinnin'

(" Draconis),
name

206.

Altor',
Altor'ic Altor'icb Altor'ich Aludra'

Schickard's and and and

for

Taurus, 380.
404.

Alhut,
Aliar'e

by
and

for

Ursae

Majoris, 439. Majoris),439.

(p Her-

AthorTic Altor'ieh Athor'rich

(* Tauri),

(e Ursae
variants
224.

Majoris), 439.
(" Ursae

(the Pleiades), 308. (i|Tauri),

131. 404.

AUath',
Aliour'e

Alioth',and
(Gemini),

Canis (i) auatra'lia borealis

Minoris), ("
Ursae

Alkalu'ropa culis),X05.
Al Ka'meluz

(Bootes), 97; (y Herculis), 103;

(Bootes),
;

Alu'la Alula

Majoris), Majoris),
for

443.

(v Ursae
name name

443. 317.

97

(a Bootis),
17, etc.,

tox.

Alvahar', Alva'ka,
Alwa'id

Chilmead's Chilmead's

for Eridanus,

Alkfit, Al, ", t, " Ononis, 315 ; Elkaus'u, Elkus'u Alkauus'o,

Alkea', Almacb',
maack Alman'tica

Alhes',

and

Alker'

Orion, 316. (Sagittarius), 352. (a Crateris), 184.

in

Lyra,

382.

(0 Draconis),
and

207.

Al'ya

Al'ga

(9 Serpen tis), 376.

Almak',

Almaak', 36.

Almaac,

and

Al-

(y Andromedae),
sett

Ni'tac

(the zodiac),
name

3.

Al'ya (*" and "" Tauri), 412. (" Serpenns), 375 Al'yah, Al'yat, and Al'ioth for c Ursae Majoris, 439. Al'yat, the origin of name
Al
Zara'

Almegir'et, Almegra'mith
Alxnei'ean

Riccioli's and

for the

galaxy, 481.
(Ara), 63.
234.

(" Canis
Nubian al

Majoris),
name

130.
a

Almugam'ra
name

Alzimon',
'Amud 'An"k

for

Virginis,467.
300,
aoi.

and

Almei'sam

(y Geminorum),
for 0

"alib

("

Delphini),

Almen'keb,
Almerxamo'

Chilmead's

Pegasi, 325.
311. 330. 334.

nna'gied
a

(a

Ononis),

Almlrazgual',
Almi'sam Almi'sarfand Almucedie' Almuredin' Almuta'bet and

Moorish

name

for Perseus,

Almi'san Almi'zen

(y Geminorum),

'Ard, 36; meaning of, 36; Ulug Beg with early Arabian astronomy, 37; connected 'Anftk al Banftt Majoris), 440. (c Ursae al Nahr Ancbat' (r* Eridani), aao.
al and variants Anget'enar, Anf, Al (c Pegasi), 327. Anf al A'sad, the 6th

and.
37.

(a Virginis), 467

(Libra), 273. ; (e Virgin is), 471.

Australe),
417.

(r* Eridani),

aao.

(" Virginis),471. algenu'bl (Triangulum

manxily

no. "

Aniph'ol
Anana'de Antar and

Pharasi,
and Asna'de Autar'a

Schickard's

Pegasi, 337.
32.

Almutal'lath, Almuta'leh, gulum), 4x6.

Almutla'to

(Trian-

(Andromeda),
(a

Star

Scarpa), 365.

54"
Dafi'ra, the Alfonsine
name

Arabic

Index

for 0

Leonis, 358.
and Fl.
15

Dai'ban Comae

(^

and

"l"* Draconis),

axa.

Pafirah,

Al,

Coma

Berenices

Berenices,

171.

Paikft, Al, a vacant space Dajajah, Al, the Arabians' Cygnus,

Dalw,
193.

in

Taurus, 386.
Manetho's
name

Dub'on (Ursa Major), 4*3Dnb'he, Dubb al Ak'bar, Al, Dub and DubBdAlaCber, aCbar (Ursa Major), 423.

Dub,

Dub'bc,

and

for

Dubb

al Ai'ghar, (Ursa Elex'guar and Dubb

Al, Dub Minor),

(a Ursae (Ursa

Aiaa'gmr,
449.

and

Dhub

Dalw, Parb
Deb'iron

Al, the Arabians' Aquarius, Al, the Square of Pegasus,

al T"bbftnin

47

; x

Aquarii,

54.

Dub'he

Majoris),
451.

437-

324.

Dubhe'rukabah

(the galaxy), 481.

Dulflm,

Al

Minor), (Delphinus), 200.

for

(a Tauri), 384.

Degi'ge

(Cygnus), and variants, 193. Deli, the Hebrews' Delle, 47. Aquarius, Rkxioh's De'neb (c and " Aquilae), 61. etc. De'neb, De'neb (a Adi'ge, De'nebadigege, Cygni), 195. De'neb,
De'neb De'neb De'neb

Ec'ber, Chilmead's
Ed Asich'and and El Eddib' Dsib'

name

Canis

Majoris,
2x0.

121.

Eldaich'

(1 Draconis),
206,

(" Draconis),

Edegia'gith
Edeleu' Elada'ri Elar'neb and
and

and

Eldigia'gich

Eldelia Eleada'ri

(Cygnus), (Aquarius), 47. (Virgo), 464, 467.

193.

Algenu'bi,

and

Dhe'neb

(ifCeti),

163, 164.
and and Deneb'ola Dha'nab

(3 Leonis), and
al Dulflm

variants,258.
201.

Eleaz'alet

(Lepus), 265. (a Virginia), 467.

(a Persei), 331.

(c Delphini),
De'neb

Elgen'ab

De'neb Algedi', and De'nebalchedi', gethi' (y Capricorni), 141. De'neb Algedi' (6 Capricorni), 141. De'nebcaiton De'neb Den'neb Kai'toe Elaa'krab Al and De'neb Kai'toe

Al-

Elgeuse' (Orion), 307. Elgiautri' (a Geminorum),

Elhak'aac Elha'thi El El El Haut' Hau'we Ha'vic

231. 233.

(0 Geminorum),

(0 Ceti), 163.

(Hercules),
and (a

242.

(t Ceti), 164. (v Scorpii),372. Andromedae), (0 and

$ A

Elhaut'ine

(Pisces), 338.
300.

Ophiuchi),
247.

Dhail,
Dhalim'

{$
and Al

or

38.

(Hydra),
(0 and (Ursa
y

Thalim'

Eridani), a 18.
258.
195.

Elhen'aat

Geminorum),
and
432;

233,

234.

Dha'nab,
Dha'nab Dha'nab Dha'nab Dha'nab

(y Gruis), 338. (0 Leonis),

Al

Elkai'tos,
El Ke'id Elkia' Elkleil' al

Blkal'tus,

Elke'toa

(Cetus),

162

al A'sad al al al

Major),

(ifUrsae

Majoris), 441-

Dajajah,
Dulftm

(" Cygni),
201.

(Crater),183.
El

(" Delphini),

Ja'dy, correctly Dha'nab

141.

Ja'dl ("
(0

El

Koph'rah

genu' bi (Corona Australis), (* Ursae Majoris), 445.

254.

173.

Capricorni),
Dha'nab al

Elle'sed

(Leo),
Alche'ras

Kai'toe

(or Ke'(us)

al

Janubi'yy
61.

Elmac' El Melik' Nath

(Equuleus),
51.

213.

Ceti), x63.
Dha'nab Dhit al al 'Ukftb

(a Aquarii),
80; (a Arietis),

(" and
Dhath
and
a

Aquilae),
Alcursi',

El Dath
145.

(0 Tauri),
112.

390.

Kursi'yy, (Cassiopeia
Al,
stars

and

El-

Blnaf El

ret

(y and

fi

Cancri),
193;

karti'

Cassiopciae),
in

143,

Rided'

(Cygnus),
(a Canis

("

Dhawa'ib, Dhi'bah,
206
;
t

Al, small

stars

Orion,
103;

320.
stars

Elecheere',
in

Elaeiri', Elaere'

Cygni), 195. (Canis Major),

Etannln',

119.

in Bootes,
210.

Draco,
conis), ^* Dra-

Elacheere'

Majoris), i". Etanlm',

207. Etta-

Draconis,
Al
212.

Eltanin',
Draconis),
210;

Etamln',

Dhi'bain, Dhili, Al and/

Dhirfi',
Al

("and

tyl and

nin' El Taur'

(y Draconis),

(Taurus), 380.
and and Eltsamach'

(a Draconis),
212.

206;

(t Draconis), Minoris),
3x0.

210;

(""

Elteamec'ti

(a Virginia),467rulxbachei

Draconis), (a and
;

Elzegesia'le
135
;

Elgeaiale

cules), (Her-

0 Canis

(the 5th
E'nar

242.

mattzil), 231
Dhira'
133. 231-

(a Ononis),
al

(a Eridani), ax8.

al A'ead

Makbudah,

in

Canis

Minor,

Enf, Enf
Erra'i and Erra'kia Erucca'bah

Alphe'rae,
Er Ra'l

En'if, En'ir
(y Cephei), 158.
an.

(c Pegari), 32?

Dhirft' Dhira'

al al

Mabsu

tah', Al
Al

(a, 0 Geminorum),
157. 234.

231.

(ji Draconis), (Ursa

and Etanin'

Yamin,

(a Cephei), 0 Geminorum),
86.

Minor),

451. 205.

Dhirft'ftn, Al
Dhu Dhub Dhur Dif'da al 'Inftn'

(a and

Etabln' Eurisim'

(Draco),
194.

(Auriga),
(Ursa

(Cygnus),
Al Al

Elez'guar
and (0 Duhr

Minor),
260.

449.

(i Leonis),

Fahd, Fandh,
Austral

Ceti), 163.
Al Al

(Lupus), 278. Majoris), 438. (y Ursae

pifdi' al Aw'wal, pifdi" al Thftni,

Dob D51
and

(a Piscis

is), 346.

Fafcl, Al
Fakir Fakar al

(0 Ceti), 163.

Jau'xah

(Canopus), 69. (Orion's Belt), 3x5.

(Corona
Bo-

D5bh

(Ursa

and

Dial, the
or

Persians' Ursa

Major), 423. Aquarius,

Minor in

47. 450.

Dou'be,
Dschab'be Dschub'ba

DSb'her,
and

Dsha'beh

Phoenicia, (a Capricorni), 140.

al Shuja* (" Hydrae), 249. Al (Corona Australis), X73: Fak'kah, realis), 176.

Fa'lak, Al Fanifc, Al

(the zodiac),

3.

(6 Scorpii), 369.

(a Tauri), 384.

Arabic

Index

*M
Rl's al al GhQl Na'amah

Paras
Fa'ras

al al

Aw'wal, Tttmm,

Al

(Equuleus),
an

213.

Hftmil H-amis

(Perseus),
for

330. 37. 327.

Fa'ras Pard al

alThftni,

early Arabic asterism, 304, Al (Equuleus), ai3;(Pegasus),324. Al,

(a Hydrae),
249. the 24th mama'/, 326. Al, the 35th manxil, 336. Al, the 34th mauul, 325.

(y Andromedae),
name

Hammlm, Ham'mel, Hams,

Han' H
or

Al, Hyde's
Riccioti's
name

Shujft'
Aw'wal,

" Pegasi, for Aries, 78.

the

Fargh Fargh Fargh Fargh Pargu,

35.

al al al al

Ham'aah,

Al, perhaps

Arabs'

Sa-

Mu'liir,
Muk'dim,

gitta,350.
ah, Al, the 4th manzil%
Al 234. 154,

Thftnl,

Al, the 25th mantil, Fargh,

the

35,

326.

arltfln,

(6 and (A and
and
101.

0
v

Leonis),
al

260,

262.

Al,

correctly Al
Al

25th manvi,

H-arasah,
Hftris

Al

Scorpii), 372. 8imlk,

Bootes and

3*"-

al Samft*

Hftris

Farkadain', Far'kad, Pass,

Al

(0, y1,y* Ursae

Minoris),

449.

Bootis, 97,

Minoris), 459. figure for Ursa Minor, 450. Fatik, Al, cited by Al Birunl for a Tauri, 384. astcrism in Cygnus, Fawaris, Al, Arabic 195, 197. Fersaus' the Arabic orthography for Perseus, 330. , Pica' res (Cepheus), 156; (0 Cephei), 158.
(0" Ursae
Arabic

Har'neb

Al,

an

(Lepus), 265. Hasalan'gue (Ophiuchus), 299. division of Taurus, Haft, Al, an Arabian 379. Al Haud, (Coma), (Leo Minor), 264; 171;
Ursa

(in

Major),
Al, Ulug

442.

Haun, Haur, Haur,

Haut

Beg's

name

for

e c

Ursae Ursae

Majoris, 439.

Fik'rah

al

Ola,

Al

($ Ursae

Firk, Al, "aswlnf s name Po'ca (Corona Borcalis), 176.

Majoris), 443. for a Cephei, 157.

variants

Al, Hyde's

rendering for

Arabic Al, on (Pisces), 338.

Majoris, 439. globes for Ophiuchus, 299.

Fomalhaut',
345,

Potnalc/,
346.
an

and

tralia), Haut (a Piscis Aus-

Futn Fum Fum

345.

al

A' sad, Fa'ras

Arabic

idea
327;

of Cancer,

no.

elgenu'bl (PiscisAustralis),345. Al, $ Pegasi on the Dresden Hawalm, globe, 328. for c Ursae Zjlaw'ar, Al, Al Tixini's name Majoris,
439-

al al

(" Pegasi),
and

(v Pegasi),
a

329.

HOt,
Sa'makah

variants,for
(0 Piscium),

Piscis

Australia,

Hawwft',
Haw'wa, Hay yah,

Al, Arabian
individual Al

translation tide for

205;
a

of

Ophiuchus,
301. 247;

299.

347-

Ophiuchi, (Hydra),

Fum

al

343.

(Draco),

pens), (Ser-

FurQd,
Gabbar'

Al, and
(a Canis

Furud

(" Canis

Majoris),

130.

374.

H'a'zaf, Al,
Gar'acles
Gen ib

Majoris), 121. (0 Geminorum), 233.

331.

Hasimet'

Arabic an figure for Lyra, 282. Alha'cel, Ala'zel, Hasimeth' Huzimeth'on (a Virginis), 467. and Hik'a

and

(a Persci),
and

Hek'a He'mal H

(A Ononis),

3x8.

Geuze

(Orion), 307. Geuzax'guar Ghaf'ar and Ohafr, Al, the 13th tnanzil, 472. Gharafis Al (Canis Minor), 133. , Ghumaisa*, Al (Cants Minor), 132.

80. (a Arietis),
a,
*

iba\ Al, A,
al

Aurigae,

91 ; Corona

Australis,

173.

Ghurab,
Gie'di

Al,

Achsast's

name

for Aquila,

57;

vus, Cor-

180.

Al (Corvus), 181. Yamaniyyah, Hie'risim (0 Cygni), 196. Hie'rixim, Hi'resym, Hy'resym (Cygnus), 194. Himlrain', Al, the 6th mamil (y, 6, " Cancri),
110,
ixx.

Hiba"

(Prima),
("
Ursae

a"

Capricorni,
a*

141. 141.

Gie'di Gie'di Gienah' Gieu*'

(Secunda),
(y Corvi),

Capricorni,
457-

Hinayat
Homam'

al Nahr and Homan'

(-H Eridani),

220.

Minoris),

(" Pegasi),

327.

182; (c Cygni). (a Canis

217.

197.

Hul'bah,
name

Al, incorrectlyAl
our

Hal'bah,
171.

the

Arabians'

(Gemini), 223. Gomei'aaand Gomel'

Guad
and

for

Coma

Berenices,
name

sa

Minoris),

134.

Hul'bah, rjlurr, Al

Al, Al

Biruni*s

for

Virginis,467.
Fish, 338.
345.

Guag'i
Halabor and Al

(Eridanus),
(a Canis

(A Aurigae?),

91.

rjlQt, Al,
Habor7
and

incorrecdy Al
Al

Hut,

the Vernal

Ha'cerab

Ha'crab

Majoris), (Scorpio), 362.

68:

isx.

HQt

al

Janubiyy,
Al,
in modern

(PiscisAustralis),
Hux'mah,

H us" mat,

correcdy Al
Arabia,

Coma

nices Bere-

Ha'dar,
x5", 154-

(a Cannae),

(a and

Centauri),

170.

Hadi,
Hidl

Al al

(a Aurigae), 87.

Najm
a

(a Tauri), 384.
Moorish Arabic for Ophiuchus, name 299. figure in Hydra and Leo, 249.

Ibf al Jau'xah (a Ononis), 3x0. Iclar'krav, perhaps 6 Scorpii, 369.

IchT led

Hague, Al, H'ail, Al, an

H;*H

*1

Kattani'yy,

Al, the Flaxen

Thread

ing unit-

(0 Scorpii),367. Algeuze (a Ononis), 310. Iklll, Al (Corona Borealis), 176.

Iklll al

Pisces,342. Hak'ah, Al, marking the head of Orion, 318. Hal'bah, Al, correctlyAl Hul'bah, 171.

Hamal, Al, Aries and Ha'mal, Al (Corvus),

Arietis, 78,

80.

181.

'A'krab, " Scorpii, 369. Jab' hah, the 15th manxil, 367, 371. Iklll al Janubly'yah, Al (Corona Australis), 173. Iklll al Shamftliy'yah, Al (Corona Borealis), 176. Majoris), 440. Inak', Al, and 'Ins, Al \{Ursae
Iklll al

Hamasah,
Himil

Al,

an

Arabic and

anthology, 484.
Ha'mul

'Inas,
8a

Al

Ha'mel, Ham'mel,
Luia,
Al

(a Arietis),

Incalu'rus,
Iner'mis

(a, ", iy Aurigae), 87, 90. Bootes in the Ai/imsitu Tables,

Aslmec'

97.

(Bootes), 97.

(a Virginis),467.

542
Ir'acleua,
Ia'tlusc

Arabic

Index

Grotius'
and Ia'tuac

name

for 0 Geminorum, (Sagitta),35a

233.

Kalb Kalb

al al

Mutakad'dlm,
Ra'i Kalb

Al

(Cants

Minor),

133. 24}

(p Cephei), 159:
Elba'

(* Hercuhs),
vich

Al, peculiar to Al Sufi for Lyra, 282. Izar, Al (c Bootis), 104. Iwtw', Jab'bah (y Scorpii), 371. Jab'b"r, Al (Orion), 306. Jab' hah, Al, the 8th manxil, Jab'hah, Al (6 Scorpii), 369. Jab' hat JadI, Al Jady',
al 'Akrab

Kalbel'aphard',
Kallfts, Al

(a Hydrae), a*

$amtta,
Ka'rmb,
Karb
954, 957.

(the Hyades), 389. Al, Arabic dictionary,

(r and
stars
v

53:

etftsgm.

Al

al Ibl,

Pegasi), 399. in Canes Vcnatki,

Sham

115.

Kara

al Thaural Al

illy yah
and Kla

(y Aurigae), 9a
ah Shekestefc

Kis, Scorpii), 372.

140.

(Crater), 183.
Darwlahftn

("""and
M

""

Kfta'ah

("" Unae

in oris),457.

(Corona

Boreatis), 176.
Masakln and

Al, correctlyJadI, Al (Capricornus), Jady'ain, Al, the Kids, "and ij Aurigae, 91. Jab'ialah, Al (" Pegasi), 327. Ja'is (for Tais) (6 DraconU), 209. Janlb, Al (fCygni), 197; (y Pegasi), 326. Janfib Qhurfib al Aiman (y Corvi), 182. Janb, Al (y Pegasi), 326; (a Persei), 331. Janb al Mus'alaalah (0 Andromedae), 36. Jan'ib (a1 and a* Librae),275.

Kaf 'at al
Kata'at
213.

Kaf

'at

al Silik

(Owe

Borealis), 176. Alta'raa,

Al Qiilmead's
name

for

Equukas.

Ka'tab,

(0 Leonis), 258.
Al Kathl
200.

Kafat, Ka'Hd,
Kaua',
Her.

Al, and
Al

(Cygnus),
Al

193.

(Delphinus),

Kau'kabalShamall'yy,
Al

(" Ursae

Minori"457-

(Sagittarius), 352.
a

Jathi'yy

'ala

Rukbat

aihi, Al, the

Arabians'

$aus',
Kaua' Kaua' Kaua'

Al,

small

group

in

Sagittarius,355.

Majoris), 439. Jau'zah, Al, Orion in early Arabia, 307. Jauz, Al, and Jau'zah, Al, early Arabic H Tauri, 403. Jed
(2 Ophtuchi),
302.

cules, 242. Jaun', Al (c Ursae

Austra'Ha Borea'lia Merid'ionalia

al

358. (c Sagittarii), 358. (A Sagittarii), (e Sagittarii),358. (a, 0, and

*

names

for

Kawakib Ke'id Kelb' Kcltf and

Firk

Cephei),
220.

157

Kl'ed

("" Eridani),

ala' crab alas* guar

(a Scorpii), 365.

Jeuze' (Orion), 307. Juddah', Al, a Ursae Jummaiza, Ju'za

Kabd Al

(Canis Minor),
for
stars

133.

Majoris in modern
133.

Arabia,

457.

Kelde,

Riccioli'sname Al

in
150.

Cepheus,

157

(Canis Minor),
211.

Kentau'rua,

(Centaurus),

(K Draconis),

Ketpholtsu'mao Ke'tua,
Al

(0 Geminorum),

233.

(Cetus), 162.
Al Al

al A' sad
An

(a Canum

Venaticorum),
390.

116.

Khaw'war, Khetu'rua,

(/- Ursae
Minor

Majoris), is).456.

14s*
iox.

JCat"4 al 'In $a'b

Kabah dhi'l al al

(0 Aurigae),

(Bootes), 96;

(a Boous),

'loan

(y Aurigae), 89;

(t Aurigae),

91.

Kib'lah,

Al

(a Ursae ("\

Ka^b
Kaff

Kaff, Al

Allf, Al (Aries), 78. in Centaurus and Karm, (0 Cassiopeiae), 146.

Al, correctly Al
of

$idr, Lupus, Jariah,

150,

Al, early Arabic

figure in Cepheus,
a*

157.

'5*

278.
in

Kif Kif

'fa auatra'lia 'fa borea'lia al

Librae),

275.

(0 Librae), 276.

Algeria,
217.

stars

Kif'fah

Eridanus,
Kaffal Kaff al

Kif'tatan,
Al,
stars

Hadlb, Jidh'mah

Cassiopeia,

143.

Kiladah,
and
a

Al (a*,"" Librae), s?5libra, 273. Al, the Arabians' Al, the 19th montil^ 35s.

JanQbiy'yah,

(or Judh'mah),

Al,Cetus

Ceti, 162, 163.

Kaf Kaf Kaf

'zah, Al
'zah 'zah al al

Thinly

Majoris), 445. (* Ursae ah, Al (A, n Ursae

Al (the Hyades), 389. dab, Al (letter'ssuggestion for " Cepbeih15* Berenices, 17' in Coma star Kissln, Al, for some

Kiltf
Kir'

Majoris), 443.
443.

Kit" at Kit'

al Pa'raa

(Equuleus),

2x3.

Jhiba" (in Ursa Major), 444. Kaf 'zah al Ola, Al (v and " Ursae Majoris), Kahil al A' sad (" and * Leonis), 260.
Ka'ig, Al (o* Eridani), al Na'ash "a'id Banfit
Kaitaln'
,

alpha (Equuleus), 213. Kit'alpha, Kit'alphar, and lei), 2x4.

Ko'cbab and Ko/chah
97.

Kitel

Pbard

(" "pw-

220.

(0 Ursae

Minoris), 45"-

(17Ursae
342.

Majoris),

441.

Kolan'za

(Bootes),
Al

(a Piscium),

Kub'bah, Kumm,
;

(Corona Australis), 173.

stars

Kalft'if Al (the Hyades), 389. Kalb, Al (0 Canis Majoris), 129

Kalb,
Kalb Al

Al,

in Orion,
name

320.

(Perseus),

330.

Kufhab, Kural'yy Kuralyy Kur'fld,

Al, Kaswtnfs
al al

for "

x$9Cephei,

(0 Leonis),

258;

the

16th

manzil, 365.
412.

Jab' bar Jau'zah,

(Lepus), 965.
in Eridanus and and

Kalbaln,
al Kalb al

Al, of Al Dabar"n

in Taurus,

Orion, ai"
ifr l6fi

Aa'krab Kalb (a Scorpii), 365. 'Akrab, Ak'bar, Al (Canis Major), 119. Kalb al A'aad, Kalbol Kalbela'sit, Kalbele'ced, Ala'sed A'aadi, and Kale (a Leonis), 256. Kalb Kalb Kalb Kalb al
al al

Al, in Canis

Major
Al

Columba,

al Shamlli'yy, Ku|b Minoris), 457.

(Ursa MinorawU

U"*

As'ghar,
Dab'arftn

Al

(Canis Minor),

133.

Laa'ah,
Les'ath

Al, Leach'at,
v*l

Lea'uth

(a Tauri), 386.

al

Fiat, the 26th manzil, 36. Jabb"r (Canis Major), 119.

Scorp. Lib*', Al, the 6th mansil,

fiothu Lea'aaa (v Scorpii), 372.

Bla'akrab

W* IP(v Scorpii), Iforta*

108.

Arabic

Index

543
("
and

Luri,

Al
or

(Lyra), 283.
Al

Met'oula

Geminorum),
Meier

335. 104.

Lur'nis,

Ur'nis

(Cygnus),

194.

Me'zen Mibwa'la

(c Bootis),
335.

(e Geminorum),
and and Mi'rar Mi'xar
name

Maa'aim, cuKs),

Ma'sini, Ma'aym,
344.

Ma'xym,
(Fl.

etc.

(A Her-

Mi'car, Mi'rak, Mi'car,Mi'rach, Midaa'non, Al MU'dab, Mij'marah,

(" Bootis), 104. (c Ursae

for

Schickard's

Mabautlh,
280.

Al,
Al

and

Mabsuthat'

31

Lyncis),

Majoris), 439. Libra, 373.

(the Hyades),
Al

389.
al Kur'rah
"

Ma'ax,

(" Aurigae),
Al

90. 335. 345. 334;

Mabau(At,
Maha'sim

(" Geminorum),
if Aurigae),

(Am), 63. MilafP, incorrectly Malif, Borcalis), 176. Min,

(A Ononis), 318. to,"
Min
an

(Corona

($ and
Al

Arabic
et

Maisin,
M

(y Geminorum),
Al Al

preposition signifying "belonging

head of

xo;

passim. Hydra,
349.

ajar 'rah, Makbfl'dah, Ma'laf,

Malf al Al

(the galaxy), 481. (" Geminorum), 335. (in Cancer), 113; (Crater), 183.
(Corona

al A'zal, stars in the Mln'ftar, Al (a Ceti), x6a.

Min'tiar Min Min' Bar

al A'aad al

(" Leonis),

262.

Kha'tar

Borealis),176.
for

Dajajah Shujl*

Maliki'yy Mallepb'on, Malphelca'ne,

176.
Manazil al Al

(a Leonis), 356.
Schickard's and
name

(fiCygni), 196. (a Corvi), 181. (9 Hydrae),

and
350.

liar al Ghurab' Bar al

Crater,

1x3.

Min' alis), Borc-

Mnlfelcar're

(Corona

Min'fakah,
3x4.

Al, Min'taka,
al 'Awwl* al

Min'tika

onis), (* On-

$amr
Sufi's

(plural)*Manail
name

Man'ica,

for Orion's 3x0;

(singular),8. Mantle, 33a

313.

Min'takat

(" Bootis), (the zodiac),

104. 3.

Minta'kaf
Mi'ract Mi'ract and

Buruj

Man'kib,
Man'kib Man'kib Man'zll Mar'ah

Al

(a Ononis),

(y Ononis),
335. 334.

Mi'rae

(fiAndromedae),
439.

36.

al Fa'raa

(fiPegasi),

(" Ursae
Chilmcad's

Majoris),
name

al Thuray'ya (" Pegasi), (pluralManasil), an Arabic al Mua'alsalah, Al and and Al

Mi'ra", station,8.
33.

for fi Ursae
440.

Majoris, 36.

lunar

Mi'rak Miffak Mir'fak Mifaa Mlr'xam MirxamI'

(" Ursae
and

Majoris),

Mar'ftkk,
Mar'chab Mar'fak

(fi Ursae
Markab Mar'fik and

Al (Andromeda), Majoris), 438. (a Pegasi), 334.

Mlr'sac

(a Persei), 331.
344.

(" Herculis),
and Mir'aam

(fiCanis
3x0;

Majoris),
and

139.

{" and
Al

fi

Cassiopeia^), 148.

(a Ononis),

(0 Ononis),

Mar'fak,
Mar'fak Mar'fic

Mar'fik,

313.

Mar'fiV (* Herculis), 344.

344
;

(a Persei), 331.
and
303.

fi Canis (A Ophiuchi), (" Her-

al Shirayain' Majoris and fi Canis Al al

Al Mirraman', Minoris, 129.

1?

Mar'fik

(" Herculis),

Mi'fam,
Misam

(A Herculis,

$ and

Aurigae),

344.

Thuray'ya
an

(*

and in

Mar'fik, culis), Mar'fik

Markab, asi),
Mar'kab Mar'aia Mar Ml'sik Ma'tar Matn al 'sic
329.

Al
344

*1

/" Cassiopeiae), 148; ; (A Ophiuchi), 303. Thuray'ya (a Persei), 331.

($ and

Miamar,

the tide of Polaris Arabic

Persei), 334. Damascus, 457.

;

MIxan, Al, in Aquila,

(r Peg.
MIxan Mi'aan al

asterism
373
1,

61 ; in

Libra,
{c, Bt

in
k

Al

(Argo),
Mar'keb Mar'aic

66;

(a Pegasi),

334;

Batll,

Al

a\

Antinous, 41; Triangulum, 4x6. Orion is),315.

375.

in

Allemin al

(a1 and

a* Librae),

and and

(" Argus),

74. 344.

(k Herculis),
303.

(A Ophiuchi),
al 'Inln'

(Auriga),

86.

H-akk, Al (", r, " Ononis), 315. Mi'xar Mi'zar, Al, and (fi Andromedae), 36; (" Bootis), 104; (fi Ursae Majoris), 438; ("j Ursae Majoris), 439: (f Ursae Majoris), 440.
Mi'rat and Mifza

MIxan

(17Pegasi), 338.
Fa'raa

(" Ursae

(a Pegasi),

334.

Mo'allakftt,
and Meluc'ta Mon'kar Mosch'leck

Meboula, Mebau'ta, (* Geminorum), 335.

Mebus'ta,

Al, correcUy (a Ceti), 162.

(v Scorpii), 37a. (A Scorpii), 370. Al,

Al

Majoris), 440. Mu'allakAt,

394.

Meel'eph, Mel'lef, and Mel'leff (6 Ursae Me'grer Majoris), 439.

Mei'rer,
Meis'sa'

(c Cancri), (" Boot is),104.

113.

Moac'lek

Mu'allaklt,
Mu'fridal
X04.

incorrectly Al Mu'frid,

Mo'allakftt,

394

Me'rak,

and

Merer

Rttmih,

Mu'fride

(i, Bootis),
Thuray'ya,
6

Mekbu'da Meni'ta

3x8. (" Geminorum), 335. (" Geminorum), 335. Men'kar,

and Mon'kar

(A Ononis),

Men'kab,

(a Ceti), x6a.
Men'kalinan'

(or MuKam'mir) perhaps a Persei, 331. Mu'hanalm, Al, and Mu'bibbain (fi

Mugham'mid

al

(y and

Capri-

Men'kaliaa',
Aurigae), 89.
Men'kar

Men'kalinam',

corni), 141. Muh'dij,

Canis Al

(a Tauri), 384.
A

(A Ceti), 164.

Muijlifain', Al (y, ", and

Majoris),
167.
al
130;

Argus),

72,

73,

74:

(8

Men'kar Men'kib Me'rach

Eldigla'gich (fiCygni), 196. (fi Pegasi), 335 ; (" Persei), 334.

(j8 Andromedae), 36. (fiUrsae

(a and

fi Columbae), Al,

167.
7a, 73,

Muhtallfain',
74, 130,

Al,

and

Mubnithain',

Me'rak, Mi'rae, Mi'rak Mesang'uo (Lyra), 281.

Mesarthlm'
and Meeartim'

Majoris), 438.

Muk'dim

gitlf (e Virginis), 471.

y Canis

Muliphen',
(y
83. Arietis),

Majoris,

130;

Ophiuchi,

301.

Mul'tahab,

Al

(Cepheus),

157.

544
Mum'aaaich 86. Mum'ftik Munic' Munlr al 'Intn' and Munir'

Arabic

Index

Alhanam',

Chil mead's

name

for

riga, Au-

'Oklb,
Ok'da

Al, correctly Al (a Piscium),

342.

Uklb

(Aquila),

57.

(Auriga),
(a Coronac (Corona

86.

Orf, Al, correctly Al Borealis),178. peia, X46.

Oxen
term

Urt; the famous

nova

in Cauk**

al Fak'kah and

Borealis), 176.
{fi Cants
;

of Teha'ma, for the

Ideler*s

tendering of the

Arabs'

Mu'phrid
Mur'xim,
129;

Mu'frid and

(ijBootis), 104.
Mur'xim
134

Nubeculae,

295.

Al, {fi Canis

al Al

Majoris),
311.

Minoris),
Birunl's Al

(a Ononis),
313.

Pafma,

Al

Sufi's

term

for Corona
etc.

Borealis, 17k

Mur'xim

Najid

(y Oiionis),
name

Phacd, Scorpii, 370.

235.

Phad, Phad,
Al

Phaed,
and Phaet for

(y Ursae
Piscis

Majoris), 43?.
167.

Mu'ahalah,
Mutakab'bidah,

for A

Phact,
Pham

(a Columbae),
a
a

Muthal'lath, Mutlat', 416.

Na'l'im, Nairn,
Na'tm

Al

(" Geminorum), (Triangulum), 4x6. Mutlaton',

#ut,
(Corona

etc,
name

Australis, 346
51.

Phard,
etc

Burritt's

for

Aquarii,
Phek'da

liutlathum',

lum), (Triangu-

PheCca

Borealis), X76.
and

Phec'da,

Phafda,

(y

Ursae

Ma.

Al (r and v Pegasi), 3*9" Al, the 18th manzxl, 355, 358. and
355,

joris),438. Pherd, Hyde's

Pherkad' the 18th

name

for

Hydrae,
Minor

249.

Major,
459.

Pherkad'

(y", y* Ursa*

Na't'lm

al

gldirah,

Al,

Minoris),
Phica'rea,
Phik'ra
ft

manzily
Na'lm

358.
Al

Phica'rus,
al

Pirchae'ua

(Ccpheus), 15!
name

al Wind,

(y, ",
Ursae

",

ij

Sagittarii), 355.

Na'lmlt, Na'ash,
Na'ash Nab'lium Al

Al,

x6a.
n

Ursae

Al, BaQy's Thlni'a, Majoris, 443.

and

for

aeJ

(", (, and
the and

Majoris),

433. 43a.

Phomalhaut',
Prima Qie'di

variants,

Piscis
140.

Australis, 546 Borealis, 17"

Laa'xar,

Square in Ursa Major, Nab'lon (Lyra), 283.

Nar

(a1 Capricorni),
a

Pu'plIIa, cited by Bayer for

Ra'ar, Riccioti's and

Coronae

Nahr, Nahr, Nahrln,

Al, Nah'ar,
Al

(Eridanus), 217.
Kircher's
475.
name

(the galaxy),
Al,
stars

for

Cepbeus.
282.

in Leo

and

Virgo, 469.
for
a,

*57-

Najid,
Ononis, Nt'ir,

Al,

indiscriminately used
313.

fi,and

Rabes'co, Radlf,
Al

312,

Al, the Arabs'

word

for the

brightest star

in

Rlfid,*Al Rag'ulon,
Al

Lyra's stars on the Borgian globes (Cygnus). 193. (Cepheus), 157: (m Draconis), 2x1.
Caesius*
name

sky figure,passim. Al (the Pleiades), 398. Najm,

Nakklr,
Nasak' Al al

for Orion,

3x0.

(Bootes), 97; Ophiuchus,

Nakkar'

{fi Bootis), Al,

302,

103.

(y Cephei), 158. Rli', {fi Orionis), al Jau'xah Rl'i

Rl'I al Na'I'im Al

31a.

Shamtliy'yah Yamlniy'yah,
243, 6
",

(orShlmi'yy),
and

stars

(A

Sagittarii), 358.
450.

in Hercules, Naaak' and al

Serpens, Al,
stars

243,

375.

Raka'bah,
Rlkib,
Al Al

(Ursa Minor),
207;

in

Ophiuchus

(a Aurigae), 87. {fi Draconis),

,

Serpens,
Al Al
al

302,

375. 141. 315.

Rlkia,
Rlml, Ramih,
282. $7* 282. 282.

(ft Draconis).

211:

Na'ahira

(y and (",

Capricorni),
and

(Hercules)
Al Al

243.

Naaak', Nasi,
Naar Nasr Naar

{ Ononis),

(a Sagittarii), 357(Bootes),
97.

(y Sagittarii), 357Slkit,
Al

(Lyra),

Raaaben'

(y Draconis),
243.

208;

(Hercules),

241 ; ("

al
al

Ta'ir, Al Wlki\
Al Al

(Aquila), (Lyra),

Herculis),
Raa'alaa Rla Rls al A'aad al A'aad

(p Leonis), 263.
al

Nlfih,
Nathm, Nathrah,

Al, the 27th mortal, (e Ononis),

Al. the 6th
314.

82;

fi Tauri,

390.

Janttbiy'yah

(c Leonis),

260.

al Shamlli'yy

(#t Leonis),
and

263.

mansil,

no,

112.

Ras'algauae',
ait

Raa'algeuse',
233.

Raa'algeuse
and variants
("

Nebol'elle'sed, Leonis),
Nekkar' Nessrusa'kat Nibal' and

Nebolla'aid,

and

Nebula

{fi

{fi Geminorum),
Raa

258. (Bootes),
and Nihal' 97;

Algethi',
243.

Rls

al

Jlthi'yy,

fi Bootis,

103.

Herculis),

Nessrusa'kito

(Lyra),
of

283.

Rl'a Raa'

al GhQl

{fi Leporis), 269.

alha'gue,

{fi Persei), 353.. al Hayro, Raa

301.

and

variants

(*

Nihil, Nijld,
Nitlk,

Al, the four brightest stars

Al Al

Lepus, 265.

Ophiuchi),
Rls Rla al al

300,

(",

", and

" Orionis),
3x4.
stars

315.

(" Orionis), Al, the phi

tfa'mal Qawwl*,
300,

and

Raa Raa

Ham'mel

(* Arietis),fo. and variants ("

alha'gue,

Ni^hlm,
314.

in Cetus,

162, 165

onis, Ori-

Ophiuchi),
Rls al al Rla

30X.

Niylf,

Al

(9 and
Al

Scorpii), 371.
*, *?, and

233. Jauzl' {fi Geminorum), Jau'xah (A Orionis), 3x8.

NubAtai',
235.

(y,

m"

{ Geminorum),

234,

Rls Rla

al Muthal'lath al Ta'um al Ta'um al

al

(a Trianguli). 416.
Mu'ali
nar,

fi Geminorum. (a Geminorum). (" Draconn),

007.

"33331 "f

Nujum
Nuaa'kan

al

Afidh,

the lunar

stations,8. Belt, 307.

Rla Rla

al Mukad'dim Raa Eltanim

{fi Coronac

Borealis), 179.
Orion's

Tlnnin,

Nusuk',

Al, Orion

and

Raa'taban',and

variants

{fi Draconis),

Arabic

Index

545
(t Pegasi), 329.

Ras'taban',
Ras

and

variants

(y Draconis), 208.
307. and

Sag'ma
Sahil'

al

Thu'ban

(0 Draconis),

(a Carinae),
g

68.

Rau'cjah,
243. Re7 374-

Al, in Hercules,

Ophiuchus,

Serpens,

Sah'ja, Al,
Sahrn,
Al

Ursae

Majoris in Arabic

poetry,

445.

gel

and

Ri'gel Algauie'
the Alfonsine
stars

Reicchab'ba, Ri'a.1,
**9"

Al,
335-

between

(j8Ononis), 312. 0 Ursae M in oris,458. Achernar and Fomalhaut, stations, 8.

Riba{at,
Ridf, Ridhadh, Ri'gel Rijl
al

Al, the Arabic (a Cygni), 195.

Al

lunar

Al

(Cygnus),
152;
name

193,

195.

(a Centauri),
Schickard's 'Awwa

(0 Orionis), 312.
for 0

Rig' Ion,

Orionis, 312.

(Sagitta),350. Saib' Nasch-ru-ah (y Capricomi), 141. Slid, Al (0 Pegasi), 335. Sai'dol-pha'razi, Schickard's 0 Pegasi, 325. Sa'if Orionis), 3x6. aljabbir (tj al Thuray'ya Silk (a Tauri), 384. Sa'iph', occasionallyused for y Orionis, 31C. Sa'iph', commonly used for k Orionis, 318. Sale al A'sad (a Virginis),467. St'kib al Ml' (Aquarius), 47.
Salib', Al, an Arabic figure in Delphinus, 200. for Lyra, 284. SaiibAk, Al, "azwini's name Sa'lib al Wlki*, Al, an Arabic figure in Draco, 207. Salm, A!,and Sal ma (r Pegasi), 329. Al (Pisces),338. Sam'akah, Sam'akatain', Al, the Arabic dual for Pisces, 338.

(p.Virginis), 473.

(a Centauri), 152. Ri'jil al Kentau'rua (y Andromedae), 37. Rijl al Mus'alsalah al Yamna' (" Orionis), 318. Rijl al Jauxah (0 Orionis), 3x2. Rijl al Jau'zah al Yuara'
Risal'ioth

(" Ursae

Minoris),
name

439.

RisHa*,

Al, early Arabic

for 0 Andromedae,

36.

Sam

eh

(Pisces),338.
Kircher's
name

Al, the 26th man%ily 338 ; a Piscium, 343. in Draco, aio, 211. Ruba*, Al, correctlyAl Rub'ah, yam KhayRuba'U, Al, or Al Ru'bl'iyylt, of Omar et passim. (H ay yam), 212, 393; Ruc'ba, (8 Cassiopeiae),x48. Ruc'bar, Ruch'bab Rue' bah, and Ruc'bar Ruc'ba, (a Sagittarii), 357. Rucca'bah Minoris), 457. (a Ursae Al (8 Cassiopejae), 148. Ruk'bah, and Ruk'bat Ruk'bah (a Sagittarii), 357. Risha',
Ruk'bah,

San,
Sanlm

Riccioli's and al Ntkah

for

Cepheus,

157.

(0 Cassiopeiae), 146.

Sanj, Al,and Sanj Rumi,

Sarafan,
Al

San'gue
a

(Lyra),
name

281.

Persian

for

Lyra,

281.

(Cancer),

xo8.

Sar'fah, Al, the 10th rnanzil, 254, 258. Sar'fah, Al, and Ser'pha (0 Leon is),258.
Sarlr

BanAt
442.

al

Na'aah,

0 and

other

stars

in Ursa

Major,
Sartai' Scartai'

Ruk'baf

perhaps the derivation of Alruca'ba, 451. (w3 Cygni), 198. DajAjah and Ruch'ba al Rami Ruk'bat (* Sagittarii), 357. Al (Ursa Minor), 450. Rukkabah,
*!

82. (0 Arietis),

Rumh, Ru'xam,

Al, and

Rurab

al Rlmih
name

Al, Al Sufi's

for y

(ijBootis), 104. Orionis, 3x3.

Saak' Sabik

(11Bootis), 104.
and Silk (e and 17 Ophiuchi), 302. Al Subahh Al, Chilmead's (Lupus), 278.

Sabu*,
Sadate'ni

(" Aurigae),
and

91.

82. (y Arietis), (a Cancri), in. Sar'fan' and Ser'tan' Sce'ara' (Canis Major), 119. Scera' (a Canis Majoris), 122. for Lyra, 284. name Scha'liaf, Chilmead's Scha'ham and Sham (Sagitta),350. Edel'eu and Scheat' (6 Aquarii), 53. Scheat' and Scheat Scheat Alphe'raz (0 Pegasi), 325. Sed'er, and variants (a Cassiopeiae), 145. Sched'ar, Sched'di' (y and 6 Capricomi), 141. Scheere'liemi'ni Schema'li Schom'lek

See note. application,327. Sadach'bia Sa'd al AH'biyah and (y Aquarii), 52. (g Ursae Majoris),445. Al, and Al Sai'dak Sadak', Sa'd al Bahl'im (0 Pegasi), 328. Sa'd al BIri* (A and a* Pegasi), 328.

Sa*d,

its definition

(Canis Major),
Shorn
name

1x9.

Ceti), 164. (?) (".

and 'lek (A
for
w

Scorpii),370.

Sa'd Sa'd Sa'd

al al al

Bula', the
Dhabi Hum
am

21st

mansil,

53. 140.

b, the 20th manzil,

("and ( Pegasi), 327. al Ma' far (tjand o Pegasi), 328. Sa'd and Sa'd al Malik Sad'alroe'lik (a Aquarii), 51. al Mulk Sa'd (a and o Aquarii), 55. Sa'd al Na'fimah (" Pegasi), 328, 329. al Nlahirah Sa'd (y and 3 Capricomi), 141. al Nazi* Sa'd (A and p Pegasi), 328. Sadaland incorrectly Sadalaund Sad'alauud',
aaud

Aquarii, 55. Seat' Alfa'raa, Seat' (0 Pegasi), 325. Alphe'raa Secun'da Giedi' (a* Capricomi), 140. Sumbalet and Semba'let Elean'dri, Sombalet, 467. (a Virginis), (Serpens), 374. Serpens Alan'gue Eber's name fora Canis Majoris,121. Shaari Lobur', Shalyftk, Al, correctlyShilylk,
ShamfirlH, Al, in Centaurus
and

Seat', Grotius'

Al, 284.

Lupus, 150, 278. Al (a Canis Minoris), 133. Shamiyyah, Sharftsif, Al, stars of Crater and Hydra, 184, 249. and Sheratan'(0 tis), ArieSharatain', Al, Sharatan',
81.

(0 Aquarii), 52.
Al al

Sadato'ni Sadr,

(" Aurigae), 91. (a Cassiopeiae), 145.

Shau'lah,

"adr $adr

Dajftjah (y Cygni), 197. gai'toa, or ge'tus (y Ceti), 163, 2x9. Sa'dubna'ahirah, Smyth's y Capricomi, 141. Safin ah, Al (Argo), 66.
al

Shau'ka Al, Shau'la, (A Scorpii),370. Al (Fl. 31 Lyncis), 280. Shau'kah, (0 Lyrae), 287. Shel'iak, Shel'yak, and Shil'iak Shi'rfi, Al, and Si'rt, Al (a Canis Majoris), 121. Shi'rft al 'AbQr al Yamftniy 'yah, Canis Major and Sirius,X19, X2i.

36

546
Shi'ra

Arabic

Index
Thani al Al Dhira'

al Shamiy'yah, Al (a Cams Majoris), 133 Shi'raytn, Al (Sinus and Procyon), 125. Shuja', Al (Draco), 205 ; (Hydra), 247 ; (Orion), 307. Siair' Sia'mi (a Canis Minoris), 133. Sia'ush, Arabian orthography of Perseus, 330.

(0 Geminorum),

^33.

(Taurus), 380. al Thuray'ya Thaur (v Tauri), 404. the uptilottstars of Eridanus., TheeminV,
Thaur,

?aj z^"

The.e'.nim, Thibfi', Al, Major, 444.

an

erroneous

form and

of

Thecmim,
stars

SiheT
Sihil'

and

Sibil'

(a Carinae), C8.

the

sigmas

other

in

U^

pondero'aa (a Carinae), 69. Simftk, Al, definition of the word, 100. Simile, Al, the 12th manxil, 467.
al

Sec

note.

Thiba'

wa-Auladuha,
al Fa'raa Al

Al, perhaps Leo

197.

Minot,

."

"

f hilf
note.

("'Cygni),
(Draco),
205.

Simftk
Simile

A'zal, Al
name

(a Virginis), 467.
100.

Thu'ban,
Thuban' Thufr al

al Rfimib

(a Bodus),
for
a

See

(a Draco

nis), 206.
undetermined
stars
to

Sira', Persian
Sir'rah

Canis
35.

Majoris, 1 22.
(a Carinae), 68.
a

GhizUn',
Al

L'rs

(a Andromedae),

Major, Bootis, 101

70.

442.

Sohayl',
Somecb'

Soheil', Sohel', Sobil' haramach,

and

Thuray'ya,
395.

(Cassiopeia),

144:

(the Plei*Jc"-

Chilrnead's (a

Subhel' Sudr (a

Subil'oo
197.

Cannae), 69, Orion,

307.

Cygni),

398. 403. Tinnin, Al (Draco), 205. Al. See Tiyasan, Tayyasan,

Tower of

AL for

Sugia',

cited by Scaliger for

Gad,

Burritt's
name

name

Capricornus
74.

i.j

Suhail', Suhel', Suhil', Suhilon'

(a Carinae), 68.

Tur,
Tur'aia

Riccioli's
and

for

Suhail', Al, Siriu* in modern Arabia, 122. al Muh'lif, y Velorum Suhail' in Argo, al Wazn, Suhail' stars in Argo, 69, 74.
Suhail' Suhail' Suhel' Suhel'
al

Tur'yeiah

Taurus, 380. (1 Carinae),

72.

the Pleiades in Southern Turanyl, Arabia, 3^5* Two Pherkads', The, 0 and y Ursac Minoris 45

"

Yamtniy'yah,
(a

Al

(a

Carinae), 69.
Udara' and al Udra'

Ha'dar al

Carinae), 73.
al Sham

(e Canis

Majoris),

130.

Fard,

Suhel'

(a Hydrac),

249

Udbft

pondero'sus (a Carinae),69. Sulafat' (y Lyrae), 287. Sulabflt' (Lyra), 284.

Sum'bela

(Corona Udbi'yy', 'Ukdah,

al Nairn, correctly Udhi'yy Australis), 173; (in Eridanus).

Na'as
21s:
"c

Sagittarius), 355.
Al.
stars

Sec
of

Ud$*.
250. 342.

(Virgo), 4O4.
Al

Hydra,

Sunbulah, Sun'bale,
Sur'rat

(Virgo), 464; (a Virginia), 467 Sun'balon, Sum'bela 467 (a Virginis), Suradain', Al (0" and 0" Sagittarii). 357.
al

'Ufed

al

H-aitain'

(a Piscium).

'Ukud, Al (a, 0, y, and " Delphi ni), 200. (Coma), Ul'thah, Al, incorrectlyAl Atha
Umm 'Unk al Samt* al al

n"

Fa'raa

(o Andromedae), star-group
in

35.

Su'ud

al

Nujum,

Pegasus, 328.

Hay'yah

(the galaxy), 481. (a Serpentis), 37s

60.

'Unk
Tannin Taben', Tanem', Tannlm, (Draco), 205. Tahftyl', Al, incorrectly Tabftyl (1 Geminorum), (A Ononis), 318. "35; Ti'ir, Al, and Al Ta'iral Ar'duf (Cygnus), 193. Tais', Al, 8 and adjacent surs in Draco, 209. Tali al Najm (a Tauri), 384. Tali" al Shau'lah, clusters in Scorpio, 370. Ta'lita and Ta'litha Majoris),442, 443(1 Ursac Ta'ni'a lis (m Ursae austra Majotis),443.

Unuk,
Unuk'

Shujft' (a Hydrae), 249 correctlyUnlf, al Ghurftb,

al

Hay

or

TJnuk'alhai

Urf, Al, incorrectly Al

Orf,

(a Serpentis), .,75 u nam the famous

Cassiopeia, 146.
Urkab' (0" and 0* Sagittarii), 357. Ur'nis, on the Borgian globe for Cygnus, 194. Uthfiy'yah, Arabic title for various small triangle* stars, 212, 282, 292, 3x8. in name al Hay, of * Serpentis37* an Uunk error
' -

Ta'ni'a

bore'alia Arabic

(A Ursae

Majoris), 443.
for Centaurus,
150.

Taraapoz,
Tarcuta,
an

orthography

198. Tarf, Al, the 7th manzil, 263 ; (0 Cancri), m. (the galaxy), 481. al Tibn T"rik al La'ban, Tarik Al (Gemini), ivy Tau'amln, for Taurus, 380. Taur, a rarely used name al 'Ayyuk' Tawibi' (y and 1 Aurigae), 90, 91.
unidentified star-name,

for a Lyrae, 284. Va'gieh, Riccioli's name Var'di, cited by Riocioli for Eridanus, 317. in Libra, 273 ; a1,a* libr.r.-\' Vaz'neganu'bi,etc, in Libra, 273; 0 Librae, 976 Vaz'nesche'mali,

(a Lyrae), 284. Ve'ga, correctly We'ga and Vue'ga Ve'ka (a Lyrae), 284.

Tayyasan,
stars

Al, correctly Al Tiyasan, Draco,

209.

undetermined

Wa'ghi,
Wa'rak

Scaliger's name
al A 'sad

for

Lyrae, 284.

in

(m Geminonim), Tejat' Poate'rior 235. Tejat' Prior (n Geminorum),

236.

Tba'bit, perhaps
Thahr Thahr al A'"ad al Dubb

Orionis,

.wo.

(6 Leonis), 200.
al Ak'bar

469. (0 Virginis), (6 Geminorum), 734 Al, and Wa'sat Wa'aat, Wa sat, Al (Alcyone), 403; (Taygete), 407 Al (y Sagittarii), 358. Wail, Al (a Carinae), 68 : (6 Canis Majom). Warn, (in Centaurus), (Libra), 273.
Waxn al
152,

'

(a Ursae

Majoris),

437.

154;

(0

Columbac).

1*:

jhalim(a
Thalim, Thalimain,
01

Piscis Auslralis),346.

Al, for 0 and 9 Kridani, 218, 219. Al (Antinotis), 4"i U and A Aquilae),
m

Janubiy'yah,
(6 Ccmtnorutn),

Al

("i and

*s librae), *75

We'ga
We
sat

(a Lyrae), 284.
234.

(A and

Sagittarii), 358.

THE

ARABIC

ALPHABET

At

the

beginning
nouns

of words

and

is syllables the Alif (')

a

not

represented.

The The
are

termination
case

of

feminine

(at)is
u;

(nom.
The article

gen.

represented by ah, except where their nasalized // ace. a) and

transcribed vowels
are

genitive follows. (ttn; in;

of the

tions termina-

forms is taken

an)

not

represented.
of the
/
to a

is

invariably

al;

no

account in their

assimilation

following

consonant.

The

used

so-called

Continental

pronunciation.

548

GREEK

INDEX

"'Aooiyta
"

non

aoftia"
74.

247.

Ayawa, 'AyvoKTTOf *ai^f, 'A"

Aerof,

427,

447.
81.

'AeiriMoKE,

Getff,6,
454.

*Aff7roA/a, 259,

462.
to

'Aarepurpdi, 'Aorifrp (akin 'Aorpoftiwv,

10.

56,59,393.
135.

Astarte),

463.

'ABaXiciK,
'

118.

Aiyi-Tlav,

136.
135.

'Aiyotcipevf, yAty6nepuq
'Aterdc, 'Ad;
59,

(Aries), 75
350.

(Capricorous),

135.

'Aarpov,to, 120. 338. 'Aripyaric,

'ArWyevj/f, 393. 'At"/a" (0 Eridani), 'A^xxJiry, "AjM^iia. 'Atfwprof, 85. Bayde* (a
mnemonic and 219.

('A"yic), 84. 87, 135. 'A*", (epithet of Opviq), 192. *A"fa"r 87. A"w* (*A"" of Ptolemy),
'
'

177,

339,

468

(note).

74. AicpoardXwv, 304. *A3"Kr/x"r6"hov,

word),

'AAeT/xwrAfcov
'AAJcff, 240. *A"jci"6vcc 'AAAoc
'

and

'

AforrpoirdAior, 304.
404

Ba"rav"0/i4f B4"ravof,

Baoavurrfjpiov,

178. 56.

56, 283.
255. aarifp, 256.

and

'A/Uv"v,

(note).

BaaiAiaKoc, BaatAurcrff

'AAcrrrrjZ,

61ot6\, 350. 406, 446. id pa*;, 87. AfiaWeia$ 426, 427, 256. 428, 434,
447.

'A/ia^a, 419, AfieyaXapos,

'

BiAoKpdrtip, 351. BepeviKij (see note), 169. B"pevfci7f irMnapos, '69. of Bootes), Borrrfc (a derivation B"nropof,
379

93.

(note). 169.

'

Apt

H-tyivos, 140.
of,
10

'

meaning Afi6p^"jroif
223.
and
'

; tt

passim.

B*KjrpVKor Bepevixw, Bdr/w*, 39"BovA^yef

Bo"tw,
,

'Avaicec,

'Avdpafikda

Avdpopk"ri,

92.

31.

'Aw^p ftaoitytds, 156. 3^4'Avrdpw, "Avrapr^,

'AvWvoof, 'A"uv

92,

99.

rata,

to,

474.

365.
41. of

J, 474. r"iA4"iof,
"A/iafa),427. TOvur,
211.

(a possible derivation
230, 233.
lie

'An-rtfon?, 230.
'Ait^Aaiv,

T^wv, 216 (note). r"y*c, 306. rfXya/tac* 239 (note). rXavKtJf (epithet of Aaywf rX^vea, 311. Trig epur"v, Ityy"wn/,
241.

Airowf.43.
of 'Arrrepoi (epithet 183. 'Apyeiov,

), 264.

AnAife?), 395.

*Apyoc,
"ApTC,

132,

304. 304,

276,
419,

365.
447.
of

332.

'A/wcrof,
'Aptsrov

426, 434,

bvpd (a derivation

Arcturus),93-

'Aptcrov orpofddec *cf Andtoi, 433. 93. (Bear- watcher), ApKTo+bXaZ

Tpaijxuos, III. Ttty Ka"ifitvoq, 282. Ilk r?'V"ntT6iuvos(o( l\iz

Aeivov

hanian

Tables),^.

'ApKTovpoio,
415.
At

99.

'ApKTovpog (Bear-guard), 'kpfulariK, 85.

*Apnn66vift 342. "Apirt/, the fa fx
of

93.

Af/rwr^i/,

Af/ty/v
329, 334.

and

A^/?, 198.
342. 172.

Perseus,

Aeopof ArvrifM

(a Piscium), KiucAa,

;ApreW"

421. for

Kpaaioq (Ptolemy's epithet 298. 'A(TKXqiri6f$

Petosiris),5i.

Afur/pof, 172. AiAvpot, 223. 549

?5"
Aitcy,272, 462. Aivijroi k'vk'Au, 172.
A2of, 415.

Greek

Index

Zudiajcdf and

Zud/a*df

KiaV/m;,

o,

3.

Aiooriftfia, 113.

Zujtfdpnf,275. Zov?, 36, 315. ZaKtyja and Zw/xa, 260. 'Hyovfitvos('I^tf), 340'Hepdetf (epithetof 'Opvif), 192. and 11 ftiTe?JK 'H/iiTofinc, 322. 'H/u^avfc A*/Jvf iffirof, 322. 'B.paK?Jqg and 'Hpa*"j7f,233, 239.
'

Atdoicvpoi, 223. Aide "O/w/f 56. 85. AtfpqXaTfK, (Draco), 202, 205; Apawv AuAeKanjfidpta,ra, 3.
,

(Hydra),

247

"E^At*,
*E/duAa

374.

'II

tov

Bpavov,

143.

rfooKa/rfefca, ra, 3. 'EtS(j?jovf 239. "EtduAav dnrvflof, 241.

Bapy7//j6v, 401.
0f/ava, 323.

462. 'EtpJjvTj, 'E/"7aya"yj7, 50. (of Euripides), 'Eicd/iiy

'KKxvoiq, 55.

304.

'EAdmrnrof, 85.
'EA//07,433, 447. 'EAixcjirfc, 434. "EA/f, 433.

Beoyovax (of Hesiod), 215. Qifpiov(Lupus), 278. Ovfiiarypiov (Ara), 62. OiyxrdAoyKoc,15 1. Ovpaoc, 151. Qixuacrrjjpwvand 9vr#/wov (Ara), 62.
'laoidao, 156. 'Iepof 'I^tY, 199. 'Iarivoc, 195. 'lovAaucrj'Apx"uofoyiaf 216 'IfTTnyAdriTf, 85. 'Iirnos and
'Inndra

ydvaatv, 239. 'Evydvam, 239, 242. 'Evyof^vaer*, 239. "Evio^of 84. 'Ev Ko?Avpo (derivation of Incalurus), 105. 'Ev rti pvyxei (7 Tauri), 390. "Ef-aarpov,41 1. 'Enonevoc ('I^c), 34"411. 'ErrraTTopoi, 'Epya /cat 'Hptpai (of Hesiod), 93. of Erig'Kpiytveia (a possible derivation one), 461.
'Ev
,

(note).

"Iinrof iepo^,yi2. $qpt 148. ),352'Ifl-jrdriTC (Perseus),330; ( Sagittarius

"Iinrov

hpoTofrfj, 213.

362. 'I"t"ic, 'I;r""r (or 'Ijffe;)t 337. '!*%" 34Q" 345"I^i'y jityac,345. 'I^if /uovd{uv,345.

'Eptdavig, 215.
/*Aflf,216. 'E/M"favdf 281. 'Epfiait/, 84, 90. "Epifot, 'Epfudfai, 342. 'Epde/f,230 (note). 'E/wrerdv,374. 'Epboifiov, 194. 468 (note). 'E"T7repof, 'Ecxria (Vesta (Ara)), 62. and 'Ejdpa, 62. 'Eff^dpa 'Evedwpav^of, 366. 'Evjievfc(Ktvravpoc), 149. 'Efiortoi,223. 'EutT^opoc (the planet Venus), 468 (note).
and Aries), 78. Zfff (Amen (the planet Jupiter), 39 (note). Zfi'-c

'I^y
IXGT2

vdnof, 345. of 'Ij^oi*

Xpuntc

Qrbv

'T"^

340. 2"jrfy",
*I"v

(of Euripides), 103.

Kdfieipot, 223. KaAavpo^ (/*of Bootes), 97, 105.

aAAiari7, 421. KaAJurru, 420. KdAmy, Kd/frei^, and Kdx*7f, 50. K"Xicy (k Aquarii),54; (Crater), 183.
K

KafinJjr250.
Kdvrfaoc
Kavdduv Kavddw (Bootes), (Orion), 304. Kdvdapos, 183. Kdvu/?of and Kdvufrof, 67.
or

94.

Zfyt//"oc, 275 (note). Zvydv (Zv"dc), 269, 272,274, Zr"(j//a ( Hipparchos' name Zrt-oc aarijp, 35, 327.
Z"a,
4.
10.

282, 287, 364.

for

Lyra), 282.

Kdpa/?of, 109. Ka/Mtta Ardvrof 256. 365. Kapdla Eicopiriov, Kapftfoor,107. Kapnivoq, 'Qvot, xai *drvj?, 107. Kfpadv, 379.
,

KaooUireta,

143.
it.

Zox5/ot

KaTaoTfpioftoi (of Eratosthenes),

Greek

Index

S5i

X"//owo", 86. KcvTavpog, 148. KefaJjj 'Ittkov, 213.

Kwrjoai Ktcuv, 232. Kr?fjVKeitrv9 172. Kr/rof, 160, 339. K//*"iV, 156.

283. Ndft'Aa, 63. Neicrap tj "vrt/p"jvf and Nf^eXof/difa(e Cancri), 112. Nc^wv d (X, 01, ft Ononis), 319. Ne$e?ioeidijs, h Persei), 334. 6 (x and NeifieAotidiK, p2 Sagittarii), Koi dinhybs (i/l, Ne0eAw"%
359-

Kiddpa,

281.

(epithet of Capella), 86. K/v^rat Xeifiiavat; Kiaatvo^y 171. K'Aapia, KXtttOf,

108. 224.
name

), 370. Ntyeaortdfc (A and v of 2*op7r/of Nt^Aottdfa cnvTfxxrf,169. Noivof ('I^iy)i 340.

Kw/ictaf (Suidas'

for

Lupus), 278.

KoZXopoJoc, 105. K6'A.ovpog (Proclus'

Kufififf (of

forcolure), 108. 48. Hesychios), '01 ; {ptKpoq),467. KovrapaTOf, Kdpaf, I79" 181,247. K6pr/, 1 77, 460. Kopvv%T7?", 240. KopVYTflK"pO", 24O, 243. Kparyp, 183. K^rff (Aries), 75, 292. Kvfiirov, 244. lag,474. K i-jc/of yaAajcradc and KiKkoq Ta'Aafj
term

396 (note). '0"vdf, 'O/wjoeia, 54. 'Otvotv Baot/eiq, 56.

'Owrdf
,

350.
97.

(Bootes), 'Q'ioTofopos 'Oid"fav, 239. 'OjcrdTroi*, 107. '0/i"wixif, 410. *0^a Bodf, 384.
'Ovoi, 107, in,
'Ovot. See 180.

Kf

jcAof

tov

Zodtup, 6, 3.

Kapnivoc, "Owm, /cc' *drw/. 404. 'Of i"f and 'Of iVarof rfa n^ddo^, 138. '07r^trriY, 'Omado-ftdpuv, 107, 361. 'Ojraywdf, 120.
192, 194. 160. 'Op^df, and 'Opffa;, |Op#c, 'OvpavioKos,172. Robert (of Doctor 'Ovpavoaiunria

Kf"ci/of, 192. KvZfevaiq, 281. K-w-^c-ov-pa, 448. and Kwdaovptf, 447, 448. Kwtoovpa Kfprrfr, 380.
Ki'wv, 117,
Kfuu
120.

'Opwf,

Wittie,

i68i),i3.
'Oijparov Ka/rov, 163. Ovpiov and Ovpov, 304. (pojepos), 298. '(tyioi/^or (Draco), 202, 239. "O0"$"00^ (Serpens), 374. 'O0"f 'tyMwjov, 374.

acrfyp

and

KtW

oeipuoc,120.

Aay"jv, 440.

Aa""jd$-and Aa; "", 264. Aapiradias and Aapnai'pai; 384. kv Yopyoviu 6, 332. Aapirpdq, row 264. A*7Top"f, Af6w, 252, 264. A^vdc (correctly Aivoc), 342. and Ai/iavurpig,62. A//iawrfTtf
Aivew and

Ildv, 136.

Aivov, 342.
272.

AtVpa (A/t/hm),
Aofd? KiwAof,

Jlava^avfc, 41 1 llapdmrypaTa, 99 (note). UapBkvoq 'Aiog,462 (see also 463). Ileta/ddef, 383, 395. 379. (epithet of Tai'por), Ilenr^
"

d, 3.

Awcdrovpa,448.
At-po (Alpq), 281, 284. Afya /caro^pfa, 281.
and MryadTjpiov

68. ^Canopus), Ilcp^e/of

MeAofa/Mov, 361. Mttaf ('Ep"Javdf),216.

Mertopa, 10.
Mh-un-ov, 160. M^^ov, 241. M**cpdfKuvrapaTos, 467.

Mo/^mtc/j-, 10.
Mowwcov

Z"fiiov, 199.

Mw, 47.

Ilepi""awv tdi"rjfToc(of Aelian), 265. ), 331. (IlfpOTlf YlepifirjKeTos IIe/xr"f,330. nep"Ad, 330. ILr/yai, 321. (Pegasus), 322 ; (y Pegasi), 326. Ilr/yaffoc n^df, 32 "" H^ddA/ov (a Carinae), 67. UtKoTopiuv, 337. TVipdjjpt, 153. 232. Il^dt and Ifr//d*vre/"wv, HtftevTeiciuv, 253. Fhj/dwv 176. Kt'Kkaoptvovand II"vd/c/or,

55*
UiufMorv, 385.
Tikeiada

Greek

Index

(Ursa

Major

in

Sept uagint), 429.

1 74. 2rtyavof ft6petogf 2rtyaix"f vorios, 1 72.

IIAe"wJec and Hkeiaqt 392, 411. IlXetdf knT"orepos, 41 1 Xlkelv or IMetof (derivatives of
.

2rtoaroc irpurroc, 174. Xtia3u"v, 230 (note).

nAftad^),

395-

npofaveig (2#copfl""of), 361. TlAeifrrepoc Ilfevpd Utpadovg, 331. IIAj/idcfyr. 392.

IVuvBiav, 433.

Swca/z/vof, 132. tuv Xirvdeofioc 'I^'"wvt 342. Xvvdeofios rCtv Aivuv, 342. Xifvra^ig, 'II Mf^dA? 77/5- 'AoTpovopiag (of Ptolemy), xii ; et passim. Zvppa, 39, 472.
2t"f,388.

169. IIA"fcai/of,
IlXd/ca/iof BepevtKW

'EvtpyfriAof,168.
119,

UXwT^piay 401. IlowaXof (epithet of Kwv), IIoA*(ir,fH,462. n"JXof 453, 458.

,

127.

2wrpo0y, 112,334. 2^pdv, 356. 2^//ara, 10. 24/iara, 10.

Tama, Torpor, Tavpof
159.

IIoAwlevMfa, 233.

6, 215. TlorafjUtg, dupov, 415. IIora/4oi" IIovAia (Ilovtem), 399. Tlobs dtdvfiuvy 3 1 2. Ilowf Kdvrovpof, 152. 161. RpijoTts and Ilpanvr (from llpfjdeiv), npo"("wv, 120, 131, 133. UpO"ITTtKt I20. npdTrof and TLpoimvs, 235. for the Arcadians), 448. Ilpoc"?j?voi (epithet TiporofJj, 378. Uporpvyer^p (-rfa,-rdf),471. Hvp"fivrj(Ara), 62. (the planet Mars), 276 (note). riwpiJcif
'Ptproc (of Euripides), 59, 411. 'V"rraAov, 105.

Taperovpo Afwvv
TreTTTVWf,

(Regum
379.

Ammonis),

77.

378,379"4"-

Teipea, 10. 361. Ttpaf /iiya, Trrpapipfos Xivragtf (of Ptolemy), Terpdirltvpov,360. To/^, 378and To""/rfo, 351. ToijevTtjp
Tdfoi", 350, 352. Toforfa, 351, 354.

xii

**/

'Pirrupr"Jfov,351. Zd/iTttAof (Canopus), 70. 24r"XAa, 397. 2"p, leipog,Xeipios,and leipiovft120. Xeipwv ""rrpovand T^ipvoq aarr/p, 120. 2""M"f O^yaf), 117, 118, 119, 120.
Zeiulat, 350.

y"p koi yfvogkapiv(Aratos' verse), 81. Tpd"oc, 139. Tpiyuvov, 415. T/wVar/Jof,308. Tp/jff, 170. TpoVof, 235. Tpojdf 'I"*di"*, 173. Tpvyeryp and Tptycrfr, 95, 471. Tvxv, 462.
Toi)

240,

124.

2^/"ara, 10.
Saif/p2*a//#,133.

2ia^p lafiavr/,12

1.

2"/3vAAa,462, 467.
2"", 223. 2"ywr*of, 269, *6i, 370. 2oaU 69. lafiavrj, 2oA"/c#v, 124. meaning of, 10. STropdcJff,

'Tdrfrc, 387, 388. "T6pa and Top?, 247. 'Yopayuy"v, 1 1 8. 'Ydpeiov and 'Tdp"d, 183. Tope*, 247. 'Tdpofopia, 1 18. 'Tdpojdof and 'Tdpojocff 46, 48, 345. "Towp, 55. 'Yntifiipiavf Brachium beneficum), 47. 'Ynoypafai, ai rtjvrr?uv6ujv (of the Augurs),
,

433.

"Yn6Qupat

440.

2ra0^c, 272. 2rd^vf 466. Zra^wi^f, 461, 466. Koi'pq, 461. 2ra"w"(% 2rdr7p, 272. 2re0dwM, 172. 2ri0avoc, 174, 175.
,

'TirdiapixiC, 102,233,311. 'Tpitiv, 304.

'Tf, 388.

yT-1"iUv, 388.
batOuv

(the planet Jupiter), 39, 112. Qaivdpeva, II; ct passim. Qaivaw (the planet Saturn), 470 (note).

Greek

Index
Xylol, 361.
and (fidpetos XtfAfli 276. X?^ fMpetos,
vor*of

553

*arw? (see

Kap/c/i**,k.t.X.), 107. Berenice), 169

), 269.

and Oarwyf, 113. ^drvff of Gepevitai (derivation (note). 44.8. "oivi"aj9

275. Xtf/t#v"Jriof,

281. ""PW"" (the planet Venus), 468 (note). "*Hoo"p6pos

240. XdfHJijt,

460. and "$evr"pa), Xopevrfc (irpomj (note). 470 Saturn), planet Xpfoog (the
Xvois
vOaro?,
to. 282. Xvrpd-irovg,

'44* Xeip ftefiajxhwu Xtiputv (Centaurus),

353-

149;

(Sagittarius),
1 61
,

'Upa, 304. and 'tiapiwv

304. 'Qapioveiog,

44, XtAto6viac and Xe 7ud6viag ijflff XeZvs, 284. Xe^if 6Ai"77, 283.

,339.

85. 'fiX/vy and 'Qteviinpff 311. diShfujv, *S2//of 'Opm?, 381. 'Cpfov, 304.

37

INDEX

TO

ASTRONOMICAL

REFERENCES

AS

FOUND

IN

THE

REVISED

VERSION

OF

THE

BIBLE.

THE

OLD

TESTANfENT.
and

Genesis

i, 14

let them years,

be 9. the

for

signs,

and

for

seasons,

and

for

days

16

he

made

stars

also, vii,

Leviticus The 2d Book

xvii, 7

he-goats, 125.
them
to

of'the

Kings ,xxiii,5:

also the

that

burned and
to

incense the

unto.
. .

the
to

sun,

and

moon,
1.

planets,

and

all the

ho*t of

heaven,
The
Book

of Job

ix, 9

the

Bear, Orion,
the

and

the

Pleiades, and
393, 422.

the

chambers

of

south, 308, 309,

309.
are

362, 389,
in his
are

13
xxv,

Rahab,
the
stars

not

pure

sight, 27. garnished;

scr|"ent, 203, 375, 475-

xxvi, 13:

By
His

his hand

spirit the
hath bind bands lead

heavens the

pierced
the

swift of the ?

xxxviii, 31, 32

Canst Or

thou the

cluster of Orion the the

Pleiades,

loose

Canst

thou

forth

Mazzaroth

in their her 422,

season

Or

canst

thou

guide

Bear

with

train ? 451.

98, 125, 306, 308, 309, 394, 396, 36: (in Cheyne's
Who Or The Psalms He He He The
"

translation):
into
to

hath

put wisdom

the the

Lance-star Bow-star?

given understanding appointed

telleth the the
moon

366.

civ, 19 cxlvii, 4

for of the

seasons,
stars

9.
;

number

giveth them
stars

all their

names,

xiv.

Book

of

the)
*

"ciii, 10 xiv,
12:

the O

of heaven
son

and of the

the

constellations

thereof, 71, 309-

day star,
mount

morning!
in the

468.
uttermost

13

the

of

congregation,

(he parts of

north, 451. xl, 26

:

he "he

calleth

them of

all

by

name,

xiv.

"$$""*
Amos

\*liv" "*
v,

""

i""

heaven-

**"
Pleiades and

8:

seek him

that makcth

Orion, 101,308,309,393-

THE

NEW

TESTAMENT.

The

Gospel according

"

his Then

slar

in the shall

east"

8"
shine forth
as

* The
S,

xiii,43: xiif 4
.

the

righteous

the

sun,

27.

Revelation the

of

)
\
7

And and j

nis cud
,..

tail drawcth
cast
.1

the third
.

part of the
.

stars

of heaven,

John

Dtvtne

them

to the earth, 203.

.i_

554

S5""
Austin, Alfred,

Partial

List of Authors,

Authorities, Etc.
John
(i8i6-x88a),
Irish
:

poet

laureate
350
a.

of

England,

407.

Birmingham,
195.

Avesta, The trianism, 5;

(area

d.), the Bible

of Zoroas-

et passim. Flavius (fourth century Avianus, fabulist, 337.

Biruni,
a.

Al

(973-1048), astronomical
;

writer in Arabic

d),

Latin

xii (note)

et

passim. Jansson,
Dutch
or

Blaeu,
Arabian
mentator, com-

Willem

Jansenius
14.

Caesios

Avicenna,

or

Ibn

Sina

(980-1037), (fourth
17.

(x 571-1638),

globe-maker,

483.

Blundeville,
Festus
poem,

Thomas
188.

(sixteenth century), English

(x 599-1667), French
aa.

Avienus,

Rufus

century),

Latin

geographer, Bochart,
talist and Rev.

versifier of Aratos'

Samuel

Onec

biblical scholar, Ehlert

and Babylonian Francis Bacon,

299.

Oriental

Record,

Tht,passim.

Bode,
omer,

Johann
xviii.

(1747-1826), German
Manliua
53

asms*

(1561-1636), English philosopher,

(1214 ?-iao4),

Boethius,

Aniciua

Severinus

(475*-

Bacon,
3"9-

Roger

English philosopher,

524), Roman Bond,

William

philosopher,
Cranch
127.

(note).

(1780-1S59), American
(1825-1865), Bond,
127.

English poet, hi. Bailey, Philip James, 1x6. I., American astronomer, Bailey, Solon omer, astronBailly,Jean (x 736-1793), French Sylvain
23. 16. Baily, Francis (1774-1844), English astronomer, Bainbridge, John (1582-1643), English astronomer and physician, xoa. Bancroft, matist diploGeorge (1800-1891), American

astronomer,

Bond,

George
son

Phillips
of W.

American

tronomer, as-

C.

Book

of the

Dead,

The, 308,

the funeral

ritual of anrieni

Egypt, Boss,
Boteler,

14 5" 3"7"

434astronomer, 2S6.

Lewis,
or

American

Butler,
3, 24,

Samuel
441.

(1612-1680), Eagfeh

satirical poet,

and

historian,423.
Edward

Bouvart,
American
mer, astrono-

Alexis

(1767-1843),

French

astronomer.

Barnard,
59.

Emerson,

142.

Bouvier,
Rev. Albert
203.

Miss

Hannah

M.

American

cal astronomi-

Barnes,

(1798-1870), American
Bartsch

cal bibli-

writer, 276.

commentator,

Bradley,
(firsthalf
13. of of
teenth seven-

Bartschius, Bas,

or

Jakob
German William

century),
or

astronomer,

(1693-1762), Astronomer James England in 1742, 208. astronomer, BrahC, (1546-1601), Danish Tycho
of The

Royai

Basse,
Aufidius
235.

(middle
429.

seventeenth

Brahmanas,

(800

b.

c.

?), Sanskrit sacred

century),

English poet,

writings, 8.
a.

Bassus,

(first century

d.), Roman

Brown,

historian,

Bayer, Johann astronomer, (1572-1625), German 13. Fletcher Beaumont, (sevenFrancis, and John teenth century), English dramatists, 266. Bede, the Venerable (Baeda, 6737-735), English
ecclesiastical

Jr.,Robert, Sir Thomas Browne, and physician, 340.

English Orientalist, xviii(wA" (X605-1682), English author

writer, 6.
Wilhelm

Beigel, Oeorg
German
Bern

Sigismund
(1800-1875),

(1753-1837),

Orientalist, 85.
Gottfried
11.

(1806-186O. Barrett Elizabeth Mrs. Browning, English poet, 107, 329, 336. Robert (1812-1889), English poet, a* Browning, Heinrich Karl (1827-1804), Gernur Brugsch, Egyptologist, 20. Italian phita"Giordano (x548?-x6oo), Bruno,

hardy,
scholar,

German

cal classi-

pher, Bryant, Bryant,

poet,

28.

Jacob
William
x68.

(1715-1804),
Cullen

English

my

tf. thologi*.

Berosus,
Bessel,

or

BerSssOs

(third century
Wilhelm

b.

c),

Graeco-

(x 794-1878), American

Babylonian historian,2.
Friedrich
197.

(1784-1846), Prussian (15x9-1605), Swiss

CadmardetCs
s

Buchanan, Bullialdus,

Robert
or

Williams,
Bouillaud

Scottish

poet,

astronomer,

Ismail

(seventeenth
version of Znro-

Beza, or de Bece, theologian, 147. Bible,

15x5, of 1549, of

Theodore

century),
Bundehesh

French

astronomer,
a.

39.

(800?

p.),

Pahlavi

The,
Luther1

in various

versions,

"

of

aster's

writings, 5.
Sherburne

'sot '1534, Coverdale*

or

of 1535,

Beeke's

Burnham,
39

W.,

American

astronomer.

Breeches,

Geneva,
the

of

1560, \ht
of is

Authorized

King James
the the books

I, x6n,
of
of

Revised
"

1881-1885,
cited

Burnouf,
448.

Eugene Elijah
15.

(1801-X852), French
H.

r Orientals
"

and from

Polychrome

1898,

frequently

Genesis,

Leviticus, Deuteronomy,

Burrltt,
omer,

(circa 1833),

American

astron-

Chronicles, Job, Psalms, Kings, Judges, Samuel, Isaiah, Jeremiah, Ezekiel, Daniel, Amos, Nahum, of the Apostles, Epistle to Saint Acts Matthew,
the

Buttmann,

Philipp

Karl

(1764-1829).

German

philologist, 95.
Noel Lord George Byron, English poet, 92, 230, 406. Gordon

Ephesians, and
of, passim.

The

Revelation.

(1788-1824).

Biblical

Archaeology, Baptists

Proceedings
(1774-1862),

of

the

ciety So-

Biot,

Jean
8.

French

cist, physi-

Cada

Mosto,

Alois,

or

Luigi

di

(circa

M"-

1480), Italian navigator, 436.

Partial List of Authors,

See
a

Authorities, Etc.
tsu

557
*"

Caesius, Caesius,
Callimachus

Jansenius. Philippus
Dutch

Blaeu.

Zesen

(seventeenth
33 (note). c), Greek poet,

tury), cen-

astronomical

writer,
b.

or K'ung fu philosopher, 58. Nicolaus or Copernicus,

Confucius,
Chinese

(circa 550-478

c),

Koppernigk
(3.

U473-

(third century
Luiz de

90.

1543), Polish
Corinna

astronomer,
b.

CamSea,
poet,
x.

(i524?-i58o), Portuguese

epic

(fifth century
Andrea
45.

c.)" Greek

lyricpoet,
Italian

304.

Corsali,
14. 44,

(circa 1500),

navigator,
writer

Pelix Martianus Mineus century), (fifth Capella, Carthaginian encyclopaedic poet, 173. essayist Thomas (1795-1881), Scottish Carlyle, and historian, xi, 12, 30. of Stars. Catalogues //alley's, of Souther* The The
The Palermo

187.

Cortes, Martin navigation, 459. Costard, George

writer, 346.

(1533-1589), Spanish

on

(1710-1783), English astronomical (1468-1568),

Stars

(1679), 13.
179. et

Coverdale,
of the Bible

Miles
,

English translator

(1803-1814),
(1844), xvii;
Association Valerius

399.

Bedford
British Gaius

passim.
15.
b.

(1845),

Catullus,
poet,

(circa 84-54

c),
38.

man Ro-

Chambers,

Champollion,
Orientalist, Chandler, Charlevoix, 1761),

169. George Jean

434.

Abraham (16x8-1667), English poet, 233. Cowley, William, English historian and Cox, Sir George mythologist, 432. Creation The, of Babylonia, x, s, 33, 47. Legend,

P., English
Francois

astronomer,

Cremonaeus,
Latin

or

Gerard

of Cremona of the

(twelfth
xii.

tury), cen-

(1790-1832), French
astronomer, 43.

translator of

Almagest,

Cyclopedia
C,
American Francois
423. 170.

Names,

Century

(1894-1895), xvi

Seth

Pierre

Xavier

de

(1682Dante

French P.

missionary,
Thomas

Alighieri
Erasmus
302.

(1265-1321),

Italian poet,

31,

186.

Chase,

L., American

astronomer,

Darwin,
poet, Da poet,

(1731-1802),

English naturalist-

Chatterton,

(1753-1770),

English

vies, Sir John

William
4x0.

Chaucer,
poet, xi.

Dan

Geoffrey

(circa 1340-1400), English

Dawes, DeliUsch,

(1569-1626), English poet, 439. Rutter (1799-1868), English (1813-1890), German

b.

tronomer, as-

Thomas Rev. Cheyne, Kelly, English biblical critic,366. (circa 1639), English writer on Chilmead, John globes, 36 (note).

Franz
68.

Hebraist

commentator,

Democritus

(fifth century (383-332

William

c), Greek

philosopher,
orator,

483.
Demosthenes
b.

Chrysococca,
GraecoPersian

Georgius
astronomer,

(fourteenth 69. (circa 347-407), (note). (106-43

B-

century),
father

c), Athenian

99.

Denning,
a

Frederick,

English

mer, astrono-

Chrysostom,
of the Greek Marcus

Saint

John
81

363.

Church,

De

Quincey,
316.
Earl

Thomas

(1785-1859), English Edward-Geoffrey

statesman

sayist, es-

Cicero, Clark, Clarke,

Tulliua

c-)"

orator

and

versifier

Alvan

of Aratos, 3, 372; et passim. Graham (1832-1897), American

Derby,
tician, op-

of,

or

Smith and poet,

Stanley
lao.

(1799-1869), English
Charles

129.

Rev.

Adam
309.

(1763-1833),
Claudianus poet,
4, 93.

British

biblical

Dickens,

commentator,

Dictionaries.

Claudian,
of fourth

or

Claudius

(second

half

century), Latin (circa 365

Titus
b.

Cleanthes

c),

Stoic

philosopher, 81.
Clement
of the

Clemens,
Alexandria)

Flavius

(Saint
a

of

(1812-1870), English novelist, 39. Antiquities, of 1890, edited by ited Bible, of 1898, edSmith, Wayte, and Marindin. Classical: by Hastings. Anthori's, of 1851; of 1 891, edited by Nettleship and Sandys : Seyffert's, Harpers', of 1897, edited by Peck. English : Century,of

(circa 150-230), (note). (500?

b.

father

early

church,
Cleostratos

81

of c), Greek
astronomer, 3, 18.

Clerke,

Miss

Agnes
et

M.,

English

astronomical

Historical, 889-91, edited by Whitney; New Standard, of 1893by Murray; 1895, edited by Funk ; Webster's International,of Greek: Liddell and Scott, 1890, edited by Porter.
1

1888-, edited

writer, 6, 16, 485;

passim.
astronomical Thomas

of

1889, edited
(Freund's),
Chinese:
of

by Drisler.
edited

Latin:

Harpers',
Lewis, 18x9.
Arabics

of

Colas, Jules,
Colebrooke,
Sanskrit

American

writer,

302.

1879
Short.

by

Andrews,
of

and

Henry
so.

(1765-1837), English
(1772-1834),

Morrison's,

scholar,
Samuel

Lane's, Taylor English

1627-.

1B63-1885.

Polyglot: Minshcu's,
century),

of

Coleridge,
poet, 31.

Columella,
a.

L.

Junius
writer,

Moderatus
19.

(first century

Leonard Digges, mathematician, Dillmann,

(sixteenth
133.

English (1833-

d.), Roman

Christian

Friedrich

August

Commentaries,
Clarke's The

Biblical.
309.

1894), German
Dioddrus
397; et
b.

Orientalist, 2.
or

(1810-1826),
The Book

Siculus,
Greek Laertius
42.

The
30.

Sicilian

(first century d.), Greek

Speaker's
on

(1871-1881), (1868),
68

Delitzsch
second

passim. of Job, translated by Bolton,

; et

c),

historian,

Diogenes historian,

(third century

a.

edition

passim.

37#

55"
Dionysius
27.

Partial

List of Authors,

Authorities, Etc.
Sextus Pompeius lexicographer, 107. P.

Exiguus
Gavin
305.

(sixth century),
Qawain

chronologist,
tish Scot-

Festus,
Latin

(second

century

a.

d.i,

Douglas,
poet,

or

(14747-1522),

FigAlus,
Firmicus,

Nigidius

(circa

60

b.

c).

rean PythagoLatin

astrologer,85.
Rodman

Drake,
poet,

Joseph
482.

(1795-1820),

American

Maternus
10.

Julius

(circa 354),

astrologicalwriter,
William

Draper, Draper,
son

John

(18x1-1882),

ican English-Amer-

Flrusftbftdi,

Al
5a.

(fourteenth

century), Arabian

cographer, lexi-

scientist, 416 (note).

Henry John John

39,

(1837-1882), 316. (1563-1631),

Louis
391.

American

scientist, Flaccus,
Roman

Galus poet,

Valerius

(first century

a.

iu,

of

W.,

398.
Camille,
French
astronomer, 42. astronomer.

Drayton, Dreyer,
Drummond, writer,
6.

Michael

English
Danish-

poet,

432.
tronomer, as-

Flammarion, Flamsteed,
*4" 34.

Emil,

English

John
Mrs.

(1646-17x9), English

Sir

William

(i76ot-i8a8),

British

Fleming,
mer, 293.

Willamina

P., American

astrooo-

Dry den, Dupuis,

DUrer,

John
Charles

(1631-1700),
Francois
19.

English

poet,

43.

Frost,
French
xv

Edwin

Brant,

American

astronomer.

(1742-1809),

ii.

astronomical Albrecht
13,

writer,

Froude,
German

James
190.

Anthony

(1818-1894),

Engfcb

(1471-1528),
28.

painter

and

historian,

engraver,

Dyer,
Ebers,
122.

John

(1703-1758),

English

poet,

149.

Galen,
a.

or

Claudius

Galenus
120.

(second

centwy

d.), Greek
Galilei (note).

physician,

Qeorg Rycharde

(1837-1898),

German

Egyptologist,

Galileo
113

(1564-1642),

Italian

astronomer.

Eden,
12

(1531 ?-i576), English translator,

Galle,
141

Johann
(note),
or

Gottfried,

German

astronomer.

{note).
Rev.

142.

Edkins,
""
"

Joseph,

English
Danish

missionary, xviii, missionary,

60,

Gassendi,
astronomer,

Gassend,
54.

Pierre

French (1592-1655),

435-

Egede,
Elkin,

Hans William

(168C-1758),

397. 153.

Gellius,

Aulus
431.

(second

century

a.

u),

Komar

L., American

astronomer,

grammarian,
Geminos
126.

Ellis, William

(1794-1872), English missionary, 229. Ralph

poet, Waldo

(floruit 77 Phrysius,or
on

b.

c),

Rhodian

astronomer,

50,

Emerson, essayistand
Encke,

(1803-1882),

American

9S.
Franz

Gemma

Fnsius
12.

century!, (sixteenth

Johann
142.

(1791-1865),

German

tronomer, as-

writer

astronomy,
or

George Britannica,
(239-169
b.

Eliot,

Mrs.

Marian

Evans

Cross

Encyclopaedia Ennius, 361, Enoch,

B.

The c),

(1 878-1889). Roman

Quintus
431-

epic

poel,

(1819-1880). English novelist, 204. Caesar (15 b. 0.-19 Germanicus,

general
and

K-

D""

RomM

translator
von

of

Aratos,

17.

The

Book
27.

of, from
The.

Aethiopia
Creation

(second Legend.
80.

tury cen-

Gesner,
and

Konrad

(1516-1565),

Swiss

naturalist

C),

scholar, 248.
British William
astronomer,

Epic of Creation, Epping, J., German

Eratosthenes
astronomer,
11.

Sec

Gill, David,

153.

Orientalist, xviii (note),

b.

Gill,

Rev.
and

Wyatt,
229. Ewart
55, 132,

missionary

to

nesia, Poly-

(276^-196
T.
280

c),

Alexandrian-Greek

author,
William and
poet,

Gladstone,
H.
b.

(1809-1898),Fjigfcb
225, 226.

Espin,
Euclid

Rev.

E.

C,

English

astronomer,

116.

statesman

(circa
453.

c),

Alexandrian-Greek

matician, mathe-

Golius,

or

Jakob John

Gohl

(1 596-1667), Dutch

Orien

talist, 157.
300
b.

Eudemos Eudoxos
astronomer,

(circa
of

c), Greek

philosopher,
b.

18.

Goodricke,
astronomer,

(1764-1786), English English

astronomer,

amateur

Cnidos
17.

(circa 409-356

c),

Greek

158 (note).
44,

Gore,
u.

J. Ellard,
(area Richard

106.

Euripides
59" "Q3-

(480-406

c),

Athenian

tragic poet,

31,

Gorius

1750), numismatist,

xvii (mote). Orientalist.

Gottheil, Pamphili, John Georg

of Caesarea

J. H., Apthorp

American

Eusebius
a.

(circa 264-349

xviii.

D.), the Father

of Church

Evelyn, Ewald,
German Err
a,

(1620-1706),
Heinrich

History, xv, 81 (note). English writer, 25. August

(1803-1875),

Gould,

Benjamin John
Rev.

(1824-1896),American

astronomer,

xtiri (note).

biblical critic, 309.

Gower, Grims,
and

William

(1325-1408), English poet. Elliot, American (1785-1863),

or

215

educator

Ibn,
13,

or

Aben (note).

(1092-1

167), Jewish

tator, commen-

writer, 58.

86

Grimm,
Arabian
astronomer,

Jakob

German

philologist.
Ct583-i645"-

Ferghani,
157

Al

(circa 950),

8,

398. 429Grotius, Hugo,

Dutch

Huig
17.

van

Groot

(note).

scholar, xi,

Partial

List of Authors,

Authorities, Etc.
George
141.

559
American
omer, astron-

Grubb,
of

John,
aaa.

English

minor

poet

in

Percy's Reliques

Hough,
Houtmann,

Washington,
(sixteenth

1765,

Friedrich
14, 45.

century),

Dutch

Hans,

Shams Persian
f

al

Din poet,

Muhammad

(fourteenth

navigator,

century),

Haggard
Hall,
H

Henry

98, 281, 394. Rider, English novelist,

astronomer, 40.

Hues,
30.

Robert

(circa 1600), English writer

Daniel
143.

on

globes,
prelate

36 (note). Huet,
Pierre

Asaph, Edmund alley,

13,24a; et

American

(x63o-i7ai),
and

French

(1656-1749),

English

astronomer,

and

scholar,
Sir

Harding,
Harvard

Karl

passim. Ludwig

Huggins, (1765-1834),
(1884), xviii.
astronomer,

William

Lady,

English

tronomers, as-

German

tronomer, as-

40.

341.

Humboldt,

Friedrich German

Heinrich

Alexander

von,

Photometry
Eduard,
Abbe German Maximilian
41, 347. n"e

(1769-18 59),
; et

scientist, 69. (1629-1695),

Dutch
mer, astrono-

Hela,

xviii

passim.
tronomer, as-

Huygens,
8a.

Christian

Hell, Hemaos,

(1720-1792),
Felicia poet, Dorothea

Austrian

Hyde,
Browne
2

Thomas
;

(1636-1703), English Orientalist, xi,

et

Mrs.,

(note)

passim.
Gaius poet,
11.

(1793-1835),

English
{circa
432.

189, 407.
astronomers,
b.

Hyginus
409. Roman

(Historia),
astronomical

Julius

(circa

a.

d.),

Henry
Heraclitoa of

Brothers,

French
535-475

c),

Greek

philosopher
man Ger-

Ephesus,

Herder,
Hermetic Herodotua

Johann
cntic
and

Gottfried
poet, 394.

von

(1744-1803),
of

Ideler,
Isidorus

Christian

Ludwig

(1766-1846),

German

astronomer,

xi, xvi.
Saint Isidore (circa or Hispalensis, Spanish ecclesiastical writer, 25, 85.

Books,

The,

sacred
b.

canon

Egypt,

392.

(484 "-424
32.

c), Greek

historian

and

560-636),

traveler,

Herachel,
Hanoverian-

Sir

Friedrich

Wilhelm

(1738-1822),
38.
William

English
Sir

astronomer, Frederick
10,

(1566-1625), I, King James Anna Mrs., nee Jameson, (1794-1860),

British German
or

the

Royal

Poet,

Brownell
on

198. Murphy

Herachel,
1871),
Hesiod

John
n.

(1792-

writer

art,

29.

English
"8oo?

astronomer,

16;
93,

it

passim. 98,
99.

Jensen, Jerome, Johnson,

Greek

Peter, Saint,
a

Orientalist, xriii (m"te). Hieronymus Church,

81

c),

Greek of

Busebius of the Latin

poet, fourth
94.

(circa
(note).

95,

HeaychioB
grammarian

(last hair
of

century),

340-420),

father

Alexandria,
or

Samuel
xvi,

pher, (X709-X784), English lexicogra(1746-1794),

Hevelius,
1687),

Hewel,
Polish

Hoevelke,
13.

Johannes

(16x1-

388. English Orientalist,

astronomer,

Jones,
ao, star-names, 195. 72.

Sir William
394-

Hewitt,

Higgina,
Hill,

J. F., English essayist,59. W. H., English writer on

American Herman
astronomer,

Royal,

Hilprecht,

Vollrat,

German-

American

Orientalist, 136 {note). Hind, John Russell, English

Ben (1573 1-1637), English dramatist, 274. Jonson, Matthias ben Joseph Flavius, or Josephus, (37-95), Jewish historian, 2. Oriental Society, American of the Journal

astronomer,

1x2.

The,

Vol.
or

VI

(i860),

8.

Hipparchos
6.

(circa 160-120

d.

c.)" Greek
Greek

mer, astrono-

Juvenal,
a.

Decimus
Roman

Julius

Juvenilis

tury (firstcen-

d.),

satirist,23.

Hippocrates
298.

(460 7-377

b.

c),

physician,

99,

Kalewala,
429.
mer, astrono-

The
424.

(collected 1822-1849). Finnish

Arabic

epic

Hogg, James (1770-1835), Scottish poet, Bdward American Holden, Singleton,

xx, 28.

poems,

Kimus,
of Al

Al

(fourteenth century),
52.

dictionary

FirQzabadi,

Holland,
of

Philemon

(1552-1637),
11

English

translator

Kapteyn,
214,

Jacobus
Al

Cornelius,

Dutch

astronomer,

classical

works,

et

passim.

446.

Holwarda,
Homer Horn
me

Phocylides
164.
c), Greek

(17th century),

Dutch

tronomer, as-

Kazwini,

(thirteenth century),
;

Persian

nomical astro-

writer, xiv, xvii (note)

poet, 3, 18; et passim. Orientalist, xviii (note).

et

passim.
3*, 55.

(850?

B.

Keats, Keeler,

John James

(1795-1821), English
Edward,
or

poet,

461.
103.

1, Fritx,

German

American Von
13.

astronomer,

Hondius,
Dutch

Jodocus

(latter half of sixteenth

14.

century),

Kepler,
German

Johann,
astronomer,

Kappel
See Pieter

(x 571-1630),

globe-maker,
Thomas xi.

Hood,
Hood,
Poet,

(circa 1590), English astronomical

Keyser,

Pieter

Dircksx.

Theodor.

writer,

Thomas
429.

(1 798-1845),

English

humorous

writer, 49. King, C. W., English astronomical Charles (1819-1875), English poet, Kingsley, Kirch,
Gottfried
440.

34

(1639-1710),

Prussian

astronomer,

Hooke, Horace,
b. c.

Robert
or

(1635-1703), English

astronomer,

82.

360, Kirch,

Quintus
poet, 46.

Horatius

Flaccus

(65-8

Maria

Margaretha
440.

Winckelmann

(1670-

), Roman

1720), wife of Gottfried,

560
Kircher,
Athanasius
3

Partial

List of Authors,

Authorities, Etc.
or
20.

(1602-1660), German

ologist, archae-

Lucian,

Lucianus

orician, (second century), Greek rhet-

(note).
William

Kitchiner,

(circa 1835), English

writer

on

Lucretius,
b.

or

Titus poet, The Robert

Lucretius
400.

Cams

(o6?-55

optics,259..
Klein, Knobel,
Herman Edward Al

c.)" Roman

438. J., German astronomer, Ball, English astronomer,

et

Lunar
37.

Zodiac,
Rev.
424.

(1874), by Whitney, Maurice,

8 (*"fr).
tronomer, as-

Luther,

American

Ifur'in,

{circa 652), 8, 398;

passim. Lydgate,
(note).

John
Edward Meredith

(1370-1451),
Robert

English

poet,

33*

La

Caille,
French

Abbe

Nicolas
14,

Louis

de

(1713-1762),

Lytton,
Owen

astronomer,

64, 391.
Victor
2x2.

(1831-1891),

or Bulwer, Lytton Enghsh poet, 114

Lach,
German
La

Friedrich

Wilhelm
171,

(x8th century), Macaulay,

de Thomas poet,
227.

scholar,

180,

Babington
Theodosius

(i8oo-x8js",
(fourthcce-

Condamine,
French

Charles

Marie

(1701-1774),
writer

English
Macrobius,

scientist, 381.

Ambrosius

Lajard,
on

Jean

Baptiste
254.

Felix

(1785-1858),
le
14.

tury), Latin Maedler,

German

ancient

art,

grammarian, 19. Heinrich Johann

331, 400,

von

(iw^K
century).

La

Lande,

Joseph

Jerome
astronomer,

Francois

de

astronomer,

405.

(1732-1807), French Aelius Lampridius, Latin historian, 323.

Landor,
The

Mandeville,
century),
Manetho

Sir

John
454.
a.

de

(fourteenth

half (first

of fourth

English traveler,
(area
273.

250

c.)" Graeco-

Egyptian

histo

Walter

Savage
396.

(1775-1864),

author

of

rian,

Pentamrroft,

Manilius,
writer
on

Gaius,

or

Marcus poet,
32

(firstcentury
(note).

a.

d.|,

Landseer,

John (1769-1852), English archaeological astronomy, 17.

Latin

astronomical

Mariette,

Scottish writer, 27, 461. Lang, Andrew, William (circa or Langley, Langland, 1400), English poet, 478.

Auguste Egyptologist, 465.

or

Bdouard

(1821-1881), French
German

1330-

Marius,
astronomer,

Simon
39.

Mayer
(1564

(circa 1600),

Langren,
La

Jacob

(or Arnold)

Florent
403.

van,

teenth-century Marlowe, seven-

Christopher
457.

?-i

593), English poet

Place,
French

globe-maker, 44, Simon Marquis Pierre

16.

and

dramatist, 3S6,
or

de

(1749-1827),
poet,

Martial,
Latin

Marcus
431.
or

Valerius

Martialis

(43-104?), d'Anghiera

astronomer, Miss

poet,

Larcom,
3""3-

Lucy

(1826-1893),

American

Martyr,

Peter,

Pietro

Martire of

(1455-1526), (1799-1880),

Italian

historian

carry

American

La

sell, William
of

English

astronomer,

discovery,
Marvell, Mather,

ia.

discoverer

Neptune's satellite, 311. missionary

and

Andrew Rev. and

(1621-1678),
Cotton

English

poet, 271
ologian the-

Leg?et
Scottish Le

Rev.

(1815-18^8), James Sinologist,58.

Pierre
14.

(1663-1728),
423.

American

scholar,

Monnier,
astronomer,

Charles

(1715-1799),

French

Mayer,
German

Christian
astronomer,

(last half of eighteenth century),

288.

Lenormant,
and
Le

Francois (1837-1883), French numismatist, 80.

ologist archae-

Mayer,
tronomer,

Johann
37.

Tobias

(1723-1762),
See Andre

German

s*.

Verrier,
French

Urbain*Jean
141.

Joseph

(1811-1877), lish Eng-

Mayer,
Mechain,
French

Simon,
Pierre
astronomer,

of Gunzenhauscn.

Marius.

astronomer,

Frmnc,ois
391,

(1744-1S04),
(*u-

Lewis,

Sir
statesman

George
and

Cornewall astronomical

(1806-1863),

438.
Petrus writer Gerhard Medinensis
on

writer,419. English astrologer,24. (1816-1877), English

Medina,
teenth

Pedro

de,

or

(1602-1681), Lilly, William William Schaw Lindsay, writer on ships, 66. Littrow,

century), century),

Spanish
or

navigation,44
Kramer
13.
astronomer,

Mercator,

Gerardus,

teenth (six-

Flemish

globe-maker,

Joseph
Sir
70,

Johann
410.

von

(1781-1840),

trian Aus-

Messier,
39, 191,

Charles
192, 391.

(1730-181 7), French

astronomer,

Lockyer,

Joseph
83,
123,

Norman,
124,

English
et

mer, astrono-

Metrodorus

(329-277

b.

c.)

of

Lampsacus,
Polish

or

Atheas

xvii,

167;

passim. (1807-1882),

Longfellow,
American

Henry
poet, 5, 31,
or

Wadsworth
40, 45,

Epicurean philosopher. 483. Adam Mickiewicx, (1708-1855),

Milman,
Dean 2x6.

poet,

W--

48.

Henry

Hart

(1791-1868), English

Longomontanus,
Lowell, James

Christian Danish

Longberg
astronomer, 41.

(last

author, Milton,

half of 17th century),

Russell
and

(1819-1891),
poet,
31.

American

diplomatist,essayist,
Lubienitcki,
astronomical

John (1608-1674), English poet, 31, 34. 75 teenth Minsheu, John, or Minshaeus (early in sevencentury), English lexicographer, 15. 478.
Mitchell,
Miss
24.

Stanislaus

(seventeenth

century),
Latin

Maria

(1818-1889),
half
14.

American

tronomer, as-

illustrator,65.
M
.

Lucan,
poet,

or

Annaeus

Lucanus

(39-65),

3.

'Emerie (latter Mollineux, English globe-maker,

of

sixteenth

tury), cen-

Partial

List of Authors,

Authorities, Etc.
Denis Petau

56i
French

Mom

sen,

Christian
401.

Matthias

Theodor,

man Ger-

Petavius,

or

(1583-1S52),

historian, Moore, Morris, Morrison,

to

antiquary,

304.

Thomas William
Rev.

British poet, 69, 70. Priedrich Heinrich (1813Peters, Christian American astronomer, (1834-1898), English poet, 150. 105. 1890), Germansionary Petosiris Robert of astrology (1782-1834), English mis(800? b. c. ) reputed founder

(1779-1852),

China

and

lexicographer, Maximilian,
or 12a.

xviii. Max
M

Mueller,

Priedrich

tiller,

Egypt, Pherecydes
and Philo Ionic

in

51,

64.
b.

(circa 600-550 writer,

175. 40
a.

a),

Greek

philosopher

(Jerman-English

Sanskrit

scholar,

Narborough,
discoverer,
Nasr Persian al

Sir

John
Al

lish (seventeenth century), EngTusi

Judaeus philosopher,
158,

(circa
2.

d.), Hellenistic-Jewish
Italian

Piazzi, 189.
or

Giuseppe
201,

(1746-1826),

astronomer,

Din,

(thirteenth

century),

415.

Piccdlomini,
astronomer, 57.

Alessandro
13.

(1508-1578), Charles,
American

Italian

tronomer. as-

Newcomb, Newton,

Simon, Alfred,
Hubert and Sir

American

astronomer,

196.

English ornithologist, 417.

Anson

Pickering,
xviii.

Edward

omer, astron-

Newton,
astronomer

(1830-1896), xxi, 8,

American

mathematician,

361.

Pickering,
Pieter natural danus

William
or

H., American
Petrus

astronomer,

317.

Newton,

Isaac 18, 66.

125
r.

(1642-1727),
Greek

English
poet,
German

Theodor,

Theodorus

EmbDutch
gator, navi-

philosopher,
Nicander

(early
14, 44.

in sixteenth

century),

(circa
Karsten
; et

c),

39a.

Niebuhr, 69
(note)

(1733-1815),

traveler,

Pigafetta,
and

Antonio
14,

(1491-1534?),
227.
b.

Italian

tor navigalyric
26.
b.

writer,
half (first

passim.
FigZlus.

Pindar
or

Nigidius.
Nonius,
or

See Pedro

of fifth century

c),

Greek

Nunez,
on

Nunes

(1492-1577),

poet, Plato

46. (428-347
Titus
b.

Portuguese
Nonnus

writer

navigation, 85.
century),
Greek poet,

c).

Athenian

philosopher,
(circa 254-184

(first half

of fifth

156.

Plautus,
Roman

Maccius
100,
or

c),

comedist,
The
a.

215.

Pliny,
Oecumenius

Elder,
d.), Roman

Gaius

Plinius

Secundus
10,

(tenth century)
81

Byzantine

ecclesiastical

(23-79
Plutarch

encyclopaedic writer,

170. 268.
tronomer, as-

writer,

(note).

(circa 50-120), Greek

Abbe"
413.

biographer, 26,
Polish

Oenopides Others,
1840),
Omar Persian

(fifth century
Heinrich
German

b.

c), Greek

astronomer,

18.

Poczobut,

(eighteenth century),
(1809- 1849), American
b.

Wilhelm
astronomer,
or

Matthias

(1758-

466. (twelfth century),

393.

Khayyam,

Hayyfim
212,

Allan Poe, Edgar Polybios (204-125

P"et,

146.

c),

Greek

historian, 306.
4. zine, maga-

astronomer-poet,

Oppert,

Origen,
Greek

Jules, French or Origenes

father
William
on or

Orientalist, 123.'
Adamantius
27.

(1688-1744), English poet, Pope, Alexander American Astronomy, monthly Popular 287.

(185 '-253),

of the

church,

Posidippus
(1771-1836),

Ottley,
writer

Young
art, 161

English
c.-i3?

Posidonius
71.

(third century b. c. ), Athenian (circa 260 b. c), Alexandrian

Stoic

comedist.
mer, astrono-

ancient Publius poet,

{note).
Naso

Ovid,
a.

Ovidius
4.

(43

h.

Posidonius
71

(firstcentury
Rev.
34
t

b.

c),

philosopher,

r".), Latin Meredith.

(note).
Charles

Owen

SecLyttim.

Pritchard,

(1808-1893), English philosopher,

tronomer, as-

(note).
Platonic
3.

Palladium
on

of

Husbandry
121.

(1420),

English

work

Procius

(412-485),
Richard
xv,

agriculture,
fifth century),

Proctor,
Taurus Aemilianus
on

Anthony
15,

(1834-1888), English
50-16
n

Palladius,
or

Rutilius

(fourth
95.

astronomer,

28,

49.

Roman
n.

writer

agriculture,
poet,
740.

Propertius,
elegiac poet, Prudens,
or

Sextus
66.

(circa

c),

Roman

Panyasis
Paraphrase,

(fifth century
The

c),
or

Greek

Chaldee,
et

Jewish-

an Aramae-

Prudentius,
Latin

Aurelius poet,

Clemens
135, 175. of

48; Targum, William. Parsons,

passim.
See Rosse.

(fourth century),

Christian Ptolemaeus

Ptolemy, philosopher, 108.

67), allusion of,
to

or

Claudius

(firsthalf
astronomer,

Pascal,
Paul,
Aratos

Blaise

(1623-1662), French (died

about 81.

second

century),

Alexandrian-Greek

The

Apostle (?), 18,

xii; et passim.

Pythagoras
American
astronomer, 43. at,

(floruit 483, 484. (4th century

Marcus
a.

540-51

"

b.

c),

Greek

pher, philoso454.

Paul,
and

Henry
writer

Martin, (second
on

Pausanias

century), 84.

Greek

geographer
classical

Pytheas

b.

c),

Greek

navigator,

art,

Peck,

Harry

Thurston, 388.
British

American

cographer,Quintilian, lexi-

or

Pabius

Quinctilianus
31.

(circa
astronomer, 412.

35-95

d.), Roman

rhetorician,

Peck, William,

Penrose,
80.

Francis

Cranmer,

English

gist, archaeolo-

Rabelais,
and

Francois
226.

(149s

?-i

553). French

humorist

writer,

562
Rawlinson,

Partial

List of Authors,

Authorities, Etc.
Sir poet, of Walter
24, 3x5.

Sir Henry Creswicke English Assyriologist,904. Robert Ali

(18x0-1895),

Scott,
and

(1771-X832), English novdk

(second
century
r.

Recorde, Reduan,
of the

(1500-1558), British physicist,102.

or

Scylax
Carian

Halicarnassus
68.

c),

A ben,

Ibn
32.

(Haly), Arabian

tor transla-

astronomer,

Tetrabiblost

Secchi,

Father

Angelo 89 {note). Jefferson

(1818-1878), modern

Roman

xviii {note). John, English astronomer, critical Renan, Joseph Ernest (1823-1893), French philosopher, 203. Sir Peter Le Renouf, Page (1824-1897), English Egyptologist, 20.

Reeves,

astronomer,

See, Thomas
72.

J., American
(3?
and
b.

astronomer.

Seneca,
Roman

Lucius Stoic

Annaeus

c-65
xiv.

a.

t..),

philosopher

writer,
b.

Reynolds,
Riccioli,
astronomer,

Miss Giovanni

Myra,

American

writer, 482.

Septuagint,
of the

The

(third century

c),

Greek

ver**

Battista

(1598-1 671), Italian

51.

Hebrew Garrett
47, 170.

Scriptures, 87;
P.,
American

et

passim.
astronomer

1, 37

{note).

Serviss, writer, Servius,

century

and

Richer.Jean (17th century), French astronomer, Rig Veda (2000-1500? b. c. ),collective Hindusacred
poems, 5.

Marius,
a.

or

Maurus,

Honoratus
1.

(fourth

d.),

Roman

commentator,

Roberts, Roger
of

Isaac,
Hoveden

English

astronomer, of

116.

Shakespeare, century), 184 Shelley,

27, 29,

William

(1564-1616),

24, 17, 30.

(last half
477.

twelfth

Percy 67,
227,

Bysshe
303

English chronicler,
Rogers, {note). Rolleston, writer, 28, Rosse, Rossetti,
poet, Miss
20X. or

Samuel

(1763-1 855), Frances,

English

poet,

Sheridan,
British

Richard

(1792-1822), Englishpoet ; et passim. (1751-1816). Brinsley Butler

astronomical

dramatist, The,
or

228.

English
Parsons

astronomical

Siddhantas, Sidonius,

Sanskrit Sollius

books, |3g
(an*

Gaius

Apollinaris
427.

Lord,

William
it

(1800-1867),

430-482),

Christian

author,

English

astronomer,

6.

Sigourney, lish (1830-1894), Engmer, astrono-

Mrs.,n6e
poet, xxiii.
500

Lydia

Huntly

(1791-1S65).

Christina
xi

Oeorgina

American Simonides

7, 453.

{circa
Walter

n.

c), Greek

lyricpoet,

$95

Royer,

August
13.

in

{Jioruit 1679), French

The

Skeat, Skelton,

John George
of

Rudolphine

Tables,

(1627), by Kepler,

202.

Smith, Smyth,

175 English philologist, {circa 1460-1529), English poet, 415. (1840-1876), English AssynoWpsi.

William,

discoverer

The

Creation

Legend^

1,

2,

101.

William

Henry Julius
160.
b.

(1788-1865),
a;

EnglishaRoman

Sachau, Sackville, Sadi,

or

C.

Edward, Thomas.

German

121. Orientalist,

tronomer,

xii, xvii {note)y

Gaius

et

passim. century),

(1536-1608),
al Din

English

poet,

361.

Solinus,

(third

Muslihu
394.

sian (thirteenth century), Per-

grammarian, Sophocles Spanheim,

poet,

(496?-4o6
Ezekiel
137.

c),

Greek

tragicpoet,
German

31

Safford,
128.

Truman

Henry,
See Sec Sec
600

American

astronomer,

(1629-1710),

writer ""

Saint Saint Saint

Clement. Isidore. Paul.

Clemens.
Isitiorus.

numismatology, Spence, Joseph Edmund Spenser,

*74" X7S: et

(1699-1768),

(1552-1599),

5" English critic. English poet,

m-

Paul
B.

passim.

Sappho
Sarmiento

{circa

c),
188.

Greek

lyricpoet,

31.

Statius,
poet,

Publius
27,

Papinius

(45?-o6
of

a.

p.), Roman

de

Gamboa,

Pedro

(1530 7-1589),

46,

92.

Spanish navigator,
Sawyer, Saxe,
Edwin

F., American

astronomer,

43. morous hu-

(latter half Stobaeus, Joannes Greek compiler, 454.

Strabo

fifth century),

John

Godfrey
180.

(1816-1887), American Henry, Justus

Conrad

{circa 63
Friedrich
German-

n.

c-21

a.

d.), Greek
Wilhelm

;: geographer,

poet,

Strassmaier, English
Orientalist, Struve, 1864),

J. N., German Georg

Russian Wilhelm

Orientalist, xviii{nett)
von

Sayce,

Archibald
1.

(1793-

xviii {note),

astronomer, von,

37

3*5{note),
a-

Scaliger,
Schaubach,
German

Joseph
11.

(1540-1609),

French

Struve,
tronomer,

Otto
37

German-Russiaii

scholar, xi,

{note).

Johann
commentator,

(eighteenth century),

Suckling,
ist

Sir

John
474.

(1609 !-x 642?), English RoyalSuetonius

63. Orientalist,
2.

lyricpoet,
or

Scheil, Scheiner,

Pere

V., French
Giovanni

Suetonius,
half (first Italian

Gaius

Tranquillus

J., German

xvii, 92. astro-spectroscopist,

Schiaparelli,
127,

Virginio,
Friedrich

omer, astron-

Sufi, Al
Suidas

1 }7 biographer. century), Roman (tenth century), Persian astronomical writrr.

of second

xiii {note)

et

passim. lexicographer, i", "7S

standard The,
8
or

Schiller, Johann
1805),
German German

Christoph
poet,
2,

von

(1759

{circa 970), Greek

144.
von

SQrya
(1767-1845),

Siddhlnta, book, Jonathan,

Schlegel,
Schoenfeld, 3*6.

August Orientalist,
E.

Wilhelm
20.

astronomical

Swift,
astronomer,

early Sanskrit {note) ; et passim. (1667-1745). Swift Dean

(1S28-1891), German

British

satirist, 24, 482. Lewis,

American
astronomer, 409.

Swift,

L'ENVOI

Unto

those

Three

Things
should

which

the

Ancients

held

impossible,
find
a

there

be

added

this

Fourth,

to

Book

Printed

without

erratas.

Alfonso

de

Cartagena

That

this

book

has

its

faults,
could
not

no

one

can

doubt,
out.

Although
The

the

Author

find

them

faults
you

find,
to

good
the

Reader,
Author Kitchiner's

please kindly
Tke

to

mend,

Your

comments

send.
//.

Economy

of

the

Eyes.
"

Part