CHNG 1 NGUYN T

I. Ht nhn nguyn t:
1. S n v in tch ht nhn = s proton = s electron (Z = E).
2. S khi (A)
A=Z+N
II. Nguyn t ha hc:
1. nh ngha: Nguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t c cng s in tch ht nhn.

Nhng nguyn t c cng in tch ht nhn u c tnh cht ha hc ging nhau.

2. S hiu nguyn t (Z): S n v in tch ht nhn ca mt nguyn t c gi l s hiu nguyn t
ca nguyn t .
A
3. K hiu nguyn t:
Z

X: K hiu nguyn t;

A: S khi;

Z: S hiu nguyn t.

I. ng v: Cc ng v ca cng mt nguyn t ha hc l nhng nguyn t c cng s proton nhng

khc nhau v s ntron, do s khi A ca chng khc nhau.
II. Nguyn t khi:
Nguyn t khi l khi lng tng i ca nguyn t
Nguyn t khi ca mt nguyn t cho bit khi lng ca nguyn t nng gp bao nhiu ln n v
khi lng nguyn t.
Khi tnh ton khng cn chnh xc cao, nguyn t khi coi nh bng s khi.
III. Nguyn t khi trung bnh:
Nhiu nguyn t ha hc tn ti nhiu ng v trong t nhin nn nguyn t khi ca cc nguyn t ny l
nguyn t khi trung bnh ca cc ng v
I- Lp v phn lp electron: Trong nguyn t, cc electron c sp xp thnh tng lp. Cc electron
trn cng mt lp c mc nng lng gn bng nhau. C 7 lp electron:
Th t cc lp electron: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tn lp:
K L M N O P Q
Nng lng tng dn

Mi lp electron phn chia thnh cc phn lp. Cc electron trn cng mt phn lp c nng lng bng
nhau. C 4 phn lp: s, p, d, f. Lp th 1 c 1 phn lp: 1s. Lp th 2 c 2 phn lp: 2s, 2p.Lp th 3 c 3
phn lp: 3s, 3p, 3d.Lp th 4 c 4 phn lp: 4s, 4p, 4d, 4f.
S obitan nguyn t trong mt phn lp electron: Phn lp s c 1 obitan. Phn lp p c 3 obitan.Phn lp d
c 5 obitan. Phn lp f c 7 obitan. Mi obitan cha ti a 2 electron.
II Cu hnh electron nguyn t: Nguyn l vng bn: trang thi c bn, trong nguyn t cc electron
chim ln lt nhng obitan c mc nng lng t thp n cao. Th t cc mc nng lng t thp n
cao
- Lp electron bn khi cha ti a s electron (bo ha).
- Lp electron ngoi cng bn khi cha 8 electron.
Phn lp electron bn khi bo ha hoc bn bo ha.
IV c im ca lp electron ngoi cng: Cc electron lp ngoi cng quyt nh tnh cht ha hc
ca mt nguyn t. i vi nguyn t ca cc nguyn t, s electron ngoi cng ti a l 8. Cc nguyn t
c 8 electron lp ngoi cng u rt bn vng, chng hu nh khng tham gia phn ng ha hc. l cc
nguyn t kh him (tr kh him He c 2 e ngoi cng).
Cc nguyn t c 1; 2; 3 electron lp ngoi cng l cc nguyn t kim loi (tr H, He, B).
Cc nguyn t c 5; 6; 7 electron lp ngoi cng thng l cc nguyn t phi kim.
Cc nguyn t c 4 electron lp ngoi cng c th l nguyn t kim loi hay phi kim (c
2; 3 lp e l phi kim).

HA.THVT