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C bn v cp quang | Cu to ca cp quang, Cc c im, phn loi cp quang

Nm 1966, Charles Kuen Kao v George Hockman, hai k s tr ti Phng th nghim chun vin thng (Anh),
cng b khm ph mi y ha hn v kh nng ca si quang - nhng si thy tinh hoc nha trong
sut, linh hot v mng hn mt si tc.

n nm 1970, Corning Glass Works, hng sn xut gm s v thy tinh ca M, ln u tin sn xut thnh
cng si cp quang thnh phm c th s dng truyn d liu tc cao v sao c cc cng ty
vin thng trin khai s dng.

Tuy nhin phi n nhng nm 90 vi s bng n ca internet khin cng ngh cp quang c ng dng
rng ri v tr nn khng th thiu trong vic truyn ti d lin. Cp quang l c s ca Internet v Wi-Fi. Hin
nay, mi doanh nghip vi mng LAN u s dng n. Mi ngi cng nh n cp quang mi khi gi e-mail,
tin nhn SMS, nh, video v cc file d liu khc.

1. Cu to ca cp quang

Cp quang c cu to gm dy dn trung tm l si thy tinh hoc plastic c tinh ch nhm cho php
truyn i ti a cc tn hiu nh sng. Si quang c trng mt lp lt nhm phn chiu tt cc tn hiu nh
sng v hn ch s gy gp ca si cp quang.
Si cp quang c cu to t ba thnh phn chnh:
li (core)
Lp phn x nh sng (cladding)
Lp v bo v chnh (primary coating hay cn gi coating, primary buffer).

Core c lm bng si thy tinh hoc plastic dng truyn dn nh sng. Bao bc core l cladding lp thy
tinh hay plastic nhm bo v v phn x nh sng tr li core. Primary coating l lp v nha PVC gip bo
v core v cladding khng b bi, m, try xc.

Hai loi cp quang ph bin l GOF (Glass Optical Fiber) cp quang lm bng thu tinh v POF (Plastic
Optical Fiber) cp quang lm bng plastic. POF c ng knh core kh ln khong 1mm, s dng cho
truyn dn tn hiu khong cch ngn, mng tc thp. Trn cc ti liu k thut, bn thng thy cp
quang GOF ghi cc thng s 9/125m, 50/125m hay 62,5/125m, y l ng knh ca core/cladding; cn
primary coating c ng knh mc nh l 250m.
Bo v si cp quang l lp v ngoi gm nhiu lp khc nhau ty theo cu to, tnh cht ca mi loi cp.
Nhng c ba lp bo v chnh l lp chu lc ko (strength member), lp v bo v ngoi (buffer) v lp o
gip (jacket) ty theo ti liu s c tn gi khc nhau. Strength member l lp chu nhit, chu ko cng,
thng lm t cc si Kevlar. Buffer thng lm bng nha PVC, bo v trnh va p, m t. Lp bo v
ngoi cng l Jacket. Mi loi cp, ty theo yu cu s dng s c thm cc lp jacket khc nhau. Jacket c
kh nng chu va p, nhit v chu mi mn, bo v phn bn trong trnh m t v cc nh hng t mi
trng.
C hai cch thit k khc nhau bo v si cp quang l ng m khng cht (loose-tube) v ng m cht
(tight buffer).

Loose-tube thng dng ngoi tri (outdoor), cho php cha nhiu si quang bn trong. Loose-tube gip si
cp quang gin n trc s thay i nhit , co gin t nhin, khng b cng, b gp nhng ch cong.


Tight-buffer thng dng trong nh (indoor), bao bc kht si cp quang (nh cp in), gip d lp t khi thi
cng


2. Phn loi cp quang

Cp quang Singlemode (SM) c ng knh core kh nh (khong 9m), s dng ngun pht laser truyn
tia sng xuyn sut v vy tn hiu t b suy hao v c tc kh ln. SM thng hot ng 2 bc sng
(wavelength) 1310nm, 1550nm.
Cp quang Singlemode truyn c d liu vi khong cch khng gii rt xa, c cc n v vin thng
s dng truyn d liu trong h thng ca h. Hin nay cc dch v vin thng hin nay c rt ng o
ngi dn s dng nn cc nh cung cp dch v lin tc phi m rng h thng truyn dn quang ca h
c th p ng nhu cu ca khch hng, do vy lm cho cp quang Singlemode tr nn rt ph dng, h
thnh h i rt nhiu.

Cp quang Multimode (MM) c ng knh core ln hn SM (khong 50m, 62.5m). MM s dng ngun
sng LED (Light Emitting Diode) hoc laser truyn tia sng v thng hot ng 2 bc sng 850nm,
1300nm; MM c khong cch kt ni v tc truyn dn nh hn SM.
Cp quang Multimode hin nay c s dng rng ri trong cc ng dng truyn d liu vi khong cch
5Km, thng c cc doanh nghip, c quan s dng trong cc h thng mng ni b, truyn thng trong
cng nghip


MM c hai kiu truyn: chit xut bc (Step index) v chit xut lin tc (Graded index). Cc tia sng kiu
Step index truyn theo nhiu hng khc nhau v vy c mc suy hao cao v tc kh chm. Step index t
ph bin, thng dng cho cp quang POF. Cc tia sng kiu Graded index truyn dn theo ng cong v
hi t ti mt im. Do Graded index t suy hao v c tc truyn dn cao hn Step index. Graded index
c s dng kh ph bin.

Truyn dn tn hiu trn cp quang c hai dng n cng (simplex) v song cng (duplex). Simplex truyn tn
hiu ch 1 chiu. Duplex c th truyn nhn tn hiu 1 chiu bn song cng (half-Duplex) hoc c 2 chiu song
cng ton phn (full-Duplex) Duplex cng thi im ty theo cch cu hnh.


3. u im ca cp quang

Dung lng ln
Kch thc v trng lng nh do d dng lp t
Khng b nhiu bi cc tn hin in, in t hoc thm ch c bc x nh sng
Tnh cch in do c lm t thy tinh, khng cha vt cht dn in nn rt an ton khi s dng
trong cc mi trng i hi tnh an ton cao
Tnh bo mt cao do khng th b trch ly trm thng tin bng cc phng tin in thng thng
tin cy cao do cp quang c thit k thch hp c th chu ng c nhng iu kin v nhit
v m khc nghit v thm ch c th hot ng di nc
Tnh linh hot do cc h thng thng tin quang u kh dng cho hu ht cc dng thng tin s liu,
thoi v video. Cc h thng ny u c th tng thch vi cc chun RS.232, RS422, V.35, Ethernet,
Arcnet, FDDI, T1, T2, T3, Sonet, thoi 2/4 dy, tn hiu E/M, video tng hp v cn nhiu na
D dng nng cp khi ch cn thay th thit b thu pht quang cn h thng cp si quang vn c th
c d nguyn

4. FTTH l g? Internet cp quang l g?

Internet cp quang (FTTH) l dch v vin thng bng thng rng bng cp quang c ni n tn nh
cung cp cc dch v tc cao nh in thoi, Internet tc cao v TV. Bng cch trin khai cp quang n
tn nh khch hng, tc mng s nh vy m tng ln gp bi phn.
Internet cp quang l cch gi khc ca FTTH, FTTH l cm t vit tt ca thut ng Fiber-To-The-Home. L
dch v truy cp Internet hin i nht vi ng truyn dn hon ton bng cp quang n a ch thu bao.
Mng cp quang c a n a ch thu bao gip khch hng s dng c a dch v trn mng vin
thng cht lng cao, k c dch v truyn hnh gii tr.
u im ca FTTH
ng truyn c tc n nh; tc truy cp Internet cao.
Khng b suy hao tn hiu bi nhiu in t, thi tit hay chiu di cp.
An ton cho thit b, khng s st nh lan truyn trn ng dy.
Nng cp bng thng d dng m khng cn ko cp mi.
So snh ADSL vi FTTH
Tc upload ca FTTH vt qua ngng ca chun ADSL2+ (1Mbps) hin ti v c th ngang bng vi tc
download. V vy thch hp vi vic truyn ti d liu theo chiu t trong mng khch hng ra ngoi
internet. n nh v tui th cao hn dch v ADSL do khng b nh hng bi nhiu in, t trng; Kh
nng nng cp tc (download/upload) d dng.
Bn cnh cc ng dng nh ADSL, FTTH cn c th cung cp Triple Play Services (d liu, truyn hnh,
thoi), vi u th bng thng vt tri, FTTH sn sng cho cc ng dng i hi bng thng cao, c bit l
truyn hnh phn gii cao (HDTV) yu cu bng thng ln n vi chc Mbps, trong khi ADSL khng p
ng c. n nh ngang bng nh dch v internet knh thu ring Leased-line nhng chi ph thu bao
hng thng thp hn vi chc ln.
4. Cc thnh phn c bn khi u ni
a. ng dy cp quang: Dn t t cp quang gn nht v nh bn. ng dy ny phi t tiu chun
khng gp khc (gy), ti mt im un phi c cong tiu chun.


b. Hp phi quang (OPTICAL DISTRIBUTION FRAME) :
Cui ng dy cp quang vo nh bn v trc cc thit b khc l ni lp t hp phi quang. Thng
thng s dng l hp phi quang treo.


c. B chuyn i (Converter): Tnh hiu nh sng s c b chuyn i chuyn thnh tnh hiu in trc
khi vo Router.

d. Router: router thng c 2 cng k hiu WAN v LAN. Cng WAN c kt ni n B chuyn i bng
cp ng qua u ni RJ45. Cng LAN c kt ni n Switch cng bng cp ng qua RJ45.


e. u ni: L ni kt ni cc thit b truyn nhn quang. Thng c hai dng Vung hoc Trn


f. Dy nhy quang (Patchcord): Kt ni gia hp phi quang v b chuyn i l 2 dy nhy quang qua 4
u ni.

g. Cp ng v u ni RJ45: Kt ni gia ng ra b chuyn i v ng vo WAN ca Modem, gia ng ra
LAN ca Modem v ng vo ca Switch.

5. S u ni:



Kinh doanh v lm dch v cc thit b my vn phng(my tnh, my in, my fax, my photo....H thng mng LAN),thit b camera cho cc t chc,
C quan nh nc, cc doanh nghip hin cng ty c nhiu i tc ln nh Trng i hc xy dng, Cty li in cao th min bc, cng ty bt
ng sn Vigracera, Cng ty CP Sng ......
- Thc hin trin hai lp t,a o tr, ng cu mng vin thng cho cc tp on vin thng hng u ca Vit am nh PT, CCT, Viettel,
EVNT

Thi cng cng trnh v kinh doanh thit b vin thng
Thi cng cng trnh, sn xut, kinh doanh v bo hnh cc thit b vin thng
Trung tm Dch v Vin thng SPT (STS) c i ng nhn lc chuyn nghip, chuyn thi cng, xy lp, bo tr cc
cng trnh vin thng, ng thi kinh doanh v bo hnh cc thit b vin thng vi mc tiu mang n cho khch
hng nhng dch v cht lng cao v cc gii php k thut ti u.
Dch v c cung cp bi Trung tm Dch v Vin thng SPT (thnh vin trc thuc ca SPT)
29. Page 28 III. Mng truyn dn quang. 1. Tin trnh pht trin ca h thng thng tin quang. 1.1 Gii thiu chung.
H thng thng tin c hiu mt cch n gin l mt h thng truyn thng tin t ni ny n ni khc.
Khong cch gia cc ni ny c th t vi trm mt n vi trm kilomet. H thng thng tin quang l mt h thng
thng tin bng nh sng v dng si quang truyn thng tin. Thng tin truyn i trong h thng thng tin quang
c thc hin tn s sng mang cao trong vng nhn thy hoc vng hng ngoi gn ca ph sng in t. K
thut thng tin quang ngy cng c s dng rng ri trong vin thng, truyn s liu, truyn hnh cp, ... 1.2 Lch
s pht trin ca h thng thng tin quang. Vic thng tin lin lc bng nh sng sm xut hin trong s pht
trin ca loi ngi khi con ngi trc lin lc vi nhau bng cch ra du. y cng c xem l mt dng
ca thng tin quang bi v khng th ra du trong bng ti. Thng tin c gi t ngi ny n ngi khc thng
qua bc x mt tri. Thng tin kiu ny s khai nn rt chm, khong cch lan truyn c ngn... Tri qua mt thi
gian di mt thi gian di t khi con ngi s dng nh sng mt tri v la lm thng tin lin lc n ngy nay
lch s ca thng tin quang qua nhng bc pht trin v hon thin c th tm tt bng nhng mc chnh sau: +
Nm 1775: Paul Revere s dng nh sng bo hiu qun i Anh t Bonston sp ko ti. + Nm 1790:
Claude Chappe, l mt k s ngi Php, xy dng mt h thng in bo quang (optical telegraph). H thng
ny gm mt chui cc thp vi cc n bo hiu trn . Thi tin tc c vt chn ng 200 Km trong vng
15 pht. + Nm 1854: John Tyndall, nh vt l t nhin ngi Anh, thc hin thnh cng mt th nghim ng
ch nht l nh sng c th truyn qua mt mi trng in trong sut. + Nm 1870: cng John Tyndall chng
minh c rng nh sng c th dn c theo mt vi nc un cong da vo nguyn l phn x ton phn.
30. Page 29 + Nm 1880: Alexander Graham Bell, ngi M, pht minh ra mt h thng thng tin nh sng, l
h thng photophone. ng ta s dng nh sng mt tri t mt gng phng mng iu ch ting ni
mang ting ni i. my thu, nh sng mt tri c iu ch p vo t bo quang dn, selen, n s bin i
thng ip thnh dng in. B phn my in thoi hon tt h thng ny. H thng photophone cha bao gi t
c thnh cng trn thng mi, mt d n lm vic tt hn, do ngun nhiu qu ln lm gim cht lng
ng truyn. + Nm 1934: Norman R.French, mt k s ngi M, nhn c bng sng ch v h thng thng tin
quang. Phng tin truyn dn ca ng l thanh thy tinh. + Vo nhng nm 1950: Brian OBrien, Harry Hopkins v
Nariorger Kapany pht trin si quang c hai lp, bao gm lp li (core) bn trong (nh sng lan truyn trong lp
ny) v lp bc (Cladding) bao xung quanh bn ngoi lp li, nhm gi nh sng li. Si ny sau c cc nh
khoa hc trn pht trin thnh Fibrescope un cong (mt loi knh soi bng si quang), mt thit b c kh nng
truyn mt hnh nh t u si ti cui si. Tnh un cong ca Fiberscope cho php ta quan st mt vng m ta
khng th xem mt cch bnh thng c. n nay, h thng Fiberscope vn cn c s dng rng ri, c bit
trong ngnh y dng soi bn trong c th ngi. + Vo nm 1958: Charles H.Townes pht minh ra con Lazer
cho php tng cng v tp trung ngun sng ghp vo si. + Nm 1960: Theodor H.maiman a laser vo hot
ng thnh cng, lm tng dung lng h thng thng tin quang rt cao. + Nm 1966: Charles K.Kao v George
Hockham thuc phng th nghim Standard Telecommunication ca Anh thc hin nhiu th nghim chng minh
rng nu thy tinh c ch to trong sut hn bng cch gim tp cht trong thy tinh th s suy hao nh sng s
c gim ti thiu. V h cho rng nu si quang c ch to tinh khit th nh sng c th truyn i xa nhiu
Km. + Nm 1967: suy hao si quang c bo co l gn bng 1000 dB/Km. + Nm 1970: hng Corning Glass
Works ch to thnh cng si SI c suy hao < 20 dB/Km bc sng 633 nm. + Nm 1972: loi si GI c
a ch 10 C Giang, Phng C Giang, Qun 1, Thnh ph H Ch Minh
in thoi (+84 8) 54 040 000
Fax (+84 8) 54 040 005
Email info@sts.com.vn
GNH NGH V PHM VI HOT NG :
Trung Tm Dch V Vin Thng SPT (STS) hot ng trn ton lnh th Vit Nam, vi chc nng hot ng :
* Xy dng cng trnh Bu Chnh Vin Thng. Mng cp quang, cp ng, cp ng trc, hm cng cp.
* Thit k, lp t, bo tr h thng thit b thu bao v mng li bu chnh vin thng chuyn dng.
* Thit lp mng li kinh doanh cc dch v vin thng.
* Sn xut lp rp thit b vin thng, dch v sa cha, bo tr, bo hnh thit b u cui vin thng.
* Lp t h thng in cng nghip, dn dng, anten truyn hnh cp v truyn hnh v tinh.
* Kinh doanh lp t thit b bo v, Camera quan st, thit b bo ng, phng chy cha chy.

ch to vi suy hao l 4dB/Km. + Nm 1983: Si single mode c sn xut M. + Nm 1988: Cng ty NEC
thit lp mt mng ng di mi c tc 10 Gbit/s trn chiu di 80,1 Km dng si dch tn sc v Lazer hi tip
phn b. + Hin nay si quang c suy hao 2,2 dB/Km bc sng 1550 nm v c nhng loi si c bit c suy
hao thp hn gi tr ny rt nhiu.
31. Page 30 2. Cc thit b quang. 2.1 Si cp quang. Cp quang l mt loi cp vin thng lm bng thy tinh hoc
plastic, s dng nh sng truyn tn hiu. a. Cu to si cp quang. Hai loi cp quang ph bin l GOF (Glass
Optical Fiber) cp quang lmbng thu tinh v POF (Plastic Optical Fiber) cp quang lm bng plastic. POF c
ng knh core kh ln khong 1mm, s dng cho truyn dn tn hiu khong cch ngn, mng tc thp. Cc
thnh phn chnh ca si cp quang: Si cp quang c cu to t ba thnh phn chnh: li (core), lp phn x
nh sng (cladding), lp v bo v chnh (primary coating hay cn gi coating, primary buffer).
32. Page 31 Trn cc ti liu k thut, cp quang GOF ghi cc thng sng knh ca core/cladding l
9/125m(single mode), 50/125m hay 62,5/125m(multimode), cn primary coating c ng knh mc nh l
250m Core c lm bng si thy tinh hoc plastic dng truyn dn nh sng. Bao bc core l cladding lp thy
tinh hay plastic nhm bo v v phn x nh sng tr li core. Primary coating l lp v nha PVC gip bo v
core v cladding khng b bi, m, try xc. Cc thnh phn bo v si cp quang: Bo v si cp quang l lp v
ngoi gm nhiu lp khc nhau ty theo cu to, tnh cht ca mi loi cp. Nhng c ba lp bo v chnh l lp
chu lc ko (strength member), lp v bo v ngoi (buffer) v lp o gip (jacket) ty theo ti liu s c tn gi
khc nhau. Strength member l lp chu nhit, chu ko cng, thng lm t cc si Kevlar. Buffer thng lm bng
nha PVC, bo v trnh va p, m t. Lp bo v ngoi cng l Jacket. Mi loi cp, ty theo yu cu s dng s
c thm cc lp jacket khc nhau. Jacket c kh nng chu va p, nhit v chu mi mn, bo v phn bn trong
trnh m t v cc nh hng t mi trng.
33. Page 32 C hai cch thit k khc nhau bo v si cp quang l ng m khng cht (loose- tube) v ng
m cht (tight buffer). Loose-tube thng dng ngoi tri (outdoor), cho php cha nhiu si quang bn trong.
Loose-tube gip si cp quang gin n trc s thay i nhit , co gin t nhin, khng b cng, b gp
nhng ch cong. Cp quang outdoor Tight-buffer thng dng trong nh (indoor), bao bc kht si cp quang
(nh cp in), gip d lp t khi thi cng. b.Truyn tia sng trong si quang. Cp quang dng nh sng truyn dn
tn hiu, cc tia sng bn trong cp quang c hai kiu truyn dn l n mt (Singlemode) v a mt (Multimode)
nhn bit c 2 loi ny, trc ht chng ta cn tm hiu mt vi khi nim c bn sau.
34. Page 33 Mode Thut ng Mode c dng trong cp si quang xut pht t ting Latin c ngha l tia sng
(path). Khi lan truyn trong si quang, nh sng s i theo rt nhiu ng, mi ng c th c xem nh mt tia
sng (Mode). Cc tia sng lan truyn trong si quang c chia lm 3 loi: Axial Mode High Order Mode Low Order
Mode Tia sng lan truyn dc theo trc trung tm ca si quang. Thi gian tia sng lan truyn trong si quang t A
n B l nhanh nht Nhng tia sng lan truyn trong si quang c s ln phn x ln. Thi gian tia sng lan truyn
trong si quang t A n B lu hn so vi cc tia sng Low Order Mode Nhng tia sng lan truyn trong si quang
c s ln phn x t. Thi gian tia sng lan truyn trong si quang t A n B nhanh hn cc tia sng High Order
Mode.
35. Page 34 Cp quang Singlemode (SM)l si quang m trong ch c mt tia sng Axial c lan truyn V
ng knh li rt nh (khong 10 nn SM khng b nh hng bi hin tng tn sc. Cp quang Multimode
(MM)l si quang lan truyn ng thi c 3 loi tia sng (Axial Mode, High Order Mode v Low Order Mode). C 2
loi si quang Multimode gm: Si quang Multimode chit sut bc (Step Index Multimode) Cc tia sng trong si
quang Step Index Multimode Cc tia sng trong si quang Step Index Multimode truyn theo nhiu hng khc nhau
v vy c mc suy hao cao v tc kh chm. Step index t ph bin, thng dng cho cp quang POF hn
ch s nh hng ca hin tng tn sc, cc nh sn xut cho ra i loi cp si quang Multimode chit sut
bin i (Graded Index Multimode).
36. Page 35 Si quang Multimode chit sut bin i (Graded Index Multimode) Cc tia sng kiu Graded index
truyn dn theo ng cong v hi t ti mt im. Do Graded index t suy hao v c tc truyn dn cao hn
Step index. Graded index c s dng kh ph bin. Cc tia sng trong si quang Graded Index Multimode c
im v ng dng ca si Singlemode v Multimode: Singlemode hay Multimode u c u im v tnh nng ring,
mi chun ny c thit k chy cho mt vng yu cu ca thc t Single mode Multimode c im SM c
ng knh li rt nh (khong 10 . MM c ng knh core ln hn SM (khong 50m, 62.5m). SM s dng
ngun pht laser truyn tia sng xuyn sut v vy tn hiu t b suy hao v c tc kh ln. MM s dng ngun
sng LED (Light Emitting Diode) hoc laser truyn tia sng. SM thng hot ng 2 bc sng 1310nm,
1550nm. MM thng hot ng 2 bc sng 850nm, 1300nm.
37. Page 36 SM c ng knh rut si nh nn vic hn ni cc si gp rt nhiu kh khn hn si MM MM c
khong cch kt ni v tc truyn dn nh hn SM. ng dng SM dng cho khong cch xa hng nghn km, ph
bin trong cc mng in thoi, mng truyn hnh cp v c cc n v vin thng s dng truyn d liu trong
h thng ca h . MM S dng cho truyn ti tn hiu trong khong cch ngn 5Km, thng c s dng trong
cc h thng mng ni b, truyn thng trong cng nghip,... -Step index: dng cho khong cch ngn, ph bin
trong cc n soi trong -Graded index: thng dng trong cc mng LAN c. Truyn dn tn hiu trn cp quang.
Truyn dn tn hiu trn cp quang c hai dng n cng (simplex) v song cng (duplex). - Simplex truyn tn hiu
ch 1 chiu. - Duplex c th truyn nhn tn hiu 1 chiu bn song cng (half-Duplex) hoc c 2 chiu song cng ton
phn (full-Duplex) Duplex cng thi im ty theo cch cu hnh.
38. Page 37 ng dng ca cp quang Mng truyn dn quang c th c xy dng lm cc tuyn ng trc,
trung k, lin tnh, thu bao ko di cho ti c vic truy nhp vo mng thu bao linh hot v p ng c mi mi
trng lp t t trong nh, trong cc cu hnh thit b cho ti cc h thng truyn dn xuyn lc a, vt i
dng...Cc h thng thng tin quang cng rt ph hp cho cc h thng truyn dn s khng loi tr tn hiu di
dng ghp knh no, cc tiu chun Bc M, Chu u hay Nht Bn. Trc y, cp quang ch dng kt ni cc
ng trc chnh ca quc gia, nh cung cp dch v, doanh nghip ln v chi ph kh cao. Nhng hin nay, cp
quang c s dng kh rng ri cc doanh nghip va, nh, cc trng i hc v ngi s dng thng
thng. d. u nhc im ca cp quang so vi cp ng: u im: Cp quang tr thnh mt phng tin
thng dng cho nhiu yu cu truyn thng. N c nhng u im vt hn so vi cc phng php truyn dn
in thng thng. Phn di y nu nhng u im im ca Cp quang: - Cp quang dng nh sng truyn dn
tn hiu, do t suy hao v thng c dng cho kt ni khong cch xa. Trong khi cp ng s dng dng in
truyn tn hiu, d b suy hao trong qu trnh truyn v c khong cch kt ni ngn hn - Kch thc v trng
lng nh: So vi mt cp ng c cng dung lng, cp si quang c ng knh nh hn v khi lng nh hn
nhiu. Do d lp t chng hn, cbit nhng v tr c sn dnh cho cp (nh trong cc ng ng ng
trong cc ta nh), khong khng l rt t. - Dung lng ti cao hn : Bi v si quang mng hn cp ng,
nhiu si quang c th c b vo vi ng knh cho hn cp ng. iu ny cho php nhiu knh i qua
cp.
39. Page 38 - Cht lng tn hiu tt hn - Khng ging tn hiu in trong cp ng, tn hiu nh sng t si quang
khng b nhiu vi nhng si khc trong cng cp. iu ny lm cho cht lng tn hiu tt hn. - Khng b nhiu
bi cc tn hin in, in t hoc thm ch c bc x nh sng. - S dng in ngun t hn: Bi v tn hiu trong
cp quang gim t, my pht c th s dng ngun thp hn thay v my pht vi in th cao c dng trong cp
ng. - Tnh bo mt: Si quang cung cp bo mt thng tin cao. Mt si quang khng th b trch ly trm
thng tin bng cc phng tin in thng thng nh s dn in trn b mt hay cm ng in t, v rt kh
trch ly thng tin dng tn hiu quang. Cc tia sng truyn lan tm si quang v rt t hoc khng c tia no
thot khi si quang . Thm ch nu trch vo si quang c ri th n c th b pht hin nh kim tra cng
sut nh sng thu c ti u cui. Trong khi cc tn hiu thng tin v tinh v viba c th d dng thu gii m
c. - Tnh cch in: Si quang l mt vt cch in. Si thy tinh ny loi b nhu cu v cc dng in cho
ng thng tin. Cp si quang lm bng cht in mi thch hp khng cha vt dn in v c th cho php cch
in hon ton cho nhiu ng dng. N c th loi b c nhiu gy bi cc dng in chy vng di t hay
nhng trng hp nguy him gy bi s phng in trn cc ng dy thng tin nh st hay nhng trc trc v
in. y l mt phng tin an ton thng c dng ni cn cch in. - tin cy cao - do cp quang c
thit k thch hp c th chu ng c nhng iu kin v nhit v m khc nghit v thm ch c th hot
ng di nc. - Tnh linh hot: do cc h thng thng tin quang u kh dng cho hu ht cc dng thng tin s
liu, thoi v video. Cc h thng ny u c th tng thch vi cc chun RS.232, RS422, V.35, Ethernet, Arcnet,
FDDI, T1, T2, T3, Sonet, thoi 2/4 dy, tn hiu E/M, video tng hp v cn nhiu na.
40. Page 39 - D dng nng cp khi ch cn thay th thit b thu pht quang cn h thng cp si quang vn c th
c d nguyn. - S ti to tn hiu: Cng ngh ngy nay cho php thc hin nhng ng truyn thng bng cp
quang di trn 70 km trc khi cn ti to tn hiu, khong cch ny cn c th tng ln ti 150 km nh s dng cc
b khuch i laze. Trong tng lai, cng ngh c th m rng khong cch ny ln ti 200 km v c th 1000 km.
Chi ph tit kim c do s dng t cc b lp trung gian v vic bo dng chng c th l kh ln. Ngc li, cc
h thng cp in thng thng c vi km c th cn c mt b lp. Nhc im - Dn v d gy - Ci t i
hi phi c chuyn mn nht nh - Ni cp kh khn, dy cp dn cng thng cng tt. do cp quang khng th b
cong nn khi ni cp quang vo cc thit b khc chng ta phi thng qua hp u ni. Cp quang v cc thit b i
km, chi ph hn ni rt t tin so vi cc loi cp ng. e. Cc thng s quang cn quan tm. Suy hao quang
(Optical loss): lng cng sut quang (optical power) mt trong sut qu trnh truyn dn qua cp quang, im ghp
ni. K hiu dB. Suy hao phn x (Optical Return loss): nh sng b phn x ti cc im ghp ni,uniquang. Suy
hao tip xc (Insertion loss): gim cng sut quang hai u ghp ni. Gi tr thng thng t 0,2dB 0,5dB. Suy
hao (Attenuation): mc suy gim cng sut quang trong sut qu trnh truyn dn trn mt khong cch xc nh. K
hiu dB/km. V d, vi cp quang Multimode bc sng 850nm suy gim 3dB/km, trong khi bc sng 1300nm
ch suy gim 1dB/km. Cp quang Singlemode: suy gim 0,4dB/km 1310nm, 0,3dB/km 1550nm.
41. Page 40 u ni (connector) suy gim 0,5dB/cp u ni. im ghp ni (splice) suy gim 0,2 dB/im. Bc
sng (Wavelength): l chu k di chuyn ca sng in t. K hiu nm. nh sng chng ta nhn thy c c
wavelength t 400nm n 700nm (mu tm n mu ). Cp quang s dng nh sng nm trong vng hng ngoi
c wavelength ln hn wavelength m ta nhn thy trong khong 850nm, 1300nm v 1550nm. Cc bc sng
truyn dn quang c xc nh da trn hai yu t nhm khc phc tnh trng suy hao do nng lng v vt liu
truyn dn: cc bc sng nm trong vng hng ngoi v cc bc sng khng nm trong vng hp thu, cn tr
nng lng nh sng truyn dn do tp cht ln trong cp quang t qu trnh sn xut
42. Page 41 f. Cc loi cp quang. - Loi li 8.3micron, lp lt 125micron, ch n. - Loi li 62.5micron, lp lt
125micron, a ch . - Loi li 50micron, lp lt 125micron, a ch . - Loi li 100micron, lp lt 140micron, a
ch g. Mt s loi cp quang thng dng. 2.2 u ni quang. a. Khi nim. u ni (Connector): l thit b ni
cp si quang vi cc thit b quang b. Phn loi. u ni thng dng :SC/PC, SC/APC, SC/UPC, ST/UPC, FC/APC,
FC/UPC, LC/UPC, LC/APC .ST (straight tip), FC (fiber connector) l cc kiu u ni quang c dng hnh trn, SC
(subscriber connector) l u vung to, LC l u vung nh...)
43. Page 42
44. Page 43 Cc u ni chuyn dng SMA 905,SMA906,D4, BICONIC, DIN
45. Page 44 c. Cu to. Bn trong u ni l ferrule, gip bo v v gi thng si cp quang. Ferrule c lm bng
thy tinh, kim loi, plastic hoc gm (ceramic) trong cht liu gm l tt nht nh ca ferrule c lm nhn
(polish) vi ba dng im tip xc chnh PC (Physical Contact), UPC (Ultra Physical Contact) v APC (Angled
Physical Contact), gip m bo ch ghp ni c t nh sng b mt hoc b phn x nht PC: c vt cong, s
dng vi cc kiu u ni FC, SC, ST. PC, c gi tr suy hao phn x (optical return loss) l 40dB. UPC cng c
vt cong nh PC nhng gim return loss hn. UPC c gi tr return loss 50dB (l gii php gip gim gi tr suy hao).
UPC dng vi cc u ni FC, SC, ST, DIN, E2000. APC c vt cho 8 , loi b hu ht s phn x im
ghp ni v c gi tr return loss 60dB ( suy hao t nht). 2.3 Dy nhy quang, dy ni quang. a. Dy ni quang. Dy
ni quang pigtaill: l mt on si quang c ng knh la 0.9 mm, c gn mt u vi u ni quang, u cn
li ch, nhm mc ch gn vo cp quang.
46. Page 45 Dy ni dng ni gia cp quang vi ODF. b. Dy nhy quang. Dy nhy quang l mt on si
quang c ng knh thng dng l 0.9, 2.0, 2.4, 3.0 mm, hai u c gn vo cp quang, cc u ni c th l
dng PC, UPC, APC thuc chun SC, ST, LC, MU, E2000,.... Dy nhy quang dng kt ni t hp ODF n thit
b quang in hoc gia 2 ODF vi nhau
47. Page 46 2.4 ODF (Optical Distribution Frame) : ODF l l ni tp trung cp u nhy vo h thng ca i
trm, ng thi l ni tp trung tt c u cp t ngoi t vo trong i trm. Tt c c u trn u connecter
nh nhng si dy nhy quang. Nhng si quang trn 1 tuyn cp quang s u vo 1 pha ODF, pha cn li s
dng gn dy nhy quang (pig tail), dy nhy quang ny s i n thit b (hoc ni n 1 ODF khc, ty mc
ch s dng). Phng lp ODF thng c t gn phng lp thit b i, l ni o th, kim tra mng cp v cp
thu bao. S dng dy nhy u ni gia cc u connecter to nn s linh hot v d dng thay i cp khi h
hng hay thu bao di di t ni ny sang ni khc. Nhc im l suy hao im u nhy rt ln. Thng c
dng cc im kt cui (terminate) ca cp.
48. Page 47 2.5 T cp gc: L ni kt cui cp gc t ODF trung tm trong i trm ko n, thng dng cp 24
FO, t t cp cc tuyn cp gc c ko n cc t cp S1. Trong t s dng dy nhy quang v u connecter,
b chia 1:4 u ni n cc t S2. Cc t S1 thng c cc tn c sn bn ngoi t l CO1.00, CO2.00 2.6
T cp phi: L ni kt cui cp phi t S1 ko n, thng dung l cp 12 FO. Trong t s dng b chia 1:16, dy
nhy quang v u connecter u ni thu bao. Cc t S2 thng c cc tn c sn bn ngoi t l
CO1.00.01, CO2.00.01. 2.7 Mng xng quang. a. Khi nim: Mng xng quang l thit b thng c dng
ni ko di cp, hoc r nhnh gia mt tuyn cp Hnh nh mng xng 4FO, 2FO Khi chn hoc treo cp quang
ngoi ng, mi cun cp quang u c chiu di nht nh, v vy cp quang ngoi vi mun pht trin i xa hn
phi dung nhiu cun cp
49. Page 48 ko v dng my hn cp quang, ng co nhit ni li. Mng-xng l thit b dng c nh li
im ni thnh 1 tuyn cp hon chnh. N cng c s dng ni li tuyn cp khi c s c t cp xy
ra. C th s dng mng-xng r 1 s si quang trong 1 tuyn cp, nhp vi 1 tuyn cp khc v i v hng
ty mc ch s dng b. Cu to: - Mng xng quang c lm bng nha plastic - Bn trong mng xng c cc
khay, t chng ln nhau. Cc khay ny l ni dng t cc mi hn gia 2 si quang Cc ph kin trong khay
cha ca mng xng
50. Page 49 Cc ph kin thm vo trong kit - Phn v ca mng xng c cu to cng chc chng li tc
ng ca mi trng v cc tc ng vt l bn ngoi. Cc vt liu cu to V khun mng xng : Polypropylene ai
kha: Thp Van thng kh: Thp Bng bt kn mng xng: Cao su Acylic Vng m: PBT Hnh nh bn ngoi v trong
mng xng 24FO - Kch thc ca mng xng Kch thc ngoi (LxWxH) 15.7 x 6.9 x 4.2(399x175x109 mm)
Khong trng bn trong mng xng (LxWxH) 12 x 4.7 x 3.3(295x120x84 mm) Trng lng (khng bao gm kit)
1715 g
51. Page 50 ng knh ca cp 0.4 1 inch(10 25 mm) S lng port cp vo ra 4 (02 mi u) - Dung lng
ca mng xng S lng cp c th lp t 2 4 S lng ti a t khay mi hn 3M FOT001 4 Dung lng
ca khay mi hn 3M FOT001 12 Chiu di qun vng ca si quang trn 2x0.8 m Chiu di qun vng ca si
quang cha trong ng m 2x0.8 m c. Cng dng: Nhit hot ng : (- ) (+ 60o C) m bo an ton cho
im ni, im u ni s kin c, lu di, suy hao im u nhy thp V bc bo v mi ni khi b oxy ha v
chng li tc ng ca mi trng v cc tc ng vt l bn ngoi. 2.8My hn cp quang: a. Khi nim: My hn
cp quang l mt thit b dng ni hai si cp quang li vi nhau, si cp quang ny c dng truyn thng
tin trn nn quang. Bn cht nguyn l ni hai si cp quang : ni hai si quang thy tinh li vi nhau cn phi
nung nng chng ln trn 1000 hai si ny nng chy v gn li vi nhau. lm c iu ny, ngi ta
dng hai in cc v phng h quang gia hai in cc t nng hai si quang.
52. Page 51 My hn cp quang b. Phn loi: V phng php chia cc loi my hn th c nhiu quan im khc
nhau, tuy nhin c th chia ra cc my hn cp quang hin nay nh sau: - Chia theo cng ngh: My hn cp quang
dng gn li (tm dch): tiu biu cho loi my hn ny l: Fujikura FSM-60S, FSM-50S, Innoinstrument IFS-7,
Sumitomo Type 39, Type 37, Furukawa S177A My hn cp quang dng gn v (tm dch): tiu biu cho loi my
hn ny l: Fujikura FSM-18S, Fitel S122A, Sumitomo Type 25s... - Chia theo cng dng: My hn cp quang dng
cho sn xut: My hn cp quang dng thi cng mng truyn dn: My hn cp quang thi cng thu bao FTTH,
FTTX My hn cp quang trong phng th nghim... c. Cu to:
53. Page 52 S lc v mt s h thng c bn ca my hn cp quang ta c: - H thng gn hai si st nhau
chng c th dnh li vi nhau, h thng ny l h thng quan trng nht ca my, l do: si quang c ng knh
li rt nh c micromet, ln h thng ny phi c chnh xc rt cao, y l sn phm c kh chnh xc - Bung
phng h quang vi hai in cc - H thng cm nhn si, o suy hao sau hn, o gn - H thng hin th - PIN
i cng trng, dao ct si, dng c thi cng si. d. Hn cp quang: - Mi hn: kt ni hai si quang c nh - So
snh vi khp ni (connector): Suy hao thp, suy hao phn hi (return loss) thp v bn vt l tt hn so vi
connector Chi ph thp hn Cn t nhn cng hn c th thc hin kt ni (ch to connector) Mi ni nh, gn
hn c th t vo mng xng cp - Phn loi: Hn nng chy (Fusion splice): S dng tia h quang do hai in
cc to ra lm nng chy si quang nhit 2000o C kt dnh hai si quang Hn c kh (Mechanical
splice):Tut lp ph, lm sch v ct si quang. Sau canh chnh v gi si quang c nh ti mt v tr bng keo
epoxy hoc bng kp c kh 2.9 Dao ct si quang: a. Khi nim-ng dng: Dao ct si cp quang thng c i
km vi my hn cp quang. Nn rt nhiu ngi khng v lu tm ti thit b ny tuy nhin y c coi l
mt trong nhng sn phm mu cht nu mun c nng sut cao khi hn cp quang. Bi n l thit b c dng
u tin trong cng on hn cp quang v sn phm ca dao ct si quang nh hng trc tip n cht lng
mi hn
54. Page 53 Dao ct si cp quang l thit b dng ct si cp quang, sn phm sau khi ct s c a vo
my hn cp quang, ni din ra thao tc gn si quang. Si cp quang ni y l si quang silica, mt dng thy
tinh, nn khi ct rt r b v sc thnh si quang lm li cho h thng hn sau . Nu thnh phm hn cp quang
khng t yu cu, my hn s loi si va ct v yu cu ct li vic ny lp i lp li cho n khi t yu cu v
gc my hn quang mi nhn b. Phn loi: - Phn theo s thao tc ca ngi thc hin Loi 1 thao tc ct: ngi
dng lm duy nht 1 ng tc n dao l t ng ct si cc model tiu biu ca loi ny nh: ILSINTECH CI-02, CI-
03A, CI-03B Loi 2 thao tc ct: ngi dng lm 02 ng tc thc hin ct, model thuc loi ny l: Fujikura CT-
20 Loi 3 thao tc ct: Ngi dng lm 03 ng tc ct si, model loi ny l: Fujikura CT-30, Sumitomo FC-7S
Loi 4 thao tc ct: Ngi dng dng 04 thao tc ct si, model loai ny l: Sumitomo FC-6S, ILSINTECH CI-01
55. Page 54 - Phn theo c ch thc hin ct ca dao C th thanh trt c kh: vid nh: CT-20, CT-30, FC-7S C
ch in du: vid: ILSINTECH CI-02 C ch dng sng in t ct si: vid: ILSINTECH Ultra sonic cleaver -
Phn theo s lng si ct. Ct si n, ct 01 si Ct si a, ct nhiu si, thng l 12 si cng 1 lc c. Quy
trnh ct si: y b phn trt li dao v pha trc v m b gi si to v nh (xem nh trn) S dng dao tut
v si quang tut b sch lp v, vi khong cch 30 - 40mm. S dng bng hoc giy lau chuyn dng thm cn
v lau sch phn si tut v t phn si quang tut v lau sch vo rnh (m bo lp v si quang
c tut b v lau sch) v nm thng chnh xc trn 2 ming m. ng np gi si nh trc v np gi si to
sau. Tay tri gi thn dao, tay phi n y phn trt li dao v pha sau ct si. Tay tri cm gi si quang v
gi thn dao, tay phi m np gi si to trc v np gi si nh sau ly si ra. Ch : Lun lau v sinh sch
on cp quang cn hn v phn si quang th. Cn thn vi mt si quang c ct, trnh u cp tip xc
vi bt k vt khc hoc b bi bn
56. Page 55 2.10 My o OTDR: a. Khi nim: OTDR l t vit tt ca t Optical Time Domain Reflectometer c
ngha l: my o thi gian phn x ca tn hiu quang. N xc nh s c v suy hao ca tnh hiu ti bt k im
no trn si quang b. Cu to: S khi tng qut ca my o OTDR:
57. Page 56 Trong Set up OTDR in hnh, b vi x l s gi cc b ch th ti b to xung v laser m cung cp
xung nh sng s dng bi OTDR (OTDR thng c trang b vi 2 laser trong mi mt laser s xc nh cho
mi ca s pht ca si quang). Nhng xung ny thng qua 1 " Optical coupler " m cho php xung di chuyn qua
ti cng OTDR v u ra, vo trong si quang ang c nh r. Khi s phn x n tr li OTDR chng ng
trc tip t laser ngun bi "Optical coupler" v trong photodetector thc (b gii m tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu
in hot ng theo nguyn l thc l, k hiu l APD). Tn hiu ny sau c a n b chuyn i A/D v
c gi vo b vi x l tin hnh phn tch v hin th. Khi th c hin th trn mn hnh th mi mt
im trn mn hnh s i din cho 1 gi tr trung bnh ca 12 im mu. c. Nguyn l o ca OTDR: OTDR s gi
cc xung nh sng ngn vo si quang. S tn x nh sng xy ra trong si quang, chnh xc ti cc ch b gin
on nh cc connector, mi hn ni, cc on cong v cc loi hng khc ... nh sng tn x ny s quay tr li
OTDR v OTDR s tin hnh phn tch cc tn hiu phn hi ny. c bit cng tn hiu ny s c o trong
mi quang h vi thi gian bn trong si (thi gian t lc bt u pht xung nh sng vo si cho n khi thu nhn
c nh sng phn hi quay tr li). Trong khi qung thi gian lc pht ra v lc thu v c lin quan n tc
truyn ca nh sng trong cht liu bng si thu tinh. Do vy m OTDR c th tnh ton c cc khong cch ti
c cc s c c trng. Cng thc sau minh ho cch o khong cch ca OTDR nh sau: Trong : D: l
khong cch hin th t im bt u n s c C: l tc ca nh sng trong chn khng (2998000 km/s) t: l thi
gian tr t lc pht xung ti lc thu xung nh sng (m chia cho 2)
58. Page 57 n: l ch s khc x ca si quang di s kim tra (thng c xc nh ti nh my) OTDR s dng
h qu tn x ngc Rayleigh v s phn x Fresnel o cc tnh trng ca si quang Tn x ngc: khi nh
sng gp nhng im khng ng nht trong si quang Phn x: khi c s thay i v chit sut ca mi trng
truyn (thy tinh v khng kh) Cng sut di v do hin tng phn x ln hn rt nhiu so vi hin tng tn x
ngc d. ng dng ca my OTDR: OTDR c xem nh l mt thit b khng th thiu trong h thng truyn dn
quang. T lc lp t tuyn cp n cng vic bo dng v sa cha u khng th thiu my OTDR. OTDR
c s dng vi cc mc ch sau: o suy hao ton b tuyn cp quang. o suy hao phn hi (return loss) ti cc
mi ni o suy hao phn x ca khp ni. nh v im t si quang. Pht hin on cp b chn p hoc un cong
qu mc cho php
59. Page 58 3. M hnh h thng thng tin quang in hnh: 3.1 M hnh h thng thng tin quang: S khi ca h
thng thng tin quang. - Hnh trn biu th cu hnh c bn ca mt h thng thng tin quang. Ni chung, tn hiu
in t my in thoi, t cc thit b u cui, s liu hoc Fax c a n b E/O chuyn thnh tn hiu
quang, sau gi vo cp quang. Khi truyn qua si quang, cng sut tn hiu (nh sng) b suy yu dn v dng
sng b rng ra. Khi truyn ti u bn kia si quang, tn hiu ny c a vo b O/E to li tn hiu in, khi
phc li nguyn dng nh ban u m my in thoi, s liu v Fax gi i. - Nh vy cu trc c bn ca mt
h thng thng tin quang c th c m t n gin nh trn gm: B pht quang. B thu quang. Mi trng
truyn dn cp si quang.
60. Page 59 - B pht: Ngun tn hiu thng tin nh ting ni, hnh nh, d liu... sau khi c x l tr thnh tn
hiu in (c th dng tng t hoc s) s c a n b pht quang (c th l ngun quang). Cc tn hiu
in a vo b pht quang c iu ch quang theo nhiu phng php iu bin khc nhau (iu bin trc tip
cng nh sng hay iu bin gin tip) thu c tn hiu quang. Tn hiu quang ny s c ghp vo si
quang truyn i ti pha thu. - Mi trng truyn dn cp si quang: l mi trng truyn dn nh sng (tn hiu
c iu ch quang) t u pht ti u thu. Trong qu trnh truyn dn ny, do c tnh quang hc ca nh
sng v si quang m tn hiu quang b suy gim (suy hao v tn sc). C ly truyn dn cng di th nh sng b suy
gim cng mnh, iu ny dn n kh khn khi khi phc tn hiu pha thu. Do vy, trn tuyn truyn dn thng
tin quang, thng c cc b khuch i tn hiu quang v cc trm lp nhm ti to li tn hiu b suy gim trn
ng truyn. - B thu: Tn hiu thu c t mi trng truyn dn s c b thu quang tip nhn. Ti y, tn
hiu quang s c bin i ngc tr li thnh tn hiu in nh tn hiu pht ban u. Cui cng ta thu c tn
hiu thng tin cn. Nu c ly thng tin qu di th trn tuyn c th c mt hoc nhiu trm lp (Repeater). Cu trc
n gin ca mt trm lp (cho mt hng truyn dn) c minh ha hnh bn di.
61. Page 60 - Trm lp khi truyn trn si quang, cng sut tn hiu quang b suy yu dn (do si quang c
suy hao). Nu c ly thng tin qu di th tn hiu quang ny c th khng n c u thu hoc n
u thu vi cng sut cn rt thp u thu khng nhn bit c, lc ny ta phi s dng trm lp (hay cn
gi l trm tip vn). Chc nng chnh ca trm lp l thu nhn tn hiu quang suy yu, ti to chng tr
thnh tn hiu in. Sau sa dng tn hiu in ny, khuch i tn hiu sa dng, chuyn i tn hiu
khuch i thnh tn hiu quang. V cui cng a tn hiu quang ny ln ng truyn truyn trc
tip n u thu. Nh vy, tn hiu ng vo v ng ra ca trm lp u dng quang, v trong trm lp
c c khi O/E v E/O. 3.2 Cu trc truyn dn mng ng trc Ring: - Xu th hin nay trn th gii v
ca ngnh Bu in l xy dng mng NGN vi cng ngh truyn ti quang th h sau da trn cng ngh
chuyn mch quang WDM vi kh nng dung lng cao v chi ph thp. Hin nay Vit Nam, cng ngh
WDM c trin khai cp ng trc. Vi tc pht trin theo hm s m ca cc dch v a
phng tin trn nn IP c bit l s pht trin khng ngng cc thit b di ng( Tablet, Smart phone...)
lm tng nhu cu ngi s dng Internet ln rt nhiu, thc y vic p dng cng ngh mng truy nhp
bng rng (xDSL, FTTx) v s gy ra s tc nghn trong vng mng th(MAN) nu bn thn mng
ng trc ca cc nh mng khng p ng . S pht trin cng ngh Cloud Computing, Cloud Mobile
lm tng nhu cu bng thng Internet rt nhiu.
62. Page 61 - Trong khi , vi sc p cnh tranh, cc nh khai thc mng khng mun u t qu nhiu
vo h tng mng nhng vn phi m bo vn an ton thng tin lin tc v pht trin lu di v sau. -
V vy cc cng ngh quang mi cn tn dng c s h tng hin c v hin nay pht trin, ng dng
cc cng ngh c tnh k tha nh NG-SDH, RPR v WDM vi cu hnh Ring trong mi trng mng MAN.
Mng quang hin Vit nam c trin khai ph bin vi cu hnh Ring rt hiu qu. Do vy, vn ni
ln l vic thit k v khai thc hiu qu mng quang, nht l i vi mng MAN c cu trc Ring m
hin ang c trin khai ph bin trn th gii cng nh Vit nam.
63. Page 62 Mng quang hin nay Vit nam ch yu c trin khai da theo cu trc a Ring trn c
s cng ngh SDH v WDM. in hnh mng quang ng trc ca VNPT nng cp ln s dng cng
ngh WDM cu hnh Ring, v sp ti cng s trin khai trong mng MAN. Cc tuyn cp ng trc quan
trng T-V-H, C-S-C v c bit tuyn cp quang bin SEA-ME-WE3, AAG l xa l thng tin ni Vit Nam
vi cc nc trong khu vc v quc t. Mng vin thng v ang pht trin v c cht lng v tc .
Tuyn thng tin quang ng trc DWDM tc 10 Gbit/s p ng nhu cu thng tin ngy cng tng c
v tc v s an ton thng tin trong thi gian qua.
64. Page 63 c im cu trc mng Ring quang: - Cu trc lin kt mng Ring (vng khp kn) ni cc
im tp trung mng trn mt vng cp, khng c u no b h. Tn hiu truyn i theo mt chiu v i qua
tng core Router. Mi Router ng vai tr nh mt b chuyn tip khuch i tn hiu v gi n ti my tnh
tip theo. Do tn hiu i qua tng my nn s hng hc ca mt my c th nh hng n ton mng. -
Ta c 2 dng Ring chnh: Ring vi 2 cp; Ring vi 4 cp;
65. Page 64 Xt m hnh phn tch kiu Ring vi 2 cp c ng dng nc ta: M hnh ny kh n
gin, Lc h thng hot ng bnh thng tn hiu lin lc gia cc Node i lin tc qua li vi nhau. Nu
gp s c trn mt ng th bt buc phi i theo hng cn li, thng qua Node trung gian. Lc
chng ta c th sa cha khc phc s c m vn m bo thng tin khng b tr hon. (Vi iu kin s
c khng ng thi trn cc hng) VD: Chng hn gp s c trn 1 ng trc tip gia H ni v
Nng th buc d liu t H ni n nng, cng nh nng n H ni phi thng qua Node TP H
Ch Minh.
66. Page 65 Tuy nhin nu hng lin lc vi TP H Ch Minh cng b li th h thng Failse hon ton. V
vy ngi ta dng h thng Ring 4 dy nng cao an ton Xt h thng Ring 4 dy: - Do cc Node
c kt ni xuyn sut nhau nn ch cn thng tin lin lc gia cc Node m bo th h thng s hot
ng xuyn sut n tt c cc Node mng cn li. Tuy nhin m bo qu trnh thng tin lin tc khi
xy ra s c khng mong mun ngi ta thng dng mt i cp bo v cho vic thng tin gia hai im
Node mng, phng khi xy ra s c trn mt ng th vn cn mt ng lin lc v d dng khc
phc s c cho ng hng m khng nh hng n qu trnh thng tin.
67. Page 66 Khi cn truyn d liu t Node A - Node D m ng truyn chnh b s c gia A- D d liu
c truyn trn ng bo v. ng truyn chnh t Node A-C b li hon ton d liu c truyn
theo ng vng Ta thy vic dng 4 dy tuy tn km ban u nhng h thng c m bm an ton cao
hn rt nhiu so vi phng php Ring 2 dy, gip m bo cho cc h thng thng tin quan trng. Tuy
nhin gi thnh u t ban u s cao hn so vi cu trc 2 dy. Nn thc t thng thy nhng h
thng 2 dy thng phi m bo bo v tt hn, v c trin khai nhng ni t s c.
68. Page 67 - Trn cc node chnh li c ni Ring ra cc node ph vi cc im node thng l cc
Switch, ti y ty theo yu cu h thng m s dng cu trc mng khc nhau...cho ph hp v tit kim
nht. 3.3 Cu trc truyn dn mng Nhnh: 3.3.1 AON v PON: AON (Active Optical Network - mng cp
quang ch ng ) l kin trc mng im - im (point to point ) , thng thng mi thu bao c mt ng
cp quang ring chy t thit b trung tm (Access Node ) n thu bao (FTTH - Fiber to the Home )
69. Page 68 S mng AON - Mng AON c nhiu u im nh: Tm ko dy xa (ln n 70km m
khng cn b lp (repeater) Tnh bo mt cao (do vic can thip nghe ln trn ng truyn gn nh l
khng th ) D dng nng cp bng thng thu bao khi cn , d xc nh li - Bn cnh AON cng c
khuyt im: Chi ph cao do vic vn hnh cc thit b trn ng truyn u cn ngun cung cp Mi thu
bao l mt si quang ring Cn nhiu khng gian cha cp M hnh trin khai mng AON
70. Page 69 PON (Passive Optical Network ) l kin trc mng im - nhiu im (point to multipoint ) .
gim chi ph trn mi thu bao , ng truyn chnh s i t thit trung tm OLT (Optical Line
Termination ) qua mt thit b chia tn hiu (Splitter) v t thit b ny mi ko n nhiu ngi dng (c th
chia t 32- 64 thu bao) S mng PON - Mng PON c nhiu u im nh: Splitter khng cn ngun
cung cp , c th t bt k u nn nu trin khai cho nhiu thu bao th chi ph gim ng k so vi AON
H thng cng tit kim in hn v khng gian cha cp cng t hn so vi AON ( do Splitter khng cn
ngun cung cp) - PON cng c nhiu khuyt im: Kh nng cp bng thng khi thu bao yu cu (do
kin trc im n nhiu im s nh hng n nhng thu bao khc trong trng hp dng ht bng
thng ) Kh xc nh li hn do 1 si quang chung cho nhiu ngi dng
71. Page 70 Tnh bo mt cng khng cao bng AON (c th b nghe ln nu d liu khng m ha ) M
hnh trin khai mng PON So snh hai cng ngh AON v PON: Cng ngh AON PON Bng thng trn
mi thu bao 100Mbps 1Gbps 2,5Gbps/1,25Gbps nu khng dng splitter, trin khai theo m hnh im -
im, tuy nhin thng chia thnh 1:32 (78Mbps) hay 1:64 (39Mbps). Tng bng thng tm thi cho thu
bao (cn sao lu d phng my ch, chng hn) n gin Phc tp S thu bao b nh hng khi c li t
Nhiu Thi gian xc nh li Nhanh Chm hn Kh nng b nghe ln Rt thp Cao tin cy ca ng
cp n thu bao Cao do ty m hnh khch hng c th c kt ni theo dual-homing (c 2 ng truyn
khc nhau), vng trn (ring) hay 2 kt ni Thp, khng c phng n 2 kt ni trn mt PON Chi ph trin
khai Cao do mi thu bao l mt si quang ring Thp v si quang t OLT s c chia s cho nhiu thu
bao qua b chia th n
Trong thi gian thc tp ti Cng ty c phn thng mi v dch v VIT AN, nhm ca chng em c to
iu kin tip xc vi mi trng thc t, y l iu m rt nhiu sinh vin mong mun trong nhng nm thng
hc i hc. Sut khong thi gian ny, nhm chng em nhn c s hng dn nhit tnh t Thy v cc anh
ch ti ni lm vic v hc hi c nhiu kin thc cng nh kinh nghim lm vic. Nhm xin gi li cm n trn
trng n thy Ths. Ng c Thun ngi gii thiu nhm em n thc tp ti Cng ty c phn thng mi v
dch v VIT AN. Nhm cng xin chn thnh gi li cm n n thy ng Quc Rng ngi tn tnh hng
dn nhm chng em trong sut thi gian thc tp. Nhm c bit gi li cm n n anh Vit v anh Bng hai anh
trc tip ch dy nhm cng nh a nhm i thc hin ti cc cng trnh thc t, qua gip chng em c c
nhng kin thc v cng qu bu mt phn c th chun b cho cng vic sau khi ra trng. Cui cng, nhm xin
knh chc qu thy c v ton th cc anh ch trong cng ty c phn thng mi dch v VIT AN di do sc khe
v t c nhiu thnh cng trong cng vic cng nh trong cuc sng!

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