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[> distance(A,B);
( x1 − x2)2 + ( y1 − y2)2
c) Ñöôøng thaúng :
Ñeå nhaäp phöông trình cuûa ñöôøng thaúng l : ax + by + c = 0, ta nhaäp
[> line(l,a*x +b*y + c = 0,[x,y]);
triangle[ABC, [A, B, C] );
Ví duï: Khai baùo moät tam giaùc ABC ñi qua ba ñieåm A(1; 1), B(0; 0) vaø
C(0; 5) ta laøm nhö sau:
[> point(A,1,1), point(B,0,0),point(C,0,5);
A, B, C
[> triangle(ABC,[A,B,C]);
ABC
b) Tam giaùc coù teân laø T ñöôïc laäp bôûi ba ñöôøng thaúng l1 , l2 , l3. Ta nhaäp:
72 1
triangle(T, [l1, l2, l3]); > a:=ParallelVector(d);
a := [ -12, 0, 36 ]
Ví duï: Ba caïnh AB, BC, CA cuûa tam giaùc ABC coù phöông trình laàn löôït laø :
x + 21y – 22 = 0, 5x – 12y + 7 = 0 , 4x – 33y + 146 = 0. Khi ñoù, ta nhaäp > point(A,2,0,0);point(E,0,0,0);
[> line(AB, x + 21*y -22 = 0,[x,y]),line(BC,5*x - 12*y +7 = A
0,[x,y]),line(AC, 4*x - 33*y +146 = E
0,[x,y]),triangle(ABC,[AB,BC,AC]);
c) Tam giaùc khi bieát ñoä daøi ba caïnh. > point(B,0,4,0);
B
triangle(T, [caïnh 1, 'angle'= goùc xen giöõa hai caïnh, caïnh 2]) ; > plane(P,[d,AB],[x,y,z]);
P
Ví duï: Ñeå nhaäp tam giaùc coù ñoä daøi hai caïnh laø 2, 1 vaø goùc xen giöõa hai
caïnh laø π /2, ta nhaäp: > Equation(P);
576 − 144 x − 72 y − 48 z = 0
[> triangle(T4,[2,'angle'=Pi/2,1]):
> line(EC,[E,C]);
2) CAÙC ÑÖÔØNG ÑAËC BIEÄT TRONG TAM GIAÙC EC
A. ÑÖÔØNG CAO
Ñeå khai baùo ñöôøng cao hA ñi qua ñænh A cuûa tam giaùc ABC, ta nhaäp : > Equation(EC,t);
[ 2 t, 4 t, 6 t ]
altitude(hA, A, ABC); > intersection(M,EC,P);
M
> n2:=NormalVector(beta); Chuù yù: Trong detail [9/5,3/5] laø toaï ñoä chaân ñöôøng vuoâng goùc H.
n2 := [ 6, 3, 2 ]
B. ÑÖÔØNG TRUNG TUYEÁN
> line(d,[alpha,beta]); Ñeå khai baùo ñöôøng trung tuyeán AM ñi qua ñænh A cuûa tam giaùc ABC, ta
d nhaäp :
70 3
median(AM, A, ABC); Description
A parallelepiped is a polyhedron bounded by six parallelograms. It
* Ñeå xem chi tieát veà ñöôøng trung tuyeán AM, ta duøng leänh detail(AM);
Ví duï : Vieát phöông trình ñöôøng trung tuyeán AM cuûa tam giaùc ABC bieát can be defined from three given directed segments having a
A(5; 1), B(2; 3) vaø C(– 6; – 1). common initial point.
[> triangle(ABC, [point(A,5,1),point(B,2,3),point(C,-6,- To access the information related to a parallelepiped pp, use the
1)]):median(AM,A,ABC); following function calls:
AM
form(pp) returns the form of the geometric object
[> detail(AM);
assume that the names of the horizontal and vertical axes are _x and _y, (that is, parallelepiped3d if pp is a parallelepiped).
respectively
name of the object: AM See geom3d[form].
form of the object: line2d DefinedAs(pp) returns the list of three directed segments
equation of the line: 7-7*_y = 0
defining pp. See geom3d[DefinedAs].
trong detail cho bieát phöông trình ñöôøng trung tuyeán AM laø 7 – 7y = 0.
detail(pp) returns a detailed description of the
C. ÑÖÔØNG PHAÂN GIAÙC TRONG CUÛA TAM GIAÙC.
Ñeå khai baùo ñöôøng phaân giaùc trong AD ñi qua ñænh A cuûa tam giaùc ABC, parallelepiped pp. See geom3d[detail].
ta nhaäp :
bisector(AD, A, ABC); This function is part of the geom3d package, and so it can be used
in the form parallelepiped(..) only after executing the
* Ñeå xem chi tieát veà ñöôøng phaân giaùc trong AD, ta duøng leänh command with(geom3d). However, it can always be accessed
detail(AD); through the long form of the command by using
Ví duï : Vieát phöông trình ñöôøng phaân giaùc trong AD cuûa tam giaùc ABC geom3d[parallelepiped](..).
bieát A(1; 6), B(3; 4) vaø C(0; 1).
[> Examples
triangle(ABC,[point(A,1,6),point(B,3,4),point(C,0,1)]):bisector(AD,A, > with(geom3d):
ABC); Define four points A, B, C, and E.
AD > point(A,0,0,0), point(B,4,0,0), point(C,5,5,1), point(E,0,2,5):
Define three directed segments d1, d2, and d3 with initial point A and
[> detail(AD);
end points B, C, and E respectively.
assume that the names of the horizontal and vertical axes are _x and _y,
respectively > dsegment(d1,[A,B]), dsegment(d2,[A,C]), dsegment(d3,[A,E]):
4 69
MBD name of the object: ba
form of the object: line2d
[> Equation(MBD);
1 1 1 1 1 equation of the line: (5*8^(1/2)+2*26^(1/2))*_x+(2*26^(1/2)-8^(1/2))*_y-14*2
a~ b~ x + a~ b~ y + −2 a~ + a~ a~ + a~ 2 z − a~ 2 b~ = 0 6^(1/2)+8^(1/2) = 0
2 2 2 2 2
[> plane(MBD,[M,B,D],[x,y,z]);
6 67
A, B, D, A1 [> point(B,2,0), point(C,1,3);
B, C
[> dsegment(d1,[A,B]),dsegment(d2,[A,D]),dsegment(d3,[A,A1]);
d1, d2, d3 [> PerpenBisector(l,B,C);
l
[> assume(a > 0);
[> parallelepiped(ABCDA1B1C1D1,[d1, d2, d3]); [> detail(l);
ABCDA1B1C1D1 assume that the names of the horizontal and vertical axes are _x and _y,
respectively
[> detail(ABCDA1B1C1D1); name of the object: l
[> point(D1,0,a,a), point(C,a,a,0); form of the object: line2d
D1, C
equation of the line: -3-_x+3*_y = 0
[> plane(BA1C,[B,A1,C],[x,y,z]);
BA1C maùy traû lôøi l coù phöông trình laø – 3 – x + 3y = 0.
64 9
Ta ñöôïc caùc leänh, trong ñoù coù caùc leänh baét ñaàu baèng Are hay Is. [> Equation(anpha);
Caùc leänh naøy nhaèm kieåm tra tính ñuùng (true), sai (false) cuûa moät tính 1 1 1 1
− + x+ y+ z=0
chaát hình hoïc naøo ñoù. Sau ñaây laø moät soá leänh cô baûn: 3 3 3 3
Teân leänh Cuù phaùp Chöùc naêng
[> AreCollinear(O,B,C);
AreCollinear AreCollinear(P, Q, R, cond) Kieåm tra tính thaúng haøng true
cuûa ba ñieåm P, Q, R.
[> sphere(S,[B,sqrt(2)],[x,y,z]);
AreConcurrent AreConcurrent(l1, l2, l3, cond ) Kieåm tra tính ñoàng quy S
cuûa ba ñöôøng thaúng l1, l2,
l3. [> Equation(S);
AreParallel AreParallel(l1, l2, cond) Kieåm tra tính song song x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 1 − 2 x − 2 y − 2 z = 0
cuûa hai ñöôøng thaúng l1,
l2. [> R:=radius(S);
R := 2
ArePerpendicular ArePerpendicular(l1, l2, cond) Kieåm tra tính vuoâng goùc
cuûa hai ñöôøng thaúng l1, [> d:=distance(B,anpha);
l2. 2
d := 3
AreTangent AreTangent(f, g) Kieåm tra söï tieáp xuùc cuûa 3
ñöôøng thaúng f vaø ñöôøng
[> line(AB,[A,B]);
troøn g hay söï tieáp xuùc
AB
cuûa hai ñöôøng troøn f vaø g
IsOnCircle IsOnCircle(f, c, cond) Kieåm tra xem ñieåm [> Equation(AB,t);
(hoaëc taäp hôïp caùc ñieåm) [ 1, t , t ]
f coù naèm treân ñöôøng troøn
c hay khoâng ? [> projection(l,AB,anpha);
IsOnLine IsOnLine(f, l, cond) Kieåm tra xem ñieåm l
(hoaëc taäp hôïp caùc ñieåm)
f coù naèm treân ñöôøng [> Equation(l);
thaúng l hay khoâng ? 1 − 2 t, 1 t, 1 t
IsRightTriangle IsRightTriangle(ABC, cond ) Kieåm tra tính vuoâng goùc 3 3 3
cuûa tam giaùc ABC.
Ñaây laø phöông trình tham soá .
Löu yù: Baøi 8: (TN, 1999, ñôït 2, 3 ñieåm)
1) Coù theå boû cond hoaëc söû duïng cond trong tröôøng hôïp coù chöùa
Trong khoâng gian Oxyz cho hình hoäp chöõ nhaät coù caùc ñænh A(3; 0;
tham soá.
0), B(0; 4; 0), C(0; 0; 5), O(0; 0; 0) vaø D laø ñænh ñoái dieän vôùi O.
a) Xaùc ñònh toaï ñoä ñænh D. Vieát PTTQ cuûa maët phaúng (A, B, D).
10 63
[> coordinates(center_S_1); 2) Khi keát thuùc caùc leänh naøy vaø nhaán Enter thì maùy traû lôøi laø
3, 3 , 1 true(ñuùng) hoaëc false (sai).
2 Ví duï 1: Xeùt tính thaúng haøng cuûa ba ñieåm A(1; 2), B(2; 3) vaø C(0; 7).
Ta laøm nhö sau:
[> R:=radius(S);
1 [ point(A,1,2),point(B,2,3),point(C,0,7);
R := 21 A, B, C
2
[ AreCollinear(A, B, C);
[> d:=distance(center_S_1,anpha); false
1
d := 3 + m
2 Maùy traû lôøi false, töùc ba ñieåm A, B, C khoâng thaúng haøng.
[> solve(R=d,{m}); Ví duï 2 : Cho tam giaùc ABC vôùi A(1; m – 2), B(2; 3 + m), C(0; 7). Tìm m
{ m = −3 + 21 }, { m = −3 − 21 } ñeå ABC laø tam giaùc vuoâng.
Baøi 7: (TN, 2000 – 2001, 2,5 ñieåm)
Trong khoâng gian vôùi heä toaï ñoä Oxyz cho ba ñieåm Tröôùc heát ta duøng leänh [> AreCollinear(A, B, C);
1 1 1 ñeå kieåm tra tính thaúng haøng cuûa ba ñieåm A, B, C
A(1; 0; 0), B(1; 1; 1), C ; ; . [> AreCollinear(A, B, C);
3 3 3
AreCollinear: "hint: could not determine if -m+14 is zero"
a) Vieát PTTQ cuûa maët phaúng ( α )vuoâng goùc ñöôøng thaúng OC taïi C. FAIL
Chöùng minh raèng ba ñieåm O, B, C thaúng haøng. Xeùt vò trí töông maùy baùo khoâng theå xaùc ñònh neáu – m + 14 = 0, töùc ba ñieåm A, B, C
ñoái cuûa maët caàu (S) taâm B, baùn kính 2 vôùi maët phaúng ( α ). thaúng haøng khi – m + 14 = 0 hay m = 14.
b) Vieát PTTQ cuûa ñöôøng thaúng g laø hình chieáu vuoâng goùc cuûa Löu yù: Trong moät soá baøi toaùn ta phaûi söû duïng leänh assume(giaû söû)
ñöôøng thaúng AB treân maët phaúng ( α ). m khoâng thoûa giaù trò ôû treân thì maùy môùi thöïc hieän tieáp baøi toaùn. Cuï theå,
a) [> point(A,1,0,0), point(B,1,1,1), point(C,1/3,1/3,1/3),point(O,0,0,0); trong baøi naøy, ta phaûi giaû söû m ≠ 14, töùc laø ta phaûi nhaäp :
A, B, C, O assume (m <> 14;
[> line(OC,[O,C]); Tuy nhieân, trong baøi naøy thì khoâng
OC [> point(A,1,m -2),point(B,2,3+m), point(C,0,7);
A, B, C
[> v:=ParallelVector(OC);
1 1 1 [> IsRightTriangle(ABC,cond);
v := , , IsRightTriangle: "hint: one of the following conditions must be satisfied: {-76+26*m-
3 3 3 2*m^2 = 0, -88+10*m = 0, 36-10*m = 0}"
FAIL
[> plane(anpha,[C,v],[x,y,z]);
anpha
Maùy thoâng baùo : Moät trong caùc ñieàu kieän sau phaûi thoûa maõn:
62 11
{-76+26*m-2*m^2 = 0, -88+10*m = 0, 36-10*m = 0}" [> ArePerpendicular(AD,AC);
Baây giôø ta duøng leänh solve ñeå tìm m. true
[> solve(-76+26*m-2*m^2 = 0,{m}); [> gtetrahedron(ABCD,[A,B,C,D]);
13 1 13 1 ABCD
{m = − 17 }, { m = + 17 }
2 2 2 2
[> volume(ABCD);
[> solve(-88+10*m = 0, {m}); 4
44 3
{m = }
5
c) [> plane(ABD,[A,B,D],[x,y,z]);
[> solve(36-10*m = 0,{m}); ABD
18
{m =
5
} [> Equation(ABD);
2+2z=0
Vaäy ta phaûi coù :
[> NormalVector(ABD);
13 1 13 1 44 18 [ 0, 0, 2 ]
m= − 17 ; m = + 17 ; m = ; m =
2 2 2 2 5 5
[> plane(anpha,2*x+m=0,[x,y,z]);
Ví duï 3: Cho hai ñöôøng thaúng : anpha
l1 : 2x + 5y = 1 vaø l2 : 5x – 2y = 0. [> sphere(S,[A,B,C,D],[x,y,z]);
S
Chöùng minh raèng l1 vuoâng goùc vôùi l2
[> Equation(S);
x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 7 − 3 x − 6 y − 2 z = 0
[>line(l1,2*x+5*y=1,[x,y]),line(l2,5*x-2*y=0,[x,y]);
l1, l2
[> detail(S);
name of the object: S
[> ArePerpendicular(l1,l2);
true form of the object: sphere3d
name of the center: center_S_2
Maùy traû lôøi true töùc ta coù ñpcm. coordinates of the center: [3/2, 3, 1]
* Phöông trình cuûa ñöôøng thaúng qua moät ñieåm cho tröôùc vaø vuoâng goùc radius of the sphere: 1/2*21^(1/2)
vôùi moät ñöôøng thaúng cho tröôùc. surface area of the sphere: 21*Pi
Ñeå vieát phöông trình cuûa ñöôøng thaúng lp qua ñieåm P vaø vuoâng goùc vôùi volume of the sphere: 7/2*Pi*21^(1/2)
moät ñöôøng thaúng l cho tröôùc ta duøng leänh: equation of the sphere: x^2+y^2+z^2+7-3*x-6*y-2*z = 0
12 61
Trong khoâng gian Oxyz vôùi heä toaï ñoä Oxyz, cho boán ñieåm A, B, C, PerpendicularLine(lp, P, l; )
D xaùc ñònh bôûi caùc heä thöùc:
→ → → →
→ → → → Vieát phöông trình ñöôøng thaúng ñi qua ñieåm A(5; – 1) vaø vuoâng goùc
A = (2; 4; – 1), OB = i + 4 j − k , C = ( 2; 4; 3), OD = 2 i + 2 j − k . vôùi ñöôøng thaúng l : x + 4y + 5 =0.
a) Chöùng minh raèng AB ⊥ AC, AC ⊥ AD, AD ⊥ AB. Tính theå tích cuûa [> point(A,5,-1),line(l,x + 4*y + 5 =0,[x,y]);
khoái töù dieän ABCD. A, l
b) Vieát phöông trình tham soá cuûa ñöôøng thaúng vuoâng goùc chung
cuûa hai ñöôøng thaúng AB vaø CD. Tính goùc giöõa ñöôøng thaúng [> PerpendicularLine(D,A,l);
D
vaø maët phaúng (ABD).
c) Vieát phöông trình maët caàu (S) ñi qua boán ñieåm A, B, C, D. Vieát [> Equation(D);
phöông trình tieáp dieän (α) cuûa maët caàu (S) song song vôùi maët −21 + 4 x − y = 0
phaúng (ABD).
a) [> point(A,2,4,-1),point(B,1,4,-1),point(C,2,4,3),point(D,2,2,-1); Vaäy ñöôøng thaúng caàn tìm coù phöông trình – 21 + 4x – y = 0.
A, B, C, D
* Phöông trình cuûa ñöôøng thaúng qua moät ñieåm cho tröôùc vaø song song
[> line(AB,[A,B]); vôùi moät ñöôøng thaúng cho tröôùc.
AB
Ñeå vieát phöông trình cuûa ñöôøng thaúng lp qua ñieåm P vaø song song vôùi
[> Equation(AB,t); moät ñöôøng thaúng l cho tröôùc ta duøng leänh:
[ 2 − t, 4, -1 ]
[> line(AC,[A,C]);
AC ParallelLine(lp, P, l);
[> Equation(AC,t);
[ 2, 4, −1 + 4 t ] Vieát phöông trình ñöôøng thaúng ñi qua ñieåm P(2; 3) vaø song song
vôùi ñöôøng thaúng l : x + y = 1
[> line(AD,[A,D]); [> with(geometry):
AD
[> point(P, 2 , 3), line(l, x + y =1, [x,y]);
[> Equation(AD,t); P, l
[ 2, 4 − 2 t, -1 ]
[> ParallelLine(D,P,l);
[> ArePerpendicular(AB,AC); D
true
[> Equation(D);
[> ArePerpendicular(AB,AD); −5 + x + y = 0
true
60 13
Vaäy ñöôøng thaúng caàn tìm coù phöông trình – 5 + x + y = 0. 56 − 28 x + 14 z = 0
[> Equation(AC,t);
FindAngle(d1, d2); [ 1, t, 11 − 3 t ]
Ví duï : Xaùc ñònh goùc ϕ giöõa hai ñöôøng thaúng:
b) [> plane(anpha,[A,B,C],[x,y,z]);
1) 5x – y + 7 = 0, 3x + 2y = 0; anpha
2) 3x + 2y – 1 = 0, 5x – 2y + 3 = 0.
[> Equation(anpha);
1) 13 − 2 x − 3 y − z = 0
[> line(D1,5*x-+7=0,[x,y]),line(D2,3*x+2*y=0,[x,y]);
D1, D2 [> sphere(S,[D,5],[x,y,z]);
S
[> FindAngle(D1,D2);
1
π c) [> Equation(S);
4 x 2 + y 2 + z 2 − 11 + 6 x − 2 y − 4 z = 0
14 59
a) [> point(A,1,0,-2),point(B,0,-4,-4), plane(anpha,3*x- 1) Khai baùo phöông trình moät ñöôøng troøn
2*y+6*z+2=0,[x,y,z]);
A, B, anpha Neáu ñöôøng troøn C, coù phöông trình
x2 + y2 – 2ax – 2by + c = 0
[> sphere(S,[A,anpha],[x,y,z]);
S Trong Maple ta nhaäp:
[> intersection(giaodiem,L,anpha); VD: Laäp phöông trình ñöôøng troøn ñi qua ba ñieåm A(5; 0), B(0; 1), C(3; 3)
giaodiem [> point(A,5,0),point(B,0,1),point(C,3,3);
A, B, C
[> coordinates(giaodiem);
[ 2, 4, 0 ] > circle(ABC,[A,B,C],[x,y]);
ABC
b) [> a:=ParallelVector(L);
a := [ -1, -4, -2 ] [> Equation(ABC);
x2 + y2 − 5 x − y = 0
[> n:=NormalVector(anpha);
n := [ 3, -2, 6 ] [> coordinates(center(ABC));
5, 1
[> with(linalg);
Warning, the name inverse has been redefined
2 2
[> crossprod(a,n); [> radius(ABC);
[ -28, 0, 14 ] 1
13 2
2
[> v:=vector([-28, 0, 14]);
v := [ -28, 0, 14 ] Chuù yù:
[> plane(P,[point(A,1,0,-2),v],[x,y,z]); a) Leänh coordinates(center(ABC));cho ta toaï ñoä cuûa taâm ñöôøng
P troøn ABC.
b) Leänh radius(ABC); cho ta baùn kính cuûa ñöôøng troøn ABC.
[> Equation(P);
58 15
c) Leänh Equation(ABC);cho ta phöông trình cuûa ñöôøng troøn ABC. A, B, C, O
d) Neáu khoâng duøng caùc leänh naøy, ta coù theå xem chi tieát veà ñöôøng
[> sphere(S,[A,B,C,O],[x,y,z]);
troøn ABC baèng leänh detail(ABC); S
[> detail(ABC);
name of the object: ABC [> Equation(S);
form of the object: circle2d x 2 + y 2 + z2 − 2 x − 4 y − 4 z = 0
name of the center: center_ABC
[> center(S);
coordinates of the center: [5/2, 1/2] center_S_1
radius of the circle: 1/2*13^(1/2)*2^(1/2)
equation of the circle: x^2+y^2-5*x-y = 0 [> coordinates(center_S_1);
[ 1 , 2, 2 ]
b) Ñöôøng troøn coù taâm A cho tröôùc vaø baùn kính R cho tröôùc [> R:=radius(S);
R := 3
vôùi cuù phaùp nhö sau:
circle(teân ñöôøng troøn, [A, R], [x, y]); b) [> plane(P,[A,B,C],[x,y,z]);
P
Ví duï 1 : Vieát phöông trình ñöôøng troøn coù taâm A(4; – 8) vaø baùn kính laø 5.
[> Equation(P);
[> point(A,4,-8);
−32 + 16 x + 8 y + 8 z = 0
A
[> NormalVector(P);
[> Equation(circle(C,[A,5],[x,y]));
[ 16, 8, 8 ]
x 2 + 55 + y 2 − 8 x + 16 y = 0
[> line(D,[point(center_S_1,1,2,2),[16, 8, 8]]);
Ví duï 2: Vieát phöông trình ñöôøng troøn coù taâm C(1; – 1) vaø tieáp xuùc vôùi D
ñöôøng thaúng 5x – 12y + 9 = 0.
[> point(C,1,-1),line(D,5*x-12*y+9=0,[x,y]); [> Equation(D,t);
C, D [ 1 + 16 t, 2 + 8 t, 2 + 8 t ]
[> plane(BCD,[B,C,D],[x,y,z]);
obj - (moät teân ) a name
BCD
f, g - (ñöôøng thaúng hoaëc ñöôøng troøn ) the lines or circles
404. Trong caùc tröôøng hôïp sau xaùc ñònh xem ñöôøng thaúng caét, tieáp xuùc [> Equation(BCD);
hoaëc khoâng coù ñieåm chung vôùi ñöôøng troøn : −7 + x + 2 y + 3 z = 0
1) y = 2x – 3, x2 + y2 – 3x + 2y – 3 = 0; [> IsOnObject(A,BCD);
1 1 false
2) y = x – , x2 + y2 – 8x + 2y + 12 = 0;
2 2
b) [> sphere(S,[A,BCD],[x,y,z]);
3) y = x + 10, x2 + y2 – 1 = 0. S
1) [> circle(C,x^2+y^2-3*x+2*y-3=0,[x,y]),line(D,y=2*x-3,[x,y]);
C, D [> Equation(S);
x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 3 − 6 x + 4 y + 4 z = 0
[> intersection(H,D,C,[M,N]);
[ M, N ] [> detail(S);
name of the object: S
[> coordinates(M);
form of the object: sphere3d
11, 7
name of the center: A
5 5
coordinates of the center: [3, -2, -2]
[> coordinates(N); radius of the sphere: 14^(1/2)
[ 0, -3 ]
surface area of the sphere: 56*Pi
11 7 volume of the sphere: 56/3*Pi*14^(1/2)
Maùy baùo ñöôøng thaúng caét ñöôøng troøn taïi 2 ñieåm M ; vaø N (0; − 3)
5 5 equation of the sphere: x^2+y^2+z^2+3-6*x+4*y+4*z = 0
[> coordinates(gd1); Maùy baùo ñöôøng thaúng tieáp xuùc vôùi ñöôøng troøn taïi ñieåm TX(3; 1)
[ 3, 7, -6 ]
3) [> circle(C,x^2+y^2-1=0,[x,y]),line(D,y=x+10,[x,y]);
[> plane(P,2*x + 4*y - 2 = 0,[x,y,z]); C, D
P
[> AreTangent(C,D);
false
[> coordinates(intersection(gd2,l1,P));;
[ -1, 1, 2 ] [> intersection(H,C,D,[M,N]);
intersection: "there is no point of intersection"
[> sphere(S,x^2+y^2+z^2-3*z=25,[x,y,z]);
S Maùy baùo ñöôøng thaúng vaø ñöôøng troøn khoâng coù ñieåm chung
434.Töø ñieåm M(4; – 4), veõ caùc tieáp tuyeán tôùi ñöôøng troøn
[> intersection(gd3,l1,S);
Error, (in intersection) wrong number/type of arguments x2 + y2 – 6x + 2y + 5 = 0.
Tính ñoä daøi daây cung noái caùc tieáp ñieåm.(ÑS. 10 )
[> detail(gd3);
[ name of the object: l1_intersect1_S [> circle(C,x^2+y^2-6*x+2*y+5=0,[x,y]);
form of the object: point3d C
coordinates of the point: [-25/29, 35/29, 50/29] , name of the object: l1_intersec \[> point(M,4,-4);
t2_S M
form of the object: point3d
[> TangentLine(TT,M,C,[L1,L2]);
coordinates of the point: [-1, 1, 2] ] [ L1, L2 ]
Qua detail(gd3) ta coù hai giao ñieåm cuûa l1 vaø S laø : [> Equation(L1);
( – 25/ 29; 35/29 ; 50/ 29)vaø ( – 1; 1; 2). −4 − x − 2 y = 0
MOÄT SOÁ ÑEÀ THI [> Equation(L2);
Baøi 1. (TN, 1997, ñôït 1)
12 − 2 x + y = 0
Trong khoâng gian Oxyz cho boán ñieåm A(3; –2; –2), B(3; 2; 0), C(0; [> intersection(TX1,L1,C,[M,N]);
2; 1) vaø D( –1; 1; 2). TX1
a) Vieát phöông trình maët phaúng (BCD). Suy ra ABCD laø moät töù
dieän. [> A:=coordinates(TX1);
b) Vieát phöông trình maët caàu taâm A tieáp xuùc vôùi maët phaúng (BCD). A := [ 2, -3 ]
Tìm toaï ñoä tieáp ñieåm.
54 19
[> intersection(TX2,L2,C,[M,N]); [> IsTangent(Q,S,'cond');
TX2 IsTangent: "unable to determine if 2*77^(1/2)-1/77*abs(-51+m)*77^(1/2) is zero"
FAIL
[> B:=coordinates(TX2);
B := [ 5, -2 ] [> solve(2*77^(1/2)-1/77*abs(-51+m)*77^(1/2)=0,{m});
{ m~ = 205 }, { m~ = -103 }
[> with(student);
Warning, the names distance, midpoint and slope have been redefined leänh intersection
20 53
[> plane(P,4*x+3*z-17=0,[x,y,z]),sphere(S,(x-3)^2+(y+2)^2+(z- [> coordinates(N);
1)^2=25,[x,y,z]); [ 1, 0 ]
P, S
ÔÛ ñaây, (C1) laø (C’) cuûa ñeà baøi.
[> assume( m <>-17);
[> plane(P1,4*x+3*z+m=0,[x,y,z]); 412. Vieát phöông trình cuûa ñöôøng troøn ñi qua ñieåm A(1; –1) vaø qua caùc
P1 giao ñieåm cuûa hai ñöôøng troøn
x2 + y2 + 2x – 2y – 23 = 0, x2 + y2 – 6x + 12y – 35 = 0.
[> IsTangent(P1,S,'cond'); Write the equation of the circle which passes through the point A(1;
IsTangent: "unable to determine if 5-1/5*abs(15+m) is zero"
FAIL – 1) and through the points of intersection of the two circles
x2 + y2 + 2x – 2y – 23 = 0, x2 + y2 – 6x + 12y – 35 = 0.
[> solve(5-1/5*abs(15+m)=0,{m}); ÑS. x2 + y2 + 6x – 9y – 17 = 0.
{ m~ = 10 }, { m~ = -40 }
[> circle(C1,x^2+y^2+2*x-2*y-23=0,[x,y]),circle(C2,x^2+y^2-
1117. Vieát phöông trình cuûa caùc maët phaúng tieáp xuùc vôùi maët caàu 6*x+12*y-35=0,[x,y]),point(A,1,-1);
C1, C2, A
x2 + y2 + z2 – 10x + 2y + 26z – 113 = 0
vaø song song vôùi caùc ñöôøng thaúng [> intersection(GIAODIEM,C1,C2,[M,N]);
x + 5 y − 1 z + 13 x + 7 y + 1 z − 8 [ M, N ]
= = , = = .
2 −3 2 3 −2 0
[> coordinates(M);
ÑS. 4x + 6y + 5z – 103 = 0, 4x + 6y + 5z + 205 = 0. 47, 38
[> line(L1,[point(M1,-5,1,-13),[2,-3,2]]),line(L2,[point(M2,-7,-1,8),[3,- 13 13
2,0]]);
L1, L2 [> coordinates(N);
[ -5, -2 ]
[> sphere(S,x^2+y^2+z^2-10*x+2*y+26*z-113,[x,y,z]);
S [> circle(C,[M,N,A],[x,y]);
C
[> plane(P,[L1, L2]);
P [> Equation(C);
x 2 − 17 + y 2 + 6 x − 9 y = 0
[> Equation(P);
79 + 4 x + 6 y + 5 z = 0 4) TIEÁP TUYEÁN CUÛA ÑÖÔØNG TROØN
* Loaïi 1 : Tieáp tuyeán taïi moät ñieåm thuoäc ñöôøng troøn.
[> plane(Q,4*x+6*y+5*z+m=0,[x,y,z]); Ñeå vieát phöông trình tieáp tuyeán cuûa ñöôøng troøn C taïi ñieåm P, ta
Q duøng leänh
tangentpc(l, P, c );
52 21
l - the name of the tangent line (teân tieáp tuyeán ). Ví duï1: Vieát phöông trình tieáp dieän cuûa maët caàu x2 + y2 + z2 = 49 taïi ñieåm
M(6; – 3; – 2).
418. Vieát phöông trình tieáp tuyeán vôùi ñöôøng troøn (x + 2) 2 + (y – 3)2 =25 [>sphere(S,x^2+y^2+z^2=49,[x,y,z]),point(M,6,-3,-2);
taïi ñieåm A(–5; 7) S, M
Write the equation of the line tangent to the circle(x + 2) 2 + (y – 3)2 =25
at the point A(–5;7). (ÑS. 3x – 4y + 43= 0). [> TangentPlane(P,M,S);
P
[> point(A,-5,7),circle(C,(x+2)^2+(y-3)^2=25,[x,y]);
A, C
[> Equation(P,[x,y,z]);
[> tangentpc(l,A,C); 49 − 6 x + 3 y + 2 z = 0
l
Ví duï 2: Tìm phöông trình cuûa maët phaúng tieáp xuùc vôùi maët caàu
[> Equation(l); (x – 3)2 + (y – 1)2 + ( z + 2)2 = 24 taïi ñieåm M1( – 1; 3; 0).
−43 − 3 x + 4 y = 0 Find the equation of the tangent plane to the sphere
(x – 3)2 + (y – 1)2 + ( z + 2)2 = 24 at the point M1( – 1; 3; 0).
* Loaïi 2 : Tieáp tuyeán vôùi ñöôøng troøn ñi qua moät ñieåm cho tröôùc. ( ÑS. 2x – y – z + 5 = 0 ).
Ñeå vieát phöông trình tieáp tuyeán cuûa ñöôøng troøn C ñi qua ñieåm P [> sphere(S,(x-3)^2+(y-1)^2+(z+2)^2=24,[x,y,z]), point(M1,-1,3,0);
cho tröôùc S, M1
TangentLine( TEÂN , P, C, [x, y] ); [> TangentPlane(P,M1,S);
P
427. Vieát phöông trình caùc tieáp tuyeán vôùi ñöôøng troøn x2 + y2 = 5 keû töø
[> Equation(P,[x,y,z]);
5 5
ñieåm A ; − . 10 + 4 x − 2 y − 2 z = 0
3 3
5 5 * Loaïi 2 : Tieáp dieän song song hoaëc vuoâng goùc vôùi moät maët phaúng cho
From the point A ; − , tangent lines are drawn to the circle tröôùc
3 3
1116. Vieát phöông trình cuûa caùc maët phaúng tieáp xuùc vôùi maët caàu
x2 + y2 = 5. Find their equations. (ÑS. x – 2y – 5 = 0 vaø 2x – y – 5 = 0).
(x – 3)2 + (y+ 2)2 + ( z – 1)2 = 25
[> point(A,5/3,-5/3),circle(C,x^2+y^2=5,[x,y]); vaø song song vôùi maët phaúng 4x + 3z – 17 = 0.
A, C Write the equations of the tangent planes to the sphere
(x – 3)2 + (y+ 2)2 + ( z – 1)2 = 25
[> TangentLine(Tieptuyen,A,C,[L1,L2]);
[ L1, L2 ] which are parallel to the plane 4x + 3z – 17 = 0.
ÑS. 4x + 3z – 40 = 0, 4x + 3z + 10 = 0.
[> TangentLine(Tieptuyen,A,C,[L1,L2]);
[ L1, L2 ]
22 51
[> Equation(L1);
III. Phöông tích cuûa moät ñieåm ñoái vôùi maët caàu. 5 1 2
− + x− y=0
Ñeå tính phöông tích cuûa ñieåm P ñoái vôùi maët caàu S (The power of 3 3 3
point P with respect to sphere S ), ta duøng leänh :
[> Equation(L2);
Powerps(P, S); 5 2 1
− x+ y=0
3 3 3
Ví duï : Cho maët caàu S : x2 + y2 + z2 – 2x – 4y + 6z – 25 = 0 vaø caùc ñieåm :
A(1; 2; 0), B(n; n – 3; – 4), C( – m; 2; 4) * Loaïi 3. tieáp tuyeán cuûa ñöôøng troøn song song hoaëc vuoâng goùc vôùi moät
a) Tìm phöông tích cuûa ñieåm A ñoái vôùi maët caàu S; ñöôøng thaúng cho tröôùc
b) Tìm n ñeå ñieåm B ôû trong maët caàu S;
436. Vieát phöông trình caùc tieáp tuyeán vôùi ñöôøng troøn
c) Chöùng minh raèng ñieåm C luoân ôû ngoaøi maët caàu ∀ m ∈ R.
x2 + y2 + 10x – 2y + 6 = 0,
a [> powerps(A,S); bieát tieáp tuyeán song song vôùi ñöôøng thaúng 2x + y – 7 = 0.
-30 Find the equations of the lines tangent to the circle
2 2
x + y + 10x – 2y + 6 = 0 and parallel to the line 2x + y – 7 = 0.
b) [> point(B,n, n-3,-4);
(ÑS. 2x + y – 1 = 0, 2x + y + 19 = 0).
B
[> line(D,2*x+y+m=0,[x,y]),circle(C,x^2+y^2+10*x-2*y+6=0,[x,y]);
[> powerps(B,S); D, C
2
−12 − 12 n + 2 n
[> AreTangent(D,C,'cond');
[> solve(-12-12*n+2*n^2<0,{n}); AreTangent: "hint: unable to determine if -19-18*m+m^2 is zero"
{ 3 − 15 < n, n < 3 + 15 } FAIL
[> solve(m^2-18*m-19=0,{m});
c) [> powerps(C,S); { m = 19 } , { m = -1 }
11 + 2 m + m 2
a) ÔÛ doøng leänh 1, ta goïi ñöôøng thaúng song song vôùi ñöôøng thaúng 2x
Do m2 + 2m + 11 = (m + 1)2 + 10 > 0, ∀ m neân coù ÑPCM
+ y – 7 = 0 coù daïng D : 2x + y + m = 0 ( m – 7).
IV. Tieáp dieän cuûa maët caàu
b) ÔÛ doøng leänh 2, ta duøng leänh AreTangent(D,C,'cond'); ñeå tìm
* Loaïi 1: Tieáp dieän taïi moät ñieåm thuoäc maët caàu
ñieàu kieän ñeå D tieáp xuùc vôùi ñöôøng troøn C. Töø ñoù, ta tìm ñöôïc m.
Ñeå khai baùo tieáp dieän cuûa maët caàu S taïi ñieåm P, ta nhaäp :
TangentPlane( teân tieáp dieän, P, S); * Ñöôøng troøn noäi tieáp tam giaùc
Ñeå vieát phöông trình ñöôøng troøn noäi tieáp tam giaùc ABC, ta thöïc hieän:
v Böôùc 1: Khai baùo tam giaùc ABC. Giaû söû tam giaùc coù teân laø T.
50 23
v Böôùc 2 : Duøng leänh incircle(teân ñöôøng troøn , T); ñeå khai baùo
ñöôøng troøn. a)[>point(A,3,-2,-2),point(B,3,2,0),point(C,0,2,1),point(D,-1,1,2);
v Böôùc 3 : Duøng leänh Equation(teân ñöôøng troøn) ñeå vieát phöông A, B, C, D
trình ñöôøng troøn .
[> Equation(sphere(S,[A,B,C,D],[x,y,z]));
* Coù theå xem chi tieát ñöôøng troøn baèng leänh detail 24 15 16
x 2 + y 2 + z2 − 7 − x+ y− z=0
Ví duï: Vieát phöông trình ñöôøng troøn noäi tieáp tam giaùc ABO, bieát A(0; 1), 7 7 7
B(1; 0) vaø O(0; 0)
[> point(A,0,1),point(B,1,0),point(O,0,0),triangle(T,[A,B,O]); b) [> plane(BCD,[B,C,D],[x,y,z]);
A, B, O, T BCD
[> translation(F,E,dsegment(BA,B,A));
I) Caùch khai baùo maët caàu trong Maple
F
1) Neáu phöông trình maët caàu S, taâm I(a; b; c) coù daïng :
[> coordinates(F); x2 + y2 + z2 – 2ax – 2by – 2cz + d = 0
3, 13 thì ta khai baùo:
[>sphere(S, x^2 + y^2 + z^2 – 2*a*x – 2*b*y – 2*c*z + d = 0, [x, y, z],
3
‘centername’= I);
[> rotation(C1,C,Pi/3,clockwise,A); 2) Neáu phöông trình maët caàu S, taâm I coù daïng :
C1 (x – a)2 + ( y – b)2 + ( z – c)2 = R2
thì ta khai baùo:
[> Equation(C1); [>sphere(S, (x – a)^2 + ( y – b)^ 2 + (z - c)^2 = R^2, [x, y, z],
x2 + y2 + ( 5 3 − 3 ) x + ( −1 − 3 ) y + 13 − 7 3 = 0 ‘centername’= I);
26 47
a) [> point(A,-2,4,5),point(B,0,1,-1),point(C,1,3,-6),point(D,0,- [> Equation(dilatation(C2,C,1/3,B));
1,4),triangle(ABC,[A,B,C]); 9 x2 + 6 x + 8 + 9 y2 + 24 y = 0
A, B, C, D, ABC
Tìm taâm vò töï trong, taâm vò töï ngoaøi cuûa hai ñöôøng troøn khoâng ñoàng taâm
[> area(ABC); geometry[similitude] - find the insimilitude and outsimilitude of two
1
794 circles
2 Calling Sequence
similitude(obj, c1, c2)
b) [> gtetrahedron(ABCD,[A,B,C,D]);
Parameters
ABCD
obj - name which is assigned the internal and external centers of
[> volume(ABCD); similitude
9 c1,c2 - two circles
2
Ví duï:
VD 2. Moät töù dieän coù theå tích laø v = 5, coù ba ñænh laø caùc ñieåm A(2; 1; – [> circle(c1,(x-4)^2+(y-3)^2=4,[x,y]);
1), B(3; 0 ; 1), C(2; – 1; 3); ñænh thöù tö D naèm treân truïc Oy. Tìm toaï ñoä c1
ñænh D.
[> circle(c2,(x-1)^2+(y-3)^2=1,[x,y]);
A tetrahedron of volume v = 5 has three of its vertices A(2; 1; – 1), c2
B(3; 0 ; 1), C(2; – 1; 3); the fourth vertex D lies on the axis Oy. Find the
coordinates of D. ÑS. D1( 0; 8; 0), D2( 0; – 7; 0). [> similitude(obj,c1,c2);
[ in_similitude_of_c1_c2 , ex_similitude_of_c1_c2 ]
[> point(A,2,1,-1), point(B,3,0,1), point(C,2,-1,3), point(D,0,m,0);
A, B, C, D [> map(coordinates,obj);
[ [ 2, 3 ], [ -2, 3 ] ]
[> AreCoplanar(A,B,C,D);
FAIL
Baïn chuù yù taâm vò töï trong laø (2; 3) vaø taâm vò töï ngoaøi laø (−2; 3).
[> plane(P,[A,B,C],[x,y,z]);
P PHAÀN II
[> IsOnObject(D,P,'cond'); HÌNH GIAÛI TÍCH TRONG KHOÂNG GIAN
geom3d/onobjps: "hint: unable to determine if 2-4*m is zero"
FAIL
Truôùc khi laøm vieäc vôùi hình giaûi tích trong khoâng gian ta phaûi baét
[> cond; ñaàu baèng leänh with(geom3d);
2−4m=0 I. VAØI CAÙCH NHAÄP THOÂNG DUÏNG
46 27
1) Nhaäp moät ñieåm. x = 2t − 1,
Ñeå nhaäp ñieåm M(x; y; z), ta nhaäp nhö sau: point(M, x, y, z);
Ví duï 3 : Tính goùc taïo bôûi ñöôøng thaúng D y = 3t + 2,
2) Nhaäp maët phaúng z = −t + 5.
Ñeå nhaäp phöông trình maët phaúng P : Ax + By + Cz + D = 0, ta nhaäp :
vaø maët phaúng P : 4x + y – 7z – 1 = 0.
Plane(P, A*x + B*y + C*z + D = 0, [x, y, z]);
[> line(D,[2*t - 1,3*t+2,-t+5],t),plane(P,4*x+y-7*z-1=0,[x,y,z]);
3) Nhaäp moät ñöôøng thaúng .
D, P
a) Neáu phöông trình ñöôøng thaúng d coù daïng tham soá
x = x 0 + ta1 , [> FindAngle(D,P);
y = y0 + ta2 , arcsin
3
231
z = z + ta . 77
0 3
Khi nhaäp vaøo maple, ta laøm nhö sau: Ví duï 4 . Cho tam giaùc ABC vôùi A(1; 2; – 4), B( – 3; – 4; 0), C( – 7; 6; 3).
line(d, [x0 + t*a1,y0 + t*a2 , z0 + t*a3], t ); Tính soá ño goùc trong cuûa goùc A.
b) Neáu phöông trình ñöôøng thaúng d coù daïng chính taéc [>point(A,1,2,-4),point(B,-3,-4,0),point(C,-
x − x0 y − y0 z − z0 7,6,3),triangle(ABC,[A,B,C]);
= = A, B , C, ABC
a1 a2 a3
Giaû söû d ñi qua ñieåm M(x0; y0; z0) vaø coù veùctô chæ phöông laø [> FindAngle(A,ABC);
→
6
a = (a1; a2 ; a3 ) , khi nhaäp vaøo maple, ta nhaäp nhö sau: arccos 17 129
731
line(d,[point(M, x0; y0; z0),[a1,a2,a3]],t);
c) Neáu phöông trình ñöôøng thaúng d coù daïng toång quaùt : DIEÄN TÍCH CUÛA TAM GIAÙC – THEÅ TÍCH TÖÙ DIEÄN
a1 x + b1 y + c1z + d1 = 0,
a2 x + b2 y + c2 z + d 2 = 0. Cuù phaùp Chöùc naêng Chuù yù
d laø giao tuyeán cuûa hai maët phaúng: area(ABC) Tính dieän tích Tröôùc heát phaûi khai baùo tam giaùc
P1 : a1x + b1y + c1z + d1 = 0 vaø P2 : a2x + b2y + c2z + d2 = 0 cuûa tam giaùc ABC baèng leänh:
khi nhaäp vaøo maple, ta nhaäp nhö sau: ABC. triangle (ABC, [A, B, C])
[ > plane(P1,[a1*x + b1*y + c1*z + d1 = 0, [x, y, z]), plane(P2,[a2*x + volume(ABCD) Tính theå tích töù Tröôùc heát phaûi khai baùo töù dieän
b2*y + c2*z + d2 = 0, [x, y, z]), line(d,[P1, p2]; dieän ABCD. ABCD baèng leänh :
4) Khai baùo moät vectô gtetrahedron(ABCD, [A, B, C, D])
→ Ví duï 1: Cho caùc ñieåm :
Ñeå nhaäp vectô u = (x; y; z), ta nhaäp : u:=([x, y, z]);
A( – 2; 4; 5), B(0; 1; – 1), C(1; 3; – 6), vaø D(0; – 1; 4).
5) Tích voâ höôùng vaø tích coù höôùng cuûa hai vectô.
→ →
a) Tính dieän tích cuûa tam giaùc ABC;
Ñeå tính tích voâ höôùng vaø tích coù höôùng cuûa hai vectô u vaø v . b) Tính theå tích töù dieän ABCD.
Tröôùc heát, ta phaûi môû goùi[ > with(linalg); Sau ñoù, ta duøng leänh :
28 45
Ví duï 1 : Tìm goùc taïo bôûi hai ñöôøng thaúng: crossprod(u,v); ñeå tính tích coù höôùng vaø leänh dotprod(u,v); ñeå tính tích
( Find the acute angle between the lines: ) voâ höôùng.
→ →
x −3 y +2
= =
z x +2 y −3 z+5
, = = . 0
(ÑS. 60 ) Ví duï : Cho caùc vectô u = (1; 2; 3) vaø v = (3; 5; 7).
1 −1 2 1 1 2 → → → →
Tìm u . v vaø [ u , v ]
[> with(geom3d);
[> u:=([1,2,3]),v:=([3,5,7]);
[> line(D1,[point(M,3,-2,0),[1,-1,sqrt(2)]]); u := [ 1, 2, 3 ] v := [ 3, 5, 7 ]
D1
[> with(linalg);
[> line(D2,[point(N,-2,3,-5),[1,1,sqrt(2)]]);
[> crossprod(u,v);
D2 [ -1, 2, -1 ]
[> FindAngle(D1,D2);
[> dotprod(u,v);
1
π 34
3
6) Moät soá leänh kieåm tra
Ví duï 2 : Xaùc ñònh cosin cuûa goùc giöõa caùc ñöôøng thaúng:
( Determine the cosine of the angle between the lines) Teân leänh Cuù phaùp Chöùc naêng
AreCollinear AreCollinear(P, Q, R, cond) Kieåm tra tính thaúng haøng
x − y − 4 z − 5 = 0, x − 6 y − 6 z + 2 = 0,
cuûa ba ñieåm P, Q, R.
2 x + y − 2 z − 4 = 0; 2 x + 2 y + 9 z − 1 = 0.
4 AreConcurrent AreConcurrent(l1, l2, l3, cond ) Kieåm tra tính ñoàng quy
(ÑS. cos ϕ = ) cuûa ba ñöôøng thaúng l1, l2,
21
l3.
[> plane(p1,x-y-4*z-5=0,[x,y,z]),plane(p2,2*x+y-2*z- *AreCoplanar(A, B, C, D ) * Kieåm tra tính ñoàng
4=0,[x,y,z]),line(L1,[p1,p2]); phaúng cuûa boán ñieåm A,
p1, p2, L1 B, C, D.
AreCoplanar *AreCoplanar(l1, l2 ) * Kieåm tra tính ñoàng
[> plane(p3,x-6*y-6*z+2=0,[x,y,z]),plane(p4,2*x+2*y+9*z- phaúng cuûa hai ñöôøng
1=0,[x,y,z]),line(L2,[p3,p4]); thaúng l1 vaø l2.
p3, p4, L2 * AreParallel(l1, l2, cond) * Kieåm tra tính song
song cuûa hai ñöôøng
[> FindAngle(L1,L2);
thaúng l1, l2.
4
arccos * Kieåm tra tính song
21 * AreParallel(l1, p1, cond)
song cuûa ñöôøng thaúng l1
AreParallel vaø maët phaúng P1.
* Kieåm tra tính song
song cuûa hai maët phaúng
44 29
* AreParallel(p1, p2, cond) p1 vaø p2. name of the object: anpha
form of the object: plane3d
equation of the plane: -182+14*x-14*y-56*z = 0
* ArePerpendicular(l1, l2, * Kieåm tra tính vuoâng
goùc cuûa hai ñöôøng thaúng Ví duï10 . Tìm ñieåm Q ñoái xöùng vôùi ñieåm P(–3; 2 ; 5) qua maët phaúng ñi
cond)
l1, l2. x − 2 y + 3z − 5 = 0, 3x + y + 3z + 7 = 0,
qua caùc ñöôøng thaúng
ArePerpendicular * Kieåm tra tính vuoâng x − 2 y − 4z + 3 = 0; 5 x − 3y + 2 z + 5 = 0.
*ArePerpendicular(l1, p1, goùc cuûa ñöôøng thaúng l1
vaø maët phaúng p1 [> point(P,-3,2,5),plane(P1,x-2*y+3*z-5=0,[x,y,z]),plane(P2,x-2*y-
cond)
* Kieåm tra tính vuoâng 4*z+3=0,[x,y,z]),plane(P3,3*x+y+3*z+7=0,[x,y,z]),plane(P4,5*x-
goùc cuûa hai maët phaúng 3*y+2*z+5=0,[x,y,z]),line(L1,[P1,P2]),line(L2,[P3,P4]);
p1 vaø p2 . P, P1 , P2 , P3 , P4 , L1, L2
* ArePerpendicular(p1, p2,
[> plane(anpha,[L1,L2],[x,y,z]);
cond)
anpha
[> Equation(anpha);
IsEquilateral IsEquilateral(ABC, cond ) Xeùt xem tam giaùc ABC
98 − 98 x + 196 y + 49 z = 0
coù ñeàu hay khoâng ?
[> reflection(Q,P,anpha);
Kieåm tra xem ñieåm hoaëc Q
taäp hôïp ñieåm f coù thuoäc
IsOnObject IsOnObject(f, obj, cond) obj hay khoâng ? Trong [> coordinates(Q);
ñoù, obj coù theå laø ñöôøng [ 1, -6, 3 ]
thaúng, maët phaúng hay
maët caàu.
IsRightTriangle IsRightTriangle(ABC, cond ) Kieåm tra tính vuoâng goùc
GOÙC
cuûa tam giaùc ABC.
[> coordinates(Q);
Parameters
[ -5, 1, 0 ] w - name of the object to be created
u - point or a line
Ví duï 9. Tìm ñieåm Q ñoái xöùng vôùi ñieåm P(3; –4; –6) qua maët phaúng ñi v - line or plane; v can be a plane only if u is a point
qua caùc ñieåm M1( –6; 1; –5), M2(7; –2; –1), M3(10; –7; 1).
Description
[> point(P,3,-4,-6),point(M1,-6,1,-5),point(M2,7,-2,-1),point(M3,10,- • If u is a point and v is a line (or plane), the parallel(w, u, v)
7,1),plane(anpha,[M1,M2,M3],[x,y,z]); function defines w as the line (or plane) that passes through u
P, M1, M2, M3, anpha
and is parallel to v.
[> reflection(Q,P,anpha); • If u is a line, and v is a line, the parallel(w, u, v) function
Q
defines w as the plane that contains u and is parallel to v.
[> coordinates(Q);
[ 1, -2, 2 ] Ví duï 1. Vieát phöông trình cuûa maët phaúng ñi qua ñieåm M0(1; – 2; 1) vaø
[> detail(anpha); x − 2 y + z − 3 = 0,
vuoâng goùc vôùi ñöôøng thaúng
x + y − z + 2 = 0.
42 31
Write the equation of the plane passing through the point M0(1; –2; Giaûi
x − 2 y + z − 3 = 0, [> point(M2,8,-9),point(A,3,-4),point(B,-1,-2);
1) and perpendicular to the straight line M2, A, B
x + y − z + 2 = 0.
ÑS. x + 2y + 3z = 0. [> line(AB,[A,B],[x,y]);
[> plane(P1,x-2*y+z-3=0,[x,y,z]),plane(P2,x+y- AB
z+2=0,[x,y,z]),point(M0,1,-2,1);
[> Equation(AB);
P1 , P2, M0 −10 − 2 x − 4 y = 0
[> line(D,[P1,P2]);
[> reflection(M1,M2,AB);
D M1
[> v:=ParallelVector(D);
[> coordinates(M1);
v := [ 1, 2, 3 ] [ 10, -5 ]
[> Equation(plane(P,[M0,v],[x,y,z]));
x+2y+3z=0 Ví duï 6 .Tìm ñieåm Q ñoái xöùng vôùi ñieåm P( 4; 1; 6) qua ñöôøng thaúng
x − y − 4 z + 12 = 0,
* Chuù yù : Leänh [>ParallelVector(D);ñeå xaùc ñònh vectô chæ phöông cuûa
2 x + y − 2 z + 3 = 0.
ñöôøng thaúng D.
[> with(geom3d);
Ví duï 2: Vieát phöông trình cuûa maët phaúng ñi qua ba ñieåm [>point(P,4,1,6),plane(P1,x-y-4*z+12=0,[x,y,z]),plane(P2,2*x+y-
A(3; – 1; 2), B(4; – 1; – 1) vaø C(2; 0; 2). 2*z+3=0,[x,y,z]);
[> point(A,3,-1,2),point(B,4,-1,-1),point(C,2,0,2); P, P1, P2
A, B, C
[> line(l,[P1,P2]);
[> plane(ABC,[A,B,C],[x,y,z]); l
ABC
[> reflection(Q,P,l);
[> Equation(ABC); Q
−8 + 3 x + 3 y + z = 0
[> coordinates(Q);
x = 3t + 1, [ 2, -3, 2 ]
Ví duï 3 :Vieát phöông trình cuûa maët phaúng ñi qua ñöôøng thaúng y = 2t + 3, Ví duï 7. Tìm ñieåm Q ñoái xöùng vôùi ñieåm P( 2; –5; 7) qua ñöôøng thaúng ñi
z = −t − 2
qua hai ñieåm M1( 5; 4; 6) vaø M2( – 2; – 17; – 8).
2 x − y + z − 3 = 0,
vaø song song vôùi ñöôøng thaúng
x + 2 y − z − 5 = 0.
32 41
Ví duï 3 . Tìm hình chieáu cuûa ñieåm C(3; – 4; – 2) treân maët phaúng ñi qua ÑS. 13x – 14y + 11z + 51 = 0.
hai ñöôøng thaúng song song
x −5 y −6 z+3 x −2 y −3 z+3
= = , = = [> line(L1,[3*t+1,2*t+3,-t-2],t),plane(P1,2*x-y+z-
13 1 −4 13 1 −4 3=0,[x,y,z]),plane(P2,x+2*y-z-5=0,[x,y,z]),line(L2,[P1,P2]);
[> point(C,3,-4,-2),line(D1,[point(M,5,6,-3),[13,1,- L1, P1 , P2 , L2
4]]),line(D2,[point(N,2,3,-3),[13,1,-4]]),plane(P,[D1,D2],[x,y,z]);
C, D1, D2, P [> parallel(P,L1,L2);
P
[> Equation(P);
120 + 12 x − 12 y + 36 z = 0 [> Equation(P);
Ví duï 4. Vieát phöông trình cuûa maët phaúng ñi qua ñieåm M1(1; 2; – 3) vaø
[> projection(H,C,P);
x −1 y +1 z − 7 x + 5 y − 2 z + 3
H song song vôùi caùc ñöôøng thaúng = = , = =
2 −3 3 3 −2 −1
[> coordinates(H);
[ 2, -3, -5 ] ÑS. 9x + 11y + 5z – 16 = 0.
[> line(D1,[point(A,1,-1,7),[2,-3,3]]),line(D2,[point(A,-5,2,-3),[3,-2,-
5 x − 4 y − 2 z − 5 = 0, 1]]),point(M1,1,2,-3);
Ví duï 4 . Tìm hình chieáu cuûa ñöôøng thaúng
x + 2z − 2 = 0 D1, D2, M1
leân maët phaúng 2x – y + z – 1 = 0. [> plane(P,[M1,D1,D2]);
Giaûi : P
[> plane(p1,5*x-4*y-2*z-5=0,[x,y,z]), plane(p2,x+2*z-
[> Equation(P,[x,y,z]);
2=0,[x,y,z]),line(l,[p1,p2]); −16 + 9 x + 11 y + 5 z = 0
p1, p2, l
[> plane(Q,2*x-y+z-1=0,[x,y,z]); Ví duï 5: Chöùng minh raèng boán ñieåm A(1; 2; – 1), B(0; 1; 5), C(–1; 2 ; 1),
Q D(2; 1; 3) naèm treân cuøng maët phaúng.
Prove that the four points A(1; 2; – 1), B(0; 1; 5), C(–1; 2 ; 1), D(2;
[> projection(R,l,Q);
R 1; 3) lies in the same plane.
* Caùch 1:
[> Equation(R,t);
17 − 8 t, 37 − 12 t, − 7 + 4 t [> point(A,1,2,-1), point(B,0,1,5), point(C,-1,2,1), point(D,2,1,3);
A, B, C, D
12 24 24
[> AreCoplanar(A,B,C,D);
Ví duï 5 .Tìm ñieåm M1 ñoái xöùng vôùi ñieåm M2(8; – 9) qua ñöôøng thaúng ñi true
qua hai ñieåm A(3; – 4) vaø B( – 1; – 2).
40 33
* Caùch 2: leân maët phaúng P.
[> point(A,1,2,-1), point(B,0,1,5), point(C,-1,2,1), point(D,2,1,3); Q - the name of the object to be
A, B, C, D created
ÑOÁI reflection(Q, P, c ) P - a geometric object
[> plane(P,[A,B,C],[x,y,z]);
P XÖÙNG c - a point, a line, or a plane
[> Equation(P); Ví duï 1 : Tìm hình chieáu Q cuûa ñieåm P(2; –1; 3) leân ñöôøng thaúng
20 − 2 x − 10 y − 2 z = 0 x = 3t,
D: y = −7 + 5t,
[> IsOnObject(D,P);
z = t.
true
[> with(geom3d);
Leänh IsOnObject(D, P) ; ñeå kieåm tra xem ñieåm P coù naèm treân maët phaúng
P hay khoâng ? [> point(P,2,-1,3),line(D,[3*t,-7+5*t,2+2*t],t);
P, D
Ví duï 5 : Xaùc ñònh caùc giaù trò cuûa l vaø m deå hai maët phaúng coù phöông
trình sau laø song song nhau: [> projection(Q,P,D);
mx + 3y – 2z – 1 = 0, 2x – 5y – lz = 0. Q
[> plane(P1,m*x+3*y-2*z-1=0,[x,y,z]),plane(P2,2*x-5*y-l*z=0,[x,y,z]); [> coordinates(Q);
P1, P2 [ 3, -2, 4 ]
[> AreParallel(P1,P2,'cond'); Ví duï 2 .Tìm hình chieáu H cuûa ñieåm P(5; 2; – 1) leân maët phaúng
FAIL Q: 2x – y + 3z + 23 = 0
[> with(geom3d);
[> cond;
&and ( −3 l − 10 = 0, −4 + m l = 0, −5 m − 6 = 0 )
[> point(P,5,2,-1),plane(Q,2*x- y+3*z+23=0,[x,y,z]);
[> solve({-3*l-10 = 0,-4+m*l = 0,-5*m-6 = 0},{m,l});
-6 -10 P, Q
{m = ,l= }
5 3
[> projection(H,P,Q);
ÑÖÔØNG THAÚNG H
Maple cho pheùp khai baùo ñöôøng thaúng theo caùc caùch sau: [> coordinates(H);
[ 1, 4, -7 ]
Cuù phaùp Chöùc naêng
line(l, [A, B] ) Khai baùo ñöôøng thaúng l ñi qua hai ñieåm A vaø B.
34 39
[> distance(A,P); line(l, [A, u] ) Khai baùo ñöôøng thaúng l ñi qua ñieåm A vaø coù
9 →
47
94 VTCP laø u .
line(l, [A, p1] ) Khai baùo ñöôøng thaúng l ñi qua ñieåm A vaø
[> distance(B,l); vuoâng goùc vôùi maët phaúng p1.
9 line(l, [p1, p2] )
17 26 Khai baùo l laø giao tuyeán cuûa hai maët phaúng p1
26 vaø p2.
[> line(AB,[A,B]); line(l, [a1+b1*t, Khai baùo ñöôøng thaúng l laø ñöôøng thaúng coù
AB a2+b2*t, a3+b3*t ], phöông trình tham soá x = a1+b1*t, y =
t) a2+b2*t, z = a3+b3*t
[> Equation(AB,t); parallel(l, A, d) Khai baùo ñöôøng thaúng l ñi qua ñieåm A song
[ 1 − 2 t, 2 + 2 t, 3 − 10 t ] song vôùi ñöôøng thaúng d.
[> distance(AB,l);
27 Ví duï 1 : Vieát phöông trình ñöôøng thaúng ñi qua hai ñieåm A(3; – 1; 2) vaø
74 B(4; – 1; –1).
74
[> point(A,3,-1,2),point(B,4,-1,-1),line(l,[A,B]);
[> distance(P,Q); A, B, l
4
47
94 [> Equation(l,t);
[ 3 + t, -1, 2 − 3 t ]
[> distance(AB, Q);
Error,(in geom3d/distancelp)the line and plane intersect x = 3 + t,
Löu yù : Ñöôøng thaúng AB vaø maët phaúng Q caét nhau. Chuù yù: Ñaùp soá cho phöông trình tham soá cuûa ñöôøng thaúng l laø y = −1,
z = 2 − 3t.
Ví duï 2: Vieát phöông trình ñöôøng thaúng ñi qua M(5; – 2; 3) vaø vuoâng goùc
vôùi maët phaúng 2x – 3y + z – 1 = 0
HÌNH CHIEÁU VAØ ÑOÁI XÖÙNG
[> point(M,5,-2,3),plane(P,2*x-3*y+z-1=0,[x,y,z]);
Vaán ñeà Cuù phaùp Chöùc naêng M, P
projection(Q, A, l ) Tìm hình chieáu Q cuûa ñieåm A leân
ñöôøng thaúng l. [> Equation(line(l,[M,P]));
HÌNH projection(Q, A, P) Tìm hình chieáu Q cuûa ñieåm A leân enter name of the independent variable > t;
CHIEÁU maët phaúng P [ 5 + 2 t, −2 − 3 t, 3 + t ]
projection(Q, l, P) Tìm hình chieáu Q cuûa ñöôøng thaúng l
38 35
Ví duï 3: Vieát phöông trình chính taéc cuûa ñöôøng thaúng : Cuù phaùp Chöùc naêng
2 x − 3y + 4 z − 5 = 0, distance(A, B) Tính khoaûng caùch giöõa hai ñieåm A
vaø B.
5 x + 4 y − 4 z + 5 = 0
[> plane(P1,2*x-3*y+4*z-5=0,[x,y,z]),plane(P2,5*x+4*y- distance(l1, l2) Tính khoaûng caùch giöõa hai ñöôøng
4*z+5=0,[x,y,z]), line(D,[P1,P2]); thaúng l1 vaø l2.
P1 , P2 , D distance(p1, p2) Tính khoaûng caùch giöõa hai maët
phaúng p1 vaø p2.
[> Equation(D); distance(A, p1) Tính khoaûng caùch töø ñieåm A ñeán
enter name of the independent variable > t; maët phaúng p1.
5 − 4 t, − 35 + 28 t, 23 t distance(A, l1) Tính khoaûng caùch töø ñieåm A ñeán
23 23 ñöôøng thaúng l1.
distance(l1, p1) Tính khoaûng caùch giöõa ñöôøng
[> FixedPoint(M,D);
thaúng l1 vaø maët phaúng p1.
M
36 37