1

LI M U
Cng nghip ch bin thc phm l mt b phn ca nghnh nng nghip, n s
dng phn ln nguyn vt liu do nng nghip cung cp ch bin thnh cc sn phm
cng nghip c gi tr. Cng vi s pht trin ca ngnh cng nghip thc phm ta khng
th khng nhc n nghnh vt liu bao b v n gp phn khng nh trong vic thc y
nghnh cng nghip thc phm pht trin. Thc phm l loi hng ha c gi tr dinh
dng cao phc v trc tip cho nhu cu sng v sc khe ca con ngi v hng thc
phm l loi sn phm rt nhy cm di tc dng ca mi trng: nhit , m, nh
sng, khng kh, vi sinh. Do , bao b l mt phn khng th thiu c ca nghnh
cng nghip thc phm. Bao b c dng cha ng thc phm, vn chuyn v bo
qun.Mt khc bao b cn c mt tc dng rt quan trng l dng qung co. Bao b
thc phm c gi tr lch s rt lu i, vi nhng loi vt liu c sn trong thin nhin
nh: l cy, g, da th v vi s pht trin ca x hi cng ngh sn xut bao b cng
v ang pht trin khng ngng, da trn c s ng dng nhng thnh tu khoa hc k
thut mi to ra nhng tnh nng u vic phc v cho con ngi. Vn quan trng nht
ca chng ta hin nay l cung cp y nhu cu bao b cho cc mt hng ha trn th
trng khng nhng v mt cht liu, thit k ha, mu sc v kiu dng phi tin li
s dng m cn phi bo m c hng ha n tay ngi tiu dng y v s
lng, an ton cht lng vi thng tin chnh xc v thnh phn, cch bo qun, thi gian
s dng, m bo v sinh v gi c hp l.
Vt liu bao b thc phm l tt c cc loi vt liu c th dng sn xut ra bao
b ph hp vi yu cu ca tng loi sn phm. Vic s dng mt s loi vt liu nht
nh lm bao b thc phm c xc nh bng mi tng quan gia 3 thnh phn:
Loi thc phm, Vt liu, Bao b. Nhng yu t nh hng n vic la chn ny l kh
nng ch bin t vt liu thnh bao b m bo cng, bn, do, chng thm nc,
thm du m, xm nhp khng kh v quan trng l gi thnh khng qu t. Vy chng
ta hy cng i su hiu hn v ngnh bao b thc phm, m tiu biu chng ti chn l
bao b hp nha thn mm.




2

PHNG PHP CH TO HP NHA THN MM
I - GII THIU CHUNG:
- Bao b nha: l loi bao b bng nha dng bao gi, gi, cha ng mt loi
sn phm nhm tr gip trong vic vn chuyn v lu tr.
- Bao b phi m bo c cht lng cho sn phm trong mt khong thi gian
nht nh ta c th phn phi, lu kho, kim tra v thng mi mt cch thun
li.
C IM CHUNG CA BAO B NHA:
- Loi bao b ny c c dim thng l khng mi, khng v, cng vng
cao, chng va chm c hc hiu qu, chng thm kh hi do m bo c
p lc cao trong mi trng cha thc phm.
- C th chu c nhit cao trn 100
0
C hoc nhit lnh thp hn 0
0
C.
- Cc loi bao b nha c th phun mc trn b mt k hiu sn phm d
dng. In n d dng, t c m quan theo yu cu.
- C loi trong sut, hoc cng c loi m c.
- c im ni bt l nh hn tt c cc loi vt liu bao b khc, rt thun tin
trong phn phi, chuyn ch.
- Hin nay, bao b nha cha thc phm thng l bao b 1 lp nhng c lai
ghp t 2-3 loi vt liu nha vi nhau t c tnh nng cn thit.
- Cng ngh ch to bao b nha v ang pht trin cao , nhng cng gy
s gia tng nhim mi trng v khng c kh nng ti sinh hon ton.
- Nha thuc loi nha nhit do, c tnh chy do thun nghch; khi nhit
cha n im ph hy cu trc ca n th khi nhit cng cao th cng tr
nn mm do, khi nhit c h xung th thng ha rn.
- Plastic l loi polyme cha 5000 10000 monomer, c cc dng sau:
+ Homopolyme: cu to t 1 loi monomer.
+ Copolyme: cu to t 2 loi monomer.
+ Terpolyme: cu to t 3 loi monomer.
3

II - U V NHC IM HP NHA THN MM:
1. u im:
Tr vi thc phm.
Trng lng nh.
D nh hnh cu trc.
Gi thnh p ng nhu cu th trng.
2. Nhc im:
Khng cha ng c thc phm c nhit cao trong qu trnh sn xut to ra cc
sn phm gy nhim mi trng.
Hp mm d b bin dng do tc ng c hc.

III - NGUYN LIU, PHN LOI:
1. Nguyn liu:
Nguyn liu sn xut bao b nha l ngun (hydrocacbon) HC t du m, c tch
trong qu trnh lc du.Vi tr lng du ha t qung m rt ln nn ngun
hydrocarbon cng v cng phong ph, gi thnh thp. Do cng ngh ch to bao b
nha pht trin a dng, phong ph v chng loi, t tnh nng cao trong cha
ng, bo qun cc loi thc phm.
2. Phn loi:
2.1 Phn loi theo hiu ng ca polyme vi nhit :
- Nha nhit do : L loi nha khi nung nng n nhit chy mm Tm th n
chy mm ra v khi h nhit th n ng rn li. Thng tng hp bng
phng php trng hp. Cc mch i phn t ca nha nhit do lin kt bng
cc lin kt yu (lin kt hydro, vanderwall). Tnh cht c hc khng cao khi
so snh vi nha nhit rn. Nha nhit do c kh nng ti sinh c nhiu
ln, v d nh : polyetylen (PE), polypropylen (PP), polystyren (PS), poly
metyl metacrylat (PMMA), poly butadien (PB), poly etylen tere phtalat (PET),
...
4

- Nha nhit rn: l hp cht cao phn t c kh nng chuyn sang trng thi
khng gian 3 chiu di tc dng ca nhit hoc phn ng ha hc v sau
khng nng chy hay ha tan tr li c na, khng c kh nng ti sinh.
Mt s loi nha nhit rn: ure focmadehyt [UF], nha epoxy, phenol
focmadehyt [PF], nha melamin, poly este khng no...
- Vt liu n hi (elastome): l loi nha c tnh n hi nh cao su.
2.2 Phn loi theo ngnh s dng:
- Nha thng dng : l loi nha c s dng s lng ln, gi r, dng
nhiu trong nhng vt dng thng ngy, nh : PP, PE, PS, PVC, PET, ABS,...
- Nha k thut : L loi nha c tnh cht c l tri hn so vi cc loi nha
thng dng, thng dng trong cc mt hng cng nghip, nh : PC, PA, ...
- Nha chuyn dng : L cc loi nha tng hp ch s dng ring bit cho
tng trng hp.

3. c tnh, cng dng ca cc loi nha:
- Loi nha dng lm bao b thc phm thuc loi nha nhit do, nhit cng cao
thcng tr nn mm do, khi nhit c h xung th vn tr li c tnh ban
u. Hin nay trn th trng ang s dng cc loi bao b nha ph bin nh: PE,
PP, PVC, PC, PET.
- Hin nay, cc cng ty ln nh trn th gii ang chuyn dn sang s dng cc loi
nha (plastic) c ngun gc t thc vt. Tuy nhin, phn ln cc cng ty vn s
dng loi nha t du m. C rt nhiu loi nha c cc nh ha hc ch ra,
nhng c 7 loi nha c s dng rng ri nht sau y:
3.1 Polyethylene terephthalate - k hiu PET hay PETE:
- Loi th nht l polyethylene terephthalate (k hiu PET hay PETE) v c nh
s 1. y l loi thng dng nht, c s dng lm v chai nc khong,
nc ngt, nc tri cy, hp nha...T chc EPA (Environmental Protection
Agency) khng cn lit k DEHA, mt loi ha cht trong PET, nh l mt cht
gy ng th. Nhng loi nha ny c th r r vo trong nc kimloi antimony v
5

xt ch rt c hi cho c th con ngi. Nht l khi ng nc nng hay trong
mi trng c nhit cao th PET rt d r r ra cc kim loi c hi trn. Bn
cnh , nhiu nh khoa hc khuyn co khng nn s dng li nhng chai nha
lm bng PET v n rt kh lm sch v c th ch nhiu loi vi khun gy bnh.
c tnh: PET l mt loi bao b thc phm quan trng c ch to mng hoc to
dng chai l do bi cc tnh cht :
- Bn c hc cao, c kh nng chu ng lc x v lc va chm, chu ng s mi
mncao, c cng vng cao.
- Tr vi mi trng thc phm.
- Trong sut.
- Chng thm kh O
2
, v CO
2
tt hn cc loi nha khc.
- Khi c gia nhit n 200
0
C hoc lm lnh 90
0
C,cu trc ha hc ca mch
PETvn c gi nguyn, tnh chng thm kh hi vn khng thay i khi nhit
khong100
0
C.
Cng dng: Do tnh chng thm rt cao nn PET c dng lm chai, bnh ng
nc tinh khit, nc gii kht c gas.
3.2 High-density polyethylene hay HDPE:
- Loith 2 l High-density polyethylene (vit tt l HDPE), c dng lm cc
loi chai du gi u, hp sa, hp ng du nht, chi hay cc loi ti
shopping cng. Loi nha ny thng m c, khng trong sut. Mt s ni ti
ch thng ch nhn ti ch HDPE thun (khng c mu). Loi nha ny c
xem l an ton v kh nng tch t vi khun thp. C th d dng ti ch.
- Cc loi hp, chai, l lm bng hai loi nha k trn l hai loi d ti ch nht.
Cn cc loi khc nh tup, x, phim, ti th kh hn v cha cc loi kim loi c
hi. Vic sn xut ra HDPE cn s dng ti cc ha cht c nh hexane v
benzene.



6

3.3 Polyvinyl chloride, k hiu V:
- Loi th ba l Polyvinyl chloride (vit tt l V), thng c dng trong cc loi
mn nha (nh mn trong nh tm, cc loi mn plastic bc thc n), ng nc,
mt vi loi chai v vt liu xy dng. Polyvinyl chloride cn c gi vi ci tn
quen thuc l vinyl (PVC), rt gn vi PVDC. Polyvinyl chloride th cha nhiu
cht c chloride. Vy m nhiu ni vn dng PVC lm chi cho tr em. V
mt iu nn nh l PVC l loi plastic c nht, c vic ch to ln vt b PVC
u gy ra s r r dioxin, loi cht cc c gy ung th, vo trong nc v khng
kh.
- chi lm bng PVC cha phthalate, cht ny hin nay c tm thy kh nhiu
trong mu ngi. N tc c vo hoc-mn, gy nn s dy th sm. PVC hin
nay b ty chay bi rt nhiu hng sn xut trn th gii.
- Sn phm PVC trc y (1920 tr i) c s dng vi s lng rt ln, nhng
ngynay b PE vt qua. Hin nay, PVC phn ln dng bao bc dy cp in,
lm ngthot nc, o ma, mng nha gia dng
- Trong PVC c cht vinylchoride, thng c gi l VCM c kh nng gy ung
th(pht hin 1970).
c tnh: Bao b PVC c nhng khuyt im nh sau :
- T trong : 1,4g/cm
2
cao hn PE v PP nn phi tn mt lng ln PVC c
c mt din tch mng cng dy so vi PE v PP.
- Chng thm hi, nc km hn cc loi PE, PP.
- C tnh dn, khng mm do nh PE hoc PP ch to PVC mm do dng
lm bao b th phi dng thm cht ph gia.
- Loi PVC c do ha bi ph gia s b bin tnh cng dn sau mt
khong thigian.
- Mc d khng ch c d lng VCM thp hn 1ppm l mc an ton cho
php,nhng Chu u, PVC vn khng c dng lm bao b thc phm d
gi thnh r hn bao b nha khc.

7

Cng dng:
- S dng lm nhn mng co cc loi chai, bnh bng nha hoc mng co bao
bc cc loi thc phm bo qun, lu hnh trong thi gian ngn nh tht sng,
rau qu ti.
- Ngoi ra, PVC c s dng lm nhiu vt gia dng cng nh cc loi sn
phmthuc cc ngnh khc.
3.4 Low-density polyethylene hay LDPE:
- Loi th t l Low-density polyethylene (vit tt l LDPE), c dng nhiu
trong sn xut ti shopping, dy buc, v a CD, v a cng v trong mt
s loi chai nha. LDPE t c hi hn PVC, nhng n vn cha cc cht c
nh butane, benzene v vinyl acetate.
- Cc loi ti shopping (ni trng trn l bc nylon dng mua ) lm bng
LDPE v HDPE hin nay b ln n bi cc nhm bo v mi trng (trong
c tui) v b cm bi mt s thnh ph M. Mi ni trn ngp ti nylon kh
phn hy (hu nh khng th phn hy).
3.5 Polypropylene hay PP:
- Loi th nm l Polypropylene (vit tt PP) c dng lm t em b, bng
v sinh, ly, a, hp ng ko v cc dng c trong phng th nghim.
Polypropylene c xem nh loi plastic tt v tt nht trong 7 loinha. Tuy
nhin PP vn ch mt s cht c nh DDT v PCB.
c tnh :
- Tnh bn c hc cao (bn x v bn ko t), kh cng vng, khng mm do
nh PE,khng b ko gin di do c ch to thnh si. c bit kh nng
b x rch d dngkhi c mt vt ct hoc mt vt thng nh.
- Trong sut, bng b mt cao cho kh nng in n cao, nt in r.
- Chu c nhit cao hn 100
0
C, tuy nhin nhit hn dn m (thn) bao b
PP(140
0
C) cao so vi PE - c th gy chy h hng mng ghp cu trc bn
ngoi, nnthng t dng PP lm lp trong cng.
- C tnh cht chng thm O
2
, hi nc, du m v cc kh khc.
8

Cng dng:
- Dng lm bao b mt lp cha ng bo qun thc phm, khng yu cu
chng oxy ha mt cch nghim nht.To thnh si, dt thnh bao b ng
lng thc, ng cc c s lng ln.
- PP cng c sn xut dng mng ph ngoi i vi mng nhiu lp tng
tnh chng thm kh, hi nc, to kh nng in n cao, v d x rch m bao
b (do c to sn mtvt t) v to bng cao cho bao b.

3.6 Polystyrene hay cn c bit di tn Styrofoam:
- Loi th 6 l Polystyrene hay cn gi l Styrofoam (vit tt PS), c dng trong
sn xut ly, hp, a thc n nhanh (dng 1 ln ri b) hay cc hp thc n mang
v. Loi nha ny khng c cc ni ti ch chp nhn. Vic sn xut
Polystyrene sinh ra kh CFC gy hiu ng nh knh v lm thng tng Ozon v lm
nhim ngun nc v khng kh.

3.7 Cc loi khc:
- Cc loi nha nha c nh s 7, ngha l n c lm t mt loi nha khc
vi 6 loi k trn. K c polycarbonate l loi nha gy tn thng ti hoc mn
ca con ngi bi v chng r r bisphenol-A vo cc thc ung nng. Bi vy khi
ung thc ung nng, cc bn ng ung bng ly nha. Dng ly s v thy tinh s
tt hn.
- Ba loi nha hon ton khng nn dng l loi s 3,6 v 7. Bi v nh hng ca
chng n sc khe c chng minh.
* PE (Polyethylene):
c tnh:
- Trong sut, hi c nh m, c b mt bng lng, mm do.
- Chng thm hc v hi nc tt.
- Chng thm kh O
2
, CO
2
, N
2
v du m u km.
- Chu c nhit cao (di 230
0
C) trong thi gian ngn.
9

- B cng phng v h hng khi tip xc vi tinh du thm hoc cc cht ty nh
alcohol, acetone, H
2
O
2

- C th cho kh, hng thm thu xuyn qua, do PE cng c th hp thu gi
mitrong bn thn bao b, v cng chnh mi ny c th c hp thu bi thc
phm ccha ng, gy mt gi tr cm quan ca sn phm.
Cng dng:
- Lm ti xch cc loi, thng (can) c th tch t 1 n 20 lt vi cc dy khc
nhau.
- Sn xut np chai. Do np chai b hp thu mi nn chai ng thc phm y
bng np PE phi c bo qun trong mt mi trng khng c cht gy mi.

* PC(Polycarbonat):
c tnh:
- Tnh chng thm kh, hi cao hn cc loi PE, PVC nhng thp hn PP, PET.
- Trong sut, tnh bn c v cng vng rt cao, kh nng chng mi mn v
khng btc ng bi cc thnh phn ca thc phm.
- Chu nhit cao (trn 100
0
C ).
Cng dng:
- Vi kh nng chu c nhit cao nn PC c dng lm bnh, chai, np
cha thc phm cn tit trng.
- Mng PC c tnh chng thm kh, hi km, gi thnh PC cao gp ba ln PP,
PET, PPnn t c s dng.






10

IV - PH GIA
1. Bt mu: c thm vo lm tng a dng ca sn phm v mu sc.


2. Cht tng dai:
- Dng du v bt, tng cng phn tn ca mu trong qu trnh pha trn, gip
sn phm c c mu ngnht, gim thiu ph phm trong qu trnh gia cng.
- Ht tng dai c kt hp vi ht nha PP, PE nhm tng do dai, di ko
t, bn va p. Ngoi ra, cn c th tng c trong, cch in,
bng, bn thi tit rt tt. T l s dng t 1%- 5%, ngi sn xut c th gia
tng t l ph liu hoc CaCO
3
n nhiu ln. Ht tng dai c dng trong ngnh
sn xut ti xp, to mng mng, ghp mng, p nha gia dng, dt bao PP. ko
ch PP, PE, li nh c PP
3. Cht chng tia cc tm: Chng s hp th tia bc x, h tr sn phm c bn
c l ca nha cng nh ko di thi gian bn mu ca sn phm khi s dng lin
tc ngoi tri.
Cng dng: S dng cht khng tia cc tm cho sn phm nha gip hn ch v
ngn nga tc ng gy thoi ha do bi tia cc tm cho nha v cc thnh phn
c trong nha (mu, ph gia,...). Gip sn phm nha:
- Gi c tnh cht c l, nn ko di c thi gian s dng.
- Gi c cc c tnh quang hc ( trong), gi c ngoi quan ca sn
phm (hn ch sn phm b rn nt, n vy, ...).
11

- Cht khng tia cc tm thng dng cho cc sn phm thng xuyn s dng
ngoi tri, c cc yu cu v c l tnh, c tnh quang hc,.... C th thy
trong cc sn phm:
+ Trong lnh vc nng nghip: mng ph nng nghip, nh knh,...
+ Trong ng nghip: li nh c, dy thng neo tu thuyn,...
+ Trong lnh vc xy dng: mi tole, sn, bt che, gh sn vn ng,..., cc
sn phm trang tr sn vn.
+ Trong lnh vc in: dy truyn ti in, hp u ni ngoi tri,...
T l s dng: T l s dng cht khng tia cc tm c tnh ton da trn:
- Thnh phn cng thc ca sn phm.
- Thi gian s dng yu cu ca sn phm.
- V tr a l khu vc s dng.
- dy ca sn phm,....
Trong iu kin thng thng:
- 1% -2% cho cc sn phm yu cu s dng t 12 n 18 thng.
- 2% - 4% cho cc sn phm yu cu s dng t 24 n 36 thng.
ng dng cho nn nha: PE, PP.
Sn xut theo yu cu: ABS, PA, PC, EVA,
Tnh cht vt l:
- Nha mang: LLDPE 80%
- im nng chy: 110-125
0
C
- tro: Max 0,1 %
- Lng cht d bay hi: Max 0,5%
- mu trong vng bc sng 425nm: Min 95%
- mu trong vng bc sng 500nm: Min 97%
- Lng mu th: Min 98%
- tinh khit: Min 95%


12

4. Cht tng sng:
- Ngoi quan : Dng ht tinh th mu vng
- Nha mang : LDPE.
- Tn ha hc : Diphenol vinyl
dibenzoxazol
- Cng thc phn t : C
22
H
18
N
2
O
2

- im nng chy : 150
0
C 180
0
C
- Qui cch ng gi : 25 kg/ bao PP
- Bo qun: Kh ro, thong mt, trnh
nhit cao, v nh nng trc tip.
Cng dng: Khi sn xut sn phm nha c mu trng thng kh t c
trng nh mong mun v:
- Cc thnh phn trong hn hp c mu ban u khc nhau.
- Qu trnh gia cng thng to ra cc cht l.
- Vt liu nha thng c khuynh hng hp th vng nh sng cn mu xanh
nhiu hn, gy ra hin tng lch ph nh sng phn x, lm cho sn phm c
mu ng vng.
- Do vy, t c mu trng hay mu sng ca sn phm phi phn x hon
ton nh mu khc nhau. Cch thng thng v ph bin nht l ngi ta dng
cht tng trng hay cn gi l ty mu ( Optical Brightener) nhm tng kh nng
phn x nh sng.
- Ch yu c dng lm trng, sng cc loi nha: PE, PP







13

5. Cht ph gia kh mi:
- Hin ti, vic ng dng cht ny ang tng ln mt cch rng ri v lin quan
nhiu n i sng hng ngy ca conngi.
- V d nh cc sn phm chi tr em, bng trang tr g nha, ti ng thc
phm, vn phng phm, nguyn liu ng nha v.v..trong nhiu trng hp sn
phm nha khng ch c lm t cc nguyn liu nha m cn thm vo cc ph
gia theo liu lng nht nh hoc lng nh ca nguyn liu ti ch mc d ch
yu vn l nguyn liu nha.
- Bi v nguyn nhn ca vic thm ph gia v nguyn liu ti ch gy cho cc
sn phm nha cha mi nh C
2
H
4
, H
2
S, SO
2
, amin, NH
3
. Mt phn mi hi c
th s c phng thi theo thi gian tuy nhin vn cn c mt s mi hi cn
trong sn phm mc d vic s dng sn phm trong thi gian di v b nh hng
ca nhit bn ngoi, mi hi s c gii phng lm nguy him n mi trng
v con ngi.
- Li ch ca cht kh mi l c th hp th v chng li trong cng 1 thi gian. N
c chc nng hp th CO, SO, NOX, NH, cn thuc tr su, m v.v chng
khng ch c th chng li NH, Alkaline Amine mi hi v H
2
S trong sn phm
nha m cn c th duy tr cht lng v cng k thut ca cc sn phm nha
v cao su. c bit chng c hiu qu mnh m i vi cc sn phm m c thm
vo cht bi trn hoc phn tn khc nhau lm gy ra mi hi. V d trang tr ni
tht xe hi, chi tr em, sn phm dnh cho n ung, ti ng thc phm, vn
phng phm v.v
- T l ngh : 0.4% - 0.8% PE/ PP/ PS/ ABS/ PC, PVC


6. Cht Ph Gia Nha Ht m:
- Mt s nguyn liu ht nha hoc Ht nha ti sinh thng tn ti t nhiu m,
khng kh mt m lc gia cng c th trn b mt sn phm c bt bong bng
hoc du vn nc, nh hng ti tnh nng v b ngoi sn phm. Thng thng
14

kh m bng my sy nhit, to nhit ma st v.v..bt tin khi phi sy kh
nguyn liu trc khi gia cng, ko di thi gian gia cng, h nng sut sn xut,
tn hao in nng, gi thnh sn phm tng cao.
- Ht nha ht m l loi ht mi khai thc c cng nng chuyn gip gii quyt cc
loi nguyn liu nha: PE, PP, ABS, PS, Nilon trong qu trnh gia cng loi b
m.
Cch thc s dng: Ha trn trc tip cho u gia ht nghuyn liu nha c
m vi ht nha ht m c th tin hnh gia cng sn xut ngay, nu gia cng
nha thi t l pha thm ht ht m l 1 n 2%. T l pha thm phi cn c thc t
m ca ht nguyn liu nha do ngi s dng iu tit.
ng dng: Trong nhiu sn phm nha: mng flim, ti HDPE, LDPE v sn
phm p.
Ghi ch:
- Trc khi s dng trnh cho ht tip xc m t.
- Nguyn liu nha trc khi a vo sn xut cng thm mt s t ht nha ht
m, n gin ha trn vi nhau, khng cn thng qua giai on sy kh m c
th tin hnh gia cng thnh hnh, s dng tin li, nng cao nng sut.

7. Cht Ph Gia Nha Tng Trong:
Mc ch:
- Tng trong cho PP
- Ci tin lng mt ca b mt PP
- Tng nhit lm kt tinh PP
- Cng c tnh do, linh ng ca PP
- Cng c s n nh kch c ca PP
- Liu lng: Thm 0,1-0,3% vo PP s dn n ci thin v trong v lng
mt b mt. T l thm vo cao cht l 0,3 % v h thng nhit trong my
theo yu cu l 225-260
0
C.

15


8. Cht Chng Tnh in:
Gim bt s tch t ion in t trn b mt sn phm trong qu trnh gia cng v s dng,
gip sn phm khng b cun, dnh vo nhau, cn lu sn phm c cht tnh in s to
bm dnh khng tt trong in n.

9. Cht Ph Gia Nha Gip Phn Tn Mu & n nh Ch S Chy:
- Nha mang: LLDPE.
- Thnh phn ha hc:
20% Tris (2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl) phosphite.
- c tnh v s dng :
+ L cht chng lo ha th cp cho cc polymer hu c PE, PP.
+ Gip n nh ch s chy v mu sc trong sut qu trnh gia cng nhit
ca polymer.
+ C c hiu qu cao v hp lc tt khi kt hp vi cc hindered phenol.
C th kt hp dng vi cc cht hp th UV (benzotriazoles) hay HALS
(n nh UV) c s n nh nhit v nh sng cho cc sn phm s
dng ngoi tri.
+ Lng dng : 1.0% - 2.0%.

10. Cht Ph Gia Nha Chng Lo Ha & n nh Nhit:
- Nha mang: LLDPE.
- Thnh phn ha hc: 20% Tetrakis[methylene-3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-
hydroxyphenyl) propionate] methane.
- c tnh v s dng:
+ L cht chng lo ha s cp cho cc polymer hu c ( PE, PP, TPR, PVC).
+ Chng lo ha hiu qu trong qu trnh gia cng polymer, lm gim thay i
nht v ng gel sn phm.
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+ Cung cp n nh nhit lu di, bo v tnh cht c l ca polymer trong
sut qu trnh lu tr v s dng.
+ C th kt hp dng vi cc cht hp th UV (benzotriazoles) hay HALS (n
nh UV) c s n nh nhit v nh sng cho cc sn phm s dng ngoi
tri.
+ Lng dng : 1.0% 2.0%.

11. Cht Nha Chng Chy:
- Cng ty ca chng ti thng qua mt cht lm chm chy tin tin, thng qua
my trc vt i vi nhau, kt hp s bin i v nhng phng php tng t
sn xut ra cht lm chm qu trnh chy, chng c hiu qu cao v tnh c c tt.
Cht chng chy c rt nhiu ch li nh t l thm vo thp, ho trn nguyn liu
mt cch d dng, khng gy nhim mi trng, hiu qu cao trong vic lm
chm qu trnh chy v vi mt mc gi thch hp,...ng thi, cht ny cng lm
gim cc chi ph sn xut cho nh my ( khong 20-30%). Bng cch s dng ht
th cht chng chy s khng xy ra hin tng khng u. Ngoi ra, chng cn c
nhng c im ph hp vi nha nguyn sinh, khng gy nh hng n mu
sc ca nha. ng thi cng thch hp cho cc sn phm l thit b trong nh.
- Cch s dng: Khng cn sy kh trc khi sn xut, trn thng trc tip vi
nguyn liu nha v cc cht ph gia khc. y l sn phm khng gy nguy him
cn c bo qun ni kh ro v thong mt.

17

V - PHNG PHP SN XUT:
1. Phng php p chn khng:
- p chn khng l k thut to hnh cc loi nha. Thng thng to hnh cho nha
mng. p chn khng thng s dng khi mun to hnh cc loi da hoc hp.
Phng php ny gip ta to hnh mt s hnh dng bao b phc tp mt cc d
dng. Sau y l cc bc tin hnh quy trnh p chn khng:
- u tin, cc khun c lm t cc loi g mm. Cc ng bin v ra ca
khun c mi t d dng ly khun ra sau khi nh hnh nha.







1.1 Khun c t my p chn khng.

1.2 Tm mn nha c c nh pha trn khun.


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1.3 B phn gia nhit hot ng lm cho tm mng nha tr nn mm v do.


1.4 Sau mt vi pht, tm nha c th to hnh c.

1.5 B phn gia nhit ngng hot ng v khun c nng ln v t v tr c nh.


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1.6 My ht hot ng, ht ht khng kh bn di tm mn ra ngoi. p sut khng
kh bn trn p tm mng xung khun, giai on ny tm mn c to
hnh ca khun bn di. Khi tm nha c lm ngui my ht s ngng hot
ng.


1.7 Tm nha c ly ra my p chn khng. Tm nha lc ny c nh hnh.

1.8 Cc phn nha cn tha s c ct b thu c thnh phm cui cng.




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- u im phng php p chn khng:
To hnh hoa vn bt mt ngi tiu dng. Cm quan tt.
- Nhc im phng php p chn khng:
Phi kn kh p sut trn nn xung.
Cng ngh phc tp.

2. Phng php p dp khun nng:
- p dp khun nng l k thut to hnh cc loi nha. Thng thng to hnh cho
nha mng. Phng php ny gip ta to hnh mt s bao b.
Chun b mng n hoc a lp mng. Gia nhit cho mng nng dn n
linh hot c th nh hnh c:



a mng vo khun chun b dp nng:









21

Dng khun pha trn mng p xung khun di:





Sau tch khun ra khi sn phm:




22

- u im phng php p dp khun nng:
Khng cn phi lm kn khun p, k thut n gin.
Thc t s dng nhiu trong sn xut, cng ngh n gin, tit kim tin.
Qu trnh dp to hnh khi s tit kim c nhiu nguyn liu, nht l trong sn
xut hng lot ln v hng khi. Do h c gi thnh sn phm.
Do tng c bn v cng nn kch thc chi tit gim i, chi tit s gn
nh hn.
Nng sut lao ng cao c th c kh ha v t ng ha qu trnh sn xut.
Thao tc n gin, khng cn th bc cao do gim chi ph sn xut.
To c cc chi tit kch thc t rt nh n nhng chi tit c kch thc ln.
Lng vt liu d thi b trong qu trnh p rt thp, v khng c s vng ra ca
vt liu tha v rnh ngang khun c.
Khng c s bo mn l c khun hay rng ngang khun c.
p sut nn c tri u trn vt liu c, ng sut bn trong v hp lc gy
cong vnh rt thp.
Vic lm lnh, un nng s b vt liu hay un nng phi c th c tin hnh
mt cch t ng.
Thun li cho vic c cc chi tit c kch thc ln.
S co ngt chi tit sau c l rt thp.
Mt cch chung nht, vic c cc chi tit dy d dng hn so vi phng php p
c (c truyn)_transfer moulding.
Nu khun c c nhiu l (cavities) th i hi p sut c thp hn so vi
phng php c truyn.

- Nhc im phng php p dp khun nng:
Hnh dng sn phm to thnh khng p.
Ch to c nhng hp c hoa vn n gin.
Qu trnh to hnh u c thc hin vi mng nha trng thi nng, do vy
cht lng b mt chi tit thp, chnh xc khng cao.
Dp to hnh khi thng phi s dng cc thit b ln t tin do vy ch thch
hp vi sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi do phi u t ban u ln.
Khng dng p c cc chi tit tinh xo, mng, d v.
V sinh ng lt khun c thng gp kh khn.
c vt g g kh thit k khun.
Gia cng lm sch cc ra sau qu trnh c tn thi gian v chi ph.
su ca khun c gi c gii hn trong 2,5 ln b dy.
Trng lng ht vt liu c phi c kim sot chc ch.
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3. Phng php to hnh bng khng kh :
- Quy trnh to hnh bng khng kh:
Nguyn liu ban u cng l mng n a lp gia nhit, cho vo khun :




Dp khun xung to hnh cho sn phm:




Ly khun ra, gia cng ta c sn phm.

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- u im phng php to hnh bng khng kh:
Khi m vt liu c c t vo trong khun, n s khng di chuyn v bin
dng ca cc chi tit c th c gim i
Khi m p lc kp khun c p trc tip vo vt liu c, c th t c cc
chi tit chnh xc
Khng cn c cng phun, khng hn ch v vt liu c(ht nh, bt)
kt cu n gin, gi thnh thit b c th gim

- Nhc im phng php to hnh bng khng kh:
Khng dng p c cc chi tit tinh xo, mng, d v.
V sinh ng lt khun c thng gp kh khn.
c vt g g kh thit k khun.
Gia cng lm sch cc ra sau qu trnh c tn thi gian v chi ph.
su ca khun c gi c gii hn trong 2,5 ln b dy.
Trng lng ht vt liu c phi c kim sot chc ch.















25

VI - ng dng hp nha thn mm trong i sng:
Hp nha thn mm c ng dng trong cc vt dng hng ngy nh hp ng
trng, hp ng bnh, salad..











26

TI LIU THAM KHO
Ngun internet
1. http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/gioi-thieu-cong-nghe-ep-phun.210530.html
2. http://www.scribd.com/doc/62739132/Cach-Phan-Biet-Cac-Loai-Nhua
3. http://minhchan.vn/?gclid=CLXGkr6V2LUCFUIl4god8DQAP
4. http://www.vatgia.com/raovat/9646/6404359/san-xuat-hat-mau-bot-mau-phu-gia-
nghanh-nhua-hang-dau-gia-tot-nhat.html
5. http://tailieu.vn/xem-tai-lieu/cong-nghe-san-xuat-bao-bi.605165.html
6. http://luanvan.co/luan-van/nghien-cuu-quy-trinh-cong-nghe-san-xuat-chai-nhua-
pet-cua-cong-ty-tnhh-hong-vinh-phat-343/