THI VO LP 10

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THI VO LP 10 CHUYN TON TRNG PH THNG NNG KHIU
NM HC 2008 2009
MN TON CHUYN
Bi 1:1) Cho phng trnh:
a) Chng minh rng phng trnh khng th c hai nghim u m.
b) Gi
1 2
, x x l hai nghim ca phng trnh. Chng minh rng:
( )( )
2 2
1 1 2 2
2 2
1 2
2 2 2 2 x x x x
x x
+ +
+

khng ph thuc vo m.
2) Gii h phng trnh:

Bi 2: Cho tam gic ABC khng phi tam gic cn. ng trn (I ni tip tam gic v tip
xc vi cc cnh BD, AC v AB ln lt ti D, E, F. EF ct BC v ID ln lt ti K v J.
a) Chng minh tam gic DIJ v AID ng dng.
b) Chng minh IK vung gc vi AD.
Bi 3: Cho gc xAy vung ti A. B thuc Ax v C thuc Ay. Hnh vung MNPQ vi M thuc
AB, N thuc AC, P v Q thuc BC.
a) Tnh cnh hnh vung MNPQ theo BC = a v AH = h vi AH l ng cao h t A ca tam
gic ABC.
b) Cho khng i. Tnh gi tr ln nht ca din tch hnh vung MNPQ
Bi 4: Gi s bch kim l s nguyn dng c tng cc bnh phng cc ch s bng chnh s
.
a) Chng minh rng khng c s bch kim c 3 ch s.
THI VO LP 10
GV: NGUYN TNG V www.truonglang.wordpress.com

b) Tm tt c cc s nguyn dng bch kim n.
Bi 5: Trong mt gii bng c 6 i tham gia thi u vng trn mt lt. i thng c 3
im, ha c 1 im v thua th 0 im. Sau khi kt thc s im ca cc i ln lt l
( )
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 4 5 6
, , , , , D D D D D D D D D D D D . Bit D
1

thua ng mt trn v
1 2 3 4 5 6
D D D D D D = + = + + . Tnh
1 6
, D D
Hng dn gii

Bi 1:
1) Phng trnh: ( )
2
2 2 0 1 x mx m + =
a) Gi s phng trnh c hai nghim
1 2
, x x u m. Khi ta c:
( )
2
2
1 2
1 2
4 2 2 0
8 8 0
0
0 0
1
2 2 0 0
m m
m m
m
S x x m
m
m P x x
= +
<
= + < <

>

> = >

(Mu thun)
Vy phng trnh khng c hai nghip u m.
b) Gi
1 2
, x x l hai nghim ca phng trnh. Khi theo nh l Viet ta c:
1 2
1 2
2 2
S x x m
P x x m
= + =

= =

Ta c: ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
2 2 2 2 4 4 x x x x x x m m m m + = + = = +
V

( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 2
2
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
2
2
2 2 2
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
4 4 4 4
2 2 4 4 4
2 2 2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 2 4
4 8 4 4 4 2 8 8 4 8 8 4
2 8 8
x x x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x
m m m m m m m
m m m m m m m m
m m
+ + = + +
+ +
= + + + + + +
= + + + +
= + + + + + +
= +

Suy ra:
( )( )
2 2
2
1 1 2 2
2 2 2
1 2
2 2 2 2
2 8 8
2
4 4
x x x x
m m
x x m m
+ +
+
= =
+ +
khng ph thuc vo gi tr ca m.
2)
THI VO LP 10
GV: NGUYN TNG V www.truonglang.wordpress.com

( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
1
2
3
x y z
y x z
z x y
= +

= +

= +

Ta c
2 2 2 2 2 2
0, 0, 0 x y z y x z z x y = + = + = +
Ly (1) tr (2) v theo v ta c:
( )( ) ( )( )
( )
2 2
1 0
0
1 0
x y y x y x y x x y x y
x y
x y l
= = + + + =
=

+ + =

Ly (2) tr (3) v theo v ta c:

( )( )
( )( )
( )
2 2
1 0
1
y z z y y z z y z y
y z y z
y z
y z l
= = +
+ + =
=

+ =

T ta c x y z = = . T (1) suy ra ( )
2 2 2 2
0
2 2 0 1 2 0
1
2
x
x y z x x x x x
x
=

= + = = =

Vi x = 0 th y = z = 0.
Vi
1 1
2 2
x y z = = =
Vy h phng trnh c hai nghim (x, y, z) l ( ) 0, 0, 0 v
1 1 1
, ,
2 2 2




Bi 2:












J
K
F
E
D
I
A
B C
THI VO LP 10
GV: NGUYN TNG V www.truonglang.wordpress.com


a) Ta c AE = AF (tnh cht hai tip tuyn ct nhau)
v IE = IF (bn knh ng trn (I))
Suy ra AI l ng trung trc ca EF, suy ra AI EF ti J.
Tam gic AFI vung ti c FJ l ng cao nn ta c : IJ. IA = IF
2

M IF = ID, suy ra IJ. IA = ID
2

IJ ID
ID IA
=
Xt tam gic IDJ v tam gic IDA c :
+ Gc AID chung
+
IJ ID
ID IA
= (cmt)
Suy ( ) ~ . . IDJ IAD c g c
b) Tam gic ~ IDJ IAD suy ra

IJD IDA = .
T gic IJKD c

90 90 180
o o o
IJK IDK + = + = nn l t gic ni tip, suy ra

IJD IKD =
T ta c

IDA IKD =
Gi P l giao im ca AD v IK.
Ta c

90 90
o o
PDK PKD PDK PDI IDK DPK AD IK + = + = = =
Bi 3:












a) t x l di cnh hnh vung.
Gi E l giao im ca AH v MN.
Ta c MEHQ l hnh ch nht, suy ra EH = MQ = x, v AE = AH EH = h x.
D
A
B C
M N
P Q
THI VO LP 10
GV: NGUYN TNG V www.truonglang.wordpress.com

Ta c MN //BC nn
MN AN
BC AC
=
V NE // CH nn ta c
AN AE
AC AH
=
Do ta c:
MN AE
BC AH
= hay
x h x ah
x
a h a h

= =
+

Vy di cnh hnh vung MNPQ bng
ah
a h +

b) Gi M l trung im BC, ta c
1
2
AM BC = suy ra
1 1
hay
2 2
AH AM BC h a = (1)
Ta c
2
2 . . .
ABC
S AB AC AH BC a h k = = = (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c:
2 2
2 2 a ah k =
Ta c
( )
( )
2
2
4
2
2 2 2
2
MNPQ
ah
ah k
S MP
a h a h ah
a h

= = = =

+ + +
+

Ta c
2
2 2 2 2
3
4 4
a
a h h a + = + + . p dng bt ng thc Cauchy hai s ta c
:
2 2
2 2
2 .
4 4
a a
h h ah + =
Suy ra:

2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2
3 3 5
.2
4 4 2
5 9
2 2
2 2
a h ah a k k k
a h ah k k k
+ + +
+ + + =

Do
4
2
2
2
9
9
2
MNPQ
k
S k
k
= .Du bng xy ta khi v ch khi a = 2h 2 a h M H = tam gic
ABC vung cn ti A khi v ch khi AB = AC = k.
Vy gi tr ln nht ca din tch hnh vung MNPQ bng
2
2
9
k khi tam gic ABC vung cn
ti A
Bi 4:
a) Xt s t nhin c 3 ch s abc trong 1 9, 0 , 9 a b c . Ta chng minh abc khng th
l s bch kim.
Ta c ( )
2
100 10 100 10 abc a b c a a a b c = + + = + + +
Ta c
2
10b b
THI VO LP 10
GV: NGUYN TNG V www.truonglang.wordpress.com

Ta c 100 90 a > v 1 a suy ra ( )
2
100 90 a a c >
Do
2 2 2
abc a b c > + + .
Vy abc khng th l s bch kim.
Do khng c s bch kim c 3 ch s.
b) Ta chng mi s t nhin c nhiu hn 3 ch s cng khng phi l s bch kim.
t
1 2
...
k
a a a l s t nhin c k ch s vi 4 k trong
1
1 9, 0 9 2,
i
a a i k =
Ta c
1 2
1 2 1 2 1
... 10 10 ... 10
k k
k k k
a a a a a a a

= + + + +
Vi i = 2, 3, , k-1 th
2
10
k i
i i
a a

(1)
V
( )
1 2 1 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
10 10 990
k k
k
a a a a a a a

= + > + > + (2) ( V k > 3)
T (1) v (2) ta c
1 2 2 2 2
1 2 1 2 1 1 2
... 10 10 ... 10 ...
k k
k k k k
a a a a a a a a a a

= + + + + > + + +
Vy khng c s bch kim c nhiu hn 3 ch s.
Hn na t cu a) suy ra khng c s bch kim c nhiu hn hoc bng 3 ch s. Vy s bch
kim nu c ch c th l s c mt hoc hai ch s.
TH1: Nu s bch kim c mt ch s.
Ta c
( )
2
0
1
a l
a a
a
=
=

=

. Vy s bch kim c mt ch s l 1.
TH2: S bch kim c hai ch s ab .
Ta c
2 2 2 2
10 10 ab a b a b b b a a = + = + = (3)
M ( )
2
1 b b b b = l tch ca hai s nguyn lin tip nn chia ht cho 2. Suy ra
2
10a a chia
ht cho 2, suy ra a phi l s chn. M 0 9 2, 4, 6,8 a a < =
Th a trc tip vo ta khng tm c s t nhin b no.
Do khng c s bch kim c hai ch s.
Vy ch c mt s bch kim duy nht l 1.
Cu 5:
Gi a l s trn c kt qu thng thua v b l s trn c kt qu ha.
Khi ta c:
6.5
15
2
a b + = = v
1 2 3 4 5 6
3 2 A D D D D D D a b = + + + + + = + l tng s im ca cc
i t c.
Ta c ( ) ( ) 2 3 2 3 30 3 2 45 a b a b a b a b + + + +
V
1 2 3 4 5 6 1 1
3 2 3 10 D D D D D D A a b D D = + = + + = + =
Hn na do D
1
thua mt trn nn
1
12 D . Suy ra
1
10 12 D .
Gi m l s trn thng ca D
1
, n l s trn ha ca D
1
. Khi ta c m + n = 4 v 3m + n = D
1

THI VO LP 10
GV: NGUYN TNG V www.truonglang.wordpress.com

+ Nu D
1
= 10 => 3a+ 2b = 30 => a = 0, b = 15 v l v D
1
thua mt trn nn c t nht mt
trn thng thua.
+ Nu D
1
= 11 ta c 3m + n = 11, m + n = 4.
1 7
,
2 2
n m = = ( v l v m, n l s t nhin)
Vy D
1
= 12. Khi ta c 3a + 2b = 3 . 12 = 36 => a = 6 v b = 9.
Ta c D
1
thng 4 trn thua mt trn nn s trn c D
1
vi 5 i cn li l 5 trn c kt qu
thng thua. Do trong 5 i cn li u vi nhau c ng mt trn thng thua, cn li l kt
qu ha. (*)
Ta c D
2
+ D
3
= 12 v
2 3 3
6 D D D
Ta c D
4
+ D
5
+ D
6
= 12 v
6 5 4 6 6
3 12 4 D D D D D
Ta c D
6
u vi 4 i D
2
, D
3
, D
4
, D
5
c nhiu lm l mt trn thua. Nn ta c
6
3 D .
Nu D
6
= 3, suy ra D
4
+ D
5
= 9
4
5 D . Suy ra D
4
phi c t nht mt trn thng (v khng
th ha vi D
1
) v D
4
khi u vi nhm (D
2,
D
6
) c t nht 3 trn ha nn suy ra
4 3 4
6 6 6 D D D = => D
5
= 3. Suy ra D
5
c mt trn thua na (v l vi (*))
Vy D
6
= 4.

Mt vi nhn xt:
+ Bi 1 th chc ai cng lm c v y l dng bi tp c bn. V th nu lm c cc bi
khc m khng lm c bi ny th cng nguy him.
+ Bi 2, 3 thuc mn hnh hc. Hai bi ny ch c cu b ca bi 3 th nhiu hc sinh d b
nhm lc p dng Cauchy ngay m khng ti du bng xy ra. Cn li nhng cu khc hi
vng l lm ng ht v cng thuc dng c bn.
+ Bi 4: Bi ny cng l mt bi hay, khng kh nhng nh gc c nhiu hc sinh
v thy khng quen. Nhng nu , mt phng trnh nghim nguyn c nhiu n th phng
php c bn c th ngh ti l bt ng thc. Khi gii ra cng h nghi v sao ch c s 1 l s
bch kim (nh ngha s bch kim lm g ch c mt s).
+Bi 5: Nm nay Euro + thy Trn Nam Dng rt khoi bong nn chc chn s l mt cu
v bng ri. Bi ny ri rm, trong lc thi kh ngh ra v tm l. C l nhiu bn chun b
nhiu v dng bi tp ny nhng vn gp kh khn. B bi ny m lm ht my bi khc th
vn cn hi vng.
NGUYN TNG V

I HC QUC GIA TP HCM K THI TUYN SINH LP 10 NM HC 2009 - 2010
TRNG PH THNG Mn thi: TON CHUYN
NNG KHIU Thi gian lm bi: 150 pht, khng k thi gian giao
_______________________________________________________________________________

Cu 1.
a) Cho , , , a b c d l cc s thc tha mn iu kin , . 0
3
a c a c
a c
b d b d
+
= = =

.
Chng minh rng:
2 2
b d = .
b) Gii h phng trnh:
2 2
2 2
1 3
3 7
2 3
4 7
x x y
xy x y
y x y
xy x y

=

Cu 2.
a) Gii bt phng trnh: 2 1 8 9 x x + s +
b) Cho , , a b c l cc s thuc | | 1;2 tha mn iu kin
2 2 2
6 a b c + + = .
Chng minh rng: 0 a b c + + >

Cu 3.
a) Chng minh rng khng tn ti s t nhin a sao cho
2 2009
2010 a a + =
b) Chng minh rng khng tn ti s t nhin a sao cho
2 3 2010
2009 a a a + + =

Cu 4.
Cho ng trn ( ) O tm O, ng knh 2 AB R = . C l mt im thay i trn ng trn
( ) O sao cho tam gic ABC khng cn ti C . Gi H l chn ng cao ca tam gic ABC
h t C. H , HE HF vung gc vi , AC BC tng ng. Cc ng thng EF v AB ct
nhau ti K .
a) Tnh theo R din tch tam gic CEF v di cc on , KA KB trong trng hp

0
60 BAC = .
b) H , EP FQ vung gc vi AB. Chng minh rng ng trn ng knh PQ tip
xc vi ng thng EF .
c) Gi D l giao im ca ( ) O v ng trn ng knh CH , D C = . Chng minh
rng
2
. KAKB KH = v giao im M ca cc ng thng CD v EF lun thuc mt ng
thng c nh.

Cu 5.
Trn mt ng trn, ngi ta xp cc s 1,2,3,...,10 (mi s xut hin ng mt ln).
a) Chng minh khng tn ti mt cch xp m tng hai s k nhau u ln hn 10.
b) Tn ti hay khng mt cch xp m tng hai s k nhau u ln hn hoc bng 10?

-----------Ht------------

Hng dn gii
Bi 1.
a)
Cch 1: Ta c
3 3
3 3
a c a c a c
b d b d b d

= = =

(Do 3 0 b d = )
T ta c
3
3
3 3
a c a c
a c a c a c
b d b d
+
= = + =

. M
2 2
v 0
a c
ac b d b d
b d
= = = =
Cch 2:
Trng hp 1:
2 2
b d b d = = (ccm)
Trng hp 2: b d = , kt hp vi iu kin
a c
b d
= suy ra a c =
Khi
a c a c
b d b d
+
= =
+
(tnh cht dy t s bng nhau)
Suy ra
0
3 3
a c
a c a c
b d b d b d b d
+ = + +
=

= + +


Vi 0 a c + = m 0 ac = suy ra 0, 0 a c = = suy ra b d = (mu thun)
Vi
2 2
3b d b d b d b d = + = =
Vy trong hai trng hp ta u c
2 2
b d =

Nhn xt: My em p ng ngay dy t s bng nhau l thiu trng hp ri, s b tr im.
b)
2 2
2 2
2 2
1 3
3 7
1 2 3
2 3 3 4 7
4 7
x x y
xy x y
x y x y
y x y xy xy x y
xy x y

=

= =

iu kin
2 2
3
4
7
xy
xy
x y
=

+ =

Trng hp 1: ( )
7
3 4
2
xy xy xy = = , khi ( ) 1 2 3 x y x y = + =
Ta c h ( )
3
7
2
x y
VN
xy
+ =

Trng hp 2: ( ) 3 4 xy xy =
Khi ta c
2 2
3 1 2 3
7 3 4 2 7
x y x y x y
x y xy xy xy
+
= = =


Suy ra
( )
2 2
3 0
7 2 7
x y
x y xy
=

Vi 3 0 x y = ta c
1
1 2 0
2
x
x y
y
=
= =

=

Vi ( )
2
2 2
7 2 7 0 x y xy x y x y = + = =
Khi ta c
2 2
1 1
1 2
2 2 3 4
x y
x x
x y x x
= =
=

= =


Th li ta thy ( ) 1;2 v ( ) 1; 1 l nghim ca h phng trnh
Vy phng trnh c hai nghim ( ) ; x y l ( ) 1;2 v ( ) 1; 1
Bi 2
a) Ta c
( )
( )
( )
2
2 1 0
8 9 0
2 1 8 9
2 1 0
2 1 8 9
x
I
x
x x
x
II
x x
+ <

+ >

+ s +

+ >

+ s +

Gii (I): Ta c( )
1
9 1
2
9 8 2
8
x
I x
x

<

s <

>

Gii (II): Ta c

( )
( )( )
2 2
1 1 1
2 2 2
4 1 2 0
4 4 1 8 9 4 4 8 0
1
1
2 2
2
1 2
x x x
II
x x
x x x x x
x
x
x

> > >




+ s
+ + s + s

>

s s

s s

Vy tp nghim ca bt phng trnh l
9
;2
8
S
(
=
(


b) V
| | ( )( )
2 2
1;2 1 2 0 2 0 2 a a a a a a a e + s s >
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi 1 a = hoc 2 a =
Chng minh tng t ta cng c
2 2
2, 2 b b c c > >
Do
2 2 2
6 a b c a b c + + > + + suy ra 0 a b c + + > (v
2 2 2
6 a b c + + = )
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi ( ) , , a b c l hon v ca ( ) 1; 1;2
Cu 3
a) Gi s tn ti s t nhin a tha
2 2009
2010 a a + =
Ta c ( )
2
1 a a a a + = + l tch hai s t nhin lin tip.
Ta c ( ) , 1 1 a a + = v ( ) 1 1 a a + = .
Do , 1 a a + phi c dng
2009 2009
, 1 a p a q = + = trong p q < , ( ) . 2010, , 1 p q p q = =
iu ny khng th xy ra v ( ) ( )
2009
2009 2009
, 1 1 1 1 p q q p q p p = > > + > +
Vy khng tn ti s t nhin a tha mn bi.

b) Gi s tn ti s t nhina tha bi. Tc l
3 2 2010
2009 a a a + + =
R rng 0 a > , khi ta c ( )
3
3 3 2 3 2
3 3 1 1 a a a a a a a a < + + < + + + = +
Mt khc
( )
3
2010 607
2009 2009 =
Suy ra
( )
( )
3
3
3 670
2009 1 a a < < + . (V l v ( )
3
3
, 1 a a + l lp phng ca hai s t nhin lin
tip. )
Vy khng tn ti s t nhin a tha mn bi.
Cu 4
J
T
D
I
P Q K,M
F
E
H O A B
C

a) Tnh theo R din tch tam gic CEF v di cc on , KA KB trong trng hp

0
60 BAC = .
Ta c

0
90 ACB = (gc ni tip chn na ng trn ( ) O )
Tam gic ABC vung ti C nn ta c

0
.cos 2 .cos60 AC AB CAB R R = = =
V

0
.sin 2 .sin60 3 CB AB CAB R R = = =
Ta c

0
3
.sin .sin60
2
R
CH AC ACB R = = =
Tam gic CHE vung ti H c HEl ng cao nn
2
2
2
3
2
3
.
4
R
CH
CE CA CH CE R
CA R
| |
|
\ .
= = = =
Tng t ta cng c
2
3
4
CH R
CF
CB
= =
Do
2
1 1 3 3 3 3
. . .
2 2 4 4 32
CEF
R R R
S CE CF = = =

V

0
60 BAC = nn A nm gia K v B
D thy CEHF l hnh ch nht v

0
30 KEA CEF CHF CBA = = = = , m

0 0 0
60 30 30 AKE AEK CAB AKE CAB AEK + = = = =
Vy tam gic KAE cn ti A suy ra KA AE =
M
3 1
4 4
R
AE AC CE R R = = = nn
1
4
KA R =
V
1 9
2
4 4
KB KA AB R R R = + = + =

b) Chng minh EF tip xc vi ng trn ng knh PQ
Cu b, c ta xt trng hp AC < BC, trng hp AC BC > lm tng t
Gi I l giao im ca EF v CH . V AEHF l hnh ch nht nn I l trung im EF.
T gic EPQF l hnh thang vung (v , EP FQ PQ )
Ta c // IH EP v I l trung im EF nn H l trung im ca PQ.
Khi ng trn ng knh PQ l ng trn tm H bn knh HP.
Gi T l hnh chiu ca H trn EF
Ta c

PEH EAH = (cng ph

EHA) v

TEH IHE = ,

IHE EAH = (cng ph vi

EHA. )
Suy ra

PEH TEH = , suy ra PEH TEH HT HP A = A =
Ta c ( ) HT EF T EF e v HT HP = nn EF tip xc vi ng trn ng knh PQ
c) Chng minh
2
. KAKB KH = v M thuc mt ng c nh
Ta c

KEA CEF CHF CBK = = = , suy ra ( ) . KAE KFB g g

A A ,
Do . .
KA KE
KAKB KE KF
KF KB
= = (1)
Mt khc ta c

KHE HCE HFK = = , suy ra ( ) . KHE KFH g g

A A
Do
2
.
KH KE
KE KF KH
KF KH
= = (2)
T (1) v (2) th
2
. KAKB KH =

Gi J l giao im ca OC v EF,
Ta c

OCF OBC = (tam gic OBC cn ti O)
V

JFE ICF = (do tam gic ICF cn ti I)
Do

0
0
90
90
OCF JFE OBC ICF
CJF OC EF
+ = + =
=

Tam gic CKO c CH v KJ l hai ng cao, ct nhau ti I nn I l trc tm ca tam gic
CKO, do OI CK (3)
Mt khc hai ng trn (O) v ng trn tm I ng knh CH ct nhau ti C v D, nn OI
l ng trung trc ca CD, suy ra OI CD (4)
T (3) v (4) ta c , , C K D thng hng.
Vy K cng l giao im ca CD v EF, do M K v M lun thuc ng thng AB c
nh
Nhn xt: y l mt bi hnh hc rt quen thuc, khng kh. hn nm ngoi nhiu.
Bi 5.
a) Gi s tn ti mt cch sp xp tha bi l
a
5
a
6
a
7
a
8
a
9
a
10
a
4
a
3
a
2
a
1

Khng mt tnh tng qut ta gi s
1
1 a = . Khi ta c
1 2 2 2
1 10 10 10
10 9 10
10 9 10
a a a a
a a a a
+ > > =


+ > > =

(v l v mi s xut hin ng mt ln)
Vy khng tn ti cch sp xp tha mn bi.
b) Tn ti cch sp xp nh trn. V d:
3
7
4
6
5
9
8
2
10
1

Nguyn Tng V Trng Ph Thng Nng Khiu 1

HNG DN GII V NHN XT
Hng dn gii khng phi l p n chnh thc, ch mang tnh cht tham kho.
Cu 1.
a) T a + b + c = 0, suy ra c = - (a + b). T ta c
( ) ( )
3
3 3 3 3 3
0 3 3 a b c a b a b ab a b abc = + + = + + = + = . Vy abc = 0, suy ra mt
trong 3 s a, b, c bng khng. @
b) Nhn xt trong h phng trnh trn vai tr ca x, y, z l nh nhau.
Cch 1:
t 1, 1, 1 x a y b z c = + = + = + . Thay vo phng trnh (1) ta c a + b + c = 0
Thay vo (2) vi a + b + c = 0 ta c ab + ac + bc = - 4. (4)
Thay vo (3) ta c
3 3 3
0 a b c + + = .
p dng cu a ta suy ra mt trong 3 s a, b, c bng 0. Khng mt tnh tng qut,
gi s a = 0, Khi b = - c, thay vo (4) ta tm c b = 2 hoc b = - 2.
Kt lun: Phng trnh c nghim (1, - 1, 3) v cc hon v.
Cch 2: T (1) v (2) ta c ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2
2 11 x y z x y z xy yz xz + + = + + + + =
Thay vo (3) ta c ( )
3 3 3
27 5 x y z + + =
T (1) v (5) ta suy ra ( ) ( ) ( )( )( )
3
3 3 3
0 3 x y z x y z x y y z x z = + + + + = + + +
T suy ra trong 3 s th hai s c tng bng 0.
Gi s x + y = 0, t (1) ta c z = 3. Thay vo (2) ta c x = 1, y = - 1 hoc x = - 1, y
= 1..
Kt lun: H phng trnh c nghim (1, - 1, 3) v hon v (6 nghim)
Nhn xt.
a) Kh c bn v c nhiu cch gii, cc bn c th p dng cc ng thc quen
thuc nh ( ) ( )
3 3 3 2 2 2
3 a b c abc a b c a b c ab ac bc + + = + + + + hay
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
3
3 3 3
3 a b c a b c a b b c a c + + + + = + + + . Tuy nhin kh di dng.
b) Bi h phng trnh i xng 3 n, kh phc tp. Nu cc bn tinh th gii nh
cch 1, tuy nhin bi ny cng c nhiu cch gii, ngoi 2 cch trn cc tnh ra tch
xzy = - 3 v dng phng php th gii tip. Nhng phi ra y 6 nghim th
mi c im ti a. Khng nn dng Viet cho 3 bin v chc l khng c s
dng.


Nguyn Tng V Trng Ph Thng Nng Khiu 2

Cu 2.
a) iu kin
2
1
2 0
2
x
x x
x
s
>

>

. Vi iu kin trn phng trnh tng ng

vi
2 2 2 2
4 4 12 2 3 2 x x x x x x x x = = (2)
t ( )
2
2 0 t x x t = > , phng trnh tr thnh:
2
1
3 2 0
2
t
t t
t
=
+ =

=

Vi 1 t = ta gii c
1 13 1 13
,
2 2
x x
+
= =
Vi t = 2 ta gii c 3, 2 x x = =
Ta thy cc s
1 13 1 13
, , 3, 2
2 2
+
u tha iu kin.
Vy phng trnh c 4 nghim v
1 13 1 13
3, 2, ,
2 2
S

+
=
`

)

b) t a = AB, b = AC. Do tam gic ABC vung ti A nn ta c
2 2
BC a b = + .
Ta cn chng minh
( )
2 2
2 2 2 a b a b s + s +
Ta c
1
1 2
2
ABC
S ab ab = = =
+ p dng bt ng thc Cauchy ta c
2 2 2 2
2 4 2 a b ab a b + > = + >
+ Ta c
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
2 2
2 2
2
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
2
2 2
2 2
2 2
4 4 2
4 4 0 2
2 0
a b a b
a b a b
a b a b a b
a b a b ab
a b
+ s +
+ + s +
+ + + + s +
+ + + > =
+ >

Bt ng thc sau cng ng, suy ra iu cn chng minh.
Nhn xt.
a) Cu ny thuc loi d i vi hc sinh lp chuyn. Cch hay nht l t n ph
cho n gin trong vic gii, nu dng cch bnh phng ln th kh kh khn v
a v phng trnh bc 4. Do bi ny cc nghim u nhn nn thy vic gii
Nguyn Tng V Trng Ph Thng Nng Khiu 3

iu kin khng lin quan nhiu, tuy th vn phi c iu kin v th li nu
mun t im ti a.
b) Cu bt ng thc ny khng kh lm, ch dng phng php bin i tng
ng v n gin. Nhng v chng minh th hai, nu khng chuyn s 2 qua
m bnh phng ln th cc em phi chng minh v phi khng m.
Cu 3.
a) B s bn s 1, 3, 7, 9 tha mn bi.
b) Ta chng minh trong 5 s nguyn dng phn bit th lun c 3 s c tng chia
ht cho 3 v ln hn 3.
+ V cc s l nguyn dng phn bit nn tng ba s bt k lun ln hn 3.
Nu trong 5 s khi chia cho 3 c y cc s d 0, 1, 2 th tng 3 s c s d
khc nhau s chia ht cho 3.
Nu ch c nhiu nht hai s d th theo nguyn tc Dirichlet s c t nht 3 s c
cng s d khi chia cho 3, vy tng 3 s s chia ht cho 3.
Vy lun tn ti 3 s c tng chia ht cho 3 v ln hn 3 nn khng tn ti 5 s
nguyn dng phn bit m tng ba s bt k u l s nguyn t.
Nhn xt.
a) Cu ny ch cn ch ra c 4 s m khng cn chng minh l lun g. Bi ny c
nhiu p s, ngoi b trn cn nhiu b khc m cc em c th ch ra c nh:
(1, 5, 7, 11),
Nu tm ra b s ln th trong li gii nn cng li chng t l s nguyn t.
b) Cu ny l cu kh, kh nht trong nm nay. Nu khng bit c tng
chng minh (tn ti tng 3 s
chia ht 3) th xem nh b.
Tuy vy nu mt im cu
ny cng khng sao, v b
chc l b chung.
Cu 4. Bi ny ta xt hai trng
hp, tam gic ABC nhn hoc t. V
cch chng minh l tng t nn xt
tam gic ABC nhn. Khi A v K
khc pha i vi BC.
Nguyn Tng V Trng Ph Thng Nng Khiu 4

V BC = R3 nn ta tnh c Z BAC = 60
0
, suy Z ABE = Z AEB = 30
0
(A ABE cn ti
A)
T gic ABKE ni tip, suy ra ZAKB = Z AEB = 30
0

Chng minh tng t ta cng c Z AKC = Z AFC = 30
0

T Z BKC = Z AKB + Z AKC = 60
0

Xt t gic OBKC c Z BOC + Z BKC = 120
0
+ 60
0
= 180
0
nn l t gic ni tip.
Vy K thuc ng trn ngoi tip tam gic OBC c nh.
b)Ta c S
KBC
= 1\2 BC. KT (T l hnh chiu ca T trn BC)
Suy ra S
KBC
max KT max K l im chnh gia cung ln BC ca ng trn ngoi
tip tam gic OBC. Khi A l im chnh gia cung ln BC ca (O).
Khi tam gic BCK u cnh BC = R3 nn c din tch l S
BKC
= 33R
2
/4.
c)Ta c Z AKC = Z AKE = 30
0
nn suy ra K, C, E thng hng.
T gic AHCE c Z AEH = Z ACH = 30
0
nn l t gic ni tip, suy ra Z AHE = Z
ACE. T suy ra Z AHB = Z ACK
Xt A ABH v A ACK c Z ABH = Z AKC v Z AHB = Z ACK (cmt)
nn AABH ~ A ACK (g.g)
Gi D l giao im ca AO v (O). Ta c Z ABC = Z ADC v Z BAH + Z ABC = Z
DAC + Z ADC = 90
0
, suy ra Z BAH = ZDAC
Hn na Z BAH = Z KAC (do AABH ~ A ACK)
T ZKAC = Z OAC, suy ra A, K, O thng hng.
Cch khc.
T gic BOCK ni tip, suy ra Z OKB = Z OCK = 30
0

M Z AKB = 30
0
(cmt) do Z OKB = Z AKB, suy ra K, A, O thng hng. Vy AK
lun i qua im O c nh.
Nhn xt. Bi hnh hc nm nay c v rc ri v hnh v, tuy nhin cng khng phi l
bi ton qu kh v d d on v chng minh cc . C nhiu cch chng minh cho cu
Nguyn Tng V Trng Ph Thng Nng Khiu 5

a v cu c ca bi ton ny v c th lm cu c trc. Cc bn thng nhm ln v cha
chng minh tnh thng hng ca ba im (K, C, E) v (K, B, F) v p dng lung tung.
Ni tm li y l mt bi ton hay.
Cu 5. Gi cc i ln lt l A
1
, A
2
,,A
12
.
a) Gi s sau 4 vng u A
1
vi A
2
,A
3
, A
4
,A
5
v cha u vi 4 i cn li. Ta
ch cn chng minh trong cc i cn li c hai i cha u vi nhau. Tht vy
xt A
6
, sau 4 vng u A
6
u nhiu nht l vi 4 trong 6 i A
7
, A
12
cn li nn
c t nht 1 i cha u vi A
6
. Vy i bng cng vi A
6
, A
1
l 3 i cha
u vi nhau.
b) Cu khng nh l khng. Ta xt mt lch nh sau:
Chia lm hai nhm, mi nhm 6 i A
1
, A
2
, A
6
v A
7
, A
8
, , A
12
. C mi vng
cho hai i trong cng mt nhm u vi nhau. Th sau 5 vng hai i trong cng
1 nhm u vi nhau. Xt 3 i bt k, th theo nguyn l Dirichlet tn ti t
nht hai i cng mt nhm, nn vi nhau. @
Nhn xt. Nm nay l nm Worldcup bi ra mt bi bng . Tuy nhin y cng
khng phi bi ton qu quen thuc nh cc nm trc l tm im cc i. Cu a, xem ra
li d lm hn cu b. Bi ton ny hay i hi suy lun tt v gn gng.

Nhn xt chung.
nm nay cho hay v i hi nhiu suy lun logic.
Cc cu c bn im l 1a, 2a. Cc cu phc tp hn l 1b, 2b, 3a, bi 4. Nu lm ng
c cc cu trn th hy vng rt cao.
Cc cu kh phn loi l bi 5 v 3b, trong kh nht l 3b v 5b.
Hn gp cc bn trong nm hc mi ti trng Ph Thng Nng Khiu.








Nguyn Tng V Trng Ph Thng Nng Khiu 6




HNG DN GII THI TUYN SINH LP 10 NM 2011
Mn thi: TON (chuyn)
Thi gian lm bi: 150 pht, khng th thi gian pht .

Cu I.Cho phng tiinh x
2
(m+3)x +m
2
=0, tiong o m l tham s sao
cho phng tiinh co hai nghim phn bit x
1
,x
2

a) Khi m =1, chng minh ing ta co h thc

x
1
8
+

x
2
8
=
_
2+

2+6
b) Tim tt c cc gi ti m sao cho

x
1
+

x
2
=5
c) Xt a thc P(x) = x
3
+ ox
2
+bx . Tim tt c cc cp s (o,b) sao cho
ta co h thc P(x
1
) = P(x
2
) vi mi gi ti ca tham s m
Li gii.
Ta c A =(m+3)
2
4m
2
=3(m+1)(3-m). A >0 -1 <m <3.
a) Khi m = 1, phng trnh c hai nghim dng x
1
, x
2
. Theo nh l Vit ta c
x
1
+x
2
=4, x
1
.x
2
=1. Ta bin i tng ng
6 2 6 6 2 2
6 2 6 2 2 2 6 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
4
2 1 2 1
4
2
4
1
8
2 1
4
2
4
1
8
2
8
1
= + + = + + = + +
+ = + + + = + + + + = +
x x x x x x x x x x
x x x x x x x x
H thc cui cng ng do x
1
+x
2
=4 v x
1
x
2
=1.
b) phng trnh c hai nghim khng m th
0
0 1 3
0
S m
P
A >

> < <

>

(*)
Theo nh l Viet th x
1
+x
2
=m+3 v x
1
x
2
=m
2
. Ta c
. 2 | | 2 5 2 3 5 2 5
2
2 1 2 1 2 1
= + = + + = + + = + m m m m x x x x x x
Gii phng trnh ny, ta c hai nghim . 2 ,
3
2
= = m m So snh vi iu
kin (*) trn ta loi nghim m =-2.
Vy gi tr m 5
2 1
= + x x l
3
2
= m .
c) Ta c P(x
1
) =P(x
2
) x
1
3
x
2
3
+a(x
1
2
-x
2
2
) +b(x
1
-x
2
) =0
(x
1
-x
2
)(x
1
2
+x
1
x
2
+x
2
2
+a(x
1
+x
2
)+b) =0
(x
1
-x
2
)((x
1
+x
2
)
2
x
1
x
2
+a(x
1
+x
2
)+b) =0
(x
1
-x
2
)((m+3)
2
m
2
+a(m+3)+b) =0
(6+a)m +9 +3a +b =0 vi mi - 1 <m <3
a =- 6, b =9.
Vy (a, b) =(-6, 9) l cp s cn tm.

Cu II.
a) Cho o,b l cc s thc ung. Tim gi ti nh nht ca biu thc
P =
1+o
2
1+b
2
1+ob

b) Cho x, y , z l cc s thc tha mn iu kin |x| 1,|y| 1,|z| 1.
Chng minh ing ta co bt ng thc:
1 x
2
+1 y
2
+1 z
2
9(x +y +z)
2

Li gii.
a) Ta c o
2
+ b
2
2ob, suy ra 1+o
2
+b
2
+o
2
b
2
1+2ob +o
2
b
2

(1+o
2
)(1+b
2
) (1+ob)
2

1+o
2
.1+b
2
1+ob (v 1+ab >0)

1+u
2
1+b
2
1+ub
1 (v 1 +ab >0)
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi a =b.
Vy minP =1 khi v ch khi a =b.

b) Bnh phng hai v ca bt ng thc, ta c bt ng thc tng ng
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
) ( 9 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 1 z y x x z z y y x z y x + + s + + + + +

zx yz xy x z z y y x + + s + + 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
.
hon tt php chng minh, ta ch cn chng minh xy y x s 1 1 1
2 2
. Tht
vy, do 1 xy 0 nn (*) tng ng vi
(1 x
2
)(1 y
2
) (1 xy)
2
(x y)
2
0 (hin nhin ng)

Cu III. Cho tam gic ABC co AB = b, AC = b. N l mt im thay i tin cnh
AB. ng tion ngoi tip tam gic BNC ct AC ti N.
a) Chng minh ing tam gic ANN ng ung vi tam gic ACB. Tinh t s
MA
MB
uin tich tam gic ANN bng mt na uin tich tam gic ACB.
b) ui I l tm ng tion ngoi tip tam gic ANN. Chng minh ing I lun
thuc mt ng thng c nh.
c) ui } l tm ng tion ngoi tip tam gic BNC. Chng minh ing ui
I} khng i.
Li gii.

a) Theo tnh cht ca t gic ni tip ta c ZANM =ZMBC =ZABC. Mt
khc ZNAM =ZBAC. Suy ra hai tam gic AMN v ACB ng dng.
T hai tam gic ng dng ny ta suy ra AM.AB = AN.AC. din tch tam
gic AMN bng mt na din tch tam gic ACB th t s ng dng phi bng
2
1
, tc l
2
1
=
AC
AM
. Suy ra
2
c
AM = . T y ta tnh c
2
c
b BM = . Suy
ra .
2 c b
c
BM
AM

=
b) Cch 1. Gi O l tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC v AH l ng
cao ca tam gic ABC. Khi d thy rng ZOAC =ZBAH. T , do
ZANM =ZACH nn t y ta suy ra OA vung gc MN, suy ra AO l
ng cao trong tam gic ANM. T y, cng do ZNAO =ZMAH.
Mt khc do tam gic AMN v ABC ng dng nn suy ra IAM v OAC ng
dng, do ZIAM =Z CAO =Z MAH, nn tm I ng trn ngoi tip tam
gic AMN nm trn AH c nh (pcm). (1 )
Cch 2 chng minh AO NM: V tip tuyn Ax ca (O), ta c OA Ax.
xAM = ACB = AMN, suy ra Ax//MN. Do OA MN
Cch 2
Ta c I l tm ng trn nn ZAIM =2ZANM =2ZABC.
M tam gic AIM cn ti I nn ZMAI = (180
0
- ZAIM) =90
0
- ZABC.
Suy ra ZMAI +ZABC =90 nn AI BC, I thuc ng cao AH ca tam gic
ABC.

c) V hai ng trn ngoi tip hai tam gic ABC v BMC c chung dy cung
BC nn OJ vung gc vi BC. Theo chng minh trn th AI vung gc vi
BC. Suy ra AI // OJ. Tng t, IJ vung gc vi MN v AO vung gc vi
MN theo cu a), suy ra IJ // AO. Suy ra AIJ O l hnh bnh hnh. Suy ra IJ =
AO = R khng i (pcm).

Cu IV. Cho o,b,c l cc s nguyn sao cho 2o +b,2b +c,2c +o u l cc s
chinh phng (*).
a) Bit ing co it nht mt tiong ba s chinh phng noi tin chia ht cho
3. Chng minh ing tich (o b)(b c)(c o) chia ht cho 27.
b) Tn ti hay khng cc s nguyn o,b,c tha iu kin (*) sao cho
(o b)(b c)(c o) chia ht cho 27?
Li gii.

a) Gi s 2a +b =m
2
, 2b +c =n
2
, 2c +a =p
2
.
Cng ba ng thc li, ta c 3(a +b +c) =m
2
+n
2
+p
2
. Suy ra m
2
+n
2
+p
2
chia
ht cho 3.
Ch rng bnh phng ca mt s nguyn chia 3 d 0 hoc 1. Do nu c 1
trong 3 s, chng hn m chia ht cho 3 th n
2
+p
2
chia ht cho 3 v nh th n
2
v
p
2
cng phi chia ht cho 3.
Cui cng, ch rng nu 2a +b chia ht cho 3 th a b =3a (2a+b) chia ht cho
3. Tng t ta c b c v c a chia ht cho 3, suy ra (a b)(b c)(c a) chia ht
cho 27.
b) Tn ti. Chng hn c th ly a =2, b =0, c =1.

Cu V. Cho hinh ch nht ABCB co AB = 3, BC = 4.
a) Chng minh ing t 7 im bt k tiong hinh ch nht ABCB lun tim
c hai im m khong cch gia chng khng ln hn 5
b) Chng minh ing khng nh cu a) vn con ng vi 6 im bt k
nm tiong hinh ch nht ABCB.
Li gii.
a) Chia hnh ch nht 3 x 4 thnh 6 hnh ch nht con 1 x 2. Theo nguyn l
Dirichlet, tn ti 2 trong 7 im cho thuc vo 1 hnh ch nht v do
ng knh ca hnh ch nht ny bng 5 nn ta c iu phi chng minh.












b) Chia hnh ch nht thnh 5 phn nh hnh v.


Nhn xt v thi.
- Cc cu d l 1ab, 3a ( ng dng).
- Cc cu mc trung bnh l 2ab, 4b, 5a, 4b, 1c
- Cc cu kh (phn loi hsg) l 4a, 3c, 5b.
TON CHUYN TUYN SINH VO LP 10 TRNG PTNK
NM HC 2012 2013
Cu I.
1) Gii h phng trnh
2 2
2 2
2 2
( ) 2
( ) 2
( ) 2
x y z z
y z x x
z x y y

2) Cho hnh vung ABCD cnh a. M v N l hai im ln lt nm trn cc cnh AB v BC
sao cho
AM CN
x
AB CB
= =
vi 0 < x < 1. Cc ng thng qua M , N song song vi BD ln lt
ct AD ti Q v CD ti P. Tnh din tch t gic MNPQ theo a v x v tm x sao cho din tch
ny ln nht.
Cu II. S nguyn dng n c gi l s k diu nu nh tng cc bnh phng ca cc c
ca n ( k c 1 v n ) ng bng .
a) Chng minh rng s 287 l s iu ha.
b) Chng minh rng s
3
n p = ( p nguyn t ) khng phi l s iu ha.
c) Chng minh rng nu s n pq = ( p,q l cc s nguyn t khc nhau) l s iu ha th n
+2 l s chnh phng.

Cu III.
a) Tm cc gi tr x etha mn
2
5 4 2 1 0 x x x + + >
b) Chng minh rng vi cc s khng m , , x y z tha mn 3 a b c + + = ta c bt ng thc
a b c ab bc ca + + > + +
Cu IV.Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A. Trn ng thng vung gc vi AB ti B ta ly im
D di ng nm cng pha vi C i vi ng thng AB .

a) Chng minh rng nu AC +BD <CD th trn cnh AB tn ti hai im M v N sao cho

90
o
CMD CND = =

b) Gi s iu kin trn c tha mn. ng thng qua A song song vi MD ct ng
thng qua B song song vi MC ti E. Chng minh rng ng thng DE lun i qua mt im c
nh .
Cu V.Cho a gic u n cnh . Dng 3 mu xanh , , vng t mu cc nh a gic mt cch
ty ( mi nh c t bi mt mu v tt c cc nh u c t mu). Cho php thc hin
thao tc sau y : chn hai nh k nhau bt k ( ngha l hai nh lin tip) khc mu v thay
mu ca hai nh bng mu cn li.
a) Chng minh rng bng cch thc hin thao tc trn mt s ln ta lun lun lm cho cc
nh ca a gic ch cn c t bi hai mu.
b)
Chng minh rng vi n =4 v n =8, bng cch thc hin thao tc trn mt s ln ta c
th lm cho cc nh ca a gic ch cn c t bi mt mu.




HNG DN GII
Cu I. 1) Tr theo v hai phng trnh u ta c

2 2
( 2 )( ) 2( ) ( )( 2) x y z x z x z x z x z x z + = = +

Hay ( )( 2 2) 0 1 x z y x z hoac y + = = =
Xt trng hp x =z
PT th ba cho ta
2
0
2 0
2
y
y y
y
=
=

=

Vi y =0 ta c
2 2
2
2 2
2
2 2
2
x z z
z z
x z
z x x

=
=

=
=

Nghim (x,y,z) =( 0,0,0) , (1,0,1)
Vi y =2 ta c
2 2
2
2 2
( 2) 2
3 2 0
(2 ) 2
x z z
x x
x z
z x x

=
+ =

=
=

Nghim (x,y,z) =(1,2,1) , (2,2,2)
Xt trng hp y =1. Ta c
2 2
2 2
2
( 1) 2
(1 ) 2
( ) 1
x z z
z x x
z x

Vi z x =1 dn n
2
1
3 2 0
2
z
z z
z
=
+ =

=


Nghim (x,y,z) =(0,1,1) , (1,1,2)
Vi z x =-1 dn n
2
0
0
1
z
z z
z
=
=

=

Nghim (x,y,z) =(1,1,0), (2,1,1)
Vy h c 8 nghim .

2) Chng minh c MNPQ l hnh ch nht
Ta c 1 1 (1 ) 2
MN BM AB AM AM
x MN x a
AC BA AB AB

= = = = =


2
MQ AM
x MQ xa
BD AB
= = =
(0,25)
T
2
2
2 2
1 1
. 2 (1 ) 2
4 2 2
a
S MN MQ a x x a x
(
| |
( = = = s
|
\ . (


Vy din tch t GTLN l
2
ax
2
m
a
S =
khi
1
2
x =
hay M l trung im AB.


Cu II. a)S n = 287 c cc c dng l 1 , 7, 41, 287.
ng thc
2 2 2 2 2
1 7 41 287 (287 3) + + + = + chng t 287 l s iu ha.
b) D thy cc c dng ca
3
n p = l
2 3
1, , , p p p
.Gi s tri li, n l s k diu. Khi

2 2 4 6 3 2 6 3 2 4 3
1 ( 3) 6 9 6 8 p p p p p p p p p + + + = + = + + + = +

T suy ra rng p l c ca 8. Nh th p =2 v ta gp iu mu thun. Vy
2
n p = khng
th l s iu ha .
d) S n = pq ( p < q) c cc c dng l 1, p,q v pq.
V n l iu ha nn
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 ( 3) 6 8 ( ) 4( 2) p q p q pq p q pq p q pq + + + = + + = + + = +

Do 4 l s chnh phng nn n +2 l s chnh phng.

Cu III. a) K 1 x >
Ta c
( )
2
5 4 2 1 0 ( 1)( 4) 2 1 0 1 ( 4) 1 2 0 x x x x x x x x x + + > + > + >


( ) ( )
2
1 ( 1) 1 3 1 2 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 x x x x x x x
(
+ > + >


Vy mi 1 x > u tha mn bt phng trnh cho.
b) T cu a) , t 1 0 t x = > ta c BT
2
2 3 (0,25) t t t + >
(*)

BT cn chng minh tng ng vi

2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 a b c a b c ab bc ca a b c + + + + + > + + + + +

2 2 2 2
2 2 2 ( ) a b c a b c a b c + + + + + > + +

2 2 2
2 2 2 3( ) a b c a b c a b c + + + + + > + +
p dng (*) ta c
2 2 2
2 3 , 2 3 , 2 3 a a a b b b c c c + > + > + >

Cng cc BT trn ta c BT cn chng minh.




Cu IV.

a) Xt ng trn ng knh CD c tm O l trung im
CD. Gi I l trung im CD. Khi OI vung gc vi
AB v
2
AC BD
OI
+
=
.
T gi thit ta c
2
CD
OI >
. Suy ra ng trn ng
knh CD ct on AB ti hai im M, N v do

90
o
CMD CND = =
.
b) Gi E l giao im ca ng thng qua A song song
vi MD vi CD. Gi P,Q ln lt l giao im ca MD
vi AC v MC vi BD.
T nh l Talet ta c
' CE CA
CD CP
=
v
' CA BQ CE BQ
CD DQ CD DQ
= =
T ta c BE // MC. Suy ra E E hay C,D,E thng hng.
Vy ng thng DE lun i qua im C c nh.

Cu V. a) Xt mt dy cc nh mu vng AV1V2VkB ( c th ch gm 1 nh) c gii hn
bi 2 nh A v B ( c th trng nhau) khng phi mu vng . S dng thao tc cho ta i
mu hai nh A v V1 thnh mu th ba ( hin nhin khng phi vng) . Tip tc nh th ta i
mu cc nh |V2,V3,,Vk sang mu khng phi vng. Nh vy ta lm mt mu vng trong
dy cc nh trn
Bng cch thc hin nh trn i vi dy cc im mu vng khc ta suy ra c th lm cho cc
nh ca a gic ch cn c t bi hai mu xanh v .

b)Theo cu a) ta ch xt trng hp cc nh a gic c t bi hai mu ,chng
hn xanh v .
Bng thao tc cho ta c hai kiu chuyn mu b 4 nh lin tip nh sau :
ddxx -->dvvx--->xxvx ---->xddx--->vvvv v dxdx--->vvvv , dxxd --->vvvv (1)
Do tnh i xng nn suy ra nu mt b 4 nh m trong c hai nh cng mt mu v hai
nh cn li cng mt mu khc th ta chuyn c 4 nh v mu th ba.
Bng cch dng kiu bin i nh trn ta c
dddx--->ddvv--->xxxx ( dng (1)) v ddxd---->dvvd---->xxxx (2)
Ngha l nu c 3 nh cng mu th ta chuyn mu 3 nh v mu ca nh th t.
Nh vy bng (1) v (2) ta c th chuyn mu ca mi b 4 nh lin tip v cng mt mu .
iu ny chng minh cho trng hp n =4.
Vi n = 8, ta chia 8 nh thnh 2 b 4 nh. Nh chng minh trn, ta c th lm cho mi b
4 nh nh th c cng mu. Nu mu ca hai b l nh nhau th ta c PCM. Tri li ,chng
hn ta c kiu t mu xxxxdddd.
Ta c php bin i hai b 4 nh lin tip :
xxxxdddd---->xxxvvddd---->xxxv|vddd---->vvvvvvvv ( dng (2))
Vy ta chng minh c cho trng hp n =8.
Nhn xt
- Nhn chung nm nay c nh gi l kh v hi di, khng c cu cho im (mc d
2a l d nhng nhiu bn b). Bn no phi thc s c nng lc th mi c th t c
im 7 tr ln. Cch pht biu l, nn nhiu cu khng qu kh nhng cc bn vn b
qua hoc lm lung tung.
- Cc cu d nht c th l 2a, 1b. Kh hn mt cht l 1a,3a, 2bc, 4a, 5b n =4.
- Cc cu kh nht l 3b, 4b v 5.
- Nm nay l nm Euro nhng khng c cu bng , nhng cu t hp li kh hay v
khng t c.
Nguyn Tng V Trng Ph Thng Nng Khiu
1

THI VO LP 10 CHUYN TON TRNG PH THNG NNG KHIU
NM HC 2013 2014


Cu I. Cho phng trnh
2 2
4 2 1 0 + + = x mx m m

(1) vi m l tham s .
a)Tm m sao cho phng trnh (1) c hai nghim phn bit. Chng minh rng khi hai
nghim

khng th tri du.
b) Tm m sao cho phng trnh (1) c hai nghim
1 2
, x x

tha mn iu kin
1 2
1 = x x
Cu II. Gii h phng trnh
2
2
2
3 2 1 2 ( 2)
3 2 1 2 ( 2)
3 2 1 2 ( 2)

+ + = +

+ + = +

+ + = +

x y z x
y z x y
z x y z

Cu III. Cho , x y l hai s khng m tha mn
3 3
+ s x y x y
a) Chng minh rng 1 s s y x
b) Chng minh rng
3 3 2 2
1 + s + s x y x y
Cu IV. Cho
2
3 1 = + + M a a

vi a l s nguyn dng.
a) Chng minh rng mi c ca M u l s l.
b) Tm a sao cho M chia ht cho 5. Vi nhng gi tr no ca a th M l ly tha ca 5 ?
Cu V. Cho tam gic ABC c

gc

0
60 = A , ng trn (I) ni tip tam gic (vi tm I) tip
xc vi cc cnh BC,CA,AB ln lt ti D,E,F. ng thng ID ct EF ti K, ng thng
qua K v song song vi BC ct AB,AC theo th t ti M,N.


a) Chng minh rng cc t gic IFMK v IMAN ni tip .
b) Gi J l trung im cnh BC.Chng minh rng ba im A,K,J thng hng.

c) Gi r l bn knh ca dng trn (I) v S l din tch t gic IEAF.Tnh S theo r v

chng minh
4
>
IMN
S
S

(
IMN
S

ch din tch tam gic IMN)


Cu VI. Trong mt k thi, 60 th sinh phi gii 3 bi ton. Khi kt thc k thi , ngi ta nhn
thy rng: Vi hai th sinh bt k lun c t nht mt bi ton m c hai th sinh u gii
c. Chng minh rng :
a)Nu c mt bi ton m mi th sinh u khng gii c th phi c mt bi ton khc m
mi th sinh u gii c .
b)C mt bi ton m c t nht 40 th sinh gii c.
2

HNG DN GII

Cu I. a) Phng trnh c hai nghim phn bit:
2 2 2
1
' 4 2 1 3 2 1 0
1
3
m
m m m m m
m
<

A = + = + >

>

Khi tch hai nghim bng
2 2
2 1 ( 1) 0 + = > m m m

nn phng trnh khng th c hai
nghim tri du.
b) Trc ht ta phi c iu kin
1 2
2
' 0
1
, 0 4 0
3
2 1 0

A >

> = > >

= + >

x x S m m
P m m

Ta c
2
1 2 1 2 1 2
1 2 1 4 2 2 1 1 = + = + = x x x x x x m m m

4 2 1 1 = m m

Vi m 1 th ta c

1
4 2( 1) 1 2 1
2
= = = m m m m

( loi v khng tha iu kin)
Vi m <1 thi
1
4 2( 1) 1 6 3
2
+ = = = m m m m

(tha mn iu kin)
Vy
1
2
= m

Cu II. Gii h phng trnh
2
2
2
3 2 1 2 ( 2)
3 2 1 2 ( 2)
3 2 1 2 ( 2)

+ + = +

+ + = +

+ + = +

x y z x
y z x y
z x y z

Cng ba phng trnh ta c:
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
3 2 2 2 3 2 2 2 4 4 4
1 1 1 0
1 1 1 0
1
x y z x y z xy yz xz x y z
x y y z x z x y z
x y y z z x x y z
x y z
+ + + + + + = + + + + +
+ + + + + =
= = = = = =
= = =

Th li thy (1, 1,1 ) l nghim ca h phng trnh.
Vy phng trnh c 1 nghim l (1, 1, 1)
Cu III.
a) Ta c > + > >
3 3
x y x y 0 x y

Li c

> + + > s s s
3 3 3
x y x y x 0 y x 1
.
b) T cu trn ta c

s < s + s +

3 2
3 3 2 2
3 2
x x
0 y x 1 x y x y
y y

3

Ta c
( )( )
3 3 3 3
2 2
x y x y x y
x y x y x xy y
> + >
> + +

Nu x =y th ta c
3 3 2 2
0 0 0 1 x y x y x y + s = = + = <
Nu x y > , suy ra ( )
2 2 2 2
1 1 0 x xy y x y v xy + + s + s >
Vy
3 3 2 2
1 x y x y + s + s
Cu IV. Ta c ( )
2
3 1 1 2 1 M a a a a a = + + = + + + .
M a(a+1) l tch hai s t nhin lin tip nn chia ht cho 2, suy ra ( ) 1 2 1 M a a a = + + + l s
l, do mi c ca M u l s l
b) Gi s M =a
2
+3a +1 =chia ht cho 5. Khi v M =(a 1)
2
+5a nn (a1)
2
chia ht cho
5. Vy a 1 chia ht cho 5. Nh th a =5k +1 (k l s t nhin)
Th li, d thy vi a =5k +1 th M chia ht cho 5.
By gi gi s M =(a 1)
2
+5a=5
n
. Do M chia ht cho 5 nn a =5k +1.
Vy M =(5k+1)
2
+3(5k+1) +1 =5(5k
2
+5k +1). Ta c 5k
2
+5k +1 khng chia ht cho 5
nn M khng chia ht cho 25.
Nu n 2 th M chia ht cho 25. iu ny v l nn n =1. Khi k = 0 , a = 1 v A = 5 (
tha mn).
p s : a =1.
Cu V.








4



a)Do MN // BC nn IK MN. Do ZIKN = ZIFM =90
o
nn t gic IFMK l t gic ni
tip.
Tam gic AEF u nn ZKFI =30
o
. T Z IMN =ZKFI =ZIAN =30
o
nn t gic IMAN
ni tip.
b) Ta c ZIMN =Z INM =30
0
nn tam gic IMN cn ti I.
Li do IK MN nn K l trung im ca MN.
Gi J l giao im ca AK v BC ta c
MK AK NK
BJ AJ CJ
= =
' ' '
m MK =NK nn BJ =CJ suy ra
J l trung im ca BC do J trng J . T ta c A, K, J thng hng.
c)Ta c AE =AF =
2
IAF
1
3 2 2. IF.AF 3
2
= = = r S S r

D chng minh c
EF
1
4
=
I
S S

Cc tam gic IEF v IMN l cn , c gc y l 30o nn ng dng.
T
2
IEF
IEF
1( IF) S
IF 4
| |
= > > > =
|
\ .
IMN
IMN
S IM S
do IM S
S

Du ng thc xy ra khi M F hay tam gic ABC u.

CuVI. a) K hiu cc bi ton l BT1,BT2,BT3.
T gi thit suy ra rng mi th sinh u gii c t nht mt bi ton.
Ta ga s , chng hn mi th sinh u khng gii c BT1. Khi mi th sinh u gii
c BT2 hoc BT3. Nu c mt th sinh gii c ch mt bi ton, chng hn BT2 th theo
u bi mi th sinh khc phi gii c BT2. Nh th mi th sinh u gii c BT2 (
pcm). Ngc li, mi th sinh u gii c c hai bi ton BT2 v BT3 v ta cng c pcm.
b) Ta xt hai trng hp
5

- C mt th sinh no ch gii c ng mt bi
ton. Khi mi th sinh khc cng gii c bi ton
v ta c pcm.
- Mi th sinh u gii c t nht hai bi ton.
Gi a l s th sinh gii c c 3 bi ton
b l s th sinh gii c BT1 v BT2
c l s th sinh gii c BT1 v BT3
d l s th sinh gii c BT2 v BT3
Ta c a +b +c +d =60 (*)
Nh vy s th sinh khng gii c BT3 l b , s th
sinh khng gii c BT2 l c v s th sinh khng gii c BT1 l d.
Nu b,c,d >20 th b +c +d >60 , mu thun vi (*). Do mt trong ba s b,c,d phi c t
nht mt s 20. Ni cch khc , c mt bi ton m c nhiu nht l 20 th sinh khng gii
c . Hay ni cch khc, c mt bi ton m c t nht 40 th sinh gii c (pcm).

Nguyn Tng V
Trng Ph thng Nng khiu