1 Rachidi Ver2

Lightning Effects on Power Lines: LightningEffectsonPowerLines:
DirectversusInducedOvervoltages
Farhad Rachidi
Introduction Introduction
TheproblemoflightningprotectionofMediumVoltage
(MV)networkshasbeenseriouslyreconsideredinrecent
yearsduetotheproliferationofsensitiveloadsandthe
increasing demand by customers for good quality in the increasingdemandbycustomersforgoodqualityinthe
powersupply.
Overvoltages originatedbylightningareamajorcauseof g g y g g j
flashoversonoverheadpowerlines.
Causes of Power Quality Problems CausesofPowerQualityProblems
Natural
Othercauses
3%
Customer Perception
60%
(66%)
Neighbourhood
8%
(0%)
CustomerPerception
(Utilityperception)
8%
(8%)
Users
12%
(25%)
Powerutility
17%
Adaptedfrom[R.Duganetal.
(1%) ElectricalPowerSystemsQuality,
McGrawHill1996].
Introduction Introduction
TheproblemoflightningprotectionofMediumVoltage
(MV)networkshasbeenseriouslyreconsideredinrecent
yearsduetotheproliferationofsensitiveloadsandthe
increasing demand by customers for good quality in the increasingdemandbycustomersforgoodqualityinthe
powersupply.
Overvoltages originatedbylightningareamajorcauseof g g y g g j
flashoversonoverheadpowerlines.
Theseflashoversmaycausepermanentorshort
interruptions,aswellasvoltagedips,ondistribution
networks.
Additionally lightning originated surges can also damage Additionally,lightningoriginatedsurgescanalsodamage,
dependingontheiramplitudeandenergycontent,the
powercomponentsconnectedtothesenetworksaswell p p
astherelevantelectronicdevices.
TimeFrameoftheBasicPowerSystemDynamicPhenomena
( d t d f M h ki t l 1997) (adaptedfromMachowski etal.,1997)
1.Wave(transient)phenomena
e.g.surgescausedbylightningandswitchingoperation 10
7
10
3
s
2.Electromagneticphenomena
machinewindingsfollowingadisturbance,operationoftheprotectionsystemor
10
4
1 interactionbetweenelectricalmachinesandnetwork 10
4
1 s
3.Electromechanicalphenomena
oscillationsofrotatingmassesofthegeneratorsandmotorsoccurringaftera
disturbance,operationoftheprotectionsystemorvoltageandprimemoverscontrol
10
1
10 s
4.Thermodynamicphenomena
f 10 10
4
10
1
10 s
fromboylercontrolactioninsteampowerplants 10 10
4
s
Sources of electrical Transients SourcesofelectricalTransients
Internal
External
Switching
operations
Lightning
TimeFrame
direct indirect TimeFrame
Time Frame
10
-7
10
-4
direct indirect Time Frame
10
-4
10
-3
Activities within International Organizations ActivitieswithinInternationalOrganizations
CIGRE CIGRE CIRED CIRED
TwoworkinggroupsdealingwithlightningprotectionofMV/LVnetworks TwoworkinggroupsdealingwithlightningprotectionofMV/LVnetworks g g p g g g p / g g p g g g p /
IEEEPES IEEEPES
Twoworkinggroupsdealingwithlightningprotectionofdistributionand Twoworkinggroupsdealingwithlightningprotectionofdistributionand
transmissionlines transmissionlines
SeveralInternationalSymposiaonLightningProtection SeveralInternationalSymposiaonLightningProtection
ICLP ICLP
SIPDA SIPDA
Aim of the Presentation AimofthePresentation
Theaimofthispresentationistoillustratethedirectand
indirecteffectsoflightningondistributionnetworks
Miti ti t h i ( f hi ldi i d/ Mitigationtechniques(useofshieldingwiresand/orsurge
arresters)willalsobediscussed
Outline of Presentation OutlineofPresentation
Introduction
Lightning Discharge
EvaluationofLightning Overvoltages
Effect of Ground Losses on Lightning Overvoltages (Direct vs Effect ofGround Losses onLightning Overvoltages (Directvs
Induced)
UseofShielding Wires andSurge Arresters
Conclusions Conclusions
Introduction
Lightning Discharge
Effect of Ground Losses and Corona on Lightning Overvoltages Effect ofGround Losses andCoronaonLightning Overvoltages
(DirectvsInduced)
Lightning Discharge LightningDischarge
Lightning is a transient,
high-current electric
discharge whose path
length is measured in
kilometers kilometers
The most common sources of
lightning is the electric charge
separated in thuderstorm
clouds (cumulonimbus).
LightningDischarge
Charge Distribution ChargeDistribution
LightningDischarge
Major Types of Lightning MajorTypesofLightning
LightningDischarge
Lightningeffectsinthemiddleandupperatmosphere
LightningDischarge
Lightning in the middle and upper atmosphere Lightninginthemiddleandupperatmosphere
LightningDischarge
Lightningeffectsinthemiddleandupperatmosphere
LightningDischarge
Lightning in Volcano Eruptions LightninginVolcanoEruptions
LightningDischarge
Cloud to Ground Lightning CloudtoGroundLightning
U d
Downward
negative
Upward
negative
Upward
Downward
positive
p
positive
LightningDischarge
U d
Downward
negative
Upward
negative
About 90% or more of global
Cloud-to-ground lightning
Upward
Downward
positive
p
positive
LightningDischarge
U d
Downward
negative
Upward
negative
About 10% or less of global
Cloud-to-ground lightning
Upward
Downward
positive
p
positive
LightningDischarge
U d
Downward
negative
Upward
negative
Occur only from tall objects
(>100 mor so) or from (>100 m or so) or from
objects of moderate height
located on mountain tops
Upward
Downward
positive
p
positive
LightningDischarge
Cloud to Ground Lightning
+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+

+
+
+
+
+
+

CloudtoGroundLightning
Stepped leader
+ +
+ +
+
+ +
+ +

+
Preliminary discharge
+
+
+ +
+ + + + + + + +
time
+ + +
t = 0
+
t = 1 ms
+ + + + +
t = 1.2 ms
Upward
connecting
Attachment
process
First
return
stroke
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
connecting
discharges
+ + + +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
time
+
+
+
+
t = 19 ms
+
+
+
+
+
t = 20 ms
+
+
+
+
+
+
t = 20.1 ms

+
+
+
+
Dart
leader
Subsequent
return stroke
+
+
+
+
+ +
+
+
+ +
+
+
+
temps
+
+
+
t = 60 ms
+ +
+
+
t = 62 ms
Lightning Current Waveshape LightningCurrentWaveshape
FirstStroke
Subsequent
Stroke
Bergeretal.,1975
LightningDischarge
DownwardNegativeCloudtoGroundLightning
Vehicle moving at Vehicle moving at
100km/h
AnegativegroundflashcapturedonAugust,15,2008
nearRapidCity,SouthDakota
LightningDischarge
DownwardNegativeCloudtoGroundLightning
Highspeedvideo(7,200imagespersecond)ofanegativegroundflash
capturedonAugust,15,2008nearRapidCity,SouthDakota
Introduction
Lightning Discharge
Induced)
Direct Overvoltages DirectOvervoltages
Lightning discharge is considered using alumped current
source.
T i l d t t k t t d Typical measured returnstrokecurrents arerepresented
using analytical functions (doubleexponential,Heidler)
Direct Overvoltages DirectOvervoltages
i(t)/2 i(t)/2
) (t i
v(t)
2
) (
) (
t i
Z t v
c
~
Shielding failure
i(t)/2 i(t)/2
v(t)
|
.
|
\
|
+ ~
d
di
L t Ri k t v ) ( ) (
|
.
\
dt
) ( ) (
Backflashover
Direct Overvoltages: Typical Waveform DirectOvervoltages:TypicalWaveform
120
160
[kV]
Voltage 600mfromstroke location . Lightning current peak : 30 kA
40
80
Multiple flashovers
40
0
Multipleflashovers
(file CIREDJ WGpl4; x var t) v: B
0 10 20 30 40 50
[us]
-80
-40
(file CIREDJ WG.pl4; x-var t) v: B
Typical (computed) overvoltage due to a direct lightning strike on a single-wire line composed of eight spans (9 poles) of
200 m length each with a characteristic impedance of 440 O. Each pole, 8-m high, is modeled as a transmission line with a
characteristic impedance of 300 O. The insulator flashover voltage was fixed at 150 kV.
Induced Overvoltages InducedOvervoltages
D i f i di li h i Duetoitsmorefrequentoccurrence,indirectlightning
constitutesamoreimportantcauseofshortinterruptionsand
voltagesagsthandirectstrikes,especiallyfordistribution g g , p y
networks
Theevaluation oflightninginduced voltagesrequires
Theknowledge ofEMfields along thelineoriginated bylightning
(d i d i k d l) (determined using areturnstrokemodel).
Theevaluation oflightning field coupling totheline(fieldto
transmissionlinecoupling models).
Induced Overvoltages InducedOvervoltages
DatafromBarkeretal.,IEEEPower
D li 1996 Delivery,1996.
Induced Overvoltages: Traditional Approach InducedOvervoltages:TraditionalApproach
(Rusck,1958)
I
p
d
h
Induced Overvoltages: Realistic Approach InducedOvervoltages:RealisticApproach
Exciting (incident) field Exciting(incident)field
Multiconductor lines
i(z,t)
Power components
Protection
Ground Resistivity
TheLIOVEMTPcode
LIOV (Lightning Induced OverVoltages) Code
i (0 t)
LIOV(LightningInducedOverVoltages)Code
i(0,t)
V,I
TheLIOVEMTPcode
LIOV (Lightning Induced OverVoltages) Code
i (0 t)
i ( t)
LIOV(LightningInducedOverVoltages)Code
i(0,t)
ReturnStrokeModel
RSC
i(z,t)
i(z,t) LEMP E,B
LightningElectroMagneticPulse
ElectroMagneticCoupling
E,B EMC
V,I
33
Experimental Validation ExperimentalValidation
ExperimentatthePowerSystemsLaboratory,EPFL
25
MEASURED VERTICAL ELECTRIC FIELD
(in absence of the line)
15
20
5
10
k
V
/
m

WORKING
COAXIAL
CABLE
0
0 50 100 150 200
Time (ns)
WORKING
VOLUME
EM WAVE PROPAGATION
PULSE
TheNEMPsimulatorSEMIRAMISattheEPFL,Lausanne
PULSE
GENERATOR
Experimental Validation
20
Measured
C alculated
Configuration No.1
ExperimentalValidation

2 m
C
1.7 m
phase conductor
5
10
15
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)

C alculated
g
Induced
1.2 m
0.2 m
A
B
return conductor
-5
0
5
200
I
n
d
u
c
e
d

C
current in A
0 6
0.8
Measurement
Simulation
B
0 50 100 150
200
T ime (ns )
Configuration No.2 R = 680 O
0.2
0.4
0.6

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

(
A
)

1.4 cm
shielding wire
Induced
-0.4
-0.2
0
I
n
d
u
c
e
d

R

R

R

R

R

R

2
0

c
m

2
7
.
4

c
m

3
4
.
8

c
m

4
0
.
9

c
m

2m
phase conductors
return conductor
current
40 80 120 160 200
Time (ns)
2m
Experimentat theSwissDefenceProcurementAgency,Spiez
EMPSimulator EMPSimulator VERIFY VERIFY
Input Voltage: 150-450 kV Input Voltage: 150 450 kV
Max. E-Field: 100 kV/m
Max. H-Field: 265 A/m
Rise time: 0.9 ns Rise time: 0.9 ns
FWHM: 24 ns
Working Volume: 4 x 4 x 2,5
Field uniformity: <2 dB y
EMPSimulator EMPSimulator VERIFY VERIFY
Experimentat theSwissDefenceProcurementAgency,Spiez
5 10
4
6 10
4
)
3 10
4
4 10
4
t
r
i
c

F
i
e
l
d

E
z

(
V
/
m
V i l l i fi ld d b
1 10
4
2 10
4
I
n
c
i
d
e
n
t

E
l
e
c
t
Verticalelectricfieldgeneratedby
VERIFYmeasuredintheabsenceofthe
network,inthemiddleoftheworking
volume
-1 10
4
0
7 7 7 7 6
volume.
0 2 10
-7
4 10
-7
6 10
-7
8 10
-7
1 10
-6
Time (s)
Experimentalmodelofanetworkongroundplane Experimentalmodelofanetworkongroundplane
illuminated illuminatedby byEMPsimulatorVERIFY EMPsimulatorVERIFY
24
140
P3
y
1mm
8
7
7
.
5
3
60
7
3
6
0
5
43
P2
x
2.5mm
20mm
1
4
8
20
1
3
5
6
94
5
6
1
4
3
.
5
9
55
6
18
3
0
43
30
P2
Front illumination
46
4
2
4
2
40 128
55
22 63
5
5
.
9
P1 P4
2
0
30
Comparison between calculation and measurements (1) Comparison between calculation and measurements (1)
Comparisonbetweencalculationandmeasurements(1) Comparisonbetweencalculationandmeasurements(1)
6
8
Measured
Calculated

50 O
P3
4
6
e
n
t

(
A
)
50 O
P2
0
2
I
n
d
u
c
e
d

C
u
r
r
e
P1
P4
-2
Induced current in P1 (P1 P2 P3 P4 = 50 O)
50 O 50 O
-4
0 5 10
-8
1 10
-7
1.5 10
-7
2 10
-7
2.5 10
-7
3 10
-7
3.5 10
-7
4 10
-7
Time (s)
InducedcurrentinP1(P1,P2,P3,P4=50O)
Comparison between calculation and measurements (2) Comparison between calculation and measurements (2)
Comparisonbetweencalculationandmeasurements(2) Comparisonbetweencalculationandmeasurements(2)
15
Measured
Calculated

P3
5
10
n
t

(
A
)
P2 0
5
I
n
d
u
c
e
d

C
u
r
r
e
n
P1
P4
-5
-10
0 5 10
-8
1 10
-7
1.5 10
-7
2 10
-7
2.5 10
-7
3 10
-7
3.5 10
-7
4 10
-7
Time (s)
InducedcurrentinP1(P1,P2,P3,P4=shortcircuited)
The rockettriggered lightning technique is based
Therocket triggeredlightningtechniqueisbased
onfiringofasmallrockettrailingagroundedwire,
whentheelectricfieldatgroundissufficiently
high,generally4to10kV/m.
Typically,anupwardpositiveleaderstartsfrom
thetipoftherocketwhentherocketisabout200
h h h l d 300mhigh,vaporizingthetrailingwireand
initiatingsequencesofdartleaderreturnstrokes
similartonaturalsubsequentstrokeoccur.
CampBlanding,Florida
Courtesy oflightning Research Group,University ofFlorida
Launcher
Rockets
CampBlanding,Florida
Camp Blanding, Florida
Summer 2005
Camp Blanding, Florida
Summer 2005
Artificially triggered lightning experiments
Artificiallytriggeredlightningexperiments
ICLRTCampBlanding,Florida
Verticalframingconfigurationofthetest
distributionline.Theindicatedquantitiesare
themeasuredlightninginducedcurrents.
PhotoPole6ofthetest
distributionline
Comparison between the
experimental data and numerical
200
250
IBN6 Simulated
IBN6 Measured
experimental data and numerical
computations using LIOV
EMTP96, considering the 6th
return stroke of a triggered
100
150
C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
]
gg
lightning flash, recorded August
2, 2003. The corresponding
return stroke current has an
0
50
I
n
d
u
c
e
d

amplitude of 19.6 kA and a
maximum time derivative of 110
kA/s. The stroke location was
-50
0.E+00 2.E-06 4.E-06 6.E-06 8.E-06 1.E-05
Time [s]
located at 15 m from the pole 4.
a)Inducedcurrentflowingthroughthearrester
locatedatpole6phaseB
1400
IG6 Simulated
500
400
600
800
1000
1200
e
d

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
]
IG6 Measured
0
100
200
300
400
d

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
]
-400
-200
0
200
400
0 E 00 2 E 06 4 E 06 6 E 06 8 E 06 1 E 05
I
n
d
u
c
e
-500
-400
-300
-200
-100
I
n
d
u
c
e
IN6 Simulated
IN6 Measured
0.E+00 2.E-06 4.E-06 6.E-06 8.E-06 1.E-05
Time [s]
2000
IG2 Simulated
IG2 Measured
0.E+00 2.E-06 4.E-06 6.E-06 8.E-06 1.E-05
Time [s]
100
150
b) induced-current flowing through the grounding of pole 6 c) induced-current flowing through the grounding of pole 2
500
1000
1500
d
u
c
e
d

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
]
100
-50
0
50
u
c
e
d

C
u
r
r
e
n
t

[
A
]
-500
0
0.E+00 2.E-06 4.E-06 6.E-06 8.E-06 1.E-05
I
n
d
-250
-200
-150
-100
0.E+00 2.E-06 4.E-06 6.E-06 8.E-06 1.E-05
I
n
d
u
IB6 Simulated
IB6 Measured
Time [s]
Time [s]
d) induced-current flowing through the neutral conductor at pole 6 e) induced-current flowing through the phase B at pole 6
TheLIOVEMTPcode
LIOV (Lightning Induced OverVoltages) Code LIOV(LightningInducedOverVoltages)Code
Ti d i (FDTD) l i Timedomain (FDTD)solutions
Multiconductor lines
Network of complex topology (Distribution systems) Networkofcomplex topology (Distributionsystems)
Frequencydependent losses
Leaderinduction effects Leaderinductioneffects
Coronalosses
Introduction
Lightning Discharge
Induced)
Direct Strike: Ground Losses DirectStrike:GroundLosses

2 km 2 km
2 km
U
3
U
2
U
1
U
O
7 km 7 km
U
3
U
2
U
1
U
O
R
R
20 km
Thelightningcurrenthasapeakvalueof4kAandamaximumtime
derivativeof2kA/s.
Theadoptedgroundparametersinthesimulationsareo
g
=0.001S/m
g
andc
r
=10
Direct Strike: Ground Losses DirectStrike:GroundLosses
1000
k
V
)
600
800
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

(
k
400
600
200
Uo
2 km
4 km
6 km
0
0 5 10 15 20
Time (s)
Indirect Strike: Ground Losses IndirectStrike:GroundLosses
Lightninginduced voltages on a 2km long 10m high overhead line Lightning inducedvoltagesona2 kmlong,10 mhighoverheadline
aboveground(o
g
=0.001S/mandc
r
=10).
Thereturnstrokecurrenthasapeakvalueof12kAandamaximum
timederivativeof40kA/s (typicalofsubsequentreturnstroke).
Indirect Strike: Ground Losses IndirectStrike:GroundLosses
k Stroke
location
2 km
5
0
m
EffectofGroundLosses:
Induced Overvoltages
2 km
5
0
m
Stroke
location
InducedOvervoltages
Courtesyofprof.MarioPaolone
Simulationsperformed byMarioPaolone using LIOVEMTP96
Experimental Validation using Scale Model ExperimentalValidationusingScaleModel
Ishii etal.CIGREColloquiumSC33,Toronto,1997
Introduction
Lightning Discharge
Induced)
Use of Shielding Wires UseofShieldingWires
Use of Shielding Wires
No ground wire
UseofShieldingWires
Ground wire connected to ground at three points (extremities and middle)
UseofShieldingWires
Ground wire connected to ground every 100 m
UseofShieldingWires
SimulationsperformedbyMarioPaoloneusingLIOVEMTP96
Use of Surge Arresters UseofSurgeArresters
100

[
k
V
]
Voltage [V] Current [A]
10
V
o
l
t
a
g
e

g [ ] [ ]
20820 0.09E-02
25980 0.12E-02
29100 0.06E-01
31140 0.06
33300 0 6
1
1 0E 07 1 0E 05 1 0E 03 1 0E 01 1 0E+01 1 0E+03
33300 0.6
47460 3000
51000 6000
56640 12000
1.0E-07 1.0E-05 1.0E-03 1.0E-01 1.0E+01 1.0E+03
Current [kA]
Use of Surge Arresters UseofSurgeArresters

370m
Stroke
Location
Variable
1 cm
5
0
m
Location
Phase
conductor
m

Surge Surge Surge
Surge
Zc
Surge
Zc
9
m
Surge
Arrester
Surge
Arrester
Surge
Arrester
Surge
Arrester
Surge
Arrester
1 km
Use of Surge Arresters
Surge arresters at both ends
UseofSurgeArresters
Use of Surge Arresters
Surge arresters every 200 m
UseofSurgeArresters
Overvoltages duetoadirectstrikeandthoseinducedbynearby
lightningarecharacterizedbydifferentandcomplexwaveshapes. g g y p p
Significantprogressinmodelinglightningimpactonpowerline
networkshasbeenachievedinthelasttwodecades.
Lightning protection of power lines is still a challenging problem! Lightningprotectionofpowerlinesisstillachallengingproblem!
However,whendistributed sourcesrepresentingtheactionofthe
electromagneticfieldfromanearbylightningilluminatingtheline
are present ground losses could result in important enhancement arepresent,groundlossescouldresultinimportantenhancement
oftheinducedvoltagemagnitude.
Surgearrestersandshieldingwirescanbeusedtomitigate
lightning induced overvoltages lightninginducedovervoltages.
Theeffectivenessofthesedevicesdependsontheirlocationand
spacingalongtheline.
Thank you foryour attention

1 Rachidi Ver2

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