L THNH BC

GIO TRNH

THIT B IN
(Ti bn c sa cha v b xung)















NH XUT BN KHOA HC V K THUT
H NI - 2003


MC LC


Mc lc

Phn th nht C S L THUYT THIT B IN

Khi nim chung v thit b in
Chng 1 H quang in
1.1. i cng v h quang in
1.2. H quang in mt chiu
1. 3. H quang in xoay chiu
1. 4. Qa trnh phc hi in p ca h quang in
1. 5. Cc bin php v trang b dp h quang trong thit b in
Chng 2 Tip xc in
2. 1. i cng v tip xc in
2. 2. Tip im ca thit b in
Chng 3 Pht nng
3. 1. i cng
3. 2. Ch lm vic di hn ca vt th ng nht
3. 3. Ch lm vic ngn hn ca vt th ng nht
3. 4. Ch lm vic ngn hn lp li ca vt th ng nht
3. 5. S pht nng khi ngn mch
Chng 4 Lc in ng
4. 1. Khi nim chung
4. 2. Cc phng php tnh lc in ng
4. 3. Tnh lc in ng ca vt dn
4. 4. Lc in ng trong mch in xoay chiu
4. 5. Cng hng c kh v n nh lc in ng
Chng 5 C cu in t v nam chm in
5. 1 Khi nim chung v mch t
5. 2 Tnh t dn khe h khng kh ca mch t
5. 3 Tnh ton mch t
5. 4 i cng v nam chm in
5. 5. Tnh lc ht in t nam chm in mt chiu
5. 6. Nam chm in xoay chiu v vng chng rung
5. 7 Nam chm in 3 pha
5. 8. C cu in t chp hnh

Phn th hai THIT B IN H P
Chng 6 Rle
6. 1. Khi nim chung v rle
6. 2. Rle in t
6. 3. Rle in ng
6.4. Rle t in
6. 5. Rle cm ng
6. 6. Rle thi gian - Rle nhit -Rle tc -- Rle iu khin
6.7 R le tnh
Chng 7 Cm bin
7. 1. Khi nim chung
7. 2. Cm bin in tr
7. 3. Cm bin in cm
7. 4. Cm bin cm ng - Cm bin in dung - Cm bin im
7.5. Cm bin quang
Chng 8 Cng tc t-khi ng t-cu ch-ptmt
Trang




5

7
9
11
12
14

17
20

25
26
27
28
30

31
31
32
36
38

40
41
44
48
49
52
54
54




58
60
62
63
64
66


78
81
86
87
8.1. Cng tc t
8.2. Khi ng t
8.3. Cu chy(cu ch)
8.4. ptomat
Chng 9 Cc b n nh in
9. 1. Khi nim chung v cc b n nh in
9. 2. n p st t khng t
9. 3. n p st t c t
9. 4. n p khuch i t
9. 5. n p bin tr than
9.6. n p Servomotor
9.7. n p kiu b
9.8. n p in t

Phn th ba THIT B IN TRUNG V CAO P
Chng 10 Dao ngt
10. 1. Cc nh ngha v c tnh ca thit b ng ct
10. 2. Dao cch li
10. 3. Cu dao ni t mt tr
10. 4. C cu thao tc tc ca dao cch li v cu dao ni t
10.5. Cu dao cao p
10. 6. Dao cch li v cu dao ph ti li trung p
Chng 11 My ngt in
11.1. Chc nng-phn loi-cch la chn v cu trc
11. 2. Nguyn l ct v cc iu kin ng ct khc nghit
11. 3. Mi trng dp h quang v nguyn l tc ng
11.4. C cu tc ng v iu khin
11.5. Mt s loi my ngt cao v siu cao p
Chng 12 Thit b chng st
12. 1. Khi nim chung
12. 2. Thit b chng st ng
12. 3. Chng st van
12. 4. Chng st van t
12. 5. Chng set xit kim loi
12. 6. Chng st VariSTAR UitraSIL
Chng 13 Khng in
13.1. Khi nim chung
13.2. La chn v kim tra khng in
Chng 14 Bin p o lng
14.1. Bin in p o lng
14.2. Bin dng in
Chng 15 H thit b SCADA
15.1. Cng dng v chc nng ca h SCADA
15.2 T chc SCADA trong h thng in lc
15.3. Phn mm RUNTIME thng l ca SCADA
15.4. H phn mm thng phm ca SCADA cng nghip
15.5. Cc mng truyn tin ca h SCADA
15.6 Truyn tin trong h SCADA

Ph lc
Ti liu tham kho
88

91
95
98
101

105
105
106
108
109
110
111
112




113
115
119
119
120
121

123
137
140
152
155

171
172
173
176
177
181

186
186

189
192

196
199
204
204
205
207





























Li ni u

"Gio trnh Thit b in c bin son trn c s cng chi tit mn hc "Thit
b in" cho cc ngnh K thut in, T ng ha, K thut Nhit-in lnh. Trong qu trnh
bin son, tc gi c tham kho cc gio trnh "C s l thuyt kh c in", "Phn t t ng",
"Kh c in h p ", "Kh c in cao p",... c trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni xut bn.
Gio trnh ny dng lm ti liu ging dy v hc tp cho sinh vin ngnh in, in t, Cng
ngh Nhit -in lnh cng nh lm ti liu tham kho cho ki s v cn b ki thut ngnh in
cng nh cc chuyn ngnh lin quan.
Ni dung ca gio trnh cp n cc vn l thuyt c bn ca thit b in v gii
thiu mt s thit b in thng dng hin nay.
Gio trnh ny c chia lm ba phn:
+ Phn th nht: L thuyt c s.
+ Phn th hai: Thit b in h p.
+ Phn th ba: Thit b in trung - cao p.
Trong qu trnh bin son, Tc gi nhn c s gip v cung cp ti liu ca:
- Cc Thy, C gio trong b mn Thit b in -in t, trng i hc Bch khoa H
Ni.
- Cc ng nghip trong nhm Thit b in trng i hc K thut Nng nh GVC.
L Vn Quyn, ThS.V Nh Tin.
- Cc Ki s cng tc ti c quan i din cc hng thit b nh ABB, SIEMENS,
COOPER,... v cc Ki s ca trung tm iu in Quc gia.
c bit l s gip tn tnh ca TS.Trn Vn Chnh trong vic hiu nh v ng gp
thm nhiu kin cho ni dung Gio trnh.
Mc d, tc gi c nhiu c gng trong vic bin son gio trnh nht l cp n
nhng thit b in hin i nhm p ng yu cu nng cao cht lng o to, phc v nhu cu
cng nghip ha - hin i ha hin nay nhng vi kh nng v kinh nghim c hn, chc chn
khng trnh khi thiu st. Sch sau khi c nh xut bn Khoa Hc v K Thut pht hnh, tc
gi cng nhn c nhiu kin ng gp v khch l ng vin ca cc Thy C gio v nhiu
k s, cn b k thut ang cng tc ti cc trng i hc cng nh cc cng ty, x nghip ca
ngnh in. Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n v rt mong tip tc nhn c s ng gp kin ca
ng o bn c gio trnh c hon thin hn na trong cc ln ti bn sau.
Mi th t, gp xin gi v ban bin tp nh xut bn Khoa Hc v K Thut - H Ni
v b mn Thit b in - trng i hc K thut Nng. Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n.
Tc gi














TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Teo ex A -. H. A -MOCKBA Bca -1985.
2. C s l thuyt kh c in - B mn My in- Kh c in - i hc Bch khoa H Ni - 1978.
3. Kh c in, kt cu s dng v sa cha - Nguyn Xun Ph, T ng -Nh xut bn Khoa hc v k
thut - 1997.
4. Cm nang thit b ng ct - Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut -H Ni - 1998.
5. Gio trnh K thut in cao p - V Vit n - i hc Bch khoa H Ni - 1972.
6. Phn t t ng - Nguyn Tin Tn, Phm Vn Chi - B mn My in - Kh c in - i hc Bch
khoa H Ni - 1980.
7. Gio trnh Kh c in, dng cho ngnh in kh ha- i hc Bch khoa H Ni - 1979.
7. Gio trnh Kh c in- i hc Bch khoa H Ni - 1985.
8. Static Relays - ABB.
9. Low Oil Content Circuit - Breakers for Outdoor Stations 10...72.5 kV. E.I.B.
10. SF
6
Circuit - Breakers with Spring Operating Mechanism 72.5... 170 kV. AEG.
11. Gas - Insulated Switchgear 72.5... 525 kV. AEG.
12. Metal - Enclosed, SF
6
- Gas Insulated High Voltage Switchgear (V.I.S.). series B3 up to 420kV.
AEG.
13. Gio trnh Cm bin- Phan Quc Ph, Nguyn c Chin-Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut - H
Ni -2000.
14. Quy trnh vn hnh v bo dng cc loi my ct du- Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut-H Ni
-1996.
15. Quy trnh vn hnh v bo dng my ngt SF
6
-Tng cng ti in lc Vit Nam- H Ni -1998.
16. Nh my in v trm bin p - Trnh Hng Thm, Nguyn Hu Khai, o Quang Thch, L Vn t,
Phm Vn Ha, o Kim Hoa -Nh xut bn Khoa hc v K thut -H Ni -1996.

















5
PHN TH NHT
L THUYT C S

KHI NIM CHUNG V THIT B IN

Thit b in c cp y l cc loi thit b lm cc nhim v: ng ct, iu khin, iu
chnh, bo v, chuyn i, khng ch v kim tra mi s hot ng ca h thng li in v cc loi
my in. Ngoi ra thit b in cn c s dng kim tra, iu chnh v bin i o lng nhiu
qu trnh khng in khc.
Thit b in l mt loi thit b ang c s dng rt ph bin c mt trong hu ht cc lnh
vc sn xut ca nn kinh t, t cc nh my in, trm bin p, h thng truyn ti in, n cc my
pht v ng c in trong cc x nghip cng nghip, nng nghip, giao thng,... v trong c lnh vc an
ninh quc phng.
Thit b in s dng nc ta hin nay c nhp t rt nhiu nc, rt nhiu hng sn xut
khc nhau v cc th h. C c cc thit b c thi gian s dng 40 n 50 nm, rt lc hu v cc
thit b rt hin i mi nhp. Chnh v vy cc quy cch khng thng nht, gy kh khn cho vn hnh,
bo dng v sa cha. Do qa nhiu chng loi thit b in vi cc tiu chun ki thut rt khc nhau,
nn trong s dng hin nay nhiu khi khng s dng ht tnh nng v cng sut ca thit b hoc s dng
khng ng gy h hng nhiu, lm thit hi khng nh cho nn kinh t. Chnh v vy vic o to v
cp nhp nng cao kin thc v thit b in c bit l cc thit b mi cho cc cn b ki thut qun l v
vn hnh thit b in l mt i hi rt cp thit. Gio trnh ny nhm trang b nhng l lun c bn,
hiu nguyn l lm vic, c im cu to cc loi thit b in thng dng trong t ng truyn ng,
trong h thng in v trong cc linh vc iu khin my in,...nhm gip sinh vin cc ngnh nng
lng khi ra trng c th la chn, vn hnh, sa cha, ci tin thit b in hoc mt s b phn ca
thit b in, c bit cung cp nhng kin thc lm c s tip cn cc thit b hin i.

1. Phn loi thit b in
thun li cho vic nghin cu, vn hnh s dng v sa cha thit b in ngi ta thng
phn loi nh sau:
a) Phn theo cng dng
+ Thit b in khng ch: dng ng ct, iu chnh tc chiu quay ca cc my pht
in, ng c in (nh cu dao, p t mt, cng tc t,...).
+ Thit b in bo v: lm nhim v bo v cc ng c, my pht in, li in khi c qu
ti, ngn mch, st p,...( nh rle, cu ch, my ct,...).
+ Thit b in t ng iu khin t xa: lm nhim v thu nhn phn tch v khng ch s hot
ng ca cc mch in nh khi ng t,...
+ Thit b in hn ch dng ngn mch (nh in tr ph, cun khng,...).
+ Thit b in lm nhim v duy tr n nh cc tham s in (nh n p, b t ng iu chnh
in p my pht,...)
+ Thit b in lm nhim v o lng (nh my bin dng in, bin p o lng,...).
b) Phn theo tnh cht dng in
+ Thit b in dng trong mch mt chiu.
+ Thit b in dng trong mch xoay chiu.
c) Phn theo nguyn l lm vic
Thit b in loi in t, in ng, cm ng, c tip im, khng c tip im,...
d) Phn theo iu kin lm vic
+ Loi lm vic vng nhit i kh hu nng m, loi vng n i, c loi chng c kh
chy n, loi chu rung ng,...
e) Phn theo cp in p c
+ Thit b in h p c in p di 3kV.
+ Thit b in trung p c in p t 3kV n 36 kV.
+ Thit b in cao p c in p t 36kV n nh hn 400 kV.
+ Thit b in siu cao p c in p t 400 kV tr ln.

6
2. Cc yu cu c bn ca thit b in
- Phi m bo s dng c lu di ng tui th thit k khi lm vic vi cc thng s k
thut nh mc.
- Thit b in phi m bo n nh lc in ng v n nh nhit khi lm vic bnh
thng, c bit khi s c trong gii hn cho php ca dng in v in p.
- Vt liu cch in chu c qu p cho php.
- Thit b in phi m bo lm vic tin cy, chnh xc an ton, gn nh, d lp rp, d kim
tra, sa cha.
- Ngoi ra cn yu cu phi lm vic n nh iu kin kh hu mi trng m khi thit k
cho php.





























Chng 1. H QUANG IN

1.1. I CNG V H QUANG IN


1. Khi nim chung
H quang in thc s c ch khi c s dng trong cc lnh vc nh hn in, luyn
thp,...nhng lc ny h quang cn c duy tr chy n nh.
Nhng trong cc thit b in nh cu ch, cu dao, my ct,...h quang li c hi cn phi
nhanh chng c loi tr. Khi thit b in ng, ct (c bit l khi ct) h quang pht sinh gia cc
cp tip im ca thit b in khin mch in khng c ngt dt khot. H quang chy lu sau khi
thit b in ng ct s lm h hi cc tip im v bn thn thit b in. Trong trng hp ny
m bo lm vic tin cy ca thit b in yu cu phi tin hnh dp tt h quang cng nhanh cng
tt.
7
Bn cht ca h quang in l
hin tng phng in vi mt dng
in rt ln (ti khong 10
4
n 10
5

A/cm
2
), c nhit rt cao (ti khong
5000 6000
0
C) v in p ri trn cc
m b (ch khong 10 20V) v thng
km theo hin tng pht sng. S phn
b ca in p v cng in trng
dc theo chiu di h quang c biu
din trn hnh 1-1a.
Dc theo chiu di h quang
c chia lm ba vng l: vng xung
quanh cc m (cch cc m khong 10
-4

n 10
-5
cm) vng ny tuy in p nh ch
8 n 10V nhng khong cch cng rt
b nn cng in trng rt ln c
10
5
n 10
6
V/cm. Cn vng c chiu di
gn ht h quang l vng thn, vng ny
c cng in trng ch khong 10
n 50 V/cm. Vng cn li cn c gi
l vng cc dng c cng in
trng ln hn vng thn nhng cc yu
t xy ra y theo cc l thuyt hin i
th t nh hng n qu trnh pht sinh v
dp h quang nn khng c cp.
c tnh u(i) ca h quang mt
chiu c th biu in theo cng thc
Kapzow c dng:

u
hq
= a+ bl +
n
i
dl c+

Vi: a, b, c, d l cc hng s ph thuc vt liu lm tip im v cc yu t bn ngoi (v d tip
im ng c a= 30; b=17; c=41; d=33). C n l s m, ph thuc vo nhit vt liu dng cc, theo
thc nghim thng ly n = 2,62.T.10
-4
, trong T l nhit ca vt liu dng cc.
c tnh u(i) vi l l chiu di h quang c dng hypcbn nh hnh 1-1b.

2. Qa trnh pht sinh v dp tt h quang
a) Qu trnh pht sinh
H quang in pht sinh l do mi trng gia cc in cc (hoc gia cc cp tip im) b ion
ha (xut hin cc ht dn in). Ion ha c th xy ra bng cc con ng khc nhau di tc dng ca
nh sng, nhit , in trng mnh,.... Trong thc t qu trnh pht sinh h quang in c nhng dng
ion ha sau:
- Qu trnh pht x in t nhit; Qu trnh t pht x in t.
- Qu trnh ion ha do va chm.
- Qu trnh ion ha do nhit .
a.1) S pht x in t nhit
in cc v tip im ch to t kim loi, m trong cu trc kim loi lun tn ti cc in t t do
chuyn ng v mi hng trong qu o ca cu trc ht nhn nguyn t. Khi tip im bt u m ra
lc nn vo tip im gim dn khin in tr tip xc tng ln ch tip xc dng in b tht li mt
dng tng rt ln lm nng cc in cc (nht l cc m nhiu e). B t nng, ng nng ca cc in
t tng nhanh n khi cng nhn c ln hn cng thot lin kt ht nhn th in t s thot ra khi b
mt cc m tr thnh in t t do. Qu trnh ny c gi l pht x in t nhit.
a.2) S t pht x in t







a)







b)











Hnh 1-1: a) H quang mt chiu; b) c tnh

K A
U
A
U
Th
U
K
E[V]
E
K
E
th
E
A

Vng Vng thn Vng
l
hq
[m
]
I
U
hq
l
50mm
20
0
0 2 4
6 8 10 12
50
100
150
200
8
Khi tip im hay in cc va m ra lc u khong cch cn rt b di tc dng ca in p
ngun ngoi th cng in trng rt ln, nht l vng cc m c khong cch nh c th ti hng
triu V/ cm. Vi cng in trng ln cc m mt s in t c lin kt yu vi ht nhn trong cu
trc s b ko bt ra khi b mt ca tt tr thnh cc in t t do, hin tng ny gi l t pht x in
t. Khi c in t t pht x v pht x in t nhit nng lng c gii phng rt ln lm nhit
khu vc h quang tng cao v pht sng, c bit khi ct mch in p cao v c dng ti ln th h
quang chy v pht sng rt mnh lit.
a.3) Ion ha do va chm
Sau khi tip im m ra, di tc dng ca nhit cao hoc ca in trng ln (m thng
thng l c hai) th cc in t t do s pht sinh chuyn ng t cc dng sang cc m. Do in
trng rt ln nn cc in t chuyn ng vi tc rt cao. Trn ng i cc in t ny bn ph cc
nguyn t v phn t kh s lm bt ra cc in t v cc ion dng. Cc phn t mang in ny li tip
tc tham gia chuyn ng v bn ph tip lm xut hin cc phn t mang in khc. Do vy m s
lng cc phn t mang in tng ln khng ngng, lm mt in tch trong khong khng gian gia
cc tip im rt ln, l qu trnh ion ha do va chm.
a.4) Ion ha do nhit
Do c cc qu trnh pht x in t v ion ha do va chm, mt lng ln nng lng c gii
phng lm nhit vng h quang tng cao v thng km theo hin tng pht sng. Nhit kh cng
tng th tc chuyn ng ca cc phn t kh cng tng v s ln va chm do cng cng tng ln.
Khi tham gia chuyn ng cng c mt s phn t gp nhau s kt hp li phn li thnh cc nguyn t.
Cc nguyn t khuch tn vo mi trng xung quanh, gp nhit thp s kt hp li thnh phn t,
hin tng ny gi l hin tng phn li (phn ng phn li thu nhit lm gim nhit ca h quang, to
iu kin cho kh ion). Cn lng cc ion ha tng ln do va chm khi nhit tng th gi l lng
ion ha do nhit. Nhit c hin tng ion ha do nhit cao hn nhiu so vi nhit c hin tng
phn li. V d khng kh c nhit phn li khoang 4000
0
K cn nhit ion ha khong 8000
0
K.
Tm li, h quang in pht sinh l do tc dng ca nhit cao v cng in trng ln
sinh ra hin tng pht x in t nhit v t pht x in t v tip theo l qu trnh ion ha do va chm
v ion ha do nhit. Khi cng in trng cng tng (khi tng in p ngun), nhit cng cao v
mt dng cng ln th h quang chy cng mnh lit. Qu trnh c thot nng lng ht nhn nn
thng km theo hin tng pht sng chi la. Nu tng p lc ln mi trng h quang th s gim
c tc chuyn ng ca cc phn t v do vy hin tng ion ha s gim.
b) Qu trnh h quang tt
H quang in s b dp tt khi mi trng gia cc in cc khng cn dn in hay ni cch
khc h quang in s tt khi c qu trnh phn ion ha xy ra mnh hn qu trnh ion ha. Ngoi qu
trnh phn li ni trn, song song vi qu trnh ion ha cn c cc qu trnh phn ion gm hai hin
tng sau:
b.1) Hin tng ti hp
Trong qu trnh chuyn ng cc ht mang in l ion dng v in t gp c cc ht tch
in khc du l in t hoc ion dng tr thnh cc ht trung ha (hoc t dng hn). Trong l
thuyt chng minh tc ti hp t l nghch vi bnh phng ng knh h quang, v nu cho h
quang tip xc vi in mi hin tng ti hp s tng ln. Nhit h quang cng thp tc ti hp
cng tng.
b.2) Hin tng khuch tn
Hin tng cc ht tch in di chuyn t vng c mt in tch cao(vng h quang) ra vng
xung quanh c mt in tch thp l hin tng khuch tn. Cc in t v ion dng khuch tn dc
theo thn h quang, in t khuch tn nhanh hn ion dng. Qu trnh khuch tn c trng bng tc
khuch tn. S khuch tn cng nhanh h quang cng nhanh b tt. tng qu trnh khuch tn ngi ta
thng tm cch ko di ngn la h quang.


1.2. H QUANG IN MT CHIU

1. Khi nim chung
9
Chng ta kho st y mt qu trnh xut hin h quang gia hai in cc trong mt mch
in mt chiu nh hnh 1-2.
Gi in p ngun l U
0
,in tr mch l R, in cm mch l L v r
hq
c trng cho in tr h
quang vi in p trn h quang l u
hq
. Theo nh lut Kic khp II, ta c phng trnh cn bng in p
trong mch khi m tip im v h quang bt u chy nh sau:
U
0
= i.R + u
hq
+ L
dt
di
(1.1)
Khi h quang chy n nh th dng in khng i i=I v c
dt
di
= 0 phng trnh cn bng p s l :
U
0
= u
R
+ u
hq
= I.R+ I.r
hq
(1.2)
Cc thnh phn in p trong phng trnh (1.1) c th hin trn hnh 1-2. Vi: ng 1-l
in p ngun; ng 2- l in p ri trn in tr R v ng 3- l c tnh u(i) ca h quang.
Theo th cc ng c tnh 2 v 3 giao nhau hai im A v B. Ti A v B phng trnh
(1.2) c tha mn, cc im A, B c gi l hai im chy ca h quang .
-Xt ti B: H quang ang chy nu v mt l do no lm dng in i tng ln hn I
B
th theo th ta
nhn thy sc in ng t cm trn L l L
dt
di
< 0 (ngc chiu dng tng) s lm dng in i gim
xung li I
B
. Cn ngc li nu i gim nh hn I
B
th L
dt
di
> 0 s lm i tng tr li gi tr I
B
, do vy im
B c gi l im h quang chy n nh.
-Nu cng tng t ta xt ti im A, khi h quang ang chy n nh vi i= I
A
nu v mt l do no i
gim nh hn I
A
th L
dt
di
< 0 nn dng tip tc gim n 0 v h quang tt. Cn nu i tng ln hn I
A
th
trn c tnh ta thy L
dt
di
> 0 nn dng tip tc tng n I
B
v h quang chy n nh ti im B, vy
im A gi l im h quang chy khng n nh.

2. iu kin dp tt h quang in mt chiu
10
c th dp tt c h quang in mt
chiu cn loi b c im h quang chy n nh
(im B). Trn c tnh ta nhn thy s khng c
im chy n nh khi ng c tnh 3(in p
trn h quang) cao hn ng c tnh 2 (l c
tnh in p ri trn in tr R) nh hnh 1-2b (tc
l h quang s tt khi U
hq
> U
0
- U
R
). nng cao
ng c tnh 3 thng thc hin hai bin php l
tng di h quang(tng l) v gim nhit vng
h quang xung, c tnh nh hnh 1-3.























3. Qu in p trong mch in mt chiu
Khi ct mch in mt chiu thng xy ra qu in p, khi mch c in cm ln nu tc
ct cng nhanh th qu in p cng ln.
Nu ti thi im ct c I= 0 th : U
0
= L
dt
di
+ u
hq
, hay ta c:
u
hq
- U
0
= - L
dt
di
= U

(1.3)
U

l tr s qu in p xoay chiu. Trong mch mt chiu lm vic vi cng sut ln li c nhiu
vng dy khi dp h quang in qu in p s xy ra rt ln c th gy nh thng cch in v h hng
thit b. hn ch hin tng qu in p ngi ta thng dng thm mt mch in ph mc song
song vi ph ti. Mch ny c th l in tr, in tr v t ni tip hoc mt chnh lu mc ngc.





























Hnh 1-2: c tnh h quang mt chiu v iu kin
tt
I[A]
U[V]
U
0
1
2 3
U
R

U
hq

Ldi/dt
>0
Ldi/dt
< 0
Ldi/dt
< 0
I[A]
U [V]
2
3
c)
a)
+ -
U
o
R
r
hq
L
I
b)
T
1

T
2
<T
1

U [V]
b)
I[A]
U [V]
L
1

L
2
>L
1

a)
I[A]
Hnh 1-3: c tnh khi ko di v gim nhit
h quang
11
1.2. H QUANG IN XOAY CHIU


1. Khi nim chung
c im ca mch xoay chiu l trong
mt chu k bin thin dng in c hai ln qua tr s
i= 0. Khi c h quang th ti thi im khi i= 0 qu
trnh phn ion ha xy ra mnh hn qu trnh ion
ha. Khi i= 0 h quang khng dn in v y l
thi im tt dp tt h quang in xoay chiu.
Khi h quang in xoay chiu ang chy ta
a dng in v in p ca h quang vo dao
ng k ta s c dng sng ca dng in v in
p h quang nh hnh 1-4.
Dng in c dng sng gn ging sng
hnh sin cn in p th trong mt na chu k c hai
nh nhn tng ng vi hai gi tr in p chy (
U
ch
) v in p tt (U
t
) ca h quang in. T dng
sng thu c trn mn hnh dao ng k ta xy
dng c c tnh Vn -Am pe (V-A) ca h
quang in xoay chiu nh hnh 1-4.
Ta nhn thy thi im dng in qua tr
s 0 nu in p ngun nh hn tr s in p chy
(U
ch
)

th h quang s tt. Do vy qu trnh dp h
quang in xoay chiu ph thuc rt nhiu vo tnh
cht ca ph ti.
Ta nhn thy trong mch c ph ti in
tr thun d dp h quang hn trong mch c ti
in cm, bi mch thun tr khi dng in qua tr s khng (thi gian i=0 thc t ko di khong
0,1 s ) th in p ngun cng bng khng (trng pha), cn mch thun cm khi dng bng khng th
in p ngun ang c gi tr cc i (in p vt trc dng in mt gc 90
0
).

2. Dp tt h quang in xoay chiu
H quang in xoay chiu khi dng in qua tr s 0 th khng c cung cp nng lng. Mi
trng h quang mt dn tnh dn in v tr thnh cch in. Nu cch in ny ln v in p
ngun khng duy tr phng in li th h quang s tt hn. nh gi mc cch in ca in
mi vng h quang l ln hay b ngi ta dng khi nim in p chc thng. in p chc thng ( U
ch.t

) cng ln th mc cch in ca in mi cng cao.
Qu trnh dp tt h quang in xoay chiu khng nhng ty thuc vo tng quan gia ln
ca in p chc thng vi ln ca in p h quang m cn ph thuc tng quan gia tc tng
ca chng. Nu tc tng in p chc thng ln hn tc phc hi in p ngun (hnh 1-5: ng 1
v ng 2 khng giao nhau im no) th h quang s tt hon ton. Trong cc thit b in khi tip
im m ra khong cch tng dn lm cch in in mi tng dn (ng 1), na chu k sau cng dc
hn na chu k trc.
























Hnh 1-4: c tnh ca h quang xoay chiu

i
(t
)
1
2
U
ch
U
t
U[V]
t
a)
U
I
U
ch

U
t

b)
12
Ngc li, tc phc hi in p m nhanh hn tc
tng ca in p chc thng ( lm ng 1 v ng 2 giao
nhau) th h quang s chy li.
Tm li : dp tt h quang in xoay chiu hon
ton th ta phi lm sao tng in p chc thng (ng 1)
vt cao hn nh ca ng biu din in p phc hi h
quang (ng 2). Khi in p ngun l1000V th trong lc dng
in qua tr s 0 sau khong 0,1 s mc cch in khu vc
ny t n gi tr xuyn thng tc thi khong 150 n 250V.


1.4. QU TRNH PHC HI IN P CA H
QUANG IN

1. Khi nim
Gi tr tc thi ca in p ngun xut hin gia cc tip im sau khi ngt mch trong qu
trnh qu c gi l in p phc hi.
a) Trong mch in mt chiu
Ty thuc tnh cht ca ti l in tr, in cm hay in dung m in p phc hi cng khc
nhau. Thc t tn ti in dung gia cc dy dn khc nhau, dy dn vi t hay gia cc bi dy vi
nhau. Trong mch khi c c R, L, C th in p phc hi ty theo gi tr in tr R m c th dao ng
tun hon hay khng. Khi mch R, L, C m c mc thm t in song song vi h quang th trc khi
dng in trit tiu t c np v phng in tr li, in p phc hi s dao ng tun hon khi R
nh.
Nhng nu tr s in tr R ln s khng th c dao ng tun hon c.
b) Trong mch in xoay chiu
Nu h quang c dp tt vnh vin th qu trnh phc hi in p c dng bin thin vi tn s
nh dn v bng 0. Nu h quang xut hin li th qu trnh phc hi b ngt v in p gim nhanh t
gi tr U
ch
n gi tr b nht ng vi in p ri trn h quang.
Nu mch in c in tr ln th in p phc hi trn tip im khi c h quang s khng
cn xut hin li (c dng khng tun hon). mch in xoay chiu th tn s in p ngun f
ngun

thng thng rt thp so vi tn s dao ng ring ca mch c L v C.

f
ngun
<< =

1
2
100 10 000
. .
( . ) [ ]
L C
Hz
(1.4)
Gi tr b nht ph hp vi li c in p cao. Qu trnh phc hi in p xy ra hai trng
hp gii hn sau :
+ Ngt mch cm ng ln (
0
90 ) thng xy ra khi ngn mch.
+ Ngt mch thun in tr (
0
0 ).
Trn hnh 1-6a biu din trng hp ph ti thun in cm (
0
90
) in p phc hi khng tun
hon, kt qu l : x ma max ph
E U
. Hnh 1-6b in p phc hi dao ng (tun hon) v trn thc t
x ma max ph
E . 2 U
. Trn hnh 1-6c l trng hp ph ti in tr (
0
0 ), khi dng in v sc in
ng ngun e
(t)
trng pha nhau, chng ng thi qua gi tr 0, in p phc hi s bng 0.
Kt qu l mch thun in tr, h quang d b dp tt vnh vin hn l mch in cm. T
gii thch khi th nghim thit b in ng m mch dng xoay chiu cn phi thc hin trong mch c
h s cng sut

cos thp
) 2 . 0 cos (
.










Hnh 1-5: iu kin tt h quang
xoay chiu
I[A
]
U[V]
1
2
150250V
13
Trn hnh 1-6d biu din in p phc hi khi ngt mch ng dy khng ti.

2. Nng lng h quang
a) Dng mt chiu
c tnh dp tt h quang ph thuc vo nng lng h quang. Nng lng h quang dng mt
chiu tnh theo :

+
t
0
2
hq
dt . i ). i . R U (
2
I
L = W
(1.5)
T phng trnh thy rng ton b nng lng
2
I . L
2
tch ly trong mch trc lc ngt cng
vi nng lng ngun sau khi bt phn nng lng tn hao trn in tr R nm trong mch chnh l
nng lng h quang (W
hq
).
Do vy mch mt chiu, in cm ca mch cng ln th nng lng h quang s cng ln,
khi h quang s kh dp tt.
b) Dng in xoay chiu
H quang xoay chiu dp tt lc i = 0, do nng lng in t xem nh bng 0 v ta c :

n.
= t
0
hq
R.i)i.dt. - (u = W
(1.6)
Vi n l s lng bn chu k trong khong thi gian chy ca h quang. Kt qu l dng xoay
chiu th nng lng h quang l nng lng ngun tr bt i phn tn hao tc dng. Khc vi dng mt
chiu ton b nng lng c a tr v ngun. Nu dng in c ngt trc lc i qua tr s 0 th
mt phn ca nng lng t s khng a v ngun m cung cp cho h quang. Do ng trn quan
im nng lng m xt th ngt mch dng xoay chiu d dng hn ngt mch dng mt chiu cng mt
cng sut.
ng thi ta cn thy mun gim nng lng h quang (mt chiu v xoay chiu) th phi cn
gim thi gian t chy ca h quang.
























Hnh 1-6: Cc ng c tnh in p phc hi sau khi ct mch trong cc
trng hp: a,b) ph ti in cm, c)ph ti in tr , d)ph ti dung

e(t
)
i(t
)
u
t
t

U
phm
E
m
=90

L

e(t
)
i(t
)
u
t
t

U
m
=2E
m
E
m
=90

L

U
phm
=0
e(t
)
i(t
)
u
t
t

R

e(t
)
i(t
)
u
t
t

C

i=0

=90
d) c)
b)
a)
14

3. Cng thc qui c v cng sut ngt
c trng cho kh nng ngt ln nht ca thit b ng m mch, ngi ta a vo khi nim
cng sut ngt (S
ngt
) c xc nh theo qui c theo cng thc sau :

) MVA ( I . C S
m ngt ngt
=
(1.7)
Trong: C=m.U
m
=3.U
mfa
=
pha ba cho trng c :
mdy
U . 3
.
[kA]. mach, m ong thit b cua mc nh t in ng dong dung hiu tr gia la
m ngt
I
dung). hiu tr (gia dy mc nh ap in la
mdy
U
dung). hiu tr (gia pha mc nh ap in la
mfa
U

I
ngtm
l dng in ln nht ng vi lc u tin cc tip im ri xa nhau in p nh mc ca thit
b ng m mch.
Trong cc cng thc trn xt tr s ca cc thng s c bn khi ngt gi tr thit b in
khng b xy ra h hng.

1.5. BIN PHP V TRANG B DP H QUANG TRONG THIT B IN

1. Cc bin php v trang b dp h quang trong thit b in cn phi m bo yu cu
-Trong thi gian ngn phi dp tt c h quang, hn ch phm vi chy h quang l nh nht.
-Tc ng m tip im phi ln.
-Nng lng h quang sinh ra phi b, in tr h quang phi tng nhanh.
-Trnh hin tng qu in p khi dp h quang.

2. Cc nguyn tc c bn dp h quang in
-Ko di ngn la h quang.
-Dng nng lng h quang sinh ra t dp.
-Dng nng lng ngun ngoi dp.
-Chia h quang thnh nhiu phn ngn dp.
-Mc thm in tr song song dp.

3. Trong thit b in h p thng dng cc bin php v trang b sau
a) Ko di h quang in bng c kh
y l bin php n gin thng dng cu dao cng sut nh hoc rle. Ko di h quang lm
cho ng knh h quang gim, in tr h quang s tng dn n tng qu trnh phn ion dp h
quang. Tuy nhin bin php ny ch thng c dng mng h p c in p nh hn hoc bng 220V
v dng in ti 150 A.
b) Dng cun dy thi t kt hp bung dp h quang
Ngi ta dng mt cun dy mc ni tip vi tip im chnh to ra mt t trng tc dng ln
h quang sinh ra mt lc in t ko di h quang. Thng thng bin php ny kt hp vi trang b
thm bung dp bng aming. Lc in t ca cun thi t s thi h quang vo tip gip aming lm
tng qu trnh phn ion.
c) Dng bung dp h quang c khe h quanh co
Bung c dng bng aming c hai na li lm v ghp li hp thnh nhng khe h quanh co
(khi ng knh h quang ln hn b rng khe th gi l khe hp).
Khi ct tip im lc in ng sinh ra s y h quang vo khe quanh co s lm ko di v
gim nhit h quang.
d) Phn chia h quang ra lm nhiu on ngn
Trong bung h quang pha trn ngi ta ngi ta t thm nhiu tm thp non. Khi h quang
xut hin, do lc in ng h quang b y vo gia cc tm thp v b chia ra lm nhiu on ngn.
Loi ny thng c dng li mt chiu di 220 V v xoay chiu di 500 V.
e) Tng tc chuyn ng ca tip im ng
15
Ngi ta b tr cc l dao ng, c mt l chnh v mt l ph (thng l cu dao) hai l ny
ni vi nhau bng mt l xo, l dao ph ct nhanh do l xo n hi(l xo s lm tng tc ct dao ph)
khi ko dao chnh ra trc .
f) Kt cu tip im kiu bc cu
Mt im ct c chia ra lm hai tip im song song nhau, khi ct mch h quang c phn
chia lm hai on v ng thi do lc in ng ngn la h quang s b ko di ra lm tng hiu qu
dp.

4. Cc bin php v trang b dp h quang thit b in trung v cao p
a) Dp h quang trong du bin p kt hp phn chia h quang
cc my ct trung p cc tip im ct c ngm trong du bin p, khi ct h quang xut
hin s t chy du sinh ra hn hp kh (ch yu l H) lm tng p sut vng h quang, ng thi gim
nhit h quang. Cc my ct in p cao mi pha thng c phn ra lm nhiu ch ngt.
b) Dp h quang bng kh nn
Dng kh nn trong bnh c sn hoc h thng ng dn kh nn khi h quang xut hin (tip
im khi m) s lm m van ca bnh kh nn, kh nn s thi dc hoc ngang thn h quang lm gim
nhit v ko di h quang.
c) Dp h quang bng cch dng vt liu t sinh kh
Thng dng trong cu ch trung p, khi h quang xut hin s t chy mt phn vt liu sinh
kh(nh thy tinh hu c,...) sinh ra hn hp kh lm tng p sut vng h quang.
d) Dp h quang trong chn khng
Ngi ta t tip im ct trong mi trng p sut ch khong 10
-6
n 10
-8
N/ cm
2
.
mi trng ny th bn in cao hn rt nhiu bn in ca khng kh nn h quang nhanh
chng b dp tt.
e) Dp h quang trong kh p sut cao
Kh c nn p sut ti khong 200 N/cm
2
hoc cao hn s tng bn in gp nhiu ln
khng kh. Trong cc my ct in p cao v siu cao p hin nay thng s dng kh SF
6
c nn
trong cc bnh kh nn dp h quang. H quang dp trong mi trng SF
6
rt m bo(bi v ngay c
iu kin p sut thng h quang cng tt nhanh trong mi trng kh SF
6
).
16




















Chng 2. TIP XC IN

2.1. I CNG V TIP XC IN



17

1. Khi nim
Ch tip gip gia hai vt dn in cho dng in chy t vt dn ny sang vt dn kia gi l
tip xc in. B mt ch tip gip ca cc vt dn in gi l b mt tip xc in.
Tip xc in chia ra lm ba dng chnh:
-Tip xc c nh: l hai vt dn tip xc lin kt cht cng bng bulng, inh vit, inh riv,...
-Tip xc ng m: l tip xc m c th lm cho dng in chy hoc ngng chy t vt ny sang vt
khc (nh cc tip im trong thit b ng ct).
-Tip xc trt: l vt dn in ny c th trt trn b mt ca vt dn in kia (v d nh chi than
trt trn vnh gp my in).
Tip xc ng m v tip xc trt u c hai phn, phn ng (gi l tip im ng) v phn
tnh (gi l tip im tnh).
Ba dng tip xc trn u c th tin hnh tip xc di ba hnh thc:
-Tip xc im: l hai vt tip xc vi nhau ch mt im hoc trn b mt din tch vi ng knh rt
nh (nh tip xc hai hnh cu vi nhau, hnh cu vi mt phng, hnh nn vi mt phng,...)
-Tip xc ng: l hai vt dn tip xc vi nhau theo mt ng thng hoc trn b mt rt hp (nh
tip xc hnh tr vi mt phng, hnh tr vi tr,...)
-Tip xc mt: l hai vt dn in tip xc vi nhau trn b mt rng(v d tip xc mt phng vi mt
phng,...).
Cc yu cu i vi tip xc in ty thuc cng dng, iu kin lm vic, tui th yu cu
ca thit b v cc yu t khc. Mt yu t ch yu nh hng ti tin cy lm vic v nhit pht
nng ca tip xc in l in tr tip xc R
tx
.

2. in tr tip xc
Xt khi t hai vt dn tip xc nhau(hnh 2-1) , ta s c din tch b mt tip xc :
S
bk
= a . l.
Nhng trn thc t din tch b mt tip xc thc nh hn nhiu a.l v gia hai b mt tip xc
d gia cng th no th vn c nhp nh, khi cho tip xc hai vt vi nhau th ch c mt s im trn
tip gip tip xc. Do din tch tip xc thc nh hn nhiu din tch tip xc biu kin S
bk
= a.l.
Din tch tip xc cn ph thuc vo lc p ln trn tip im v vt liu lm tip im, lc p
cng ln th din tch tip xc
cng ln.
Din tch tip xc thc
mt im(nh mt cu tip
xc vi mt phng) xc nh
bi:
S =
d
F

(2.1)
Trong :
F l lc p vo tip
im [kg].

d l ng sut chng
dp nt ca vt liu lm tip im [kg/cm
2
].

Bng 2.1: ng sut chng dp nt ca mt s kim loi thng dng

Kim loi
ng sut

d
[N/cm
2
]
Kim loi
ng sut

d
[N/cm
2
]
bc 30.400 ng cng
(hp kim)
51.000
ng mm 38.200 nhm 88.300
Nu tip xc n im th din tch s ln ln n ln so vi biu thc (2.1).










Hnh 2-1: Tip xc ca hai vt dn
2
1 a
l 1
2
a
18
Dng in chy t vt ny sang vt khc ch qua nhng im tip xc, nh vy dng in cc
ch tip xc s b tht hp li, dn ti in tr nhng ch ny tng ln.
in tr tip xc ca tip im kiu bt k tnh theo cng thc:
R
tx
=
m
F
K
[ ] ( 2.2)
K: h s ph thuc vt liu v tnh trng b mt tip im ( theo bng tra).
m: h s ph thuc s im tip xc v kiu tip xc vi:
+Tip xc mt m = 1
+Tip xc ng m = 0,7
+Tip xc im m = 0,5

Bng 2.2: Tra tr s K trong cng thc (2.2)
Kim loi tip xc
Tr s K [ .N]
Kim loi tip xc
Tr s K [ .N]
ng - ng ( 0,08 n 0,14).10
-2
st - ng ( 3,1).10
-2

bc - bc ( 0,06)10
-2
nhm - ng ( 0,38).10
-2

nhm - nhm ( 0,127).10
-2


Ngoi cng thc (2.2) l cng thc kinh nghim, ngi ta cn dng phng php gii tch
dn gii rt ra cng thc tnh in tr tip xc im:
R
tx
=

.
.
2
d
n F
(2.3)

: in tr sut ca vt dn [ .cm].
n: s im tip xc.
F: lc nn [kg].
Do vy r rng in tr tip xc ca tip im nh hng n cht lng ca thit b in, in
tr tip xc ln lm cho tip im pht nng. Nu pht nng qu mc cho php th tip im s b nng
chy, thm ch b hn dnh. Trong cc tip im thit b in mong mun in tr tip xc c gi tr cng
nh cng tt, nhng do thc t c nhiu yu t nh hng n R
tx
nn khng th gim R
tx
cc

nh c
nh mong mun.

3.Cc yu t nh hng n in tr tip xc (R
tx
)
in tr tip xc b nh hng ca nhiu yu t vi mc khc nhau, ta xt y mt s yu
t ch yu sau:
a) Vt liu lm tip im
T (2.3) ta thy h s chng dp nt
d
b th R
tx
b. V vy ng v mt yu cu c in tr
tip xc b nn dng cc vt liu mm lm tip im. Nhng thc t cn phi kt hp cc yu t
khc(nh bn c) nn vt liu thng dng l ng, ng thau m thic, thp m thic,...
19
b) Lc p ln tip im
Cng t cng thc (2.2) v (2.3) lc F
cng ln th R
tx
cng nh (hnh 2-2)
ng 1 biu din in tr tip xc gim theo
chiu lc tng, nu gim lc nn ln tip im
in tr tip xc R
tx
thay i theo ng 2.
Ta c th gii thch l v khi tng lc nn b ln
mt tip xc th khng nhng b mt tip xc b
bin dng n hi m cn b ph hy cc b. Khi
ta gim lc p th mt s im tip xc vn cn
gi nguyn nh khi lc p ln tc dng. Tng lc
p ch c tc dng gim R
tx
giai on u in
tr ln v trung bnh. Khi lc p ln th d c
tng lc p ln na th in tr tip xc vn
khng thay i.
c) Hnh dng ca tip im
Hnh dng ca tip im cng nh hng n R
tx
. Cng mt lc nhng kiu tip xc khc nhau
th R
tx
cng khc nhau. T cc cng thc trn ta thy R
tx
ca tip xc mt nh nht v c h s m ln nht
(tra t cng thc 2.2).
d) Nhit ca tip im
Nhit ca tip im thay i s lm R
tx
thay i theo kt qu th nghim vi nhit nh
hn 200
0
C c th tnh R
tx
qua cng thc:
Rtx( )
= R
tx (0)
(1+
2
3
) [ ] (2.4)
Trong : R
tx(0):
in tr tip xc 0
0
C, : h s nhit in tr [1/
0
C].

: Nhit ca tip im [
0
C].
e) Tnh trng b mt tip xc
B mt tip xc khi b bn hoc khi b oxit ha c R
tx
ln hn nhiu R
tx
ca tip im sch (do
c nhiu im khng c tip xc trc tip bng vt liu lm tip im). Khi b oxy ha cng nhiu th
nhit pht nng trn b mt tip xc cng cao. Tip im b oxy ha c in tr tip xc tng hng
chc ln(v oxit ca phn ln kim loi dn in km hn nhiu kim loi nguyn cht).
f) Mt dng in
Din tch tip xc c xc nh ty theo mt dng in cho php. Theo kinh nghim
i vi thanh dn bng ng cho tip xc nhau khi ngun tn s 50 Hz th mt dng in cho php
l:
J
cp
=
S
I
[( 0,31 - 1,05 .10
-4
(I-200)] [A/mm
2
] ( 2.5)
Trong : I l gi tr dng hiu dng ; S=S
bk
din tch tip xc biu kin.
Biu thc (2.5) trn ch ng khi dng in bin thin trong khong t 200 n 2000A. Nu ngoi tr s
th c th ly:
I < 200 A ly J
cp
= 0,31 [A/ mm
2
]
I > 2000 A ly J
cp
= 0.12 [A/ mm
2
].

Khi vt dn tip xc khng phi l ng th mt dng cho phep i vi vt liu y c th
ly theo cng thc sau:
J
cp vt liux
= J
cp.ng
x liu )vt (
ng ) ( tx
R
R

(2.6)

2.2. TIP IM THIT B IN

1. Vt liu lm tip im









R
tx
[10
6
]
F[kg] 0 5 10 15 20 25
100
200
300
400
1
2
Hnh 2-2: in tr tip xc
khi lc nn tng
20
tha mn tt cc iu kin lm vic khc nhau ca tip im thit b in th vt liu lm tip
im phi c c nhng yu cu c bn sau:
-C dn in cao(gim R
tx
v chnh in tr ca tip im).
-Dn nhit tt (gim pht nng cc b ca nhng im tip xc).
-Khng b oxy ha (gim R
tx
tng n nh ca tip im).
-C kt tinh v nng chy cao (gim mi mn v in v gim s nng chy hn dnh
tip im ng thi tng tui th tip im).
-C bn c cao (gim mi mn c kh gi nguyn dng b mt tip xc v tng tui th
ca tip im).
-C do ( gim in tr tip xc).
-D gia cng khi ch to v gi thnh r.
Thc t t vt liu no p ng c y cc yu cu trn. Trong thit k s dng ty tng
iu kin c th m trng nhiu n yu cu ny hay yu cu khc. Nhng vt liu thng dng gm:
a) ng ki thut in: ng nguyn cht thu c bng in phn. N p ng hu ht cc yu cu
trn. Nhc im chnh ca ng ki thut in l rt d b oxit ha.
b) ng caimi: ng ki thut in pha thm caimi c tnh cht c cao chng mi mn tt, kh nng
chu c h quang tt hn ng ki thut in thng thng.
c) Bc: l vt liu lm tip im rt tt do c dn in cao v c in tr tip xc n nh. Nhc
im ch yu l chu h quang km nn s dng b hn ch.
d) ng thau: hp kim ng vi km c s dng lm tip im dp h quang.
e) Cc hp kim ng khc: hp kim ng vi nhm, ng vi mangan, ng vi niken, ng vi silic
v cc hp kim ng khc c s dng lm tip im, ng thi lm l xo p (v d tip im tnh ca
cu ch). Nhng tip im nh vy khi b t nng d b mt tnh n hi.
f) Thp c in tr sut ln: thp thng b oxy ha cao nhng l vt liu r nn vn c s dng lm
tip xc c nh dn dng in ln, trong cc thit b thp thng c m.
g) Nhm: c dn in cao, r nhng rt d b oxy ha lm tng in tr sut. Nhc im na l hn
nhm rt phc tp, bn c li km.
h) Vonfram v hp kim vonfram: c mi mn v in tt v chu c h quang tt nhng c in
tr tip xc rt ln. Hp kim vonfram vi vng s dng cho tip im c dng nh. Hp kim vi
molipen dng lm tip im cho nhng thit b in thng xuyn ng m, khi dng in ln th
vonfram v hp kim vonfram s dng lm tip im dp h quang.
i) Vng v platin: khng b oxy ha do c in tr tip xc nh v n nh, c s dng lm tip
im trong thit b in h p c dng in b v quan trng. Vng nguyn cht v platin nguyn cht c
bn c thp nn thng c s dng dng hp kim vi mlipen hoc vi irii tng bn c.
j) Than v graphit: c in tr tip xc v in tr sut ln nhng chu c h quang rt tt.
Thng dng lm cc tip im m khi lm vic phi chu tia la in, i khi lm tip im dp h
quamg.
k) Hp kim gm: hn hp v mt c hc ca hai vt liu khng nu chy m thu c bng phng
php thiu kt hn hp bt hoc bng cch tm vt liu ny ln vt liu kia. Thng vt liu th nht c
tnh cht k thut in tt, in tr sut v in tr tip xc nh, t b oxy ha.Vt liu th hai c tnh
cht c cao v chu c h quang. Nh vy, cht lng kim loi gm l do tnh cht ca hn hp quyt
nh. Kim loi gm s dng rng ri nht thng c gc bc nh : bc-niken, bc- oxit caimi, bc-
vonfram, bc-mlipen. Ngoi ra i khi ngi ta s dng kim loi gm c gc ng nh: ng -
vonfram, ng -mlipen, ng caimi lm tip im chnh v tip im dp h quang.
Ch
+Vi tip xc c nh thng dng vt liu l ng, nhm, thp.
+Vi tip xc ng/m ty theo dng dn, nu :
-Dng in b dng bc, ng, platin, vonfram, i khi vng, mlipen, niken.
-Dng va n ln dng ng thau, kim loi hoc hp kim t nng chy nh vonfram, molipen,...
-Dng in ln th thng dng hp kim gm (sn phm hai kim loi dng bt p li p lc ln,
nhit cao. Hp kim gm rt cng chu c dng ln, khuyt im l dn in km, nn thng
c ch to dng tm mng hn trn b mt tip im ca thit b).
21

2. Mt s kt cu tip im
a) Phn ra lm cc loi theo cu to
Tip xc c nh c cc dng
-Ni hai thanh tit din ch nht.
-Ni hai thanh tit din trn (thanh trn ni vi nhau thng trong cc thit b in nh my ngt
in, my bin dng,...).
Loi tip xc ng m v tip xc trt phn theo dng in
-Dng b : I 10 [mA].
-Dng va: I 100 [A].
-Dng ln: I > 100 [A].
b) Tip im rle
Thng dng bc, platin tn hn g vo tip im, kch thc tip im do dng in cho php
quyt nh (theo bng c trong cc s tay thit k).
c) Tip im thit b in khng ch
Cc thit b nh cng tc t, ptmt v thit b cao p thng c dng in ln. Th nhng tip
im chnh mc song song vi tip im h quang khi tip im v tr ng dng in s qua tip im
chnh (tip im) lm vic, khi m hoc bt u ng tip im h quang s chu h quang. Do bo v
c tip im lm vic.
Ta thng thy tip im c cc dng nh hnh 2-3.
+Hnh ngn: dng trong cng tc t, tip im ng va trt va ln trn tip im tnh do vy c th
t lm bc lp oxit trn b mt tip xc.
+Tip im bc cu: dng trong rle v cng tc t.
+Tip im i din: dng my ngt in p cao.
+Tip im hoa hu: gm mt cnh hnh thang ging cnh hoa hu hay ch z, tip im ng l mt
thanh dn trn.
+Tip im vut ma: tip im ng kiu sng dao c th trt gia hai vut trn (lm tip im tnh) l
xo v dy c ni cht vi vut.
+Tip im chi: tip im ng hnh chi gm nhng l ng mng 0,1 0,2 mm xp li trt ln
sng dao tip im tnh. tng lc p trn tip im hnh chi th thng c thm bn n hi. Loi ny
khi chi b chy s lm in tr tng nhanh do t dng lm tip im h quang.
22


3. Nguyn nhn h hng tip xc v bin php khc phc
a) Nguyn nhn h hng
Nguyn nhn h hng tip xc c rt nhiu, ta xt mt s nguyn nhn chnh sau:
a.1) n mn kim loi
Trong thc t ch to d gia cng th no th b mt tip xc tip im vn cn nhng l nh li
ti. Trong vn hnh hi nc v cc cht c hot tnh ha hc cao thm vo v ng li trong nhng l
nh s gy ra cc phn ng ha hc to ra mt lp mng mng rt gin. Khi va chm trong qu trnh
ng lp mng ny d b bong ra. Do b mt tip xc s b mn dn, hin tng ny gi l hin tng
n mn kim loi.
a.2) Oxy ha
Mi trng xung quanh lm b mt tip xc b oxy ha to thnh lp oxit mng trn b mt tip
xc, in tr sut ca lp oxit rt ln nn lm tng R
tx
dn n gy pht nng tip im. Mc gia tng
R
tx
do b mt tip xc b oxy ha cn ty nhit . 20-30
o
C c lp oxt dy khong 25.10
-6
mm. Theo
th nghim tip im ng ngoi tri sau mt thng R
tx
tng ln khong 10%. nhit

ln hn 70
0
C
s oxit ha rt nhanh. Theo th nghim 100
0
C sau ch mt gi R
tx
ca tip im ng tng khong 50
ln. Ngoi ra vic lun phin b t nng v lm ngui cng tng qu trnh xit ha.
a.3) in th ha hc ca vt liu tip im
Mi cht c mt in th ha hc nht nh. Ly H lm gc c in th m (-) th ta c bng mt
s kim loi c in th ha hc nh bng sau:

Bng 2.3: in th ha hc ca mt s kim loi
Kim loi Ag Cu H Sn Ni Co Fe Al
in th ha
hc [ V].
+0.8 +0.345 0 -0.14 - 0.2 -0.255 -0.44 - 1.34

23
Hai kim loi c in th ha hc khc nhau khi tip xc s to nn mt cp hiu in th ha
hc, gia chng c mt hiu in th. Nu b mt tip xc c nc xm nhp s c dng in chy qua,
v kim loi c in th hc m hn s b n mn trc lm nhanh hng tip im.
a.4) H hng do in
Thit b in vn hnh lu ngy hoc khng c bo qun tt l xo tip im b hoen r yu i
s khng lc p vo tip im. Khi c dng in chy qua, tip im d b pht nng gy nng chy,
thm ch hn dnh vo nhau. Nu lc p tip im qu yu c th pht sinh tia la lm chy tip im.
Ngoi ra, tip im b bn, r s tng in tr tip xc, gy pht nng dn n hao mn nhanh tip im.
b) Cc bin php khc phc
bo v tip im khi b r v lm gim nh in tr tip xc c th thc hin cc bin
php sau:
b.1) i vi nhng tip xc c nh nn bi mt lp m chng r hoc qut sn chng m.
b.2) Khi thit k ta nn chn nhng vt liu c in th ha hc ging nhau hoc gn bng nhau cho
tng cp.
b.3) Nn s dng cc vt liu khng b oxy ha lm tip im.
b.4) M in cc tip im: vi tip im ng, ng thau thng c m thic, m bc, m km cn
tip im thp thng c m caini, niken, km,...
b.5) Thay l xo tip im: nhng l xo r, yu lm gim lc p s lm tng in tr tip xc, cn lau
sch tip im bng vi mm v thay th l xo nn khi lc nn cn qu yu.
b.6) Kim tra sa cha ci tin: ci tin thit b dp h quang rt ngn thi gian dp h quang nu
iu kin cho php.

4. Tnh trng lm vic ca tip im khi ngn mch
Khi c ngn mch, nhit ch tip xc tng cao lm gim tnh n hi v cng c kh ca
tip im. Nhit cho php khi ngn mch quy nh:
-Vi ng, ng thau: [ ] = (200 300)
0
C
-Nhm: [

] = (150 200)
0
C
Ty thi gian ngn mch c mt dng in cho php khc nhau nh bng 2-4.

Bng 2.4: Mt dng in cho php
Vt liu tip xc Mt dng in cho php j
cp
[A/mm
2
]
Thi gian ngn mch [s] 1s 5s 10s
ng 152 67 48
ng thau 75 38 27
Nhm 89 40 28

Ngoi ra cn ty tnh trng lm vic ca tip im khi ngn mch xy ra nh:
-Tip im v tr ng khi ngn mch
Theo cng thc kinh nghim Butkvich: I
m
= K. F
(2.7)
Vi: I
m
: dng in bin lm tip im nng chy hn dnh.
K: h s ty vt liu lm tip im v s im tip xc.
F: lc nn ln tip im, F = (20

50) kg.
H s K trong mt s trng hp c th sau:
+ Tip im chi ng, ng thau: K= 3000 n 4000
+ Tip im hnh ngn bng ng: K= 4100.
+ Tip im kiu cm ng, ng thau: K= 6000.
-Tip im trong qu trnh ng b ngn mch
Lc ny sinh lc in ng ko di tip im, tip im ng c tc ln d sinh hin tng
hn dnh v c chn ng.
Khi dng chy trong vt dn t tit din ln sang tit din nh thng b un cong sinh lc in
ng theo cng thc:
24
F = 1,02.10
-8
.i
2
ln
d
D
(2.8)
D,d: ng knh tit din ln v nh [cm].
-Tip im trong qu trnh ngt b ngn mch
Pht sinh h quang c th lm chy tip im. Ty kim loi c tr cc tiu p v cc tiu dng
c th pht sinh h quang.
Bng 2.5: Tr s dng, p cc tiu
Kim loi tip im W Ag Cu Al Fe
I
min
[A] 0,8 0,75 0,42 0,5 0,55
U
min
[V] 11,5 12 14 12,5 12,5

+Khi ct dng b
Nu I

I
min
, U

U
min
: Gia hai tip im hnh thnh mt cu kim loi nng chy, cu b t
kim loi s chy t ant sang catt. V vy tip im l ant b mn.
Nu I

I
min
, U

U
min
: Hnh thnh cc ion n bn ph pha catt, kim loi s chuyn t catt
sang ant.
+Trng hp ct dng trung bnh v dng in ln
H quang ln c catt v ant u b mn. Cn ch tip im ng khi ng c khi b hao
mn nhiu hn khi m.
S hao mn t l vi dng in, s ln ng m v lng in tch qua tip im v thi gian
chy ca h quang, l cc hao mn v in (do dng in gy ra). Ngoi ra cn hao mn v c, thng
thng hao mn v c bng (1 3)% hao mn in.










Chng 3. PHT NNG


3.1. I CNG

1. Khi nim chung
Nhit lng sinh ra do dng in chy qua trong cun dy hay vt dn in khi thit b in lm vic
s gy pht nng. Ngoi ra trong thit b in xoay chiu cn do tn hao dng xoy v t tr trong li st
t cng sinh ra nhit. Nu nhit pht nng ca thit b in vt qu tr s cho php th thit b in s
nhanh b h hng, vt liu cch in nhanh b gi ha, bn c kh ca kim loi b gim st. Nhit
cho php ca cc b phn ca thit b in tham kho theo bng cho sn.
Trong tnh ton pht nng thit b in thng dng khi nim chnh nhit l hiu s gia nhit
pht nng v nhit mi trng xung quanh thit b in

0
. vng n i cho php =35
0
C,
vng nhit i =50
0
C. S pht nng thit b in cn ty thuc vo ch lm vic. Thit b in c
ba ch lm vic: di hn, ngn hn v ngn hn lp li.

2. Cc ngun nhit trong thit b in-Cc phng php truyn nhit
25
Trong thit b in mt chiu s pht nng ch yu l do tn hao ng. i vi thit b in xoay
chiu, s pht nng sinh ra ch yu l do tn hao ng trong dy qun v tn hao st t trong li thp,
ngoi ra cn tn hao do hiu ng b mt.
Song song vi qu trnh pht nng c qu trnh ta nhit gm: dn nhit, bc x nhit v i lu
nhit.
Qu trnh dn nhit, nhit lng dn tnh theo cng thc
dQ = - .

X
Q
.dS.dt
Trong : dQ: nhit lng c dn theo phng x.

X
Q
:
graien nhit lu theo phng x; dS: din tch nhit lu i qua, dt: thi gian; :
h s dn nhit [W/
0
C.cm].
Bc x nhit: ph thuc b mt ta nhit
i lu nhit: phn lm i lu t nhin v i lu cng bc, i lu ph thuc vo v tr phn b ca
vt th, kch thc b mt, tnh cht mi trng xung quanh vt v nhit mi trng.
Nu xt c ng thi ba hnh thc trn th c cng thc Niutn sau:
P = .S. hay =
S
P

Trong : P: nhit lng ta ra; S: din tch ta nhit.
: chnh nhit ca vt dn vi mi trng.

: h s ta nhit [N/
0
C.cm
2
].
Dng cng thc trn rt tin nhng sai s c (15 25)%
H s tra trong ti liu thit k:
+Vi cun dy truyn nhit tt trong phm vi nhit 75
0
C 120
0
C h s l:
= 11.10
-4
n 12,98.10
-4
[W/
0
C cm
2
]
+Vi cun dy truyn nhit km: = 9,84.10
-4
n 11,52.10
-4
[W/
0
C. cm
2
].
3. Nhit pht nng v cp cch in
Nhit mi trng xung quanh quy nh cho cc nc vng n i
0
= 35
0
C, nc vng nhit
i
0
= 40
0
C. Nhit pht nng chnh lch = -
0
quy nh vng n i th: =35
0
C, vng nhit
i =50
0
C.
Cp cch in: cn c vo kh nng chu nhit pht nng ln nht ca vt liu cch in m khng
lm ph hy tnh cht c ca n, ngi ta chia vt liu cch in ra cc cp cch in gm cp:
A : [T
0
] = (90 105)
0
C
E : [T
0
] = (105 120)
0
C
B : [T
0
] = (120 140)
0
C
Cc b phn thit b in quy nh
+ Vt liu khng bc cch in xa vt cch in [T
0
] =110.
+ Dy ni tip xc c nh [T
0
] = 75
0
C
+ Tip xc m bc [T
0
] =120
0
C
+ Vt liu dn in c bc cch in th:
-Cp O: [T
0
] 80
0
C
-Cp A : [T
0
] 95
0
C
-Cp B: [T
0
] 110
0
C
+ Vt liu khng dn in khng bc cch in [T] 110
0
C
Ngoi ra ch lm vic khc nhau c nhit ln nht cho php khc nhau.

3.2. CH LM VIC DI HN CA VT TH NG NHT

26
Thit b in lm vic di hn tc l thit b in c th lm vic lin tc lu di nhng thi gian
lm vic phi khng nh hn thi gian cn thit thit b pht nng n nhit n nh.
Khi c dng in I chy trong vt dn s gy ra tn hao mt cng sut P v trong thi gian dt s gy
ra mt nhit lng:
P.dt = RI
2
dt (3.1)
Nhit lng hao tn ny bao gm hai phn:
-t nng vt dn G.C.d
-Ta ra mi trng xung quanh S ..dt.
Ta c phng trnh cn bng nhit ca qu trnh pht nng:
P.dt

= G.C.d + S ..dt (3.2)
Trong : G l khi lng vt dn [g]
C l t nhit vt dn ta nhit [J/g].
l chnh nhit [0
0
C].
l h s ta nhit [W/cm
2
].
T (3.2) ta c phng trnh :

C . G
P
=
dt
d
+
C . G
. S
. (3.3)
Gii phng trnh vi phn (3.3) vi iu kin ti t = 0 th chnh nhit ban u l
0
, ta c:
=
. S
P
(1 -
t
GC
S
e

) +
0

t
GC
S
e

(3.4)

t T =
. S
C . G
l hng s thi gian pht nng.

. S
P
=

: chnh nhit n nh. Ta c:

=

( 1-
T
t
e

) +
0
T
t
e

(3.5)

Khi t = 0 m
0
= 0 th:
=

.(1-
T
t
e

) (3.6)
Khi ngt dng in (I = 0), qu trnh pht nng chm
dt v qu trnh ngui lnh bt u xy ra, ngha l P.dt
= 0, ta c phng trnh ngui lnh:
I
2
R.dt = 0 (3.7)
V: G.C.d + S

+dt = 0 nn c:

dt
d
+
. S
C . G
= 0 (3.8)
Vi iu kin khi ngt dng in chnh lch nhit bng chnh lch nhit n nh. Gii phng
trnh vi phn (3.8) ta c biu thc th hin qu trnh ngui lnh:
=

.e
t
T

Hng s thi gian pht nng T l khong thi gian cn thit t nng vt ln ti chnh nhit n
nh nu khng c s ta nhit ra mi trng xung quanh .
Xc nh hng s T bng gii tch, ta c: P dt = G.C.d

dt
d
=
C . G
P
th =
C . G
P
.t +
0

0
0.632

3
t[s
]
1
2
0
T
A
B
Hnh 3-1: Pht nng
di hn
27
Nu
0
= 0 th: =
C . G
P
.t
Khi
0
=

th t = T. T

=
C . G
P
.T v theo cng thc Niutn

=
S .
P

.
Ta c: T=
. S
C . G
(3.9)
Dng phng php v cng c th xc nh c gi tr T. T gc ta gc ta v ng tip tuyn
vi ng cong 1 v ng cong 2. Ta nhn c AB
=
T.

d
dt

t =0
=

T
= tg

=
AB
BC

Trong BC =

vy AB = T. Qu trnh pht nng c ta nhit ra mi trng xung quanh th sau

thi gian T chnh lch nhit ch t ti gi tr 0,632

.

3.4. CH LM VIC NGN HN CA VT TH NG NHT
ch lm vic ngn hn chnh lch nhit ca thit b in sau thi gian lm vic cha t ti
tr s n nh th thit b in ngng lm vic. Nhit pht nng ch ny l nh nht. Khi ngng
lm vic (I= 0) th qu trnh ngui lnh li bt u.
Gi s lm vic di hn ng cong pht nng l ng 1 trong hnh 3-2.
Ph ti lc ny l P
f
:
P
f
= S.
f
(3.10)
Sau thi gian t
lv
(thi gian lm vic ngn hn)
chnh nhit mi t ti tr
1
<
f
, nn thit b
in lm vic non ti v cha li dng ht kh nng
chu nhit. T ta thy rng c th nng ph ti
ln sau thi gian lm vic ngn hn t
lv
chnh
nhit va t ti tr s cho php
f
, ph ti lc ny
l P
n
:
P
n
= S.
max
(3.11)
ng cong pht nng trng hp ny l ng
2. im M trn ng 2 tha mn phng trnh
chnh nhit ca qu trnh pht nng.

f
=
max
(1- e
T
t
lv
)
(3.12)
Sau thi gian lm vic t
lv
dng in ngng chy vo vt dn do vt dn ngui lnh theo quy
lut nh khi lm vic di hn (ng 3).
T cc biu thc (3.10), (3.11), (3.12) v gi K
p
=
f
n
P
P
l h s qu ti cng sut ta rt ra:
K
p
=
f
n
P
P
=
f
max

=
T
t
lv
e 1
1

> 1 (3.13)
V cng sut t l vi bnh phng dng in nn:
K
I
=
f
n
I
I
=
P
K =
T
t
lv
e 1
1

(3.14)
K
I
: h s qu ti v dng in.

max

1

0
t[s]
t
lv
1
2
3
Hnh 3-2: Pht nng khi
ngn hn
M
28
V du: Mt thit b in c T = 180s nu lm vic di hn th dng in cho php I
f
= 100 A nhng nu
lm vic ngn hn trong thi gian t
lv
= 5 s th c th tng dng din ln bao nhiu ?.
Gii:
K
I
=
1
1

e
t
T
lv
=
1
1
5
180

e
= 6
Vy dng cho php ln nht l: I
n
= K
I
. I
f
= 6.100 = 600 [A].


3.4. CH LM VIC NGN HN LP LI CA
VT TH NG NHT

y l ch m thit b in lm vic trong mt thi gian t
lv
m nhit pht nng cha t
ti bo ha v sau ngh mt thi gian t
ng
m nhit cha gim v nhit ban u ri li tip tc lm
vic v ngh xen k. Qu trnh lm vic v ngh c lp li tun hon nh vy. th hin mc lm
vic lp, ngi ta dng khi nim h s lm vic (cn gi h s ng in):
L% =
ng
t
lv
t
lv
t
+
.100% (3.15)
Trong thc t L% thng bng 25%, 40%, 60%. Trong ch lm vic ngn hn lp li, nhit
pht nng nh hn ch lm vic di hn nhng ln hn ch ngn hn. Tng thi gian lm vic
t
lv
v thi gian ngh t
ng
gi l thi gian chu k t
ck
.
t
ck
= t
lv
+ t
ng

Ta gi thit ti thi im ban u chnh nhit ca vt dn l
0
sau thi gian lm vic t
lv
vt dn c t nng n chnh nhit l:

1
=

(1-e
T
t
lv

) +
0
e
T
t
lv

(3.16)
Sau thi gian ngh t
ng
vt dn ngui xung nhit
:

2
=
1
e
T
t
ng

(3.17)
Chu k tip theo vt dn li b t nng ti chnh
nhit :

3
=

(1- e
T
t
lv

) +
2
e
T
t
lv

(3.18)
Sau mt s chu k nhit chnh lch nhit
t n chnh nhit cc i
max
v chnh lch
nhit cc tiu
min
khng thay i, ta gi l thi k n
nh. Tng t nh trn, ta vit:
Qu trnh pht nng
max
=

(1- e
T
t
lv

) +
min

e
T
t
lv

(3.19)
Qu trnh ngui lnh:
min
=
max
. e
T
t
ng

(3.20)
Gii hai phng trnh ny ta c:











t[s
]
t
lv
t
ng
t
cK
3
4
1
2

ma

mi
Hnh 3-3: Pht nng khi ngn
hn lp li
29

max
=
T
t t
T
t

ng lv
lv
e 1
e 1
+

(3.21)
Vi:

: chnh nhit n nh bng chnh nhit cho php

f
[
0
C].

max
: chnh nhit ln nht khi lm vic ngn hn lp li [
0
C].
C:
max
<
f
=

nn c th cho tng ti thm ln lm vic nh ng cong pht nng 2(ng vi

nl
>
f
) hnh 3-3, sau thi gian lm vic

=
f
.
Ta c:


f
=
nl

T
t t
T
t
ng lv
lv
e 1
e 1
+

(3.22)
H s qu ti cng sut: K
p
=
cf
nl

=
T
t
T
t
lv
CK
e 1
e 1

(3.23)
H s qu ti dng in:
K
I
=
f
nl
I
I
=
P
K =
T
t
T
t
lv
CK
e 1
e 1

(3.24)
Hnh 3-3 so snh c tnh pht nng khi lm vic trong ch ngn hn lp li (ng 3) vi
c tnh pht nng khi lm vic di hn (ng 1) ta thy khi lm vic ngn hn lp li li c th tng
thm ph ti (ng 4).

3.5. S PHT NNG KHI NGN MCH

Thi gian xy ra ngn mch rt ngn nn nhit cung cp cho vt th hon ton dng t
nng vt dn v gn ng ta coi khng c nhit lng ta ra mi trng xung quanh. Trong thi gian dt
dng in ngn mch sinh ra nhit lng l:
dQ = K
2
m
. I
2
.R.dt = K
2
m
.I
2
.
s
l
.dt (3.25)
Trong : K
m
=
I
I
nm
, vi I
nm
l tr s dng ngn mch qua vt dn; I

l dng in nh mc qua
vt dn; S l tit din vt th.
Ton b nhit lng do dng in ngn mch sinh ra dng t nng vt dn ln chnh nhit
l d
nm
. Ta c phng trnh:
dQ = C.G.d
mn
= C.S.l. .d
mn
(3.26)
Vi l khi lng ring ca vt dn. C l nhit dung ring ca vt dn.
So snh biu thc (3.25) v (3.26) ta c: d
mn
=
c .

K
2
m

2
F
I

.dt.
Ly tch phn ta c:
30

nm
=
c
m
K
.
.

2
.

t
0
dt .
2
S
I
(3.27)
-Khi I = const th: dt
2
S
I
t
0

=
2
S
I

t = J
2
t. C:
nm
=
c
m
K
.
.

2
J
2
t (3.28)
Nu chnh nhit lc bt u ngn mch l

th khi kt thc ngn mch chnh nhit s l:

,
nm

=

+
nm
. Trong thc t , C thay i theo nhit : C = C
0
[ 1+ b
0
(

+
nm
)],
=
0
[ 1+
0
(

+
nm
)]. Trong : C
0
: nhit dung ring khi = 0; b
0
: h s nhit t nhit.

0
: in tr sut khi = 0;
0
: h s nhit in tr. Thay vo (3.28) ta c:

nm
=

2
m
K
dt .
2
S
I
.
)]
nm
(
0
b 1 [
0
c
)]
nm
(
0
1 [
0

+ +
+ +
(3.29)
Chng 4. LC IN NG

4.1. KHI NIM CHUNG

Mt vt dn t trong t trng, c dng in I chy qua s chu tc ng ca mt lc. Lc c hc
ny c xu hng lm bin dng hoc chuyn di vt dn t thng xuyn qua n l ln nht. Lc
chuyn di gi l lc in ng. Chiu ca lc in ng c xc nh theo quy tc bn tay tri.
trng thi lm vic bnh thng, thit b in c ch to lc in ng khng lm nh
hng g n bn vng kt cu. Khi ngn mch dng tng ln rt ln (c lc ti hng chc ln I
m
) do
lc in ng s rt ln. Trong mt s trng hp dng ln, lc c th ti hng chc tn. Lc lm
bin dng i khi c th lm ph v kt cu thit b. Do cn phi nghin cu lc in ng ngn
nga tc hi ca n khi la chn, tnh ton v thit k thit b in.
Ngoi ra ngi ta cn nghin cu ng dng lc in ng ch to cc thit b in nh rle
in ng, c cu o in ng,...

4.2. CC PHNG PHP TNH TON LC IN NG

1. Phng php s dng nh lut Bio-Xavar-Laplax
Theo quan im ca phng php ny lc in ng l kt qu tng tc ln nhau ca dy dn l
mang dng in I v t trng do dy dn khc to nn.
- Lc in ng tc dng ln chiu di l khi c dng in I t trong t trng c t cm B l:
= = sin . l . B . I F hay B x l . I F
Vi gc l gc hp bi l v B ( l cng chiu I ).
l gc xc nh theo chiu quay nh nht.
- Dng vi phn l B x l d I F d . =
= sin . dl . B . I F d (4-1)
C : dl

trng chiu dng in i.

T ta c lc in ng :

= =
l
0
l
0
sin Bdl . I F d F = I.B. l. sin
(4-2)








B
dl
l
M

I
Hnh 4-1: Lc in
ng
31
- Nu hai dy dn cng trong mt mt phng = 90
0
th

=
l
0
IBdl F =I.B.l.
Mun xc nh c F ta phi tm c quan h B = B(l), cm ng t ph thuc kch thc dy
dn.
- Theo Bio-Xavar-Laplax th cng t cm ti mt im M B c tr s l :

=
2
0
2
0 0
r
sin . dl
I
4
B hay ,
r
r x l d
I
4
B (4-3)
Trong :

=
ln. tao
0
r va l d do
g mt ph vi goc thng t cam ng t vec : B

0
r va l d bi hp goc :
M. n dl cach t khoang la : r
1
0
r co M n dl chon t n v vect la
0
r


2. Phng php cn bng nng lng
Xt mt dy dn c dng in chy qua nh hnh 4-2.
Khi dy dn dch chuyn theo hng x mt on dx th lc in
ng c xc nh bi :
dw = F.dx
dx
dw
F = (4-4)
Trong :
+ dw : bin thin nng lng t trng ca vt dn
mang dng in khi di chuyn mt on dx.
+ x : phng chuyn di c th c ca dy dn di tc
dng ca lc F.
+ Chiu F trng vi chiu dx.
V d: xt h hai vt dn mang hai dng in i
1
; i
2
nh hnh 4-3
t song song cch nhau mt khong x. Nng lng t trng
ca h l:

=
=

+ +
= =
+ + =
] cm / J [
dx
dL
. i
2
1
F
] cm / J [
dx
dL
. i
2
1
F

: la se re ring dung tac lc co Ta
dx
i Mi i L
2
1
i L
2
1
d
dx
dw
F
: la dung tac lc va i Mi i L
2
1
i L
2
1
W
2 2
2
2
1 2
1
1
2 1
2
2
2
2
1
1
M
2 1
2
2
2
2
1
1 M

Khi vt th bin dng hoc chuyn di ta gi thit cc dng in bng hng s. Theo phng php ny
mun tnh lc ta phi bit c biu thc ton hc ca h s t cm L v h cm M theo x. Cc phng
php tnh L v M nu trong gio trnh l thuyt trng in t.

4.3. TNH LC IN NG TC DNG LN VT DN

















x A A

B B

F
dx
l
Hnh 4-2: Lc tc dng vo
thanh dn.
x
dx
I
2
I
1
Hnh 4-3: Lc gia hai vng
dy
32
1. ng dng phng php cn bng nng lng
Ta xt lc in ng trong mt s trng hp vt dn ng nht nm trong t trng u. Cc
trng hp khc c th tham kho ti liu chuyn ngnh ch to thit b.
a) Lc in ng tc dng ln mt vng dy c dng i nm trong mt t trng
Gi thit bn knh vng dy R, bn knh dy dn r (hnh 4-4). Lc in ng c xu hng ko cng
vng dy dn bung ra. Gi thit lc phn b u trn chu vi vng dy. Gi f
R
l lc tc dng ln mt
n v di chu vi theo hng knh, lc tc dng tng:
dR
dL
. I
2
1
f . R . 2 F
2
R
= = (4-6)
Theo Kic khp c:

= 75 , 1
r
R 8
ln R L
0
.
V ta gi thit 1
R
r 2
<< thay vo biu thc (4-6) ta c:

m
H
8
10 .
0
2
0
. 4 , 0 bit 75 , 0
r
R 8
ln I .
2
1
F
Vy ] kg [ 75 , 0
r
R 8
ln I . 10 . . 04 , 2 F
2 8

=

(4-7)
tnh bn c kh vng dy, ta phi xc nh lc c xu
hng ko t vng dy theo hng knh (l tch phn hnh chiu cc
lc hng knh tc dng ln 1/4vng dy) l :

= = =
2
0
2 7
R R R
75 , 0
r
R 8
ln I . 10 R . f d . cos . R . f F N
* Trong trng hp cun dy c W vng, thay IW cho I, ta c :
]. kg [ 75 , 0
r
R 8
ln ) WI .( 10 . 02 , 1 ] N [ 75 , 0
r
R 8
ln ) WI .( 10 F
2 8 2 7
R

=

(4.9)
Ch : 1[N]=0,102 [kg] v 1[J/cm]=10,2[kg].

b) Tnh lc in ng gia hai dy dn tit din trn t song song mang dng i
Ta s dng phng php cn bng nng lng vi gi thit hai dy dn c bn knh r t song song
cch nhau khong a.
Ta bit theo l thuyt trng i vi dy dn nh trn th h s t cm l :

=
r
r a
ln . 2
2
1
2
l
L
. 0

Vi: l l chiu di ca dy dn.
Lc tc dng vo tng thanh dn c tnh:

r a
l
. I . 10 . 2 , 0
da 2
dl . I
da
dW
F
2 8
2
M

= = =

[J/cm]. (4.10)
Nu c a>>r th:

a
l
. I . 10 . 04 , 2 F
2 8
= [kg] (4.11)
Nu dng trong hai dy cng chiu th hai dy dn s ht
nhau v ngc chiu th y nhau.


2. ng dng nh lut Bio-Xavar-Laplax
a) Lc in ng tc dng ln hai dy dn t trong cng mt mt phng
















Hnh 4-5: Hai thanh t
song song
l
I
2r
a
dF
B l
F
T
d
I
2r
Hnh 4-4: Lc cng
vng dy
33
Trn hnh 4-6 l hai dy dn l
1
v l
2
cng t trong mt mt phng. Dy dn l
1
mang dng I
1
dy
dn l
2
mang dng I
2
.
Ta tm s phn b lc ln dy dn l
2
.
Ta chn trc tung oy trng vi dy l
1
(chn h xoy hnh 4-6). Dng I
1
n v dy trong dy l
1
to
ra on dl c cng t cm l :

2
0
1
0
r
r x y d
I
4
B d

= hay:
2
1
0
r
) sin(
dy I
4
dB

=
V c: sin( )= sin nn:
2
1
0
r
sin
dy I
4
dB

=
Lc tc dng ln on dl
2
do I
1
dy gy ra l:
B d x l d . I F d
2 2

=
Hay:

0
2
2 2 1
0
90 sin .
r
sin
dl . dy I I
4
dB

=
T hnh 4-6 ta c :
y=cotg

=
sin
x
r ; d
sin
x
dy ;
2

Vy:

= d . sin . dl .
x . 4
I I .
dF
2
2 1 0
(4.12)
Lc tc dng ln on dl
2
v tr x trn do dng I
1
chy trong l
1
gy ra l :

=
2
1
d . sin
x . 4
I . I .
dF
2 1 0
x
(4-13)
Lc tc dng ln mt n v di ca dy l
2
ti v tr x
i
do
1 1
l trong I gy ln l :

i
i 1 i 2 2 1 0
2
x
x
x
cos cos
.
4
I . I .
dl
dF
F
i
i

= = (4-14)
Ch y : khi chn cc im tnh x dc chiu di l
2
gc v di x bin thin dn n cc lc F
x
bin
thin khng u dc chiu di l
2
ca dy 2.
im tc dng ca lc tng F s qua trng tm dy l
2
.
Bng phng php v ta c th bit s phn b ca lc dc chiu di dy l
2
.
b) Lc in ng gia hai dy dn t song song trong mt dy di v tn
Hnh 4-7, xt khi dy l
1
= ; dy l
2
= l khong cch gia hai dy x = a. p dng biu thc (4.14)
ta thay
1
= ;
2
= 0; x = a vo ta c : const
a . 4
I . I . 2
F
2 1 0
xi
=

=
Lc in ng tc dng ln dy dn l
2
l :
a
l
.
4
2
I .
1
I .
0
2
2
F

= (4-14)
v c ] [ . . . . ,
2
F hay [J/cm] . . . . , kg
a
l
I I
a
l
I I F
8
10
2 1
04 2
8
10
2 1
2 0
2

=

= .
c) Lc in ng gia hai dy dn song song c chiu di bng nhau
p dng cng thc (4.12) phn trc v thay x = a; dl
2
= dy ta c :











l
1
l
2

l
d
l
d
y
y
I
2

I
1

2
x
Hnh 4-6: Hai thanh trong
cng mt phng
34
)
1
cos
2
(cos dy .
a . 4
2
I .
1
I .
0
dF

= (4-15)
Trn hnh 4-7 c :
2 2
1 1
2 2
2
a y
y
) cos( cos con ,
a ) y l (
y l
cos
+
= =
+

=
Vy :

+
+

=
l
0
2
a
2
y
ydy
l
0
2
a
2
) y l (
dy ) y l (
a . 4
2
I .
1
I .
0
F (4-16)
Tnh tng tch phn ring r c :

+
=
l
0
2
a
2
y
ydy
A
Nu t z
2
= y
2
+a
2
2zdz = 2ydy v:
+ khi y= 0 th z= a
+khi y=1 th z= l a
2 2
+
i cn ta c :
. a
2
l
2
a
2
a
2
l
a
dz
l
0

2
a
2
y
ydy
A + =

+
=

+
=

i cn ta c:

a
2
a
2
l
0
l
2
a
2
u
udu
-
l
0
2
a
2
) y l (
dy ) y l (
+ =

+
=

T thay vo (4.16) ta c :

=
l
a
2
l
2
a
1
2
a
l
.
2
2
I .
1
I .
0
a
2
l
2
a 2 .
a . 4
2
I .
1
I .
0
F
t : co 1 )
l
a
( th a l khi chnh u ham hi goi con hay
l
a
2
l
2
a
1 )
l
a
( >> + =
] [ ). ( . . . . , : hay ] / [ ). ( . . . , kg
l
a
a
l
I I F cm J
l
a
a
l
I I F
8
10
2 1
04 2
8
10
2 1
2 0

=

=
Khi hai thanh dn c tit din ch nht vi kch thc rng b, cao h v di l
+ Nu c b h, b a th :
] cm / J [
8
10 .
2
a
2
h
l ln
a
h
arctg
a
h 2
2
h
1
. l
2
I
1
I 2 , 0 F

+ =

. C th vit di dng :
] cm / J [ ) f (
8
10 .
a
l
2
I
1
I . 2 , 0 F

= hay ] kg [ ) f (
8
10 .
a
l
2
I
1
I . 04 , 2 F

= =
= =
=
=

=
0 u l y khi
l u 0 y khi
dy - du
y; - l t u t tng
l
0
2
a
2
) y l (
dy ) y l (
B

1
a
l
y
d
l
I
1
I
2

Hnh 4-7: Hai thanh
song song
35
c (f) gi l hm Dwight ph thuc theo
b h
b a
;
a
h
+

+ Nu h<<a ; h/b<1 th:
] kg [ ) f (
8
10 .
a
l
2
I
1
I . 04 , 2 F

=
Trong : )]
a
b
1 ln( ).
a
b
1 ( )
b
a
1 [(
2
b
2
a
) f ( + + = .

4.4. LC IN NG TRONG MCH IN XOAY CHIU
1. Mch xoay chiu mt pha
Xt hai dy dn song song c hai dng in i
1
, i
2
cng pha (hoc lch mt gc ) gi thit i
1
= i
2

= I
m
sint = I
2
sint = i
Lc in ng F = C.i
2
, vi C l hng s :
2
F
1
F
2
t . 2 cos .
2
m
I . C
2
2
m
I . C
2
t . 2 cos 1
.
2
m
I . C t .
2
sin .
2
m
I . C F + =

=

= =
Trong :
2
2
m
CI
1
F = l thnh phn khng i.
t 2 cos
1
F
2
t 2 cos .
2
m
CI
2
F =

= l
thnh phn lc thay i.
Ta biu din nh hnh 4-8 :
Lc F bin thin khong t 0 n CI
m
2
.
- Lc trung bnh
2
CI
2
2
m
I . C
tb
F = =
Khi xy ra ngn mch lc F rt ln, dng in

= t cos
T
t
e I . 2 i
t
T
1
= l h s cn ca dng
khng tun hon, ph thuc vo my pht
in v cc thng s ca mch in. Theo
th nghim c = 22 , ta c lc in ng
l:
2
) t cos
t
e (
2
CI 2
2
Ci F

= =
Tc l trong mch gm hai thnh
phn l thnh phn bin i tun hon v
thnh phn khng tun hon. Sau mt s
chu k (nT) thnh phn khng tun hon suy
gim v 0, do lc n nh (mt s na
chu k nh nhn thp dn, mt s na cao
dn n bng nhau v n nh nh hnh 4-
9).





36
Theo th nghim sau t = th c i t cc i i
max
= 1,8 2 I v lc:
F
Max
= CI
2
= C.6,48I
2
.

2. Lc in ng trong mch xoay chiu ba pha
Gi s dng in trong cc pha A, B, C ln lt l :

+ =

=
=
)
3
2
t . sin( . 2 I
2
i
)
3
2
t . sin( . 2 I
2
i
t . sin . 2 I
1
i

a) Khi b tr ba dy trn mt mt phng (hnh 4-10a)
Gi C
1
hng s lc gia dy A v B, C
2
dy B v C, C
3

dy A v C . Ta c:
+ Lc tc dng ln dy pha A l:

+ +

=
+ =
)
3
2
t sin( . t sin
3
C )
3
2
t sin( . t sin
1
C
2
I 2
3
i
1
i
3
C
2
i
1
i
1
C F

Chn chiu tng theo thi gian t: du (+) vi lc ko v hai dy kia v (-) vi lc y ra. Tin
hnh thay s ta tnh ton v tm c cc tr s lc y v lc ko cc i ca pha A
l:

+ + = )
3
C
1
C (
3
C
1
C
2
3
C
2
1
C 2
2
2
I
1
k
F .
Chn sin2t v cos2t du (-) lc ngc li l lc y nhau:

+ + + = )
3
C
1
C (
3
C
1
C
2
3
C
2
1
C 2
2
2
I
1

F .
+ Vi dy pha C ging dy A.
+ Dy pha B : tng t ta c F
k2
v F
2
l :

+ + = )
2
C
1
C (
2
C
1
C
2
2
C
2
1
C 2
2
2
I
2
k
F .

+ + = )
2
C
1
C (
2
C
1
C
2
2
C
2
1
C 2
2
2
I
2

F .
Nu chn C
1
= C
2
, C
3
= 0,5C
1
th ta c pha A:

=
=
2
I
1
C . 615 , 1
1

F
2
I
1
C . 115 , 0
1
k
F

C ngha l pha A lc y gp khong 14 ln lc ko. Cn pha B th:

=
=
2
I
1
C 73 , 1
2

F
2
I
1
C 73 , 1
2
k
F

b) Trng hp ba dy dn b tr trn ba nh tam gic u
Ta gi thit ln lt ba dng in i
1
, i
2
, i
3
cho trn i vo dy dn cc pha A, B, C c b tr
trn ba nh tam gic u nh hnh 4-10b.
Ta c h s C
1
=C
2
=C
3
=C
+ Lc tc dng ln dy pha A sau khi thay s v tnh ton ta c:



a)







b)

Hnh 4-10: Lc in ng trong mch xoay
chiu ba pha
F
1

F
k1


F
2

F
k2




C
Y
X
A
B
C
F
AC
F
AB

6
37
t sin . C
2
I 3 t 2 cos . 2 2
2
CI
2
3
F = =
+ Lc tc dng ln dy B v dy C tng t nh dy A ch c gc pha thay i.

3. Lc in ng trong ba pha khi ngn mch
Dng trong cc pha khi ngn mch l :
[ ]

+ +

+

=

=
+

=
)
3
2
t cos( )
3
2
cos(
t
e I 2
3
i
)
3
2
t cos( )
3
2
cos(
t
e I 2
2
i
) t cos( cos
t
e I 2
1
i

Trong :
:gc pha ca dng in trong pha th nht khi bt u xy ra s c; : h s cn. Nu gi thit
khng xt n thnh phn khng tun hon vi e
-t
= 1 ta c :
+ Lc tc ng dy A l : F = C
1
i
1
i
2
+ C
3
i
1
i
3

+ Lc tc dng ln dy B l : F = C
1
i
1
i
2
+ C
2
i
2
i
3

Khi xt ba dy cng nm trong mt mt phng, lc in ng khng ch ph thuc thi gian t m
ph thuc c thi im xy ra ngn mch .
Xt : +) Khi = - 15
0
m xy ra ngn mch th

= t cos
2
3
2
t
2
sin
2
I 2
1
C 3
1

F
Nu t = th

=
=
0
1
k
F
2
I
1
C 46 , 6
max 1

F

+) Khi = 75
0
m ngn mch th

= t cos
2
3
2
t
2
sin
2
I 2
1
C 3
1
k
F
t = th F
k1max
= 0,16C
1
I
2
, F
1max
= -1,5C
1
I
2
.


4.5. CNG HNG C KH V N NH LC IN NG
THIT B IN
1. Cng hng c kh
Khi dng in xoay chiu i qua thanh dn (thanh ci) lc in ng s gy chn ng v c th
pht sinh hin tng cng hng c kh.
iu kin trnh cng hng c kh
Mun khng xy ra cng hng th tn s dao ng ring ca thanh ci phi b hn tn s sng c
bn ca lc. Trong thc t ngi ta thng thay i khong cch gi thanh ci iu chnh tr s tn
s dao ng ring ca thanh ci.
Tn s dao ng ring thanh ci tnh theo biu thc :

1
g
J . E
2
l
112
Z =
Trong :
l : khong cch gi cch in; E : m un n hi [kg/cm
2
].
J : m men qun tnh (ly trc thng gc vi hng un lm chun)
38
g
1
: trng lng n v di thanh ci [kg].
Nu khng thc hin c iu kin trn th c th phi gii quyt bng iu chnh tn s ring
ca thanh ci z ln hn tn s sng c bn. Ch tn s lc in ng gp hai ln tn s dng in f
1

= 2f
I
> z.

2. n nh lc in ng
Trong thit b in phi tnh lc in ng kim tra xem thit b in c t bn c hay
khng. n nh lc in ng l kh nng chu ng tc ng c kh do lc in ng sinh ra khi ngn
mch.
m bo cn iu kin cn th: I
m
> I
xk
vi :
+I
m
: dng cho php ln nht ca thit b in, i
xk
: dng xung kch tnh ton khi ngn mch ba
pha. C th dng bi s cho php (K
m
) ln nht kim tra lc in ng.
xk m m
i K I 2 , trong : K
m
l bi s dng cho php ln nht.
Ch : theo tnh ton ngn mch trong mng ba pha, lc in ng khi ngn mch mt pha (F
max

= CI
1
2
= C.6,48I
m
2
) ln hn lc in ng khi ngn mch ba pha (F
1max
= C
1
.6,46I
m
2
), nhng do khi
ngn mch ba pha chiu lc thay i trong khng gian nn phi dng kim tra kh nng chu lc cc
im.
- Nu thit b in khng ghi gi tr I
m
th c th xc nh theo cng thc :
] kA [
m
U 3
ng
S
55 , 2
xk
i
m
I =
Vi : S
ng
: cng sut ngt mch [MVA]; U
m
: in p nh mc hiu dng [kV].

40
Chng 5. C CU IN T V NAM CHM IN

5.1. KHI NIM CHUNG V MCH T
1. Khi nim
Cc thit b in nh rle, cng tc t, khi ng t, p t mt,...u c b phn lm nhim v
bin i t in nng ra c nng. B phn ny gm c cun dy v mch t gi chung l c cu in t,
chia lm hai loi xoay chiu v mt chiu. nm c nhng quy lut in t ta xt mch t v phng
php tnh ton mch t.
Mch t c chia lm cc phn:
- Thn mch t.
- Np mch t.
- Khe h khng kh chnh v khe
h ph
p
.
- Khi cho dng in chy vo cun
dy th trong cun dy c t thng i qua,
t thng ny cng chia lm ba phn :
a) T thng chnh

l thnh phn
qua khe h khng kh gi l t thng lm
vic
lv
.
b) T thng tn
t
l thnh phn i
ra ngoi khe h khng kh xung quanh

c) T thng r
r
l thnh phn
khng i qua khe h khng kh chnh m
khp kn trong khng gian gia li v thn
mch t.

2. Tnh ton mch t
Tnh ton mch t thc cht l gii hai bi ton:
a) Bi ton thun : bit t thng tnh sc t ng
F = IW loi ny gp khi thit k mt c cu in t mi.
b) Bi ton nghch : bit sc t ng F = IW cn tm t
thng (gp khi kim nghim cc c cu in t c sn).
gii quyt c hai bi ton trn cn phi da vo
cc c s l thuyt sau:
- Bit ng cong t ha ca vt liu st t.
- Nm vng cc nh lut c bn v mch t.
- Bit c t dn khe h.
2. Cc l thuyt c s
a) ng cong t ha B = f(H) hnh 5-2
b) Cc nh lut c bn mch t
+ nh ton dng in F IW Hdl
l
= =


+ nh lut Ohm trong mch t:
M M
R
IW
R
F
= =
+nh lut Kic Khp 1 cho mch t : 0
i
=

+nh lut Kic Khp 2 cho mch t:

=
i Mi i
F R (tng i s st t p trn mt mch t kn
bng tng i s cc sc t ng tc dng trong mch t ).
c) T dn ca khe h









Hnh 5-1: Kt cu mch t
1.Thn mch t; 2. Np mch t ;3. Cun dy









Hnh 5-2: ng cong t ha
3
1
2

t

B
H
41
V mch t c t thm (h s dn t) ln hn khng kh nhiu nn t tr ton b mch t hu
nh ch ph thuc vo t tr khe h khng kh. Trong tnh ton thng dng t dn
M
R
1
G= . Tng t
nh mch in th trong mch t dn G t l thun vi tit din mch t, t l nghch vi chiu di khe h
khng kh.
C :
l
S
. g in mach ng tng
S
. G
0
=

= vi:
+

A
Wb
G :t dn khe h khng kh.

+
cm . A
Wb
10 . 25 , 1
8
0

= : h s t thm khng kh.
+ [cm]: chiu di khe h.
+S [ cm
2
]: din tch t thng i qua ( tit din).
Cng thc ny dng trn c s gi thit : t thng qua khe h khng kh phn b u n ( cc
ng sc t song song vi nhau), cng thc ch ng khi khe h rt b, (khe h ln th cng ra mp
cng khng song song). Thc t tnh t dn rt phc tp, ty yu cu chnh xc m c cc phng php
tnh t dn khc nhau.



5.2. TNH T DN KHE H KHNG KH CA MCH T

1. Tnh t dn bng phng php phn chia t trng
Xt v du : C mt cc t tit din
ch nht t song song vi mt phng. Gi
thit chiu i t cc t xung mt phng
(hnh 5-3).
Nu tnh t dn khe h bng
phng php phn chia t trng ta s
phn t trng thnh nhiu phn nh sao
cho mi phn t trng phn b u(c
cc ng sc t song song vi nhau)
p dng cng thc c bn tnh t dn
c trn. y ta chia lm 17 phn gm :



+) 1 hnh hp ch nht th tch: a. b.
+) 4 hnh 1/4 tr trn c ng
knh 2 chiu cao a v b
+) 4 hnh tr 1/4 rng c ng
knh trong 2 ng knh ngoi 2 + 2m

Bng 5.1: Cng thc tnh t dn ca cc phn
Hnh dng Tn gi Cng thc tnh t dn




Hp ch nht



G =
0
ab/















b
a

l
a
b
m

Hnh 5-3:
Phn chia t trng
42


1/4 Hnh tr c

G = 0,52.
0
l. (l=a hoc b)







1/4 tr rng

-Nu >3m th:
G =
0
(1,28.m.l) /(2+m)
-Nu <3m th:
G =
0
(2l/).ln(1+m/)






1/8 cu c

G =
0
0,308



1/8 cu rng


G
m
=
0
2
.

T dn ca tng phn cho theo bng 5-1. Trong t dn chnh G

l ca tr ch nht, tng cc
t dn cn li l t dn tn. C

=
=
17
1 i
i
G G : nu c hai t dn ni song song th ni t dn tng ng
G
t
= G
1
+ G
2
.
Nu ni tip th t dn tng ng l
2 1
2 1
t
G G
G G
G
+
= .
u im : tnh bng phng php ny c u im l chnh xc, r rng d kim tra.
Nhc im : c nhiu cng thc nn ch dng tnh kim nghim
2. Tnh t dn bng cng thc kinh nghim ( dng khi tnh ton s b )
a) T dn khe h khng kh gia np v li to thnh gc (hnh 5-4a)
G = K . G
0

Vi: K: h s iu chnh

4
75 , 2 K =
, ( tnh theo raian).
+

=
S
. G
0 0
+ S :tit din li [cm
2
].

+ : di trung bnh khe h khng kh (cm).



0
= 1,25 . 10
-8
[ Wb/A. cm= H/cm].
b ) T dn gia cc t trn vi mt phng (hnh 5-4b)

=
d
08 , 2
1
S
. G
0 0

c) T dn gia hai cc t ch nht(hnh 5-4c)

0 0
G . K
S
. . K G =

=
l
m
m

43
( )
2
n . m
31 , 0
m 1
n . m
58 , 0
1 K + + + = , vi

= =
a
n ;
a
b
m
d) T dn gia mt phng v cc t t u mt phng(hnh 5-4d)
G = K .G
0
= K .
0 .
S/
Vi ( )
2
n . m
31 , 0
m 5 , 1 1
n . m
58 , 0
1 K + + + =
e) T dn gia mt phng v cc t t gia mt phng
0 0
G . K
S
. . K G =

=



( )
2
n . m
31 , 0
m 2 1
n . m
58 , 0
1 K + + + =





















3. Tnh t dn bng phng php gii tch
Nguyn tc ca phng php ny l da vo tnh cht tng ng gia s phn b t trng
xung quanh vt dn t vi in trng xung quanh vt dn in. iu kin b ging nhau th cng gii
tng t.
V du: hai vt dn t t song song vi nhau, nu in trng th c cng thc:

2. va 1 dn vt cua in th la
2
,
1
dung. in la C
dn. trn vt in tch la Q
)
2 1
C( = Q



Vi in tch Q, in dung C, in th .
t trng c : ( )
2 1
u u G = vi:
2. va 1 dn vt cua th t la :
2
U ,
1
U
dn. vt hai gia dn t la G
dn. vt hai gia thng t la

a
b
b)
c)
b
a

Hnh 5-4: Mt s
hnh dng phn
b khe h
d)

a)
44
c: C . K G = v K: h s ph thuc n v chn.
y:
0
0
K

= vi
] cm / F [
10 . 9 . 4
1
;
Acm
b . W
10 . 25 , 1
11
0
8
0

= =


Vy vi m hnh ton hc ging nhau khi tm ra in dung C th s tm ra t dn G.

4. Mt s cng thc c c bng phng php gii tch
a) T dn gia mt tr song song vi mt mt phng ln (khong cch a>4r)
r
r a a
ln
l . . 2
G
2 2
+

=

b) T dn hai mt tr trn song song (khong cch b>4d)
l .
r
b
ln
.
G
0

=

c) T dn gia hai mt tr ng tm bn knh r
1
v r
2


1
2
0
r
r
ln
l 2
. G

=

d) T dn gia hai mt cc t ch nht t song song trong cng mt mt phng

= 1 m m 2 1 m 2 ln .
2
l
. G
2 2
0 , vi
d
d b 2
m
+
=

Ngoi ra cn phng php v nhng ch dng khi cc t hnh dng phc tp khng th dng
biu din ton hc c.

5.3. TNH TON MCH T

1. Tnh mch t mt chiu
+ Mch t mt chiu khi lm vic, trong
mch c dng khng i I, t thng =const nn
khng c tn hao dng xoy, li c lm bng vt
liu st t khi d gia cng c kh.
Trnh t tnh ton mch t:
* V mch t ng tr.
* Tnh t dn G ca khe h khng kh v
ton mch.
* Gii mch t, tm cc tham s cha bit.
Trong qu trnh lm vic khe h khng kh
thay i lm t thng bin thin do vy ta chia
c ra cc trng hp:
a) Tnh mch t mt chiu khi khng xt t thng
r
Vi mch t khe h khng kh b, cun
dy phn b u trn mch t th c th b qua t
thng r.
V du: xt mch t hnh xuyn hnh 5-5; phn st t chiu di l, tit din S, khe h c t thng
r
ro
=0. Gii:
a.1) Bit cn tm F=IW (do
ro
=0 nn

= do IW sinh ra.

S
B B

=
, theo nh lut ton dng in c:
+ = =
.
H Hl IW F (*), t tr s B ta tra ra H, vi S l tit din mch t [m
2
]




S
l
Hnh 5-5: Mch t hnh
xuyn
45
Vi tr s t cm l B

th:
0
B
H

, thay gi tr H

vo (*) ta c F=IW.
Hoc dng phng trnh:

+ =

G
1
R IW
M
a.2) Bit IW cn tm
C : + =

. H l . H IW

Vi:

G
S
: n
S
G
B B
H
. .
;
0 0
0 0
co n

+ =
G
BS
Hl IW
. Chia hai v cho l.
Ta c:
l G
S . B
H
l
IW

+ =

Trn ng cong t ha st t t
oa
l
IW
=

- Chn t l xch trc honh m
H
(A.vng/khong).
- Chn t l xch trc tung m
B
(Gauss/khong).

Vi:
B
H
m
m
.
l . G
tg

=

(ct ng cong t ha ti b) t b h OH bc nh vy c

B m . bc ;
l . G
BS
m . ca ; H m . Oc
B H H
= = =

do
= = S . B
.
Rt ra trng hp tng qut
* i vi nhng bi ton sc t ng IW ging nhau, nhng khe h khng kh khc nhau (tit
din S khc nhau) th c th gii c nhanh chng bng cch k t a cc on ab, ab,... to vi trc
honh cc gc , ,... tung cc im b, b l tr s B cn tm.
* Khi khe h khng kh v tit din S bng nhau nhng sc t ng IW khc nhau th trn trc
honh ta t nhng on thng oa, oa,...c gi tr bng
1
1 1
l
W I
;
l
W I
2 2
v k ab//ab tung b, b
l tr t cm B cn tm.
b) Tnh mch t mt chiu khi xt t thng r
Khi np mch t m th lng t thng r ln ng k nn khi tnh phi xt n.
Tnh h s t thng r :
Xt mch t hnh 5-7, ta xt s phn b t thng r dc theo chiu cao mch t li.
Sc t ng trn mt on x l
l
x
. IW F
X
= theo vi phn dx l
dx . g . F d
x rx
=
(g: t dn r
trn n v chiu di x).

= = =
x
0
x
0
rx
2
x rx
2
x
.
l
g . IW
dx . g . F d

Khi x = 0 th l x ; 0 co
rx
= = nn :
Hnh 5-6
Tm t thng t ng cong t ha
H
B
O
a c
b

46

2
l
. g . IW
r rx
= =

C th xem t thng r
r
chy qua mt t dn tp
trung c gi tr bng g
l
.
2
, t dn r tp trung c gi
l t dn r quy i.
- nh gi t thng r nhiu hay t ta dng
h s t thng r :

+
+ =

+ +
=

=
t r t r
1

Vi:
: t thng tng do cun dy sinh ra

: t thng khe h

r
: t thng r
v t l vi t dn nn:

+ +
=
G
G G G
t r

Trong :
- Khi np m
r
ln th ly =(1,8

3).
- Khi np ng
r
nh th ly =(1,05

1,1).
Ch y:


- Khi np m c th b qua t tr ca mch t nhng phi xt n t thng r, nn c mch t
ng tr nh hnh 5-8.
- Khi np ng c th b qua t thng r v b nhng phi k n t tr.

2. Tnh mch t xoay chiu
Mch t xoay chiu khc mch t mt chiu v nhng c im sau:
a) Trong mch t xoay chiu: i=i
(t)
nn =
m
sint dng bin thin c hin tng t tr, dng xoy, dng
in chy trong cun dy ph thuc vo in khng ca cun dy, m in khng ph thuc t dn mch
t nn t tr ton mch t cng ln (khe h khng kh cng ln) th in khng cng b v dng in
trong cun dy cng ln. Khi np mch t m dng in khong I= (415)I
m
.
Ch y: khi ng in c cu in t, phi kim tra np xem ng cha, nu np m c th lm cun dy
b chy.
b) Lc ht in t F bin thin F=F
(t)
c thi im F=0 c thi im F=F
max
dn n mch t khi lm
vic b rung, hn ch rung ngi ta t vng ngn mch. T thng bin thin lm xut hin sc in
ng trong vng ngn mch, trong vng c dng in mc vng khp kn, lm vng ngn mch nng ln.
Gi W
nm
l s vng ngn mch (thng W
nm
=1). Theo nh lut ton dng in c:

( )
( )
dt
d
.
r
W
R R IW
R R W I IW
nm
2
nm
t
t nm nm
: co nn

+ + =
+ = +

( )

+ +

=

nm
2
nm
t
m
r
W
J R R
2
IW
, gi
nm
nm
t
r
W
x =
l t khng ca vng ngn mch th c:

( ) [ ]
t t m
J x R R IW 2 + + =


: J x R R Z
t t t
+ + =
vi R
t
: t tr mch t.
c im: t khng trong mch xoay chiu tiu th cng sut tc dng.











IW

G
t
G
r
Hnh 5-8
Mch t ng tr khi c t
thng r

rx

t

x
dx
Hnh 5-7
Mch t khi c t thng
r
47
c) Trong mch t xoay chiu c tn hao dng xoy t tr lm nng mch t, c th xem nh tn hao
trong vng ngn mch. Nu gi P
xt
l cng sut hao tn do dng xoy v t tr th c th biu din di
dng tng ng nh mt vng ngn mch.

P I r
xt nm nm
=
2
.
hay
2
m
nm
2
nm
2
nm
2
nm
xt
.
r . 2
W .
r
B
P

= =

C: nm
2
m
xt
nm
2
nm
X
P 2
r
W .
=

gi l t khng thay th tng ng c trng cho tiu hao cng

sut tc dng do dng xoy v t tr.
d) T dn r quy i
Khc vi mch mt chiu v:
- Sc t ng tng F=IW sc t
ng on X l
l
x
. IW F
X
=

l
x
W W
x
=
t thng mc vng on
x l
rx x rx
W = .
Cui cng c :
3
l . g
G
r
= l t dn r
trong mch xoay chiu.
V phng php tnh ton mch t
xoay chiu cng ging mch t mt chiu
nhng phi lu bn c im trn. V d mch t xoay chiu nh hnh 5-9:

- Khi v mch t ng tr phi xt n tc dng ca vng ngn mch, tn hao dng xoy v t
tr.
- Khi np ng, b qua t thng r nhng phi k n t tr v t khng mch t nn dng nh
hnh 5-10a.
- Khi np mch t m, c th b qua t tr v t khng ca mch t, nhng phi xt n t
thng r cho nn mch t ng tr c dng nh hnh 5-10b.

5.4. I CNG V NAM CHM IN

1. Khi nim


















a) b)


3
1
2

t

4
i
(t
)

Hnh 5-9: Mch t xoay
chiu
1.Thn mch t; 2. Np
mch t;
3. Cun dy;4. Vng ngn
mch
Hnh 5-10: Mch
t ng tr
a) Khi np ng ;

IW
IW
X
nm

R
2

R
2

X
nm
R
1

R
1

R
t

R
r
X
t

48
Dng in chy trong cun dy s sinh ra t
trng. Vt liu st t t trong t trng ny s b t ha
v c cc tnh ngc li vi cc tnh ca cun dy, cho nn
s b ht v pha cun dy hnh 5-11.
Nu i chiu dng in trong cun dy th t
trng trong cun dy cng i chiu v vt liu st t b t
ha c cc tnh ngc vi cc tnh cun dy, cho nn chiu
lc ht khng i.
Vt liu st t c t thm ln hn rt nhiu ca
khng kh nn t tr ton b mch t hu nh ch ph thuc
vo t tr khe h khng kh. Ta thng dng khi nim
t dn:

=
R
1
G

(5.1)
Do tnh cht tng ng gia mch t v mch in nn trong mch t, t dn t l thun vi
tit din mch t v t l nghch vi chiu di khe h khng kh.

=
A
Wb S
. G
0 (5.2)
Trong :
+
0
t thm khng kh bng 1,25.10
-8
[Wb/A.cm]
+S[cm
2
] tit din t thng i qua.
+ [cm] chiu di khe khng kh.
Ch y: cng thc trn ch ng vi gi thit t thng trong khe khng kh phn b u (cc ng sc t
phi song song) khi khe h b. Khi khe h ln tnh ton phc tp ty yu cu c th vic tnh ton c cc
phng php khc nhau.

Mt s cng thc dng trong tnh ton mch t

S
B

=

2
cm
Wb

H : Cng t trng [ A/cm]=1,25 [Osted]

F ;
H
B
=
= IW :l sc t ng [A.vng]
+ nh lut ton dng in F W I Hdl
l
=

=
+ nh lut m cho mch t:
M
R
IW
G . IW = =
+ nh lut Kic khp I cho mch t:
=
=
n
1 i
i
0
ti mt im.
+ nh lut Kic khp II cho mch t: trong mt mch t khp kn c:

=
= =

n
0 i
n
0 i
i i i
F R


2. Phn loi c cu in t
Phn theo tnh cht ca ngun in
- C cu in t mt chiu.
- C cu in t xoay chiu.
Theo cch ni cun dy vo ngun in
- Ni ni tip.
- Ni song song.









i N

S
i
N
S
N
S
Hnh 5-11
Hai dng nam chm
in
49
Theo hnh dng mch t
- Mch t ht chp (thng).
- Mch t ht xoay (quanh mt trc hay mt cnh), mch t ht kiu pt tng.
Trong qu trnh lm vic np mch t chuyn ng khe h khng kh gia np v li thay i
nn lc ht in t cng thay i. Thng tnh ton mch t nam chm in ngi ta dng hai phng
php (s nu sau).

5.5. TNH LC HT IN T NAM CHM IN MT CHIU

1. Tnh lc ht in t bng phng php cn bng nng lng
Nng lng t trng v in cm
Xt mch t nh hnh 5-12.
Khi cho dng in i vo cun dy w c:
(5.3) dt
dt
d
i dt . i . R uidt

dt
d
i . R u
2
hay

+ =

+ =

Ly tch phn hai v phng trnh trn ta c :

+ =
t
0
t
0
t
0
2
dt
dt
d
i Rdt i uidt
(5.4)
Trong ta c:

t
0
uidt l nng lng ngun cung cp.

t
0
2
dt Ri l nng lng tiu hao trn in tr cun dy w

t
0
t
W dt
dt
d
i l nng lng tch ly trong t trng c:

=
0
t
id W

(5.5)
Biu din bi hnh 5-13 chnh l din tch phn tam gic cong oab c quan h v i l phi
tuyn.
Theo nh ngha th in cm:
I
L

=

Trong : l t thng mc vng ca cun dy w.
I :l dng in trong cun dy.

= = =
I
t
t
I
W
L n
I
L iLdi w
0
2
2
2
2
co n
(5.6)











Hnh 5-12: Nam chm in ht chp
i
k
50
Tnh lc ht in t
Khi cung cp nng lng
cho c cu in t th np ca mch
t c ht v pha li, khe h
khng kh gia np v li gim
dn.
ng vi v tr ban u ca
np mch t c:

= = =
1 1 1
; ; I I

ng vi v tr cui c:

= = =
2 2 2
; ; I I

Nng lng t trng khi v tr u
s l:

=

1
1
0
t
id W
= din tch oa
1
b
1
Nng lng t trng khi v tr cui s l:

=

2
2
0
t
id W
= din tch oa
2
b
2
(hnh 5-14)

Vy nng lng ly thm t ngoi vo np mch
t chuyn ng l:
w id
t
=

1
2
= din tch hnh thang b
1
a
1
a
2
b
2

(nh hnh 5-14).
Theo nh lut cn bng nng lng c:

A W W W
2 1
t t t
+ = +

Trong A l nng lng lm np chuyn ng t
v tr 1 n v tr 2.
2 1
t t
W W W A + =
= din tch tam gic cong
oa
1
a
2

Nu gi thit mch t cha bo ha ng
c tnh = f(i) ch xt on tuyn (hnh 5-15). Ta
c:




V c: =I.L ( hnh 5-
16a).
( )
1 2 2 1
I I
2
1
A = (5.8)


t:
+ =
1 2
,
I I I
1 2
+ =


( ) I I
2
1
A
1 1
=

(5.9)
Dng vi phn :

( ) dI Id
2
1
dA = (5.10)
Vy lc ht in t s l:











Hnh 5-13
Hnh 5-14










sHnh 5-15


















Hnh 5-16
) (
2
I I
W
;
2
I
W ;
2
I
W
1 2
2 1
t
2 2
t
1 1
t
2 1

+
=

1


a
1

a
2

I
1

I[A

2

I
2
0
b
2
b
1

I
2

1
=
2


a
1
a
2

I
1 I[A
0

1


a
1
a
2
I
1
=
I[A

2

a)
b)
0

1


a
1

a
2

I
1

I[A

2

I
2

b
2

b
1
I[A]

0 I
b
a
51

=
d
dI
d
d
I
2
1
d
dA
F
(5.11)
Ta xt hai trng hp sau:
a) Trng hp khi I = const th 0
d
dI
=

(nh hnh 5-16a).

LI ]; kg [
d
d
I . 1 , 5 F =

=
d
dL
I . 1 , 5 F
2
(5.12)
C: G W L
2
=
Trong : G l t dn ca mch t.
W l s vng ca cun dy.
Ta c: ( )

=
d
dG
IW . 1 , 5 F
2
(5.13)
b) Trng hp = const th 0
d
d
=

(nh hnh 5-16b).

] kg [
d
dI
. . 1 , 5 ] cm / J [
d
dI
2
1
F

=


G W L ;
L
I
2
=

=
(5.14)

] kg [
d
dG
.
G
.
2
1 , 5
F nn
2
. W
2
2
m m

=
(5.15)
V:
2
G
dG
G
1
d =
] Wb [
m
tr s bin t thng;

A
Wb
G t dn mch t.
Khi khe h khng kh ln t thng r nhiu ta phi xt n t thng r th:

( )

=
d
dG
.
. G
2
1 , 5
F
2
2
m
(5.16)
Trong l h s t thng r.
Ch : theo nh lut Kic khp:

F
G
=

m IG W IW F
WG
;
W
2
va nn = = =

=

nn c: G W
I
L
2
=

= .

2. Tnh lc ht in t bng cng thc Maxwell
Theo Maxwell th khi c mt vt dn t t trong mt t trng th vt dn t s chu mt lc
tc dng:

( ) ds n . B
2
1
B . n . B
1
F
s
2
0

(5.17)
Trong :
- B

: vc t cng t cm ngoi trn vi phn din tch ds.

-
n

: vc t n v php tuyn ngoi ca vi phn din tch ds.

- S : din tch b mt vt dn.
- ] cm / H [ 10 . 25 , 1
8
0

= l t thm ca khng kh.
V h s t dn ca vt liu st t ln hn nhiu ca khng kh
( )
0
>>
nn xem nh
B

cng phng n

(=0) v
( ) n . B B n . B
2

=
52
V ta c ds n B
2
1
F
s
2
0

-Khi khe h khng kh b nn coi ds s th ta c:
] cm / J [ , n .
2
S . B
F
0
2

= (5.18)
hay
0
2
S . B
. 1 , 5 F

= (5.19)
B: n v[ Wb/cm
2
].
S: din tch t thng qua [cm
2
].

0
=1,25.10
-8
[Wb/A.cm]
Nu B tnh theo Tesla th: ] kg [
S
4 S B 4 F
2
2

= =

(5.20)
- Khi khe h khng kh ln t thng r nhiu

] kg [
. K 1
1
S . B . 4 F
c / d
2
+
= (5.21)
vi K
/c
= 35 l h s iu chnh.


5.6. NAM CHM IN XOAY CHIU V VNG CHNG RUNG

1. Nam chm in xoay chiu
Trong nam chm in xoay chiu ta
c: t sin
m
= ; t sin B B
m
= . Theo cng
thc (5.19) c
t sin 4B F
2 2
m t
=
.
Ta thay
2
t 2 cos 1
t sin
2

=
t 2 cos .
2
S B 4
2
S B 4
F
2
m
2
m
t
=
(5.22)
t
S . B 2 F
2
m 0
=
l thnh phn lc ht khng
i theo thi gian.
( ) t 2 f t 2 cos . F F F
0 0 t
= =

t 2 cos . F F
0 b
=
l thnh phn lc thay i
theo thi gian.
Ta c: F
t
= F
k
+F
b
Vy lc ht in t bin i theo tn s gp i tn s ca ngun in ( 2 ). thi im B= 0
th F
t
= 0 lc l xo: F
lx
> F
t
nn np ca mch t b ko nh ra. nhng thi im F
lx
< F
t
th np c
ht v pha li nh vy trong mt chu k np b ht nh ra hai ln ngha l np b rung vi tn s 100Hz
nu tn s ngun in l 50Hz.











Hnh 5-17: Nam chm xoay
chiu
i


53
chng hin tng rung ny, ta phi lm
sao cho lc ht in t F
t
mi thi im phi ln
hn lc F
lx
. Mun F
t
>F
lx
ngi ta x l bng cch
t vng chng rung. Vng chng rung thng lm
bng ng v c mt vng.

2. Nguyn l lm vic ca vng chng rung(hnh 5-
18)
Khi t thng i qua cc t s chia lm hai
thnh phn
1
v
2
.
1
l thnh phn khng i qua
phn cc t c vng chng rung,
2
i qua phn c
vng chng rung. Khi c t thng
2
bin thin i
qua, trong vng chng rung s xut hin dng in
cm ng i
c
chy khp mch trong vng. Dng i
c
s
sinh ra mt t trng c tc dng chng li s bin
thin ca
2
nn lm
2
chm pha so vi
1
mt gc
. Lc in t sinh ra s c hai thnh phn:
T thng
1
sinh ra lc:

t 2 cos F F F
10 10 1
= (5.23)

2
sinh ra:
) t ( 2 cos F F F
02 02 2
=

(5.24)

Lc ht in t tng F s l:

( ) ( ) [ ] + + =
+ =
2 t 2 cos F t 2 cos F F F
F F F
02 01 02 01
2 1
(5.25)


Qua ta thy rng lc ht in t F
1
v F
2

khng ng thi i qua tr s 0, do lc ht in t tng
F c nng cao lm cho mi thi im t, lc F>F
lx
nn
np mch t s khng rung na.
iu kin chng rung
-Thnh phn lc khng i:

F F F
k
= +
01 02
(hnh 5-19).
-Thnh phn lc ht bin i l:
+ + = 2 cos F F 2 F F F
02 01
2
02
2
01 b
(5.26)
Trong trng hp l tng F
b
= 0 th c cu khng cn
rung. Mun vy ta phi tha mn hai iu kin:
( )
(5.27) cos F . 2
cos F 2 2 cos 1 F 2 F
F F . 1
01
2
01
2
01
b
02 01
: th

= = + =
=

2. gc
2

= lc h s rung:
0
2
cos
F 2
cos F . 2
F
F
P
01
01
k
b
=

= =

(5.28)
Thc t ch c th to c =50
0
80
0
th mch t vn cn rung nhng khng ng k.
5.7. NAM CHM IN BA PHA














































Hnh 5-19: Lc in t khi t vng ngn
mch v th vc t t thng

2


X
2

R
2

R
1

a) b)
Hnh 5-18: Vng ngn mch
v lc in t
c)
t
F
b
F
t

F
0
F
LX
F
F
F
LX
F
1
F
2
F
t
= F
1
+F
2
t

2

X

1

Y

54
Ta kho st mt nam chm in ba pha c li st mch t kiu ch E thng dng nh hnh 5.20.
Nam chm in ba pha c ba cun dy, dng in trong cc cun dy tng ng lch pha nhau mt gc
120
0
. Ta c th xem lc ht ca nam chm ba pha l tng hp ca lc ht trn cc li gm:
F
1
=
t sin
d
dG
.
G
1
.
2
1 , 5
2 2
m
2

; F
3
=
). 240 t ( sin
d
dG
.
G
1
.
2
1 , 5
0 2 2
m
2

Lc ht tng ca ba pha:

+ + =
3 2 1
F F F F

Ta c tr s lc tng:
F=
2
m
2
.
2
3
.
d
dG
.
G
1
.
2
1 , 5

(5.29)
T biu thc (5.29) trn ta nhn thy lc ht tng ca nam chm in ba pha l mt i lng
khng i theo thi gian. Nhng theo hnh 5-20, ta thy im t ca lc F trn np ca nam chm khng
c nh. im t ca lc di chuyn v tr trong khong AB ca np.
+ Khi li 3 c dng in bng 0 th lc F
3
= 0 ch cn lc F
1
v F
2
bng nhau v im t ca lc ti
im A.
+ Khi li 1 c dng in bng 0 th lc F
1
= 0 ch cn lc F
3
v F
2
bng nhau v im t ca lc ti
im B.
+ Khi li 2 c dng in bng 0 th lc F
2
= 0 ch cn lc F
1
v F
3
bng nhau v im t ca lc ti
im C l trung im ca on AB.


5.8. C CU IN T CHP HNH

1. Khi nim chung
Trong c cu in t chp hnh nam chm in l b phn ch yu. N sinh ra lc in t cn
thit cho cc c cu lm vic. Nam chm in mt chiu c cun dy in p c dng rng ri
hn c bi n c nhng u im sau:
+ Khi lm vic khng gy ra rung, n v lc in t khng thay i theo thi gian.
+ Mch t khng b pht nng do tn hao st t gy ra, lc in t ln gp hai ln so vi lc
in t mch t c dng in xoay chiu c cng kch thc v cng mt t cm.
+ Dng in trong cun dy khng ph thuc vo kch thc mch t v khe h khng kh ca
mch t.
+ C th dng ngun c quy thay th khi mt in li (vi c cu cn thit).
+ C nhiu dng, loi c cu in t chp hnh khc nhau vi nhng chc nng khc nhau.

2. Nam chm in nng
L mt b phn cng tc ca cn cu in t, n c dng trong vic bc d vn chuyn hng
ha bng st. Hnh 5-21 gii thiu mt nam chm in nng gm cc b phn: cun dy 1, li st 2, mt
cc 3, dy dn mm a in vo 5, vnh bo v bng vt liu khng dn t 4 (nh dng thp mangan
cao cp).
F
2
=
) 120 t ( sin
d
dG
.
G
1
.
2
1 , 5
0 2 2
m
2

Hnh 5-20: Nam chm in ba pha
i
A
i
B
i
C
A B C
55
a) Cu to
Mt nam chm in mt chiu c li st v cun dy, np chnh l hng ha cn bc d. Khi
a in vo cun dy lc in t sinh ra s gi cht hng ha.
Dch chuyn nam chm dch chuyn hng ha, mun tch ra ch cn ngt in vo.
b) c im
- Khi mc hng khng cn ngi
mc v cc dy buc.
- Bc d u iu khin t xa.
- C th vn chuyn thp nng
(nhng nhit phi nh hn im nhit
Quiri, v t im ny tr ln vt liu mt t
tnh).
- Ti trng c ch ca cn cu in t
ph thuc vo kch thc hng ha. Nu hng
ha ln th ti trng c ch ca nam chm in
s ln gp nhiu ln khi hng ha c kch
thc b.
- Lc ht in t ph thuc vo thnh
phn ha hc v kch thc ca hng ha.
- khc phc s c ( hng b ri
khi mt in li) thng dng
ngun c quy mc song song.

3. Bn nam chm in
Nhm gim bt cng sc thi gian g
lp cc chi tit khi gia cng bng vt liu st
t, trn mt s my cng c ngi ta dng bn l mt h thng nam chm in mt chiu khng c np,
np s l vt liu gia cng (c b phn phi t tnh bo v cun dy khi va p). Mt bn c nhiu
cun dy, nhiu cc t, lc gi cng ln nu chi tit t trn cng nhiu cc t.
c im
+ Khi g khng cn thit b ph, g mt lc nhiu chi tit.
+ Chi tit g khng b bin dng bi lc g nn c th t chnh xc cao.
+ Lc gi ph thuc nhiu vo sch b mt ca bn.
+ Cc chi tit khi gia cng xong b nhim t do cn kh t d.
+ Cun dy nam chm in khi ta nhit c th gy thm du lm ngui cc chi tit.
+ Cc thit b ng ngt cun dy lm vic ch nng n (h quang mnh, in p cao).

4. Nam chm in phn li
Nam chm in phn li l c cu in t dng lc bi st, thp vn t cc bng ti thi rc
trong cc hm m.
Cu to: Trn mch t hnh trng c rnh bn trong t cc cun dy c gi cht bng cc nm phi t
tnh, nh lc ht ca NC bi st s c ra mt ni, tuy vy ch lc c mt phn. Nam chm in
phn li l NC mt chiu, chiu th t cc cun dy phi u sao cho mi rng ca mch t to thnh
mt cc t, a in p vo cun dy cn h thng vnh trt, chi than v NC quay.

5. Van in t
Dng ng m cc ng dn cht lng hoc cht kh, phn ng mch t gn vi c cu lm
vic ca van.
Khi a in vo cun dy NC lc ht in t lm phn ng c cu chuyn ng lm van
ng hoc m. Cn thit k sao cho p lc ca cht lng c dn cng chiu lc in t iu khin
van c d dng.

6. Cc khp li hp in t



56
Khp li hp in t l c cu gip qu trnh truyn lc t trc ny sang trc kia bng lc in
t.
Hin nay vn cn dng nhiu trong t ng ha v iu khin t xa thay i tc ca trc
dn. Khp li hp in t c:
- Khp li hp in t kiu ma st.
- Khp li hp in t kiu bm.
- Khp li hp in t kiu t tr.
Kiu ma st
M men c truyn t trc dn qua trc b dn nh cc a ma st khi chng b p cht vo
nhau. Cn li v hp th iu khin bng thao tc "ngt" v "ng" ca cun dy nam chm.
Nhc im ca loi li hp ny l khng iu chnh c tc trc b dn v nu gim lc ht
in t th a s b trt di ph hng b mt ma st.
Khp li hp in t kiu bm
M men truyn nh lc bm gia hai mt quay ca trc dn v trc b dn c trn bt st vi bt
than v du nhn gim ma st.
Khi c t trng do cun dy sinh ra lp bt ny s tr nn "cng" "ni" trong hai mt quay ca
trc dn v trc b dn.
Khi khng c dng in i qua s dng lng trt(cho php iu chnh tc bng cch thay
i dng in cun dy NC).
Nu m men cn ca trc b dn ln s dn n trt so vi trc dn nhng khng s hng mt
quay.

7. Phanh hm in t
Phanh hm in t l c cu in t dng hm cc thit b ang quay. N l b phn khng
th thiu ca cn cu, thang my hay tau in.
Thng thng nht l loi phanh hm bng m v bng ai, cc loi ny lc hm v nh c
khuch i qua h thng n by.
Ngoi ra, cn b m v b chn bc in t.
57




58
PHN TH HAI
THIT B IN H P

Chng 6. RLE

6.1. KHI NIM CHUNG V RLE

Rle l mt loi thit b in t ng m tn hiu u ra thay i nhy cp khi tn hiu u vo
t nhng gi tr xc nh. Rle l thit b in dng ng ct mch in iu khin, bo v v iu
khin s lm vic ca mch in ng lc.

1. Cc b phn (cc khi) chnh ca rle
+ C cu tip thu( khi tip thu)
C nhim v tip nhn nhng tn hiu u vo v bin i n thnh i lng cn thit cung cp
tn hiu ph hp cho khi trung gian.
+ C cu trung gian( khi trung gian)
Lm nhim v tip nhn nhng tn hiu a n t khi tip thu v bin i n thnh i lng
cn thit cho rle tc ng.
+ C cu chp hnh (khi chp hnh)
Lm nhim v pht tn hiu cho mch iu khin.
V d cc khi trong c cu rle in t hnh 6-1.
-C cu tip thu y l cun dy.
-C cu trung gian l mch t nam chm in.
-C cu chp hnh l h thng tip im.


2. Phn loi rle
C nhiu loi rle vi nguyn l v chc nng lm vic rt khc nhau. Do vy c nhiu cch
phn loi rle:
a) Phn loi theo nguyn l lm vic gm cc nhm
+ Rle in c (rle in t, rle t in, rle in t phn cc, rle cm ng,...).
+ Rle nhit.
+ Rle t.
+ Rle in t -bn dn, vi mch.
+ Rle s.
b) Phn theo nguyn l tc ng ca c cu chp hnh
+ Rle c tip im: loi ny tc ng ln mch bng cch ng m cc tip im.
+ Rle khng tip im (rle tnh): loi ny tc ng bng cch thay i t ngt cc tham s ca
c cu chp hnh mc trong mch iu khin nh: in cm, in dung, in tr,...
c) Phn loi theo c tnh tham s vo
+ Rle dng in.
+ Rle in p.
+ Rle cng sut.
+ Rle tng tr,...
d) Phn loi theo cch mc c cu
+ Rle s cp: loi ny c mc trc tip vo mch in cn bo v.






Hnh 6-1: S khi ca rle in t
X
Y
59
+ Rle th cp: loi ny mc vo mch thng qua bin p o lng hay bin dng in.
e) Phn theo gi tr v chiu cc i lng i vo rle
+Rle cc i.
+Rle cc tiu.
+Rle cc i-cc tiu.
+Rle so lch.
+Rle nh hng.
...

3. c tnh vo -ra ca rle
Quan h gia i lng vo v ra ca rle nh hnh 6-2.
Khi x bin thin t 0 n x
2
th y = y
1
n khi x= x
2
th
y tng t y = y
1
n y = y
2
(nhy bc). Nu x tng tip th
y khng i y = y
2
. Khi x gim t x
2
v li x
1
th y = y
2

n x = x
1
th y gim t y
2
v y = y
1
.
Nu gi:
+ X = X
2
= X
t
l gi tr tc ng rle.
+ X = X
1
= X
nh
l gi tr nh ca rle.
Th h s nh:

t
nh
2
1
nh
X
X
X
X
K = =
4. Cc thng s ca rle
a) H s iu khin rle

t
k
k
P
P
K = , vi:
+P
k
l cng sut iu khin nh mc ca rle, chnh l cng sut nh mc ca c cu chp
hnh.
+P
t
l cng sut tc ng, chnh l cng sut cn thit cung cp cho u vo rle tc ng.
Vi rle in t P
k
l cng sut tip im (ngha l cng sut tip im cho php truyn qua). P
t

l cng sut cun dy nam chm ht.
Cc loi rle khc nhau th K
nh
v K
k
cng khc nhau.
b) Thi gian tc ng
L thi gian k t thi im cung cp tn hiu cho u vo, n lc c cu chp hnh lm vic.
Vi rle in t l qung thi gian cun dy c cung cp dng (hay p) cho n lc h thng tip im
ng hon ton (vi tip im thng m) v m hon ton (vi tip im thng ng).
Cc loi rle khc nhau t
t
cng khc nhau.
+t
t
< 1.10
-3
[s] : rle khng qun tnh.
+t
t
= (1 50).10
-3
[s]: rle tc ng nhanh.
+t
t
> 150.10
-3
[s]: rle thi gian.
Mt s v d v rle in c

Bng 6-1: R le in c
Loi rle. P
t
[W] P
k
[W] K
k
t
t
[10
-3
s]
Rle in t : 10
-1
10
-3
1010
4
55000 12000

Rle t in : 10
-9
10
-4
0,12 10
4
10
8
10500
Rle cm ng : 10
-2
10
2
10
-1
10
3
10
2
10
4
1100

6.2. RLE IN T











Hnh 6-2: c tnh vo-ra ca rle

Y
Y
2
Y
1
X
X
2
X
1
60
1. Nguyn l lm vic
S lm vic ca loi rle ny da trn nguyn l in t. Xt mt rle nh hnh 6-3. Khi cho
dng in i i vo cun dy ca nam chm in th np s chu mt lc ht F. Lc ht in t t vo np
:

=
5) chng (xem s h la : K
in dong : i
h khe :
vi ,
2
2
i . K
F :
Khi dng in vo cun dy i > I
t
(dng in tc ng) th lc F ht np v khi lc F tng th
khe h gim ( gim) lm ng tip im (do tip im c gn vi np).
Khi dng in i I
tv
(dng tr v) th lc l xo
F
l xo
> F (lc in t) v r le nh.
T s: v tr s h la goi c
t
I
tv
I
tv
K = .
+ Rle dng cc i K
tv
< 1.
+ Rle dng cc tiu K
tv
> 1.
Rle cng chnh xc th K
tv
cng gn 1.

=
rle. cua ng sut tac cng :
t
P
khin. iu sut cng :
k
P
Vi
rle cua khin iu s h
P
P
K .
t
k
k

Rle cng nhy K
k
cng ln.
Khong thi gian t lc dng in i bt u ln
hn I
t
n lc chm dt s hot ng ca rle gi l thi
gian tc ng t
t
.
S ln tc ng trong mt n v thi gian (gi) gi l tn s tc ng.
Rle in t phn ra hai loi:
+ Rle mt chiu
2
2
U
'. K F tnh nn ta
' R
U
I th

= = c U l in p t vo cun dy.
+ Rle xoay chiu : lc F = 0 (tn s 2f) khi I = 0. Gi tr trung bnh ca lc ht s
l:
2
2
tb
I
" k F

= , nu cun dy t song song vi ngun in p U th

2
2
tb
U
" k F

= .
Nam chm xoay chiu khi lc F = 0 l xo ko np ra, do vy rle loi ny khi lm vic c rung
ng gy ting ku, hn ch ngi ta s dng dng vng ngn mch.
Rle in t c cc c im:
- Cng sut iu khin P
k
t vi W n hng nghn W.
- Cng sut tc ng P
t
t vi phn W n hng trm W.

- H s iu khin K
k
= (5 20).
- Thi gian tc ng t
t
= (2 20)ms.










Hnh 6-3: Cu trc
chung
ca
4
3 5
1
2
i
k
61
2. Nhc im ca rle in t
Cng sut tc ng P
t
tng i ln, nhy thp, K
k
nh. Hin nay c xu hng ci tin ng
dng vt liu st t mi sn xut cc loi rle tng K
k
.

3. Mt s loi rle in t
a) Rle dng in v in p loi T (hnh 6-4a).
b) Rle trung gian (hnh 6-4b). Nhim v chnh ca rle trung gian l khuch i tn hiu iu khin, n
thng nm v tr trung gian gia cc rle khc. c im rle trung gian c c cu iu chnh in p
tc ng c th tc ng khi in p tng gim trong khong 15% U
m
.
c) Rle thi gian in t (hnh 6-4c) khi t thng
0
gim th sc in ng e chng s gim duy tr
thi gian khong t = (0,5 5)s.

4. Rle phn cc
Rle phn cc l mt dng ca rle in t c thm t thng phn cc do nam chm vnh cu
to nn. Chuyn ng ca np ph thuc vo chiu dng trong cun dy. Khi cha c dng in th phn
ng rle mt trong hai v tr do lc ht t trng nam chm vnh cu.
Mch t nam chm vnh cu
c cu trc sao cho mt pha khe h
khng kh ln cn mt pha nh khi
cho dng vo cun dy nam chm th
tng lc ht in t ca cun dy v
nam chm vnh cu phn cc hai bn
khng bng nhau, np b ht v mt
bn, lc ht nam chm vnh cu lm
nhim v gi np khi ct in cun
dy. Mun np chuyn ng ngc li
th phi i chiu dng in i
chiu lc ht in t. Hai kiu rle
phn cc nh hnh 6-5.
Loi ny c u im chnh l
nhy cao kch thc gn thi gian
tc ng nhanh c (2 3).10
-3
s , cho
php thao tc vi tn s ln.







62


6.3. RLE IN NG

1. Nguyn l
Theo nguyn tc, rle in ng c hai cun dy nh hnh 6-6.
Khi c dng qua cun dy 1 l i
1
v cun dy 2 c dng in i
2
. Ti v tr nh hnh 6.6 ta c cm
ng t B
12
= K.i
1
v c lc in t F = K.B
12
.i
2
hay lc F = K
1
.i
1.
i
2
s sinh ra m men M = Ki
1
i
2
t
ln cun dy 2, lm cun dy 2 quay v ng tip
im. Nu hai cun c mc ni tip th i
1
= i
2
= i c
M = Ki
2
lc ny m men c lp vi chiu dng in.
Khi mch in xoay chiu vi tn s f th th F thay
i, rle s lm vic vi gi tr trung bnh ca lc in
t v m men.

= =
T
0
2 1 tb
cos I kI Mdt
T
1
M .
Trong :
+ I
1
, I
2
:tr hiu dng.
+ :gc lch pha gia hai dng in i
1
, i
2
.
Nu i
1
= i
2
th cos = 1 v M
tb
= Ki
2
.
Khi mt trong hai cun dy c i chiu dng in
th chiu m men trung bnh M
tb
cng thay i.

2. ng dng
Rle in ng c s dng lm rle cng sut tc dng, phn khng. C th ch to rle st
in ng tng tr s m men M
tb
v s tng nhy ca rle. Loi rle in ng xoay chiu khng
c mch st t tuy M
tb
nh nhng dng nhiu trong t ng iu khin.

6.4. RLE KIU T IN

1. Nguyn l
S lm vic ca r le loi ny da trn c s lc in t do t trng ca nam chm vnh cu tc
dng ln mt cun dy khi c dng in chy qua. Nguyn l chung biu din nh hnh 6-7.
T trng nam chm vnh cu vi cm ng t B tc dng ln khung c dng I to ra mmen quay.
Lc in t l F = KB
12
I.
M men quay M = KI (t l vi dng in I).

2. c im
Rle t in c nhy ln, cng sut tc ng nh
(c 10
-10
w) s dng nhiu trong t ng ha, cng sut iu
khin c 1 n 2 W.
Khng lm vic mch xoay chiu v mch xoay
chiu m men trung bnh M
tb
= 0.


6.5. RLE CM NG

1. Nguyn l
Da trn tc ng tng h gia t trng xoay chiu vi dng in cm ng trong b phn
quay (a, ci) to mmen quay. Hnh 6-8a l s lc kt cu mt r le cm ng.
Hai t thng
1
,
2
bin thin xuyn qua a nhm tng ng cm ng cc sc in ng e
1
, e
2

sinh ra cc dng i
1
, i
2
. Cc lc in t l F
12
= B
2
i
1
l v F
21
= B
1
i
2
l, lc in t tng:












Hnh 6-6: Rle in ng











Hnh 6-7: Rle t in
I
2
I
1
1

2

1

N
S
I
63

[ ] i i
S
1
= F F F
, F F F
2 1 1 2 21 12
21 12
: th thng
=
+ =


V dng in v t thng l nhng i lng thay i theo thi gian nn tm kim loi s chu lc
trung bnh:
[ ] sin k. = dt . i i
S
1
T
1
= F
m2 m1 2 1 1 2
T
0
t b

vi l gc lch pha gia
1
v
2
.
M men quay trung bnh tc dng vo phn ng s l: M
tb
= k
m
.
m1.

m2
.sin.
Trong thc t s lch pha t thng c th thc hin bng nhiu cch nhng thng dng vng ngn
mch.
Nhn xt
+ = 0 th F = 0 ngha hai t thng trng pha nhau a khng quay.
+ = 90
0
th F = F
max
.
Vy mun a quay th t thng ca hai nam chm phi c v tr khc nhau trong khng gian v
lch pha v thi gian.

2. ng dng rle cm ng ch to
+ Rle dng T-80 (hnh 6-8b), PT-80.
+ Rle cng sut loi cc 4 cc t ( 2 cc qun cun dng, 2 cc qun cun p).
+ Rle kim tra tc kiu cm ng k hiu PKC.

6.6. RLE NHIT - RLE THI GIAN - RLE TC
RLE IU KHIN

1. Rle nhit


64
a) Khi nim - cng dng
Rle nhit l mt loi thit b in dng bo v
ng c v mch in khi b qu ti, thng dng km
vi khi ng t, cng tc t. Dng in p xoay chiu
n 500 V, tn s 50Hz, loi mi I
m
n 150A in p
mt chiu ti 440V. Rle nhit khng tc ng tc thi
theo tr dng in v c qun tnh nhit ln phi cn thi
gian pht nng. Thi gian lm vic t khong vi giy
[s] n vi pht, nn khng dng bo v ngn mch
c. Mun bo v ngn mch thng dng km cu chy.








b) Nguyn l ( hnh 6-9a)
Da trn tc dng nhit ca dng in, ngy nay s
dng ph bin rle nhit c phin kim loi kp, nguyn l lm vic da trn s khc nhau v gin n di
ca hai kim loi khi b t nng. Phn t c bn rle nhit l phin kim loi kp (bimetal) cu to t hai
tm kim loi, mt tm h s gin n b (thng dng invar c 36% Ni, 64% Fe) mt tm h s gin n
ln (thng l ng thau hay thp crm - niken, nh ng thau gin n gp 20 ln invar). Hai phin ghp
li vi nhau thnh mt tm bng phng php cn nng hoc hn.
Khi t nng do dng I phin kim loi kp un v pha kim loi c h s gin n nh hn, c th
dng trc tip cho dng in qua hoc dy in tr bao quanh. un cong ln yu cu phin kim
loi phi c chiu di ln v mng. Nu cn lc y mnh th ch to tm phin rng, dy v ngn.

2. Rle tc (hnh 6-10)
i lng u vo l tc quay ca thit b, i lng ra l trng thi ng hoc m tip im.
Nguyn l loi li tm nh sau: khi trc ng yn hoc quay vi tc nh hn tr s tc tc ng, l
xo 3 ko qu vng 2 t ln a 4, m h thng tip im 5 ng h thng 6, khi tc ln hn v
t
lc li
tm ca qu vng 2 thng lc l xo 3 lm hai qu 2 khng t vo a 4, l xo y a 4 ra, tip im ng
gn trn a s ng tip im thng m 6 v ct tip im thng ng 5. iu chnh vng ca hai
qu vng bng l xo 3 th c th thay i c tr s vn tc tc ng v
t
.

3. Rle thi gian
a) Khi nim
Dng duy tr thi gian ng chm hoc m chm
ca h thng tip im so
vi thi im a tn hiu tc ng vo rle.
Thi gian chm ny c th vi phn giy cho
n hng gi.
b) Yu cu
Thi gian chm thc hin bi rle phi n nh
t ph thuc vo cc yu t khc nh in p ngun,
dng in, nhit mi trng,...
c) Phn loi
C rt nhiu loi rle thi gian vi nguyn l, cu
to rt khc khc nhau nh:
+ Rle thi gian kiu in t (hnh 6-4c).
+ Rle thi gian kiu thy lc.
+ Rle thi gian kiu ng h.




a)












a)Nguyn l; b) c tnh:1.c tnh thit
b,2.c tnh rle,3.c tnh mong mun.

t[s
]
I/I
m
11,2 2 3 4 5 6
10
100
1000
10.00
0
1
2
3
b)
Hnh 6-9
65
+ Rle thi gian kiu in t - bn dn.
Ta ch xt i din mt loi:
Rle thi gian kiu in t cu to nh hnh 6-4c loi ny duy tr thi gian nh chm v ch dng
cho in mt chiu.
d) Nguyn l
Trong qu trnh ng hay ngt cun dy rle th trong vng ngn mch (chnh l ng lt bng
ng 1) s sinh ra sc in ng cm ng, dng in do n sinh ra s to ra mt t thng chng li s
bin thin t thng do cun 7 dy sinh ra. Do n lm cho tc thay i ca t thng chm li lm
thi gian tc ng ca rle chm li.
Thay i thi gian tc ng bng cch thay i cng l xo 3, iu chnh vt 4 iu chnh
chiu rng khe h c ming m 6 hoc tr s dng in.
Loi ny thi gian chm n 3 giy.

4. Rle iu khin
C chc nng nh mt rle trung gian, nhng c kch thc nh, tn s thao tc ln, kh nng
ngt ln, h s nh cao. Cu to ca rle c m t nh hnh 6-11a.
Trong ng thy tinh kn 1 t thanh dn 2 bng thp l xo dn t. hai u mi thanh dn c
gn tip im bng flatin. ng 1 c rt ht khng kh hoc cho vo mt cht kh thch hp, mc
ch h quang dp tt d dng. Ngoi ng t cun dy 3, khi a in vo cun dy 3, lc in t s
lm hai thanh ht nhau, h tip im c ng li. Nu ngt in ca cun dy, lc n hi ca hai
thanh dn lm tip im m ra.
Loi rle ny c u im l mi trng lm vic ca tip im gn nh l tng, do khng b
oxy ha. Khi ng/ngt khng c h quang, v vy tui th ca n t ti khong 10 triu ln ng/ngt.
Khe h gia hai tip im b nn cho php thi gian tc ng b, c (0,2 0,4).10
-3
s. C th lm vic
vi tn s thao tc t 400 n 2000 ln ng ngt trong mt giy. Kh nng ngt ca rle vi ng knh
ng thy tinh d= (2,5 6,5) mm chiu di l = (10 55) mm t ti 1A, i khi ti 5A. T trng cn
thit cho iu khin b, sc t ng ca cun dy b khong (20 200) A.vng.
Hnh 6-11b trnh by cu to ca mt rle dng
in, trong ng thy tinh 1 g hai in cc bng vonfram 2
v trong c mt lng thy ngn. Phao st t 3 hnh tr
rng, ni trn thy ngn (v t trng ca st b hn t trng
ca thy ngn). Cun dy iu khin 4 c t lch v pha
di ca ng (v pha cha thy ngn). Khi khng c in
vo cun dy, phao 3 ni, cc 2 khng tip xc vi thy
ngn, mch in h. Khi c in vo cun dy, lc in t s
ht phao 3 v pha cun dy lm thy ngn dng ln, cc 2
ngp trong thy ngn, mch in c ni kn. V ngt bng
thy ngn nn tc ngt rt ln, sinh ra qu p cao.










6.7. I CNG V RLE TNH

1. S i mi ca k thut rle
a) Nhng hn ch ca rle in- c
Cho n khong nhng nm 70 cc thit b bo v rle ch yu cng ch thc hin vi c cu so
snh l in t v c kh, c cu tha hnh l tip im hp kim.


















i
i

1
2
3 a)
1
2
3
4
i
k
b)
Hnh 6-11: Rle iu
khin
66
C cu o v so snh c - in t c nhng c im :
- Chm: mch in t o mt khong 20 ms, c cu so snh n by, l xo, cun dy nhanh cng c
10ms.
- Km chnh xc: vic o in t trc kia thng o qua bin dng (BI) 5A 100A, o p ca BU
c 100V. Thng khng qua lc, khi o ln c thnh phn tn s cng nghip vi cc thnh phn t do
v hi. Nhng thnh phn ny thng kh ln c th lm sai kt qu o rt nhiu.
- C cu o v so snh li thng ch l loi o n bin, mt dng hoc mt p. Thng kh thc
hin c nhng php x l phc tp cn c nh cc php s hc, gii tch, php tr, php m ,...
Do mun bo v cho mt i tng n gin l mt ng dy phn phi, cng phi cn dng
ti mi phn t rle, km theo mt s ni dy phc tp chim mt t thit b. Chi ph cao m tin
cy, chnh xc, tc v cc chc nng bo v th khim tn.
b) Rle in t ha(rle tnh)
T khong nhng nm 70 n 90 cc rle c- in c ci tin theo hng in t ha. Ch
yu ngi ta tm cch thay cc c cu o, c cu so ngng bng cc mch in t v vi mch bn dn.
Mt s php x l n gin nh cng, o hm, tch phn, m, tr,... cng thc hin bng mch
in t.
Vi mch in t khin thit b bo v tin mt bc kh di, tiu ha thit b, nng cao thm
chnh xc v cht lng cc chc nng rle.
Rle tnh c dng phi hp bo v trong h thng in t khong nhng nm 1970, u
tin l s dng cc n in t sau n cc Tranzitor silic vi tc tin cy cao to nn cc cng
tn hiu.
Rle k thut analog (tn hiu vo/ra l tn hiu lin tc): Cc loi rle ny s dng c lp ring
l cc b phn c mt s chc nng ring tng t rle in c vi cc chc nng thng thng, c th
s dng khi thay th trc tip. Trong hnh 6-17 l rle qu dng chm t c thit k ci thin tnh
nng ca rle in c bng s phn chia phi hp bo v.
c) Rle s ha
Phi n khong nhng nm 90 khi a k thut vi x l, vi iu khin vo th thit b rle
thc hin mt s thay i tin ha ton din.
Vi x l, vi iu khin l cng c thc hin c rt tt cc cng vic nh lc cc tn hiu vo,
vic o nhanh nhiu bin (3 dng, 3 p, thi gian,...), vic tnh ton nhanh nhng x l phc tp nht (s
hc, gii tch, m, phn tch ph,...), so nhiu ngng ,...V vy cc rle s ha c nhng u vit ln :
c.1) Tc o, tnh nhanh cc vc t bin vo, vi chnh xc cao tin cy cao.
c.2) Do nhng iu trn khin mt rle c th thc hin c cng mt lc tt c nhng chc nng bo
v phc tp khc nhau cho mt i tng, thm ch gm c nhng chc nng bo v d b cng nh cc
chc nng bo v ph thm na. T sinh ra mt s c im mi khc vi hai th h rle truyn thng
c l :
+Rle s c ch to theo hng mt rle thc hin tt c nhng php o lng, phn tch tnh
ton tt c nhng php so snh, tt c cc chc nng bo v cn cho mt thit b in lc. l nhng
rle a chc nng tng hp thnh b.
+Ngi ta phn loi cc rle thnh b theo nhm cc i tng bo v, s kiu rle c thu
gn li trong mt s nhm sau :
* Cc kiu rle bo v my pht in.
* Cc kiu rle bo v ng dy siu cao v cao p.
* Cc kiu rle bo v ng dy phn phi trung p.
* Cc kiu rle bo v bin p.
* Cc kiu rle bo v thanh ci.
* Cc kiu rle bo v m t in ng b, khng ng b.
* Rle sa thi theo tn s,...
+Mi rle s li c kh nng ghi li s liu vn hnh, s liu cc s c c nhng s liu v tc
ng bo v "CT", "NG LI",... gip s dng vo nhiu vic phn tch, thng k lin quan.
Mi rle s li bit t ng bo cc s kin, s c cho ngi trc v cho mt my tng hp ghi
nhn, my ny li t ng bo co vi h SCADA ca trm.
67
c.3) V kt cu th rle s c th tch thu gn rt nhiu; mt t rle c c thay bng mt rle s ha.
Mt t rle s ha ca trm in thng cha xp chng hai rle cao p ln, hoc tm rle bo v trung
p.
Kt qu l phng iu khin trung tm thu gn li tt c ch cn 1 2 t rle, 1 2 t thu thp
thng tin cho SCADA v 1 2 mn hnh SCADA.
c.4) Vic u ni dy cho mt rle s ch cn li su dy dng, su dy p, hai dy ngun v vi cp dy
i "NG", "CT". Tt c u vo cc cc pha sau ca rle, so vi cc t c thi n gin hn nhiu.
c.5) Vic chnh t, kim tra, th nghim u thc hin bng truyn tin gia rle v my tnh, rt l gin
tin, c bit nhanh chng v chnh xc.
c.6) Gi thnh ca rle s ha r hn rle truyn thng, ni chung ch bng na.
V du: mt t rle truyn thng bo v mt ng dy phn phi th khong gi 3000 4000 USD.
Trong khi mt rle s bo v ng dy phn phi gi ch khong 1500 2000 USD. Rle k thut s
(digital): c im ca loi ny l trong mt m un c th c th phi hp nhiu chc nng phc tp m
cc yu t o lng lin quan bng cc mc logic phi hp c x l bi cc mch s trong b vi x l,
u ra l chung cho tn hiu ng ct v tn hiu bo nh hnh 6-20.
c.7) Thi gian tc ng: thi gian tc ng nh hng nhiu n s n nh ca h thng. Nu s c
c gii quyt cng nhanh th kh nng duy tr s n nh ca h thng cng cao. Trong rle tnh khng
c cc phn t qun tnh c trong chuyn ng nn thi gian tc ng rt nhanh, thng T
t
= 0,6ms.
Gii hn ti a ca tc p ng trong thc t ty thuc ch qu ca my bin dng hay cc phn
t khc.
c.8) Tnh chn lc: vic x l tt nht i vi cc tnh trng s c c ngha l ch ngng cung cp in
cho mt s lng ti thiu cc ph ti tiu th c bo v, phi m bo sng lc ch ngt ra khi mch
nhng thit b b s c, cn cc thit b khc phi vn tip tc lm vic. Trong trng hp bo v phc
tp nh bo v khong cch vic chn l do khi x l trung tm xc nh. Trng hp bo v n gin,
vic to tnh la chn qua cc phn t c bn (nh a thm vo mt mch tr hon thi gian..) c c
tnh tc ng ph hp trong trng hp bo v phc tp. Nu khi thi gian tc ng khng c u tin
hng u th c th chp nhn mt thi gian tr hon no gii quyt s c theo iu kin chn lc.
c.9) Tnh tin cy: m bo ch tc ng v lun tc ng khi cn thit v ch khi cn thit m thi(tc l
m bo khng tc ng sai hay tc ng khng ng lc vi thit b c bo v). t c tnh m
bo lm vic ca bo v cn phi c hai iu kin l:
+Bo v phi c thit k ng (theo quan im s tnh ton cc gi tr iu chnh).
+Trang thit b phi c gi tr tin cy cao.
Cc iu kin ny rle tnh hn hn rle in c v khng c cc chuyn ng c hc, khng to
ra tc ng sai nh rle tip im. Tn s tc ng v tui th ca rle tnh cng hn hn rle in c v
thi gian tr v cng nhanh hn.
c.10) nhy: cng sut tiu th ca rle tnh (cc mch bn dn) v cng nh so vi cc rle in c.
nhy cng rt cao h s tr v gn bng 1( K
tv
=I
tv
/I
kbv
1). iu lm gim dng v tng nhy
ca rle, ngoi ra kch thc bao b ca cc loi rle tnh ch bng khong 1/3 n 1/5 rle in c dn
n gim kch thc bng gn v khng gian iu khin.
c.11) Tinh c lp vi cc iu kin vn hnh : rle cn phi tc ng ng khi xut hin s c thit b
bo v. Cc gi tr khi ng cn phi c tnh ton cc ch lm vic cc i v cc tiu ca trang
thit b c bo v. Trong rle s hoc bn dn tn hiu iu khin c ly cch li vi tn hiu mch
ng lc qua it pht quang (hay phtotranzitor), nhiu lc qua b lc tn s cao nn khng chu nh
hng ca nhiu c hc v nhiu tn s cao.
c.12) u im trong phi hp bo v h thng: Trong rle tnh nht l rle k thut s, vic s dng cp
quang qua mun giao din d liu dn n tc truyn tn hiu rt nhanh v tin cy tt khng b
nh hng ca dng in t k thut truyn s. Do thi gian tc ng rt chnh xc cho nn c th phi
hp nhiu bo v t chnh xc cao nht cho ton h thng. Rle k thut s vi hin th s rt tin
li cho ngi vn hnh.
Trong bo v li in hoc mt h thng thit b lun i hi phi tin hnh iu khin t ng
tch thit b s c ra khi phm vi ca li hay h thng khi xut hin s c hay mt ch lm vic
khng bnh thng c nguy c gy hng thit b. S ngn cch thit b b s c vi h thng cn phi
thc hin sao cho c th ngn nga c s pht trin ca s c hay nguy c hy dit thit b v thit lp
tr li ch lm vic bnh thng vi phn h thng cn li. m bo lin tc s lm vic ca h thng
68
trong iu kin ti a c th c. gii quyt s c trong nhng iu kin tt nht th s bo v bng
rle tnh ni chung v rle s ni ring tha mn c hng lot cc ch tiu k thut m rle in c
khng t c.
Hiu qu ni chung ca rle tnh hn hn rle in c, tuy nhin trong tnh ton kinh t khi thit
k bo v cn chn cc gii php tt nht gim nh gi u t thit b bo v. Cn quan tm cc vn
nh tiu tn cho bo qun, bo dng v kim tra xem xt nh k, vi rle tnh cng tc bo dng kim
tra thng qua vic tho lp cc mun khng cn lm sch tip im nh rle in c. Thay th rle tnh
cng c thc hin n gin khi s c, loi c cc sai st nh ni cp rle in c. Tuy nhin vic
thay th sa cha rle tnh cng cn cn b k thut c chuyn mn cao hn. Hin nay trnh cn b k
thut ngy cng c nng cao v gi bn rle tnh khng ngng gim, trong h thng in v cc mng
in iu khin rle tnh ang thay ch dn cho rle in c.

2. Rle tng t
Rle loi ny c c trng l cc thng s vo/ra rle nh dng, p, gc lch pha, cng sut,... l
cc i lng lin tc (analog). Tn hiu ny c so snh vi mt hay nhiu i lng u vo c gi tr
chun cho tn hiu u ra (rle loi ny gm cc loi rle bn dn, rle in t). Cu trc rle loi ny
gm cc khi sau:
a) Khi tip thu
Khi ny gm hai phn chnh l b o lng v b so snh, i lng u ra ca b phn ny
gm mt trong hai gi tr chun.
+ B phn o lng ly tn hiu t cc my bin dng bin i thnh i lng mt chiu
nh cu chnh lu. C hai cch thc hin chnh lu nh hnh 6-12a,b.
+ B so snh c th lm vic theo hai nguyn tc chnh l:
-So snh hai i lng in theo gi tr tuyt i (dng cho cc rle bo v khong cch,
bo v so lch, bo v qu p, bo v km p,...)
-So snh hai i lng in theo gi tr gc pha (dng cho rle bo v khong cch, rle
nh hng cng sut,...).


















Hnh 6-12: Thc hin ly tn hiu v chnh lu trong khi tip thu
U
r
I
A
i
a

I
B
i
b

I
c

i
c

U
r
I
A
i
a
I
B
i
b
I
c

i
c

a) b)
69

B phn so snh hai i lng in theo gi tr tuyt i thng s dng mch tch hp
(integrated circuit), y ta ch xt mt s so snh tiu biu dng khuch i thut ton nh hnh 6-
13. Cng khng o ca khuch i thut ton c ni vo in p chun U
o
l in p cn so snh
vi cng o. Nu in p vo thp hn U
o
chun th s cho ra tn hiu u ra ( mc cao). Vic s
dng khu R-C u vo l thay i thi gian hot ng bng cch thay i tr s ca R v C. y
b phn ny s cho ra tn hiu nu bin tn hiu in p u vo vt qu bin in p t trc
U
o
(U
o
cng c th iu chnh c).
B phn so snh hai i lng in theo gi tr gc pha thng s dng b tch sng phn cc
(polanity detector) nh hnh 6-14.
u o ca
khuch i thut ton
c ni mt, tn hiu
sng vo l tn hiu hnh
sin tn hiu ra c
chuyn sang dng xung
vung nh vic dng
khuch i thut ton
(KTT).
Tn hiu ra ch c
hai mc tng ng vi
tn hiu vo (hin nhin l c lp vi bin tn hiu vo). Vic so snh gc pha c th thc hin bng
hai b tch sng phn cc v so snh pha cho ra tn hiu xung vung.
b) Khi thc hin
Mc ch ca khi ny thc hin nhng bin i t ngt ca mch in ngoi nh khuch i
tn hiu a n cun ct my ct. Ta xt s nguyn l khi thc nh hnh 6-15.
Mch thyristor thc hin cc yu cu v cung cp cho cc mch u ra tn hiu c lp. Tn hiu
kch thch c cho tranzitor nh it pht quang, s tr hon tn hiu c cung cp bi thyristor TH
1
,
it zerne U
z
v in tr R
1
. it U
z
khng th iu khin kch thch cho thyristor TH
2
c cho n
khi in p trn R
1
vt qu in p trn R
z
lc ny mi c tn hiu n kch thch thyristor TH
2
lm
thyristor ny dn v cho tn hiu n cun tc ng ct my ct ra.
c) Khi tr hon
Mt mch khc c s dng trong trong rle tnh l mch tich phn, s dng khu chnh l mt
khu khuch i thut ton (KTT) nh hnh 6-16.









a) b)
Hnh 6-13: Thc hin so snh theo gi tr tuyt i









Hnh 6-14: Thc hin so snh theo tr pha

IC
1
IC
2
IC
3
0
t
U
U
0
U
ra

U
vo

(+)
U
ra
C
R
U
vo
U
0
70
Trn s hnh 6-
16 dng vo c gi tr i
=
1
1
R
E
np cho t C thng
qua mch phn hi. Cng
khng o ca KTT ny
ni mt, in p trn t l:

= = dt
R
E
C
1
dt i
C
1
U
1
1
c c

ta c in p trn t l:

= dt E
C R
1
U
1
1
c

in p u ra

= = dt E
C R
1
U E
1
1
c 0
.
Ta thy in p ra E
0
t l
vi tch phn in p vo
E
1
.
Mch ny c s
dng lin tc nh mch tr
hon thi gian. Tc
thay i ca in p u
ra t l vi bin ca
in p vo.
d) Khi chnh nh
Vi rle tnh cho
php vic chnh nh cc
b phn trong rle phi
hp bo v, thng thng
c hai cch:
+ Chnh nh cc
thng s u vo ph
hp vi rle.
+Chnh nh cc
thng s chun trong
khi so snh xc nh
ngng tc ng ca
rle. in p ngng ca
khi so snh cng c th
chnh nh bng hai cch
l:
- Chnh nh U
0
bng bin tr trc khi a vo b phn so snh c gi tr ph hp.
- Chnh nh ngay pha u vo bng vic thay i tr s ca bin tr hay in dung ca khu
R-C. Qa trnh np cho t C khi in p u vo thay i c dng nh hnh 6-13b. Nh vy b so snh
thc hin cho tn hiu ra khi in p trn cng khng o (u vo) vt qu in p U
0
. Ty tr s R v
C dc ca c tnh s nhiu hay t, ta c ngng tc ng khc nhau, ng thi mch R-C cng c
ngng tc ng khc nhau. S nguyn l ca mt rle dng cc i bng k thut tng t nh hnh
6-17.
Ch y: ngy nay rle k thut tng t hu nh khng cn s dng linh kin n in t m hu
ht thay bng linh kin bn dn nn y khng cp linh kin in t.
















Hnh 6-16: Mch tch phn dng tr hon
E
0


C

R
E
1
I
c
-
+

Filtrer
+
Lever
Detector 2

I
A

i
I
B

i
I
C

i

Maximum
Current
Gate and
Recchfier

Filter
Curve
Shaper
Lever
Detector
1


RL2
Setin
g
Timer
Regulator
71

3. Rle k thut s
c im: cc tn hiu x l bn trong ca rle k thut s dng s (dng nh phn 0,1) m n
c th thc hin nhiu chc nng tun t. Tn hiu u vo c chuyn sang tn hiu s iu khin
tn hiu ra.
a) Chc nng v cu trc tng quan rle s
Mt rle s c nhng loi nhim v chc nng sau :
a.1) Chc nng o lng : l chc nng u tin v quan trng nht, nhm o, lc, tnh ra nhng thng
s mch in m rle phi canh. Cc lng vo u tin ni chung l :
- Dng ba pha, dng trung tnh.
- p ba pha, p th t zr.
S lng vo c th li ty yu cu ca rle. Nhng lng ny khi khng c s c thng l
hnh sin v cn bng, dng trung tnh, p th t zr bng khng. Nhng khi s c s c mt bin ng
mnh ca thnh phn tn s cng nghip, thng km theo mt i xng khin sinh ra cc thnh phn
th t nghch v zr. Mt nt c bit quan trng khc na l km theo thng sinh ra nhng thnh
phn qu t do ln, khng chu k, khin dng p qu c mt dng hnh sin.
Do nhng dng p o vo cn c :
- Bin nh li bng nhng BU v BI c bit (BI khng bo ha, di o rng).
- Lc thng thp ra thnh phn tn s cng nghip gm lc cng, khi cn kt hp lc bng phn
mm.
- Chun ha n mc in p thch hp, qui nh c 2V ng vi U
nh mc
v ng vi 10.I
nh mc
.
Nhng vic trn thc hin ch yu bng phn cng.
a.2) Chc nng lp mu, tnh ton canh s c, khi ng cc rle ch yu gm cc vic sau :
* Lp mu dng, p, tn s, m pha a vo b m mu.
* lc s tip nu cn.
* Tnh ton phn tch ra cc s liu cn nh :
- Dng, p hiu dng (hoc s gia i, u).
- Cc thnh phn th t pha dng p.
- Gc lch pha.
* Tnh cc biu thc c trng s c, so ngng pht hin s c.
a.3) Cc thnh phn bo v rle v ghi chp s c :
Khi xy ra s c th modul canh s khi ng chy chc nng bo v rle x l ng vi s c
y. Mt rle s c nhiu chc nng rle khc nhau do cc CPU thc hin. Mt modul chng trnh bo




















Hnh 6-17: S khi mt loi rle tng t ca hng ABB
72
v rle tng ng s bt u tip nhn ly nhng s liu ang tip tc din bin, tnh nh lng c
th cc thng s ca s c y v tnh ra thi gian tr cn cho vic "CT" s c. ng thi mt modul
cng ghi chp li din bin ca s c c th ly ra dng sau ny.
a.4) Chc nng "CT" s c.
a.5) Chc nng "NG LI" (nu c).



































a.6) Chc nng t kim tra thit b, nh kim tra BU, BI t, chp, kim tra in p "NG", "CT"
khng v nht l kim tra cc vi x l c chy tt khng. c nhng x l bo tn hiu hay bo ng
cn thit. Hnh 6-18 v mt phn lu x l ca rle bo v nhanh ng dy cao p LFP.931 ca hng
NARI Trung Quc.
b) Phn mm ca rle s
Kt cu phn cng v phn mm ca cc kiu rle s ca cc hng khc nhau thng c nhng nt
t bit ring, khng ging nhau. Cc hng u khng cho thng bo g r v phn cng, phn mm
ca h. y s ch nu trn nhng nt chung v phn mm ca rle s.
b.1) Phn mm ca rle s Runtime sau khi KHI U thng gm mt s b phn






Sampling
Line
energizd

Undervoltage
distance
relay
pickc up
Power
swing
blocking
Tripping
logic
Closing
logic
Normal

operation
program
Phase distatace
relay picks up

Faul detector
starts
earth
distance
relay picks up
N
N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Sample
interrupt
Return to main program


Hnh 6-18
Biu chc nng bo v ca CPU1 trong LFP 931
ca hng NARI
(Trung Quc).
ng h
ly
mu
Do modul
CANH s
c
khi
Modul
ly mu
12,16,24
ln chu k
tr v ca
Modul
Modul cc bo
v rle
-Kim tra c
tnh s c ca
bo v.
-Dng /xa cc
c s c
73































a) B phn thng k chy lin tc theo nhng chu k
* Modul "LY MU" cc dng, p, trng thi ct vo byffer cc mu. Tn s ly mu 12, 16
hoc 24 ln/chu k in.
*Modul "CANH" s c, n tnh lin tc nhng thng s c trng s c hay dng cc bin
dng v canh, khi chng vt nhng ngng th pht hin ra s c v khi ng nhng modul bo v
lm vic. Khi ng modul "LU GI" cc s liu ca s c (dng, p, cc lnh ng/ct,...). Chu k
canh gi thng 10ms hay 20ms.
b) Cc modul "BO V RLE" do modul "CANH" khi ng
Gm mt s modul bo v chnh v mt s modul bo v hu b. V du bo v qu dng ct nhanh,
bo v qu dng nh thi gian, bo v qu dng thi gian, bo v phng hng gc pha, bo v
khong cch, bo v thp tn,... Tht ra ch khi ng nhng bo v c ngi dng chn. Cc
modul ny c th c thit k theo kiu chy ln lt, theo mt th t nh. Chng ln lt tnh chi
tit nhng thng s lin quan n nhim v bo v ca mnh. V du modul bo v qu dng thi gian s
tnh xem :
- Qu dng cc pha no, gi tr bao nhiu.
- Thi gian ct theo tiu chun thi gian ngc no, tnh ra l bao nhiu ms bao nhiu chu k
20ms.
Sau tng modul dng c s c ca mnh v ghi vo nh thi gian ca mnh modul "TRIP"
thc hin.
c) Modul "TRIP" cng c modul "CANH" khi ng bt u chy
N kim tra cc c s c v cc ghi thi gian ct m ngc cho n ht thi gian ct no trc
th ra lnh "CT". Sau n xem c t ch "NG LI" RECLOSE (sau ct qu dng) th khi
ng cho modul "RECLOSE" hot ng.
d) Modul ng li "RECLOSE" c khi ng
74
N s kim tra ch Reclose (my ln, thi gian gin cch bao nhiu) v m li cn thi gian ra
lnh cc ln "NG LI".
Vic "NG LI" cng nh lnh "NG CT" cn thm option nh rng phi kim tra ng b
hay khng. Lu thay th nh hnh 6-19.
c) Phn mm khc
Bn cnh Runtime cn c b phn giao tip sau :
c.1) Modul "BO CO"
N bo co cc thng tin v s c xy ra (nh thi gian, kiu s c, cng s c, thi im ra lnh
ct, thi im ct xong) gi ln my "QUN L RLE" (nu trong h c t my ny) "QUN L
RLE" bo co sang cho h SCADA.
c.2) Modul ny cng bo co v lch s cc s c cho mt my tnh ni thng tin vi n qua mt cng
PORT RS - 232.
c.3) Mt modul "LP TRNH CH "
Cng giao tip vi my my tnh qua "PORT" i thoi gip ngi thit k khai bo cu
hnh bo v cho rle, nh dng chc nng bo v no, cc s t settings bao nhiu. Modul ny s ghi
gi li cc s t y trong b nh, cc modul Runtime s tra c m lm vic.
d) Cu trc chung ca rle s
T cc chc nng trn thy rle s c mt s chc nng thc hin bng nhng phn cng gn
tng t nhau :
- Mch BI, BU o vo chun ha (nhng lng dng, p vo).
- Mch lc cng; Mch ly mu (ly mu nhng lng g, tn s ly mu).
- Mch vi x l (my CPU, kiu g); Mch "CT".
- Mch giao tip vi ngi, mch thng tin; Cc n bo.
Tn hiu sau kh ly qua bin dng c tr s thch hp c a vo chnh lu to ra dng in
mt chiu. Tuy nhin cc mch in t ch lm vic vi mt dng in nh mc gii hn nh nht nh
no . a dng in thch hp vo CPU, ta phi la chn dng in u vo nh cng tc la chn
c tn hiu vo trong di cho php. Cu trc chung ca mt rle s gm cc khi sau:
















Input
Interpos
ing
Current setting
switch
A to D
Current select
swiches
High
Switch
settin
g
TMS
Switch
settin
g

Micro

compute
Output
Dri ers
H.S output
rela
Time
current
output
H.S Tim
e
0.2/0.1
0.4/0 0.5/0 0.2/0 0.4/0
0.4/0
0.2/0
0.1/0
0.05/0
0.05/0.0
25
0/0
16/
05/0
2/0
1/0
75
d.1) B bin i A/D: trong CPU c khi A/D lm nhim v chuyn tn hiu t tng t(lin tc) sang tn
hiu s. B phn ny c hai chc nng l lng t ha tn hiu lin tc cho ra tn hiu ri rc sau m
ha tn hiu ri rc ny. Vic m ha l gn nhng m nh phn cho tng tn hiu ri rc trong qu trnh
lng t ha.
d.2) Sau khi ly tn hiu t b chuyn i u vo A/D: dng s b vi x l (CPU) s phn tch nh gi
v cho tn hiu u ra. B CPU c nhiu khi nh hp thnh vic chnh nh cc thng s tc ng nh
cc cng tc lp trnh cho cc gi tr t. Cc cng tc l mt trong s chui nh phn ca ca gi tr lp
trnh , n c th mc 0 hay mc 1. Khi chnh nh cc thng s cc gi tr ny c th hin th trn
mn hnh tng ng cc gi tr ca cc cng tc lp trnh .
Ngoi ra, thi gian tc ng cng c a vo cc cng tc lp trnh, ty theo nhu cu phi hp bo
v m ta chn s no trong chui cng tc lp trnh .
d.3) Khi iu khin u ra: thc hin vic chuyn mch a tn hiu vo cc rle u ra, mi rle u ra
c th cho tn hiu n my ct hay n tn hiu khi c s c xy ra trong vng bo v.
d.4) Rle u ra (khi thc hin): cng tng t rle tng t tn hiu ct nh tng khuch i cng
sut a n cun ct my ct. Trong rle so lch tr s cc vng dy ca bin dng v gi tr in tr
thng c chn hng s thi gian ca mch th cp k c mch t ha rt b (khong 0,06 chu k
tn s trong cng nghip). Gi tr ti u ny c hiu chnh sao cho khi ng khng ti thnh phn ngn
mch trong vng bo v c hp th hon ton bi mch t ha ca my bin p trong khong 0,18 chu
k tn s cng nghip. Do vy rle khng b chm pha khi c dng ngn mch hnh sin vi thnh phn
khng chu k. Hnh 6-20 v 6-21 v s s lc ca rle s ca hng ABB v hng NARI: Chc nng
tng b phn mch ca rle c cc s th hin mt cch s lc.
e) B phn chc nng giao tip vi ngi
e.1) Cc rle s c nhng b phn giao tip vi ngi thun tin (thng c t chc):
* Mt PORT truyn tin RS - 232 hoc RS - 485 truyn tin i thoi vi ngi lp trnh hoc
trc ban qua mn hnh hay bn phm my tnh.
* Mt panel bng ch LCD v b phm s dng i thoi vi ngi lp trnh hoc trc ban.
e.2) Mc ch cc vic truyn tin ch yu
e.2.1) Chnh t cho cc chc nng bo v rle :Dng/ khng dng chc nng bo v no; t cc gi tr
mc ngng, thi gian tr, s ln bao nhiu ,...
e.2.2) Khai bo cu hnh mch vo gm: h s BI, BU; khai bo cch u dy ca chng.
e.2.3) Khai bo v cu hnh cc mch ng, ct.
e.2.4) c ra v sa cc thng s c chnh t, khai bo.

Hnh 6-20: S khi mt rle s ca hng ABB
Serial
port

Printer


Management

CPU
1

Genera
l
Serial

ALF
test
er
I
0

i
0

I
A

i
A

76






































Chng 7. CM BIN

7.1. KHI NIM CHUNG

1. Khi nim
Cm bin l cc phn t nhy cm dng bin i cc i lng o lng, kim tra hay iu
khin t dng ny sang dng khc thun tin hn cho vic tc ng ca cc phn t khc. Cm bin l
mt thit b chu tc ng ca i lng cn o m khng c tnh cht in v cho mt c trng mang
bn cht in (nh in tch, in p, dng in, tr khng) k hiu l s c s = F(m). Cm bin thng
dng khu o lng v kim tra.
Cc loi cm bin c s dng rng ri trong t ng ha cc qu trnh sn xut v iu khin
t ng cc h thng khc nhau. Chng c chc nng bin i s thay i lin tc cc i lng u vo
(i lng o lng - kim tra, l cc i lng khng in no thnh s thay i ca cc i lng
u ra l i lng in, v d: in tr, in dung, in khng, dng in, tn s, in p ri, gc pha,...
Hnh 6-21: Kt cu rle s LFP-902 (bo v
ng dy siu cao).

77
Cn c theo dng i lng u vo ngi ta phn ra cc loi cm bin nh: cm bin chuyn
dch thng, chuyn dch gc quay, tc , gia tc, m men quay, nhit , p sut, quang, bc x,...

2. Cc thng s c bn ca cm bin
a) nhy
X
Y
S

=
Vi: +X: gia s i lng u vo.
+Y: gia s i lng u ra.
Trong thc t cn s dng nhy tng i:
X
X
Y
Y
S
0

=
Vi: Y l i lng ra.
X l i lng vo.
Cm bin c th l tuyn tnh nu S
0
=const hoc l phi tuyn nu S
0
= var. Cm bin phi tuyn c
nhy ph thuc vo gi tr i lng vo (X).
b) Sai s
S ph thuc ca i lng ra Y vo i lng u vo X gi l c tnh vo ra ca cm bin. S
sai khc gia c tnh vo ra thc vi c tnh chun (c tnh tnh ton hay c tnh cho trong l lch)
c nh gi bng sai s.
Phn lm hai loi sai s
+ Sai s tuyt i X ' X X =
X': gi tr o c; X: gi tr thc.
+ Sai s tng i
X
X
a

=
Cc nguyn nhn nh hng ti sai s
C nhiu nguyn nhn khch quan v ch quan nh hng ti sai s, trong thc t ngi ta a
ra cc tiu chun v cc iu kin k thut hn ch mc nh hng ny trong phm vi cho php.
Sai s gi tr nh mc do yu t ca bn ngoi gi l sai s c bn. Nu yu t ca bn ngoi
vt ra khi gii hn nh mc th xut hin sai s ph. gim sai s ph phi gim nhy ca cm
bin vi yu t ngoi hoc hn ch nh hng ca chng bng mn chn hay mi trng khc.
c) Cc yu cu ca cm bin
Mun c nhy cao, sai s nh, cm bin cn c cc tnh cht sau:
+ C di thay i i lng vo cn thit.
+ Thch ng v thun tin vi s o lng, kim tra.
+ nh hng t nht n i lng u vo.
+ C qun tnh nh.
Hin nay c rt nhiu loi cm bin, chng lm vic theo nhiu nguyn l khc nhau, do vy kt
cu ca cm bin rt a dng v phong ph. Bng 7-1 l nguyn l lm vic v lnh vc ca cm bin
cm ng, l loi ph bin trong t ng ha v iu khin t ng.
d) Phn loi cm bin
C th phn cc cm bin lm hai nhm chnh: l cm bin tham s (th ng) v cm bin pht (ch
ng hay tch cc).
* Nhm pht (lm vic nh mt my pht hnh 7-1) bao gm cc loi cm bin s dng hiu ng cm
ng in t, hiu ng in p, hiu ng Holl v s xut hin sc in ng ca cp nhit ngu, t bo
quang in.
+Hiu ng cm ng in t: trong mt dy dn chuyn ng trong mt t trng khng i s
xut hin mt sc in ng t l vi t thng ct ngang dy trong mt n v thi gian, ngha l ti l vi
tc dch chuyn ca dy dn.
Hiu ng cm ng in t c ng dng xc nh tc dch chuyn ca vt thng qua
vic o sc in ng cm ng.
+Hiu ng quang pht x in t: l hin tng cc in t c gii phng thot ra khi vt liu
to thnh dng c thu li di tc dng ca in trng.
78
+Hiu ng quang in trong cht bn dn: l hin tng khi mt chuyn tip P-N c chiu
sng s pht sinh ra cc cp in t-l trng, chng chuyn ng di tc dng ca in trng chuyn
tip lm thay i hiu in th gia hai u chuyn tip.
+Hiu ng Holl: trong vt liu (thng l bn dn) dng tm mng c dng in chy qua t
trong t trng B c phng to thnh mt gc vi dng in I s xut hin mt hiu in th U theo
hng vung gc vi B v I. Hiu ng Holl c ng dng xc nh v tr ca mt vt chuyn ng.
Vt s c ghp ni c hc vi mt thanh nam chm, mi thi im v tr ca thanh nam chm xc
nh gi tr ca t trng v gc lch tng ng vi tm bn dn mng lm trung gian. Hiu in th o
c gia hai cnh tm bn dn trong trng hp ny (gin tip) l hm ph thuc v tr ca vt trong
khng gian.

Cm bin loi ny l cm bin tch cc v trong trng hp ny ngun ca dng in I (ch
khng phi i lng cn o) cung cp nng lng lin quan n tn hiu o.
+Hiu ng in p: khi tc dng lc c hc ln mt vt lm bng vt liu p in (nh thch
anh) s gy nn bin dng ca vt v lm xut hin lng in tch bng nhau nhng tri du nhau
trn cc mt i din ca vt (l hiu ng in p). Hiu ng ny c ng dng xc nh lc hoc
cc i lng gy nn lc tc dng vo vt liu p in (nh p sut, gia tc,...) thng qua vic o in p
trn hai bn cc t in.
Ngoi ra cn cm bin nhit in, cm bin ha in,...
*Cm bin tham s (th ng): thng c ch to t nhng tr khng c mt trong cc thng s ch
yu nhy vi i lng cn o. Mt mt gi tr ca tr khng ph thuc vo kch thc hnh hc ca
mu, nhng mt khc n cn ph thuc vo tnh cht in ca vt liu nh: in tr sut, t thm, hng
s in mi. V vy gi tr ca tr khng thay i di tc dng ca i lng o nh hng ring bit
n tnh cht hnh hc, tnh cht in hoc ng thi nh hng c hai. Thng s hnh hc hoc kch
thc ca tr khng c th thay i nu cm bin c phn t chuyn ng hoc phn t bin dng.
+Trng hp khi c phn t ng th mi v tr ca phn t s tng ng vi mt gi tr tr
khng, o tr khng s xc nh c v tr i tng. y l nguyn l nhiu cm bin nh cm bin v
tr, cm bin dch chuyn.
+Trng hp cm bin c phn t bin dng, th s bin dng gy nn bi lc hoc cc i
lng dn n lc (p sut, gia tc) tc dng trc tip hoc gin tip ln cm bin lm thay i tr khng.
S thay i tr khng lin quan n lc tc ng ln cu trc, ngha l tc ng ca i lng cn o
c bin i thnh tn hiu in (hiu ng p tr).
Tr khng ca cm bin th ng v s thay i ca tr khng di tc dng ca i lng cn
o ch c th xc nh c khi cm bin l mt thnh phn ca mch in. Trong thc t ty tng
trng hp c th m ngi ta chn mch o thch hp vi cm bin. Hnh 7-2 biu din mt mch in
o in th trn b mt mng nhy quang c lp rp t nhiu phn t.


F
u u

F
a) b)
Hnh 7-1: Cm bin pht
a) Hiu ng in p; b) Hiu
ng ha in
79






Bng 7-1: Mt s loi cm bin thng dng

i lng u vo Phng php thay i t dn
-Cm bin chuyn dch c hc
- Lc , hoc p sut.





- Nhit .
- Cng t trng.
-Thay i khe h khng kh
-Dng mt trong hai phng php sau:
+ Hiu ng n hi t (t dn thay i di tc dng ca
lc hoc p lc).
+ vng ca mng do v chuyn dch ca phn ng lin
kt vi chng thay i khe h khng kh.

-Thay i t thm .
-Thay i t thm (cun khng bo ha).

Bng 7-2: c im mt s loi cm bin
i lng cn o c trng nhy cm Loi vt liu s dng
Nhit (in tr sut) Kim loi:Pt,Ni,Cu
Bn dn
Bc x nh sng Bn dn
Bin dng
T thm ()
Hp kim Ni,Si pha tp
Hp kim st t
V tr (nam chm) Vt liu t tr Bi,InSb
m LiCl

FC

1
D

2
PA

3
PC

4
ADC

6
CPU

7
MY IN
MN HNH
5


Hnh 7-2: Mch o in th b mt
1.My pht chc nng; 2. Cm bin
in tch
3.Tin khuch i; 4. So pha lc
nhiu
5.Khuch i; 6. Chuyn i tng
t s
7 My tnh
80
(hng s in mi) Al
2
O
3
,Polime
Mc Cht lu cch in
Ta ch kho st y mt s loi c nguyn l lm vic gn vi lnh vc thit b in, cc cm
bin cn li tham kho cc ti liu khc.

7.2. CM BIN IN TR

1. Khi nim
Cm bin in tr c i lng u vo l cc i lng c: chuyn dch c hc thng hoc
chuyn dch gc quay (hnh 7-3), p lc, bin dng,...
Cn i lng u ra l in tr hoc s thay i in tr ca cm bin. Theo kt cu cm bin
in tr c cc loi:
- Cm bin in tr dy qun.
- Cm bin in tr tip xc.
- Cm bin in tr bin dng (tenz).

2. Cm bin in tr dy qun
Nguyn l loi ny hon ton ging mt bin tr trong phng th nghim. Nu c cu o (phn t
chuyn dch) c lin h v c vi tip im ng (con trt bin tr), th s chuyn dch ca tip im
ng s ph thuc chuyn dch ca c cu o (lng vo) dn n in tr u ra ca cm bin (lng
ra) thay i tng ng. Tip im ng c th chuyn ng thng hoc quay (hnh 7-3).
Cu to: Cc b phn chnh ca cm bin gm:
+ Khung ca cm bin thng bng vt liu cch in, chu nhit nh ghetinc, tcxtlt, s hoc kim
loi c ph lp cch in, cch nhit bn ngoi. Tit din ngang ca khung c th khng i (cm bin
tuyn tnh) hoc thay i (cm bin phi tuyn).
+ Dy in tr : lm bng kim loi t b xy ha c in tr t thay i theo thi gian v theo nhit
nh cngstngtan, vonfram, maganin,... Bn ngoi dy c ph mt lp sn cch in hoc lp oxit v
mt lp sn gn cht dy qun vi khung. ln ca dy qun ph thuc vo chnh xc yu cu
ca cm bin. i vi cm bin c chnh xc cao, dy c ng knh t 0,03mm n 0,1 mm, loi c
chnh xc thp th ng knh dy t 0,1mm n 0,4 mm.
+ Tip im: c lm bng kim loi c tnh dn in tt, chu mi mn v c in tr tip xc nh, b
rng tip xc trn cun dy bng 2 n 3 ln ng knh dy. Di ny c to ra bng cch dng giy
nhm mng nh bng trn cun dy. Lc p ln tip im bng 0,5g n 15 g.

3. Cm bin tuyn tnh
Thng c ni mt cch n gin bng ba cch nh hnh 7-4.








a) b)

Hnh 7-3: Cm bin in tr
U
0

U
r
U
r

U
v
81

ch khng ti hoc khi in tr vo ca mch ln hn nhiu so vi in tr ca cm bin
R
0
th in p ra U
R0
ph thuc vo chuyn dch x hoc gc theo phng trnh sau m khng ph
thuc vo tr s in tr R
0
:
- Cm bin thng: U
R0
= x . s x .
l
U
r .
R
U
0
0
0
= =
- Cm bin quay : U
R0
= = . s r .
R
U
0
0

Trong : s =
l
U
0
gi l nhy ca cm bin, trn c tnh gc hnh 7-5, gc c : tg = s =
l
U
0
.
Ch : nu ni cm bin theo s a) v b) hnh 7-
4 th cc tnh in p ra ca cm bin khng thay
i, nu ni theo s c) c th thay i c in
p ra ln nht gim cn U
0
/2

nhng cc tnh in
p ra vn bng U
0
, c ngha l nhy cm bin
tng ln hai ln. Tuy nhin cu to cm bin theo
s ny s phc tp hn. Ngoi cc loi nh hnh
7-4 a,b,c cn dng s kiu cm bin kp gc
quay.
Thng thng tng nhy ca cm bin
ngi ta nng cao in p lm vic U
0
.
Vic ny dn n tng cng sut tiu tn ca
cm bin. nhy cc i ph thuc vo cng sut
cho php ln nht P
max
ca in tr cm bin R
0

c xc nh theo cng thc sau:

max
0 max
max
x
R . P
S =
Trong : x
max
l dch chuyn ln nht ca tip im ng.
nhy ca cm bin in tr t t 3 n 5 [V/mm].
Mt s nguyn nhn sai s ca cm bin khi lm vic












Hnh 7-4 Cm bin in tr tuyn tnh












Hnh 7-5: c tnh cm bin tuyn tnh
U
0
I,X

U
0

U
r
x
l
R
0
R
x
U
0
U
r

a) b) c)
82
+ Vng khng nhy : do cm bin gm nhiu vng dy qun lin tip trn khung nn trong qu trnh lm
vic tip im ng dch chuyn t vng ny
sang vng khc in p s thay i nhy cp
vi gi tr U ( l in p ri trn mt vng
dy).
U =
W
U
0

Vi W l s vng dy ca cm bin.
Khi tip im cha chuyn dch n vng
khc th in p ra khng i do c tnh
U
R0
thc cht l ng bc thang nh hnh 7-
6.
+ Sai s do ti: khi t ti R
t
v in p vo
R
o
l U
0
th c tnh U
R
= f
(x)
s thay i hnh
dng khng cn l ng thng na. Xt cm
bin n ti nh hnh 7-7.
Sau khi bin i ta c:

t
t
0
0
t
t
r
R r
R . r
) r R (
U
I

R r
R . r
I U
+
+ +
=
+
=
.
T ta c :
U
r
= I.r =
t
2
t
0
0
0
R
r
R
R . r
R
r . U
+

( 7.1)
-Nu R
t
>> R
0
th 0
R
R
t
0
v 0
R
r
t
2
ta c:
U
r
=
0
0
0
U
R
r
. U = .
R
t
hu nh khng nh hng n in p ra v c tnh gn dng khng ti.
-Nu R
t
R
0
th sai s gy ra s l:

2
0
2
0 t
2
0
0
2
0
r . R r . R R R
) r R ( r . U
U
+

= .
V ta c sai s tng i ln nht:
a
max
=
0
U
U
ti r =
0
R
3
2
ng vi x = l
3
2

v a
max
=
27
4
vi
0
t
R
R
= l h s ti. Ta thy h s ti cng ln cng ln th sai s a cng nh.
Ngoi ra sai s ca cm bin cn do s thay i ca nhit , ma st do in p ri trn tip xc
gy ra.

4. Cm bin phi tuyn
Trong k thut ngoi cm bin in tr tuyn tnh cn cn c nhng cm bin in tr phi tuyn
l loi c c tnh quan h U
r
= f(x) dng phi tuyn. to ra loi cm bin c quan h U
r
= f(x)

theo
yu cu cho trc c th thc hin theo cc phng php sau:
a) Thay i ng knh dy qun.
b) Thay i bc dy qun.
















Hnh 7-6:Vng khng nhy ca cm bin














Hnh 7-7:Cm bin n ti

U
0
R
0
r
R
T

U
r
X
U
X
U
r
83
c) Thay i tit din ngang ca khung dy.
d) Mc in tr sun vo tng phn on ca cm bin tuyn tnh c tr s khc nhau.
Thc t phng php a v b rt kh thc hin do cng ngh ch to, ch c hai phng php sau
thng c s dng. Phng php thay i tit din ngang ca khung dy thng n gin cho ch
to. Ngi ta s dng dy qun tit din khng i v b mt khung nh nhau sut chiu di khung (nh
hnh 7-8).
Trong c:
h
x
l chiu cao khung ti v tr x.
l:chiu di lm vic ca cm bin .
W: s vng dy.
R
0
l in tr ton b ca cm bin.
S l tit din dy qun.
r
x
l in tr ng vi v tr x.




Nu tip im ng dch chuyn t v
tr x i mt on dx th in tr ng vi
dch chuyn l:
dr
x
=
s
dx .
l
W
). h b ( 2 ..
x
+


V b<< h
x
v coi nh b+h
x
h
x
nn c:
dr
x

s . l
W . h . 2 ..
x

.
ng dng cm bin in tr trong b
o mc cht lng hnh 7-9.
Trong :
1- B cht lng.
2- Phao ni vi b phn c kh.
3- Tip im ng.
4- Cm bin. 5- L g mt.

5. Cm bin in tr tip xc (bin
tr than)
Da trn nguyn l s thay
i in tr tip xc gia cc ht than
khi lc p ln (p lc) trn chng
thay i.
Cu to: gm cc ht than c kt
dnh theo mt phng php nht nh
thnh cc a ng knh t 5 n 30
mm dy 1mm n 2mm. Mi cm bin gm 10 n 15 a than xp chng nn nhau v c in tr
khong vi chc m. tng n nh khi lm vic cm bin c t di p sut ban u (khi
khng ti) khong 20kg/cm
2
, p sut ln nht khi lm vic (c ti) n (50 60) kg/cm
2
th in tr cm
bin gim (20 30)%. i lng vo l lc F ra l R
k
c tnh vo ra nh hnh 7-10.
quan h R
k
= f(F) m t theo cng thc :
0
k m k
R
F
K
R + = , vi:














Hnh 7-8: Cm bin in tr phi tuyn

h
x
dx
x
l

84

han ti ep lc ap han vi ti in tr
xuc tip dang thuc phu s h
than a liu vt thuc phu s h
:
k0
R
: m
: K
Nu cm bin gm n a th:

+ =
0
k
m
k
R
F
K
) 1 n ( R
Quan h R
k
= f(F) l phi tuyn khi F tng
n mt gi tr no th R
k
khng gim
na v c tnh cht tr nh c tnh hnh
7-10 l do tnh cht khng n hi ca vt
liu to nn. y l mt nguyn nhn gy
ra sai s, ngoi ra khi nhit tng th
in tr cm bin gim ( tng do mi
trng hoc do tn hao trong cm bin).
u im : n gin, cht to t vt liu r tin, cng sut tng i ln ti hng trm W v dng qua n
vi A, khng cn c cu khuch i. Thng dng o p lc v trong cc b phn t ng iu chnh
in p my pht mt chiu v xoay chiu.
V d: cm bin trong t ng iu chnh in p my pht mt chiu hnh 7-11 gm:
1-nam chm in mt chiu c cun dy
ni song song vi in p my pht, lc
ht nam chm s thay i ty in p ra.
2- l xo cn bng vi lc nam chm 1,
to ra lc p ln a than nh tay n 3,
b phn tha hnh l cm bin 4 ni vi
mch kch t my pht.

6. Cm bin kiu bin dng (tenz)
Ta bit rng khi c lc tc dng
vo vt dn th kch thc v cu trc
ca chng s thay i lm in tr thay
i. Li dng tnh cht ny ngi ta ch
to cm bin bin dng dng o v
kim tra cc lc bin dng c ca cc chi tit my, c loi kiu dy qun, kiu bn dn.

7.3. CM BIN IN CM















Hnh 7-10: Cm bin in tr tip xc v c tnh

F
I
a)
1
2
b)
R
F[kg
]
85
1. Cm bin c in cm thay i
Hnh 7-12 l loi cm bin in cm n gin nu b
qua t tr li thp, t thng r v t thng tn khe h khng
kh lm vic th ta c in cm.
2
) G
2
fW 2 (
2
0
R
U
2
) L (
2
) R
T
R (
U
I
: co Ta
]. m [ lam vic h khe dai chiu :
].
2
m [ mach t g din ngan tit : S
kh. khng cua thm t la ] H/m [
6 -
1,25.10 = :
0
dy cun dy vong s la
] H [
S
W G W L
W : Vi
0
2 2

+
=
+ +
=

= =


R
T
: in tr ti, R: in tr cun dy. in cm L s thay
i nu ta lm thay i khe h , din tch S hoc t thm
, dn n dng in i bin thin tng ng. ng dng hin
tng ny ngi ta ch to cc loi cm bin in cm khc
nhau.
Cm bin c phn ng chuyn dch ngang nh hnh 7-13.
nhy ca cm bin khi khe h thay i :

2
0
0
0
) 1 (
L L
K

+
=

Din tch khe h thay i l:
0
0
S
L
S
L
K =

L
0
: gi tr in cm ban u ca cm bin =
0
; S = S
0
.
v S : thay i khe h v din tch.
nhy K

l hm phi tuyn vi trong cc trng hp lm vic c phi tuyn nh c th chn

2 , 0
0
=

.

2. Sai s ca cm bin
Sai s ca cm bin chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t nh :
+ n nh ca bin v tn s ngun cung cp
+ Anh hng ca nhit n in tr dy qun v kch thc khe h lm vic.







a)











b)


Hnh 7-12: a) S ; b)c tnh cm
bin c khe h lm vic thay i
I
L
I, L


x
L R
u
86

3. Nhc im
Cm bin in cm c cc nhc im sau:
a) Xut hin lc ht in t tc dng ln
phn ng, to ra ph ti c trn phn t cn o
lng, kim tra nn dn n gim chnh xc khi
cm bin lm vic.
b) Dng trong mch lun khc khng, gi tr
nh nht ca n ng vi v tr khe h b nht (din
tch S ln nht) v bng dng t ha i
0
. iu ny
khng thun tin trong qu trnh o lng v lm
vic.
c) V cm bin c khe h ln, gim kch
thc v gi thnh th dng ngun cung cu c tn s
cao (100 3000) Hz v ln hn.
ng dng cm bin in cm nh trong thit
b t ng o p sut bnh hi t xa,...
Ngoi ra cn cm bin kiu bin in p,
bin p vi sai v cm bin n hi t.

7.4. CM BIN CM NG - CM BIN IN
DUNG - CM BIN IM
1. Nguyn l cm bin cm ng
Lm vic da trn hin tng cm ng in t. Nu t thng mc vng qua cun dy thay i th
s xut hin mt sc in ng cm ng trn cun dy. Loi ny c ch to lm hai loi, cun dy
chuyn ng trong t trng v cun dy ng yn trong t trng bin thin.
ng dng : lm cm bin o tc .

2. Cm bin in dung
Nguyn l : s thay i thng s cn o dn n thay i thng s ca in dung t in (khong cch
hay b mt din tch t lc thay i).

3. Cm bin im
L loi n gin nht, i lng vo l chuyn di, cn i lng ra l trng thi ng hay
m ( dn in ca h thng tip im).
Vi mt khong chuyn di quy nh no tip im ca n s ng hay m lm xut hin tn
hiu ra cho ta bit dch chuyn ( di ln hay nh so vi quy nh).
Dng trong kim tra kch thc v phn loi chi tit theo kch thc.

7.5. CM BIN QUANG

1. T bo quang dn
Cc t bo quang dn l mt trong nhng cm bin quang c nhy cao. C s vt l ca t bo
quang dn l hin tng quang dn do kt qu ca hiu ng quang in ni (hin tng gii phng ht ti
in trong vt liu di tc dng ca nh sng lm tng dn in ca vt liu).
a) Vt liu ch to cm bin
Cm bin quang thng c ch to bng cc cht bn dn a tinh th ng nht hoc n tinh
th, bn dn ring hoc bn dn pha tp, v d nh:
+a tinh th :CdS, CdSe, CdTe, PbS, PbSe, PbTe.
+n tinh th:Ge, Si tinh khit hoc pha tp Au, Cu, Sb, In, SbIn, AsIn, PIn, CdHgTe.
Vng ph lm vic ca cc vt liu ny khc nhau.
b) Cc c trng




a)








b)



Hnh 7-13: a) Cm bin phn ng chuyn
dch ngang; b) c tnh
x
d

u
d,
L
87
+ in tr: gi tr in tr ti R
c0
ph thuc vo dng hnh hc, kch thc, nhit v bn cht
l ha ca vt liu quang dn. in tr R
c
ca cm bin khi b chiu sng gim rt nhanh khi ri tng
ln. S ph thuc ca in tr vo thng lng nh sng khng tuyn tnh, tuy nhin c th tuyn tnh
ha bng cch s dng mt in tr mc song song vi t bo quang dn.
+ nhy: dn ca t bo quang dn l tng ca dn trong ti v dn khi chiu sng.
nhy ph l hm ca nhit ngun sng: khi nhit tng th nhy ph tng ln.
e) ng dng ca t bo quang dn
T bo quang dn c ng dng nhiu bi chng c t l chuyn i tnh v nhy cao cho php
n gin ha trong vic ng dng (v d iu khin cc rle hnh 7-14). Nhc im chnh ca t bo
quang dn l:
+Hi p ph thuc mt cch khng tuyn tnh vo thng lng.
+Thi gian hi p ln.
+Cc c trng khng n nh (gi ha).
+ nhy ph thuc vo nhit .
+Mt s loi i hi phi lm ngui.
Ngi ta khng dng t bo quang dn xc nh chnh xc thng lng. Thng thng chng
c s dng phn bit mc sng khc nhau (trng thi ti- sng hoc xung nh sng). Thc t th t
bo quang dn thng ng dng trong hai trng hp:
+ iu khin rle th khi c thng lng nh sng chiu ln t bo quang dn, in tr ca n
gim ng k cho dng in I chy qua t bo. Dng in ny c s dng trc tip hoc thng
qua khuch i ng m rle.
+Thu tn hiu quang dng bin i xung quang thnh xung in. S ngt qung ca xung nh
sng chiu ln t bo quang dn s c phn nh trung thc qua xung in ca mch o, ng dn
o tc quay ca a hoc m vt.

2. Cp quang
a) Cu to v cc tnh cht chung
Hnh 7-15 biu din dng n gin ca cp quang. N gm mt li vi chit sut n
1
bn knh a (10
n 100m) v mt v c chit sut n
2
< n
1
dy khong 50m. Vt liu ch to cp quang bao gm:
+SiO
2
tinh khit hoc pha tp nh.
+Thy tinh, thnh phn ca SiO
2
v ph gia Na
2
O
3
, B
2
O
3
, PbO,..
+Polime(trong mt s trng hp).












a n
1

n
2

Hnh 7-15: Mi trng c chit sut khc
nhau


a) b)
Hnh 7-14: Dng t bo quang in iu khin
rle
a) iu khin trc tip; b) iu khin qua

88
mt phn cch gia hai mi trng c chit sut tng ng bng n
1
v n
2
cc gc
1
v
2
do tia
sng to thnh vi ng trc gic ca mt phng (hnh 7-16) lin h vi nhau bi biu thc Descates
n
1
sin
1
= n
2
sin
2
.
Khi n
1
> n
2
s xy ra phn x ton phn nu:

1
> Arcsin(n
2
/n
1
) =
0

Vi iu kin nh vy, trong cp quang tia sng s b giam gi trong li v c truyn i bng phn
x lin tc ni tip nhau (hnh 7-16b). V d nu n
1
=1,15 v n
2
= 1,50 s c gc gii hn
0
=83
0
30

.
b)ng dng ca cp quang
+Trong truyn tin: y l ng dng quan trng nht, truyn thng tin di dng tn hiu nh sng
lan truyn trong cp quang l trnh cc tn hiu in t k sinh hoc m bo cch in gia mch
in ngun v my thu. Trong ng dng ny thng tin c truyn i ch yu bng cch m ha cc
xung nh sng. i khi ngi ta c th truyn thng tin i bng cch bin iu bin hoc tn s ca
nh sng. Khi thit lp mt ng dy truyn tin bng cp quang, phi nh gi cng sut ca tn hiu
thu c cng nh s tiu hao nng lng do cp quang v cc mi ni gy ra.
+Quan st v o bng phng tin quang hc: cp quang cho php quan st hoc o c bng
cc phng php quang nhng ch kh tip cn hoc trong cc mi trng c hi. S dng cp quang
c th dn nh sng ti c nhng v tr m trong iu kin bnh thng nh sng khng th chiu ti
c.

























n
1
>n
2
n
1

n
2

0

0

1

a)

1

2

b)
Hnh 7-16: a) khc x trn mt phn cch
gia hai mi trng; b) phn x ton
phn trong cp quang
89












Chng 8. CNG TC T- KHI NG T- CU CHY
PTMT

8.1. CNG TC T

1. Khi qut v cng dng
Cng tc t l mt loi thit b in dng ng ct t xa, t ng hoc bng nt n cc mch
in lc c ph ti in p n 500V, dng in n 600A.
Cng tc t c hai v tr l ng v ct. Tn s ng c th ti 1500 ln mt gi.

2. Phn loi
Cng tc t h p thng l kiu khng kh c phn ra cc loi sau:
a) Phn theo nguyn l truyn ng
+ Cng tc t in t (truyn ng bng lc ht in t, loi ny thng gp).
+ Cng tc t kiu hi p.
+ Cng tc t kiu thy lc.
b) Phn theo dng dng in
+ Cng tc t mt chiu
+ Cng tc t xoay chiu
c) Phn theo kiu kt cu
+ Cng tc t hn ch chiu cao (dng gm xe,...)
+ Cng tc t hn ch chiu rng (nh lp bung tu in,...)

3. Cc b phn chnh ca cng tc t
Cng tc t in t c cc b phn chnh nh sau:
+ H thng tip im chnh.
+ H thng dp h quang.
+ C cu in t.
+ H thng tip im ph.

4. Cc yu cu c bn ca tc cng t
a) in p nh mc U
m

L in p ca mch in tng ng m tip im chnh phi ng/ct, c cc cp: + 110V, 220V,
440V mt chiu v 127V, 220V, 380V, 500V xoay chiu.
Cun ht c th lm vic bnh thng in p trong gii hn t 85% n 105%U
m
.
b) Dng in nh mc I
m

L dng in i qua tip im chnh trong ch lm vic gin on - lu di, ngha l ch
ny thi gian cng tc t trng thi ng khng lu qu 8 gi.
Cng tc t h p c cc cp dng thng dng: 10, 20, 25, 40, 60, 75, 100, 150, 250, 300, 600A).
Nu t cng tc t trong t in th dng in nh mc phi ly thp hn 10% v lm mt km, khi lm
vic di hn th chn dng in nh mc nh hn na.
90
b) Kh nng ct v kh nng ng
L dng in cho php i qua tip im chnh khi ct v khi ng mch.
V du: cng tc t xoay chiu dng iu khin ng c khng ng b ba pha lng sc cn c kh
nng ng yu cu dng in bng ( 3 7)I
m
. Kh nng ct vi cng tc t xoay chiu phi t bi s
khong 10 ln dng in nh mc khi ti cm.
c) Tui th cng tc t
Tnh bng s ln ng m (sau s ln ng m y cng tc t s khng dng c tip tc na, h
hng c th do mt bn c kh hoc bn in).
+ bn c kh: xc nh bi s ln ng ct khng ti, tui th c kh t 10 n 20 triu ln.
+ bn in: xc nh bi s ln ng ct c ti nh mc, cng tc t hin nay t khong 3 triu
ln.
d) Tn s thao tc
S ln ng ct trong thi gian mt gi b hn ch bi s pht nng ca tip im chnh do h
quang. C cc cp: 30, 100, 120, 150, 300, 600, 1.200 n 1.500 ln trn mt gi, ty ch cng tc
ca my sn xut m chn cng tc t c tn s thao tc khc nhau.
h) Tnh n nh lc in ng
Cho php dng ln nht qua tip im chnh m lc in ng gy ra khng lm tch ri tip
im. Quy nh dng th lc in ng gp 10 ln dng nh mc.
g) Tnh n nh nhit
Cng tc t c tnh n nh nhit tc l khi c dng ngn mch chy qua trong khong thi gian
cho php th cc tip im khng b nng chy hoc b hn dnh.

5. H thng tip im
Yu cu ca h thng tip im l phi chu c mi mn v in v c trong cc ch
lm vic nng n, c tn s thao tc ng ct ln, do vy in tr tip xc ca tip im cng tc t R
tx

thng l tip xc ng (tip im hnh ngn hoc kiu bc cu).

6. Nguyn l lm vic ca h thng dp h quang
Theo l thuyt c cc nguyn tc c bn c nu trong chng 1.
Ta xt y mt vi kt cu dp h quang ang ph bin:
a) Thit b dp h quang trong cng tc t mt chiu
Trong cng tc t mt chiu thng dng phng php dp h quang bng t trng ngoi. H
thng ny c chia ra lm ba loi :
+H thng c cun dy dp h quang ni ni tip (thng c s dng do c nhiu u im
nh: chiu thi t khng i v khi dng in thay i chiu th chiu t trng cng thay i theo.
Ngoi ra c st p trn cun dy dp h quang nh).
+H thng c cun dy dp h quang ni song song (loi ny t c dng do nhiu nhc im
nh: chiu lc tc dng vo h quang ph thuc chiu dng ti, cch in cun dp ln do u song song
vi ngun, khi s c ngn mch gy st p th hiu qu dp gim nhiu).
+H thng dng nam chm in vnh cu (v bn cht gn ging cun dy mc song song nhng
c nhng u im sau: khng tiu hao nng lng to t trng, gim c tn hao cho cng tc t,
khng gy pht nng cho cng tc t, v vy khi dng in b loi ny c s dng rng ri).
Hnh 8-1 l kt cu thit b dp h quang in mt chiu trong cng tc t.
b) Thit b dp h quang trong cng tc t xoay chiu
Cc cng tc t xoay chiu thng dng dng trong cng nghip thng b tr ch to c hai im
ngt trn mt pha (dng tip im kiu bc cu).
nng cao tin cy lm vic ca b phn dp h quang v bo v tip im thng b tr
b xung cc cc bin php nh:
91
+Dp h quang bng cun dy thi t ni tip km hp dp h quang c khe hp.
+ Chia h quang ra lm nhiu h quang ngn, h quang b thi vo hp cu trc bng nhiu tm
thp ghp song song.

7. Nguyn l lm vic ca cng tc t kiu in t
Hnh 8-2 l kiu nguyn l chung ca cng tc t kiu in t.
Trn hnh 8-2 ta thy c cu in t ca cng tc t gm cc b phn c bn:
+ Mch t: l cc li thp c dng ch E hoc ch U c ghp bng cc l tn silc c chiu
dy 0,35mm hoc 0,5mm gim tn hao st t do dng in xoy. Mch t thng chia lm hai phn,
mt phn c kp cht c nh (phn tnh), phn cn li l np (gi l phn ng hay phn ng) c
ni vi h thng tip im qua h thng tay n.
+ Cun dy ht : cun dy c in tr rt b so vi in khng. Dng in trong cun dy ph
thuc vo khe h khng kh gia np v li thp c nh. Kt qu l khng c php cho in p vo
cun dy khi nu v l do no y m np b gi v tr m (dng lc s rt ln do tng tr vo cng
tc t nh).
+ Cc cun dy ca phn ln cc cng tc t c tnh ton sao cho php ng ngt vi tn s
600 ln trong mt gi, ng vi h s thng in L = 40%.
+ Cun dy ca cng tc t xoay chiu cng c th c cung cp t li in mt chiu. Cun
dy c th lm vic tin cy (ht phn ng), khi in p cung cp cho n nm trong phm vi (85 110)%
U
m
. Nu ta gi t s gia tr s in p nh v in p ht ca cun dy l h s tr v, th h s ny c




92
th t ti (0,6 0,7). iu c ngha l khi in p cun dy st xung cn (0,6 0,7) tr s in p
ht th np s b nh v ngt mch in.
+ C cu truyn ng: phi c kt cu sao cho gim c thi gian thao tc ng ngt tip im,
nng cao lc p cc tip im v gim c ting ku va p.
+ Np chuyn ng xoay chiu bn l: tip im chuyn ng thng c tay n truyn chuyn
ng (hnh 8-2a).
+ Np v tip im: chuyn ng thng theo hai phng vung gc vi nhau (hnh 8-2b).
+ Np chuyn ng thng, tip im
chuyn ng xoay quanh bn l (hnh 8-2c).
+ Np v tip im u chuyn ng
xoay quanh mt bn l c mt h thng tay
n chung (hnh 8-2d), trng hp ny lc p
trn tip im ln.
Nguyn l lm vic ca cng tc t in mt
chiu kiu in t cng tng t nh trn,
thng ch khc hnh dng kt cu truyn
ng ca mch t ti tip im. C th l cng
tc t in mt chiu hu ht s dng mch t
kiu supp c tip im ng bt cht ngay
vo np. Ngoi ra, v l in mt chiu nn
mch t thng lm bng st t mm, cun
dy thng c hnh tr trn, c th qun st
vo li v li thp t nng hn trng hp in
xoay chiu. Hnh dng chung ca cng tc t
mt chiu nh hnh 8-4.
Trong : 1. l tip im tnh c bt cht
vo quai 2; 3 cun dp h quang; 4. dy dn;
5. cch in; 6. mc thp; 7. tip im
ng; 8. gi ;9. cc dn dy
ra; 10. dy mm; 11. sng bo
v tip im ng ; 12. l xo.

8. Cng tc t chn khng
Cng tc t chn
khng c bit thch hp vi
cng vic ng m cc ng
c cn ng/m thng
xuyn.
V du: ng c trung
p ca cc my bm, ca b
t b in hoc qut.
Cng tc t chn
khng c tui th 1 x 10
6
chu
k ng/ct v c th lm vic
vi tn s ng ct 1200 ng/ct mt gi.
Cc tnh nng ca cng tc t chn khng kiu
VRC( hnh 8- 4) biu din nh sau:

Bng 8.1: Mt s loi cng tc t chn khng
in p nh mc [ kV] 3,6 7,2 12
Dng in nh mc [A]
+ Dng cho ng c n [kW]
+Dng cho t in n [kVAr]
450
1500
2000
450
2000
4000
250
4000
4000


















93
8.2. KHI NG T

1. Khi qut v cng dng
Khi ng t l mt loi thit b in dng iu khin t xa vic ng/ct, o chiu v bo
v qu ti (nu c mc thm rle nhit) cho cc ng c ba pha rtor lng sc. Khi ng t khi c mt
cng tc t gi l khi ng t n, thng dng iu khin ng ct ng c in. Khi ng t c
hai cng tc t gi l khi ng t kp, dng khi ng v iu khin o chiu ng c in. Mun
khi ng t bo v c ngn mch phi mc thm cu chy.

2. Cc yu cu k thut ch yu
ng c khng ng b ba pha lm vic lin tc hay khng nh ch yu vo lm vic tin cy
ca khi ng t. Khi ng t mun lm vic tin cy cn tha mn cc yu cu k thut sau:
+Tip im phi c bn chu c mi mn cao.
+Kh nng ng ct ca khi ng t phi cao.
+Thao tc ng ct phi dt khot.
+Tiu th cng sut t nht.
+Bo v tin cy ng c in khi qu ti lu di.
+Tha mn cc iu kin khi ng ng c khng ng b rotor lng sc c h s dng khi
ng t bng t 5 n 7 ln dng in nh mc.
tha mn cc yu cu trn y, trong sn xut ngi ta ch to tip im ng ngy mt nh,
ng thi tng cng l xo nen tip im. Lm nh vy s gim c thi gian chn ng tip im
trong qu trnh m my ng c, do gim c mi mn tip im.
Thi gian chn ng l mt ch tiu quan trng ni ln bn chu mn ca tip im. Cc kt
qu nghin cu th nghim cho thy rng nu rt ngn c 0,5ms thi gian chn ng lc ng khi
ng t m my ng c in th s gim c mi mn tip im i khong 50 ln. Cc khi
ng t ca Lin X (c) c loi nh kiu 422, thi gian chn ng ch 3ms, kiu 222 - 1,5ms,
ng thi kh nng ng ngt v in t ti 1.10
6
ln thao tc. Hng Siemens (c) sn xut khi
ng t t c tui th v in ti 2.10
6
ln thao tc (v d kiu K -915).
Khi ngt khi ng t, in p phc hi trn tip im bng hiu s in p li v sc in
ng ca ng c in. Kt qu trn cc tip im ch cn xut hin mt in p bng khong (15
20)% U
m
tc l thun li cho qu trnh ngt. Cc kt qu nghin cu th nghim v khi ng t cho
thy mn tip im khi ng ng c ln gp 3 n 4 ln mn tip im khi ngt khi ng t
trong iu kin ang lm vic bnh thng.

3. bn chu mi mn v in v c ca cc tip im khi ng t
Tui th ca cc tip im v in v v c thng do ba yu t sau y quyt nh:
+ Kt cu.
+ Cng ngh sn xut.
+ S dng vn hnh v sa cha.
a) bn chu mn v in
mn tip im v in ln nht khi khi ng t m my ng c in khng ng b rotor
lng sc, h quang in sinh ra khi cc tip im ng dp vo tip im tnh b chn ng bt tr li.
Lc ny dng in i qua khi ng t bng 6 - 7 ln dng in nh mc, do h quang in cng
tng ng vi dng in .
Kt qu nghin cu, th nghim vi nhiu kiu khi ng t khc nhau cho thy rng khi gim
thi gian chn ng cc tip im, bn chu mn ca chng tng ln r rt. Trong ch to khi ng t
ngy nay ngi ta thng dng kt cu tip im bc cu gim b thi gian chn ng th nht, ng
thi lm tip im ng c trng lng b v tng cng l xo nn ban u ln tip im. Gim thi gian
chn ng th hai bng cch t nm l xo vo li thp tnh ng thi vi vic nng cao bn chu mi
mn v c ca nam chm in.
Tnh trng b mt lm vic ca cc tip im cng nh hng r rt n mc mi mn. iu
ny thng xy ra trong qa trnh s dng v nht l do cht lng sa cha bo dng tip im. Hin
tng cong vnh, nghing cc b mt tip im lm tip xc xu dn ti gim nhanh chng bn chu
94
mn ca tip im. gim nh hng ca hin tng ny, ngi ta thng ch to tip im ng c
ng knh b hn tip im tnh mt cht v c dng mt cu.
Vt liu lm tip im khi dng in b (nh hn 100A) cc khi ng t c nh thng l
lm bng bt bc nguyn cht. Cn cc khi ng t c ln (dng in ln hn 100A) thng lm
bng bt gm kim loi nh hn hp bc - caimi xt (m hiu COK - 15) hoc bc - niken.
b) bn chu mn v c
Cng nh hu ht cc thit b in h p, cc chi tit ng ca khi ng t lm vic khng c
du m bi trn, tc l lm vic kh. Do phi chn vt liu t b mn do ma st v khng b g. Ngy
nay ngi ta thng dng kim loi - nha c bn chu mn cao, c th bn gp 200 ln mn gia
kim loi - kim loi.
Cc yu t nh hng n bn chu mi mn v c ca khi ng t thng l:
+ Kiu kt cu (cch b tr cc b phn c bn).
+ Ph ti ring (t ti) ch c ma st v va p.
+ H thng gim chn ng ca nam chm.
Chn ng khi ng t, s dng v vn hnh ng ch , cng lm tng tui th v c. i
vi cc khi ng t kiu thng dng, cn phi m bo:
+ Lm sch bi v m nc.
+ La chn ph hp vi cng sut v ch lm vic ca ng c.
+ Lp t ng, ngay ngn, khng khi ng t b rung, ku ng k.
bn chu mi mn v c kh ca khi ng t c th t ti 10.10
6
ln thao tc ng/ct.

4. Kt cu v nguyn l lm vic
Khi ng t thng c phn chia:
+ Theo in p nh mc ca cun dy ht : 36V, 127V, 220V, 380V, v 500V.
+ Theo kt cu bo v chng tc ng bi mi trng xung quanh c cc loi: h, bo v, chng
bi, chng n,...
+ Theo kh nng lm bin i chiu quay ng c in: c loi khng o chiu v o chiu.
+ Theo s lng v loi tip im : c loi thng m v thng ng.
Cn c vo iu kin lm vic ca khi ng t nh nu trn, trong ch to khi ng t,
ngi ta thng dng kt cu tip im bc cu (c hai ch ngt mch mi pha) do i vi c nh
d 25A khng cn dng thit b dp h quang cng knh di dng li hoc hp thi t.
Kt cu khi ng t ni chung u bao gm cc b phn c hnh dng tng t nh hnh 8-5.
Tip im ng 1 c ch to kiu bc cu c l xo nn tip im tng lc tip xc v t
phc hi trng thi ban u.
Gi tip im 3 lm bng ng thanh m kn hoc km trn c hn vin tip im tnh 4
thng lm bng bt gm kim loi.
Nam chm in chuyn ng c h thng mch t hnh E gm li thp tnh 5 v li thp phn
ng 6 nh l xo 7, khi ng t t tr v v tr ban u. Vng chp mch 8 c t u mt hai mch
r ca li thp ng.

95
Li thp phn ng 6 ca nam chm in c lp ghp lin vi hai gi cch in 9, trn c
mang cc tip im ng1 v cc l xo tip im 2. Gi cch in 9 (thng lm bng baklit) chuyn
ng trong cc rnh dn hng 10 trn thanh nha c ca khi ng t. Cc tip im chnh c np
y kn lm nhim v hp dp h quang v bnh thng lm bng vt liu chu h quang.
Khi ng t cng cn c cc cm tip im ph kiu bc cu (12), s lng ty thuc tng kiu
c th.
bo v ng c in khi b qa ti, khi ng t thng c lp km theo rle nhit hai pha
v lp cng mt gi vi khi ng t.
Khi ng t o chiu (gi l khi ng t kp) gm hai khi ng t n c cu to nh trn,
lp trn cng mt gi, c thm kha lin ng v c kh kiu n by( 2) phng c hai khi ng t
cng ng ng thi. C cu ny c b tr di chn . Khi ng t kp cng c kiu lp km
theo c rle nhit trn cng mt gi.
Hnh 8-6 l s mc khi ng t kp iu khin o chiu ng c khng ng b ba pha lng sc.





















Hnh 8-6: S dng khi ng t m my v o chiu ng c khng ng b lng sc.


T
N
T
N
D KT
T
KN
N
N
T
RN
RN
96
8.3. CU CHY (Cu ch)

1. Khi qut v cng dng
Cu chy l loi thit b in dng bo v thit
b in v li in trnh qu (dng ch yu l dng ngn
mch) thng dng bo v cho ng dy, my bin p,
ng c,...

2. c im
Cu chy cu to n gin, kch thc b kh
nng ct ln, gi thnh h nn ng dng rng ri.

3. Cc phn t c bn ca cu chy

+Dy chy : l phn t c bn ca cu chy,
ct mt cch tin cy cho mch in cn bo
v yu cu dy chy tha mn:
- Khng b xy ha.
- Dn in tt.
- in tr khng thay i theo nhit .
- Nhit nng chy tng i thp.
+Thit b dp h quang: h quang pht sinh sau khi dy chy b
t cu chy ct mch
(khng c mch h p m ch c cu chy cao p).

4. Cc tnh cht yu cu ca cu chy
c tnh A -s ca cu chy (ng 1 trong hnh 8-7) phi thp hn ng c tnh i tng
cn bo v (ng 2 trong hnh 8-7).
-Cu chy cn c c tnh lm vic n nh.
-Cng sut thit b cng tng cu chy cng phi c kh nng ct cao hn.
-Khi c ngn mch cu chy phi lm vic c la chn theo th t.
-Vic thay th dy chy phi d dng t tn thi gian.

5. Nguyn l lm vic
c tnh Am pe- giy ( A-s) hnh 8-6 l s ph thuc ca thi gian chy vo dng in qua cu
chy.
c tc dng bo v c tnh cu chy 1 lun thp hn c tnh thit b (ng 2) nhng c
tnh thc t l ng 3 trong vng c qu ti ln (vng B) bo v c cn vng (A) qu ti nh khng
bo v c. Thc t dng khi qu ti khng ln hn (1,52)I
m
th s pht nng din ra chm, phn ln
nhit ta ra mi trng xung quanh nn cu chy khng bo v c qu ti nh.
m bo khi lm vic vi dng nh mc dy chy khng t th dng gii hn ca dy chy
I
gh
>I
m
.
cu chy bo v tt v nhy c khi I
gh
>I
m
khng nhiu th theo kinh nghim chn I
gh
/I
m
=
(1,62) vi ng, I
gh
/I
m
=(1,251,45) vi ch, I
gh
/I
m
=1,15 vi thic v nhm.
Dng nh mc ca cu chy chn sao cho khi dng ny chy lin tc qua dy chy ch pht nng
ln nht ca dy chy khng lm kim loi b xy ha qu mc v bin i c tnh bo v, ng thi
nhit pht ra bn ngoi khng qu gi tr n nh.
gi tr gn dng in gii hn ( I
gh
) yu cu dy chy cng phi gn n nhit nng chy
khng lm nh hng n cc chi tit khc tc l phi chn dy chy l kim loi c nhit nng chy
thp.
Khi qu ti ln I= (34)I
m
th qu trnh pht nng l qu trnh on nhit (nng cc b dy
chy, dng chy chuyn sang dng lng khi qu trnh Ion ha di nhit cao lm kh dp tt h quang
h quang hn, do vy mong mun cng t kim loi lng cng tt. Ngi ta ch to dy chy cu to c
nhiu on hp khi mt dng cao ni tht hp, lc in ng sinh ra s ct nhanh dy chy. Dy












Hnh 8-7: c tnh dy chy

t[s
]
I/I
m
11,2 2 3 4 5 6
2
1
3

B A
97
chy c on hp lm gim thi gian ct, nu c phi hp vi thit b dp h quang th thi gian tc ng
t
t
ch cn vi phn nghn giy.

6. Kt cu cu chy h p
a) Loi h
loi h khng c v bc thng ch gm dy chy dp dng phin bng kim loi (Cu, Al, Pb,
Zn, Sn). Vt 2 cc ngun t trn bng cch in (s, gm,...) c cc loi dy chy 5, 10, 15, 30A.
b) Loi vn
loi ny dy chy pha trong np, np c dng vn vt vo loi ny dy chy c cc loi 6,
10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 60, 100A in p 500V hnh 8-7b.
c) Loi hp
Thng hp v np u lm bng s c bt cht cc tip xc in bng ng, c kp n hoc
kp khi ri np, dy chy trn np c cc c 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 60, 80, 100A 500V hnh 8-7c,d.
d) Loi kn khng c ct thch anh
Loi ny dy chy t trong ng khng c ct thch anh: v lm bng cht hu c (mt loi
xenlul) c dng ng dy chy t trong ng hai u c vt, ni vi cc cc in qua vng m. Dy
chy thng bng km (nhit nng chy bng 420
0
C) nhit nng chy thp v c kh nng chng
g tt.
Qu trnh dp h quang: khi dy chy t lm pht sinh h quang nhit tng cao lm v ng b
t chy sinh ra kh hi trong ng hp (c 40%H
2
, 50%CO
2
, 10% hi nc) lm p sut ng tng cao (40
80at) nhanh chng dp tt h quang c ng c hai c:
+Loi ngn lm vic vi in p U=380V
+Loi di lm vic vi U=500V
Ty c ng knh ng m dng lm vic khc nhau 6, 10 hay 15A.
e) Loi kn trong ng c ct thch anh
c tnh bo v ca loi ny tt cn gi l cu chy ng s.Thng v cu chy lm bng s
(hoc steatit) c dng hp ch nht trong v c tr trn rng t dy chy, sau y ct thch anh,
dy chy c vt vo a gn trn 2 u hp. Dy chy thng bng l ng l dy (0,1 0,2)mm dp l
di to tit din hp. Nhm gim nhit t chy ca ng (1080
0
C) ngi ta hn thm cc vy
thic vo nhng ch tit din hp.
98
Ch
+I
cc
: Dng nh mc ca cu chy.
+I
dc
: Dng nh mc ca dy chy. Thng I
cc
I
dc
(v mt cu chy c th mc nhiu c dy).

7. Dy chy v cch tnh gn ng dng in i
gh

Khi chn kim loi lm dy chy cn m
bo cc yu cu:
-im nng chy thp.
-Kim loi vt liu phi t.
-Qun tnh nhit phi nh.
gim nhit tc ng
ngi ta thng dng hai bin
php l:
+ Dng dy dt c
ch tht li gim tit din.
+ Dng dy trn trn
mt s on hn thm mt s
vy kim loi c nhit nng
chy thp (ng dng hiu ng
luyn kim).
Ngoi ra nhit ion ha hi kim loi
phi cao, v thm mt s iu kin ph na. Theo
th t gim nhit ha hi ion ca mt s kim loi
l:

Zn>Ag>Cu>Pb>Mg>Ni>Sn>Al.
Thc t khng c kim loi no tha mn
ht cc yu cu trn c nn khc phc ngi
ta thng ch to bng hp kim. Thng thng dy
chy dng cc kim loi sau:
+ Ch (Pb): dng nhiu do mm, nhit
nng chy thp nhng khi lng ln v d b xy
ha trong khng kh nn ch dng khi dng in b,
kch thc nh d lp rp. khc phc nhc
im trn ngi ta dng hp kim gim nhit
nng chy.
+ Km (Zn): nhit nng chy thp, gi r,
dng cho dng t (20 500)A .
Ngoi ra cn dng Ag, Cu v cn i khi dng Al.

9. Cu chy cao p (H. R. C)
Dng bo v t in, my bin p v cn
tnh n dng in qa . Trong thit b t in,
dng nh mc ca dy chy ti thiu bng 1,6 ln
dng nh mc ca t in, tnh n cc iu
ha ca li v s tng in p. Kiu sng nh
hnh 8-8a.
Khi chn cu chy bo v ng c cao p,
cn ch n dng khi ng ca ng c v thi
gian khi ng. Cng cn ch n tn s khi
ng, nu tn s qa cao, cc cu chy s khng
th ngui gia cc ln ng m. Khi chn cu
chy cng cn nh rng chng c in p nh mc



99
v tr s dng in khc nhau khi cu chy c kch thc khc nhau.
Kh nng hn ch dng in
Dng in ti a cu chy cho php chy qua ph thuc vo dng nh mc ca n v vo din
bin dng ngn mch. c tnh chy ca cu chy do nh sn xut cho php di dng in ct theo cc
tiu chun k thut (v d theo tiu chun DIN VDE 0670).
i vi mi dng in nh mc, ta c th c gi tr nh ca dng in qua, vi gi tr cu
chy hn ch dng ngn mch i xng.
S hn ch dng in ny bo v thit b c hiu qu, chng c h hng do ng sut c v
nhit.


8.4. PTMT

1. Khi qut v yu cu
p t mt l thit b in dng t ng ct mch in bo v qu ti, ngn mch, st p,... h
quang c dp trong khng kh.
Yu cu ca p t mt
+ Ch lm vic nh mc ca p t mt phi l ch lm vic di hn (tc l cho dng
I=I
m
qua di hn). Mt khc mch dng in phi chu c dng in ln (khi ngn mch) lc cc tip
im hay ang ng.
+Phi ct c dng ngn mch ln vi chc kA v sau khi ngt phi m bo lm vic tt khi
I=I
m
.
+Yu cu thi gian ct ptmt nh bo v cc thit b khc. Mun vy phi kt hp lc thao
tc c hc vi thit b dp h quang trong ptmt. thc hin yu cu thao tc chn lc bo v, p t
mt phi c kh nng hiu chnh dng tc ng v thi gian tc ng .
Thi gian tc ng ca p t mt : t = t
o
+ t
1
+ t
2
. Trong :



100
+t
0
l thi gian tnh t lc s c xy ra n khi i tng n i=I
k
ph thuc
dt
di
.
+t
1
l thi gian t khi i=I
k
n khi tip im ptmt bt u chuyn ng, thi gian ny ph
thuc vo c cu ngt.
+t
2
l thi gian chy ca h quang (ph thuc b phn dp h quang v tr dng in ngt).

2. Phn loi- cu to v nguyn l lm vic
a) Phn loi
Phn theo kt cu
+Loi mt cc.
+Loi hai cc.
+Loi ba cc.
Phn theo thi gian tc ng
+ Tc ng khng tc thi.
+ Tc ng tc thi.
Phn loi theo cng dng bo v
+ Dng cc i.
+ Dng cc tiu.
+ p cc tiu.
+ ptmt bo v cng sut in ngc.
+ ptmt vn nng (ch to cho mch c dng in ln cc thng s bo v c th chnh nh
c) loi ny khng c v v lp t trong cc trm bin p ln.
+ ptmt nh hnh: bo v qu ti bng rle nhit, bo v qu in p bng rle in t, t
trong v nha.
b) Nguyn l lm vic ca ptmt
S nguyn l bo v chc nng ca ptmt nh hnh 8-9a, b, c, d:tng ng vi cc c cu
bo v dng cc i, in p thp, dng cc tiu v bo v cng sut ngc.
c) Cu to ptmt
+Tip im: c hai cp tip im (tip im chnh v tip im h quang) hoc ba cp tip im (chnh,
ph, h quang). ng mch ptmt th th t ng tip im l: h quang, ph, chnh, khi ct th
ngc li (nhm bo v tip im chnh). Tip im h quang thng cu to bng kim loi gm chu
c h quang nh Ag-W, Cu-W, Ni ,...).
Hnh 8-10 trnh by mt h thng tip im trong ptmt: 2, 3 l tip im chnh; 4 l cc tip
im ph; 5 l cc tip im h quang.
101
+ Hp dp h quang: ptmt dp c h quang trong tt c cc ch lm vic ca li in th
ngi ta thng dng hai kiu thit b dp h quang l: kiu na kn v kiu h. Thit b dp kiu na
kn c t trong v kn ca ptmt v c l thot kh. Kiu ny c dng in gii hn ct khng qu
50kA. Thit b dp kiu h c dng khi gii hn dng in ct ln hn 50kA hoc in p ln hn
1000V. Trong bung dp h quang thng dng ngi ta thng dng nhng tm thp xp thnh li
ngn. phn chia h quang thnh nhiu on
ngn thun li cho vic dp tt h quang. Hnh
dng kt cu hp dp h quang c trnh by
trn (hnh 8-10), 6 l hp dp h quang. Cng
mt thit b dp tt h quang, khi lm vic
mch in xoay chiu in p n 500V th c th
dp tt c h quang ca dng in n 40kA,
nhng khi lm vic mch in mt chiu in
p n 440V th ch c th ct c dng in
n 20kA.
+ C cu truyn ng ct ptmt: truyn ng ct
ptmt thng c hai cch: bng tay v bng c
in (in t, ng c in). iu khin bng tay
c thc hin vi cc ptmt c dng in nh
mc khng ln hn 600A. iu khin bng in
t (nam chm in) c ng dng cc ptmt
c dng in ln hn n 1000A. tng lc
iu khin bng tay ngi ta cn dng mt tay
di ph theo nguyn l n by. Ngoi ra cn c
cch iu khin bng ng c in hoc kh nn.
Hnh 8-11 trnh by c cu iu khin cc
ptmt bng nam chm in c nh khp t do.
Khi ng bnh thng (khng c s c), cc tay
n 2 v 3 c ni cng (v tm xoay o nm
thp di ng ni hai im o
1
v o
2.
). Gi 5
lm cho hai n ny khng t gp li c. Ta
ni im o l v tr cht. Khi c s c, phn ng 6 ca nam chm in 7 b ht p vo h thng tay n




102
2, 3 lm cho im o thot khi v tr cht . im o s cao hn ng ni o
1
o
2
, lc ny tay n 2, 3
khng c ni cng na. Cc tip im s nhanh chng m ra di tc dng ca l xo ko tip im
(hnh 8-11b). Mun ng li ptmt, ta phi ko tay cm 4 xung pha di nh hnh 8-11c, sau
mi ng vo c.
Mc bo v: Aptmt t ng ct nh cc phn t bo v gi l mc bo v.
+Mc bo v qu ti (cn gi l qu dng in): bo v thit b in khi b qu ti, ng thi gian
- dng in ca mc bo v phi nm di ng c tnh ca i tng cn bo v. Ngi ta thng
dng h thng in t v rle nhit lm mc bo v t bn trong ptmt. Mc kiu in t c cun
dy mc ni tip vi mch in chnh. Khi dng in vt qu tr s cho php th phn ng b ht v
mc s b p vo khp ri t do, lm tip im ca ptmt m ra nh hnh 8-11. iu chnh vt
thay i lc khng ca l xo, ta c th iu chnh c tr s dng in tc ng. gi thi gian trong
bo v qa ti kiu in t, ngi ta thm mt c cu gi thi gian (v d bnh xe rng nh trong c
cu ng h). Mc kiu rle nhit n gin hn c, loi ny c kt cu tng t rle nhit c phn t
pht nng ni ni tip vi mch in chnh, tm kim loi kp dn n lm nh khp ri t do m tip
im ca ptmt khi c qu ti. Kiu ny c nhc im l qun tnh nhit ln nn khng ngt nhanh
c dng in tng vt nh khi c ngn mch, do ch bo v c dng in qu ti. V vy ngi
ta thng s dng tng hp c mc kiu in t v mc kiu rle nhit trong mt ptmt. Loi ny
thng c dng ptmt c dng in nh mc n 600A.
+ Mc bo v st p: (cn gi l bo v in p thp) cng thng dng kiu in t. Cun dy mc
song song vi mch in chnh. Nguyn l lm vic xem hnh 8-9.

3. Cch la chn ptmt
Vic la chn ptmt, ch yu da vo :Dng in tnh ton i trong mch; Dng in qu ti; Tnh
thao tc c chn lc.
Ngoi ra la chn ptmt cn phi cn c vo c tnh lm vic ca ph ti v ptmt khng
c php ct khi c qu ti ngn hn (thng xy ra trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng nh dng
in khi ng, dng in nh trong ph ti cng ngh). Yu cu chung l dng in nh mc ca
mc bo v I
apt
khng c b hn dng in tnh ton (I
tt
) ca mch :
I
apt
I
tt
Ty theo c tnh v iu kin lm vic c th ca ph ti, ngi ta hng dn la chn dng
in nh mc ca mc bo v bng 125%, 150% hay ln hn na so vi dng in tnh ton ca mch.
Sau cng ta chn ptmt theo cc s liu k thut cho ca nh ch to.


Chng 9. CC B N NH IN


103

9.1. KHI NIM CHUNG

Cc b n nh in l cc thit b in t ng duy tr i lng u ra mc khng i khi i
lng u vo bin i trong mt phm vi nht nh. ng vi cc i lng dng in, in p, cng sut
c cc b n nh dng in, in p v cng sut, nhng b n nh in p hin nay ang c dng
ph bin hn c.
Cht lng ca b n nh in c nh gi bng h s n nh K

.
K

=


.
.
.
Trong :
+ v l i lng u ra v gia s ca n .
+ v l i lng u vo v gia s ca n.
Nu K

cng nh th cht lng ca b n nh in cng tt. i vi b n nh in p (n

p ) th h s n nh c biu din bng :
K

=
V
V
R
R
U
U
:
U
U

Trong :
- U
R
l in p ra.
- U
V
l in p u vo.
- U
R
v U
V
l bin thin in p u ra v bin thin in p u vo. Hin nay c rt
nhiu loi n p vi nhng nguyn l lm vic rt khc nhau. Trong phm vi gio trnh ny ch cp
mt s loi ph bin.


9.2. N P ST T KHNG T

Kiu n gin nht ca loi ny l hai cun khng ni tip nhau, mt cun tuyn tnh L
1
( c khe
h khng kh trong mch t ) v mt cun bo ha L
2
nh hnh 9-1.
in p vo U
V
t trn c hai cun cn in p ra
U
r
ly trn cun bo ha:
U
V
= U
1
+ U
2
= U
1
+ U
r
.
Nu b qua tn hao trong hai cun khng th
phng trnh trn c th vit di dng s hc l:
U
V
= U
1
+ U
r
.
c tnh V- A ca b n p ny c
trnh by nh hnh 9-2.
Ta nhn thy khi in p u vo thay i
nhiu th in p u ra thay i t ( U
V
>>
U
R
). Tuy vy s dao ng ca in p u
ra U
R
vn cn tng i ln v c tnh V-A ca
cun khng bo ha khng th nm song song vi
trc honh c. C th gim bt U
R
bng cch
mc thm trn cun tuyn tnh mt cun b W
b

ngc cc tnh vi cun bo ha.

104
in p ra trong trng hp ny c tnh
bng :
U
R
= (U
2
- U
1
).
1
b
W
W
.
Trong t s
1
b
W
W
phi chn sao cho U
R
b
nht.
c mt in p ra ty th cun
dy W
2
ca cun khng bo ha phi l cun
s cp ca bin p, cn in p ly ra trn
cun th cp l trn cun khng bo ha.
Hnh 9-3 trnh by mt s kiu s
ni.
Nhc im chnh ca n p st t
khng t l tn nhiu nguyn vt liu, hiu
sut b, in p ra b mo dng nhiu.

9.3. N P ST T C T

Nhc im ln nht ca n p
st t khng t l dng in ln do khi
mch t bo ha gy ra. iu ny c th
khc phc c bng cch mc thm
mt t in c tr s thch hp song song
vi cun khng bo ha. Do dng in
trn t ngc pha vi dng in trn
cun khng bo ha nn chng t trit
tiu nhau.
Mc thm t in to ra trong
mch hin tng cng hng, v vy n
p st t cn c gi l b n p cng
hng.

1. B n p kiu hai cun khng
S n gin nht ca loi
ny c m t nh hnh 9-4.
n p gm hai cun khng, mt cun tuyn tnh v mt
cun bo ha mc ni tip nhau, t in C mc song
vi cun bo ha. in p ra ly trn cun khng bo
ha . in p u ra c quan h kh phc tp vi in
p vo v dng in I. Khi: U
2
< U
ch
( in p cng
hng) th mch vng L
2
C c tnh cht in dung. Khi
U
2
= U
ch
trong mch xy ra hin tng cng hng
dng in. Khi U
2
> U
ch
th mch vng L
2
C c tnh
cht in cm (hnh 9-5).


105
c tnh
V-A ca b n p
ny hnh 9-6. Ta
nhn thy y
khi U
V
tng
i ln th U
R

thay i khng
ng k v U
R
ch
n nh khi U
2
>
U
ch
. V vy phi
chn min lm vic
ca n p sau im
cng hng .
gim
bt n mc ti a
s thay i ca
in p u ra U
R

ngi ta dng thm
cun b vi s vng thch hp qun trn mch t ca cun dy tuyn tnh L
1
v ngc cc tnh vi cun
W
2
. S mch biu din trn hnh 9-7.
T in C c th mc vo in p cao hn U
R
nh cun tng p kiu bin p t ngu, mc ch
lm gim tr s ca t ( bit U
C
=
C
I

, nu U
C
cng cao th tr s ca t cng b khi dng in I v tn
s khng i).
Nhc im chnh ca loi n p cng hng l in p ra b mo bi phn t phi tuyn L
2
.
iu ny c th khc phc bng cch dng b lc thch hp.

nguyn l ca b n p st t cng hng. B n p ny dng nhiu bin php tch cc nhm ci tin
ti a cc thng s ca n . y nh c cun b W
b
in p ca t c tng cao. Ngoi ra cn c cun
khng tuyn tnh L
3
mc ni tip vi t C. Tr s L
3
chn sao cho L
3
v C to thnh mch cng hng i
vi cc sng bc cao (ch yu l sng hi bc 3), do vy in p ra s gn hnh sin hn.

2. B n p kiu bin p c sun t
Bin p c sun t ng vai tr ca cun khng bo ha v cun khng tuyn tnh. S nguyn
l ca loi ny nh hnh 9-9. T C mc song song vi U
2
hoc vi in p cao hn U
2
.

Hnh 9-6: Dng c tnh V-A.
106
9.4. N P KHUCH I T

in p hay dng in ca
ti mc u ra ca khuch i
t c th iu khin c nh
dng in iu khin vo cun
dy iu khin. Mun duy tr
in p hay dng in u ra
khng i th ch vic thay i tr
s dng iu khin I
k
, l
nguyn l lm vic ca b n p
khuch i t nh hnh 9-10.
N gm mt KT n
v mt bin p t ngu AT, in
p u vo t trn hai cun lm
vic ca khuch i t v cun
dy s cp ca AT.
C U
V
= U
KT
+ U
1AT
. in
p u ra ly cun th cp ca my bin
p t ngu AT. Vai tr ca AT dng
nng cao in p ra :
U
r
= K.U
AT
= K( U
V
+ U
KT
).
Trong : K l h s bin p ca AT.
Mun cho U
r
khng i th I
k
phi c
iu chnh sao cho :
+ Khi U
r
= U
m
th I
k
= I
km
v c
U
KTm
.
+ Khi U
r
> U
m
th I
k
< I
km
v c U
KT

lm gim U
r
v li U
m
.
+ Khi U
r
< U
m
th I
k
> I
km
v c U
KT

lm tng U
r
ln li U
m
.
Vn mu cht l phi to ra
c qu trnh t ng thay i I
k
theo
quy lt trn khi U
r
thay i. iu ny c gii
quyt nh h thng iu khin gm cc c cu
pht, c cu o v c cu so snh. Khi U
V
thay
i ( v in p di ti thay i hoc ti ca n
p thay i) cc c cu trn c nhim v to ra
I
k
ph hp vi c tnh iu chnh ca n p do
in p ra s c duy tr n nh. U
r
dao
ng t nht nu cc c cu pht, o v so snh
c lm bng cc linh kin in t v bn dn.
Tuy vy chng cng cn c lm t cc phn
t in t.
Hnh 9 -12 trnh by nguyn l ca mt
n p KT m c cu ca h iu khin lm
bng cc cun khng. KT c ba cun dy iu khin W
k1
, W
k2
v W
k3
. Trong : W
k1
:l c cu
phi chnh nh bng dng in I
k1
sao cho khi : U
V
= U
vm
, I
t
= I
tm
th in p ra bng in p nh
mc. I
k1
c chnh nh bng in tr R
1
.
Cun W
k2
v W
k3
mc ni tip vi cun khng bo ha L
2
v tuyn tnh L
3

qua b chnh lu, v hai cun ny trn hnh c ni ngc cc tnh vi nhau do sc t ng chung
bng hiu hai sc t ng: (IW) = ( I
k2
.W
k2
) - ( I
k3
.W
k3
)
Trong : I
k2
v I
k3
phi c chnh nh qua bin tr R
2
v R
3
sao cho khi U
r
= U
Rm
th sc t
ng tng bng khng(IW= 0). Khi U
r
thay i th I
k2
W
k2
v I
k3
W
k3
thay i theo hnh 9-11.











Hnh 9-11: c tnh n p
107
Qu trnh t ng thay i in p c th biu din nh sau:
+ khi U
R
< U
rm
th sc t ng IW >0 dn n L
KT
gim v U
KT
gim v in p ra li tng li.
+ khi U
R
> U
rm
th IW < 0 dn n L
KT
tng lm U
KT
tng v in p ra gim li.
n p khuch i t c th ch to vi cng sut tng i ln, hiu sut cao hn so vi n p st t.
9.5. N P BIN TR THAN

Loi n p ny c cu to kh n gin nh hnh 9-13. N gm mt chng a than xp, mt l
xo ko v mt nam chm in. in p u ra c tnh bng hiu ca in p u vo v in p ri
trn chng a than:
U = U
V
- I
T
. R
Nu in p ra thay i ( khi in p vo v ti thay i) th lc in t ca nam chm in thay
i theo cho nn lc p ln chng a than cng thay i lm in tr ca n thay i.
Khi in tr ca a than thay i th in p ri trn n cng thay i, kt qu lm cho in p
u ra U
R
c duy tr khng i.


9.6. N P KIU SERVOMOTOR

n p kiu servomotor cn c gi l n p dng servomotor ko chi than theo nguyn l in
c. Nguyn l lm vic ca n l dng mt mch iu khin bng linh kin bn dn in t iu khin
ng c tha hnh lm nhim v n nh in p.




U
v

U
r


BA
S
in p
ly mu
MM
108












S nguyn l lm vic nh hnh 9-14.
Phn chnh l mt bin p t ngu BA c li hnh xuyn, u vo ly in qua con chy S.
gi in p ra U
r
khng i ta phi thay i in p vo U
v
cho ph hp bng cch iu khin t ng
con chy S. Vic iu chnh S c thc hin nh ng c M. ng c ny c iu khin bng b so
snh mc sai lch gia in p mu U
r

(U
r

l i din cho U
r
) v in p chun. S khi mch
iu khin c trnh by nh hnh 9-15.










in p U
r
sau khi qua b chnh lu (CL) c in p U
r

. B o lng l mt mch cu gm ba
nhnh in tr R
1
, R
2
, R
3
v mt nhnh it zener D
z
c v trn hnh 9-16.
in p gia hai nhnh ca cu l U
r

(in p chnh lu ca U
r
), U l in p gia hai nh
cho AB ca cu. Cc tr s in tr R
1
, R
2
, R
3
c tnh ton nh th no khi U
r
= U
rm
th c U= 0.
Gi tr U sai lch c khuch i ln thnh gi tr U
1
ln hn nhiu ln. U
1
ny c a n
khi thc hin TH khi ny nhn bit iu khin chiu quay ca ng c M, ko theo con trt S
chy. Ta c c th nh sau:













+Khi in p ra U
r
tng xut hin s sai lch in p l U, s sai lch ny c khuch i
thnh U
1
ln gp nhiu ln cung cp cho ng c M quay theo chiu gim(chiu ngc), ko theo
con trt S chy n khi U
r
n nh (U
r
=U
rm
).
+Khi in p ra U
r
gim xut hin s sai lch in p l U, s sai lch ny c khuch i
thnh U
1
ln gp nhiu ln cung cp cho ng c M quay theo chiu tng (chiu thun), ko theo
con trt S chy n khi U
r
n nh (U
r
=U
rm
).
U
v

U
r

R
1

R
2
R
3

D
z
B
A
Hnh 9-16: Cu so snh
TH L CL
U
v

U
r

U

r
Hnh 9-15 : S khi mch iu
khin n p
MM
109
n p loi ny c cc u im: in p ra n nh, lm vic tin cy, dng in p ra t b mo
dng, phm vi thay i in p rng, hiu sut cao v rt tin li khi ch to cng sut nh. Tuy nhin
n c mt s nhc im l: cu to kh phc tp, do c h thng chi than nn gy n khi lm vic v
d sinh chy n, do vy loi ny kh thc hin cng sut ln v gi thnh cao.

9.7. N P KIU B

Nguyn l lm vic ca n p kiu b tng t nh n p kiu servomotor. Hnh 9-17 l s
nguyn l ca loi n p kiu b.











Mc ch ca cun b l b thm mt lng in p thch hp c in p ra n nh. Phng trnh cn
bng in p l: U
v
= U
r
+ U
b

Vic thay i lng in p b nh bin p t ngu. Mch iu khin c nhim v so snh v
khuch i in p ra thay i iu khin servomotor M theo hai chiu quay thun hoc quay ngc.
Servomotor M li iu khin t bin p t ngu T lm cho n cung cp mt lng in p c vc t
dng hoc m cho bin th B. Th cp ca B ni ni tip vi mch ng lc gia u vo v u ra.















Thc t in p li dao ng t U
min
n U
max
nn thng phng n c a ra l b mt
lng U v do mt bin p khc m nhim. S nguyn l nh hnh 9-18. Khi c U
v
nh hn mt
tr s in p t U

th bin p BA
1
lm vic (Triac T
1
dn, Triac T
2
ngng dn) b mt lng in p
U do in p ca bin p BA
2
lun lun ln hn U

. Khi in p U
v
cao th bin p BA
1
ngng lm
vic. Bin p BA
2
lm nhim v b lng in p U in p ra n nh, vic b ny nh thay i
U
k
theo v tr chi than con trt ca bin p vi sai. Khi cc bin p BA
1
, BA
2
khng cn thit phi b
th thit b t ngt mch s cp ca n trnh hin tng bo ha mch t lm tng tn hao cng sut.
u im ca n p kiu b l cht lng in p tt t b mo dng, tin cy lm vic cao, cc
phn t iu khin lng cng sut b( ca BA
1
v BA
2
) nn d ch to n p cng sut ln, hiu sut
cao v gi h. Tuy nhin loi ny cng tn ti mt s nhc im: kh ch to v thit k, s dng chi
than nn gy n v d chy n, loi ny thng c ch to vi cng sut ln.

9.9. N P IN T
Hnh 9-17: Nguyn l n
p kiu b
Mch
iu
khin

B
U
r
U
v

MM

U

U
r
BA
1

BA
2
BBA
1
T
2
T
1
Hnh 9-18: S nguyn l n p
kiu b
110

n p gm mt bin p t ngu T
2
, cun dy b in p T
1
v mch iu khin l cc linh kin
bn dn. Nguyn l lm vic loi ny tng t loi servomotor, nhng y ng c tha hnh
servomotor v con chy S c thay th bng mch iu khin dng in v cun dy b in p T
1
. Khi
in p thay i, mch iu khin s phn tch b lng in p thch hp m bo in p ra n nh.
Hnh 9-19 l s nguyn l ca n p in t.













u nhc im ca n p in t



Ngoi cc u im t c nh loi servomotor, loi ny cn khc phc c cc nhc im
l khng gy n hoc chy n. Tc ng rt nhanh , nhy v khi lng nh.
Tuy nhin n cng c cc nhc im l kh phc tp khi thit k, ch to mch iu khin,
cng sut ch to loi n p ny khng ln v gi thnh sn xut kh cao.

U
v

Mch iu
khin
dng
T
1
T
2

So snh v
khuch i
in p ly

in p
h
U
r

Hnh 9-19: S khi n p in
t
113
PHN TH BA
THIT B IN TRUNG - CAO P

Chng 10. DAO NGT

10.1. CC NH NGHA V CC C TNH IN CA
THIT B IN NG NGT

1. Cc nh ngha ca thit b in ng ngt
-Dao cch li l thit b ng ngt c kh, v tr m to nn mt khong cch cch in. Chng
c kh nng m hoc ng mch nu dng in ng m khng ng k hoc s bin thin in p gia
cc u cc l khng ng k. Trong iu kin lm vic bnh thng v bt thng (ngn mch), dao
cch li c th cho dng in chy qua trong thi gian quy nh.
-Khong cch cch in l khong cch trong cht kh hoc cht lng c cng in mi quy
nh khi thit b ng ngt m mch. bo v ngi v thit b chng phi tha mn cc iu kin c
bit v s c mt ca n phi c nhn r khi thit b ng ngt v tr m .
-Cu dao l thit b ng ngt c kh. Chng khng nhng dn v ngt dng in iu kin
bnh thng trong li in m cn dn dng in trong khong thi gian quy nh v c kh nng dn
dng in tng cao c cc iu kin bt thng ca li in.
-Dao cch li -cu dao l cu dao khi v tr m tha mn c cc yu cu cch li ca dao cch
li.
-My ngt l thit b ng ngt c kh c kh nng dn, ngt dng in trong mch iu kin
bnh thng, dn trong thi gian quy nh v ngt dng in tng ln trong mch iu kin khng bnh
thng xc nh (v d ngn mch).
-Cu dao ni t l thit b ng ngt c kh dng ni t v to ngn mch. Chng c kh
nng chu dng in iu kin khng bnh thng v khng i hi dn dng in lm vic bnh
thng. Cu dao ni t c kh nng to dng in ngn mch.
-Cu chy l thit b bo v nh nng chy mt hoc nhiu on dy chy, c ch to nhm
mc ch lm h mch khi dng in ny vt qu gi tr quy nh trong khong thi gian ln.
-Cc cng tc ph, mch ph: cng tc ph c thit k vi dng mt chiu t nht l 10 A, c
kh nng ng v ngt dng in trong mch iu khin. Cc thng s chi tit do nh sn xut cung cp.
Nu thng tin ny cha y cc cng tc ph phi c kh nng ng v ngt dng in t nht l 2A
in p 220V mt chiu khi hng s thi gian ti thiu ca mch l 20ms. Cc u cc v dy mch ph
phi c thit k cho qua dng mt chiu t nht l 10A. Cc cng tc ph phi c tc ng trc tip
c hai chiu.

2. Cc c tnh in ca thit b ng ngt
-Dng in ng: l tr s nh na sng u ca dng in mt cc ca thit b ng ngt khi ng.
-Dng in nh: l tr s nh na sng u ca dng in trong khi xy ra qu sau khi dng in bt
u chy m thit b ng ngt phi chu ng v tr ng trong cc iu kin quy nh.
-Dng in ct: l dng in mt cc ca thit b ng ngt hoc ca cu chy ngay thi im ban
u ca h quang trong qu trnh ct.
-Kh nng ng: l tr s dng in ng m in p cho thit b ng ngt c th ng trong cc
iu kin s dng v tnh nng quy nh ng ti gi tr dng in lm vic.
-Kh nng ct: l ga tr ca dng in ct ch i in p cho ca thit b ng ngt c th ct dng
in trong iu kin s dng v tnh nng quy nh ngt gi tr dng in lm vic.
-S c ngn mch u cc: l ngn mch trn ng dy trn khng khong cch rt ngn khng ng
k t u cc my ngt.
-Kh nng ng/ct (ng v ct ): trong iu kin khng ng b: l kh nng ng hoc ct khi mt
ng b hoc khng c li trc v sau my ngt trong iu kin s dng v tnh nng quy nh.
-Dng in bnh thng: l dng in trong mch chnh m thit b dng ct c th dn mt cch lin tc
trong iu kin s dng v tnh nng quy nh.
-Dng in chu ngn hn: l tr s hiu dng ca dng in khi thit b ng ngt v tr ng c th dn
dng in ngn mch nh mc iu kin s dng v tnh nng quy nh, c tiu chun ha.
114
-in p nh mc: l gii hn trn ca in p cao nht ca li m thit b ng ngt c thit k.
in p nh mc c tiu chun ha.
-in p t: in p gia cc u cc ca thit b ng ngt ngay trc khi ng dng in.
-in p phc hi: l in p xut hin trn cc u cc ca thit b ng ngt hoc cu chy sau khi
dng in b ngt.
-Thi gian m: l khong thi gian gia thi im ban u quy nh ca thao tc m v thi gian phn
tch tip im h quang tt c cc cc.
-Thi gian ng: l khong thi gian gia thi im ban u quy nh thao tc ng v thi im tt c
cc cc ca tip im chm nhau.
-Tr s chu ng: l gi tr ln nht ca i lng c trng m thit b ng ngt c php ng/ct
nhng khng lm h hng tnh nng. Tr s chu ng t nht phi bng tr s nh mc.
-Tr s nh mc: l gi tr ca cc i lng c trng s dng xc nh cc iu kin vn hnh m
thit b ng ngt c thit k, ch to m nh sn xut cn phi m bo.
-Tr s tiu chun: l gi tr c nh ngha trong cc quy nh chnh thc m cc thit k thit b phi
da vo:
+ in p nh mc tiu chun : 3,6; 7,2; 12; 17,5; 24; 36; 52; 72,5; 100; 123; 145, 170; 245;
300, 362; 420; 525; 765 kV.
+ Dng in bnh thng nh mc tiu chun: 200; 400; 630; 800; 1250; 1600; 2000; 2500;
3150; 4000; 5000; 6300A.
+ Dng in ngn hn nh mc tiu chun: 6.3; 8; 10; 12,5;16; 20; 25; 31,5; 40; 50; 63; 80;
100kA.
-in p chu tn s ngun nh mc: l tr s hiu dng ca in p xoay chiu hnh sin tn s h
thng m cch in ca thit b phi chu ng trong thi gian 1 pht cc iu kin th nghim quy
nh.
-in p chu xung st nh mc: l gi tr nh ca in p xung st tiu chun 1,2/50 s m cch in
ca thit b phi chu ng.
-in p chu xung ng m nh mc: l gi tr nh ca in p ng m n cc tiu chun
250/2500 s m cch in ca thit b c in p nh mc 300 kV v ln hn cn phi chu. Theo tiu
chun mi khong cch cch in ca dao cch li in p nh mc 300kV v ln hn c th nghim
bng cch t in p tn s ngun cho mt cc v khi t n tr s nh th t vo cc kia in p xung
st ngc cc tnh hoc in p xung ng m, th nghim hai cc ny gi l th nghim kp.

10.2. DAO CCH LI

Kiu dao cch li c la chn ch yu xc nh theo s trm. Ngy nay dao cch li c ch
to c di in p t 72,5 n 800 kV, dng t 1250 n 4000 A v dng ngn mch nh ti 63 dn 160
kA.

1. Dao cch li kiu quay
a) Dao cch li quay hai tr
l loi dao cch li thng dng c in p t 72,5 n 420kV, ch yu s dng trong cc trm
bin p nh hoc cc trm bin p ln ngoi tri nh trm ng dy n hoc dao cch li phn on.
Cu dao ni t c th c lp bt k pha no. Hnh 10-1 sau cho thy mt dao cch li hai quay
c lp trn khung thp cn nh hnh v c ni bng thanh kp. Cc s c gn vi b quay v
trn nh gn vi khp xoay c cn v tip im cao p. Khi thao tc c hai cn quay mt gc 90
0
.
115
v tr m , dao cch li c im ct gia hai tr
to nn khong cch cch in nm ngang. B
quay c c cu chu c iu kin thi tit v
khng cn bo dng bi. B quay c lp trn
bu lng cho php iu chnh chnh xc h thng
tip im mt khi thit b thng hng v cng cho
phep c dung sai s cch in. Cc tay khp cu
trc bng nhm hn c chi tit tip im khng b
n mn v thi gian lu khng lm gim gi tr
ca in tr. Dao cch li c in p U > 170 kV
c thm thit b kha lin ng trnh cc tay b
tch ra khi xy ra s c dng ngn mch ln. Dy
dn in ti cc u quay c bo v hon ton
v khng cn bo dng. Dao cch li nh hnh 10-
1, cc u cao p c th quay 360
0
m bo cho
ng hoc dy dn c ni theo phng bt k.
H thng tip im c cu trc hn hp ng thp
vi chm tip im m cht. Chng c m kh
bi trn thng xuyn v khng cn bo dng.
Nu cn mi cc dao cch li c th c trang b mt hoc hai cu dao ni t. C dao cch li v cu dao
ni t u c c cu thao tc kha lin ng im cht. Nh vy phng s thay i v tr khi lm vic
tnh hung nguy him nh c ngn mch, ng t hay gi mnh.
Dao cch li v cu dao ni t c c cu thao tc ring. Mt c cu thao tc mt nhm hai hoc
ba cc, cc cc ca mt nhm c lin kt c kh bng thanh ni. Lc tc ng t b truyn ng c
truyn n quay v lm quay mt gc 90
0
ng thi quay th hai. Khi m v ng cc tip im
dao cch li quay v chuyn ng trt d dng ct khi b bi hoc bng bm y. Lc ca c cu thao
tc c truyn ti trc ca cu dao ni t. Khi dao cch li ng tay ca cu dao ni t p mnh v
gi tip im ni t vo khp.
b) Dao cch li quay ba tr
Dao cch li loi ny ch yu s dng chu u v thng dng cho mng trung p. So vi loi
hai tr chng cho php khong cch gia cc pha nh hn. Lc ko tnh u cui dao cao hn. Hai s
cch in pha ngoi c c nh trn b khung v mang h thng tip im (hnh 10-2). S cch in
gia ng trn quay v cn tc ng, khi tc ng n quay khong 60
0
v gi h thng tip im
ln s pha ngoi.

116
Cc tip im ca cu dao ni t c
th c lp c hai pha v c t h
thng tip im tnh. Dao cch li 3 tr c
ch to bng cc chi tit ging dao hai tr
trn.

2. Dao cch li mt tr tip im ng m
Trong cc trm cao p v khi c
nhiu thanh gp dao cch li mt tr (cn gi
l dao cch li kiu my v thanh truyn hoc
dao cch li thng ng) cho trong hnh 10-3.
i hi din tch mt bng nh hn so vi cc
loi dao cch li khc. Do vy chng c s
dng rng ri gip lm gn hn s trm. V
tr ng ngt c th hin r rng theo
khong cch cch in thng ng. dao
cch li l khung, trn c s mang chi
tit chnh c c cu thanh truyn v hp s.
Lc tc ng c s quay truyn n hp s
, tip im treo t trn thanh gp nm pha
trn cao dao cch li. Khi ng hai thanh
truyn p cht ly tip im treo, ng dy
cung cp c ni vi u cao p trn hp s.
Nu mun, mi cc dao cch li c
th c trang b cu dao ni t quay hoc
thng. Khung c gn quay truyn lc tc
ng t c cu thao tc ti hp s v c
gn chc vi ct bng bn bu lng. Cc bu
lng ny cho php iu chnh chnh xc dao
cch li vi tip im treo, l u im ca
loai ny khi lp t v vn hnh. Chiu cao
qu mc ca dao cch li c th t khng khp trn nn, nhng iu ny c th c b li bng cch
iu chnh cc bu lng . C cu thanh truyn c cu trc bng nhm hn (ging nh mi kiu c dng
in nh ti 200 kA), c cu c c nh v cht vo trc thanh truyn trong hp s. B phn ny c
kh nng chuyn dch, m bo p sut tip im cao gia u trn ca thanh truyn v tip im kp.
p sut tip im t 70 n 150 kp (theo thit k) khng ch m bo truyn ng dng in
hiu qu m cn gip ct c d dng ngay c khi bng bm y. Tip xc gia hp s v cc thanh
truyn t di n cc thanh truyn trn nh l ng m bc nhiu lp n hi hoc tip im con ln.
Thanh tip xc u thanh truyn v tip im treo lm t tm ng m bc hoc bc tinh khit khi ch
lm vic nng n hoc trong cc trng hp c bit v vy t lm mn tip im, m bo dn dng
in tt v thi gian lm vic lu di. Dao cch li dng cho dng in ngn mch cao c thit b cn lc
gi cc im ghp ni thanh truyn. v tr ng, cc tip im ni ny hn ch khong cch gia hai
thanh truyn, do vy phng mi kh nng lm gim p sut tip im v cn du mi dao ng ca cc
thanh tip xc do ngn mch gy ra.
Dao cch li mt tr c kha lin ng im cht trong hp s, do v tr ca n khng th thay
i mt cch t pht. Vic chnh nh vn c tin hnh ngay c khi s quay ct ra hoc chn ng
mnh do ng t hoc do lc ngn mch. C cu chng vng quang u thanh truyn tc ng dng
tip im treo nu n chuyn ng thng ng. Vng kp vn nm chc chn trong vng tip im ngay
c khi chu p sut do ngn mch. Khi thanh truyn v hp s c lp ti nh my, lm giam ng k
thi gian lp t ti ch. L xo b trong hp s tr gip lc tc ng khi ng, khi m n quay cn nh
nhng v v tr gp li.










Hnh 10-2: Dao cch li quay ba tr kiu TDA,145kV

117
Cc phng n c bit ca dao
cch li mt tr c s dng t lu trong
cc trm dng in mt chiu cao p
(HVDC). Mi cc ca dao cch li c c cu
thao tc ring. Khi dao cch li ng cc cn
thanh truyn thc hin chuyn ng khp
vo v m bo gi cht cc tip im treo,
tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp c x
dch do iu kin thi tit.

3. Tip im treo dng trong ng ngt
dng in ca dao cch li mt tr
Trong cc trm ng ngt ngoi
tri, vic thay i thanh gp khng lm ngt
dng in cung cp nhng lm tng cc
dng in ng ngt khi thao tc ng m
v cc dng ny c th dn n lm tng
nhit cc tip im dao cch li v tip
im tnh. Tr s dng in ny ph thuc
khong cch v tr ng ngt ti ngun cung
cp hoc phng thc lm vic ca b
chuyn mch, ngha l thanh gp hoc
khoang ng ngt, khoang ng ngt to
nn ng sut cao hn. Tr s in p ng
m c th c tm qua tnh ton.
Hin tng ng m c th xy ra c khi ang ng hoc m. ng lm tng s dn p gia cn
ca dao cch li v tip im kp, to nn tia la nh do lm tip im mn dn. Khi m, h quang pht
sinh gia cc tip im tch di v duy tr cho n khi c in p ngc cn thit dp tt h quang.
Trc tin cc tip im chuyn ng chm, qu trnh ny xy ra trong vi chu k gy h hi cc phn t
tip xc ca dao cch li. Trm ng ngt 420 kV cng sut ln c th phi chu ng in p ng m
n 300 V v dng in ng m n 1600A.
Hnh 10-4 v 10-5 l tip im ng m treo do hng ABB ch to dng cho dao cch li mt tr
c hai h thng ng m ph kiu kn, tc ng c lp vi nhau. Do n lun m bo c c hot


















Hnh 10-3

118
ng ng bt k tay truyn dn trc chm vo hoc ci sau tch khi tip im treo. H thng ng m
ph nm trong m chng vng ho quang v bao gm tip im bt (ghp vi thanh tip im ph bng
ly) v thit b dp tt h quang kh ion.
Tip im bt m v ng theo tc ng m khi thanh tip im ph vo v tr no . Khi
m thi gian h quang ko di khong 25 ms s hao mn trn tip im ly rt t v dng in c ngt
mt cch an ton trc khi phn tch thanh tip im dao cch li. Bng cch phn tch h thng tip im
chnh v tip im ph nn khng c lc tc ng nn tip im sau trong trng hp s c. Th nghim
ngn mch cho thy cng chu xung n 200kA.
Mi h thng ng ngt c th thc hin t nht 350 chu k ng ngt vi dng in ng m
1600A v in p ng m ti 330V.
Vic b tr cc tip im
treo ng m nh vy to nn s
linh hot v tin cy cho ngi vn
hnh h thng. Nhng tip im
ny c th c lp t nng cp
cc trm ang hot ng vi cc
thit b c hin nay.

4. Dao cch li hai tr ng ct
gia
Khi in p lm vic tng,
khong cch cch in rng i hi
cn tip im di. Dao cch li ct
thng ng gia c hai cn tip
im dng cho mng in p bng
hoc ln hn 400kV, y c
nhiu u im hn.
Hnh 10-6 cho thy hai ct
s c lp trn khung. Gn vi
chng l hp s c cc cn tip
im v u cao p. S quay ni
vi quay trn khung u trn
hp s. C cu thao tc c t
di tm khung, lc c truyn
n hai quay bng thanh ging.
Ty theo yu cu, c hai pha ca
dao cch li c th t cu dao ni t. Cc tip im ni t c lp trn tay gia s v hp s.
Dao cch li ct gia t ng i hi lc thao tc nh hn cc loi khc c cn mt tip im.
Ct ca trm khng cn cao qu do chi ph lm nn mng cng thp hn. Cu trc c kh ca dao
cch li cng n gin bi tay cm mang dng in ch quay theo mt thng ng khng c chuyn ng
quay ph t c p sut tip im cn thit. Ging nh cc loi dao cch li khc s c t trn
cc bu lng sau khi cng dy cho phep iu chnh chnh xc cn tip xc v b dung sai ca s . S
quay c ng trn u hp s v truyn lc tc ng m khng b xon, hp s v na tay cn tip im
to nn b khp c kh.
Cc tay cn tip im ch to cc linh kin dao cch li quay hai tr bng cu trc nhm hn, ch
mt vi mi ni s dng bu lng. Cc tip im quay truyn dng in n hp nhm c chu c mi
thi tit. p sut tip im thp lm cho tip im t b mn, thit b kha lin ng phng tay cn tip
im tch di khi c dng ngn mch cao v m bo lm vic khng sai st trong cc iu kin bt
thng. Thanh truyn cho truyn lc tc ng t c cu thao tc n hai di v quay cc s quay n
trc trong hp s. Thanh truyn cho v cc thanh tc ng hp s vt qua im cht rt nhanh trc
khi t n v tr m v kha tay cn my dn dng in v tr ny. Mi tay cn tip im quay thng
ng mt gc 90
0
. v tr m chng hng thng ng ln trn, to ra khong cch cch in theo chiu
ngang.



119
10.3. CU DAO NI T MT TR

Trong cc trm ngoi tri, cu dao ni t khng nhng i hi t trc tip dao cch li m
cn c cc v tr khc. V d ni t cho cc phn on thanh gp ring r.
Cu dao ni t mt tr dng cho trng hp ny c th c s dng nh b cho thanh gp
dng ng. Cu dao ni t lp vo dao cch li hoc t ring trn mt ct c cng cc linh kin nh nhau,
ch khc bit l khung l gi cho tip im ni t. Khung c s cch in cho c cu thao tc
(hnh 10-7) c gn vi chi tit tip im v tip im ni t. Theo yu cu khc nhau c hai kiu
dao ni t: Cu dao ni t thng ng dng cho
in p nh mc v dng in nh thp.
Cu dao ni t quay thng dng cho
in p v dng in nh cao hn. S khc nhau
ca hai loi cu dao ny nm ch thit k c cu
thao tc v do dn n chuyn ng m cn
tip xc thc hin. Cn tip xc ca cu dao ni
t thng ng c kh nng khp ni trn trc v
ch thc hin chuyn ng quay vi gc khong
90
0
. v tr ng, tip im ni t nm gia cc
ngn tip xc v nhng ngn ny p l xo li. C
cu cu dao ni t quay thng ng cho php lm
tng tnh nng, tay tip im quay trc nhng
cui vng quay chuyn sang ng thng vo tip
im ni t. L tip im trn tay cn tip xc c
nh vo tip im ni t to nn ch ni c th
chu dng in nh cao.


10.4. C CU THAO TC CA DAO CCH
LI V CU DAO NI T

C cu thao tc dao cch li v cu dao ni t c truyn ng bng ng c hoc thao tc
bng tay.
Ni chung c cu thao tc c lp trc tip trn khung ca dao cch li hoc cu dao ni t.
Tuy vy, v dao cch li c lp cch mt t (v d lp trn ct) nn cn phi c c cu thao tc t n
v tr . B phn tc ng tc ng i hi c bi v cc thanh ni ph . C th thao tc bng tay khn
cp vi mi loi c cu thao tc nu khi ngun b s c hoc khi tin hnh iu chnh.
C cu thao tc cng gn vi cng tc bo hiu v tr ng m, dng cho cc mc ch kim tra
v kha lin ng. Loi truyn dn bng ng c cng c cng tc v thit b iu khin. H thng iu
khin c b tr sao cho ch cn mt xung ng m v c cu chp hnh t ng ct khi t n v tr
cui. Trng hp thao tc bng tay khn cp, tip im an ton ngt mch ng c sao cho khng th tc
ng cng lc t bung iu khin. Cc h thng truyn ng ng c cng c trang b iu khin ti
ch v iu khin t xa.



120
phng thao tc sai, cc c
cu ca dao cch li v dao ni t c kha
lin ng ln nhau(h thng ng c chy
in v h thng c thao tc bng tay). Cc
h thng thao tc bng tay v bng ng c
c th c trang b bng cun dy kha
hnh xuyn, khi in p kha lin ng b
mt trnh c tc ng nhm bng tay.
Thao tc ti ch ch c th c tin hnh
nu c in p v cc iu kin kha lin
ng quy nh c tha mn. V d: dao
cch li ch c th ng hoc m c nu
my ngt lin quan n n m. Cng c th
trang b nhiu loi kha lin ng.
H thng tc ng ca dao cch li
v cu dao ni t c kha lin ng im
cht, sao cho v tr ng m khng th thay
i mt cch ngu nhin do cc iu kin s
c nh ngn mch c ng t hay gi bo
xy ra.

10.5. CU DAO CAO P

Cu dao cao p l c cu ng ngt c kh c kh nng ng/dn v ct dng in, k c qu ti
lm vic quy nh cc iu kin lm vic bnh thng trong li in v cng c th dn in cc
iu kin bt thng quy nh. V d ngn mch trong khong thi gian quy nh. Cu dao cao p
cng c th ng dng ngn mch nhng khng ct chng.
Cu dao cao p c thit k cho c trm trong nh v ngoi tri, theo chc nng ng ngt v p
dng c s phn bit gia :
-Cu dao thng dng.
-Cu dao c mc ch c bit.
-Cu dao c mc ch hn ch.
-Cu dao chuyn dng.
-Cu dao mt b t in.
-Cu dao b t.
-Cu dao khng in song song.
Khi s dng dao cch li -cu dao m v tr m phi tha mn cc yu cu cch in quy nh
cho dao cch li. Cc cu dao cao p hin nay hin nay cng ang c s dng cho cc trm .



121
10.6. DAO CCH LI V CU DAO PH TI LI TRUNG P

1. Dao cch li trung p
Cc dao cch li dng cho thit b trung
p ch yu l kiu tip im dao (hnh 10-
8). Cn c bit ch n chuyn ng
quay quanh tr ca li dao khi quyt nh
kch thc t m bo khong cch
cch in yu cu. T ng ngt c dao
cch li kiu tip im dao i hi c lp
su hn so vi kiu trt. Li dao cch li
khi t ng hoc treo cn phng
chuyn ng t pht do trng lng ca
chng. Cc dao cch li c in p nh
mc ti 36 kV thng c thao tc bng
tay. Trong cc thit b iu khin t xa,
dao cch li c tc ng bng ng c hoc kh nn. Lp cu dao ni t, k c khi cc cu dao c
kh nng ng/ct mch. Cc dao cch li c in p nh hn 36 kV phi tha mn cc iu kin th
nghim theo tiu chun (nh IEC). Nu thit k dao cch li hoc bt c thit b cao p no to nn khong
cch cch in nh hn khong cch cch in ti thiu quy nh cho thit b (nh tiu chun DIN
VDE 0101) th thit b phi c th nghim vi dy ni trong vng c khong cch cch in nh hn















Hnh 10-9: B truyn ng bng h trc khp cho dao cch li


122
gi tr ti thiu cho php. Vng ny c gi l vng ni th nghim v phi a vo ch dn thao tc
cng vi cc kch thc chnh (hnh 10-10).

2. Dao cch li - cu dao ph ti
Dao cch li cu dao ph ti c s dng ngy cng nhiu trong cc trm ng ngt trung p
cng nh vic s dng cc dao cch li v my ngt mch.
Dao cch li cu dao ph ti c kh nng ng ngt hon ton mch v c th iu khin mi
thao tc ng m mch khng s c. Dao cch li - Cu dao ph ti l cu dao ph ti m c khong cch
cch in c th quan st c. Hnh 10-11 l loi cu dao ph ti kiu tip im dao. Dao cch li -Cu
dao ph ti c th c tc ng bng mt trong hai cch sau:

a) C cu bt
C cu l xo c ko v nh nhanh trc khi thc hin gc ng m v lc ca n c s dng
lm chuyn ng tip im. Qu trnh c s dng c khi ng v khi m.
b) C cu tch nng lng
H thng ny c mt l xo ng v mt l xo m. Khi thao tc ng, l xo m cng ra v cht
li. Nng lng tch ly thao tc m c gii phng bi cht t hoc cu chy cao p (HRC).



123
Chng 11. MY NGT IN CAO P

11.1. CHC NNG- PHN LOI- CCH LA CHN V CU TRC
MY NGT
1. Chc nng
My ngt in cao p dng ng, ct mch khi c dng ph ti v c khi c dng ngn mch.
My ngt cao p l c cu ng m c kh c kh nng ng, dn lin tc v ct dng in trong
iu kin bnh thng v c trong thi gian gii hn khi xy ra iu kin bt thng trong mch (v d
nh ngn mch). My ngt c s dng ng m ng dy trn khng, cc nhnh cp, my bin
p, cun khng in v t in. Chng cng c s dng cho thanh gp, sao cho in nng c th c
truyn t mt thanh gp ny sang mt thanh gp khc.
My ngt c thit k c bit dng cho cc nhim v c bit nh ng st, s dng
li 16
2
3
Hz, phi dp tt h quang di hn (di hn na sng).
My ngt c s dng cho l nung chy c hot ng thng xuyn th yu cu lc tc ng
nh hn v dung lng ct thp hn. Do vy chng t chu mi mn, mc d ch ng m cao v
khong thi gian lm vic di.
Yu cu vi chng phi ct nhanh, khi ng/ct khng gy n hoc chy, kch thc gn nh,
gi thnh h. Trong my ngt cao p vn dp tt h quang khi ct ngn mch rt quan trng. Do vy
thng cn c phng php dp h quang phn loi my ngt.
Ngt dng in ngn mch l ch lm vic nng nht v c bn. Song qa in p sinh ra khi
ngt dng in b ca my bin p khng ti, ngt dng in dung ca ng dy di v nhiu trng
hp khc cng l iu kin lm vic nng n cho c h thng ngt.
Trong nhiu trng hp i lng qu in p c xc nh bng s c bit ca kt cu my
ngt, cho nn cc yu cu i vi my ngt cao p hin i khng ging nh i vi mt my cch li
dng in n gin m phi yu cu nh thit b ngt mch c dng in khng lm nguy hi cho h
thng v m bo an ton chc chn. Ch to my ngt nu ch c tc dng ngt dng in ph ti th
n gin hn.
Theo nguyn tc h thng dn in ca my ngt ni tip vi mch in ca cc thit b in cao
p. Khi cc b phn kt cu c bn ca my ngt cn phi chng s tc ng nhit, in t trong khi
lm vic bnh thng cng nh khi ngn mch phi chng trng tnh in tc ng vo cch in lc
in p nh mc v c trong lc qu in p. Trong qu trnh lm vic ca my ngt cn c nhng hin
tng sinh ra thm nhiu ph ti nhit, c v in tc ng vo tng b phn ring ca kt cu my ngt
(s chy ca h quang in khi ngt, s tng p sut ca cht kh v cht lng trong khng gian cng tc,
cc b phn c chuyn ng vi gia tc ln v nhiu nhng hin tng khc). Trong trng hp cc d
tr kt cu ca my ngt qui nh khng tng ng vi iu kin cho trc th mi yu t k c th l
nguyn nhn sinh h hng tng b phn hay ton b cc phn ca my ngt, dn ti ph hng s lm
vic bnh thng ca mt khu vc trong h thng in, ngha l dn ti s c. My ngt phi t ng hn
ch s c trong h thng, nn cc b phn kt cu ca n phi tuyt i n nh i vi tc ng nhit v
lc in ng, cng nh i vi tc ng ca in p mi gi tr.
a) Yu cu chung i vi my ngt
a.1) S tng ng ca cc c tnh my ngt i vi nhng qui nh cho trc ca n.
a.2) Tt c cc b phn kt cu ca my ngt trong thi gian vn hnh phi lm vic.
Cc yu cu chung i vi my ngt cao p c nu trong cc tiu chun k thut khc nhau
(nh tiu chun Lin X c OCT 687-41 hay cc tiu chun quc t :IEC, DIN VDE, ANSI).
b) Cc yu cu c bit khc
Ngoi nhng yu cu chung, trong cc trng hp ring cng c nhng yu cu c bit i vi
my ngt, ph thuc vo iu kin ring m my ngt lm vic, nh:
b.1) Kh nng lm vic vng m t, nhiu bi bm v c cht n.
b.2) Kh nng lm vic vng rt cao hn mt bin.
b.3) Kh nng lm vic cc thit b di ng (u my xe la in, tu thy,...).
b.4) Thch hp vi iu kin lm vic nhit rt thp.
124
Do nng lng ngy cng pht trin, v p dng cc phng php hon chnh trong vn hnh h
thng in nn my ngt l mt trong nhng b phn quan trng nht ca h thng yu cu nng cao cc
ch tiu k thut vn hnh nh: tng dng in nh mc, tng cng sut ngt, nng cao tc ng nhanh,
tc ng nhanh nhiu ln ca AB (ng lp li t ng), tng chng n mn ca cc b phn c v
ca cch in; vn chuyn, lp rp, vn hnh thun tin, an ton v n v ha hon,...
Trong khi thit k my ngt hin i cn c bit lu n vn nng cao cc ch tiu kinh t
k thut, trng lng t nht trong mt n v cng sut ngt. Kt cu ca my ngt cn phi n gin,
vng chc, cc chi tit v cc mi kt cu trong tt c cc loi my ngt phi thng nht v cn phi p
dng cc phng php gia cng tin tin. Trong ch to s dng rng ri cc nguyn liu c tnh c, tnh
in, tnh nhit cao v kinh t nht (cc nguyn liu tip im c bit, gm c bn cao,...).

2. Phn loi
a) My ngt nhiu du
Du va l cht cch in ng thi sinh kh dp tt h quang.
b) My ngt t du
Lng du t ch sinh kh dp tt h quang cn cch in l cht rn.
c) My ngt khng kh
Dng kh nn dp tt h quang.
d) My ngt t sinh kh
Dng vt liu cch in c kh nng t sinh kh di tc dng ca nhit cao ca h quang. Kh t
sinh ra c p sut cao dp tt h quang.
e) My ngt in t
H quang c dp trong khe hp lm bng vt liu rn chu c h quang, lc in t y h
quang vo khe.
f) My ngt chn khng
H quang c dp trong mi trng chn khng.
g) My ngt SF
6

Dng kh SF
6
dp h quang.

3. Cc thng s chnh ca my ngt
+ U
m
l in p dy ln nht m my ngt c th lm vic bnh thng tin cy trong thi gian
di.
U
m
xc kch thc ln nh ca my ngt, c cc cp sau: 3, 6, 10, 15, 20, 35, 110, 220, 330,
500, 750kV. B phn mang in chu c cc cp dng in: 32, 63, 100, 200,..., 25000A.
+ I
m
l dng chy lu di qua my ngt m khng lm qu nhit v khng gy h hng, (lin
quan kch thc cc chi tit trong my ngt).
+ I
m
l dng n nh ng nh mc.
+ I
nhm
l dng n nh nhit tng ng thi gian n nh nh mc t
nh
.
+ I
cm
l dng ct nh mc chnh l dng ngn mch ba pha hiu dng ton phn ln nht my
ngt c th ct c m khng gy h hi g cho my ngt. I
cm
xc nh t thc nghim. V my ngt
phi ct mt s ln lin tc nn th nghim i hi phi ct c dng ct nh mc theo chu trnh sau:
C - 180 - C - 180 - C (theo tiu chun Lin X c).
C-0,3-C - 60 - C (theo tiu chun IEC vi my ngt SF
6
).
Vi loi my ngt 550MHMe-1P/S l loi siu cao p dng ni t t b ng dy 500kV
c chu trnh thao tc c bit: C- 0,15 - - 4- C- 15 - C.
xc nh I
cm
theo quy nh c:
* C: k hiu my ngt tc ng ct khi tn hiu ti t cc rle.
*C: thao tc ng my ngt lc ngn mch v sau li ct ra.
*: thao tc ng my ngt.
* 180, 0,15, 60,...:l khong thi gian gia hai ln thao tc lin tc tnh bng giy (s).
Cng sut ct nh mc S
cm
= 3U
m
.I
cgh

+ I
cgh
: dng ct ln nht cho php khi U<U
m
.
+ t
t
: khong thi gian tnh t khi c tn hiu ngt n thi im h quang b dp tt trn c ba
pha.
125
- Tc ng nhanh t
t
= (0,02 0,06)s.
- Tc ng trung bnh t
t
= (0,15 0,1)s.
- Tc ng chm t
t
= (0,15 0,25)s.
Ngoi ra yu cu my ngt c kh nng ng mch ngay c khi ang c dng ngn mch m
cc u tip xc khng h hi g.

4. Cch la chn my ngt
Cc im chnh cn ch khi la chn my ngt bao gm:
- in p lm vic cc i ti ni t.
- cao ca trm so vi mt bin.
- Dng in lm vic cc i ti ni t.
- Dng ngn mch cc i ti ni t.
- Tn s h thng.
- Khong thi gian tn ti dng ngn mch.
- Chu k ng m.
- Cc iu kin lm vic c bit v iu kin kh hu.
Cc tr s nh mc c th c la chn bng 11.1 v 11.2.
Cc tiu chun quc gia v quc t quan trng nh gi my ngt gm:
IEC, DIN VDE, ANSI (American National Standards Institution-vin tiu chun quc gia M).
Tiu chun Lin X c OCT 687-41
Khi chn cn phi da vo
+ So snh cc ch tiu ca cc kiu my ngt hin c vi nhng tham s cho trc.
+ nh gi kh nng thc t v nguyn tc kt cu ca kiu c chn vi cc c tnh yu
cu cho trc.
Di y gii thiu s phn loi v mt vi kinh nghim c tnh cht nh hng theo s nh
gi so snh cc kiu my ngt cao p in xoay chiu. V phng din chn kiu ngi ta phn loi my
ngt theo:
+ Theo loi mi trng dp h quang.
+ Theo cch dp h quang.
+ Theo phng php cch in ch cao p ca cc phn dn in.
+ Theo in p nh mc.
+ Theo dng in nh mc.
+ Theo cng sut ngt nh mc.
+ Theo quan h v kt cu ca b phn truyn ng c kh ca my ngt vi truyn ng.
+ Theo thang tc ng nhanh.
+ Theo s tin li cho AB tc thi.
bng 11.1 gii thiu s phn loi my ngt theo loi mi trng dp h quang v theo cch
dp h quang. Bng 11.2 gii thiu cc c im u v khuyt ca cc kiu my ngt mt s cc thang
in p khc nhau.
Theo in p nh mc ngt c th chia ra lm hai nhm chnh.
- My ngt in p 35kV v cao hn l my ngt trm bin p.
- My ngt in p 20kV v thp hn l my ngt my pht.
My ngt trm bin p l nhm ln, thng dng in nh mc ti hn 2000A. Vi loi ny
yu cu kh nng ngt rt cao (ti hn 20.000 MVA) tc ng nhanh, tin li i vi AB tc thi v
nhiu c tnh khc.
My ngt trm bin p s dng u vit cc loi my ngt sau:
+ My ngt khng kh (my ngt khng kh tr).
+ My ngt t du.
+ My ngt nhiu du.
Hin nay ph bin my ngt kiu mi SF
6
, kh elegas (SF
6
) c kh nng dp h quang rt cao,
c s dng lm mi trng dp h quang. Kiu my ngt ny c nhng c tnh k thut vn hnh v
kinh t k thut cao.
126
T so snh cc tham s bng 11.1, 11.2, v theo ti liu hin c i n kt lun my ngt
khng kh u vit hn cc my ngt khc, c bit i vi my ngt c in p nh mc 110kV v cao
hn.
cc trm s cn thit c kh nn cho my ngt khng kh lm vic khng nn cho rng
l nhc im, v trong cc trm phn phi in cao p hin i h thng cc my ngt, cc cu dao iu
khin bng hi l hp li nht, hon chnh v thun tin nht cho vic t ng ha.
Tuy th, i hi gia cng chnh xc, nn gi thnh my ngt khng kh cao hn my ngt t du
khi cng mt ch tiu trng lng.
ng dng my ngt t du v mt k thut v kinh t cho nhng ni km quan trng hn ca h
thng in, y cc yu cu v tr s cng sut ngt, nhng c tnh vn hnh khc (tc ng rt nhanh,
AB tc thi, nhiu ln, ngt mt cch tin cy dng in in dung nh, kh nng thng xuyn kim
tra v thay i h thng tip xc,...) c th t hn.


Bng 11.1: Phn loi my ngt theo mi trng dp v cch dp h quang
Cc tham s nh hng
Loi mi
trng dp
h quang.
Cch dp h
quang
Kiu thit b
dp h quang
Kiu my
ngt
in p
nh mc
[kV]
Dng in
nh mc
[A]
Cng sut
ngt nh
mc
[MVA]
Dp h
quang
trong du
Tip xc t
qung n
gin trong du
Bnh du 10 1500 50



Du
Lm lnh
ro rit thn
h quang
trong bung
bung c b
phn thi dc
hay ngang
trong du.
Bnh du c
bung dp
h quang
35
110
330
2000
2000
2000
1000
5200
25000
ca sn
phm to
thnh kh
tch ri t

t du 10
35
110
330
1500
1500
2000
2000
300
1000
2500
10000
du (hn
hp kh hi)
bc phn dp
h quang
t du kiu
chu
15
(20)
6000 2500

Cht lng
khng chy
Lm lnh
ro rit thm
h quang
bung c b
phn thi
trong nc
t nc 15 600 300
(nc) trong lung
hi nc
bc phn dp
h quang
nc kiu
chu
15 2000 1500
Cht rn
sinh ra kh
Lm lnh
ro rit thn
h quang
trong lung
ca sn
phm to
thnh khi
tch ra t
cht rn sinh
ra kh.
Bung c b
phn thi dc
hay ngang
T ng kh 10 600 300
Khng kh
nn
Lm lnh
ro rit thn
h quang
trong lung


Bung thi
khng kh dc
Khng kh
(khng kh
trc)
10
35
110
400
2000
2000
2000
2000
3000
1500
5000
25000
khng kh
nn
hay ngang T ng
iu khin
10 400 2550
127
bng hi
Bung thi
dc c shun
bng in tr
nh.
Khng kh
c shun
bng in
tr thp .
15 12000 4000
Khng kh
v mt
phng lm
lnh ca cc
thnh bung
Chuyn dch
bng t
trng
ngang v
lm lnh
thm h
quang trong
khe hp ca
bung.
Bung kiu
khe vi h
thng t
trng thi.
Khng kh
in t vi
bung c
khe.
15 4000 7500
Khng kh
v mt
phng lm
lnh cc
in cc.
Chia thn h
quang ra
nhiu phn
lin tip bi
chuyn dch
bng t
trng.
Bung vi s
lm lnh bng
li vi h
thng t
trng thi.
Khng kh
in t vi
nhng tm
li dp h
quang.
15 2000 1000
Kh ele gas
(SF
6
)
Lm lnh
thm h
quang trong
lung kh
elegas.
Bung thi
elegas dc hay
ngang
elegas 380 v cao
hn
2000
v cao hn
40000
v cao hn
Chn khng Phn tch
thm h
quang trong
chn khng
Chn khng
dp h quang
Chn khng 110 v cao
hn
600 250

Bng 11.2: So snh v cht lng cc kiu my ngt
Kiu my
ngt v in
p nh mc
(1)
Cc u vit c bn


(2)
Cc nhc im c bn


(3)
Bnh du c
bung dp h
quang in p
110kV v cao
hn
1. C cu tng i n gin.
2. C kh nng t my bin dng
bn trong.
3. Nng lc ngt cao.
4. Thch hp vi cc trm ngoi
tri.
1. Khng an ton v ha hon v pht nng
2. Cn thit kim tra thng xuyn trng thi du
trong bnh v trong cc s vo cao p.
3. Khi lng du ln yu cu thi gian kh di
kim tra bung dp h quang v h thng tip xc.
Thi gian thay du ln.
4. Trong trm bin p cn thit phi d tr du
nhiu v cc trang b lc du rt qui m.
5. Thc t khng thch hp vi cc trm trong nh
my.
6. t thch hp cho AB tc thi nhiu ln trong
chu trnh.
7. Cc tip xc dp h quang kh ln.
8. Chi ph nhiu cho sn xut bnh du.
9. Trng lng ln khng thun tin cho chuyn
ch lp rp.
10. Khng c kh nng to thnh th thng nht vi
s p dng nhng h thng ln.
128
My ngt t
du 35 kV v
cao hn.
1. Khi lng du khng ln.
2. Trng lng tng i nh.
3. C cu rt n gin so vi my
ngt khng kh
4. Gi thnh tng i thp.
5. Thch hp cho cc trm trong
nh v ngoi tri.
6. Nh hn my ngt kiu bnh du
in p 35 kV v cao hn.
7. C kh nng to thnh mt th
thng nht.
1. Khng an ton v ha hon v pht n, nhng t
hn cc my ngt trn.
2. Thc hin AB tc thi nhiu ln phc tp.
3. Thc hin lc li du kh.
4. S cn thit kim tra, v thay i thng xuyn
du trong bnh dp h quang.
5. Cc tip xc dp h quang tng i ln.
6. Khng thch hp vi trng hp ngt thng
xuyn.
7. t my bin dng bn trong kh khn.
8. Nng lc ngt gii hn tng i km.
My ngt
khng kh 35
kV v cao
hn.
1. An ton v ha hon v pht n.
2. Tc ng nhanh v thch hp
cho A B trong bt k chu trnh
no.
3. Nng lc ngt cao.
4. Ngt dng in in dung ca
ng dy khng ti vng chc.
5. Cc tip xc dp h quang mn
t.
6. Thit b dp h quang d tip
xc v s kim tra chng n gin.
7. Trong vn hnh khng phi tiu
tn du cho my ngt.
8. Trng lng tng i nh (so
snh vi my ngt kiu bnh du).
9. C kh nng to thnh mt lot
vi nhng mi thng nht ln.
10. Thch hp cho c trm
ngoi tri v trong nh.
1. trm bin p cn thit phi c cc thit b nn
v lc khng kh.
2. C cu chi tit v cc khu tng i phc tp,
mc chnh xc gia cng cao.
3. Gi thnh tng i cao.
4. t my bin dng bn trong kh khn.

My ngt kiu
t ng kh.
1. Hon ton an ton v ha hon
v pht n.
2. Khng cn du do vic vn
hnh n gin.

1. Gii hn pha trn ca in p nh mc b hn
ch (b hn 15kV).
2. Mn cc b phn sn ra kh nn thay i c tnh
ca thit b dp h quang do phi kim tra trng
thi thit b dp h quang.
3. Cc tip xc dp h quang mn nhiu.
4. Khng ph hp vi trm ngoi tri.
My ngt kiu
in t.
1. Hon ton an ton v ha hon
v pht n.
2. Mn cc tip xc dp h quang
v cc b phn cng tc ca thit
b dp h quang.
3. Ph hp vi trm ngt thng
xuyn.
4. Nng lc ngt kh cao.
1. C cu thit b dp h quang vi h thng t thi
tng i phc tp.
2. Gii hn pha trn ca in p nh mc b hn
ch (khng qu 20-35 kV).
3. S ph hp vi trm ngoi tri hn ch.
Theo cc tham s c bn (in p nh mc, dng in, cng sut ngt) my ngt kiu bnh du
ngang hng vi my ngt khng kh c bit l sau khi kt cu my ngt kiu bnh du c nhiu ci tin.
Tuy vy c tnh vn hnh ca my ngt du trong nhiu trng hp thua my ngt khng kh,
th d nh khng an ton v ha hon v pht n. Cho nn my ngt kiu ny cha c pht trin nhiu
trong sn xut v s dng trong vn hnh trm v h thng in, c bit cho in p 110 kV v cao hn.
Nhm my ngt my pht c c im l dng in nh mc (b hn 12000A), cng sut ngt
nh mc rt ln (ti hn 4000 MVA) cng nh dng in ngt gii hn ln (ti hn 100 - 150 kA).
My ngt my pht s dng my ngt t du kiu chu v my ngt khng kh (khng kh tr) l
u vit hn c. V nguyn tc m ni cng c th c kh nng ch to my ngt my pht cho tham s
129
trung bnh, trn c s ca nguyn tc dp h quang bng in t (cng vi bung c khe hay cng vi
tm li).
Hin nay my ngt nhiu du khng p dng lm my ngt my pht.
My ngt t du kiu chu v nguyn tc cng c th ch to vi dng in nh mc v cng
sut nh mc rt ln, c th t ti gi tr ln (hn 2500 MVA). Song c tnh vn hnh ca my ngt
kiu ny km my ngt khng kh.
Nhim v sn xut my ngt my pht vi tham s tht cao (dng in hn 12.000A, cng sut
ngt hn 4000 MVA) c bit kh khn. Trong trng hp ny my ngt khng kh c in tr nh dp
h quang bn trong l ph hp hn c.
Chng ta s r cc chng sau, nh p dng in tr shun nh dp h quang trong qu trnh
ngt, my ngt c th d dng dp tt h quang ln, mc d tn s ca in p phc hi rt ln i vi
cc my pht ca h thng in.
My ngt vi in p nh mc n 15 kV, dng in nh mc n 1500 A, vi cng sut ngt
nh mc n 400 - 500 MVA c xem l my ngt cung cp.
Tt c cc kiu my ngt k trn u nm trong nhm my ngt cung cp:
a) Bnh du c khong ngt n gin.
b) Bnh du c bung dp h quang.
c) t du ( trong c kiu chu).
d) t cht lng khng chy.
) T sn kh.
e) Khng kh.
g) T ng iu chnh bng hi.
h) Khng kh dp h quang bng in t.
i) My ngt chn khng.
My ngt cung cp c rt nhiu kiu nhiu v khc nhau cho nn rt kh nh gi v la chn.
Trong khi gii quyt nhim v ny cn phi ch n hng lot suy lun. Trc ht cn phi bit my
ngt c th c tc dng cho thit b khng ch nh my in m c cc trm bin p ca h thng ln,
nhng ch yu l cc thit b cng nghip nng lng ca nh my x nghip khai thc m, hm m,
ni khai thc than bn, cng nghip khai thc du,..., cng nh trong mng li nng nghip. Cho nn
kt cu my ngt ny cn phi ht sc n gin, vng chc trong vn hnh, thun tin trong lp rp. Sn
xut my ngt nh th phi hng lot, gi thnh thp.
Trong khi chn kiu cn phi tnh n ch nh t my ngt ang thit k. Trc ht, my ngt
cung cp c th t trm phn phi ngoi tri ca nh my in v trm bin p, trm phn phi c
t, mch m ng c, cc trm bin p ca mng li cng sut nh, cc trm bin p nng nghip
kiu ngoi tri v cc trm bin p ngm ca hm m,...Trong nhiu trng hp my ngt cn phi m
bo ng ngt nhiu ln trong thi gian mt ngy m (v d my ngt thit b l in).
iu kin lm vic khc nhau dn n cn thit s dng tt c cc kiu my ngt k. Kinh
nghim cho thy rng, hin nay my ngt t du v my ngt h quang bng in t l vn nng v hon
chnh. Cng ci tin kt cu v vt liu cch in mi vng bn hn my ngt in t c ng dng mt
cch kh u vit.
Cn phi a my ngt ph ti vo nhm c bit chng khc vi my ngt cao p bnh thng
l cng sut ngt nh, nh kt cu n gin hn, trng lng v gi thnh thp hn. My ngt ph
ti cng vi cu ch trong quan h ng ngt bng gi my ngt cung cp. Do c li v kinh t my ngt
ph ti c s dng rng ri.
Cc kiu my ngt c s dng mt cch u vit cho my ngt ph ti gm:
a) T sn kh.
b) T ng iu khin bng hi.
c) in t.
My ngt chn khng cng c p dng trong sn xut.

5. S kt cu ca my ngt
Mi kiu my ngt c th c thc hin vi nhiu phng n kt cu khc nhau, nhng mi
phng n trnh by di dng mt s biu hin cc c im chnh ca kt cu . S kt cu cn
phi th hin:
130
+ S lng khong ngt dng in trong mi pha, cch b tr tng h ca tip im.
+ S lng, v tr v cch b tr tng h ca thit b dp h quang.
+ Kt cu ca mch dn in v cch b tr tng h ca cc b phn dn in.
+ Phng php cch in cc b phn kt cu c in th khc nhau v cc phn ni t.
































131


Hnh 11-2: S kt cu ca my ngt t du
a) Mi cc c mt khong ngt trong bnh kim loi, dng cho thit b treo tng.
b) Mt cc c mt khong ngt trong bnh s vi my bin dng trong s xuyn, dng cho thit
b treo trn tng.
c) Mi cc c hai khong ngt dp h quang trong cc bnh kim loi, c h thng tip im
chnh v dp h quang vi b truyn ng c kh t trong khung .
d) Mi cc c mt khong ngt trong bnh s, vi my bin dng trong s xuyn v truyn ng
c kh t trong khung treo.
) Mi cc c mt khong ngt trong bnh cch li c dao cch li ngoi, truyn ng c kh t
trong khung .
e) Hai bung dp h quang t nghing trn mt s .
g) Mi cc c mt khong ngt trong bnh s vi s y du.
h) Mi cc c mt khong ngt trong bnh s thit b dp h quang v truyn ng c kh cng
t trong s .

+ Cch b tr nh hng cc tr kim loi, cc bnh du, cc bnh nn khng kh, cc thit b thi
kh,...
+ Cu trc v b tr truyn ng c kh.
+ Cch b tr tng h ca my ngt v truyn ng.
Mt s s kt cu my ngt chnh gii thiu cc hnh 11-1, 11-2, 11-3 v 11-4.
Chng ta s nghin cu c tnh c bit ca mt s kt cu my ngt.
a) Trong kt cu my ngt t du vi bnh cch li, khi v tr ngt cc tip im dp h quang cn li
trong du ni tip vi khong ngt dp h quang (ngha l khong ngt c hnh thnh trong du) do
tch dao cch li ph c bit, to thnh t qung trong khng kh (xem hnh 11-2).
Nh vy cch in ca dng c dp h quang c b i. trong nhng my ngt ny ch cho
php khng dng dao cch li trong trng hp khi s lng du y trong bnh dp h quang v du
khng mt tnh cch in.
132
b) Hnh dng v cch b tr cc b phn cch in nm trong du sao cho khng c s lin tc ngang
ca cc b mt cc phn t than nh hnh thnh trong du c th lng xung b mt to thnh
con ng phng in theo b mt. Loi phng in nh vy thng dn n s c nng.
c) Trong cc my ngt khng kh (p lc khng kh c tc dng i vi AB tc thi) s dng truyn
ng khi t trc tip bn trong dng c dp h quang. Nh th trong nhiu trng hp cn thit c
dao cch li gn lin, nh n sau khi dp tt h quang to thnh khong ngt ph ( ngoi hay trong khng
kh nn).
Trong my ngt khng kh c cc b phn trung gian ca quan h ng gia tip im dp h
quang v b phn lm vic ca truyn ng lm my ngt loi ny mt tnh cht tc ng nhanh.
d) S kt cu my ngt t trong trm phn phi in c t (KPY) cn phi m bo quan h gia kt
cu my ngt vi cc b phn cn li ca mch l c li nht, thng my ngt nh th c truyn ng
gn lin trc tip, m bo kim tra v sa cha thun tin trong qu trnh vn hnh v thay i my
ngt.
Hnh 11-4a,b cho cu trc c bn ca my ngt cao p SF
6
. Nhng b phn chnh gm: c cu
tc ng, s cch in, bung ngt, t in v in tr. My ngt cao p c ch to theo nguyn li
moun. S lng bung ngt tng theo in p v kh nng ct. Bung dp h quang t thi cn t nng
lng hot ng, c s dng cho in p n 170kV v dng in ct n 40kA.
My ngt mt bung c s dng cho in p ti 300kV v dng ct ti 50kA. My ngt nhiu
bung c s dng cho dng in cao n 80kA v in p 300 kV.



133


Bng 11.3: Cc tr s nh mc phi hp ca my ngt (theo IEC v DIN VDE)

in p
nh mc
[kV]
Dng ct ngn
mch nh mc.
[kA]
Dng in nh mc
[ A]
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
123 12,5
20
25
40
800 1250
1250 1600 2000
1250 1600 2000
1600 2000
145 12,5
20
25
31,5
40
50
800 1250
1250 1600 2000
1250 1600 2000
1600 2000 3150
1600 2000 3150
2000 3150
170 12,5
20
31,5
800 1250
1250 1600 2000
1250 1600 2000
134
40
50
1600 2000 3150
1600 2000 3150
2000 3150
245 20
31,5
40
50
1250 1600 2000
1250 1600 2000
1600 2000 3150
2000 3150
300 16
20
31,5
50
1250 1600
1250 1600 2000
1250 1600 2000 3150
1600 2000 3150
362 20
31,5
40

2000
1600 2000
2000 3150
420 20
31,5
40
50
1600 2000
1600 2000
1600 2000 3150
2000 3150 4000
525 40 2000 3150
765 40 2000 3150



Bng 11.4: Cc tr s phi hp ca my ngt (theo ASNI C37.06.1979)

in p
nh mc
[kV]
in p nh
mc max
[ kV]
Dng in ct
ngn mch nh
mc [kA]
Dng in nh mc
[A]
34 38 22 1200
69 72,5 37 2000
115 121 20
40
63
1200
1600 2000 3000

3000
138



145
20
40
63
80
1200
1600 2000 3000
2000
3000

3000
161 169 16
31,5
40
50
1200
1600
2000
2000
230 245 31,5
40
63
1600 2000 3000
2000
3000

3000
345 362 40 2000 3000
500 550 40 2000 3000
700 765 40 2000 3000
135



Vi in p n 550kV v dng in ct 63kA th my ngt c hai bung. Vi in p v dung
lng ln hn s lng bung tng thnh bn.
Vi cc in p thp hn v t ng li ba pha, ba cc thng c lp trn khung chung. My
ngt c b tr mt cc v c c cu tc ng c iu khin ring cho mi cc thng c s dng i
vi in p 245kV v cao hn. My ngt cao p c th c lp trn xe bnh xch hoc bnh c.

11.2. NGUYN L CT V CC IU KIN NG CT KHC NGHIT

1. Dp h quang
Qu trnh dp tt h quang c th theo hai dng c
bn sau:
a) Dp tt h quang mt chiu (hnh 11-5)
H quang mt chiu ch c th dp tt c
bng cch cng bc dng in qua khng. iu c
ngha l in p h quang U
s
phi cao hn in p hin
din my ngt (hnh 11-5a). C th to nn in p
h quang ln bng cc phng tin hp li, ch c
trong cc mch mt chiu h p v trung p (my ngt
thi t). dp tt h quang mt chiu trong mch cao
p mt chiu, in p phi c h thp mt cch
tng ng hoc phi to nn dng in v "khng"
nhn to bng cch thm mch cng hng vo.
b) Dp tt h quang xoay chiu (hnh 11-6)
H quang xoay chiu c th dp tt mi khi
dng in qua khng. mch cao p nu khng c cc
bin php b xung, h quang chy li sau khi dng
in qua khng.
cc my ngt cao p, plasma
ca h quang c lm mt tng cng
trong bung dp h quang v do lm
gim in dn ca chng dng in
khng, nh vy in p phc hi khng
chy li. Hnh 11-7 minh ha
cc in p trn my ngt.
Khi ngt ti in cm (hnh 11-7a),
in p my ngt dao ng n gi tr
nh ca in p phc hi. My ngt
phi c kh nng chu ng tc tng
ca in p phc hi v gi tr nh ca
n. Mt khi h quang b dp tt, cng
in mi gia cc tip im phi ln
hn tng in p phc hi
phng h quang chy li. Khi ngt ti
thun tr (hnh 11-7b) th dng in
bng khng v in p bng khng tr
v ng thi. in p phc hi my
ngt tng theo hnh sin vi tn s lm
vic. Khe h gia cc tip im c
thi gian phc hi cch in. Khi
ng ct ti in dung (hnh 11-7c), sau khi ngt dng in th in p ngun (u cui my ngt) dao
ng theo tn s h thng gia U
m
, trong khi u my ngt pha t in vn c np +U
m
.












Hnh 11-5: Dp h quang in mt chiu
a) Mch tng ng n gin,
b) ng cong dng in I
s
v in p h
quang U
s
; t
1.
thi im bt u ngn
mch; t
2.
thi im tch ri














Hnh 11-6: Dp h quang in xoay chiu
a) Mch tng ng n gin ha, b) Cc ng
cong dng ngn mch I
s
v in p U
s
:t
1.
thi im
tip xc di, t
2.
thi im dp tt h quang, S- Tc
tng in p phc hi
U
+
-
L LS
U
s
R
a)
I
s
I
s
U
s
U

I

t
1
t
2
b)

LS
U
s
a)
I
s
c
u
u
s
t

s

i
s
t
2
t
1
b)

L

u
LS
U
s
L
a)
I
s
LS
U
I
s
u
s
i
s
u

t

t
1
u

i
s
136

2. Cc iu kin ng ct khc nghit





Ty theo v tr t, my ngt phi chu ng hng lot cc iu kin khc nhau, do vy cn t
ra nhng yu cu khc nhau i vi my ngt.
a) Ngn mch u cc (dng ngn mch i xng) hnh 11-8.





















Hnh 11-7: in p phc hi U
s
khi ngt mch in
a)Ti in cm, b)Ti in tr, c)Ti in dung


















Hnh 11-9: Ngn mch gn
a)Mch tng ng n gin ha
b)in p phc hi U
s
qua my ngt
1.ng dy, 2. Hnh rng ca ca U
s



















Hnh 11-8: Ngn mch u cc
a) Mch tng ng n gin ha. b) Cc
ng cong in p phc hi U
s
v dng
in I
s
; 1. Thnh phn mt chiu tt dn
a)
u
s
t

i
s
t
2
t
1
B

LS
U
s
I
s
c
u
L

t

i

LS
U
s
I
s
c
u
L

t
u
s

a)
b)
137
Ngn mch u cc l ngn mch pha ti ngay st u cc my ngt. Dng ngn mch l i
xng nu s c xy ra thi im in p cc i.
in p phc hi tr li gi tr in p iu khin. tng v bin in p qu c xc
nh bng cc thng s li. Cc tr s s dng th nghim c cho trong IEC 56/VDE 0670.
b) Ngn mch u cc (dng ngn mch khng i xng)
Cng thm vo dng ngn mch i xng c thnh phn mt chiu cng b ngt. ln ca n
ph thuc vo thi gian m c cu ca my ngt. Thnh phn mt chiu ca dng ngn mch ph thuc
vo thi im bt u ngn mch (cc i in p khng) v hng s thi gian ca cc thnh phn pha
ngun cung cp nh my pht, my bin p, cp v ng dy cao p (IEC v DIN VDE qui nh hng
s thi gian l 45ms. iu c ngha l thnh phn mt chiu bng khong chng 40% 50% i vi
thi gian m thng thng ca my ngt ngoi tri loi hin i SF
6
).
c) Ngn mch gn (hnh 11-9)
L ngn mch trn ng dy trn khng khng xa my ngt (khong vi kilmt). N gy ra
ng sut c bit nghim trng cho my ngt bi v hai in p qu xp chng ln nhau (in p qu
ca li ng dy cung cp v in p qu ca pha ng dy). nh hng tch ly l bc tng
in p ch lm gim dng ngn mch mt t. Khong cch ti hn ca ngn mch ph thuc vo dng
in, in p v mi trng dp h quang.
d) ng m khng trng pha (hnh 11-10)
ng sut in p (tn s ngun) rt ln nu gc pha ca cc h thng pha my ngt khc nhau
(cc thnh phn h thng tch ri hoc cc my ngt ca my pht in ha ng b khng chnh xc).
e) Ngt dng in in cm nh (hnh 11-11)
Ty theo cu hnh li, vic ngt mch dng in cm nh nh cc cun khng in hoc dng
t ha my bin p c th lm in p phc hi tng nhanh v gy qu in p do kt qu ca dng in
bm (dp tt cng bc) trc khi chuyn mch qua im khng t nhin (cc mch th nghim vn cn
ang c tho lun trong IEC v DIN VDE bi v qu in p ph thuc rt nhiu vo cc tnh cht
ring ca ti in cm).
f) ng ct dng in dung (hnh 11-12)
Tnh hung ny tuy khng to nn ng sut nghim trng nhng ni chung my ngt cho php
trnh b h quang chy li. Tuy nhin v li thuyt s chy lp li c th lm tng ng sut to nn nhiu
gi tr nh ca in p.
h) ng ct ng dy khng ti v cp

138
in dung trn mt n v chiu di ng dy hoc cp to nn cc iu kin tng t nh
ng ct t in.


Cc ng sut trn tip im khi ni mch in cm (hnh 11-13).
Vic ng mch in cm v in dung c th to nn qu in p n 100%. Do vy, my ngt
vi in p cao v ng dy di (khong trn 300 km) thng mc thm vo cc in tr khi ng.

11.3. MI TRNG DP H QUANG V NGUYN LI TC NG

Trong my ngt cao p thit b dp h quang l b phn chnh, khi ngt mch in xy ra
cc qu trnh c bn dp h quang v tip theo l phc hi bn v in gia cc khong trng tip
im.
Qu trnh xy ra rt phc tp ph thuc vo s lm vic ca kiu thit b dp h quang, ph
thuc kh nng dp h quang ca thit b v ph thuc vo c tuyn ca qu trnh . Dng c tuyn
ca qu trnh ny ph thuc vo nguyn tc tc ng ca thit b v vo cc c im kt qu tng chi
tit ca n.
Tnh v thit k thit b dp h quang l mt trong cc nhim v quan trng khi thit k my
ngt. Trong tnh ton cn phi xc nh cc tham s ca thit b v cc c tuyn ca n:
Cc tham s ca thit b dp h quang:
- S lng v kch thc chnh ca cc ng rnh dp tt h quang.
- S lng, v tr tng h v tr s cc khong trng gia cc tip im trong lc dp tt h
quang cng nh kch thc, hnh dng ca tip im to thnh cc khong trng.
Cc c tuyn ca thit b dp h quang gm:
- c tuyn tc chuyn ng ca cc tip im dp h quang v ca van (nu c).
- Tr s ln nht v c tuyn thay i p sut ca mi trng to thnh kh trong vng dp h
quang (trong cc ng rnh lm vic, trong khng gian v trong cc thit k thi kh,...).
- Tc chy ca mi trng dp h quang trong vng dp h quang tng giai on dp h
quang.
- Tc chuyn dch ca thn h quang trong t trng (nu p dng dp h quang bng in
t).
- S thay i in p trn h quang v nng lng thi ra trong h quang.
- S thay i trng thi ( dn d, bn in, nhit ,...) m gi l thn d cui na chu k
ca dng in v s phc hi bn v in ca khong trng gia cc tip im.

139
Mt s c tuyn
- Tc chuyn ng ca cc tip im.
- p lc ca khng kh hay kh tc ng vo u ra ca tip im di ng,... c s dng lm
tham s cho trc tnh ton cc khu khc ca my ngt lin quan n cc tip im ca thit b dp
h quang (truyn ng c kh, truyn ng, bnh cha khng kh, van,...). Nh vy vic tnh v chnh xc
ha kch thc cc chi tit ca thit b dp h quang phi tin hnh trc khi tnh v gia cng cc khu
khc ca my ngt.
Thit b dp h quang ca cc my ngt hin i phi tha mn cc yu cu chung:
+ Dp tt h quang in chc chn in p nh mc cho trc, khi ngt cc dng in gii
hn (n hng chc kA) trong mt thi gian nht nh.
+ Dp h quang in chc chn v nhanh, khng chy lp li khi ngt cc dng in in dung
ca in dung ca ng dy khng ti v cc dng in khng ca my bin p khng ti.
+ Lm vic n nh khng thay i cc c tuyn on u trong thi gian vn hnh qui nh
v s ln ng ngt quy nh.
+ Kt cu n gin, d gia cng v thun tin trong vn hnh.
+ Tiu hao mi trng dp h quang (cht lng, khng kh nn hay kh) hon thnh thao tc
qui nh cn phi t nht.

1. Dp h quang trong my ngt khng kh
a) Qu trnh dp h quang khi khng kh thi dc
Lm lnh thn h quang trong bung khng kh nn c cng cao l mt trong nhng
phng tin dp h quang hiu dng cc my ngt cao p in xoay chiu. Qu trnh dp h quang ph
thuc vo hnh dng v v tr tng h ca cc tip im v ca ming ng:
a.1) Khi thi mt pha - qua ming ng kim loi (hnh 11-14a).
a.2) Khi thi mt pha - qua ming ng cch in (hnh 11-14b).
a.3) Khi thi hai pha i xng - qua tip im kiu ming ng (hnh 11-14c).
a.4) Khi thi hai pha khng i xng - qua tip im kiu ming ng (hnh11-14d).
Cc cng trnh nghin cu v li thuyt v v thc nghim ch ra rng, cc thit b nh th c
th dp tt h quang mt cch kt qu nht vi cc iu kin ch yu sau:
+ Tc ca lung khng kh nn ti bin dng in khi trong ming ng c h quang tt
khng c nh hn gii hn cho php.
+ ngay cui na chu k ca dng in h quang, trong khong thi gian tng i ngn tc
ca lung kh nn ming ng phi t ti gi tr ti hn, cn tr s p sut trong vng thn d phi ln
nht.
Vi cc iu kin trn qu trnh nt v thn d do ion xy ra mnh lit v s phc hi bn
v in ca khong trng gia cc tip im c quan h vi qu trnh .

140

b) Dp h quang c thi khng kh dc vi shun bng in tr nh
Shun h quang bng in tr nh (dp h quang) l mt trong cc phng thc tng kh nng
ngt ca my ngt. Cc s nguyn li c tnh in hnh v sun h quang bng in tr nh nu hnh
11-15. Khi ngt cc tip im tch ri ra v trong bung dp h quang xut hin hai dng h quang 1
v 2, mt trong nhng on c ni shun bng in tr nh R
S
. cui na chu k h quang th nht
s tt v h quang th hai (in tr shun mc ni tip vi on 1) s tt na chu k sau.
Nh shun , sau khi h quang tt tc phc hi in p v bin ca in p phc hi
khong trng th nht gim xung rt nhiu. Mc tip in tr vo mch ca on h quang th hai to
ra iu kin thun li dp tt, nhng do tr s dng in ngt gim rt nhiu v tr s in p phc hi
cng gim. Nh vy, trong cc thit b nh th qu trnh dp h quang thun li hn trong cc thit b
khng c shun bng in tr nh.
Khi tr s in tr chn ng th cc my ngt cng sut ngt khng ph thuc vo tn s dao
ng t do ca in p phc hi. Vi my ngt khng kh c im ny rt quan trng, v nh c th
to ra c nhng my ngt cng sut ngt rt ln in p my pht, m khi cc phng php khng
dng shun in tr nh kh thc hin c, v tn s dao ng t do in p my pht tng i ln.
Ta s xt qu trnh dp h quang trong bung dp h quang ca my ngt khng kh c hai
khong ngt, mt trong hai khong ngt c shun bng in tr nh. Cc s tnh ton in ca hai
giai on dp h quang v c tuyn hnh 11-15 v 11-16.
Giai on dp h quang th nht c cc ng thc:
i i i
i R U U
hq S
S S S hq
= +
= =

U
hq
: in p trn thn h quang th nht

141
U
S
: in p trn in tr shun
i
hq
: dng in h quang
i
S
: dng in qua in tr shun
R
S
: tr s in tr shun
i : dng in ca mch ngt.
Nu ly gn ng theo c tuyn tnh ca h quang, th vi trng hp thi dc rt mnh c
in p trn thn h quang:
U
A
i
l
hq
hq
m
hq
=
A =1400 : h s khng i biu th cng lm lnh thn h quang.
m :s m biu th phng php lm lnh thn h quang. Trong trng hp ny c th ly m = 0,25.

142
l
hq
: chiu di h quang, cm.
i
hq
: dng in h quang, A.
i
S
: dng in qua in tr shun
R
S
: tr s in tr sun, i: dng in ca mch ngt.
c tuyn V-A ca h quang v c tuyn dp tt h
quang ca shun hnh 11-16. ga tr i i i
hq S 0 0 0
= +
xut hin iu kin ri tc thi ca dng in h quang
n tr s khng, do qu chuyn dng in vo
shun. iu tng ng vi thi im xc nh theo
phng trnh:
i i i I t
hq S m 0 0 0 0
= + = sin


2. Dp h quang trong my ngt du
Dp h quang ca my ngt du c thc hin
bng cch lm lnh thn h quang trong lung ca mi trng kh (hn hp kh hi) do s phn li v bc
hi ca du do chnh h quang to ra.
So snh vi qu trnh dp tt h quang trong lung khng kh lnh, trong trng hp ny cc
iu kin trao i nhit vi mi trng xung quanh c c im:
- Trong thnh phn hn hp kh hi cha rt nhiu H
2
(n 90%) c tnh dn nhit cao hn so
vi khng kh nhng bn in km hn.
- Lung hn hp kh vng h quang chy c nhit cao (800 2500
0
K). Khi dng in h
quang khng ln (thng ti 100A) th iu kin lm lnh thn h quang khc nhau. Khi dng in ln
s lm lnh thn h quang xy ra ch yu l do i lu cng bc trong lung hn hp kh hi p sut
ln.
Dng in tng cng lm lnh i lu v tr s p sut vng dp h quang cng tng. Nh
to ra c iu kin rt tt phc hi bn in ca khong trng gia cc tip im khi dng
in qua tr s khng.
Khi dng in nh s i lu v p sut ca kh vng dp h quang s gim, nh vy iu
kin dp h quang xu, thi gian h quang chy s tng ln r rt. S tng p sut trong vng dp h
quang do truyn du cng bc di tc ng ca ngun nng lng c kh bn ngoi c th ci tin
iu kin dp h quang, thi gian h quang chy s gim khi ngt dng in nh.
Trong tnh ton gn ng cho rng cc iu kin dp tt h quang t kt qu tt nht trong cc
thit b dp h quang ca my ngt du l:
* S thi ca hn hp kh hi vng h quang mnh lit (c bit gn cui na sng dng
in).
* p sut cao ca hn hp kh hi vng h quang vo cui na chu k ca dng in.
* Khong cch nh gia b mt thn h quang v thnh rnh hnh thnh h quang bng du
xung quanh hay gia b mt ca cht cch in cng c tm du.
Do cn to c iu kin thun li nht lm bc hi mnh lit v hnh thnh cc lung
hi du bo ha trc tip gn b mt thn h quang.
Mt s hay tt c cc iu kin k trn trong cc kt cu v thit b dp h quang ca my ngt
du c mc khc nhau do cch chn nguyn tc tc ng ca thit b v hnh dng kt cu kch thc
ca tng chi tit. Theo nguyn tc tc ng thit b dp h quang ca cc my ngt du hin i c th
chia ra lm ba nhm chnh:
+ Thit b dp h quang thi t ng. iu kin dp tt h quang ca thit b ny l: p sut
cao v tc lung kh vng dp tt h quang ln - to nn do nng lng tch ra t h quang.
+ Thit b dp h quang thi du cng bc, thit b ny nh b phn c bit y du n
khong ngt.
+ Thit b dp h quang c b phn dp h quang bng t trong du. Di nh hng ca t
trng ngang thn h quang chuyn dch vo rnh v khe hep to bi cc thnh cch in cha y du,
do to c iu kin thun li dp h quang.
















Hnh 11-16: c tuyn V-A ca h quang c
shun bng in tr nh
i
n

U
i
U
s
U
hq
=f(i
a
)
U
hq
=f
1
(i)
143
Do hiu sut cao v tng i n gin nn thit b dp h quang thi t ng c p dng
rng ri nht.
Thit b ca nhm th hai t c p dng v khi ngt dng in ln th thi du cng bc t
hiu lc, kt cu ca bung dp h quang v thit b bm du rt phc tp, cng knh. Khi ngt dng
in b thi du cng bc tc ng tt trong trng hp ring dp tt h quang chc chn hn khng
chy lp li khi ngt dng in in dung b ca ng dy. Thi du cng bc c p dng trong
mt s bnh cha thi t ng nh cng c b sung. Thit b dp h quang c b phn dp bng t
trng cng khng c p dng rng ri v phng php ny hiu qu km hn phng php thi t
ng trong du.
Chng ta s ch nghin cu cc vn kt cu ca cc thit b dp h quang c thi t ng
trong du. S kt cu ca cc thit b dp h quang hin i kiu ny hnh 11-17 v 11-18.
Cc thit b dp h quang c thi t ng thng c dng bnh cha cng (hnh 11-17) thn ca
n c to thnh bi chi tit ni cng vi nhau, hay l bnh cha n hi (hnh 11-18) c to thnh
bi cc chi tit ni vi nhau mt cch n hi nh cc l xo hay cc ming m n hi.
Trong qu trnh ngt khi p sut trong bnh cha tng cc chi tit ca bnh cha n hi c th b
ngn cch to thnh rnh lm vic b sung trong vng h quang chy, nh to c cc iu kin
thun li hn dp tt h quang.

144
Ty thuc vo s lng, v tr tng h ca cc tip im c trong bnh cha v vo trnh t lc
ngt, bung dp h quang c th c nhiu phng n kt cu khc nhau, th d:
- Bnh cha c mt khong ngt chnh ca cc tip im.
- Bnh cha c nhiu khong ngt, c cng iu kin dp tt h quang.
- Bnh cha c mt khong ngt chnh v mt khong ngt ph.
- Bnh cha c nhiu khong ngt chnh v nhiu khong ngt ph.
Khi trong bnh cha c khong ngt ph to c iu kin pht sinh hi n nh trong vng
xc nh ca bung dp h quang, mt s trng hp dp tt h quang c y mnh khong ngt
chnh.
Nhiu khong ngt c p dng trong trng hp in p lm vic rt cao v mc ch hn ch
ca in p sinh ra trong lc ngt dng in cm ng nh, mt phn ca cc khong ngt c ni
shun bng in tr.
Vi cc iu kin khc ging nhau kh nng dp h quang ca cc thit b ang xt mc
cao c xc nh bng cc kch thc, hnh dng v b tr tng h cc rnh lm vic ca bnh cha.
Hng ca lung kh dc trc hay vung gc vi trc thn h quang ty thuc cch b tr cc
rnh. Trong cc bnh cha hng p dng cc dng thi sau: thi dc (hnh 11-17a, c), thi ngang (hnh
11-17e, b, g), thi hn hp (hnh 11-17d) v thi ngang ngc chiu (hnh 11-17). Da vo in p nh
mc cng sut ngt so snh kinh t chn kiu thi. Mt s bnh cha c thi t ng c b sung thi
du cng bc phi c thm mt b phn c kh.
Chng ta s qui nh mt s qui tc ban u tnh ton cc bnh cha c thi t ng trong
du. Trong trng hp chung khi ngt chu trnh lm vic ca bnh cha c th chia ra lm ba giai on
chnh.

145
Giai on th 1: sau khi cc tip im tch ri nhau h quang chy trong bung kh (hnh 11-
19a). Trong giai on ny nh nng lng ta ra t h quang m tr lng hn hp kh hi nn trong
bnh cha tng n p sut c th dp tt h quang cc rnh.
Giai on th 2: (hnh 11-19b) k t thi im hn hp kh hi bt u chy t vng bong
bng kh hi qua cc rnh ra khi bnh cha. Giai on ny biu hin s thay i p sut kh trong bnh
cha cc rnh v cng chy ca hn hp. Giai on ny kt thc bng s phc hi bn in ca
khong trng gia cc tip im, nh vy giai on th hai l giai on ch yu.
Giai on th 3: (hnh 11-19c) t bnh cha kh nng v hi du d c y ra ngoi v du
sch c vo bnh cha. Giai on ny chun b bnh cha cho ln ngt tip sau. Trong cc bung
dp h quang c AB giai on ny rt quan trng.
Hai giai on u c c im tng hp rt phc tp v qu trnh thy ng v nhit ng lin
quan ln nhau, kh nng dp h quang ca thit b ton b ph thuc vo hnh trnh ca qu trnh .

3. Dp h quang ca my ngt t sn kh
Trong cc thit b dp h quang ca my ngt t sn kh dp tt h quang trong lung kh do
vt liu rn sn kh ra di tc dng ca h quang.

Bng 11.5: Cc tham s v cc sn phm to thnh kh ca cc vt liu rn sn kh
Thnh phn
ca
Phibra Nha phoc-mal--hyuyar Nha plimetakril
Kh cm
3
% cm
3
% cm
3
%
CO
2

CO
H
2

H
2
O
70,32
682,5
468,43
108,07
5,29
51,34
35,24
8,13
125,13
584,88
294,15
609,32
7,00
35,03
18,58
38,49
105,82
955,64
587,35
418,30
5,07
47,71
27,18
20,04
1329,32 100,00 1613,48 100,00 2067,11 100,00
Kt cu thit b l mt bnh cha, cc thnh v cc chi tit to thnh cc rnh dp h quang lm
bng vt liu cch in sn kh. Khi h quang tip xc nhit vi cc thnh ca cc rnh s to thnh
lng kh ln, khi cc rnh c hnh dng v kch thc tng ng th c iu kin cn thit dp tt h
quang: p sut cao, tc chy ca kh trong vng dp h quang ln.
Thng s dng cc vt liu sn kh sau: phibra lu ha, nha phooc-mal--hy, yar v
thy tinh hu c. Cc tham s v kh nng sn kh ca cc vt liu k trn v sn phm to thnh kh nu
bng 11.5.

146
Khuynh hng to thnh mui than trn b mt bung di tc dng ca nhit h quang cao
l mt trong cc tnh cht quan trng dp tt h quang. V mt ny phibra lu ha v thy tinh hu
c l tt hn c.
S to thnh mui than t i khi cho thm mt t axt boric vo bt nn ca vt liu (th d
thy tinh hu c).
Kinh nghim ch rng, trong cc thit b nu dp tt h quang ch t c trong trng hp
p sut trong bnh cha thi im m l thi vt qu tr s ti hn ti thiu. Trong bt c trng hp
no p sut khng thp hn 2 at (dng in m 500 A).
Do gn l thi kh c cc chi tit gim m (th d tm dng phng nm vung gc vi hng
ca lung), kh i chm vo l, nn kh nng dp h quang b gim.
Thit b dp h quang ca my ngt t sn kh kiu B 10 (hnh 11-20) l bnh cha phng,
trong cc thnh v mng ngn lm bng thy tinh hu c to thnh th tch bt rung 1 v ra cc rnh
dp h quang hp 2 v 3. Tip im kiu hai ngn 4 nm pha trn. Khi m, tip im 5 chuyn ng
xung pha di trong rnh dp h quang.


Kh c to thnh trong thi gian h quang chy phn trn ca bnh cha i vo th tch
gim rung v p sut y tng ln n khi tip im di ng m rnh 3, sau kh t th tch gim rung
v rnh dp h quang bt u chy qua l thi kh chi tit gim m 6. Nh thi dc ngang nn to ra
c iu kin dp tt h quang.
Sau khi thanh tip im i ra do tc ng ca l xo, ng lt bng thy tinh hu c 7 nn thn h
quang. Nh dp tt h quang bo m chc chn khi ngt dng in nh v loi tr c kh nng kh
t nng vt ra ngoi bnh cha khi ngt dng in ln.


4. Dp h quang bng t
Cc thit b dp h quang gi l dp tt bng t l do dng nh hng ca t trng ngang h
quang to chuyn dch v c lm lnh theo nhiu kiu khc nhau hay phn ion ha. Trong cc thit b
c cc kiu dp h quang sau:
a) Phn chia h quang ra thnh nhiu h quang ngn, sau dp tt cc in cc lnh.
b) Do kt qu ca s ko di v chuyn dch vi tc ln trong khng kh, thn h quang c lm lnh
mt cch i lu ngang.
147

c) Lm lnh thn h quang trong rnh phng hp do cc thnh ca bnh cha to nn, h quang b y
qua bng t trng ngang. Nh vy, trong cc thit b ny t trng ngang thng c to ra bng
dng in h quang l phng tin nng cao hiu qu ca phng php lm lnh kiu khc nhau trong
khng kh p sut bnh thng.
Ngy nay thng s dng cc bung dp h quang kiu rnh l kinh t v hiu qu hn c, cho
nn sau ny ta s ch nghin cu cch tnh v kt cu cc thit b nh th. S ca bung dp h quang
kiu rnh hnh 11-21.
Sau khi cc tip im tch ri di nh hng ca t trng ngang (thng c to bng dng
in h quang) thn h quang nhanh chng b ko di v sau chuyn dch vo vng dp tt, y cc
thnh cch in chu nhit ca bnh cha to thnh rnh hp. Khi , nu chiu rng ca rnh nh hn
ng knh ca thn h quang (d>) th thn h quang b bin dng, tit din ca n thnh hnh ch nht
b ko di v din tch tip xc vi b mt ca cc thnh c tng ln. Nh , gia h quang v b mt
ca cc thnh to ra c s tip xc v nhit m bo tn nhit tt. Trong trng hp ny s i lu v
lm lnh thn h quang bng lung khng kh ngc chiu ng vai tr khng ng k.
Trong trng hp ang xt, cc tit din trong vng thn h quang gim l do s ti hp mt
cch mnh m trn b mt cc thnh lnh.
Cc cng trnh nghin cu ch ra, i vi phng php lm lnh nh vy t l gia dng in
h quang I
hq
, graien in p trn thn h quang E
hq
v o hm ca chng theo thi gian c th t trong
dng c tuyn V-A ng.

5. Dp trong kh SF
6
My ngt s dng kh SF
6
(Sunfua hexaflo) lm mi trng cch in v dp h quang vn
hnh c kt qu trn ton th gii t hn 25 nm qua.
Kh ny c bit thch hp lm mi trng dp h quang do n c bn in mi v sut dn
nhit cao.
My ngt kiu pittng c s dng cho cc kh nng ct cao, trong khi my ngt s dng k
thut t thi c s dng cho kh nng ct trung bnh.
a) Nguyn li pittng

148
Hnh 11-22 a ra b tr v nguyn li tc ng ca bung dp h quang kiu pittng. B dp
gm tip im tnh v tip im ng vi xilanh thi. Trong hnh trnh m, th tch ca xilanh thi gim
i u n v do p sut kh trong bung tng cho n khi tip im tnh v tip im ng tch ri.

S tch ca cc tip im gy nn
h quang lm tng p sut ca kh SF
6
bn
trong xi lanh. Khi p sut ln kh
nn thot ra v thi h quang, gii phng
nng lng ca h quang v lm cho h
quang b dp tt.
Hnh dng l ca c hai tip im
to nn c tnh thi v dp tt ti u.

b) Phng php ct t thi
K thut t thi ca ABB (xem
hnh 11-23) c th nghim thnh cng
nhiu nm trong my ngt kh SF
6
trung
p, c dng di dng bin i cho











i
n

U
d
[kV]
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
10 20 30
S[mm]
1
2
3
4
5
Hnh 11-25: Tnh cht in mi - in
p vi khong cch phng in
1.Du bin p; 2. Khng kh 1bar; 3.
Chn khng;
4.Kh SF
6
1bar; 5. Kh SF
6
5bar.
149
my ngt cao p vo nm 1935 v do vy khng cn cun nam chm quay h quang.
Hnh 11-23 cho cch b tr v nguyn li hot ng ca bung dp h quang t thi dng cho
in p ti 170kV v dng 40kA.
Cng ging nh nguyn li pittng, khi dng in nh, p sut i hi thi h quang c to
nn trong hnh trnh m bng nn kh trong th tch 5 (hnh 11-23c). Khi xy ra ngn mch, nng lng
ca h quang do dng in ln sinh ra t nng v nng p sut kh trong th tch 6 (hnh 11-23d). p
sut tng ny khng t ra yu cu no cho c cu thao tc, kt qu l c cu thao tc ch c nng
lng cho hnh trnh ng ct dng in lm vic. So vi nguyn li pittng, phng php t thi ch i
hi khong 20% nng lng tc ng i vi my ngt cng tnh nng k thut. u im vn hnh l c
cu truyn ng chc chn, ng sut c ln h thng nh, ti ng trn nn nh hn, mc n nh hn v
ni chung tin cy c nng cao.
Tnh cht in mi ni chung ca mi trng cch in kh SF
6
, du bin p (a), khng kh nn
(b) v p khng kh sut kh quyn (c) c minh ha trn hnh 11-24. Cng in mi ngoi ca
bung dp h quang ph thuc vo p sut ca khng kh xung quanh m khng ph thuc vo p sut
kh SF
6
bn trong bung. Cng in mi bn trong bung c xc nh bng p sut kh SF
6
v
khong cch gia cc tip im. Biu nu ln quan h c bn gia cng bn trong v bn ngoi
(ng cong SF
6
n ng cong c). Hnh 11-26 cho kh nng ng ct thc t ca bung dp h quang
c s dng trong lot my ngt SF
6
ngoi tri.


11.4. C CU TC NG V IU KHIN

1. C cu tc ng l xo
C cu tc ng l xo l h thng c kh nng lng c tch trong l xo. L xo c
nn bng ng c in v c gii phng bng cht.
















Hnh 11-24: Tnh cht in mi ca cc mi
trng cch in khc nhau. Cng nh
thng U vi khong cch in cc 38mm theo Hnh 11-26: Kh nng ct ca bung dp h quang
p sut p: a)Du bin p, b)Khng kh nn, U-in p nh mc
c)ng khng kh chun p sut kh quyn I
k
-Dng ct ngn mch nh mc

P[bar
]
6 5 4 3 2 1
0
U[kV]
1
600 400 20
0
0
20
800
40
2 4
Bung dp h quang
/cc
150
C cu tc ng my ngt gm b tr nng lng, b iu khin v b truyn nng lng. B
tr phi c kh nng cung cp nng lng ti thiu thc hin chu trnh t ng li.
Khi my ngt nhy, nam chm nh cht, lc ca l xo c s dng chuyn tip im ra khi
b truyn lc c kh.
Hnh 11-27 trnh by mt trc v mt bn ca c cu tc ng l xo cc my ngt SF
6
ngoi
tri ca ABB. Hnh 11-28 l c cu tc ng l xo trong my ngt ca hng AEG.

2. C cu tc ng dng kh nn
C cu kh nn s dng kh nn cha trong thng cha t trc tip trn my ngt. Van hnh
xuyn cho php kh nn qua xilanh tc ng (khi ng) hoc ti p sut kh quyn (khi ct). Thng cha
khng kh c np y bng my nn.

3. C cu tc ng thy lc
C cu thy lc c bnh cha nit tch nng lng cn thit. B m kh nit b nn truyn
p lc ln du thy lc. Nng lng cn tc ng cc tip im c truyn bng pittng thy lc.
H thng lm vic theo nguyn li pittng vi sai. Pha "M" (thanh pittng) din tch tit din
ca thanh pittng nh hn pha "NG" (mt pittng). Thanh pittng thng xuyn chu p sut. Mt
khc, pha b mt pittng chu p sut h thng khi ng v khi m.
H thng c np li bng truyn ng ng c bm thy lc, n truyn du t khi p sut
thp n b cha nit.

151



152
4. C cu tc ng l xo thy lc
C cu l xo thy lc l phi hp ca h thng thy lc v l xo. Nng lng c tch ly
trong l xo v c ko cng bng thy lc. Nng lng c truyn bng thy lc, khi cc tip im
my ngt ng hay m bng pittng vi sai, c cu lm vic hon ton nh h thng thy lc.
C cu l xo thy lc ca ABB c nhiu kch c. Tt c c thit k sao cho khng c ng ni
ngoi. Mi im lm kn p sut ng ln b tr gia du p sut cao v du p sut thp, nh vy du
khng c th thot ra ngoi khi c r r nh. Mt ct c cu l xo thy lc ca my ngt t thi c th
xem hnh 11-29.
Cc my ngt cao p hin i thng c trang b bng c cu tc ng l xo thy lc hoc c
cu l xo.

5. iu khin in
B ch th lch pha dng cho my ngt c tc ng mt cc. Nu mch "NHY" ca cc my
ngt b h hng, cc ny khng p ng vi lnh "NHY" v ba cc my ngt cc v tr khc nhau. H
thng ch th lch pha pht hin sai lch ny v sau khi t li thi gian ch i 2 giy, n tc ng thao
tc "M" ca ba cc my ngt. My ngt ba cc t ng li khng cn n gim st lch pha, bi v ba
cc c lin h v c kh v do vy khng c cc v tr khc nhau.

6. iu khin chng bm
iu khin chng bm phng thao tc lp li khng mong mun ca mt hoc nhiu my
ngt nu lnh "M" tip theo l lnh "NG" b lp li. Do my ngt phi ng khng qu mt ln
sau b kha, ngha l n cn nm v tr "M" bt chp cc lnh iu khin no c p dng hoc
ko di bao lu.

7.Thao tc ng c khng dng
Ty theo thit k h thng v thc hin chu trnh ng ct, my bm hoc my nn i hi mt
khong thi gian khi phc nng lng mt. Nu c r trn h thng nn, ng c khi ng li
hoc chy lin tc. Chy khng dng c th hin nh ri lon v s a ra tn hiu.



8. Gim st kh SF
6
Kh nng ct ca my ngt ph thuc vo mt kh trong bung ct v c o bng ng h
o p sut c b nhit. S c bo ng nu mt kh gim ti gi tr t trc v nu nh mt gim
tip n gii hn quy nh ti thiu th my ngt s b kha li.



153
9. iu khin ti ch/iu khin t xa
Cho php cng vic c tin hnh trn my ngt, thng c th c iu khin ti ch t
in, cng c th chuyn t iu khin t xa sang iu khin ti ch bng cng tc chn.

10. Gim st nng lng
Vi cc c cu tc ng bng kh nn v thy lc, p sut khng kh hoc du c ch th v
iu khin bng cng tc p sut nhiu cc. N thc hin cc chc nng sau y:
- iu khin my nn hoc ng c bm.
- Kho lin ng "M", kha lin ng "NG", kha lin ng "T NG LI" ty theo p
sut c trong h thng.
C cu l xo thy lc khng i hi iu khin p sut. Thay vo l cc b ch th h thng
ca v iu khin ng sut l xo (hnh trnh l xo) c xem nh l nng lng tc ng.

11. T ng li
B t ng li mt cc hoc ba cc c chn ty theo kiu ni t h thng, phm vi ca li
lin lc, chiu di ng dy v u ngun cung cp t cc nh my in ln.
Cc lnh nhy t h thng bo v li (qu dng in v bo v ng dy) c nh gi mt
cch khc nhau i vi cc my ngt tng ng.
Trong cc my ngt c t ng li mt pha, mi cc c c cu tc ng c iu khin ring
r, do vy bt c cc no cng c th c nhy mt cch c lp. Tuy nhin, c ba cc c ng ng
thi v h thng nng lng ph dng cho ba cc c cung cp t mt ngun duy nht. Khong s c
qu c th c gii hn v thi gian v a im m khng lm nh hng n cc b phn ln hn
ca h thng. S nhy mt pha ci thin mc n nh ca h thng li vn duy tr ng b. Ba cc ca
cc my ngt mt pha t ng li c th c iu khin sao cho chng c th m hoc ng ng thi.
Cc my ngt ba pha t ng li c tr tc ng duy nht cho c ba cc. Ba cc c lin h c
kh vi nhau v vi c cu thao tc. Do vy ch c th c ng hoc m ng thi. Trong cc li n
nh (ni s mt ng b t xy ra), cc my ngt ba pha t ng li rt ngn thi gian ngng c th.


11.5. MT S LOI MY NGT

1. My ngt nhiu du
a) Cu to (hnh 11-30)
Thng du cha du bin p, vi in p 10kV th ba pha c t trong mt thng cn 35kV
tr ln mi pha trong mt thng ring, thng cu to bng thp, mt trong lt cch in 4 ngn h
quang 5 lan ra v. Khi ba pha t trong mt thng th gia cc pha c tm cch in tng kh nng
cch in cc pha v ngn h quang cc pha khng trn sang nhau.
an ton, np v thng thng ni t, np thng bng gang c khng t tnh vi in p
35kV tr li, 110kV tr ln lm bng thp. S xuyn t nghing tng khong cch hai phn mang
in trong khng kh.
154
Vi in p 10kV tr li s xuyn bng vt liu s
vi in p 35kV s xuyn dc chiu di thanh dn
cn lt cch in ba k lit cn vi 110kV trong s c
du cch in.
Li s xuyn chnh l thanh tip xc c nh 2, u
tip xc ng 1 gn vi b truyn ng, my ngt
ng/ ct nh l xo 6 v trc truyn.
b) Nguyn li
Khi ng tc ng vo trc truyn ko u
tip xc di ng ln l xo 6 b nn khi my ngt ng,
qu trnh ct c thc hin bng tay hay t ng. Khi
cht th lng di tc dng ca lc nn l xo 6, u
tip xc 1 nhanh chng h xung khi h quang xut
hin bt kh v hi du p sut cao dp tt.
c) c im
Vt gi np vo thng, vi my ngt du yu
cu lu mc du, nu du thp qu kh bay ln khong trn do cha lm mt c th gy n, nhng
du qu cao p lc ln cng gy n, thch hp l khong trng (20 30)% th tch thng.
My ngt nhiu du 35kV t my bin dng trong s xuyn m dy s cp chnh l thanh
dn trong s, cch in s- th l s xuyn.
My ngt nhiu du trn c nhc l kch thc to nn ch dng in p 10kV, khc
phc nhc ny ti ch ct b tr thm bung dp h quang ngn thnh ngn mi ngn c mt ch ct.
Thi gian ct vn di (0,150,2)0s, my ngt nhiu du c bung dp h quang c th ch to ti in p
(35220)kV.
Lin x (c) ch to loi khng bung dp nhiu du BM, BM, BC loi c bung MK.

2. My ngt t du
Cu to - Nguyn li (hnh 11-31).
Du ch lm vic dp
h quang nn s lng t, loi
ny gn, nh, nht thit phi c
bung dp thi ngang.
Thn my kiu treo
gn trn s cch in c ba pha
trn cng mt khung , mi
pha (cc) c mt ch ct vi
bung dp tt h quang ring.
C loi c thm u
tip xc lm vic ngoi dng
cho my c dng nh mc ln.
Vi my ngt t du t
35kV ti 110kV c mt ch ct
trn mt pha, my ngt in p
cao hn c nhiu ch ngt hn.
Lin x c ch to
BM-133; BM-10. My
BM-10kV; BM, BM c dng n 3200A/10 dng ct ti 31,2kA. Thi gian dp h quang
(0,015 0,025)s, tng ng c loi M, M ci tin thnh BM20-90/11200 dng cho my pht in
c dng ti I
m
=11200A.
My ngt t du thng dng cho TBPP trong nh c in p 6, 10, 20, 35 n 110kV. TBPP
ngoi tri 35, 110, 220kV c cng sut ln.

3. My ngt khng kh














Hnh 11-30: My ngt nhiu du













Hnh 11-31: Cu trc my ngt t du
1.u tip xc;2.bung dp h quang;3.u tip xc c nh;4.u
tip xc lm vic












6
1
2
4
3
5
4
1
2
3
155
Trong loi ny h quang c dp tt nh kh thi ca khng kh c nn p sut t (8
20)at, cch in bng s hoc vt liu rn.
Cu trc loi my ngt khng kh rt khc nhau ty in p nh mc v khong cch cc u
tip xc vo v tr ct v cch truyn khng kh nn vo bung dp h quang v d hnh 11-32.
Vi my ngt khng kh dng nh mc ln c 2 phn:
+ mch chnh (dao cch li)
+ mch dp h quang (bung dp, in tr shun)
Kh nn 200 N/cm
2
c thi gian dp 0,01s v ton b thi gian tc ng khong 0,17s.
c im vic ng ct nh kh nn, my ngt hnh 11-32 khng t ng li c, thng dng cho my
pht in cng sut ln.
Vi TBPP ngoi tri loi my ngt khng kh c bung dp h quang t 110kV c 2 hoc nhiu
ch ct (220kV c 5 ch ct, 330kV c 8 ch ct, 500kV c 9 ch ct). My 220kV tr ln cn thm b
phn p bng t v in tr nhm cn bng p gia cc u tip xc ca b cch li khi my ngt ct.
Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh
dp h quang gm: tr s p sut, tc chy
kh nn, tn s ring ca li, khong cch gia
cc tip im, din tch l thi kh cng nh
hng tc ng ca lung kh nn vo thn h
quang.
+ c im: trn bnh kh nn t t
iu khin gm cc van ng m kh nn, cc
nam chm iu khin, cc b tip im truyn
ng bng kh nn, cc hp u ni mch nh
th, cc tn hiu ch v tr ng m, p k kh
nn, cng t m s ln ng ct,... Mi pha c
b truyn ng ring nn my ngt khng kh c
th ng li theo tng pha.
Cc u tip xc c th t ngoi bnh
kh nn (lc mun ng li my ngt phi tho
kh bng van p sut bnh gim cn khong
100N/cm
2
l xo mi ng c) loi t trong
bnh kh nn th tc dp h quang nhanh hn loi ny ch ct ty thuc U
m
(110kV - 1ch, 220kV - 2
ch, 330kV - 4 ch, 500kV - 6 ch, 750kV - 8 ch ct).
phn b in p trn cc ch ngt th u dng b phn p in dung v in tr. Loi BB -
U
m
= 750kV thi gian ct (0,02 0,025)s.
So vi my ngt du my ngt khng kh u im an ton v n, chy, tc ng nhanh v c th
t ng li, kh nng ct ln, mn tip xc t dng c cho thit b ngoi tri v trong nh. Tuy vy i
hi trm kh nn, ng dn kh v cu to cc chi tit phc tp hn.



4. My ngt t sinh kh
c im: h quang c dp tt bng kh do vt liu rn t sinh kh di tc dng nhit cao ca h
quang cn cch in cng l vt liu rn hnh 11-33 my ngt BH10 gi l my ngt ph ti.
C hai tip xc, tip xc chnh khng nm trong bung dp h quang s m trc, tip xc h quang m
sau (c c nh v di ng) nm trong bung dp h quang, lc h quang xut hin vt liu sinh kh di
tc dng nhit cao b t chy sinh kh to p sut ln dp h quang. iu khin my ngt bng tay
hoc truyn ng in t.
Loi my ngt ph ti thng dng cho mng cung cp x nghip hoc thnh ph.


156
5. My ngt in t
Ch to vi in p 6 ti 10kV dng I
m
= 3200A dng ct ti 40kA. Khng cn du hay kh
nn dp h quang, cc tip xc chnh v dp h quang u nm trong khng kh, khi m th tip xc
h quang m sau, h quang xut hin di tc dng lc in ng h quang b ko vo khe dp, h
quang lm ng cun dy t trng, t trng to thnh cng y nhanh h quang (ti 30m/s) vo trong
bung dp dp tt sau khong (0,01 0,02)s.
My ngt in t u im l an ton v n chy, hao mn tip xc it thun li cho ng m
thng xuyn. Nhc im l cu to phc tp ch ch to ti in p 15 ti 20kV, t dng ngoi tri.

6. My ngt chn khng
Do c im bn in ca chn khng (p sut 10
-5
10
-6
mmHg), cao hn nhiu khng kh
thng, nn ngi ta dng my ngt chn khng.
Nguyn l
Khi m tip xc, din tch tip xc gim nhanh kim loi b nng chy thnh cu ni, sau thi
gian ngn cu ni kim loi ha hi gia h quang, trong chn khng cc phn t b khuch tn vo
nhanh. gim mc ha hi cc tip xc lm bng kim loi kh nng chy.
Hnh 11-34 c cu bung dp h quang cho php in p 10kV th ng m dng 600A l
500 ln, vi dng 200A ti 30000 ln.
Loi ny c nhc im dng ct khng ln, thng dng cho cc l h quang. Hnh 11-23 l
mt ct ca bung ng ct chn khng 12kV, 1250 A, dng ct 25kA.


157
7. My ngt kh cch in SF
6
(GIS)
a) Khi nim chung
Kh SF
6
c kh nng dp tt h quang rt cao nn c dng dp h quang trong my ngt
kh. Trong loi my ngt ny h quang c dch chuyn trong kh SF
6
khi my ngt m. Trn cc tip
xc c nh v di ng gn cc nam chm to t trng c hng ngc nhau lm dch chuyn h
quang thnh hnh xuyn trong SF
6
. Bung dp lm bng s cha kh SF
6
.
Cc my 135, 110kV c mt bung dp trn mt pha, 220kV c hai bung dp trn mt pha.
c bit ch to my ngt nhiu hng thay cho nhiu my ngt mt hng. Trn my ngt c gn p
k ch p sut SF
6
, hin nay loi ny ch to ti in p 750kV, cng sut ct S
cm
ti (40000
50000)MVA. Tuy nhin, chng c nhc im l phi c thit b lm sch kh SF
6
nn gi thnh cn cao.
My ngt kh cch in SF
6
c s dng t khong nm 1969. Khong in p nh mc t 7,2 n 800
kV, dng in ct ti 63kA, trong trng hp c bit ti 80 kA.
Cc u im ca my ngt kh SF
6
l: chc chn, trng lng thp, tin cy cao, an ton chng
in p tip xc, bo dng d dng v tui th cao. Thi gian lp t ti ch ngn v s dng cu kin
lp sn v th nghim ti nh my tng t ln hoc cc gian hon chnh. Thit b GIS thng c cu trc
mun. Tt c cc b phn nh thanh gp, dao cch li, my ngt, my bin p o lng, u ni cp u
nm trong v kn ni t v cha y kh SF
6
.
in p di 170 kV th ba pha ca my ngt thng c v chung, khi c in p cao hn cc
pha c tch ring. Di in p 72,5 kV mi trng cch in kh SF
6
c th c s dng p sut
thng. Khi in p cao hn, p sut kh lm vic t 3,5 n 4,5 bar, trong mt s trng hp ti 6 bar.
My c in p nh hn 72,5 kV do p sut kh thp nn v c th lm bng thp l hn kn. My ngt
in p cao hn dng v bng nhm c khng st t, chng r v chu n mn.
b) Mi trng kh SF
6





158
Kh SF
6
c s dng va lm mi trng
cch in va lm mi trng dp h quang. SF
6

c s dng lm cht cch in trong tt c cc b
phn thit b v trong my ngt. Dng dp h
quang v do kh SF
6
l kh mang in t m, c
bn in mi p sut kh quyn gp khong ba ln
khng kh. SF
6
l loi kh khng c, khng mi, tr
v ha v c tnh cht dp h quang tt hn khng
kh t 3 n 4 ln khi cng mt p sut. Kh SF
6

hin nay khng nm trong danh mc cc cht nguy
him. Bo qun v s dng kh SF
6
phi tun theo cc
quy nh (nh theo IEC 376). Ap sut kh dp h
quang t 6 n 7 bar. Quan h gia p sut v nhit
ca kh SF
6
sch cho trn hnh 11-36. Ap sut kh
c theo di trong bung kn ring v c trong
bung my ngt. Cn tnh n tn tht kh (di 1%
trong mt nm). Khng cn t cc thit b t ng
ng. Khi h quang xut hin s lm phn gii mt
lng nh kh SF
6
, nhng sau n li c kt hp
gn nh hon ton thnh li SF
6
. Cc sn phm phn
gii phn ng vi nc trong kh m c kim sot
bng cc b lc kh t trong my ngt. Trc khi
bm kh SF
6
cn lm thot hm lng m ban u.
c) My ngt SF
6
dng cho in p 52 n 72,5 kV
Loi ny cc ngn thanh gp my ngt v bung nhnh c phn cch vi nhau v kn kh. Ap
sut kh cch in l 1 bar, khi np kh to nn p sut dng 0,2 bar. Ngn truyn ng v iu khin
cha khng kh p sut thng. y t c cu vn hnh iu khin in v h thng theo di kh
cho tt c cc ngn c cha kh ca gian. Ca trc c s nhnh v cc nt n c iu khin cn thit.
Khng i hi cc t c iu khin ring. Cc dao cch li iu khin bng ng c l loi quay ba v tr.
My ngt c c cu thao tc l xo tch nng lng v lm vic theo nguyn li t thi. Cc ngn kh dp
h quang ca my ngt ba cc c ni lin ng v phn cch vi ngn kh cch in. Ap sut nh
mc 6 bar c theo di bng rle ti trng. Cc my bin dng l my kiu tr nha c hai n
bn li.
Cc my bin in p cm ng cng nha pxy, thng c dy qun o lng pha th
cp, dy qun tam gic h dng cho bo v s c chm t. th nghim cp bng in p mt
chiu, pha s cp ca my bin in p c ngt t bn ngoi. B ni ngoi c th ph hp vi cp
du hoc cp XLPE, cc ng thanh gp dn SF
6
cng ni ra ngoi v cc thanh gp c cch in bng
cht rn. Cc kch thc nh cho php lp rp sn ( hng ABB c my ngt loi ENK - 2 c th p ng
cu hnh cho loi trm bt k.
d) My ngt SF
6
dng in p 72,5 n 800 kV
My ngt SF
6
kiu ELK ca ABB, dng cho in p t 72,5 cho n 800 kV. ABB s dng
nm kch thc theo mun c cng thit k c s. Cu trc theo mun c u im l sn xut c s
lng ln, cc cu kin tiu chun, bo qun d phng n gin v tnh nng ng nht. Bng cch phi
hp cc cu kin mun kch thc khc nhau c th tp hp li thnh cc thit b ng ct cho cc cu
hnh mch c bn. Do vy chng c th p ng yu cu ca mi s . Nh ch dn chung, im t
cho thit b hon ton kn phi tun theo cc yu cu ca DIN VDE 0101 dng cho cc trm my ngt
trong nh. Gian xng cu trc gn nh, c mt s thit b bo v chng cc s c bn ngoi. My ngt
SF
6
cng c th t ngoi tri.
Cc linh kin
Cc thanh gp c phn cch bng s cch in mi gian v to nn mt b gm cc dao
cch li thanh gp v cu dao ni t. My ngt hot ng theo nguyn li t thi hay nn. My ngt c t
mt n bn ch ngt trong mt cc, ph thuc vo kch thc modul. Trong khi thao tc m, pittng
ca mi bung dp h quang pht kh SF
6
c p sut cn thit dp h quang. C cu l xo thy lc
tc ng ln mt hoc c ba cc. Trong my ngt dng nguyn li nn, c nng ca c cu tc ng c






















Hnh 11-36: Biu p sut/ nhit ca kh SF
6

sch
P[bar] SF6[g/
l]
t[]
0 20 40
60
-60 -40
20
10
20
30
40
50
60
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
159
s dng pht sinh dng kh. Tri li, my ngt t ng thi s dng nhit nng ca bn thn h
quang, n tit kim ti 80% nng lng tc ng i hi. Cu dao ph ti c s dng trong cc trm
phn phi nh hn.
Chng c kh nng ct dng
in ti, ct v ng my bin p cng
nh ct ng dy v cp khng ti.
Chng c kh nng ng dng
in ngn mch v dn dng in ngn
mch trong thi gian ngn. Chng cng
lm vic theo nguyn li thi p lc v c
c cu tc ng l xo truyn ng bng
ng c. Cc my bin dng dng o
lng v bo v l kiu li hnh xuyn,
c th b tr trc hoc sau my ngt
ty theo quan nim bo v. Cch in
s cp do kh SF
6
m nhim. Cc my
bin in p o lng v bo v c th
c ni pha th cp, hai dy qun
o v dy qun ni tam gic h pht
hin s c chm t.
Cc my bin in p cm ng
t trong v cha kh SF
6
cng s dng
my bin in p cch in l vi SF
6

lm cht cch in chnh. Cng c th s
dng cc my bin in p in dung,
thng i vi in p trn 300 kV. T
in cao p loi cch in du v cha
kh SF
6
trong v. Cc t h p v cc
thit b ha hp in cm c t
trong t ring c v ni t. Cng cho
php cc u in dung phi hp vi
cc b khch i o lng in t. Hp
u cp c th thch hp vi mi loi
cp cao p c tit din n 2000 mm
2
.
Cc tip im cch li v phng tin ni c s dng th nghim cp in p mt chiu.
Nu l dao cch li nhnh phi m rng trong qu trnh th nghim. Cu dao ni t tc
cao c kh nng ng dng ngn mch hon ton. t c tc ng cao nh c cu tc ng l xo
truyn ng bng ng c, c th thao tc bng tay. Cu dao ni t bo dng (p ng yu cu c th
c trong qu trnh sn xut) thng c t trc hoc sau my ngt. Bnh thng chng c lp trn
v cch in v c thao tc bng tay hoc ch bng ng c khi pha cao p khng c in. C th b
cu dao ni t bo dng sau my ngt, nu c cu dao ni t tc cao pha ng dy. ng
ni SF
6
ngoi tri cho php my ngt kiu v kn c ni ti ng dy trn khng hoc cc u cui
ca my bin p.
ng ni u SF
6
ca my bin in p c ni trc tip vi my ngt khng qua ghp ni
ngoi tri. ng ni c bt bulng trc tip vo thng my bin p.


160
Cc ng mm phi chu dn n nhit
v dung sai lp t. Mi gian c t iu khin
cha tt c thit b cn thit cho iu khin, tn
hiu ha, gim st v cp ngun t dng (b tr
gian my ngt xem hnh 11 -37). Loi v nhm
kn kh c trng lng thp v ch yu cu nn
mng nh.
V bc quanh phn c in da trn
cch in nha v c cch in vi v bng
kh SF
6
c p sut 3,5 n 4,5 bar.
Ro cch in chia gian thnh cc
ngn kh c hn kn vi nhau.
iu lm gim ti thiu cc nh
hng ca cc linh kin khc(v d khi m
rng trm hoc trong trng hp s c), nh
vy lm n gin vic kim tra v bo dng.
Mt bch ni c vng m khng lo ha.
Lng kh r ch c th thot ra ngoi m
khng nm gia cc ngn.
My ngt hnh 11-37 trn c 3 bung
dp h quang trn mt pha. Ph thuc vo kh
nng ct, mt cc c th c n 4 bung dp
ni tip nhau. Cc my ngt c th lm vic vi
dng in ct n 63 kA.
Trong cc nhnh ni ch phi ct dng
in ti, c in p nh mc 362 kV, c th s
dng cu dao ph ti thay cho my ngt v li do
kinh t. Mi b cu dao c c cu thao tc d
dng, vn hnh bng tay trong trng hp khn
cp (b tr ngoi v).
e) Gii thiu my ngt ca cc hng AEG v E.I.B
Hnh 11-40 l s cc qu trnh tc ng ct ca my ngt kh SF
6
kiu pitng do AEG sn
xut, hnh 11-38 mt loi my ngt ca E.I.B.
Hnh 11-39 l s mt ct my ngt AR 12 ca ABB.
161



162


8. My ngt t ng li 3 pha iu khin bng in t
a) Gii thiu
My ngt t ng ng li (Recloser) iu khin in t l mt thit b bo v qu dng rt tin
cy, dng cho li phn phi in p n 38 kV.

















Do kt cu gn nh, cc thit b ny d dng lp t trn tr hay trong cc trm. Nh b phn
iu khin t ng ng li, cc my t ng ng li ny cho php c c s phi hp rt tt v c
kh nng ng dng m cc thit b bo v khc ca h thng kh th c c.
Hot ng ca my ngt t ng ng li c lp trnh trong mt b iu khin in t c c
tnh ct theo s ln t trc v thi gian t ng ng li chnh xc. Chng trnh lm vic rt chnh xc



163
v c nh, cho php phi hp cht ch vi cc thit b bo v khc trong h thng in. Khi yu cu bo
v ca h thng thay i, vic chnh nh cc gi tr t cho chng trnh d dng thc hin m khng
lm mt i cp chnh xc hay tnh nht qun ca bo v trc .
Cc loi my ngt t ng ng li c nh loi Kyle trong nhm W - VWE, VWVE27,
VWVE38X, WE, WVE27 v WVE38X c dy thng s nh mc rng p ng c cc nhu cu khc
nhau ca h thng in. Ngoi ra cc ph kin iu khin cho php p ng chng trnh bo v t tnh
linh ng ti a khi vn hnh h thng.
Thng s nh mc v c im
My ngt t ng ng li 3 pha bo v cho h thng loi WE v VWE c in p nh mc t
2,4 n 14,4 k V. Loi VWE27 hay VWVE27 c th dng cho h thng c in p nh mc n 24,9
kV. Bo v cho h thng in p cao hn (24,9 kV n 34,5 kV) s dng my ngt t ng ng li loi
WVE38X v VWVE38X. Bng 11.6 ghi tm tt cc thng s nh mc cho nhm my ngt t ng
ng loi ny.
* C th tng ln 800A
Hot ng
My bin dng cm nhn t trong my ngt t ng ng li cung cp tn hiu pht hin s c
n b iu khin in t. Tn hiu ng v ct t b iu khin s lm mch in trong my ngt t
ng ng li hot ng. Cc loi my ngt t ng ng li tuy c tr nh mc khc nhau nhng vn s
dng mt t s bin dng duy nht nn gi tr ct nh nht khng ph thuc vo gi tr dng lm vic v
nh mc ct ca my ngt t ng ng li. Ngoi ra vic la chn cc c tnh thi gian - dng in t
cc ng cong c sn, cc gi tr ct ti thiu, thi gian chnh nh ng hay reset v nhng ph kin
lm cho vic phi hp ca my ngt t ng ng li vi cc thit b khc rt linh hot.

BNG 11.6: Tm tt cc thng s nh mc
in p nh
mc (kV)
Dng in lm
vic lin tc ln
nht (A)
nh mc dng ct ln
nht in p nh
mc ( A - i xng)
Mi trng dp tt
h quang
Loi Recloser
14,4
14,4
24,9
24,9
34,5
34,5
560*
560*
560*
560*
560*
560*
10000
12000
8000
12000
8000
12000
Du
Chn khng
Du
Chn khng
Du
Chn khng
WE
VWE
WVE27
VWVE27
WVE38X
VWVE38X
Cun dy ng
Tip im chnh ca my ngt t ng ng li nh cun dy ng, qu trnh ng ng thi
tch nng lng cho c cu ct. Cun dy in p cao c ni vo h thng t pha ngun ca my
ngt t ng ng li, vic la chn in p nh mc ca cun dy cn c vo p dy ca in p li
ang lm vic. C th chn cun dy in p thp, khi in p t dng phi c cung cp cho my
ngt t ng ng li.
Ct h quang trong mi trng du hay trong chn khng
C nhiu loi mi trng ct cho my ngt t ng ng li. My ngt t ng ng li loi
WE, WVE27WE v WVE38 s dng du lm mi trng dp tt h quang. Tip im loi cu gm hai
tip im ni tip trn mi pha. Bung dp h quang kiu t sinh ring bit hiu qu, t mc ti nh nht
n mc dng s c ln nht.
My ngt t ng ng li loi VWVE dng chn khng lm mi trng ct h quang, c tui
th tip im v chu k lm vic di hn. Vic ct tng pha c thc hin nh c cu tip im nm
trong bung ct chn khng, khi tt c h quang sinh ra u nm trong chn khng. Vic ct h quang
mc nng lng b trong chn khng gip cho my ngt t ng ng li lm vic nh nhng hn v
ko di tui th c cu ng ct.
Do my ngt t ng ng li vi c cu ct trong chn khng rt t khi cn bo tr, thi gian
gia hai ln thay du cng di hn do cch in khng b nhim bn trong qu trnh ct h quang.
Bo v qu in p
My ngt t ng ng li c bo v qu in p nh cc chng st, lp c hai pha ngun v
ti (hoc lp pha ngun nu ch bo v qu in p cho mt pha) cho trng hp my ngt t ng ng
164
li lp trn ng dy v chng st lp pha ti, trng hp my ngt t ng ng li lp ti trm c
trnh by sau.
Mt b my ngt t ng ng li iu khin in t gm cc phn sau:
My ngt t ng ng li v ph kin.
B iu khin in t v ph kin.
Cp ni mch iu khin.
Ph kin treo my ngt t ng ng li (theo yu cu).
b) c im v m t chi tit
My ngt t ng ng li nh loi Kyle (du) ba pha, nhm W iu chnh rng, lp trnh c
ca b iu khin in t cho php tha mn cc yu cu a dng.
C th la chn mi trng dp tt h quang trong du hay trong chn khng.
* My ngt t ng ng li du loi WE, WVE v WVE38X (hnh 11-42)




















Tip im dng cu ni gip ngt dng ra lm hai phn ni tip nhau trn mi pha. Mi tip im ngt
dng nm trong bung dp h quang ring, kiu t sinh, c rnh h, gip my ngt t ng ng li ct
dng mt cch hiu qu.
* My ngt t ng ng li chn khng loi VWE, VWVE27 v VWVE38
Vic ct dng trong tng pha c thc hin bng mt b tip im t ring trong bung dp
h quang chn khng. Vic ct h quang nng lng thp trong chn khng gip ko di chu k lm vic,
gim n, nng cao tui th c cu truyn ng ca my ngt t ng ng li. Lc ng tip im l do
cun dy ng, cun ny c cp in t in p dy, ly ngay trong my ngt t ng ng li.
Cun dy ny ng tt c cc tip im chnh ca ba pha, ng thi nn l xo nh chun b
cho qu trnh ct tip theo. B iu khin cung cp tn hiu ng/ct.
Ba bin dng t s 1000:1 t trong my ngt t ng ng li c nhim v pht hin dng s
c. Cc bin dng ny lin tc o dng in, cm nhn bng mt mch in t. Khi dng trong mch
tng cao hn mc dng in ct nh nht v sau mt thi gian tr, b iu khin cp in cho cun dy
ct, lm nh l xo, m cc tip im chnh ca ba pha. Nu c lp trnh t ng li, b iu khin s kch
hot c cu ng. My ngt t ng ng li c thit k theo kiu t vn hnh m khng cn ngun
c lp no bn ngoi (tr khi c yu cu bi vi ph kin).






165















B phn iu khin my ngt t ng ng li bng mch in t gip ci t n gin trnh t
ct s c qu dng pha v t s kha my ngt t ng ng li. Tr s ct dng s c pha hoc t l
nh nht, thi gian ct, ng li v thi gian reset c chnh t ti b iu khin m khng cn ct in
my. Do c th la chn 2 ng cong bo v (thi gian - dng in) trong v s cc ng cong nn
vic s dng my ngt t ng ng li bo v trn li rt linh hot.
c) Cu to
Ging nh cc loi my ngt t ng ng li khc ca hng Kyle, nhng loi my ngt t ng
ng li u c thit k c tui th lm vic cao v t cn bo tr nht. Np c c bng nhm.
Thng lm bng thp cng, mt ngoi sn polister. (Munsell5BG 7,0/0,4; mu chun l xanh nht).
Mt vng m lt nm lt trong rnh gip gi kn du v to mi ghp rt
kn gia np v thng bt chp cc iu kin thi tit. Van ly mu du v x du 0,5 inch nm gn y
thng.
My ngt t ng ng li c gi bng cc bu lon bt np vi gi treo. Ton b c cu lm
vic bn trong u c treo gn vi np cho php tho ri v thng ra m khng nh hng g n c
cu truyn ng cng nh cc b phn ca np my.
Ba bung ct chn khng c nh trn cc ng lm bng si epoxy thy tinh c bn in
v bn c cao, kh nng chng m tt.
Bung ct h quang trong du (hnh 11-44)





















166
Cc my ngt t ng ng li loi WE, WVE27 v WVE38X dng du lm mi trng dp tt
h quang. Vic dp tt h quang nhanh chng (xung cn 2,5 chu k) c thc hin nh tip im loi
cu ni, to ra tip im ni tip trn mi pha. Tip im ng dng li l, lm bng hp kim tungsten
m bc, c tnh chu mi mn v dn in tt. Tip im tnh dng hoa tulip m bc, nh v bng l
xo n hi. Tip im t lm sch nh thao tc ch st khi ng v m. Mi tip im c mt c cu dp
h quang ring loi t sinh, gm cc bung h quang c rnh thot ghp li.
Bung ct h quang trong chn khng (hnh 11-45)
Cc My ngt t ng ng li loi VWE, VWVE27 v VWVE38X s dng bung ct h
quang trong chn khng. Bung ct trong chn khng dp h quang mc nng lng thp nhanh
chng, ko di tui th tip im v tui th bung ct, to ng sut c hc nh v c mc an ton
cao.



























Khi dp tt h quang trong chn khng, tui th ca bung ct v tip im ln hn nhiu ln so
vi trong du v my ngt t ng ng li gn nh khng cn bo tr. Ngoi ra ng sut c hc v
mi mn ca cc c cu u gim ng k v khong dch chuyn ca cc tip im trong trng hp ny
ngn hn. Cc bung ct h quang trong chn khng c thit k vi v bung ct bng hp kim gm
c bn cao v duy tr chn khng lu di. Loi hp kim gm - nhm c bn gp 5 ln thy tinh,
c th c gia cng x l nhit cao hn, sn phm c tinh khit cng nh chn khng cao
v kh helium khng lt vo c. Bn trong bung ct l mt b tip im ng v tnh. Tip im ng
di chuyn vi khong di chuyn 0,5 inch. Trc ca n lun trong ng n hi duy tr chn
khng. Cc tip im lm bng mt loi hp kim c bit khng b hn dnh. Do ch cn mt lng
nhim bn nh nht bn trong bung cng c th gim i ng k tui th ca bung ct chn khng, nn
vic sn xut cc bung ct chn khng ny c thc hin trong cc phng siu sch, trnh mi ngun
gy nhim bn nh nht.
d) Hot ng ca my ngt t ng ng li
Ct: khi dng ti tng, vt qu gi tr ct nh nht tng ng vi c tnh thi gian - dng in t
trc ca my ngt t ng ng li th b iu khin s cp in cho cun dy ct. Cun ny lm nh
cht gi l xo v m tip im. Thi gian m ti a l 2,7 chu k i vi cc loi VWE, VWVE, WE,
WVE.

















Hnh 11-46: S cung cp in p cho cun dy solenoid ng in
cao p
167
ng: lc ng cng l lc nn l xo nh, c cung cp t mt cun dy ng hot ng in p
cao. Khi cc tip im ca my ngt t ng ng li, pttng ca cun dy b gi v tr di, cht ny
s nh ng thi vi khi l xo nh bung ra v pttng ca cun dy chy ln chun b cho hnh trnh k
tip ng my ngt.
Vo thi im ng li c lp trnh trc, b iu khin in t cp in cho cun dy kiu
xoay. Khi pttng b ht vo cun dy, lm ng cc tip im ca my ngt t ng ng li v ng
thi nn cc l xo nh. Hnh trnh ca pttng cng ct in 2 tip im cng tc t cao p, lm cun dy
ng mt in. C cu truyn ng ca my ngt t ng ng li khi ng s m mt tip im trn
mch cun dy xoay lm mt in cung cp n cun dy xoay. Dy xoay ny ng 2 tip im ni tip
(trn mch cun dy ng) trong thi gian ngn v cp in p dy cho cun dy ng. Cun dy ng
(hnh 11-46) c thit k lm vic ch ngn hn lp li, khng lin tc. Trng hp pttng ca
cun dy hay tip im trn mch ca cun ng c vn lm cho cun dy ng c in trong mt
thi gian ko di th cu ch bo v cun dy ng s ct mch cao p trnh cun dy ng b chy.
Thao tc bng tay
My ct t ng ng li c th ct bng tay vo bt k lc no bng cch ko cn thao tc nm
di t iu khin, ko cn ln s sn sng cho my ngt t ng ng li vo trng thi ng, tuy vy
tip im chnh ca my ngt t ng ng li cha ng. My ngt t ng ng li ch ng khi ko
cn ln, vn tay vn mt trc t iu khin qua v tr ng v in p cao pha ngun c cp n
my ngt t ng ng li. Mt c ch th mu nm k cn thao tc cho bit tnh trng ng hoc ct
ca tip im ca my ngt t ng ng li.
o lng tn hiu dng
My ngt t ng ng li c 3 bin dng t s 1000:1. Cc bin dng o c c dng pha v
dng t (dng th t 0), chng c ni ti t iu khin nh mt dy cp di, nh vy cho php lp t
c b iu khin xa my ngt t ng ng li.
T iu khin in t
My ngt t ng ng li loi VWE, VWVE27, VWVE38, WE, WVE27 v WVE c iu
khin bng t iu khin in t. C th dng nhiu loi t iu khin khc nhau (ty yu cu). Sau y
gii thiu s lc v t iu khin vi x l F4C.
Hnh 11-47 l t iu khin my ngt t ng ng li loi 4C - ME, dng k thut vi x l
vn hnh v c linh hot cao. Tt c cc thng s iu khin chun gm: dng ct s c chm t nh
nht, la chn c tuyn dng in - thi gian, trnh t lm vic ca my ngt t ng ng li c th
hon ton lp trnh c. Dng bn phm n gin lp trnh cho t iu khin, cc phm chc nng
chuyn dng v mn hnh LCD (tinh th lng) cho php d dng lp trnh v kim tra li cc tr s t.
B iu khin c trang b 41 c tuyn dng in - thi gian chn bng phm, c th chuyn i c
gia cc gi tr pha v t. Mi c tuyn c th c thay i hoc theo chiu thng ng, hoc cng
thm mt hng s vo trc thi gian v nh th to ra v s c tuyn. 10 mt hin th LCD mt trc
t cho bit ngay tnh trng ca b iu khin v my ngt t ng ng li. B iu khin c cc c
im chun nh: gim st, hin th trng thi t xa, hin th s c nh mn hnh LCD v b m, b ghi
cc s kin, o c dng cng nh hin th th ph ti. B iu khin vi x l cng c th c
trang b mt card input/output (u vo/ u ra) nhm m rng kh nng gim st ca b iu khin.

T iu khin t FXA
B iu khin vi x l FXA c cc kh nng x l d liu rt mnh v tnh linh hot cao cng
nh tin cy cao trong vn hnh. B iu khin FXA c kh nng bo v qu dng pha / t vi cc
tm rt rng t cc gi tr ct, cc ng cong dng in thi gian, cc ch iu khin.
11 LED ch th cho php quan st cc tnh trng hot ng ca my ngt t ng ng li. B
iu khin FXA c kh nng m rng khi hot ng trong h thng SCADA. B iu khin FXA c kh
nng giao tip c vi my tnh, do tt c cc thng s hot ng d dng ci t thng qua chng
trnh ny chy trn mi trng Window.
Trong phn mm ca b iu khin FXA c mt th vin chun cng 41 ng cong thi gian -
dng in gip cho vic phi hp bo v. Chng trnh TTC Editor i km theo phn mm ny cho php
ngi s dng to ra nhng ng cong cn thit cho vic phi hp bo v. Ngoi ra cn cho php c
cc d liu ghi nhn c trong qu trnh hot ng.

168

171
Chng 12. THIT B CHNG ST

12.1. KHI NIM

Thit b chng st l thit b c ghp song song vi thit b in bo v qu in p kh
quyn. Khi xut hin qu in p n s phng in trc lm gim tr s qu in p t ln cch in ca
thit b v khi ht qu in p s t ng dp tt h quang ca dng in xoay chiu, phc hi trng thi
lm vic bnh thng. lm c nhim v trn thit b chng st cn t cc iu kin sau y:

1. C c tnh Vn - giy (V-s) thp hn c tnh V-s ca cch in
y l yu cu c bn nht v n lin quan n tc dng v l do tn ti ca thit b chng st.
Tuy nhin thc hin vic phi hp c tnh V-s nh vy khng d dng. Trong thit k v ch to thit b
in thng dng cc bin php lm u in trng nng cao cng cch in v di kt cu ca
cch in. Do cch in thng c c tnh V-s tng i bng phng v c tnh V-s ca thit b chng
st cng phi bng phng khng xy ra giao cho khong thi gian b (hnh 12-1).
Loi khe h bo v v loi chng st ng (PT) do kt
cu in cc kiu thanh-thanh nn trng gia cc in cc
phn b rt khng u, in p phng in tng cao khi thi gian
phng in b khin ng c tnh V-s dc do khng th
phi hp tt c vi c tnh V-s ca cc thit b trong trm.
Cc thit b chng st loi ny thng ch dng bo v cho cch
in ng dy v c tnh xung kch ca cch in ng dy
c dng tng t.
Thit b chng st trm thng l chng st van (PB),
trong cu to dng nhiu bin php c tnh V-s tng i
bng phng.

2. C kh nng dp tt nhanh chng h quang ca dng
xoay chiu
Khi qu in p, thit b chng st lm vic (phng in) tn dng xung t ng thi to
nn ngn mch chm t. Khi ht qu in p phi nhanh chng dp tt h quang ca dng ngn mch
chm t trc khi b phn bo v r le lm vic h thng in c tip tc vn hnh an ton.
Ty theo cc nguyn tc v bin php dp h quang khc nhau m thit b chng st c phn
ra cc loi chng st ng, chng st van, chng st van - t,... Loi khe h bo v khng c b phn dp
h quang nn khi n lm vic nu dng in ngn mch chm t ca li in ln th h quang s khng
t dp tt v ngn mch chm t ko di. Do loi ny ch dng bo v ng dy trong cc li c
dng ngn mch chm t b (li c trung tnh cch in hoc ni t qua cun dy h quang) hoc khi
c phi hp vi thit b t ng ng li (TL) bo m cung cp in lin tc.
Loi chng st ng da vo cc cht sinh kh t dp h quang (tng t my ngt ph ti).
Loi chng st van c trang b dp h quang hon chnh hn da trn nguyn tc chia ct h
quang thnh nhiu on ngn v dng in tr khng ng thng hn ch tr s dng in h quang
(dng xoay chiu).
Loi chng st van t c b phn dp h quang phc tp hn chng st van bi n dng thm t
trng di chuyn h quang nn dp c h quang c tr s dng in ln hn nhiu.



3. C mc in p d thp so vi cch in ca thit b c bo v
Sau khi phng in, in p cn trn thit b chng st (p d) s tc dng ln cch in ca thit
b, nu in p ny ln vn c th gy nguy him cho thit b in.
Vi loi khe h bo v v chng st ng gim in p d ch yu bng cch gim in tr ca
b phn ni t (p d U
d
=I
s
.R
XK
).
chng st van bn cnh vic gim tr in tr khng ng thng phi hn ch dng in qua
n khng ln qu tr s quy nh (5kA hoc 10kA), in tr vilit khng b qu nng v duy tr c











Hnh 12-1: c tnh V-s
t
U
a)
b)
172
mc in p tng i n nh. Hn ch dng qua chng st ch yu da vo bin php bo v on ti
trm.

4. Thit b chng st khng c lm vic (phng in) khi c qu in p ni b
Yu cu ny thc hin bng cch iu chnh (khong cch) khe h phng in ca thit b
chng st.
Ngoi bn yu cu trn vi tng loi cn yu cu ring, cn thm rng vai tr chng st trong
trm bin p rt quan trng v n quyt nh vic la chn mc cch in xung kch ca thit b, tc l
lin quan n kt cu v gi thnh thit b. Vic pht huy tc dng ca thit b chng st khng nhng ph
thuc c im ring ca chng m cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh ci thin b phn ni t, s
truyn sng, phn bo v on ti trm, v tr t thit b chng st ,...

12.2. THIT B CHNG ST NG (PT)

1. Cu to (hnh 12-2)
Phn chnh 1 ca thit b l ng lm bng vt liu t sinh kh, cht phibro-baklt vi loi (PT)
hoc cht do viniplast vi loi (PTB), mt u c np kim loi gi in cc thanh cn u kia h v t
in cc hnh xuyn 3.
Khe h S gi l khe h trong (hoc khe h dp h quang) cn S
2
l khe h ngoi c tc dng
cch li thn ng vi ng dy n khng b h hng do dng d.

2. Nguyn l
Khi c qu in p c hai khe h s phng in dng in
st qua chng st i vo b phn ni t. Sau khi ht dng in
xung kch, s c dng in tn s cng nghip (dng ngn mch
chm t) i qua chng st. Di tc dng ca h quang do dng
ngn mch sinh ra cht sinh kh b pht nng sn sinh nhiu kh, p
sut kh tng ti vi chc at, v thi tt h quang (thi v pha u
h ng 3, ngay khi dng xoay chiu qua tr s 0 ln u tin).
Hnh 12-3 l s bin thin ca in p xung kch khi
chng st lm vic. c tnh V-s ph thuc vo khong cch khe h
trong v ngoi ca chng st v c dng ging nh khe h bo v
hnh 12-3. Sau khi phng in in p d trn chng st l phn
in p ging trn b phn ni t do cc ni t chng st ng cn ni t tt. di khe h ngoi
c chn theo iu kin phi hp cch in (phi hp c tnh V-s) v c th iu chnh trong phm vi
nht nh, cn khe h trong quyt nh bi kh nng dp h quang. dp c h quang trong ng cn
kh, iu ny ph thuc vo dng in h quang, do vy phi quy nh gii hn ca dng in h
quang. Thay i khong cch S v ng knh trong ca ng sinh kh s lm thay i gii hn dng in.
Khi t chng st bt k im no trong li in cn phi kim tra dng ngn mch ni t ti im ,
m bo chng st c th t dp tt c h quang m khng b h hng. Khi chng st lm vic
nhiu ln, cht sinh kh s hao mn, ng s rng hn lng kh s khng dp tt h quang. Khi
ng knh trong ng tng qu (2025)% so vi tr s u th chng st xem nh mt tc dng.


173
Chng st TP ng phibro - baklt vt liu sinh
kh dng loi phibr, do phibr khng bn c kh nn
ng c bc thm baklt c qut sn chng m. Dng ct
ti khong 10kA.
Chng st PTB: c thn ng bng cht do
viniplast c c tnh in v kh nng sinh kh tt hn loi
PT v cu to cng n gin hn. K hiu loi PT
110
5 0,8

l th hin loi chng st phibro - baklt dng cp 110kV
v gii hn dng ct (0,85)kA.
Khi lm vic chng st ng c thi kh b ion ha
do khi lp chng st trn ct phi sao cho kh thot ra
khng gy nn phng in gia cc pha hoc phng in
xung t, mun th trong phm vi thot kh ca n phi
khng c dy dn ca pha khc, khng c kt cu ni t cng nh phm vi thot kh ca chng st ng
pha khc.
Ngy nay di s pht trin ca li in cng sut ln yu cu ch to chng st ng c gii
hn trn dng ct ln hn, Lin X c c loi PTBY, dng cht do viniplast tng cng bng qun vi
thy tinh tm nha pxit nn gii hn trn dng ct ti 20kA (loi PTB ti 15kA).
Chng st ng ch yu dng bo v cc ng dy khng c dy chng st. Kh khn ln nht
l phi m bo tr s dng in ngn mch chm t ti im t chng st nm trong phm vi gii hn
trn v di ca dng in ct. Khi dng n trong h thng cng sut b hoc t chng st ng vi mt
qu dy s khng m bo v yu cu gii hn di ca dng ct. Ngc li nu h thng cng sut
ln s c th vt qu tr s gii hn trn. Ch vn hnh h thng thay i lun lm dng ngn mch
kh p ng yu cu trn. Cc nhc im hn ch vic ng dng chng st ng rng ri, thng
thay bng khe h bo v phi hp vi thit b t ng ng li bo v cho ng dy.


12.3. CHNG ST VAN

1. Khi nim
Phn chnh ca chng st van l chui khe h phng in ghp ni tip vi cc tm in tr
khng ng thng (in tr lm vic). in tr khng ng thng ch to bng vt liu vilit, c c
im l c th duy tr c mc in p d tng i n nh khi dng in tng.
Sau khi tn dng st s c dng in ngn mch duy tr bi ngun in p xoay chiu (ngn
mch qua in tr lm vic) i qua chng st van, dng ny gi l dng k tc. Khi cho tc dng in tr
rt b do dng st c tn trong t d dng v nhanh chng, ngc li in p lm vic th in tr
tng cao do hn ch tr s dng k tc (thng khng qu 80A) to iu kin thun li cho vic dp h
quang chui khe h. Chnh do tnh cht cho qua dng in ln khi in p ln v ngn dng in khi
in p b nn loi chng st ny c gi l chng st van. Tr s in p cc i tn s cng nghip
m chng st van c th dp tt h quang ca dng in k tc gi l in p dp h quang, l mt
trong cc tham s ch yu ca chng st van.

2. Cc tham s ca chng st van
Ngoi in p dp h quang chng st van cn cc tham s sau:
a) in tr khng ng thng
c ch to t bt cacbrun (SiC) mt ngoi ht ccborun c mng mng SiO
2
(dy khong 10
-
5
cm).













Hnh 12-3: c tnh bo v
1
2
t[s
U
174
in tr sut ca bn thn ht ccborun khng ln (10
-2
m) v n nh nhng in tr ca lp mng
mng ph thuc vo cng in trng. Khi cng in trng b, in tr lp mng mng
khong (10
4
10
6
)m. Nhng khi in trng tng cao n s gim rt nhanh v in tr tng ca vilit
gim ti mc bng in tr ca ht ccborun. Trong cc tm
vilt ht bt c dnh bng keo thy tinh lng sau c
nung nng nhit khong vi trm .
Trc kia ngi ta dng in tr loi tirit nhit nung
nng khong 1200
0
C c c tnh khng n nh bng vilit (tirit
dng cht dnh bng t st).
Hnh 12-4 l c tnh V-A ca tm vi lit ng knh
100mm v dy 60mm c tnh ny c xc nh vi dng
sng dng in 20/40s v cho dng in bin thin trong phm
vi 1 n 10.000A. N gm hai on biu din bi quan h gii
tch I lg A lg u lg + = vi A l hng s, cng b th in
p ging trn n (in p d) s tng cng chm khi dng in
tng. on trn ng vi khi c dng in st = (0,130,2) ng
vi loi vilit, on di ng vi phm vi dng in k tc =
(0,280,32). C th vit quan h di dng u AI =

, A l in
tr ca tm khi dng in qua n l 1[A].
Nu chng st dng n tm in tr th c tnh V-A biu th u nAI =

.
Hnh 12-5 c tnh V-A ca loi PBC-110 khi c dng in ln thng qua in tr trong thi
gian di, lp mng SiO
2
c th b ph hy do cn quy nh cc tr s cho php v ln cng nh thi
gian duy tr ca dng in.
V du tm vilt 100mm c tr s cho php dng xung kch dng sng 20/40s l 10kA. i vi
dng sng vung gc c di sng 2000s th tr s
cho php ca dng in l 150A, iu chng t chng
st van khng th lm vic i vi phn ln cc loi qu
in p ni b v chng thng ko di trong nhiu chu
k tn s cng nghip. Tr s cho php ca dng k tc
duy tr trong na chu k tn s cng nghip cn thp hn
v khng qu 100A.
Bin php duy nht tng nng lc thng qua
dng in l tng tit din in tr tc l tng ng
knh tm.

b) Khe h phng in
S lm vic ca chng st van bt u t vic
chc thng cc khe h phng in v kt thc bng vic
dp tt h quang ca dng in k tc cng ngay ti khe h ny. Mi giai on trn u xut yu cu
ring i vi khe h. giai on u khe h phi c c tnh V-s tng i bng phng phi hp vi
c tnh V-s ca cch in (ch yu l my bin p). t c cc yu cu trn c cc bin php sau:
+ Dng chui gm nhiu khe h ghp ni tip nhau
C th xem nh mt chui in dung tng t s chui cch in, in p xung kch phn b
khng u dc chui s lm cho qu trnh phng in k tip xy ra nhanh chng trn tt c khe h. Do
tr s in p phng in c th gim ti mc n nh (in p phng in mt chiu hoc xoay chiu)
hoc cn thp hn v ng c tnh V-s c dng tng i bng phng. Cng vi mc ch trn trong
chng st PBBM (dng bo v my in) cn thc hin cch ghp thm in dung song song vi mt
phn ca chui khe h.













Hnh 12 -4: c tnh V-A tm vilit












Hnh 12-5: c tnh V-A ca PBC
U[ kV]
I [ A]
300
200
100
5000
3, 2
l gU
l gI
A
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
3, 4
3, 6
3, 8
4, 0
4, 2
175
+ Trong tng khe h (hnh 12-6)
in cc dng cc tm ng cch li bi
vng m mica dy 1mm. in trng gia cc
in cc t mc gn ng nht. Mt khc khi c
in p trong khe khng kh gia in cc v lp
mi ca th in trng tng (do h s in mi ca
khng kh b hn mi ca). Nn qu trnh ion ha
xut hin sm, n c tc dng cung cp in t cho
khong khng gian gia cc in cc. Cc yu t
trn to iu kin cho qu trnh phng in pht
trin mt cch d dng v lm ng c tnh V-s
bng phng ngang (hnh 12-6). Trong giai on dp
tt h quang v dng in cng pha in p nn khi
dng k tc qua tr s 0 th h quang tt, lc ny
chm dt qu trnh pht x in t t b mt cc
m, cch in khe h c phc hi nhanh chng
v khi vt qu tr in p phc hi (tn s cng
nghip) th h quang tt. iu quan trng l phi
lm sao in p phc hi phn b u gia cc
khe h trong chui, c th thc hin bng cch ghp cc in tr c tr s ln song song vi cc khe h.
Mi loi khe c tr gii hn dng k tc h quang c th c dp ngay khi dng qua tr 0 ln
u. Vi loi in cc trong chng st van tr s ny khong (80 100) A. Xut pht t yu cu ny cn
c vo tr s in p dp h quang (ly bng in p pha ln nht khi c ngn mch chm t). Vi li
(3 35kV) trung tnh cch in ly bng p dy ln nht. Cn li 110kV tr ln trung tnh ni t trc
tip nn ly bng 0,8U
d
v gi l chng st 80% phn bit loi 100% trong li (335kV).
Trong cc bin php dp h quang ca chng st ch yu vn l tm bin php hiu qu nht
tng gii hn dng in k tc, iu ny khng ch lin quan n s lm vic ca chng st m cn gim
mc cch in xung kch ca thit b cn bo v. Vi chng st van t (dng t trng dp h quang)
nng gii hn ln n 250A nn tm in tr khng ng thng s dng t hn, in p d chng st
gim v yu cu v mc cch in xung kch thit b cng gim, tng nng lc cho qua dng in ta
tng ng knh tm ln ti 150mm dng k tc cho php tng gp i tm chng st van thng
(100mm).
c) Kt cu v c tnh ca mt s loi chng st van thng thng PBC,PB, PBBM.
+Loi PBC thng dng trm bin p ch to theo cc cp
ti 35kV. Khi dng in p cao hn s ghp ni cp bng nhiu phn
t c in p nh mc15, 20, 33 v 35kV. Trong cu to tng cp 4
khe h c ghp vi nhau v t trong ng s thnh mt t hp khe
h tiu chun. Mi t c ghp song song vi mt in tr (cng ch
to bng ccbrun) cho s phn b in p xoay chiu gia cc
chui u n. Cc tm vilt c gn vi nhau bng cht dnh loi
gm v c tip xc tt trn b mt mi tm trng bt kim loi v
c p bng l xo. Tt c t trong v s kn hi m khng lt vo
nh hng n cc c tnh in ca chng st.
+Loi chng st PBBM dng bo v my in c tnh ca
n nh hnh 12-6, c thm in dung ghp song song vi mt phn ca
chui khe h hnh 12-7.

Bng 12.1: T hp cc chng st PBC in p cao

Loi chng
st
in p
nh mc
[kV]
in p cho
php ln nht
trn chng st
[kV]
S lng v
loi chng st
trn t hp
Chiu cao
ca chng
st, mm
Bn knh
chng
st, mm
PBC-15 15 19 1xPBC-15 725 236














\

Hnh 12-6: c tnh V-s trong khe h











Hnh 12-7: Ghp in dung
t [ 10
-
U[ kV]
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
2,4
2,8
3,2
3,6
4
4
5
6
3
1
2
176
PBC-20
PBC-35
PBC-110
PBC-150

PBC-220
20
35
110
150

220
25
40,5
100
138

200
1xPPC-20
1xPBC-35
3xPBC-33
3xPBC-33
+2xPBC-15
6xPBC-33
885
1210
3050
4546

6192
236
236
275
1535

2035

Bng 12.2: c tnh ch yu ca chng st PBC (theo OCT-8934-58)

in p
nh
mc
[kV]
in p
lm vic
ln nht
[kV]

in p chc thng
tn s cng nghip
[kV]
in p chc
thng xung kch
khi thi gian
phng n t1,5
n 20s,[kV].
in p d ca chng st
khi dng in xung kch c
bin khc nhau vi
di u sng 10s, [kV]
(khng ln hn).
Bin dng [kA].
Khng
nh hn
Khng
ln hn
3kA 5kA 10kA
3
6
10
15
20
35
110
150
200
3,8
7,6
12,7
19
25
40,5
110
138
200
9
16
26
38
49
78
200
275
400
11
19
30,5
48
60,5
98
250
345
500
20
30
45
70
85
125
285
375
530
13,5
25
42
57
75
122
315
435
630
14,5
27
45
61
80
130
335
465
670
16
30
50
67
88
143
367
510
734


12.4. CHNG ST VAN T

Trong chng st van t, di tc dng ca t trng h quang gia cc in cc s di chuyn
di tc ln dc theo khe h vng xuyn, do s d b thi tt. Sau khi h quang tt cng cch
in ca khe h c khi phc nhanh chng. in tr khng ng thng ca cc tm vilt ng knh
180mm, nng lc thng qua dng in c sng vung v di sng 2000 s c th ti 400 A. Tr s
ny ph hp vi cc tham s ca qu in p ni b trong li in p ti 220 kV. Do chng st van
t cn c kh nng hn ch phn ln cc loi qu dng ni b trong li in ny. in p 300 v
500kV hn ch qu in p ni b cn thng qua dng in nhiu hn na. Cc chng st van t dng
bo v trm ca nga k hiu l PBM v loi bo v my in l PBM c ch to cc cp 3, 6,10
kV, cc c tnh cho trong bng 12-2 v 12-3.

Bng 12.3: c tnh ca chng st van t
in p
nh
mc
[kV]
in p
lm vic
ln nht
[kV].
in p chc thng
tn s cng nghip
[kV]
in p chc thng
xung kch khi thi
gian phng in t
1,5 n 20s [kV].
in p d ca chng st
khi dng in xung kch
c di u sng 10s,
Vi cc bin khng
ln hn.

Khng
nh hn
Khng
ln hn
3 [kV] 5
[kV]
10
[kV]
3
6
10
20
35
3,8
7,6
12,7
25
40,5
7,5
15
25
42
70
9,5
18
30
51
83
9
17
28
65
105
9
17
28
60
97
9,5
18
30
65
105
11
20
33
72
116
177
110
150
220
330
500
100
138
200
295
420
170
235
340
485
660
195
270
390
560
760
265
370
515
740
1130
245
340
475
680
970
265
370
515
740
1060
295
410
570
820
1170


12.5. VAN CHNG ST XT KIM LOI

1. Cu to v nguyn li hot ng
Chng st van thay i mt cch c bn trong khong hn 20 nm tr li y c v cu trc
ln nguyn li lm vic. Loi van chng st c khe h phng in kiu tm phng v pht trin ln loi c
khe thi t v in tr ccbit silic (SiC) mc ni tip c thay th bng van chng st khng c khe
h phng in.
Van chng set mi khng c khe h phng in m da trn in tr xt kim loi (MO) c c
tnh U-I hon ton phi tuyn v c kh nng hp th nng lng rt cao. Chng c bit n nh loi
van chng st xit kim loi (MO).
Van chng st MO khng phng in do vy khng nh ngha in p phng in. Khi in
p tng van chng st chuyn ngay t tr s in tr ln sang in tr nh theo dng c tnh U-I nh
hnh 12-8.
Khi in p gim li tr s U
c
van chng st li duy tr tnh dn in kem. Mc bo v ca van
chng st MO c xc nh bng in p d ca n.
in p d c nh ngha nh gi tr nh ca in p u cc van chng st khi c dng
in st chy qua.










Hnh 12-8: c tnh dng in-in p ca in tr oxit kim loi
a)on tuyn tnh di, b)im nhn, c)on phi tuyn r rt,
d)on tuyn tnh trn, A- im lm vic c in p thng xuyn
U
l ogI
b
c
d
A
a
178
Dng in st c dng sng gia 1/9 s v 1/1 s th hin bc sng qu in p v in p
d phi hp c kh nng so snh vi in p phng in ban u ca chng st van thng dng. Sng
xung in p 8/20 s cho in p d gn tng ng vi mc bo v qu in p st. Sng dng in
vi thi gian sn gia 30 s v 100 s tng ng in p ng m. in p d tng ng vi dng
sng ny cho mc bo v trong trng hp c ng sut ng m. Cc trng hp s c trm trng, c
kh nng van chng st b qu ti. Trong cc trng hp nh vy (v d nh in p tng t mt mc ti
mc sau) th s c trm t mt pha xy ra trong in tr lp ghp ca van chng st. H thng thot p
sut phng v s b n. Dng in s c chm t ca h thng ti im t chng st van phi nh
hn dng in m bo ca thit b thot p sut ca van chng st. Cu trc ca van chng st MO c
m t nh hnh 12-9.

2. ng dng v cch la chn
Van chng st c s dng bo v thit b v trm quan trng (c bit l my bin p in
lc) chng li qu in p kh quyn v qu in p ng m. Khi thit k v la chn van chng st
thng dng, cn lu in p nh thng v in p m. Ngoi ra van chng st MO c chn theo
cc tiu chun sau y:
-in p tn s ngun ti a.
-Kh nng hp th nng lng.
-Mc bo v.
C th t c kh nng hp th nng lng yu cu vi cng cp bo v bng cch xp chng
cc in tr MO song song. Bng cch gp i s chng l c th c mc bo v thp hn v kh nng
hp th gn nh gp i. Mc bo v cn thit c tm ra nh cc quy tc phi hp cch in, trong
c chia (cc t s bo v) gia cc mc bo v ca van chng st v in p xung nh mc ca thit
b cn bo v c xc nh (hnh 12-10).
Vi van chng st MO, in p lm vic lin tc cc i Us l in p tn s ngun ln nht m
van chng st c th chu ng c thng xuyn. Cng T ca van chng st chng li qu in
p qu U
TOV
c cho bng cc c tnh in p/thi gian ( U
TOV
= T.U
C
hoc U
TOV
= T
R
.U
R
).
H s T hoc T
R
ph thuc vo loi van chng st v c th tm c trong ti liu ca nh ch
to, U
R
l in p nh mc. Theo IEC 99-4 in p lin tc ca van chng st phi khng c thp
hn tr s hiu dng ca in p tn s ngun c th xy ta u cc lu hn 10 pht trong lc lm
vic. in p ny c xc nh trn c s in p lm vic cao nht tc ng ln li ang xt ch


179
lm vic bnh thng. Nu s liu ny khng c xc nh r rng c th ly bng in p cao nht
U
m
i vi thit b (IEC 71-1).
a) Van chng st gia pha v t
i vi cc h thng c tng tr ni t nh, in p lin tc t nht bng 1,05 ln in p lm
vic cao nht chia cho 3 . i vi cc h thng c s c trm t c b hoc trung tnh cch li, in
p lin tc c th ly t nht bng in p lm vic cao nht.



b) Van chng st gia cc pha
in p lin tc ti thiu phi bng 1,05 ln in p lm vic cao nht.
c) Van chng st im trung tnh
i vi cc h thng c tng tr ni t thp, in p lin tc nhn c t in p nh mc to
nn. i vi cc h thng c s c trm t c b hoc trung tnh cch li, in p lin tc ti thiu c
th ly bng in p lm vic ln nht chia cho 3 .

3. Cc tr s in hnh ca van chng st vi cc mc in p iu chnh
Vi cc van chng st MO khng c khe h phng in, in p lm vic lin tc U
c
phi c
la chn theo h s chm t C
e
= 3. Bng 12-4 cho thy cc tr s in hnh i vi cc li tng tr
ni t nh ( C
e
=1,4) v cc h thng khng ni t ( C
e
= 3 ) khng c qu in p qu no khc.
Van chng st trong li phn phi di 30 kV (v d cc my bin p lp trn ct ) thng
c thit k vi dng in st nh mc l 5 kA. Van chng st 10 kA c s dng cho cc mng
thng c nguy c b st nh.
Dng in st nh mc 10 kA cn phi lun lun c la chn cho van chng st trc ng
cp. Van chng st dng cho cc in p trn 30 kV lun c dng in st nh mc l 10 kA. Van
chng st c t song song vi i tng c bo v thng gia pha v t. V vng bo v trong
khng gian b gii hn, cc van chng st phi c ni cng gn b phn bo v cng tt . Cc s liu
gn ng i vi vng bo v c cho trong bng 12-4.

Bng 12.4: chn van chng st MO vi in p nh mc U
r

(khng xy ra qu in p qu khc)
in p h thng nh
mc U
n
,
kV
Van chng st pha
U
r
vi C
e
= 1,4 U
r
vi C
e
= 3
Van chng st trung tnh
Ur vi C
e
=1,4 U
r
vi C
e
= 3
Hnh 12-10 Phi hp cch in cho
li tng ni t thp. (c
E
= 1,4) trong
khong C (U
m
300Kv theo IEC 71-1
tng ng vi gi tr nh ca in p
pha -t.
U
rs
-in p chu xung st nh mc .
U
rB
-in p chu xung ng m nh mc.
a: in p pha t tn s ngun max.
c
E
h s s c trm t,b: in p pha t
tn s ngun max vi s c chm t pha
bn cnh, d: qu in p (c hn ch bng
van chng st n U
p
).
U
p
mc bo v ca van chng st
C
B
gii hn an ton vi in p xung st
C
S
gii hn an ton vi xung ng m

C
E
a

b

1

2

3

4

u

u
r B
u
r s
d

C
s
C
B
U
p
180
kV kV kV kV
6
10
20
30
66
110
138
220
345
380
500
6 9
12 15
21 30
30 45
60 90
96 150
120 -
192 -
276 -
330 -
420 -
- -
- -
- -
- -
- -
72 90
84 -
90 -
132 -
150 -
192 -
Hin nay hng ABB c chng trnh truyn sng nghin cu cc thit b ng ct ln c kh nng
tnh ton cc thay i theo thi gian ca in p cc v tr thch hp trong trm.

Vng bo v ca van chng st - cc tr s chun

in p cc i ca Vng c bo v Chiu di dn n van
thit b U
m
[ kV] L
max
[m] chng st a[ m]

<= 36 8 2
123 15 5
245 20 10
420 20 15
Trong cc trm trung gian v cao p c cc ng cp vo cn tnh n qu in p phn x
khng k s hn ch ca sng truyn trong cp.
Vi on cp ngn ( L
K
<= 5m) , van chng st A
1
phi t bo v cp v van chng st A
3

bo v my bin p ( xem hnh 12-11). Tuy nhin khi nu L
K
> 5m cp phi c bo v c hai pha
bng van A
1
v A
2
.
Trong trng hp ny nu khong cch do van A
2
bo v ln hn L
1
th van A
3
bo v my bin
p c th khng cn thit. B m st c th c s dng gim st van chng st. Chng c ni
vo dy ni t ca van chng st , van chng st phi c cch in vi t.

12.6. CHNG ST VariSTAR UItraSIL

1. Gii thiu chung
Th h chng st loi mi UItraSIL ca hng Cooper Power System hon thin nhng u
im ca cng ngh chng st c v bc bng polymer l kch thc v trng lng gim nh, cng
vi an ton c nng cao. Chng st UItraSIL s dng loi vt liu u vit hin nay c chp nhn
rng ri trong cng nghip l cao su cone lm v bc. Vic dng cc a MOV (in tr phi tuyn oxid
km) vi cc c tnh in hc cao cp lm cho chng st loi UItraSIL c kh nng bo v qu in p
hn hn cho cc li phn phi. Cc a MOV ch to u phi qua cc kim tra cht lng nghim ngt
t khu bt u cho n khu hon tt trong dy chuyn sn xut. Mi a MOV sau khi c sn xut








Hnh 12-11: Bo v qu in p vi cp dn n my ngt
L
k
L
1
A
1
A
2
A
3
181
u phi qua mt lot cc th nghim in hc nhm bo m cho a c c cht lng cao nht. Nh
vy, cc a MOV ny c c tin cy rt cao trong chc nng bo v khi lm vic ngay c sau nhiu
nm s dng.
Chng st UIt raSIL c cc loi 5kA v 10kA, cp 1 theo tiu chun IEC-99-4.

2. Cu to
Chng st UIt raSIL gm mt chng cc a MOV vi hai in cc hai u. Ton b cc a c bc
keo epoxy gia cng bng si thy tinh trong mt qui trnh sn xut hon ton t ng ha. Sau khi c
gia nhit thnh mt khi lng vng chc v mt c hc c th chu ng cc ng sut in hc, c
hc, trong cc iu kin mi trng kht khe. Lp v bc sau c lp vo v kt dnh cht vi khi
cc a MOV to thnh mt th chc chn c bn in cao. Sau khi lp rp, mi chng st u phi tri
qua mt lot cc th nghim hu bo m kh nng lm vic cao nht.
V bc cao su Silicone phi tri qua rt nhiu th nghim khi thit k nhm xc nh hnh
dng ti u cc tai.
c im
Ngoi ra cc th nghim trong thi gian di trong cc iu kin mi trng khc nhau cng
chng t tnh u vit ca cao su silicone UItraSIL v bn, nu so vi cc vt liu polimer khc. Cc th
nghim tin hnh cc phng th nghim c lp xc nhn tnh hn hn ca vt liu silicone v cc
mt chng bm nc, kh nng chu tia t ngoi cng nh kh nng chng phng in b mt trong cc
mi trng nhim, tnh tr i vi cc ha cht, tnh n nh nhit v nhiu c tnh cch in c bn
khc.

Cao su silicone cn c kh nng khng s sinh si ca nm mc, v khng bt chy. Khi dng s
c l 20 kA hay ln hn, b phn cch li (ty chn) s hot ng v cch li phn u ni t ca chng
st. Nh vy trnh s c vnh vin trng hp chng st b ngn mch bn trong, mt khc s d dng
pht hin v thay th chng st b s c.

182

Bng 12.5: Mt s loi chng st VariSTAR
Loi chng st UNS UHS
- in th h thng
- in th nh mc ca chng st
- Tn s h thng
- Tiu chun thit k v th nghim
- Dng phng in nh mc
- Cp phng in
- Mc chu ng dng cao
- Cp x p lc
3 - 36 kV
3 - 36 kV
50 - 60 Hz
IEC 99 - 4
5 kA
-
65 kA
20 kA (hiu dng i
xng) (B)
3 - 72 kV
3 - 60 kV
50 - 60 Hz
IEC 99 - 4
10 kA
1
100 kA
20 kA (hiu dng i
xng) (B)

3. Hot ng
Chng st UItraSIL c hot ng ging nh cc chng st khng khe h khc. Trong iu kin
xc lp, in p trn chng st l in p pha ca li in. Khi c qu in p, lp tc chng st gii hn
qu in p mc bo v cn thit bng cch dn dng xung xung t. Khi tnh trng qu in p qua
ri, chng st quay tr v tnh trng cch in nh trc, v ch dn dng r rt nh.

4. Cc lu chung la chn chng st
nh mc ca chng st l gi tr in p pha tn s cng nghip ln nht m chng st c
thit k v th nghim theo tiu chun IEC. Bng 12.5 hng dn chung la chn tr nh mc chng
st thch hp vi in p ca h thng cho.
Chng st khng khe h phi c la chn y vi cc ph kin, chu ng c in p
pha tn s cng nghip trong tt c cc iu kin vn hnh ca h thng.
in th lm vic lin tc
Chn s b trn c s l "in p lm vic lin tc ca chng st MCOV c U
c
bng hoc ln
hn in p pha ln nht ca h thng".
Qu in p tn s cng nghip (qu in p ni b)
Tiu chun th 2 la chn chng st da vo mc ni t ca h thng. Khi c s c mt
pha chm t, trong iu kin in p h thng c gi tr ln nht, in p nh mc ca chng st c
chn phi ln hn in p tng cao trn cc pha khng chm t. Cn lu tm c bit n cc h thng
c h s ni t km, h thng khng ni t, h thng ni t kiu cng hng hoc i vi cc h thng
c cc iu kin lm vic khng bnh thng nht nh. Tuy vy, ty theo iu kin lm vic c th ca
h thng m c th la chn in p nh mc ca chng st mt cch thch hp min l khng vi phm
kh nng chu ng qu in p tm thi ca chng st. Cc s c trn li in c th gy ra cc qu
in p tm thi tn s cng nghip vi gi tr vt qu mc in p lm vic lin tc MCOV hoc ngay
c in p nh mc chng st c th chu ng. Khi cn quan tm n mc qu in p (so vi thi
gian bo v d tr ca h thng), cng nh mc nng lng ca dng phng in. So vi h thng cho
php lm vic khi c chm t mt pha trong thi gian qu 10000 giy, cn dng chng st c in p
nh mc lm vic lin tc bng vi in p dy ca h thng.


Bng 12.6: La chn in p nh mc ca chng st VariSTAR
in p ca h thng (kV) nh mc ca chng st (kV)

nh mc


Ln nht

H thng 3 pha
4 dy ni Y
trung tnh ni
t lp li
H thng 3 pha 3
dy ni Y trung
tnh ni t trc
tip ti ngun
H thng 3 pha ni
khng ni t hay ni Y
nhng trung tnh ni t
qua in khng
3.3 3.7 3 6 6
6.6 7.3 6 9 9
10.0 11.5 9 12 12-15
11.0 12.0 9-10 12 12-15
16.4 18.0 15 - 18-21
22.0 24.0 18-21 24 24-27
183
33.0 36.3 27-30 36 36-39
47.0 52.0 39-48 54 60
66.0 72.0 54-60 60 -
Trong mt s cc iu kin lm vic c bit ca h thng nh khi ng in my bin p vi
mt s kiu u dy nht nh v hin tng cng hng c th xy ra, cc chng st lc y s chu cc
qu in p. Sau y l bng la chn chng st ca Cooper Power Systrems p dng cho tng h thng
ring l.

5. Cc c tnh th nghim
Chng st VariSTAR UItraSIL c thit k v th nghim theo tiu chun IEC 99-4.
Th nghim chu k lm vic
i vi chng st UNS: 20 ln dng xung 5 kA, dng sng 8/20 s, sau l hai ln dng xung
cao 65 kA nh (dng sng 4/10 s).
i vi chng st UNS: 20 ln dng xung 10 kA dng sng 8/20 s, sau l hai ln dng xung
cao 100 kA nh (dng sng 4/10 s).
Kim tra kh nng chu ng dng xung trong thi gian di
i vi chng st UNS: 18 ln dng xung 75 kA trong thi gian 1000 s.
i vi chng st UHS: 18 ln dng xung mc nng lng phng theo tiu chun IEC cp 1
(xp x 250A, 2000 s). Sau mi th nghim, cc chng st vn trng thi n nh nhit nh cc kim
tra sau:
Dng r c gi tr gim lin tc trong vng 30 pht khi chng st c phng in in p
Uc.
Khng c biu hin suy gim v mt cu to hay v cc c tnh in hc.
in p phng in 5kA hay 10kA c o lng sau mi ln th nghim thay i t hn
5% so vi gi tr ban u.
Tt c cc th nghim u c thc hin trong cc phng th nghim c lp, theo tiu chun
IEC - 99-4.
Kim tra kh nng chu ng dng ngn mch
Cc th nghim ny s chng minh kh nng chu ng dng s c m khng b n chng st.
Tt c cc v bc chng st UItraSIL u c kim tra ph hp vi cc yu cu c lit k trong IEC -
99 - 4/IEC - 99 - 1 v l loi khng n.


Bng 12.7: Kim tra kh nng chu ng p sut

Loi chng st Cp chu ng p lc theo
IEC
Bin dng s c (kA) Thi gian nh nht tn ti
s c (giy)
UNS/UHS

B

0,8
20
0,5
02
Kh nng qu in p tm thi (TOV)
Kh nng chu ng qu in p tm thi tn s 60Hz c cho theo th.
Da vo th tnh c thi gian m chng st c th chu qu in p (tnh bng n v tng
i vi c s l MCOV ca chng st) m khng b h hng.
Cc c tnh bo v
Chng st UitraSIL VariSTAR c kh nng bo v qu in p mt cch hiu qu cho cc thit
b in trung th.
Cc c tnh bo v ca h chng st UltraSIL cho trn bng 12-8 v 12-9.

Bng 12.8: Cc c tnh bo v - VariSTAR UNS, I
N
= 5 kA (IEC - 94-4)
nh
mc
MCOV in p
d do
in p d khi c xung st dng sng 8/20s (kV)
CS (kV) (kV) Xung c
dc
ln
1,5 kA 3 kA 5 kA 10 kA 20 kA 40 kA
184
3
6
9
10
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
2.55
5.1
7.65
8.4
10.2
12.7
15.3
17
19.5
22.0
24.4
27.0
29.0
10.9
21.8
31.4
32.7
41.1
51.3
61.6
65.4
76.3
86.3
96.2
107.0
115.0
9.0
17.9
25.8
26.9
33.8
42.2
50.6
53.7
62.7
71.0
79.1
87.8
94.7
9.7
19.4
28.0
29.1
36.5
45.7
54.8
58.2
67.8
76.8
85.6
95.1
103.0
10.4
2.08
30
31.2
39.2
49.0
58.5
62.4
72.8
82.4
91.8
102.0
110.0
11.4
22.7
32.8
34.1
42.9
53.6
64.3
68.2
79.6
90.1
100.0
112.0
120.0
13.0
26.0
37.4
38.9
48.9
61.1
73.4
77.9
90.8
103.0
115.0
127.0
137.0
15.1
30.2
43.5
45.3
56.9
71.1
85.3
90.6
106.0
120.0
133.0
148.0
160.0

Bng 12-9: Cc c tnh bo v - VariSTAR UHS, I
N
=10 kA (IEC-99-4)
nh
mc
CS
(kV)
MCOV
(kV)
in p
d do
xung
c
dc ln
in p d khi c xung st dng sng 8/20 s (kV) in p d do
xung ng ct
ng dy dng
sng 30/60 s
(kV)
1,5kA 3 kA 5 kA 10 kA 20 kA 40 kA 125 A 500 A
3
6
9
10
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
36
39
42
45
48
54
60
2.55
5.10
7.65
8.40
10.2
12.7
15.3
17.0
19.5
22.0
24.4
27.0
29.0
31.5
34.0
36.5
39.0
42.0
48.0
11.3
22.6
32.6
33.9
42.6
53.2
63.9
67.8
79.1
89.5
99.7
110.8
119.5
130.3
141.2
152.1
162.9
176.0
197.7
8.6
17.2
24.8
25.8
32.4
40.4
48.5
51.5
60.1
68.0
75.8
84.2
90.8
99.1
107.0
116.0
124.0
134.0
150.0
9.1
18.2
26.3
27.4
34.4
43.0
51.6
54.7
63.9
72.3
80.5
89.5
96.5
105.0
114.0
123.0
132.0
142.0
160.0
9.1
18.2
26.3
27.4
34.4
43.0
51.6
54.7
63.9
72.3
80.5
89.5
96.5
105.0
114.0
123.0
132.0
142.0
167.0
10.4
20.8
30.0
31.2
39.2
49.0
58.8
62.4
72.8
82.4
91.8
102.0
110.0
120.0
130.0
140.0
150.0
162.0
182.0
11.5
23.0
33.2
34.5
43.3
54.2
65.0
69.0
80.5
91.1
101.0
113.0
122.0
133.0
144.0
155.0
166.0
179.0
201.0
13.0
25.9
37.4
38.9
48.8
61.0
73.2
77.7
90.7
103.0
114.0
127.0
137.0
149.0
162.0
174.0
187.0
202.0
227.0
7.4
14.8
21.4
22.2
27.9
34.9
41.9
44.4
51.9
58.7
65.4
72.7
78.4
85.5
92.6
99.7
107.0
115.0
130.0
7.9
15.9
22.9
23.8
29.9
37.4
44.8
47.6
55.5
62.8
70.0
77.8
83.9
91.5
99.1
107.0
114.0
124.0
139.0
Chng 13. KHNG IN

13.1. KHI NIM CHUNG
1. Khi nim
Khng in l mt cun dy in cm c in khng khng i (khng c li thp L>>R), dng
hn ch dng ngn mch ng thi duy tr mt tr s in p mc nht nh khi c s c ngn mch
xy ra.
185
in khng khng i th cun dy phi khng c li thp, v khi c li thp th nu ngn
mch xy ra dng tng lm li thp bo ha kt qu in khng s gim khng hn ch c dng ngn
mch (I
nm
).
Tham s c bn ca in khng c tnh l
X
K
% tng ng in p vi U % (b qua in p trn
in tr), st p pha: ]. V [ I . X U
m K ph
=
Khng in c chn theo in p nh mc,
dng in nh mc v X
K
%, kim tra n nh ng v
n nh nhit.

2. Yu cu ca khng in
a) Qu in p khng c pht sinh nh thng cch
in gia cc vng dy v cch in i vi t. Khng
c pht sinh phng in cc b trn b mt ca khng
in.
b) Khng in phi c bn nhit v in ng.
c) Tn hao cng sut trong khng in phi t nht (tn
hao khng c gy pht nng khng in qu mc cho
php).


13.2. LA CHN V KIM TRA KHNG IN

1. La chn khng in
La chn khng in theo in p, dng in v gi tr X
K
% cn phi hp vi my ngt in
t trong mch ca n, c ngha l xut pht t iu kin ngn mch sau khng in, dng siu qu
khng vt qu dng in ct nh mc ca my ngt in.
V du hnh 13-1: ngn mch ti im N, in khng tng ca h thng t ngun n ni s c ti
N l:

ctMC
cb
K HT
I
I
X X X = + =

(13.1)
- I
cb
: Dng in c bn.
- X
HT
: in khng h thng tnh n thanh ci trc khng in.
- X
K
: in khng ca khng in cn tm. X
K
tnh theo % ng vi iu kin dng, p nh mc
nh sau:
( )
mK b c
mmang mK
HT
Htt
K
.U I
.U I
X X X =

(13.2)
Trong : I
mK
: dng nh mc ca khng in
U
mK
: in p nh mc ca khng in.
U
mmang
: in p trung bnh nh mc ni t khng in.
T (13-2) ta tra bng c sn chn X
K
X
Ktt
.
Ch : nu bit tit din cp nh nht sau khng in th khi tnh X
K
% cng tin hnh tng t nh trn.
Nh rng lc xc nh X

ng l dng dng ct nh mc I
ctMC
cng thc (13-1) th phi thay bng
dng n nh nhit ca cp tng ng I

.

186

2. Kim tra khng in
Sau khi chn khng in ta phi tnh tn hao in p
trong tnh trng lm vic bnh thng v in p d trn thanh
ci khi ngn mch sau khng in. Tn tht in p trong tnh
trng lm vic lu di i vi khng in n c xc nh nh
sau:
% sin .
I
I
X % u hay sin .X I u
mK
lv
K K lv pha
= = .
Vi: I
lv
dng lm vic ca nhnh coi nh ch c in khng
nn sin =1
mK
N
K d
I
I
% X % U co = . Vi I
N
: dng ngn mch khi
s c sau khng in. Nu in p thp hn in p d cho php
U
dCP
bng 0,6U
m
th phi tnh li in khng ca khng in
nh sau:

( )
mK cb dCP
mmang mK HT dCP
K(m)
.U I U 1
.U .I .X U
* X

= (13.3)
Vi:
X
HT
: tng in khng tng i c bn tnh n trc
im mc in khng.
U
mmng
: in p nh mc ca cp in p xy ra ngn
mch.
X*
K(m)
: in khng tng i ca khng in quy v iu kin nh mc.
Chuyn thnh khng in phn trm
.100 * X % X
K(m) K
=
t y chn in khng tiu chun.
+Khng in c xem l m bo n nh nu tha mn iu kin:
I

I
XK
(13.4)
Vi I

: dng n nh ng (dng ln nht c th i qua in khng m khng gy ra mt s bin dng

no ca cun dy).
+ iu kin n nh nhit :

gt n n
t . I t I

(13.5)
Mc n nh nhit ca khng in rt cao, vic kim tra n nh nhit ch cn thit vi khng in nh v
thi gian tn ti ngn mch ln.
t
gt
: thi gian tn ti ngn mch.
I

: dng ngn mch n nh (xc lp).

Ngoi khng in n, khng in hai u cn c khng in kp ba u, ngoi thnh phn in cm
cn c h cm (khi lm vic bnh thng hai cun cng lm vic th in khng kp nh hn nhiu khng
in n l u vit hn ca khng in kp, ch ngn mch tc dng hn ch ngang nhau. Tuy
nhin khng in n r hn khng in kp, v thng dng khi s ng dy t hn).















Hnh 13-2: Khng in kp
a) Khi lm vic bnh thng;
b) Khi ngn mch mt ng dy
I
1
I
1
a)
I
I
2
I
2
I
I
b)
187



























Hnh 13-3: Cc cch ni khng in thng dng nht: a)ni ng dy ngun cung
cp;b)ni ng dy i ra; c)ni phn on thanh gp













Hnh 13-4: t khng in hn
ch dng in nh:D
n
-ng knh
trung bnh ca khng in,a-khong
cch gia ng tm khng in
v b phn kim loi:
1.Tng ct thp;2.Thanh ct
thp(kch thc trn theo mm)

MC
Khng
N
HT
~ ~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ ~
a
)
b
)
c
)
d
)
188



Chng 14. BIN P O LNG

14.1. BIN IN P (BU)

1. Chc nng v cc thng s chnh ca BU
Bin in p o lng dng bin i in p t tr s ln xung tr s thch hp (100V hay
100/ 3 V) cung cp cho cc dng c o lng, rle v t ng ha. Nh vy cc dng c th cp
c tch khi mch in cao p nn rt an ton cho ngi. Cng v an ton, mt trong nhng u ra ca
cun dy th cp phi c ni t. Cc dng c pha th cp ca BU c in tr rt ln nn c th coi
BU lm vic ch khng ti.
BU bao gm cc thng s chnh nh sau:
a) H s bin i nh mc
m 2
m 1
m
U
U
K =
Trong : U
1m
, U
2m
l cc in p nh
mc s cp v th cp. in p s cp o
lng c nh BU qua in p th cp
gn ng bng:
U
1
U
2
.K
m
.
b) Sai s ca bin in p
Xt BU mt pha c s thay th
hnh 14-1a, trong :
z
1
= r
1
+ jx
1
: tng tr cun s cp.
z
2
= r
2
+ jx
2
: tng tr cun th
cp qui i v s cp.
z = r + jx : tng tr ph ti
qui i v s cp;
z
0
= r
0
+ jx
0
- tng tr mch t.
Theo s thay th dng c
th vct cc dng p (Hnh 14-1b).
Trn hnh 14-2b, cc vct U
2
v
E
2
cng nh I
2
l cc vct in p v
dng in qui i v pha s cp. Qua
th vct thy rng, in p th cp
tng ln K
m
ln (tc U
2
), sai khc vi
in p s cp U
1
c v pha ln tr s.
chnh l do tn tht trong BU gy nn.
Sai s ca BU c xc nh nh sau.
Sai s tr s:
100 .
U
U U . K
% U
1
1 2 m

=
Sai s gc
u
(gc lch gia U
2
v U
1
).
Cn c vo th vct hnh 14-
1b c th xy dng c biu thc sai s
in p v sai s gc ca n. Theo th c th vit c:
,
OC
AB
OC
OC OA
U

=
v
OC
BC
sin
u u
=




a)













b)




Hnh 14-1. Bin in p mt pha
a) S thay th; b) th vct
1
U

1
I

2
U

x r x'
r
'
2
I

x'
r
'
0
I

x
r
2
E'

1
U

2
U

2
I'

0
I'

I
0
r
1
j I
0
x
1
j I
2
( r
1
+
r
2
)
j I
2
( x
1
+
x
2
)

u
C
B
A
189
Tm li AB v BC xc nh sai s tr s v sai s gc ca bin in p ng thi xt phn thc v
phn o ca vc t AC. Ta c:
)] ' z z ( ' I z I [ ) U U ( AC CA
2 1 2 1 0
'
2 1


+ + = = =

Bin i biu thc trn, tch phn thc v o s c:

,
U
) ' x x ( ' I ) ' r r ( ' I x I r I
,
U
) ' x x ( ' I ) ' r r ( ' I x I r I
U
1
2 1 a 2 2 1 a 2 1 a 0 1 or
u
1
2 1 r 2 2 1 a 2 1 r 0 1 oa
+ + +
=
+ + + + +
=

trong
o oa 0
I j I I

+ = v
r 2 a 2 2
' I j ' I ' I

+ =
Ta thy rng sai s ca bin in p l
mt hm s ph thuc vo nhiu thng s.
Dng I
0
ph thuc vo mch t, nn gim sai
s cn dng thp k thut in tt lm mch
t. Dng I
2
ph thuc vo ti th cp, vy cng
sut cc dng c pha th cp khng c vt
qu cng sut nh mc ca bin in p (S
pt

S
mBU
). Tng tr Z
1
v Z
2
ph thuc vo cu
to cun dy s cp v th cp ca bin in p.
gim sai s ngi ta chn mt dng trong
cc cun dy ca BU nh hn so vi trong my
bin p in lc.
c). Cp chnh xc ca bin in p
Cn c v sai s ca BU m ngi ta t
tn cho cp chnh xc cho chng. Cp chnh xc
ca BU l sai s in p ln nht khi n lm
vic trong cc iu kin : tn s 50Hz, in p
s cp bin thin trong khong U
1
= (0,9
1,1)U
1m
, cn ph ti th cp thay i trong gii
hn t 0,25 n nh mc v cos = 0,8. Bin
in p c ch to vi cc cp chnh xc 0,2;
0,5; 1 v 3.BU cp chnh xc 0,2 dng cho cc
ng h mu trong phng th nghim; cp 0,5
dng cho cng t in, cn cp 1 v 3 dng cho
cc ng h bng. Ring i vi rle, ty
theo yu cu ca tng loi
bo v m cp chnh xc
ca BU cho thch hp.

2. Phn loi v cu to
bin in p
Bin in p c
phn thnh hai loi: kh
v du. Mi loi li c th
phn theo s lng pha:
bin in p mt pha v 3
pha.
Bin in p kh ch
dng cho TBPP trong nh.
Bin in p kh mt pha
dng cho cp in p 6kV
tr li, cn bin in p

190
kh ba pha dng cho in p n 500V.
Theo k hiu ca Lin x c: HOC : bin in p kh mt pha v HTC: bin in p kh 3 pha. Bin
in p du c ch to vi in p 3kV tr ln v dng cho TBPP c trong v nh v ln ngoi tri.
Trn hnh 14-2 trnh by bin in p du mt pha in p 35kV tr li. Lin x ch to bin in p du
mt pha loi HOM. Bin in p du ba pha nm tr (hnh 14-3) c ch to vi in p 3 20kV. N
gm mt mch t nm tr (trong c ba tr c dy qun, cn hai tr bn khng dy qun cho t
thng th t khng chy qua) v hai cun dy th cp ni hnh sao v hnh tam gic h. Cun dy ni
hnh sao abc cung cp cho cc dng c o lng, rle v kim tra cch in. Cun dy ni tam gic
h a
1
-x
1
ni vi rle in p cho tn hiu khi c mt pha chm t trong li cao p. Bnh thng U
dll

= U
a
+ U
b
+ U
c
= 0. Khi mt im chm t trong li cao p, in p U
dll
= 3U
0
, trong U
0
- in p
th t khng, do rle tc ng bo tn hiu chm t.
i vi in p 110kV tr ln, gim bt kch thc v lm nh cch in ca bin in p ngi ta
dng bin in p kiu phn cp (hnh 14-4). Bin in p kiu phn cp bao gm nhiu tng li t xp
chng ln nhau, m cun dy s cp phn b u trn cc li, cn cun dy th cp ch trn li t cui
cng. S tng li t ph thuc vo in p nh mc 110kV c hai tng, cn 220kV tr ln th s tng
nhiu hn.
i vi in p 500kV v cao hn ngi ta phn chia in p bng t ly mt phn in p cao ri
mi a vo bin in p (hnh 14-5). in p ly trn C
2
bng khong 10-15kV, sau nh bin in p
mt pha h xung in p thch hp cho o lng, rle v t ng ha. in p th cp U
2
khng thay
i theo ph ti cn t thm in khng P v b chng nhiu N.
a) S ni dy ca bin in p.
b) Hai bin in p (hnh 14-6).
S BU ch cho php o in
p dy (U
AB
, U
BC
) m khng o c
in p pha. S ny dng rng ri
cho li c dng chm t nh v khi
ph ti l l at k v cng t.
c) Bin in p ba pha nm tr
(Y
0
/Y
0
/) nu cng dng khi m t
cu to trn.
d) Bin in p ba pha ba tr
ni Y/Y:
Dng cho li c dng chm t b
cung cp cho cc dng c o lng
in p dy khng i hi cp chnh
xc cao.


14.2. BIN DNG IN (BI)

1. Cng dng v cc thng s chnh
ca BI
Bin dng in dng bin i dng
t tr s ln hn xung tr s thch hp
(thng l 5A, trng hp c bit l 1A
hay 10A) vi cc dng c o v rle, t
ng ha.
Cun dy s cp ca bin dng c s
vng rt nh, c khi ch mt vi vng, cn
cun th cp c s vng nhiu hn v lun
c ni t phng khi cch in gia
s v th cp b chc thng th khng
nguy him cho dng c pha th cp v
ngi phc v. Ph ti th cp ca bin
dng in rt nh v vy c th coi bin

C
1
P
N BU
U
1 U
2
U
sc

Hnh 14-5:b phn chia
in p bng t
A B C
a
b
c
a
x
a
x
c
A
X
A
X
c

Hnh 14-6:S ni hai bin in p
191
dng lun lm vic trng thi ngn mch. Trong trng hp khng c ti phi ni t cun th cp
trnh qu in p cho n.
Bin dng in bao gm cc thng s chnh sau.
a) H s bin i nh mc
,
I
I
K
m 2
m 1
m
= trong I
1m
v I
2m
l dng nh mc s v th cp tng ng. Dng s cp c o
gn ng nh BI: I
1
K
m
I
2
: dng o c pha th cp.
b) Sai s ca bin dng
S thay th ca bin dng cho trn hnh 14-7a. Theo s thay th c th dng c th vct
ca BI (hnh 14-7b).
Trn (hnh 14-7b) thy rng dng th cp tng K
m
ln (tc l I
2
) sai khc vi dng s cp I
1
c v
pha ln tr s. Sai s ca bin dng gm hai thnh phn: sai s dng v sai s gc.
Sai s dng:

100 .
I
I I . K
% I
1
1 2 m

= (2-51)
Sai s gc
1
- gc lch pha gia I
2
v I
1

Cn c vo th vct c th xy dng c biu thc sai s. Ta c:
), ( Sin
I
I
OA
CB
OA
OA OC
I
1
0
+ =

=
v ). ( Sin
I
I
OA
AB
sin
1
0
1 1
+ = =
Vy:
). cos(
I
I
) sin(
I
I
I
1
0
1
1
0
+ =
+ =


Hnh 14-7:S bin dng:a)S thay th,b) thi vc t

T biu thc trn ta thy rng sai s ph thuc vo t s I
0
/I
1
, ph ti th cp v gc . gim sai s
ca bin dng ngi ta dng thp k thut in tt cho mch t v tng s vng dy th cp.
1
I

2
U

x1 r1
x'2 r'2
2
I

x'
r'
0
I

x0
r0
2
E
'

a)
jI'
2
x
2
jI'
2
x
E
2
U
2

I
2
r
2
I
2
r

I
0
I
1
I
2c
I
0
+
0
b)
192
b) Cp chnh xc ca bin dng
Cp chnh xc ca bin dng l sai s dng ln nht khi n lm vic trong cc iu kin: tn s 50Hz,
ph ti th cp thay i t 0,25 n 1,2 nh mc. Bin dng c nm cp chnh xc: 0,2; 0,5; 1; 3 v 10.
BI cp chnh xc 0,2 dng cho cc ng h mu; cp 0,5 dng cho cng t in, cn cp 1 v 3 dng
cho ng h bng; cp 10 dng cho cc b truyn ng ca my ngt. Ring vi rle, ty theo yu
cu ca tng loi bo v m dng cp chnh xc ca BI cho thch hp.

2. Phn loi cu to
Bin dng c hai loi chnh: bin dng kiu xuyn v bin dng kiu .

Bin dng kiu xuyn c cun dy s cp l mt thanh dn xuyn qua li t, cn cun dy th cp
qun trn li t (hnh 14-8a). Ty theo dng nh mc s cp m thanh dn xuyn c hnh dng v thit
din khc nhau, chng hn trn hnh 14-8b, n c dng thng, tit din to dng cho dng s cp 600A tr
ln, cn hnh 14-8c th n cong, c tit din nh hn dng cho dng s cp di 600A. khi dng nh
mc s cp ln (6000 18000A) in p 20kV, cun dy s cp l thanh dn hnh mng (hnh 14-8d). s
lng li t v s lng cun dy th cp ty thuc vo cng dng tng loi. Trong bin dng kiu
xuyn, cc li v cc cun dy th cp c bc trong nha cch in pxy. i vi TBPP ngoi tri,
ngi ta dng bin dng kiu , v ca n bng s, cch in bn trong bng giy du (hnh 14-9a).
Trong thng s cha du, pha di thng c hp cc u ra ca cc cun dy th cp (thng c mt s
cun dy th cp).
Khi in p cao, thc hin cch in gia cc cun dy s cp v th cp gp kh khn. V vy vi
cp in p 330kV v cao hn ngi ta dng bin dng kiu phn cp (hnh 14-9b), mi cp c li thp
ring.
Mt vi k hiu ca Lin x (c) cho cc bin dng k trn nh sau: bin dng kiu xuyn TO-10 (
dng 600A v cao hn), T-10 (dng di 600A), T-205 (dng 6000-18000A); bin dng kiu
c: TH (mt cp), TPH (nhiu cp).
Ngoi hai loi chnh bin dng k trn cn c cc loi bin dng chuyn dng khc nh bin dng th
t khng, bin dng bo ha nhanh, bin dng chuyn dng cho bo v so lnh ngang ca my pht
in,...


193



196


Chng 15. H THIT B SCADA

15.1. CNG DNG - CHC NNG CA H SCADA

1. Gii thiu h SCADA
SCADA l tn vit tt ca Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition, ngha l h iu khin
gim st v thu thp s liu sn xut.
SCADA l mt cng c t ng ha cng nghip, dng k thut vi tnh PLC/RTU, tr gip
vic iu hnh k thut cc cp trc ban iu hnh ca sn xut cng nghip: t cp phn xng, x
nghip (hay trm in), n cc cp cao nht ca mt cng ty.
Chc nng mi cp SCADA l cung cp nhng dch v chun sau:
a) Thu thp t xa
Thu qua ng truyn s liu cc s liu v sn xut, v t chc vic lu gi trong nhiu loi c
s s liu (s liu lch s v sn xut, v s kin thao tc v bo ng,...).
b) Dng cc c s s liu cung cp nhng dch v v iu khin gim st h sn xut
Hin th bo co tng kt v qu trnh sn xut (trang mn hnh trang th, trang s kin,
trang bo ng, trang bo co sn xut,...).
iu khin t xa qu trnh sn xut (ng / ct cc my ct, tng / gim nc phn p,...).
c) Thc hin cc dch v v truyn s liu trong h v ra ngoi (c vit s liu PLC/RTU, gi tr li cc
bn tin yu cu ca cp trn v s liu, v thao tc h)
Nhn chung SCADA l mt h kt hp phn cng - phn mm vi tnh t ng ha vic qun
l gim st iu khin cho mt i tng sn xut cng nghip.
Ty yu cu c th ca bi ton t ng ha y, c th xy dng h SCADA thc hin mt s
trong nhng nhim v t ng ha sau:
Thu thp gim st t xa v i tng.
iu khin ng/ct t xa ln i tng.
iu chnh t ng t xa ln i tng.
Thng tin t xa vi cc i tng v cc cp qun l.
Cc chc nng mi th u c nhng yu cu c bit i vi cc b phn cng, phn mm chuyn
trch ca SCADA. C th l:
Phn o - gim st xa cn bo m thu thp, lu gi, hin th, in n nhng s liu cn
cho qun l k thut.
Phn iu khin thao tc xa phi bo m c vic kim tra "NG" an ton, ng n.
i vi vic "NG" li cao p phi c thit b thc hin ha ng b ln thanh ci cao p kiu t
ng. Bn cnh SCADA cn phi c "NG / CT" bng tay.
Phn iu chnh t ng t xa cn phn nh v quy nh trong nhim v iu chnh in
p, tn s trm pht in, trong nhim v iu p ca Tap changer trm in, h SCADA phi m
nhim n u.
Phn truyn tin xa phi quy nh r cc nhim v truyn s liu hin trng v nht l
nhim v th tc truyn s liu vi cc cp SCADA iu .

2. Kt cu c bn ca h SCADA
Theo truyn thng ca tng hng ch to, cc SCADA nhng nm 90-95 thng c kt cu, c
cc thnh phn vi chc nng hi khc nhau. Tuy nhin trong vi nm gn y c nhng tin b quan
trng ca my PC vi cc dch v MFC, GUI rt tin li ca h iu hnh Microsoft Windows 95, 98,









197









































NT, ca PLC mi v mt khc l cc tin b mi ca cc transmitter / RTU s thng minh. Nhng iu
quan trng ny dn cc hng n khuynnh hng h SCADA kt cu theo nhng ch tiu sau:
My tnh ch SCADA l PC vi Microsoft Windows 95, 98, NT.
Bus truyn tin l multidrop (vi PC Master) tiu chun RS485, vi cc protocol truyn tin
cng nghip master slaver c chn dng nhiu nht.

Thit b thu thp s liu v truyn tin vi PC l:
- PLC (hoc RTU ) dng vi cc transmitter analog 010V.
- Hoc l transmitter s thng minh.
S mt h SCADA mi c bn theo ch tiu nh vy, dng cp phn xng hay trm in nh hnh
15-1.





SCADA trm PC vi Windows 95/98/NT














Bus RS-232
Lin lc ngoi h
PLC
hay
RTU
Vo 010V
Chun ha
DC
iu khin
ra 024V
Transmitter
hay RTU s
thng minh
iu khin
ra 024V
Lng
vt l
vo
chuyn
i
Hnh 15-1
Phng n scada trm in lc
SCADA CIMPLICITY
AND PLC









ETHERNET
CIMPLICITY
Viewers
CIMPLICITY
Server
Facility Wide Server
198

























Hnh 15-2: SCADA phn xng













3. Cc cp SCADA trong x nghip cng nghip
Mt h thng sn xut cng nghip thng c t chc phn nhim nhiu cp qun l, mi cp
c nhng nhim v o lng, thu thp v iu khin ring ln nhng i tng my mc trong h thng.
Trong c tnh hnh l cc i tng my mc thng lp t trong a phng ca cp qun l phn
xng x nghip l cp di. V cng c mt c im na l mt i tng tuy thuc s gim st - iu
khin ca cp trn v mt sn xut nhng cng cn thuc s gim st - iu khin vt l c th v mt vn
hnh, chun on v bo dng ca nhng cp khc thp hn.
Nhng iu ny l c s ch o cho vic t chc cc cp SCADA qun l h thng sn xut
ngy.
nay. Nhng nguyn tc chnh sau:
a) Cp SCADA phn xng di s thc hin vic thu thp s liu trn cc my mc trong phn
xng, c s phn loi r my mc thit b no c qun l v sn xut bi cp SCADA no. Cc s liu
phn loi y s c cc SCADA truyn tin bo co t cp di ln cp trn, theo nhp gi ca cc
SCADA cp cao hn mt cp cho n cp cn thu thp, lu gi, hin th, in n, s dng cho iu khin
sn xut cc cp.
b) Mi cp s thc hin bi ton phn tch, tnh ton c giao v tnh a ra cc lnh thao tc thay i
hay tng gim ch tiu hay ng/ct cc i tng ca mnh. N s qua h truyn tin gi lnh y ti cp
SCADA lin quan thc hin.
Truyn tin xa cc
vn phng K xa

SCADA x nghip My qun tr H thng tin qun l


Mng Ethernet truyn tin
gia cc SCADA x nghip
SCADA phn xng
Ethernet






RS-485 RS-485 RS-485 RS-485









SCADA
Phn
xng
199


thc hin nhng bi ton iu khin, phn tch ring ny ca mnh, SCADA mi cp thng
c trang b thm nhng phn cng my tnh, phn mm phn tch chuyn dng. N ly s liu hin
hnh t SCADA cung cp gii bi ton cho ra kt qu cho ngi v cho c h SCADA.
S hnh 15-2 gii thiu mt mng SCADA ca cp phn xng v cp x nghip. T h trn
ta thy c nhiu dng mng truyn tin trong h:
Truyn tin gia PC master v PLC slave phn xng trn bus RS-485 multidrop vi
protocol RTU hoc tng ng.
Truyn tin nhanh, nhiu v o lng, iu khin sn xut gia cc PC phn xng vi cc
PC x nghip: SCADA, Administrator, Management Information System MIS. Thng dng mng
Ethernet hay Ethernet TCP/IP multidrop 10Mbd.
Nu cn t PC my qun tr PC SCADA x nghip c th t chc mt mng truyn tin,
thng l dng v tuyn in, truyn tin vi cc vn phng qun l kinh doanh cp trn t xa.

15.2. T CHC SCADA TRONG H THNG IN LC

1. T chc b tr mt cp SCADA
Trong h thng in lc trc ht p ng yu cu t ng ha v s ha vic qun l sn xut
trong h thng in lc v km theo n phn nh nhng iu kin kinh t - k thut ca thc t sn xut
in lc.

2. Nhn xt nh gi
i vi cc mng siu cao p, cao p th vic tnh ton x l ra lnh thao tc iu khin vic pht
- truyn ti l nhim v c th ca cc trung tm iu qun l mng. Cp trm khng kh nng
m nhn vic ny. C mt thc t l vic thu thp s liu v thc hin thao tc sn xut li c thc
hin cc trm t xa. Nhng vic ny mun c iu khin t ng t xa, t cc trung tm iu
th phi c mt mng truyn tin tt gia trung tm vi cc trm v cc thit b tha hnh thao tc, ha
ng b cng nh cc thit b ct, chuyn mch phi c t ng ha tt v hot ng tin cy.
Trong iu kin cn cha hon ho th c th giao vic thu thp v thao tc cao p, siu cao p
cho trm thc hin theo lnh ca iu .
Cn vic qun l phn phi cung cp in trung p th thng giao cho cc trm lm. Trm
c s liu ny v kh nng ny, gii phng bt gnh nng cc cp iu truyn ti.
n khi c th bo m mc hon thin ca t ng ha SCADA v truyn tin, th
cc nhim v thao tc, thng tin n gin ca trm s c th c hon ton t ng ha, khng cn c
ngi trc ban sn xut na. Ta s c nhng trm khng ngi trc.

Bng 15.1: Tm tt nhng cp qun l k thut sn xut in lc
Cp qun l Ni dung qun l chnh
Pht v truyn ti in lc siu cao p
5001000kV lin vng lnh th quc gia.
Phng n pht P, Q cc ngun pht ch yu
quc gia.
Qun l tn s, d phng n nh tnh, ng ca
h thng quc gia. Tro lu cng sut truyn ti
quc gia.
Thu thp s liu, thao tc bo v rle, chun
on, bo dng thit b siu cao p.
Pht v truyn ti in lc n cc trm trong
mng cao p 220kV khu vc.
Phng n pht P, Q cc ngun ch khu vc.
Tro lu cng sut, phn b in p 220kV
cc trng tm ti. D phng n nh ca ngun
khu vc.
Thu thp s liu, thao tc, bo v, chun on,
bo dng thit b 220kV.
Phn phi in lc trong a bn cc mng
110kV.
Pht Q b, tro lu cng sut.. Phn b p
110kV trong mng trong a bn.
Thu thp s liu, thao tc, bo v, chun on,
bo dng thit b 110kV.
200


Phn phi, cung cp in lc a phng mng
35kV.
Pht Q b a phng. iu chnh in p trung
p vi Tap changer, sa thi thi theo tn.
Cung cp in lc h p khu dn c, x nghip
nh.
Thao tc, bo v, bo dng thit b h p.

Khi t SCADA iu cn iu khin thao tc xung mt thit b cao p, n s gi qua ng
truyn mt bn tin lnh thao tc xung RTU ca thit b trm lin quan thc hin.
Mt cch khc bn tin lnh cng c th gi xung SCADA trm, n thc hin thao tc.
ng truyn tin t SCADA iu xung mi trm thng l ti ba, cp quang hay radio mt
knh.
Cho nn li vo SCADA iu phi t thm mt my PC lm phn knh - tp trung lin lc
vi cc knh xung cc trm.
ni ng truyn ti ba / radio ca iu vo mi trm, nu c SCADA trm th c th kt
ni n vo cng truyn tin ca SCADA trm.
Nu khng c SCADA trm, m c t nhng RTU ca iu th phi t thm mt my
chuyn Adapter multidrop ln bus multidrop ca cc RTU.

3. Cc loi hnh SCADA trong h thng in lc
T phn tch trn ngi ta ra vi loi hnh SCADA sau:
a) SCADA iu mng truyn ti cao p, siu cao p
N dng tr gip ngi iu o lng iu khin v k thut sn xut cc mng cao p,
siu cao p trong cc vic sau:































SCADA EMS DTS
iu
Mng truyn nhanh Ethernet










ng ti ba,
Radio,Cp quang



Cc SCADA
Trm


RS-485 RS-485 RS-485

Protocol
H in trng




Vo 010V iu khin ra
Ch h DC 0 24V DC
Mn
chiu
rng
Mn
chiu
rng
Phn knh

Phn knh

PLC,RTU,
IED
202


-N thu thp v qun l cc s o v trng thi ca cc i tng cao p t cc trm. Cc s liu
ny c truyn t cc trm ln qua nhng ng truyn ring (ti ba, hoc cp quang hoc radio, viba).N
tin hnh nhng tnh ton v phn tch, nhn dng, v iu khin ti u, v d bo cc tro lu v phn b
in p cng nh v d phng n nh.
Khi lng tnh ton iu khin ny thng ln v phc tp vt ra ngoi khun kh ca cc
SCADA thng thng. Do bn cnh SCADA iu thng t thm hai loi my tnh chuyn trch
khc tr gip cho n l:
-My tnh EMS(Energy Manahement System) c phn mm c bit chuyn dng lm nhng tnh
ton ni trn, s dng s liu vo do SCADA cung cp.
-My DTS(Dispatcher Training Simulator) c phn mm l mt b m phng mm ca mng cao
p cng s dng s liu do SCADA cp cho.





























hun luyn cc iu vin, ngi ta ra cho iu vin tin hnh nhng iu khin, thao


tc ln b m phng ny, thay cho thao tc ln thit b tht tp dt. Mi trnh t thao tc y s
c DTS phn tch, nh gi ng sai v cho im.
b) SCADA trm
SCADA trm dng tr gip cho trc trm thu thp s liu gim st v thao tc iu khin ln:
-Trc ht l thit b trung p v Tap Changer ca trm.
-Trong trng hp c giao thm, c vic thu thp cao p bo co SCADA iu (c lu
gi) v thc hin cc lnh thao tc thit b cao p ca SCADA iu gi xung (hoc cc trc trm).







SCADA NH MY IN QUN TR NH MY IN QUN L TRM IN


Turbine My pht Nn kh p-H cha Trm in Trm in
(Server) (Server) (Server) (Server) Cao p Trung p

RS-485 RS-485 RS-485 RS-485 RS-485 RS-485




Sensor Van, Sensor Mc so P,h
Ap lc Motor U,I,f pht xung


Motor nn kh Transmitter thy vn Transmitter I,P,Q


Hnh 15-4
SCADA v qun tr thy in




(Viewer)
Ethernet TCP/IP
203


























































Hnh 15-5: S khi thc hin
N
N
Y
N
Y
Y
C bn tin t
SCADA cp
trn
C yu cu phc
v ca trc
ban(phm, chut)
n chu trnh
mi cha ?
Nhn v gii
m bn tin
Thc hin cc
yu cu ca
SCADA cp trn
Thc hin cc
yu cu ca
trc ban
Bt u chu
trnh
-B phn qun l thng tin gi bn tin n
tng nt PLC/IDE th XX ly cc thng s o
n XX
-Nhn bn tin v cc s o ct vo Buffer thu

-B qun tr CSDL cp nht cc s liu mi, cp nht cc c s
s liu v s kin( Event), v bo ng (Alarm).

-B qun l View Graphics cp nht cc s liu ln cc trang
ha(graphics), trang th
204






Vic truyn lnh thao tc c th bng s (khng ngi trc), hoc bng in thoi qua ngi trc
trm.
Mch thu thp s liu c th thc hin ty s thit k bng:
+12 PLC v cc transmitter analog.
+Mt b Card RTU vi cc transmitter analog.
+Hoc mt s transmitter s in lc thnh b thng minh.
SCADA trm c nhng bus truyn tin sau:
+Mt bus gi s liu / truyn lnh hin trng kiu RS-485 ni SCADA trm multidrop vi cc
PLC hoc cc RTU hoc cc transmitter in lc thng minh.
+Mt hoc mt vi bus truyn tin RS-232 giao tip thng tin vi mt hoc vi SCADA iu
cao p 220kV,110kV.

15.3. PHN MM RUNTIME THNG L CA SCADA

Phn mm RUNTIME ca SCADA l mt chng trnh thc hin cc nhim v ca c th. Ging
nh cc chng trnh trong thi gian thc, chng trnh ny chy trong mt thi gian ngn v lp li theo
chu trnh, thng chu trnh ca SCADA trm t 1 giy n 2 giy. Chu trnh ca SCADA iu t 2 giy
n 10 giy.
Nhim v ca SCADA trong mi chu trnh bt u bng thu thp s o ca cc i tng iu
khin, biu hin cc s liu y cho ngi trc v thc hin nhng dch v bt cht khc nhau theo yu cu
ca trc ban, trong c dch v v iu khin xa, iu chnh xa, gi bo co s liu ln cp trn,...
Cc nhim v trn c nhng phn theo trt t trc sau nh :gi bi s o, cp nht cc s liu mi
nhng cng c nhng phn dch v c th ng thi chng ln nhau; yu cu h SCADA phi thc hin
c ht. V vy h RUNTIME SCADA phi c chy trn mt h iu hnh a nhim - a lung (multi -
task - multithead). Thch hp nht hin nay l nhng h iu hnh Windows 95/98 NT, hoc nhng h iu
hnh vi tnh gc UNIX .
Qua lu trn ta thy h RUNTIME SCADA l nhng chng trnh chnh chy my. N
c lp trn c s dng nhng modul phn mm chc nng chnh nh :
Modul qun l pht thu cc bn tn hiu trng (vi PLC, RTU ) v thu pht bn tin ca iu
.
Modul qun tr cc c s s liu (v sn xut, v event, alarm).
Modul qun l View - Graphic (v cc trang graphic, trend).
Cc modul qun l dch v chut (v cc trang graphic, trang trend, v in bo co sn xut , v
ng /ct (c/khng ha ng b), tng /gim ,...)


15.4. H PHN MM THNG PHM SCADA CNG NGHIP

T nhng nm 95 mt s hng a bn ra th trng nhng phn mm thng phm SCADA
cng nghip. Nhng ngi thit k t ng ha c th lp rp nn mt h phn cng PC, PLC, bus thng tin
v dng phn mm SCADA pht trin nh th thit k ra mt chng trnh RUNTIME SCADA thch
hp chy phn cng , v do to ra mt h SCADA hon chnh, thch hp cho n ca mnh.
Nhng phn mm thng phm SCADA ny thng xy dng vi cc ch tiu cht lng tt,
s dng d dng tin li m li kinh t, bt cng u t nghin cu (gi mua bng 1,5 ln gi mt b
transmitter).
Thc cht phn mm SCADA thng phm ny gm 2 phn chnh
Mt chng trnh RUNTIME SCADA vi cc thng s hot ng ca cc modul chc nng cn
trng cha c xc nh. Chnh ngi thit k mt n SCADA c th s khai bo cc thng s ny
cho thch hp vi yu cu ca n.
* Mt phn mm gi l phn thit k cu hnh n l mt phn mm i thoi gm nhng modul
cng c thit k. Cc cng c ny s qua cch i thoi lp trnh thn thin vi ngi thit k gip vic
khai bo ng cc thng s cn thit hng dn cc modulchc nng trn c th hoat ng.
205


* Mt chng trnh compiler s dch cc modul vi cc thng s khai bo ny.
Cc cng c chnh thit k cu hnh xp theo th t cc bc thit k
* Cng c khi to ra n Project mi.
* Cng c Device khai bo v cc PLC c dng (hng, kiu,...).
* Cng c Communication khai bo v Protocol truyn tin, cc Port truyn tin, a ch cc nt
truyn tin cc Device.
* Cng c Point khai bo v cc im o s liu (tn, kiu bin, format bin, iu kin o, cch
o, cch tnh i,...).
* Cng c View - Graphic Baikler gip vic v cc trang graphic v khai bo cc hot ha cp
nht trn cc trang
* Cng c Trend khai bo cc trang th trend.
* Cng c Report khai bo format cc bo co.
* Cng c Alarm khai bo nh ngha cc alarm ,...
* Cng c phm ca s thit k v nh ngha cc phm mm v cc ca s i thoi,...
c bit ch , bn cnh nhng modul y cn c nhng modul hng dn cho ngi dng cc bc
thit k ra n "SCADA PROJECT" ca mnh. Chng cho ngi dng nhng ch dn r rng, vn tt,
thn thin tin li. Chng thng mang tn l: "HELP"hay "PROJECT DESIGN GUIDE".
Cui cng trong gi phn mm SCADA thng phm trn a hoc a quang cn c nhng ti liu
k thut ni chi tit v cc b phn, cch dng chng ngi dng tham kho i su.
Ni chung s hng dn y gip cc k s t ng ha c th dng cc gi phn mm SCADA
ny th thit k trin khai n SCADA c th ca mnh.

15.5. CC MNG TRUYN TIN CA SCADA

H SCADA hot ng c l nh c nhng mng truyn tin cung cp trao i s liu gia
SCADA vi cc i tng v vi cc SCADA khc.
Trong h SCADA trm thng dng mt s mng truyn tin ni tip dng bus :
* bus hin trng
* cc bus truyn tin vi cc h SCADA cp trn xa
* bus truyn tin gia PC SCADA ch v nhng PC qun l khc trong trm.
* ng truyn tin vi my in

1. Mng BUS truyn tin hin trng RS-485
Tiu chun RS - 485 quy nh n l mt mng bus cp 2 dy, n gin l 2 dy xon truyn tin
kiu multidrop gia PC SCADA lm master vi cc PORT PS - 485 lm slave, ca cc thit b s PLC, RTU
hay Transmitter thng minh.
Multidrop l tt c cc Port (c "VO" v "RA") mi ci a 2 cc A(-),B(+), u ni ln vo 2
dy A(-), B(+) chung ca bus truyn tin. Bus m bo s lin lc thu pht gia mt Port no l Pht
vi mt hoc mt s Port no khc l thu.
Trng hp trn gi l lin lc truyn bn tin, trng hp di gi l qung bo truyn bn tin
Kt cu bus l n gin nht : ch c 2 dy, A(-),B(+). Dy t nu c thm ch l che chn nhiu
cho A(-),B(+).
im u ni Drop Point t bus vo mi Port cng n gin, ni chung khng cn thm linh kin
chuyn tip.
Tn hiu trn 2 dy A(-), B(+) ny l vi sai v i du, dng k hiu 2 m 1 v 0 nh sau :
+ l 1 (mark) khi U
BA
> 0.
+ l 0 (Space) ) khi U
BA
<0.
Mc dng c ca bin tin hiu khi U
BA
cho php t 2V n 6V,
thng dng mc 5V (c min bt nh 1/0 l 0,2V ).
Tn s bit (baudrate) c dng t 9,6kbd n 10kbd. Thng dng 19.2kbd, 38.4kbd hay 100kbd
vi khong cch truyn ti 2 km.
S lng Port ni ln mt on bus cho php l 32 Port. Nu mun thm Port th cui on bus phi
lp ni tip thm mt mch khuyt / to dng Repeater. Repeater y c th truyn thm cho 32 Port na. C
nh vy c th lp thm nhng Repeater na truyn tin Multidrop gia 256 Port .
T chc truyn tin cng nghip master - slave l mt cch quy nh c dng nhiu trong cng
nghip thc hin vic c ly s liu o t my slave hin trng ln my master v vit s liu lnh t
my master xung my slave nh sau :
206


Mt (hoc vi ) my iu khin lm master, v nhng my hin trng l slave c nh s a
ch Port 01, 02,...
Mi chu trnh c hot vit u do Port master khi u bng cch gi xung Port slave XX
mt bn tin yu cu "c" hoc "Vit" ci g.
Port slave XX s nhn bn tin thc hin yu cu "c" hoc "Vit" v gi li Port master
mt bn tin tr li/bo co.
Ch : Cn ni r thm l t hnh v s lc trn thy rng trn mt on bus c nhiu Port ni ln
(max 23 Port). Mi Port li c mt li ra v mt li vo.
Mi li vo c in tr quang 5k. Tt c cc li vo 32 ci s lm thnh mt in tr ti ca bus
quang 200, tiu th dng in ca Port pht hn ch mc 20 n 30mA. t nhiu Port hn na s lm
qu ti cc Port pht.
Cn v cc li "RA" bnh thng tt c cc li "RA" ln bus u t ng ct khi bus (gi l 3 state
hay trng thi 3). Ch khi no mt Port c bn tin ln bus th n mi t ng u li "RA" ca n ln bus
pht. Do cc li "RA" khng cn ph nhau khi pht, bo m a c bn tin nguyn vn ln bus.

2. BUS truyn tin PC SCADA vi my ti ba RS - 232
N khng phi l bus multidrop m l bus truyn tin 1 im vi 1 im (point to point).
Tiu chun RS - 232 quy nh bus truyn tin 1 im 1 im nh sau : n l mt h bus phc tp gm :
* truyn tn hiu cn dng 3 ( hoc 4) dy bus truyn tin, to nn ng i so vi t, ng v so t
ni gia li ra bn ny vi li vo bn kia.
Tn hiu i v trn cc dy y qui nh 12 V hoc 24 V so t biu din s 1 (-12 V) v s 0
(+12 V).
* lin h bn pht bt tay vi bn thu, c th quy nh lp chn thm mt modem gia Port ca PC vi Port
ca ti ba. ng thi lp thm gi PC vi Modem v gia modem vi ti ba mt s dy bus iu khin vi
cc tn hiu iu khin s:
- RTS Request to Send (bn pht bo modem sn sng mun pht).
- CTS Clear to Send (modem bo ti ba sn sng mun pht).
- DSR Data Set Ready (my ti ba sn sng chuyn tin sng).
- DTR Data Terminal Ready (my pht tin sn sng).
- C th thm tn hiu Clock.
Cc cm ni bus RS - 232 quy nh l 25 chn DB -25 hoc 9 chn DB - 9 vi quy nh c th
chc nng mi chn.
Tc truyn tin ln ti ba thng quy nh l 9,6kbd. Tc bit v khong cch truyn tin RS -
232 km hn ca RS - 485, vic truyn tin RS - 232 v RS - 485 l khng ng b 8 bit /char hay 9 bit char.
Protocol truyn tin hin trng cng nghip c nhiu loi khc nhau. Thng dng nhiu nht ( ti
40% ng dng cng nghip) l Protocol RTU -Modbus ca hng Modicon hoc RTU plus.

15.6. TRUYN TIN TRONG H SCADA

1. Cc dng truyn tin trong h SCADA
Vic truyn tin trong h SCADA chim v tr quan trong bc nht. N phi truyn nhanh chnh
xc cc loi thng tin khc nhau v m bo s hot ng chnh xc trong thi gian thc yu cu ca h.
Do vy cc hng ch to SCADA ht sc ch dch v ny. Cc hng c to ra nhng phng
thc, tiu chun, th tc truyn tin thng nht, thch hp nht nhanh v chc chn phc v cho vic
truyn cc loi lung tin khc nhau trong h. Cc lung truyn tin gia phn mm ch SCADA vi cc phn
mm ca cc thit b hin trng thit b I/O, SCADA cp trn hay cc phn mm ng dng bn ngoi ( nh
: EMS , DMS,...)

Bng 15.2: Tng kt li cc bng truyn tin thng dng trong h SCADA
Truyn tin Kiu truyn Tiu chun thng dng
My ch vi IDE hin trng Khng ng b kiu
multidrop
RS-485
PLC thu thp vi IDE hin
trng

Khng ng b kiu
multidrop
RS-485
207


My ch vi my d phng
my DMS, EMS v DTS
ng b kiu multidrop Ethernet TCP/IP
My ch vi SCADA cp trn Khng ng b kiu
singledrop
RS-232 ti ba, modem hay
Radio 450 Hz
SCADA vi cc ng dng khc Bn tin qua b nh DDE ( Dynamic Data
Exchange)
SCADA vi cc th vin
(Library)
c vit library DLL( Dynamic Link
Library)
SCADA vi h iu hnh
(Windows)
Qun l cc ca s Windows
SCADA vi my in Song song, ni tip RS-232 , ASC II

Nh vy ta thy rng truyn tin trong h SCADA chnh l truyn tin s.

2. Truyn tin s
L truyn i cc bn tin s (m di dng cc bit hay byte,...) t ni pht n ni thu c nhng tn
hiu truyn m bo vic truyn s liu:
a) T mt ng dng ny n mt ng dng (chng trnh)
Trong truyn tin cng nghip thng l:
- Gia mt ng dng ch(master) vi mt ng dng slave hay gia mt ng dng khch hng
(client) vi cc ng dng ca server phc v.
- Gia cc ng dng ch vi cc ng dng slave ca mi master.
- Gia cc master vi nhau.
b) Theo cc qui nh / protocol v
- Knh truyn bit tn hiu(phisical).
- Dng tn hiu : bit 0/1 bng in p, bng dng ln b ra sao hay bng tn s ,...tn hiu s t
hay cn bng.
- Tc truyn : 110, 300, 600, 1.2 kbd, 2.4 kbd, 9.6 kbd, 38.4 kbd , 1Mbd, 2 Mbd, 10Mbd
- Thit b truyn : cp li, cp ng trc, dy xon hay cp quang.
- Kt cu, cch m ha cc nhm bit hay cc byte, kt cu ca mt phn bng tin c truyn mt
ln gi l gi tin ( data link protocol):
- Byte ng b /byte kiu khng ng b.
- Thng s v gi tin: di, kiu thng s,...
- S cc gi tin hp thnh bn tin (transport).
- Theo nhng qui nh v cch tm ng truyn t device nt pht ti device
nt thu (routing hay network routing).
- Theo nhng qui nh v t chc phin (session).
- Theo nhng qui nh v cch trnh by ( presentation).
Cc protocol ny c ISO xp thnh 7 lp:
- Lp protocol v ng dng ( Application Layer).
- Lp protocol v trnh by ( presentation Layer).
- Lp protocol v phin truyn ( Session Layer).
- Lp protocol v vn chuyn bn tin ( Transport layer).
- Lp protocol v tm ng trong mng ( network routing Layer).
- Lp protocol v dng thc s liu ( data link Layer).
- Lp protocol vt l ( Phisical layer).
Nhn chung cho n nay ngi ta mun i n thng nht chn mt phng thc tiu chun truyn
tin lp vt l ( Phisical Layer) nh sau:
- Truyn tin ng b 2/10 Mbd Ethenet TCP/IP , bus multidrop cho cc -
lung tin nhiu v nhanh gia cc my tnh trong h v c th gia my SCADA vi PLC.
- Truyn khng ng b tc va phi RS-232 singledrop cho cc bng tin khng ln nhng
ngu nhin t xa.
- Truyn khng ng b RS-485 half duplex tc nhanh va phi 100Kbd n l Mbd gia my
tnh ch hay PLC thu thp vi cc IDE, RTU hin trng trn bus multidrop.
Cn i vi protocol cc lp cao qui nh cu trc cc bng tin nh sau:
- Khi u cc bng tin ( lp data Link).
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- a ch nhn, di bng tin ( lp network).
- Ni dung s liu, lnh xung ( lp application).
- Khun dng s liu o tr v ( lp data link).
- CheckSum, CRC ( lp data link).
Th cha c s thng nht.
Hin nay c nhng protocol cng nghip ca mt s hng Modicon AEG ( Modbus Protocol),
Allen Bradley c dng nhiu chim 40% sn phm th gii nhiu chun SCADA cng dng chun
ModBus.

3. Truyn tin hin trng
Vic truyn tin hin trng nhm m bo vic my ch thng xuyn thng tin vi cc I/O PLC
hay cc IDE.
thng nht c cc thng tin theo kiu:
- My ch gi mt bng tin tng lnh n PLC hay IDE trn bus multidrop
- PLC hay IDE lin quan thc hin mi lnh v gi tr li mt bng tin kt qa.
Cc bn tin do my ch gi i thng l lnh Read cc loi s liu ca PLC, IDE v mt vi lnh
Write mt s h s, bng s, gn a ch hay n v cho cc s
Cc bn tin tr li thng l gi v cc s liu trng thi o ca IDE hay PLC hay bo co cc tnh
trng c sai trong bn tin nhn c.