ThietKeCaiDatMang V 1.0

i Hc Cn Th Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin Gio Trnh Thit K & Ci t Mng V1.
0
Chng 1
Tng quan v thit k v ci t mng
Mc ch
Chng ny nhm gii thiu cho ngi c nhng vn sau :
Cc bc cn phi thc hin xy dng mt mng my tnh v cc vn
lin quan
Nhc li m hnh OSI

Bin son : Th.s Ng B Hng 2005
1
i Hc Cn Th Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin Gio Trnh Thit K & Ci t Mng V1.0
1.1 Tin trnh xy dng mng
Ngy nay, mng my tnh tr thnh mt h tng c s quan trng ca tt c cc
c quan x nghip. N tr thnh mt knh trao i thng tin khng th thiu c trong
thi i cng ngh thng tin. Vi xu th gi thnh ngy cng h ca cc thit b in t,
kinh ph u t cho vic xy dng mt h thng mng khng vt ra ngoi kh nng ca
cc cng ty x nghip. Tuy nhin, vic khai thc mt h thng mng mt cch hiu qu
h tr cho cng tc nghip v ca cc c quan x nghip th cn nhiu vn cn bn lun.
Hu ht ngi ta ch ch trng n vic mua phn cng mng m khng quan tm n yu
cu khai thc s dng mng v sau. iu ny c th dn n hai trng hp: lng ph trong
u t hoc mng khng p ng cho nhu cu s dng.
C th trnh c iu ny nu ta c k hoch xy dng v khai thc mng mt
cch r rng. Thc t, tin trnh xy dng mng cng tri qua cc giai on nh vic xy
dng v pht trin mt phn mm. N cng gm cc giai on nh: Thu thp yu cu ca
khch hng (cng ty, x nghip c yu cu xy dng mng), Phn tch yu cu, Thit k
gii php mng, Ci t mng, Kim th v cui cng l Bo tr mng.
Phn ny s gii thiu s lc v nhim v ca tng giai on ta c th hnh
dung c tt c cc vn c lin quan trong tin trnh xy dng mng.
1.1.1 Thu thp yu cu ca khch hng
Mc ch ca giai on ny l nhm xc nh mong mun ca khch hng trn
mng m chng ta sp xy dng. Nhng cu hi cn c tr li trong giai on ny l:
Bn thit lp mng lm g? s dng n cho mc ch g?
Cc my tnh no s c ni mng?
Nhng ngi no s c s dng mng, mc khai thc s dng mng
ca tng ngi / nhm ngi ra sao?
Trong vng 3-5 nm ti bn c ni thm my tnh vo mng khng, nu c
u, s lng bao nhiu ?
Phng php thc hin ca giai on ny l bn phi phng vn khch hng, nhn
vin cc phng mng c my tnh s ni mng. Thng thng cc i tng m bn
phng vn khng c chuyn mn su hoc khng c chuyn mn v mng. Cho nn bn
nn trnh s dng nhng thut ng chuyn mn trao i vi h. Chng hn nn hi
khch hng Bn c mun ngi trong c quan bn gi mail c cho nhau khng?, hn
l hi Bn c mun ci t Mail server cho mng khng? . Nhng cu tr li ca khch
hng thng khng c cu trc, rt ln xn, n xut pht t gc nhn ca ngi s dng,
khng phi l gc nhn ca k s mng. Ngi thc hin phng vn phi c k nng v
kinh nghim trong lnh vc ny. Phi bit cch t cu hi v tng hp thng tin.
Mt cng vic cng ht sc quan trng trong giai on ny l Quan st thc a
xc nh nhng ni mng s i qua, khong cch xa nht gia hai my tnh trong mng,
d kin ng i ca dy mng, quan st hin trng cng trnh kin trc ni mng s i
qua. Thc a ng vai tr quan trng trong vic chn cng ngh v nh hng ln n chi
ph mng. Ch n rng buc v mt thm m cho cc cng trnh kin trc khi chng ta
trin khai ng dy mng bn trong n. Gii php ni kt mng cho 2 ta nh tch ri
nhau bng mt khong khng phi c bit lu . Sau khi kho st thc a, cn v li thc
2
a hoc yu cu khch hng cung cp cho chng ta s thit k ca cng trnh kin trc
m mng i qua.
Trong qu trnh phng vn v kho st thc a, ng thi ta cng cn tm hiu yu
cu trao i thng tin gia cc phng ban, b phn trong c quan khch hng, mc
thng xuyn v lng thng tin trao i. iu ny gip ch ta trong vic chn bng thng
cn thit cho cc nhnh mng sau ny.
1.1.2 Phn tch yu cu
Khi c c yu cu ca khch hng, bc k tip l ta i phn tch yu cu
xy dng bng c t yu cu h thng mng, trong xc nh r nhng vn sau:
Nhng dch v mng no cn phi c trn mng ? (Dch v chia s tp tin, chia
s my in, Dch v web, Dch v th in t, Truy cp Internet hay khng?, ...)
M hnh mng l g? (Workgoup hay Client / Server? ...)
Mc yu cu an ton mng.
Rng buc v bng thng ti thiu trn mng.
1.1.3 Thit k gii php
Bc k tip trong tin trnh xy dng mng l thit k gii php tha mn
nhng yu cu t ra trong bng c t yu cu h thng mng. Vic chn la gii php
cho mt h thng mng ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, c th lit k nh sau:
Kinh ph dnh cho h thng mng.
Cng ngh ph bin trn th trng.
Thi quen v cng ngh ca khch hng.
Yu cu v tnh n nh v bng thng ca h thng mng.
Rng buc v php l.
Ty thuc vo mi khch hng c th m th t u tin, s chi phi ca cc yu t
s khc nhau dn n gii php thit k s khc nhau. Tuy nhin cc cng vic m giai
on thit k phi lm th ging nhau. Chng c m t nh sau:
1.1.3.1 Thit k s mng mc lun l
Thit k s mng mc lun l lin quan n vic chn la m hnh mng, giao
thc mng v thit t cc cu hnh cho cc thnh phn nhn dng mng.
M hnh mng c chn phi h tr c tt c cc dch v c m t trong
bng c t yu cu h thng mng. M hnh mng c th chn l Workgroup hay
Domain (Client / Server) i km vi giao thc TCP/IP, NETBEUI hay IPX/SPX.
V d:
Mt h thng mng ch cn c dch v chia s my in v th mc gia nhng
ngi dng trong mng cc b v khng t nng vn an ton mng th ta
c th chn M hnh Workgroup.
Mt h thng mng ch cn c dch v chia s my in v th mc gia nhng
ngi dng trong mng cc b nhng c yu cu qun l ngi dng trn
mng th phi chn M hnh Domain.
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Nu hai mng trn cn c dch v mail hoc kch thc mng c m rng,
s lng my tnh trong mng ln th cn lu thm v giao thc s dng
cho mng phi l TCP/IP.
Mi m hnh mng c yu cu thit t cu hnh ring. Nhng vn chung nht
khi thit t cu hnh cho m hnh mng l:
nh v cc thnh phn nhn dng mng, bao gm vic t tn cho Domain,
Workgroup, my tnh, nh a ch IP cho cc my, nh cng cho tng dch v.
Phn chia mng con, thc hin vch ng i cho thng tin trn mng.
1.1.3.2 Xy dng chin lc khai thc v qun l ti nguyn mng
Chin lc ny nhm xc nh ai c quyn lm g trn h thng mng. Thng
thng, ngi dng trong mng c nhm li thnh tng nhm v vic phn quyn c
thc hin trn cc nhm ngi dng.
1.1.3.3 Thit k s mng vt l
Cn c vo s thit k mng mc lun l, kt hp vi kt qu kho st thc a
bc k tip ta tin hnh thit k mng mc vt l. S mng mc vt l m t chi
tit v v tr i dy mng thc a, v tr ca cc thit b ni kt mng nh Hub, Switch,
Router, v tr cc my ch v cc my trm. T a ra c mt bng d tr cc thit b
mng cn mua. Trong mi thit b cn nu r: Tn thit b, thng s k thut, n v
tnh, n gi,
1.1.3.4 Chn h iu hnh mng v cc phn mm ng dng
Mt m hnh mng c th c ci t di nhiu h iu hnh khc nhau. Chng
hn vi m hnh Domain, ta c nhiu la chn nh: Windows NT, Windows 2000,
Netware, Unix, Linux,... Tng t, cc giao thc thng dng nh TCP/IP, NETBEUI,
IPX/SPX cng c h tr trong hu ht cc h iu hnh. Chnh v th ta c mt phm vi
chn la rt ln. Quyt nh chn la h iu hnh mng thng thng da vo cc yu t
nh:
Gi thnh phn mm ca gii php.
S quen thuc ca khch hng i vi phn mm.
S quen thuc ca ngi xy dng mng i vi phn mm.
H iu hnh l nn tng cho cc phn mm sau vn hnh trn n. Gi thnh
phn mm ca gii php khng phi ch c gi thnh ca h iu hnh c chn m n
cn bao gm c gi thnh ca cc phm mm ng dng chy trn n. Hin nay c 2 xu
hng chn la h iu hnh mng: cc h iu hnh mng ca Microsoft Windows hoc
cc phin bn ca Linux.
Sau khi chn h iu hnh mng, bc k tip l tin hnh chn cc phn mm
ng dng cho tng dch v. Cc phn mm ny phi tng thch vi h iu hnh
chn.
1.1.4 Ci t mng
Khi bn thit k c thm nh, bc k tip l tin hnh lp t phn cng v
ci t phn mm mng theo thit k.

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1.1.4.1 Lp t phn cng
Ci t phn cng lin quan n vic i dy mng v lp t cc thit b ni kt
mng (Hub, Switch, Router) vo ng v tr nh trong thit k mng mc vt l m
t.
1.1.4.2 Ci t v cu hnh phn mm
Tin trnh ci t phn mm bao gm:
Ci t h iu hnh mng cho cc server, cc my trm
Ci t v cu hnh cc dch v mng.
To ngi dng, phn quyn s dng mng cho ngi dng.
Tin trnh ci t v cu hnh phn mm phi tun th theo s thit k mng
mc lun l m t. Vic phn quyn cho ngi dng pheo theo ng chin lc khai
thc v qun l ti nguyn mng.
Nu trong mng c s dng router hay phn nhnh mng con th cn thit phi thc
hin bc xy dng bng chn ng trn cc router v trn cc my tnh.
1.1.5 Kim th mng
Sau khi ci t xong phn cng v cc my tnh c ni vo mng. Bc k
tip l kim tra s vn hnh ca mng.
Trc tin, kim tra s ni kt gia cc my tnh vi nhau. Sau , kim tra hot
ng ca cc dch v, kh nng truy cp ca ngi dng vo cc dch v v mc an
ton ca h thng.
Ni dung kim th da vo bng c t yu cu mng c xc nh lc u.
1.1.6 Bo tr h thng
Mng sau khi ci t xong cn c bo tr mt khong thi gian nht nh
khc phc nhng vn pht sinh xy trong tin trnh thit k v ci t mng.
1.2 Ni dung ca gio trnh
Trong su giai on cn thc hin trong tin trnh xy dng mng trn, gio trnh
ny ch yu gii thiu nhng vn lin quan n giai on thit k mng mc lun l
v vt l. y chnh l hai ni dung quan trng trong tin trnh xy dng mng. Cc vn
khc c th tm hiu trong cc mn hc Mng my tnh, Thc tp mng my tnh.
1.3 M hnh OSI.
d dng cho vic ni kt v trao i thng tin gia cc my tnh vi nhau, vo
nm 1983, T chc tiu chun th gii ISO pht trin mt m hnh cho php hai my
tnh c th gi v nhn d liu cho nhau. M hnh ny da trn tip cn phn tng (lp),
vi mi tng m nhim mt s cc chc nng c bn no .
hai my tnh c th trao i thng tin c vi nhau cn c rt nhiu vn lin
quan. V d nh cn c Card mng, dy cp mng, in th tn hiu trn cp mng, cch
thc ng gi d liu, iu khin li ng truyn vv... Bng cch phn chia cc chc
nng ny vo nhng tng ring bit nhau, vic vit cc phn mm thc hin chng tr
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nn d dng hn. M hnh OSI gip ng nht cc h thng my tnh khc bit nhau khi
chng trao i thng tin. M hnh ny gm c 7 tng:
Tng 1: Tng vt k (Physical Layer)
iu khin vic truyn ti tht s cc bit trn ng truyn vt l. N nh
ngha cc thuc tnh v c, in, qui nh cc loi u ni, ngha cc pin trong u
ni, qui nh cc mc in th cho cc bit 0,1,.
Tng 2: Tng lin kt d liu (Data-Link Layer)
Tng ny m bo truyn ti cc khung d liu (Frame) gia hai my tnh c
ng truyn vt l ni trc tip vi nhau. N ci t c ch pht hin v x l li
d liu nhn.
Tng 3: Tng mng (Network Layer)
Tng ny m bo cc gi tin d liu (Packet) c th truyn t my tnh ny
n my tnh kia cho d khng c ng truyn vt l trc tip gia chng. N
nhn nhim v tm ng i cho d liu n cc ch khc nhau trong mng.
Tng 4: Tng vn chuyn (Transport Layer)
Tng ny m bo truyn ti d liu gia cc qu trnh. D liu gi i c
m bo khng c li, theo ng trnh t, khng b mt mt, trng lp. i vi cc
gi tin c kch thc ln, tng ny s phn chia chng thnh cc phn nh trc khi
gi i, cng nh tp hp li chng khi nhn c.
Tng 5: Tng giao dch (Session Layer)
Tng ny cho php cc ng dng thit lp, s dng v xa cc knh giao tip
gia chng (c gi l giao dch). N cung cp c ch cho vic nhn bit tn v
cc chc nng v bo mt thng tin khi truyn qua mng.
Tng 6: Tng trnh by (Presentation Layer)
Tng ny m bo cc my tnh c kiu nh dng d liu khc nhau vn c
th trao i thng tin cho nhau. Thng thng cc my tnh s thng nht vi nhau
v mt kiu nh dng d liu trung gian trao i thng tin gia cc my tnh.
Mt d liu cn gi i s c tng trnh by chuyn sang nh dng trung gian
trc khi n c truyn ln mng. Ngc li, khi nhn d liu t mng, tng trnh
by s chuyn d liu sang nh dng ring ca n.
Tng 7: Tng ng dng (Application Layer)
y l tng trn cng, cung cp cc ng dng truy xut n cc dch v
mng. N bao gm cc ng dng ca ngi dng, v d nh cc Web Browser
(Netscape Navigator, Internet Explorer), cc Mail User Agent (Outlook Express,
Netscape Messenger, ...) hay cc chng trnh lm server cung cp cc dch v
mng nh cc Web Server (Netscape Enterprise, Internet Information Service,
Apache, ...), Cc FTP Server, cc Mail server (Send mail, MDeamon). Ngi dng
mng giao tip trc tip vi tng ny.
V nguyn tc, tng n ca mt h thng ch giao tip, trao i thng tin vi tng n
ca h thng khc. Mi tng s c cc n v truyn d liu ring:
Tng vt l: bit
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Tng lin kt d liu: Khung (Frame)
Tng Mng: Gi tin (Packet)
Tng vn chuyn: on (Segment)
Trong thc t, d liu c gi i t tng trn xung tng di cho n tng thp
nht ca my tnh gi. , d liu s c truyn i trn ng truyn vt l. Mi khi
d liu c truyn xung tng pha di th n b "gi" li trong n v d liu ca tng
di. Ti bn nhn, d liu s c truyn ngc ln cc tng cao dn. Mi ln qua mt
tng, n v d liu tng ng s c tho ra.
n v d liu ca mi tng s c
mt tiu (header) ring.
OSI ch l m hnh tham kho, mi
nh sn xut khi pht minh ra h thng
mng ca mnh s thc hin cc chc nng
tng tng theo nhng cch thc ring.
Cc cch thc ny thng c m t di
dng cc chun mng hay cc giao thc
mng. Nh vy dn n trng hp cng
mt chc nng nhng hai h thng mng
khc nhau s khng tng tc c vi
nhau. Hnh di s so snh kin trc ca
cc h iu hnh mng thng dng vi m
hnh OSI.

Hnh 1.2 - Kin trc ca mt s h iu hnh mng thng dng
thc hin cc chc nng tng 3 v tng 4 trong m hnh OSI, mi h thng
mng s c cc protocol ring:
Hnh 1.1 - X l d liu qua cc tng
UNIX: Tng 3 dng giao thc IP, tng 4 giao thc TCP/UDP
Netware: Tng 3 dng giao thc IPX, tng 4 giao thc SPX
Giao thc NETBEUI ca Microsoft ci t chc nng ca c hai tng 3 v 4
Nu ch dng li y th cc my tnh UNIX, Netware, NT s khng trao i
thng tin c vi nhau. Vi s ln mnh ca mng Internet, cc my tnh ci t cc h
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iu hnh khc nhau i hi phi giao tip c vi nhau, tc phi s dng chung mt
giao thc. chnh l b giao thc TCP/IP, giao thc ca mng Internet.
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Chng 2
Cc chun mng cc b
Mc ch
Cch phn loi mng chuyn mch v mng qung b
c im ca mng cc b
nh ngha giao thc iu khin truy cp ng truyn
Cc s ni kt mng LAN
Cc loi thit b s dng trong mng LAN
Cc t chc chun ha v mng
Mt s chun mng cc b ph bin hin nay nh:
Ethernet: 10 BASE-5, 10BASE-2, 10 BASE-T
FAST Ethernet:100 BASE-TX, 100 BASE-T4,100BASE-FX
Token Ring

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2.1 Phn loi mng
Mng cc b (LAN - Local Area Network) thng c bit n nh mt mng
truyn d liu tc cao trin khai trong mt phm vi nh nh mt phng, mt ta nh
hay mt khu vc. Trong khi mng din rng (WAN Wide Area Network) c phm vi ln
hn, c th tri di trn mt quc gia, mt chu lc hay thm ch c hnh tinh. y l cch
phn loi mng da trn tiu chun phn loi l phm vi a l. Ngoi ra, ta c th phn
loi mng da vo k thut truyn ti thng tin s dng trong mng.
Mng LAN s dng k thut mng qung b (Broadcast network), trong cc
thit b cng chia s mt knh truyn chung. Khi mt my tnh truyn tin, cc my tnh
khc u nhn c thng tin. Ngc li, mng WAN s dng k thut Mng chuyn
mch (Switching Network), c nhiu ng ni kt cc thit b mng li vi nhau. Thng
tin trao i gia hai im trn mng c th i theo nhiu ng khc nhau. Chnh v th
cn phi c cc thit b c bit nh ng i cho cc gi tin, cc thit b ny c gi
l b chuyn mch hay b chn ng (router). Ngoi ra gim bt s lng ng ni
kt vt l, trong mng WAN cn s dng cc k thut a hp v phn hp.
Chng ny tp trung gii thiu nhng vn lin quan n mng cc b.
2.2 Mng cc b v giao thc iu khin truy cp ng
truyn
V ch c mt ng truyn vt l trong mng LAN, ti mt thi im no LAN
ch cho php mt thit b c s dng ng truyn truyn tin. Nu c hai my tnh
cng gi d liu ti mt thi im s dn n tnh trng ua tranh. D liu ca hai thit
b ny s b ph lp ln nhau, khng s dng c. V th cn c mt c ch gii quyt
s cnh tranh ng truyn gia cc thit b. Ngi ta gi phng php gii quyt cnh
tranh ng truyn gia cc thit b trong mt mng cc b l Giao thc iu khin truy
cp ng truyn (Media Access Control Protocol hay MAC Protocol). C hai giao thc
chnh thng c dng trong cc mng cc b l: Giao thc CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense
Multiple Access with Collision Detection) v Token Passing.
Trong cc mng s dng giao thc CSMA/CD nh Ethernet chng hn, cc thit b
mng tranh nhau s dng ng truyn. Khi mt thit b mun truyn tin, n phi lng
nghe xem c thit b no ang s dng ng truyn hay khng. Nu ng truyn ang
rnh, n s truyn d liu ln ng truyn. Trong qu trnh truyn ti, n ng thi lng
nghe, nhn li cc d liu m n gi i xem c s ng vi d liu ca cc thit
b khc hay khng. Mt cuc ng xy ra nu c hai thit b cng truyn d liu mt
cch ng thi. Khi ng xy ra, mi thit b s tm dng mt khon thi gian ngu
nhin no trc khi thc hin truyn li d liu b ng . Khi mng cng bn rn th
tn sut ng cng cao. Hiu sut ca mng gim i mt cch nhanh chng khi s
lng cc thit b ni kt vo mng tng ln.
Trong cc mng s dng giao thc Token-passing nh Token Ring hay FDDI, mt
gi tin c bit c tn l th bi (Token) c chuyn vng quanh mng t thit b ny n
thit b kia. Khi mt thit b mun truyn ti thng tin, n phi i cho n khi c c
token. Khi vic truyn ti d liu hon thnh, token c chuyn sang cho thit b k tip.
Nh ng truyn c th c s dng bi cc thit b khc. Tin li ln nht ca
mng Token-passing l ta c th xc nh c khon thi gian ti a mt thit b phi ch
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c c ng truyn v gi d liu. Chnh v th mng Token-passing thng c s
dng trong cc mi trng thi gian thc, nh iu khin thit b cng nghip, ni m thi
gian t lc pht ra mt tn hiu iu khin cho n khi thit b nhn c tn hiu lun
m bo phi nh hn mt hng s cho trc.
2.3 Cc s ni kt mng LAN (LAN Topologies)
LAN topology nh ngha cch thc m cc thit b mng c t chc sp
xp. C ba s ni kt mng LAN ph bin l: dng thng (Bus), dng hnh sao (Star) v
dng hng vng (ring).
o Bus topology l mt mng vi kin trc tuyn tnh trong d liu truyn ti
ca mt trm s c lan truyn trn sut chiu di ca ng truyn v c
nhn bi tt c cc thit b khc.
o Star topology l mt kin trc mng trong cc my trm c ni kt vo
mt b tp trung ni kt, gi l HUB
o Ring topology l mt kin trc mng m n bao gm mt lot cc thit b c
ni li vi nhau trn mt knh truyn c hng theo dng vng.

Bus topology Star topology Ring topology
Hnh 2.1 Topology thng s dng cho mng LAN
2.4 Cc loi thit b s dng trong mng LAN
xy dng mng LAN, ngi ta thng dng cc thit b sau:
Card giao tip mng (NIC- Network Interface Card)
Dy cp mng (Cable)
B khuych i (Repeater)
B tp trung ni kt (HUB)
Cu ni (Brigde)
B chuyn mch (Switch)
B chn ng (Router)
2.5 Cc t chc chun ha v mng
cc thit b phn cng mng ca nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau c th u ni,
trao i thng tin c vi nhau trong mt mng cc b th chng phi c sn xut theo
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cng mt chun. Di y l mt s t chc chun ha quan trng lin quan n cc thit
b mng:
EIA (Electronic Industry Association)
TIA (Telecom Industry Association)
ISO (International Standard Organization)
ANSI (American National Standard Institute)
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers)
Trong hai t chc TIA v EIA kt hp vi nhau a ra nhiu c t cho cc
thit b truyn dn cng nh a ra nhiu s ni dy.
IEEE c nhiu tiu ban (Committee). Trong Tiu ban 802 ph trch v cc
chun cho mng cc b. Mt s chun mng cc b quan trng do tiu ban ny a ra
nh:
802.3: Chun cho mng Ethernet
802.4: Chun cho mng Token-Bus
802.5: Chun mng Token-Ring
802.11: Chun mng khng dy.
....
Cc chun do IEEE 802 nh ngha thc hin chc nng ca tng 2 trong m hnh
tham kho OSI. Tuy nhin, chng chia tng 2 thnh hai tng con (sublayer) l Tng con
iu khin ni kt lun l (LLC - Logical Link Control) v Tng con iu khin truy cp
ng truyn (MAC Medium Access Control).
Tng con iu khin truy cp ng truyn m bo cung cp dch truyn nhn
thng tin theo kiu khng ni kt. Trong khi tng con iu khin ni kt lun l cung cp
dch v truyn ti thng tin theo kiu nh hng ni kt.

Hnh 2.2 Kin trc mng cc b theo IEEE 802
2.6 Mng Ethernet
Thut ng Ethernet dng ch n h mng cc b c xy dng theo chun
IEEE 802.3 s dng giao thc CSMA/CD chia s ng truyn chung. Ethernet c
xem nh l k thut mng cc b ch o trn th trng ni kt cc my tnh c nhn li
vi nhau (chim khong 85% th trng) bi v giao thc ca n c cc c tnh sau:
12
D hiu, d ci t, qun tr v bo tr
Cho php chi ph xy dng mng thp
Cung cp nhiu s ni kt mm do trong ci t
m bo thnh cng vic lin ni kt mng v vn hnh ca mng cho d cc
thit b c cung cp bi nhiu nh sn xut khc nhau.
2.6.1 Lch s hnh thnh
Mng Ethernet u tin c pht trin vo nm 1970 bi cng ty Xerox l mt
mng th nghim, s dng dy cp ng trc vi tc truyn ti d liu 3 Mbps. Mng
s dng giao thc CSMA/CD.
S thnh cng ca d n ny gy ch cho cc nh sn xut thit b in t thi
. Chnh v th m nm 1980, ba nh sn xut thit b in t hng u l Digital
Equipment Coperation, Intel Corporation v Xerox Corporation cng nhau pht trin
phin bn Ethernet 1.0 vi tc truyn ti d liu l 10 Mbps.
Nm 1983, chun mng IEEE 802.3 c son tho vi ni dung tng t nh
chun mng Ethernet phin bn 1.0. n nm 1985 th IEEE 802.3 c chun ha. Sau
nhiu chun mng cc b khc c pht trin da theo nguyn tc chia s ng
truyn chung ca giao thc CSMA/CD. C th lit k cc chun mng s dng giao thc
CSMA/CD nh sau:
Chun mng 802.3:
o C tn l mng Ethernet
o Tc truyn ti d liu l 10 Mbps
o H tr 4 chun vt l l 10Base-5 (cp ng trc bo), 10Base-2 (Cp
ng trc gy), 10Base-T (Cp xon i) v 10Base-F (Cp quang).
Chun mng 802.3u
o C tn l mng Fast Ethernet
o Tc truyn ti d liu l 100 Mbps
o H tr 3 chun vt l l 100Base-TX (Cp xon i), 100Base-T4 (Cp
xon i) v 100Base-FX (Cp quang).
Chun mng 802.3z:
o C tn l mng Giga Ethernet
o Tc truyn ti d liu l 1 Gbps
o H tr 3 chun vt l l 1000Base-LX, 1000Base-SX, 1000Base-CX.
1000Base-LX, 1000Base-SX s dng cp quang. 1000Base-CX s dng
dy cp ng bc kim.
Chun mng 802.3ab:
o C tn l mng Giga Ethernet over UTP
o Tc truyn ti d liu l 1 Gbps
13
o H tr chun vt l 1000Base-TX s dng dy cp xon i khng bc
kim.
2.6.2 Card giao tip mng (NIC-Network Interface Card)
Bi v cc chc nng ca mng Ethernet ch lin quan n tng mt v tng hai
trong m hnh tham kho OSI, cho nn chng thng thng c ci t trong Card giao
tip mng (NIC-Network Interface Card) c cm vo bn mch chnh (motherboard)
ca my tnh. Khi chn la mt card mng cn ch cc vn sau:
Chun khe cm (slot) thit b ngoi vi c h tr bi bn mch chnh: Cc my
tnh c nhn hin i thng thng h tr loi khe cm thit b ngoi vi theo
chun PCI. Cc my tnh i c c h tr chun ISA. Khe cm chun ISA di
hn so vi khe cm chun PCI. Card mng v th cng c hai loi. Khng th s
dng card mng chun PCI cm vo khe cm ISA v ngc li. Chnh v th
khi mua card mng cn lu n loi khe cm.

NIC theo chun PCI NIC theo chun ISA
Hnh 2.3 Mt s loi giao din mng
Loi u ni vo dy cp: Mi chun mng thng qui nh loi dy dn c
s dng. ni card mng vo dy dn cn c loi u ni ring ty thuc vo
tng loi dy dn. V d, ni vo dy cp ng trc gy trn card mng cn
c u ni BNC; ni vi dy cp xon i card mng cn c u ni UTP, ...
Cn chn card mng c u ni theo ng loi dy dn do chun mng qui nh.
Card mng l mt thit b ngoi vi, v th bn cn lu n cc thng s xc nh
a ch ca n nh s hiu ngt (Interrupt), s hiu cng (port) v a ch nn (Base
address). Cn phi t chng sao cho khng trng vi cc thit b khc c trn my
tnh. Thng thng c phn mm ci t (install/setup) i km vi card mng khi mua, cho
php kim tra trng thi ca card mng cng nh t li cc thng s trn.
Mi card mng c mt a ch vt l l mt dy s 48 bits (thng c vit di
dng 12 s thp lc phn), gi l a ch MAC. Mt mt card mng c a ch MAC ring,
khng trng lp ln nhau. Chng c cc nh sn xut ci vo khi sn xut.
2.6.3 Mt s chun mng Ethernet ph bin
2.6.3.1 Chun mng Ethernet 10BASE-5
y l chun mng Ethernet u tin c pht trin. N bao gm cc thng s k
thut sau:
S mng dng BUS
14
S dng dy cp ng trc bo (thich coaxial cable), chiu di ti a ca mi
on mng (network segment) l 500 mt.
Tc truyn d liu l 10 Mbps
Khong cch gn nht gia hai nt / my tnh trn mng l 2,5 mt
Ti a cho php 100 nt / my tnh trn mt on mng.
Card mng s dng u ni kiu AUI.
Chiu di dy dn ni my tnh vo dy cp ng trc di ti a 50 mt
S dng hai thit b u cui (Terminator) tr khng 50 gn vo mi u
ca dy cp. Mt trong hai u cui ny phi ni tip t vo v ca my tnh.
Th mnh ln nht ca chun mng ny l ng knh mng (khong cch gia hai
my tnh trong mng) ln. Tuy nhin vic thi cng mng kh phc tp, tc li khng
cao, gi thnh khng phi l thp so vi cc chun mng khc. Chnh v th m hin nay
n khng phi l chun mng c chn la khi xy dng cc mng LAN mi.
2.6.3.2 Chun mng Ethernet 10BASE-2
Chun 10Base-2 c cc thng s k thut sau:
S mng dng Bus
S dng dy cp ng trc gy (thin coaxial cable), chiu di ti a ca mi
on mng (network segment) l 185 mt.
Tc truyn d liu l 10 Mbps
Ti a cho php 30 nt / my tnh trn mt on mng.
Dy dn c ct thnh tng on nh ni hai my tnh k cn nhau vi
chiu di ti thiu l 0,5 mt. Mi u dy c mt u ni BNC bm vo.
Card mng s dng cn c u ni BNC gn u ni hnh ch T vo (T
connector).
S dng hai thit b u cui (Terminator) tr khng 50 gn vo u ni
hnh ch T ca hai my hai u dy mng. Mt trong hai u cui ny phi
ni tip t vo v ca my tnh.
Mng thit k theo chun 10Base-2 c gi thnh r nht khi so vi cc chun khc.
Tuy nhin tnh n nh ca n khng cao, cc im ni dy rt d b hng tip xc. Ch
cn mt im ni dy trong mng khng tip xc tt s lm cho cc my khc khng th
vo mng c.

Hnh 2.4 Yu im ca mng 10BASE-2
15
2.6.3.3 Chun mng Ethernet 10BASE-T
Vo nhng nm 1990, cu hnh mng hnh sao tr nn c u chung. Trong
mng s dng mt b khuch i nhiu cng (port), c hi l HUB hay cn gi l B
tp trung ni kt, ni cc my tnh li vi nhau.
Hnh 2.5 HUB v chun mng 10 BASE-T
Vi mt HUB, ngi ta quan tm n s lng cng ca n. Bi v mt cng cho
php ni mt my tnh vo mng. Mt HUB 24 cng s cho ni ti a 24 my tnh li vi
nhau. Trn th trng thng tm thy cc HUB 8,12,16, 24 cng.
Chun 10BASE-T s dng cp xon i (Twisted Pair Cable) ni my tnh vo
HUB. Cp xon i thng c hay loi l c v bc (STP - Shielded Twisted Pair) v loi
khng c v bc (UTP - Unshielded Twisted Pair).
Loi c v bc c tnh nng chng nhiu tt hn loi khng c v bc. N c s
dng trong nhng mi trng m c cc sng in t mnh (i pht thanh, pht
hnh, ...). Tuy nhin gi thnh t hn loi khng c v bc. a s cc mng cc b s
dng cho vn phng ngy nay s dng cp xon i khng bc kim (cp UTP).
Cp xon i c chia thnh nhiu chng loi (Caterogy), vit tt l CAT. Mi
chng loi c bng thng ti a khc nhau.
CAT 1:2Mbps
CAT 2:4 Mbps
CAT 3:16Mbps
CAT 4:20Mbps
CAT 5:100Mbps
CAT 5E: 1000Mbps
Hnh 2.6 - Cp xon i
CAT 6:1000Mbps
Chun 10 BASE-T c bng thng qui nh l 10 Mbps, v th phi s dng cp t
CAT 3 tr ln. Chiu di ti a ca mt si dy l 100 mt.
Cp xon i c 8 si, xon li vi nhau tng i mt to thnh 4 i vi bn mu
c trng: Cam (Orange), xanh dng (Blue), xanh l (Green) v nu (Brown). Mt i
gm mt si c ph mu hon ton v mt si mu trng c im vo cc m mu
tng ng.
16
c th ni my tnh vo HUB, mi u ca si cp xon i u phi c bm
u ni UTP (UTP Connector). Card mng trong trng hp ny cng phi h tr loi
u ni UTP.

Hnh 2.7 S dng u ni UTP vi dy cp xon i
u ni UTP c 8 pin tip xc vi 8 si ca dy cp xon i. Chun 10 BASE-
T ch s dng 4 trong 8 si ca cp xon i truyn d liu (Mt cp truyn, mt cp
nhn). Bn si cn li khng s dng. Tng ng trn u ni UTP, ch c 4 pin 1,2,3,6
c s dng, cc pin cn li khng dng n.
Cu hi k tip l si dy mu no ca cp xon i s i vi pin s my ca u
ni UTP. thng nht, EIA v TIA phi hp v a ra 2 chun bm u dy l
T568A v T568B
Chun T568A qui nh:
Pin 1: White Green / Tx+
Pin 2: Green / Tx-
Pin 3: White Orange / Rx+
Pin4: Blue
Pin5: White Blue
Pin 6: Orange / Rx-
Pin 7: White Brown
Pin 8: Brown
Chun T568B qui nh:
Pin 1: White Orange / Tx +
Pin 2: Orange / Tx-
Pin 3: White Green / Rx+
Pin4: Blue
17
Pin5: White Blue
Pin 6: Green / Rx-
Pin 7: White Brown
Pin 8: Brown

Nh vy, s dn n 2 s ni dy i vi mt si cp xon i:
S ni dy thng (Straight through): hai u ca mt si cp xon i u
c bm u UTP theo cng mt chun, tc hoc c hai cng bm theo
chun T568A hoc c hai cng bm theo chun T568B.
S ni dy cho (Cross over): hai u ca mt si cp xon i c bm
u UTP theo hai chun khc nhau, tc mt u bm theo chun T568A, u
cn li bm theo chun T568B.
Dy c bm theo s thng dng ni hai thit b khc loi li vi nhau. V
d ni my tnh v Hub,Switch, router. Ngc li, dy bm theo s cho dng ni
hai thit b cng loi, v d ni Hub vi Hub, ni my tnh vi my tnh, Hub vi Router.
So vi chun 10 BASE-2, chun 10 BASE-T t hn, nhng n c tnh n nh cao
hn: s c trn mt im ni dy khng nh hng n ton mng.

Hnh 2.8 Chun 10BASE-T khc phc nhc im ca 10BASE-2
2.6.3.4 Vn m rng mng
2.6.3.4.1 M rng mng 10 BASE-2
Chun 10BASE-2 rng buc s nt ti a trn mt nhnh mng (segment) l 30.
Nu mng c hn 30 my tnh th phi s dng t nht 2 nhnh mng v ni chng li vi
nhau bng mt b khuch i (Repeater).

18
Hnh 2.9 Lut 5-4-3 khi s dng Repeater hay HUB
Tuy nhin, m bo cc my tnh c th pht hin c ng khi truyn d
liu, s lng ti a cc nhnh mng c ni li vi nhau bng cc Repeater b gii hn
bi lut 5-4-3. Lut ny qui nh nh sau:
Ch c th ni ti a 5 nhnh mng li vi nhau bng cc Repeater
Ch c th s dng ti a 4 Repeater trong mt mng
Ch cho php ti a 3 nhnh mng c nhiu hn 3 nt (Mt nt c th l mt
my tnh hoc l mt Repeater)
2.6.3.4.2 M
s dng nhiu Hub v ni chng li vi nhau.
Di y ASE-T:
n th lut 5-4-3, m
o r
i

S dng mt Hub lm xng sng: S ny c s dng khi s lng Hub
nhiu hn 4

rng mng Ethernet
Mi cng trn Hub cho php ni mt my tnh vo mng. Thng s lng cng
trn Hub l 8, 12, 16, 24. Nu s lng my tnh cn ni mng vt qu s lng cng m
mt Hub c th cung cp, khi ta phi
l mt vi s thng c s dng m rng mng theo chun 10B
Ni lin tip cc Hub li vi nhau: Trong s ny cn tu
b ng tn hiu i t my tnh ny n my tnh kia trong mng khng i qua
nh u hn 4 HUB.

Hnh 2.10 S ni kt hai HUB

19
Hnh 2.11 S dng HUB ni nhiu HUB

S dng mt nhnh mng 10BASE-2 lm xng sng: Trng hp ny phi
chn cc Hub c mun m rng (Add- in module) 10BASE-2.

th ni cc nhnh mng 10Base-2 v 10Base-T theo s sau:

6.3.5 Mng Fast Ethernet
tng tc truyn d liu, chun mng Fast Ethernet c pht trin vi tc
tng gp 10 ln s vi chun mng Ethernet, tc 100 Mbps. V c bn Fast Ethernet
vn s ng giao thc CSMA/CD chia s ng truyn chung gia cc my tnh. Fast

Hnh 2.12 Ni kt cc HUB bng cp ng trc gy
2.6.3.4.3 S hn hp
C

Hnh 2.13 Ni mng 10BASE-2 v 10BASE-T li vi nhau

2.
d
20
Ethernet nh ngha 3 chun mng tng vt l l 100Base-Tx, 100Base-T4 v 100Base-
FX.
hun mng 100Base-TX v 100 Base-T4 s dng topology dng hnh sao, vi mt
Hub lm trung tm, cng cc loi u ni UTP tng t nh chun 10Base-T. Tuy nhin
chng

ng 100 BASE-T4
hiu di ti a si cp trong c hai chun vn l 100 mt.
Chun 100Base-FX c thit k ni kt vo ng truyn cp quang vi
chiu di ca si cp ln n 2000 mt, s dng loi u ni SC.
n Fast Ethernet c phn thnh 2 loi l Hub lp 1(Class 1) v
Hub l 2 (Class 2).
ub lp 2 ch cho php hai nhnh mng c cng kiu tn hiu giao tip vi nhau. V
d nh gia nhn ase-T4 v
100Ba ch ti a gia chng l
5m.
nhau. V d
php n
u na l card mng s dng cng phi chn loi h tr chun
Fast E
ng hp ng knh mng vt qu tm ca chun 100Base-TX (Trong
khong
C
c cc im khc nhau nh:
Chun 100Base-TX s dng dy cp xon i t CAT 5 tr ln, ch s dng
2 i v c s bm dy ging nh chun 10Base-T.
Chun 100Base-T4 s dng cp xon i t CAT 3 tr ln. iu ny cho
php s dng li h thng dy ca cc mng 10Base-T. Tuy nhin s u
dy trong chun ny c s khc bit. Dy phi c bm u RJ45 theo s
sau:

Hnh 2.14 S bm dy cho chun m
C
Hub trong chu

p
H
h 100Base-TX v 100Base-TX hay gia nhnh mng 100B
se-T4. Ta c th ni 2 Hub lp 2 li vi nhau vi khong c
Hub lp 1 cho php hai nhnh mng khc kiu tn hiu c th giao tip c vi
gia nhnh mng 100Base-TX v 100Base-FX. Tuy nhin chng khng cho
i cc Hub li vi nhau.
Mt im cn l
thernet.
Hin nay chun mng 100Base-TX c s dng nhiu nht v n cung cp tc
cao, n nh, d thi cng v khng qu t tin. Chun 100Base-FX cng c s dng
n trong tr
t 100 n 2.000 mt)
21
Mt im cn lu na l kh nng lin thng gia chun Ethernet v Fast
Ethernet. a s Hub v card mng thuc chun Fast Ethernet u h tr thm chc nng
Auto-S
card mng chun 10Base-T ni vo mt cng 100Base-TX
ca Hu
oken Ring l mng cc b c pht minh bi IBM vo nhng nm 1970. V sau,
Token Ring c chun ha trong chun IEEE 802.5. Cc my tnh ni vo MSAU
(MultiStation Access Unit) bng dy cp xon i. Cc MSAU sau ni li vi nhau
hnh thnh mt vng trong (Ring) nh hnh di y:
ensing, nh c th giao tip c vi cc thit b ca chun 10Base-T.
V d, nu card mng chun 100Base-TX c tnh nng Auto-Sensing ni kt vo
mt cng 10Base-T th n s t ng nhn bit v chuyn sang hot ng theo chun
10Base-T. Hay ngc li, mt
b c tnh nng Auto-Sensing th Hub s t ng chuyn cng sang hot ng theo
chun 10Base-T.

2.6.3.6 Mng Token Ring
T

Hnh 2.15 S ni kt mng theo chun mng Token Ring

22
Chng 3
C s v cu ni
Mc ch
Chng ny nhm gii thiu cho ngi c nhng vn sau:
Cc vn v bng thng gp phi khi thc hin m rng mng bng cc
thit b nh Repeater v HUB,
Gii php khc phc vi cu ni (Bridge)
Gii thiu cu ni trong sut v Gii thut Backward Learning
Vn vng qun v gii thut Spanning tree
Cu ni xc nh ng i t ngun
Cu ni trn ln

23
3.1 Gii thiu v lin mng
Lin mng (Internetwork) l mt tp hp ca nhiu mng ring l c ni kt li
bi cc thit b ni mng trung gian v chng vn hnh nh ch l mt mng ln. Ngi ta
thc hin lin mng (Internetworking) ni kt nhiu mng li vi nhau nh m rng
c phm vi, s lng my tnh trong mng, cng nh cho php cc mng c xy
dng theo cc chun khc nhau c th giao tip c vi nhau.
Lin mng c th c thc hin nhng tng khc nhau, ty thuc vo mc ch
cng nh thit b m ta s dng.
Tng ni kt Mc ch Thit b s dng
Tng vt l Tng s lng v phm vi mng
LAN
HUB / Repeater
Tng lin kt d liu Ni kt cc mng LAN c tng vt
l khc nhau
Phn chia vng ng ci thin
hiu sut mng
Cu ni (Bridge)
B hon chuyn (Switch)
Tng mng M rng kch thc v s lng
my tnh trong mng, hnh thnh
mng WAN
Router
Cc tng cn li Ni kt cc ng dng li vi nhau Gateway
Trong chng ny ta s xem xt cc vn lin quan n vic lin mng tng 2,
gii thiu v c ch hot ng, tnh nng ca cu ni (Brigde).Nhc im ca cc thit b
lin mng tng 1 (Repeater, HUB)

1 2
Hnh 3.1 Hn ch ca Repeater/HUB
Xt mt lin mng gm 2 nhnh mng LAN1 v LAN2 ni li vi nhau bng mt
Repeater. Gi s my N2 gi cho N1 mt Frame thng tin. Frame c lan truyn trn
LAN1 v n cng 1 ca Repeater di dng mt chui cc bits. Repeater s khuch i
chui cc bits nhn c t cng 1 v chuyn chng sang cng 2. iu ny v tnh
chuyn c khung N2 gi cho N1 sang LAN2. Trn LAN1, N1 nhn ton b Frame. Trn
LAN2 khng c my trm no nhn Frame c. Ti thi im , nu N5 c nhu cu gi
khung cho N4 th n s khng thc hin c v ng truyn ang b bn.
Ta nhn thy rng, Frame N2 gi cho N1 khng cn thit phi gi sang LAN 2
trnh lng ph ng truyn trn LAN 2. Tuy nhin, do Repeater hot ng tng 1, n
24
khng hiu Frame l g, n s chuyn i mi th m n nhn c sang cc cng cn li.
Lin mng bng Repeater hay Hub s lm tng vng ng ca mng, kh nng ng
khi truyn tin ca cc my tnh s tng ln, hiu nng mng s gim xung.
3.2 Gii thiu v cu ni
By gi ta thay th Repeater bng mt Bridge. Khi Frame N2 gi cho N1 n cng
1 ca Bridge n phn tch v thy rng khng cn thit phi chuyn Frame sang LAN 2.

Hnh 3.2 Bridge khc phc nhc im ca Repeater/HUB
Bridge l mt thit b hot ng tng 2 trong m hnh OSI. Bridge lm nhim v
chuyn tip cc khung t nhnh mng ny sang nhnh mng khc. iu quan trng l
Bridge thng minh , n chuyn frame mt cch c chn lc da vo a ch MAC ca
cc my tnh. Bridge cn cho php cc mng c tng vt l khc nhau c th giao tip
c vi nhau. Bridge chia lin mng ra thnh nhng vng ng nh, nh ci thin
c hiu nng ca lin mng tt hn so vi lin mng bng Repeater hay Hub.
C th phn Bridge thnh 3 loi:
Cu ni trong sut (Transparent Bridge): Cho php ni cc mng Ethernet/ Fast
Ethernet li vi nhau.
Cu ni xc nh ng i t ngun (Source Routing Bridge): Cho php ni cc
mng Token Ring li vi nhau.
Cu ni trn ln (Mixed Media Bridge): Cho php ni mng Ethernet v Token
Ring li vi nhau.
3.2.1 Cu ni trong sut
3.2.1.1 Gii thiu
Cu ni trong sut c pht trin ln u tin bi Digital Equipment Corporation
vo nhng nm u thp nin 80. Digital trnh pht minh ca mnh cho IEEE v c
a vo chun IEEE 802.1.
Cu ni trong sut c s dng ni cc mng Ethernet li vi nhau. Ngi ta
gi l cu ni trong sut bi v s hin din v hot ng ca n th trong sut vi cc my
trm. Khi lin mng bng cu ni trong sut, cc my trm khng cn phi cu hnh g
thm c th truyn ti thng tin qua lin mng.

3.2.1.2 Nguyn l hot ng
Khi cu ni trong sut c m in, n bt u hc v tr ca cc my tnh trn
mng bng cch phn tch a ch my gi ca cc khung m n nhn c t cc cng
ca mnh. V d, nu cu ni nhn c mt khung t cng s 1 do my A gi, n s kt
lun rng my A c th n c nu i ra hng cng 1 ca n. Da trn tin trnh ny,
25
cu ni xy dng c mt Bng a ch cc b (Local address table) m t a ch ca cc
my tnh so vi cc cng ca n.
a ch my tnh (a ch MAC) Cng hng n my tnh
00-2C-A3-4F-EE-07 1
00-2C-A3-5D-5C-2F 2
...
Hnh 3.3 Bng a ch cc b ca cu ni
Cu ni s dng bng a ch cc b ny lm c s cho vic chuyn tip khung. Khi
khung n mt cng ca cu ni, cu ni s c 6 bytes u tin ca khung xc nh a
ch my nhn khung. N s tm a ch ny trong bng a ch cc b v s ng x theo
mt trong cc trng hp sau:
Nu my nhn nm cng mt cng vi cng nhn khung, cu ni s b qua
khung v bit rng my nhn nhn c khung.
Nu my nhn nm trn mt cng khc vi cng nhn khung, cu ni s
chuyn khung sang cng c my nhn.
Nu khng tm thy a ch my nhn trong bng a ch, cu ni s gi khung
n tt c cc cng cn li ca n, tr cng nhn khung.
Trong mi trng hp, cu ni u cp nht v tr ca my gi khung vo trong
bng a ch cc b.
Cu ni trong sut thnh cng trong vic phn chia mng thnh nhng vng ng
ring ri. c bit khi qu trnh gi d liu din ra gia hai my tnh nm v cng mt
hng cng ca cu ni, cu ni s lc khng cho lung giao thng ny nh hng n
cc nhnh mng trn cc cng cn li. Nh iu ny cu ni trong sut cho php ci thin
c bng thng trong lin mng.
3.2.1.3 Vn vng qun - Gii thut Spanning Tree
Cu ni trong sut s hot ng sai nu nh trong hnh trng mng xut hin cc
vng. Xt v d nh hnh di y:
Gi s M gi khung F cho N, c hai cu ni B1 v B2 cha c thng tin g v a
ch ca N. Khi nhn c khung F, c B1 v B2 u chuyn F sang LAN 2, nh vy trn
LAN 2 xut hin 2 khung F1 v F2 l phin bn ca F c sao li bi B1 v B2. Sau
F1 n B2 v F2 n B1. Tip tc B1 v B2 li ln lt chuyn F2 v F1 sang LAN1, qu
trnh ny s khng dng, dn n hin tng rc trn mng. Ngi ta gi hin tng ny l
vng qun trn mng.

26
Hnh 3.4 Vn vng qun trong mng
khc phc hin tng vng qun, Digital a ra gii thut ni cy, sau ny
c chun ha di chun IEEE 802.1d.
Mc tiu ca gii thut ny l nhm xc nh ra cc cng to nn vng qun trn
mng v chuyn n v trng thi d phng (stand by) hay kha (Blocked), a s
mng v dng hnh cy (khng cn cc vng). Cc cng ny c chuyn sang trng thi
hot ng khi cc cng chnh b s c.
Gii thut ny da trn l thuyt v th. Gii thut yu cu cc vn sau:
Mi cu ni phi c gn mt s hiu nhn dng duy nht.
Mi cng cng c mt s nhn dng duy nht v c gn mt gi.
Gii thut tri qua 4 bc sau:
Chn cu ni gc (Root Bridge): n gin cu ni gc l cu ni c s nhn
dng nh nht.
Trn cc cu ni cn li, chn cng gc (Root Port): L cng m gi ng i t
cu ni hin ti v cu ni gc thng qua n l thp nht so vi cc cng cn li.
Trn mi LAN, chn cu ni c ch nh (Designated BrIDge): Cu ni c
ch nh ca mt LAN l cu ni m thng qua n, gi ng i t LAN hin ti
v gc l thp nht. Cng ni LAN v cu ni c ch nh c gi l cng
c ch nh (Designated Port).
t tt c cc cng gc, cng ch nh trng thi hot ng, cc cng cn li
trng thi kha
V d: Cho mt lin mng gm cc LAN V,W,X,Y,Z c ni li vi nhau bng 5
cu ni c s nhn dng t 1 n 5. Trn lin mng ny tn ti nhiu vng qun. p dng
gii thut ni cy xc nh c cc cng gc (k hiu bng R) v cc cng c ch nh
(K hiu bng D). Bn cnh cc cng gc c c gi v gc thng qua cng ny (nm trong
du ngoc R(30)). T v li hnh trng mng sau khi loi b cc vng qun.
27

Hnh 3.5 Mng xy dng li bng gii thut Spanning tree
3.2.2 Cu ni xc nh ng i t ngun
3.2.2.1 Gii thiu
Cu ni xc nh ng i t ngun (SRB-Source Route Bridge) c pht trin
bi IBM v c trnh ln y ban IEEE 802.5 nh l mt gii php ni cc mng
Token li vi nhau.
Cu ni SRB c gi tn nh th bi v chng qui nh rng : ng i y t
my tnh gi n my nhn phi c a vo bn trong ca khung d liu gi i bi my
gi (Source). Cc cu ni SRB ch c nhim v lu v chuyn cc khung nh c ch
dn bi ng i c lu trong trong khung.
3.2.2.2 Nguyn l hot ng
Xt mt lin mng gm 4 mng Token Ring c ni li vi nhau bng 4 cu ni
SRB nh hnh di y:

Hnh 3.6 Cu ni trong mng Token Ring
28
Gi s rng my X mun gi mt khung d liu cho my Y. u tin X cha bit
c Y c nm cng LAN vi n hay khng. xc nh iu ny, X gi mt Khung
kim tra (Test Frame). Nu khung kim tra tr v X m khng c du hiu nhn ca Y,
X s kt lun rng Y nm trn mt nhnh mng khc.
xc nh chnh xc v tr ca my Y trn mng xa, X gi mt Khung thm d
(Explorer Frame). Mi cu ni khi nhn c khung thm d (Bridge 1 v Bridge 2 trong
trng hp ny) s copy khung v chuyn n sang tt c cc cng cn li. Thng tin v
ng i c thm vo khung thm d khi chng i qua lin mng. Khi cc khung thm
d ca X n c Y, Y gi li cc khung tr li cho tng khung m n nhn c theo
ng i thu thp c trong khung thm d. X nhn c nhiu khung tr li t Y vi
nhiu ng i khc nhau. X s chn mt trong s ng i ny, theo mt tiu chun no
. Thng thng ng i ca khung tr li u tin s c chn v y chnh l ng
i ngn nht trong s cc ng i (tr v nhanh nht).
Sau khi ng i c xc nh, n c a vo cc khung d liu gi cho Y
trong trng thng tin v ng i (RIF- Routing Information Field). RIF ch c s
dng n i vi cc khung gi ra bn ngoi LAN.
3.2.2.3 Cu trc khung
Cu trc ca RIF trong khung c m t nh hnh di y:

Hnh 3.7 Cu trc ca trng thng tin v ng i
Trong :
Routing Control Field: l trng iu khin ng i, n bao gm cc trng
con sau:
o Type: C th c cc gi tr mang ngha nh sau:
Specifically routed: Khung hin ti c cha ng i y n
my nhn
All paths explorer: L khung thm d.
Spanning-tree explorer: L khung thm d c s dng gii thut
ni cy gim bt s khung c gi trong sut qu trnh khm
ph.
o Length: M t chiu di tng cng (tnh bng bytes) ca trng RIF.
o D Bit: Ch nh v iu khin hng di chuyn (ti hay lui) ca khung.
29
o Largest Frame: Ch nh kch thc ln nht ca khung m n c th
c x l trn tin trnh i n mt ch.
Routing Designator Fields:
L cc trng cha cc B ch nh ng i. Mi b ch nh ng i bao gm 2
trng con l:
o Ring Number (12 bits): L s hiu nhn dng ca mt LAN.
o Bridge Number (4 bits)L s hiu nhn dng ca cu ni. S l 0 nu
l my tnh ch.
V d: ng i t X n Y s c m t bi cc b ch nh ng i nh sau:
LAN1:Bridge1:LAN 3: Bridge 3: LAN 2: 0
Hay: LAN1:Bridge2:LAN 4: Bridge 4: LAN 2: 0
3.2.3 Cu ni trn ln (Mixed Media Bridge)
Cu ni trong sut c dng ni cc mng Ethernet li vi nhau. Cu ni xc
nh ng i t ngun dng ni cc mng Token Ring. ni hai mng Ethernet v
Token Ring li vi nhau, ngi ta dng loi cu ni th ba, l cu ni trn ln ng
truyn. Cu ni trn ln ng truyn c hai loi:
o Cu ni dch (Translational Bridge)
o Cu ni xc nh ng i t ngun trong sut (Source-Route-Transparence
Bridge)
30
Chng 4
C s v b chuyn mch
Mc ch
Chc nng ca b hon chuyn (Switch) trong vic m rng bng thng
mng cc b
Kin trc b hon chuyn
Cc gii thut hon chuyn:
Store and forward
Cut-through
Adaptive
Phn loi b hon chuyn:
Workgroup, Segment, Backbone
Symetric / Asymetric

31
4.1 Chc nng v c tnh mi ca switch
LAN Switch l mt thit b hot ng tng 2, c y tt c cc tnh nng ca
mt cu ni trong sut nh:

Hnh 4.1 Ni mng bng switch
o Hc v tr cc my tnh trn mng
o Chuyn tip khung t nhnh mng ny sang nhnh mng khc mt cch c chn
lc
Ngoi ra Switch cn h tr thm nhiu tnh nng mi nh:
o H tr a giao tip ng thi: Cho php nhiu cp giao tip din ra mt cch
ng thi nh tng c bng thng trn ton mng.
Hnh 4.2 - Switch h tr a giao tip ng thi
o H tr giao tip song cng (Full-duplex communication): Tin trnh gi khung
v nhn khung c th xy ra ng thi trn mt cng. iu ny lm tng gp
i thng lng tng ca cng.
32
o iu ha tc knh truyn: Cho php cc knh truyn c tc khc nhau
giao tip c vi nhau. V d, c th hon chuyn d liu gia mt knh
truyn 10 Mbps v mt knh truyn 100 Mbps.

Hnh 4.3 Switch h tr ch giao tip song cng
4.2 Kin trc ca switch
Switch c cu to gm hai thnh phn c bn l:
o B nh lm Vng m tnh ton v Bng a ch (BAT-Buffer anh Address
Table).
o Gin hon chuyn (Switching Fabric) to ni kt cho ng thi gia cc
cng
Gin hon
chuyn
Cng
Hnh 4.4 Cu trc bn trong ca switch
4.3 Cc gii thut hon chuyn
Vic chuyn tip khung t nhnh mng ny sang nhnh mng kia ca switch c th
c thc hin theo mt trong 3 gii thut hon chuyn sau:
33
4.3.1 Gii thut hon chuyn lu v chuyn tip (Store and Forward
Switching)
Khi khung n mt cng ca switch, ton b khung s c c vo trong b nh
m v c kim tra li. Khung s b b i nu nh c li. Nu khung khng li, switch
s xc nh a ch my nhn khung v d tm trong bng a ch xc nh cng hng
n my nhn. K tip s chuyn tip khung ra cng tng ng. Gii thut ny c thi
gian tr hon ln do phi thc hin thao tc kim tra khung. Tuy nhin n cho php giao
tip gia hai knh truyn khc tc .
4.3.2 Gii thut xuyn ct (Cut-through)
Khi khung n mt cng ca switch, n ch c 6 bytes u tin ca khung (l a
ch MAC ca my nhn khung) vo b nh m. K tip n s tm trong bng a ch
xc nh cng ra tng ng vi a ch my nhn v chuyn khung v hng cng ny.
Gii thut cut-through c thi gian tr hon ngn bi v n thc hin vic hon
chuyn khung ngay sau khi xc nh c cng hng n my nhn. Tuy nhin n
chuyn tip lun c cc khung b li n my nhn.
4.3.3 Hon chuyn tng thch (Adaptive Switching)
Gii thut hon chuyn tng thch nhm tn dng ti a u im ca hai gii thut
hon chuyn Lu v chuyn tip v gii thut Xuyn ct. Trong gii thut ny, ngi ta
nh ngha mt ngng li cho php. u tin, switch s hot ng theo gii thut Xuyn
ct. Nu t l khung li ln hn ngng cho php, switch s chuyn sang ch hot ng
theo gii thut Lu v chuyn tip. Ngc li khi t l khung li h xung nh hn
ngng, switch li chuyn v hot ng theo gii thut Xuyn ct.
4.4 Thng lng tng (Aggregate throughput)
Thng lng tng (Aggregate throughput) l mt i lng dng o hiu sut
ca switch. N c nh ngha l lng d liu chuyn qua switch trong mt giy. N c
th c tnh bng tch gia s ni kt ti a ng thi trong mt giy nhn vi bng
thng ca tng ni kt. Nh vy, thng lng tng ca mt switch c N cng s dng,
mi cng c bng thng l B c tnh theo cng thc sau:
Aggregate throughput = (N div 2) * (B*2) = N*B
V d: Cho mt mng gm 10 my tnh c ni li vi nhau bng mt switch c
cc cng 10 Base-T. Khi , s ni kt ti a ng thi l 10/2. Mi cp ni kt trong mt
giy c th gi v nhn d liu vi lu lng l 10Mbps*2 (do Full duplex). Nh vy
thng lng tng s l: 10/2*10*2 = 100 Mbps
4.5 Phn bit cc loi Switch
Da vo mc ch s dng, ngi ta c th chia switch thnh nhng loi sau:
4.5.1 B hon chuyn nhm lm vic (Workgroup Switch)
L loi switch c thit k nhm ni trc tip cc my tnh li vi nhau hnh
thnh mt mng ngang hng (workgroup) . Nh vy, tng ng vi mt cng ca switch
ch c mt a ch my tnh trong bng a ch. Chnh v th, loi ny khng cn thit phi
34
c b nh ln cng nh tc x l cao. Gi thnh workgroup switch thp hn cc loi
cn li.

Hnh 4.5 Workgroup switch
4.5.2 B hon chuyn nhnh mng (Segment Switch)
Mc ch thit k ca Segment switch l ni cc Hub hay workgroup switch li vi
nhau, hnh thnh mt lin mng tng hai. Tng ng vi mi cng trong trng hp ny
s c nhiu a ch my tnh, v th b nh cn thit phi ln. Tc x l i hi phi
cao v lng thng tin cn x l ti switch l ln.

Hnh 4.6 Segment switch
4.5.3 B hon chuyn xng sng (Backbone Switch)
Mc ch thit k ca Backbone switch l ni kt cc Segment switch li vi
nhau. Trong trng hp ny, b nh v tc x l ca switch phi rt ln cha a
35
ch cho tt c cc my tnh trong ton lin mng cng nh hon chuyn kp thi d liu
gia cc nhnh.

Hnh 4.7 Backbone switch
4.5.4 B hon chuyn i xng (Symetric Switch)
Symetric switch l loi switch m tt c cc cng ca n u c cng tc . Thng
thng workgroup switch thuc loi ny. Nhu cu bng thng gia cc my tnh l gn
bng nhau.

Hnh 4.8 Symetric switch

36
4.5.5 B hon chuyn bt i xng (Asymetric Switch)
Asymetric switch l loi switch c mt hoc hai cng c tc cao hn so vi cc
cng cn li ca n. Thng thng cc cng ny c thit k dnh cho cc my ch
hay l cng ni ln mt switch mc cao hn.

Hnh 4.8 Asymetric switch
37
Chng 5
C s v b chn ng
Mc ch
Cc vn lin quan n vic xy dng mng din rng
Vai tr ca b chn ng (Router) trong mng din rng
Nguyn tc hot ng ca b chn ng
Cc vn lin quan n vic thit k gii thut chn ng
Cch thc thit lp mng IP
Cc giao thc chn ng ph bin: RIP, OSPF, BGP

38
5.1 M t
Bridge v switch l cc thit b ni mng tng hai. Switch cho php lin kt nhiu
mng cc b li vi nhau thnh mt lin mng vi bng thng v hiu sut mng c ci
thin rt tt. Nhim v ca switch l chuyn tip cc khung t nhnh mng ny sang
nhnh mng khc mt cch c chn lc da vo a ch MAC ca cc my tnh. lm
c iu ny, switch cn phi duy tr trong b nh ca mnh mt bng a ch cc b
cha v tr ca tt c cc my tnh trong mng. Mi my tnh s chim mt mc t trong
bng a ch. Mi switch c thit k vi mt dung lng b nh gii hn. V nh th,
n xc nh kh nng phc v ti a ca mt switch. Chng ta khng th dng switch
ni qu nhiu mng li vi nhau. Hn na, cc lin mng hnh thnh bng cch s dng
switch cng ch l cc mng cc b, c phm vi nh. Mun hnh thnh cc mng din rng
ta cn s dng thit b lin mng tng 3. chnh l b chn ng (Router).

Hnh 5.1 Xy dng lin mng bng router
Trong m hnh trn, cc mng LAN 1, LAN 2, LAN 3 v mng Internet c ni
li vi nhau bng 3 router R1, R2 v R3.
Router l mt thit b lin mng tng 3, cho php ni hai hay nhiu nhnh mng
li vi nhau to thnh mt lin mng. Nhim v ca router l chuyn tip cc gi tin t
mng ny n mng kia c th n c my nhn. Mi mt router thng tham gia
vo t nht l 2 mng. N c th l mt thit b chuyn dng vi hnh dng ging nh Hub
hay switch hoc c th l mt my tnh vi nhiu card mng v mt phn mm ci t gii
thut chn ng. Cc u ni kt (cng) ca cc router c gi l cc Giao din
(Interface).
Cc my tnh trong mng din rng c gi l cc H thng cui (End System),
vi ngha y chnh l ni xut pht ca thng tin lu thng trn mng, cng nh l im
dng ca thng tin.
V mt kin trc, cc router ch ci t cc thnh phn thc hin cc chc nng t
tng 1 n tng 3 trong m hnh OSI. Trong khi cc End System th ci t chc nng ca
c by tng. .
39
5.2 Chc nng ca b chn ng

Hnh 5.2 Nhiu ng i cho mt ch n
Trong mt mng din rng, thng c nhiu ng i khc nhau cho cng mt ch
n. Ta xt trng hp A gi cho C mt gi tin. Gi tin c chuyn n router R1, v
c lu vo trong hng i cc gi tin ch c chuyn i ca R1. Khi mt gi tin trong
hng i n lt c x l, router s xc nh ch n ca gi tin, t tm ra router k
tip cn chuyn gi tin n c th i n ch. i vi Router 1, c hai ng i, mt
ni n router R2 v mt ni n R3. Khi chn c ng i cho gi tin, router R1 s
chuyn gi tin t hng i ra ng chn. Mt qu trnh tng t cng xy ra trn
Router k tip. C nh th, gi tin s c chuyn t router ny n router khc cho n
khi n n c mng c cha my tnh nhn v s c nhn bi my tnh nhn.
Nh vy, hai chc nng chnh m mt b chn ng phi thc hin l:
Chn ng i n ch vi chi ph (metric) thp nht cho mt gi tin.
Lu v chuyn tip cc gi tin t nhnh mng ny sang nhnh mng khc.
5.3 Nguyn tc hot ng ca b chn ng
5.3.1 Bng chn ng (Routing table)
xc nh c ng i n ch cho cc gi tin, cc router duy tr mt Bng
chn ng (Routing table) cha ng i n nhng im khc nhau trn ton mng. Hai
trng quan trng nht trong bng chn ng ca router l ch n (Destination) v
Bc k tip (Next Hop) cn phi chuyn gi tin c th n c ch n.
40

R1 - Routing Table
Destination Next Hop
1 Local
2 Local
3 Local
4 R2
5 R2
7 R3
11 R2
Hnh 5.3 Bng chn ng ca router R1
Thng thng, ch n trong bng chn ng l a ch ca cc mng. Trong khi
Next Hop l mt router lng ging ca router ang xt. Hai router c gi l lng ging
ca nhau nu tn ti mt ng ni kt vt l gia chng. Thng tin c th chuyn ti
bng tng hai gia hai router lng ging. Trong m hnh mng trn, router R1 c hai lng
ging l R2 v R3.
5.3.2 Nguyn tc hot ng
Cho h thng mng nh hnh di y :
41

Hnh 5.4- ng i ca mt gi tin qua lin mng
Gi s my tnh X gi cho my tnh Y mt gi tin. Con ng i ca gi tin c
m t nh sau:
V Y nm trn mt mng khc vi X cho nn gi tin s c chuyn n router
A.
Ti router A:
o Tng mng c a ch my nhn xc nh a ch ca mng ch c
cha my nhn v k tip s tm trong bng chn ng bit c
next hop cn phi gi i l u. Trong trng hp ny l Router B.
o Gi tin sau c a xung tng 2 ng vo trong mt khung v
a ra hng i ca giao din/cng hng n next hop v ch c
chuyn i trn ng truyn vt l.
Tin trnh tng t din ra ti router B v C.
Ti Router C, khung ca tng 2 s chuyn gi tin n my tnh Y.
5.3.3 Vn cp nht bng chn ng
Quyt nh chn ng ca router c thc hin da trn thng tin v ng i i
trong bng chn ng. Vn t ra l bng cch no router c c thng tin trong
bng chn ng. Hoc khi mng b thay i th ai s l ngi cp nht li bng chn
ng cho router. Hai vn ny gi chung l vn cp nht bng chn ng.
C ba hnh thc cp nht bng chn ng:
Cp nht th cng: Thng tin trong bng chn ng c cp nht bi nh
qun tr mng. Hnh thc ny ch ph hp vi cc mng nh, c hnh trng
n gin, t b thay i. Nhc im ca loi ny l khng cp nht kp thi
bng chn ng khi hnh trng mng b thay i do gp s c v ng
truyn.
Cp nht t ng: Tn ti mt chng trnh chy bn trong router t ng
tm kim ng i n nhng im khc nhau trn mng. Loi ny thch hp
42
cho cc mng ln, hnh trng phc tp, c th ng ph kp thi vi nhng
thay i v hnh trng mng. Vn t ra i vi cp nht bng chn
ng ng chnh l gii thut c dng tm ra ng i n nhng
im khc nhau trn mng. Ngi ta gi gii thut ny l gii thut chn
ng (Routing Algorithme).
Cp nht hn hp: Va kt hp c hai phng php cp nht bng chn
ng th cng v cp nht bng chn ng t ng. u tin, nh qun tr
cung cp cho router mt s ng i c bn, sau gii thut chn ng s
gip router tm ra cc ng i mi n cc im cn li trn mng.
5.4 Gii thut chn ng
5.4.1 Chc nng ca gii thut vch ng
Chc nng ca gii thut chn ng l tm ra ng i n nhng im khc nhau
trn mng. Gii thut chn ng ch cp nht vo bng chn ng mt ng i n
mt ch n mi hoc ng i mi tt hn ng i c trong bng chn ng.
5.4.2 i lng o lng (Metric)
Mt ng i tt l mt ng i ngn . Khi nim di , ngn y khng
thun ty l khong cch a l m chng c o da vo mt thc o (metric) no .
C th dng cc thc o sau o di ng i cho cc gii thut chn ng:
Chiu di ng i (length path): L s lng router phi i qua trn ng i.
tin cy (reliable) ca ng truyn
tr hon (delay) ca ng truyn
Bng thng (bandwidth) knh truyn
Ti (load) ca cc router
Cc ph (cost) knh truyn
Cng mt ch n nhng o vi hai tiu chun khc nhau c th s chn c hai
ng i khc nhau.
Mi gii thut chn ng phi xc nh r tiu chun chn la ng i m mnh
s dng l g. C th ch l mt thc o hoc l s phi hp ca nhiu tiu chun li vi
nhau.
5.4.3 Mc ch thit k
Chc nng chnh ca gii thut chn ng l tm ra c ng i n nhng
im khc nhau trn mng. Tuy nhin, ty vo mc tiu khi thit k gii thut chn ng
s dn n cht lng v ng i s khc nhau. Cc gii thut chn ng c th c
thit k cho cc mc tiu sau:
Ti u (optimality): ng i do gii thut tm c phi l ng i ti u
trong s cc ng i n mt ch n no
n gin, t tn km (Simplicity and overhead): Gii thut c thit k hiu
qu v mt x l, t i hi v mt ti nguyn nh b nh, tc x l ca
router.
43
Tnh n nh (stability): Gii thut c kh nng ng ph c vi cc s c
v ng truyn.
Hi t nhanh (rapid convergence): Qu trnh thng nht gia cc router v
mt ng i tt phi nhanh chng.
Tnh linh hot (Flexibility): p ng c mi thay i v mi trng vn
hnh ca gii thut nh bng thng, kch b nh, tr hon ca ng
truyn
5.4.4. Phn loi gii thut chn ng
Thng thng cc gii thut chn ng c phn loi bng cc tiu chun c tnh
cht i ngu nhau, v d nh:
Gii thut chn ng tnh - Gii thut chn ng ng
Gii thut chn ng bn trong - Gii thut chn ng bn ngoi khu vc
Gii thut chn ng trng thi ni kt - Gii thut vct khong cch.
5.4.4.1 Gii thut chn ng tnh - Gii thut chn ng ng
Gii thut chn ng tnh (static routing): Bng chn ng c cp nht
bi nh qun tr mng. Hnh thc ny ch ph hp cho cc mng nh, c
hnh trng n gin, t b thay i. Nhc im ca loi ny l khng cp
nht kp thi bng chn ng khi hnh trng mng b thay i do gp s c
v ng truyn.
Gii thut chn ng ng (dynamic routing): Router t ng tm kim
ng i n nhng im khc nhau trn mng. Loi ny thch hp cho cc
mng ln, hnh trng phc tp. N c th ng ph kp thi vi nhng thay
i v hnh trng mng
5.4.4.2 Gii thut chn ng mt ng - Gii thut chn ng nhiu
ng
Gii thut chn ng mt ng (single path): Tn ti mt ng i n
mt ch n trong bng chn ng.
Gii thut chn ng nhiu ng (multi path): H tr nhiu ng i n
cng mt ch n, nh tng c thng lng v tin cy trn mng.
5.4.4.3 Gii thut chn ng bn trong khu vc - Gii thut chn ng lin
khu vc
Mt s gii thut chn ng xem cc router u cng mt cp. Cc router c vai
tr ngang bng nhau. Ngi ta gi l gii thut chn ng phng (Flat routing).
44

Hnh 5.5 Mng cu trc phng v mng phn cp
Tuy nhin, trong cc mng ln ngi ta thng xy dng mng theo kiu phn cp.
cc my tnh li nhm li vi nhau thnh nhng vng t tr (Autonomous System) v
c s phn cp cc router. Cc router bnh thng (Normal Router) m nhim vic vch
ng bn trong mt Autonomous System. Cng vic vch ng gia cc autonomous
system th c giao v cho cc router nm ng trc (Backbone router).
Mt autonomous system l mt tp hp cc mng v cc router chu s qun l duy
nht ca mt nh qun tr mng. V d l mng ca mt cng ty, mt trng i hc hay
mng ng trc ca mt quc gia.
Vic phn cp cc router thnh hai loi dn n c hai loi gii thut chn ng:
Gii thut chn ng bn trong vng (Intradomain hay Interior Protocol) v lin vng
(Interdomain hay Exterior protocol).
V d:
Mt s gii thut chn ng bn trong vng:
o RIP: Routing Information Protocol
o OSPF: Open Shortest Path First
o IGRP: Interior Gateway Routing Protocol
Mt s gii thut chn ng lin vng:
o EGP: Exterior Gateway Protocol
o BGP: Boder Gateway Protocol
5.4.4.4 Gii thut chn ng theo kiu trng thi ni kt (Link State Routing)
v Gii thut chn ng theo kiu vector khong cch (Distance vector)
Trong gii thut vch ng theo kiu trng thi ni kt
o Mi router s gi thng tin v trng thi ni kt ca mnh (cc mng ni
kt trc tip v cc router lng ging) cho tt c cc router trn ton
mng. Cc router s thu thp thng tin v trng thi ni kt ca cc
router khc, t xy dng li hnh trng mng, chy cc gii thut tm
ng i ngn nht trn hnh trng mng c c. T xy dng bng
chn ng cho mnh.
45
o Khi mt router pht hin trng thi ni kt ca mnh b thay i, n s
gi mt thng ip yu cu cp nht trng thi ni kt cho tt cc cc
router trn ton mng. Nhn c thng ip ny, cc router s xy
dng li hnh trng mng, tnh ton li ng i ti u v cp nht li
bng chn ng ca mnh.
o Gii thut chn ng trng thi ni kt to ra t thng tin trn mng.
Tuy nhin n i hi router phi c b nh ln, tc tnh ton ca
CPU phi cao.
Trong gii thut chn ng theo kiu vect khong cch:
o u tin mi router s cp nht ng i n cc mng ni kt trc tip
vi mnh vo bng chn ng.
o Theo nh k, mt router phi gi bng chn ng ca mnh cho cc
router lng ging.
o Khi nhn c bng chn ng ca mt lng ging gi sang, router s
tm xem lng ging ca mnh c ng i n mt mng no m mnh
cha c hay mt ng i no tt hn ng i mnh c hay khng.
Nu c s a ng i mi ny vo bng chn ng ca mnh vi
Next hop n ch chnh l lng ging ny.
5.5 Thit k lin mng vi giao thc IP
5.5.1 Xy dng bng chn ng
Cho ba mng Net1, Net2 v Net3 ni li vi nhau nh 3 router R1, R2 v R3. Mng
Net4 ni cc router li vi nhau. Cng vic u tin trong thit k mt lin mng IP l
chn a ch mng cho cc nhnh mng. Trong trng hp ny ta chn mng lp C cho 4
mng nh bng sau:

Mng a ch mng Mt n mng
Net1 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0
Net2 192.168.2.0 255.255.255.0
Net3 192.168.3.0 255.255.255.0
Net4 192.168.4.0 255.255.255.0

Hnh 5.6 Cu trc bng chn ng trong giao thc IP
K tip, gn a ch cho tng my tnh trong mng. V d trong mng Net1, cc
my tnh c gn a ch l 192.168.1.2 (K hiu .2 l cch vit tt ca a ch IP m
t Phn nhn dng my tnh) v 192.168.1.3. Mi router c hai giao din tham gia vo hai
mng khc nhau. V d, giao din tham gia vo mng NET1 ca router R1 c a ch IP l
192.168.1.1 v giao din tham gia vo mng NET4 c a ch l 192.168.4.1.
46

Hnh 5.7 Lin mng s dng giao thc IP
my tnh ca cc mng c th giao tip c vi nhau, cn phi c thng tin v
ng i. Bng chn ng ca router c th to ra th cng hoc t ng. i vi mng
nh, nh qun tr mng s np ng i cho cc router thng qua cc lnh c cung cp
bi h iu hnh ca router. Bng chn ng trong giao thc IP c 4 thng tin quan trng
l :
a ch mng ch
Mt n mng ch
Router k tip s nhn gi tin (Next Hop)
Giao din chuyn gi tin i
Trong v d trn, cc router s c bng chn ng nh sau:
47

Hnh 5.8 Bng chn ng ca cc router
Cc my tnh cng c bng chn ng. Di y l bng chn ng ca my
tnh c a ch 192.168.3.3:

Hnh 5.9 Bng chn ng ca my tnh
Mng ch mc nh (default) ni rng ngoi nhng ng i n cc mng
lit k pha trn, cc ng i cn li th gi cho NextHop ca mng default ny. Nh vy,
gi gi tin cho bt k mt my tnh no nm bn ngoi mng 192.168.3.0 th my tnh
192.168.3.3 s chuyn gi tin cho router 3 a ch 192.168.3.1.
5.5.2 ng i ca gi tin
hiu r c ch hot ng ca giao thc IP, ta hy xt hai trng hp gi gi tin:
Trng hp my tnh gi v nhn nm trong cng mt mng v trng hp my tnh gi
v my tnh nhn nm trn hai mng khc nhau.
Gi s my tnh c a ch 192.168.3.3 gi mt gi tin cho my tnh 192.168.3.2.
Tng hai ca my gi s t gi tin vo mt khung vi a ch nhn l a ch vt l ca
my 192.168.3.2 v gi khung ln ng truyn NET3, trn my tnh 192.168.3.2 s
nhn c gi tin.
By gi ta xt trng hp my tnh c a ch 192.168.3.3 trn mng NET3 gi gi
tin cho my tnh c a ch 192.168.1.2 trn mng Net1. Theo nh bng chn ng ca
my gi, cc gi tin c a ch nm ngoi mng 192.168.3.0 s c chuyn n router R3
(a ch 192.168.3.1). Chnh v th, my tnh gi s t gi tin vo mt khung vi a ch
48
nhn l a ch vt l ca giao din 192.168.3.1 v a ln ng truyn NET3. Nhn
c gi tin, R3 phn tch a ch IP ca my nhn xc nh ch n ca gi tin . Bng
chn ng cho thy, vi ch n l mng 192.168.1.0 th cn phi chuyn gi tin cho
router R1 a ch 192.168.4.1 thng qua giao din 192.168.4.3. V th R3 t gi tin vo
mt khung vi a ch nhn l a ch vt l ca giao din 192.168.4.1 ca router R1 v
a ln ng truyn NET4. Tng t, R1 s chuyn gi tin cho my nhn 192.168.1.2
bng mt khung trn ng truyn NET1.
Ta nhn thy rng, i n c my nhn, gi tin c chuyn i bi nhiu
khung khc nhau. Mi khung s c a ch nhn khc nhau, tuy nhin a ch ca gi tin th
lun lun khng i.
5.5.3 Giao thc phn gii a ch (Address Resolution Protocol)
Nu mt my tnh mun truyn mt gi tin IP n cn t gi tin ny vo trong mt
khung trn ng truyn vt l m n ang ni kt. c th truyn thnh cng khung,
my tnh gi cn thit phi bit c a ch vt l (MAC) ca my tnh nhn. iu ny c
th thc hin c bng cch s dng mt bng nh x cc a ch IP v a ch vt l.
Giao thc IP s dng giao thc ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) thc hin nh x t
mt a ch IP v mt a ch MAC.

Hnh 5.10 Giao thc ARP
Mt my tnh xc nh a ch vt l ca n vo lc khi ng bng cch c thit
b phn cng v xc nh a ch IP ca n bng cch c tp tin cu hnh, sau lu
thng tin v mi tng ng gia a ch IP v MAC ca n vo trong vng nh tm (ARP
cache). Khi nhn c mt a ch IP m ARP khng th tm ra c a ch vt l tng
ng da vo vng nh tm hin ti, n s thc hin mt khung qung b c nh dng nh
sau:

49
Tng qut Cc trng
Kch thc
(byte)
Cc gi tr
Ethernet Destination
Address
6
a ch my nhn, trong trng hp ny
l mt a ch qung b
Ethernet Source
Address
6 a ch ca my gi thng ip
Ethernet
Header
Frame Type 2
Kiu khung, c gi tr l 0x0806 khi
ARP yu cu v 0x8035 khi ARP tr li
Hardware Type 2 Gi tr l 1 cho mng Ethernet
Protocol Type 2 C gi tr l 0x0800 cho a ch IP
Hardware Address
Size in bytes
1
Chiu di ca a ch vt l, c gi tr l
6 cho mng Ethernet
Protocol Address
Size in bytes
1
Chiu di a ch ca giao thc, c gi
tr l 4 cho giao thc IP
Operation 2
L 1 nu l khung yu cu, l 2 nu l
khung tr li
Sender Ethernet
Address
6 -
Sender IP Address 4 -
Destination Ethernet
Address
6
Khng s dng n trong yu cu ca
ARP
ARP
request/reply
Destination IP
Address
4 a ch IP my cn tm a ch MAC
Nu mt my tnh trn mng nhn ra a ch IP ca mnh trong gi tin yu cu ARP
n s gi mt gi tin tr li ARP cho my yu cu trong c thng tin v a ch MAC
ca n.
Nh vo vic gi cc yu cu ny, mt my tnh c th b sung thng tin cho vng
cache ca giao thc ARP, nh cp nht kp thi mi s thay i ca s mng. Thng
thng thi gian qu hn (Time-out) cho mt thng tin trong vng cache l 20 pht. Mt
yu cu ARP cho mt my tnh khng tn ti trn nhnh mng c lp li mt vi ln xc
nh no .
50
Nu mt my tnh c ni kt vo nhiu hn mt mng bng cc giao din mng,
khi s tn ti nhng vng cache ARP ring cho tng giao din mng.
Lu , ARP trn mt my tnh ch thc hin vic xc a ch vt l cho cc a ch
cng a ch mng / mng con vi n m thi. i vi cc gi tin gi cho cc my tnh c
a ch IP khng cng mt mng / mng con vi my gi s c chuyn hng cho mt
router nm cng mng vi my gi chuyn i tip.
V cc yu cu ARP c qung b rng ri, cho nn bt k mt my tnh no ang
duy tr mt vng cache u c th theo di tt c cc yu cu c qung b ny ly
thng tin v a ch vt l v a ch IP ca my gi yu cu v b sung vo vng cache
ca n khi cn thit. Khi mt my tnh khi ng, n gi mt yu cu ARP (c th cho
chnh n) nh thng bo vi cc my tnh khc v s xut hin ca n trong mng cc
b.
C th gn nhiu hn mt a ch IP cho mt a ch vt l. Ch rng, nh dng
ca yu cu ARP th c thit k c th h tr c cho cc giao thc khc ngoi IP
v Ethernet.
5.5.4 Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc RARP (Reverse Address
Resolution Protocol)
Ngy nay, cc trm lm vic khng a cng (Diskless workstation) c s dng
rng ri. Mi my tnh ch cn b x l v b nh, tt c khng gian lu tr c cung cp
t mt my ch s dng mt h thng tp tin mng theo mt chun no . Do khng c
cc tp tin cu hnh, tin trnh khi ng ca cc my tnh ny thng s dng mt giao
thc truyn ti tp tin rt n gin nh TFTP. Tuy nhin, trc khi c th ni kt n c
server, cc trm lm vic cn phi bit c a ch IP ca n. Giao thc RARP c dng
trong trng hp ny. RARP s dng cng nh dng yu cu ca ARP nhng trng
Operation c gi tr l 3 cho yu cu v 4 cho tr li. Trn my ch duy tr mt bng m t
mi tng quan gia a ch vt l v a ch IP ca cc my trm. Khi nhn c yu cu
RARP, my ch tm trong bng a ch v tr v a ch IP tng ng cho my trm gi
yu cu.
5.5.5 Giao thc thng ip iu khin mng Internet ICMP (Internet
Control Message Protocol)
Giao thc ICMP c ci t trong hu ht tt c cc my tnh TCP/IP. Cc thng
ip ca giao thc c gi i trong cc gi tin IP v c dng gi i cc bo li hay
cc thng tin iu khin.
ICMP to ra nhiu loi thng ip hu ch nh:
ch n khng ti c (Destination Unreachable),
Thm hi v tr li (Echo Request and Reply),
Chuyn hng (Redirect),
Vt qu thi gian (Time Exceeded),
Qung b b chn ng (Router Advertisement)
C lp b chn ng (Router Solicitation)
....
51
Nu mt thng ip khng th phn pht c th n s khng c gi li. iu
ny trnh tnh trng di chuyn khng bao gi dng ca cc thng ip ICMP.
Nu mt thng ip ch n khng ti c c gi i bi mt router, iu
c ngha rng router khng th gi gi tin n ch c. Khi router s xa gi tin ra
khi hng i ca n. C hai nguyn nhn lm cho mt gi tin khng th i n ni c.
Phn ln l my gi m t mt a ch nhn m n khng tn ti trn thc t. Trng hp
t hn l router khng bit ng i n ni nhn gi tin.
Thng ip ch n khng ti c c chia thnh bn loi c bn l:
Mng khng n c (Network unreachable): C ngha l c s c trong
vn vch ng hoc a ch nhn ca gi tin.
My tnh khng n c (Host unreachable): Thng thng dng ch
trc trc trong vn phn pht, nh l sai mt n mng con chng hn.
Giao thc khng n c (Protocol unreachable): My nhn khng h tr
giao thc tng cao hn nh gi tin m t.
Cng khng n c (Port unreachable): Socket ca giao thc TCP hay
cng khng tn ti.
Mt thng ip Thm hi v tr li c to ra bi lnh ping, c to ra t
mt my tnh kim tra tnh lin thng trn lin mng. Nu c mt thng ip tr li,
iu biu hin rng gia my gi v my nhn c th giao tip c vi nhau.
Mt thng ip Chuyn hng c gi bi mt router n my gi gi tin
khuyn co v mt ng i tt hn. Router hin ti vn chuyn tip gi tin m n nhn
c. Thng ip chuyn hng gi cho bng chn ng ca cc my tnh c nh bi
v chng ch cn cha a ch ca mt router m thi, thm ch router cung cp ng
i khng phi l tt nht. i khi, sau khi nhn c thng ip chuyn hng, thit b gi
vn s dng ng i c.
Mt thng ip vt qu thi hn c gi bi mt router nu thi gian sng
(Time-to-live) ca gi tin, tnh bng s router hay giy, c gi tr l 0. Thi gian sng ca
gi tin gip phng nga trng hp gi tin c gi i lng vng trn mng v khng bao
gi n ni nhn. Router s b i cc gi tin ht thi gian sng.
5.5.6 Giao thc chn ng RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
5.5.6.1 Gii thiu
RIP l gii thut chn ng ng theo kiu vct khong cch. RIP c nh
ngha trong hai ti liu l RFC 1058 v Internet Standard 56 v c cp nht bi IETF
(Internet Engineering Task Force). Phin bn th 2 ca RIP c nh ngha trong RFC
1723 vo thng 10 nm 1994. RIP 2 cho php cc thng ip ca RIP mang nhiu thng
tin hn s dng c ch chng thc n gin m bo tnh bo mt khi cp nht bng
chn ng. Quan trng nht l RIP 2 h tr mt n mng con, tnh nng thiu trong RIP
ban u.
5.5.6.2 Vn cp nht ng i (Routing Update)
RIP gi cc Thng ip cp nht chn ng (routing-update messages) nh k v
khi hnh trng mng b thay i. Khi mt router nhn c mt Thng ip cp nht chn
ng c cha nhng thay i trong mt mc t, n s cp nht bng chn ng ca n
52
th hin ng i mi. di ng i mi s c tng ln 1 v router gi tr thnh
next hop ca ng i va cp nht. Khi cp nht xong bng chn ng ca mnh, router
s gi ngay thng ip cp nht chn ng cho cc router lng ging khc trn mng.
5.5.6.3 Thc o ng i ca RIP
RIP s dng mt thc o ng i l s lng mng trung gian (hop count) gia
mng gi v mng nhn gi tin. Mi hop trn ng i t ni gi n ni nhn c gn
mt gi tr, thng thng l 1. Khi mt router nhn mt thng ip cp nht chn ng
c cha mt mng ch mi, hay ng i mi, router cng thm 1 vo gi ca ng i
ny v a vo bng chn ng ca n vi next hop l a ch IP ca router va gi.
5.5.6.4 Tnh n nh ca RIP
RIP phng trng hp vch ng lng vng bng cch gii hn s hop ti a t
my gi n my nhn l 15. Nu mt router nhn c mt ng i mi t lng ging
gi sang, sau khi cng 1 vo gi ca ng i th n ln n 16 th xem nh ch n ny
khng n c. iu ny c ngha l gii hn ng knh mng s dng RIP phi nh
hn 16 router.
5.5.6.5 B m thi gian ca RIP (RIP Timer)
RIP s dng mt b m thi gian s iu ha hiu nng ca n. N bao gm
mt B m thi gian cp nht chn ng (routing-update timer), mt B m thi gian
qu hn (route-timeout timer) v mt B m thi gian xa ng i (route-flush timer).
B m thi gian cp nht chn ng theo di khong thi gian nh k cp nht chn
ng, thng thng l 30 giy. Mi mc t trong bng chn ng c mt b m thi
gian qu hn gn vi n. Nu thi gian ny tri qua, ng i tng ng c nh du l
khng cn ng na, tuy nhin n vn c gia li trong bng chn ng cho n khi
b m thi gian xa ng i qu hn.
5.5.6.6 nh dng gi tin RIP
Gi tin ca RIP gm c chn trng nh hnh sau:

Trong :
CommandXc nh l gi tin yu cu hay tr li. Mt gi tin yu cu s yu cu
mt router gi tt c hay mt phn ca bng chn ng. Mt tr li c th l mt
thng ip cp nht chn ng c gi theo nh k hoc l mt tr li cho mt
yu cu. Thng ip tr li cha cc mc t ca bng chn ng. Cc bng chn
ng ln c th c gi i trong nhiu thng ip.
Version numberM t phin bn RIP c s dng.
ZeroTrng ny khng c s dng bi RIP theo c t RFC 1058
Address-family Identifier (AFI)M t h a ch c s dng. Trng ny
c thit k cho php RIP dng vi nhiu giao thc khc nhau. Nu s dng
giao thc IP, th c gi tr l 2.
53
AddressM t a ch IP cho mc t (ch n).
MetricGi ca ng i
Lu : C th cho php n 25 th hin ca cc trng AFI, Address v Metric
xut hin trong cng mt gi tin RIP. Tc c th m t 25 ch n trong ch mt
gi tin RIP.
5.5.6.7 nh dng ca gi tin RIP 2
RIP 2 c m t trong RFC 1723 c nh dng gi tin nh hnh di y:

RIP 2 c mt s trng mi so vi RIP l:
UnusedC gi tr l 0.
Address-family IDentifier (AFI)M t h a ch c s dng. im khc so
vi RIP l, nu AFI ca mc t u tin trong gi tin c gi tr l 0xFFFF, th cc
mc t cn li cha thng tin v chng thc. Hin ti ch s dng phng php
chng thc da trn mt khu n gin.
Route tagCung cp mt phng thc phn bit gia cc ng i bn trong
(RIP hc c) v cc ng i bn ngoi (do cc giao thc khc hc c).
IP addressa ch IP ca ch n.
Subnet maskMt n cho a ch n. Nu bng 0 th khng m t mt n.
Next hopa ch IP k tip cn chuyn gi tin i.
Lu , ti a mt gi tin RIP c th m t 24 ng i, do c 1 mc t trong gi tin
c dng m t mt khu.
5.5.7 Gii thut vch ng OSPF
5.5.7.1 Gii thiu
Gii thut ng i ngn nht u tin OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) c pht
trin cho cc mng s dng giao thc IP bi nhm lm vic cho giao thc IGP (Interior
Gateway Protocol) ca IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force). Nhm ny c hnh
thnh vo nm 1988 thit k Giao thc bn trong ca khu IGP da trn gii thut tm
ng i ngn nht u tin SPF (Shortest Path First) s dng trong mng Internet.
OSPF c hai c trng chnh. c trng th nht l mt giao thc m, c ngha
l c t ca n thuc v phm vi cng cng. OSPF c c t trong RFC 1247. c
trng th hai ca OSPF l n da vo giao thc SPF, i khi cn gi l gii thut Dijkstra.
54
OSPF l mt giao thc vch ng thuc loi Trng thi ni kt, trong mi
router s phi gi cc thng tin qung co v trng thi LSA (Link-State Advertisements)
ni kt ca mnh cho cc router cn li trong cng mt khu vc (area) ca mt mng c
cu trc th bc. Thng tin v cc giao din c gn vo, cc thc o c s dng v
cc thng s khc c a vo trong cc LSA . Mi router s thu thp thng tin v trng
thi ni kt ca cc router khc, t xy dng li hnh trng ca mng, v s dng gii
thut Dijkstra tm ng i ngn n cc nt cn li.
5.5.7.2 Vch ng phn cp (Routing Hierarchy).
Khng ging nh RIP, OSPF c th vn hnh vi mt cu trc phn cp. Thc th
ln nht ca cu trc ny l h thng t tr (AS - Autonomous System), l mt tp hp
cc mng di mt s qun l chung v cng chia s mt chin lc vch ng chung.
OSPF l mt giao thc vch ng bn trong min (Intra Autonomous System hay Interior
gateway protocol) mc d n c kh nng kh nng nhn/gi cc ng i t/n cc AS
khc.
Mt AS c th c phn chia thnh mt s cc khu vc (Area), l mt nhm
cc mng k cn nhau (lng ging) cng cc my tnh trn cc mng . Cc router vi
nhiu giao din c th tham gia vo nhiu khu vc. Nhng router ny c gi l B chn
ng ng bin khu vc (Area Border Router), c nhim v duy tr c s d liu v
hnh trng mng ring ri cho tng khu vc.
Mt c s d liu hnh trng mng l mt bc tranh tng th v mng trong mi
quan h vi cc router. Mt c s d liu hnh trng mng lu gi mt tp hp cc LSA
nhn c t cc router trong cng khu vc. Bi v cc router trong cng mt khu vc
chia s thng tin cho nhau nn chng c c s d liu hnh trng mng v khu vc m
chng ang thuc v hon ton ging nhau .
Lu : Khi nim min (domain) i khi c s dng m t mt phn ca
mng m trong tt c cc router c cng c s d liu hnh trng mng hon ton ging
nhau. Tuy nhin thng thng Domain c dng nh l mt AS.
Hnh trng ca mt khu vc th khng thy c i vi cc thc th bn ngoi khu
vc. Bng cch gi hnh trng mng phn tch gia cc khu vc, OSPF to ra t giao thng
trn mng hn so vi trng hp AS khng c phn chia khu vc.
Vic phn chia khu vc to ra hai kiu vch ng khc nhau ty thuc vo a ch
my gi v my nhn nm cng khu vc hay khc khu vc. Vch ng bn trong khu
vc (Intra-Area) s c dng n khi a ch nhn v a ch gi nm trong cng mt khu
vc v Vch ng lin khu vc s c s dng n khi chng nm nhng khu vc
khc nhau.
ng trc ca OSPF th m trch vic phn pht thng tin vch ng gia cc
khu vc. ng trc ny bao gm tt c cc B chn ng ng bin khu vc, cc
mng khng thuc vo cc khu vc khc v cc router gn vo chng.
55

Hnh 5.11 Kin trc mng phn cp trong OSPF
V d: Trong hnh trn, cc router 4, 5, 6,10,11 v 12 hnh thnh nn ng trc.
Nu my H1 trong khu vc 3 mun gi mt gi tin cho my H2 khu vc 2, th gi tin s
c gi n router R13, n lc R13 chuyn gi tin sang cho router R12, ri chuyn
tip cho R11. Sau R11 s chuyn gi tin theo ng trc n b chn ng ng
bin R10 ni chu trch nhim chuyn gi tin trong khu vc (qua cc router R9, R7) v
cui cng n c my nhn H2.
ng trc cng l mt khu vc OSPF, v th tt c cc router nm trn mng
ng trc cng s dng cng mt th tc v gii thut lu tr thng tin vch ng
trn mng ng trc. Hnh trng ca ng trc th khng thy c i vi cc router
nm bn trong mt khu vc.
Cc khu vc c nh ngha theo cch ca ng trc c th khng phi l cc
mng lng ging ca nhau. Trong trng hp ny, vic kt ni ca ng trc phi thc
hin thng qua cc ng ni kt o (Virtual Link). ng ni kt o c hnh thnh
gia nhng router trn ng trc v cc khu vc khng phi ng trc v vn hnh nh
th gia cng c mt ng ni kt trc tip.
5.5.7.3 nh dng gi tin (Packet Format)
Tt c cc gi tin OSPF c bt u vi mt tiu 24 bytes c m t nh hnh
di y

Hnh 5.12 Cu trc gi tin OSPF

56
ngha cc trng c m t nh sau:
Version numberNhn dng phin bn OSPF c s dng.
TypeNhn dng kiu gi tin OSPF, l mt trong s cc kiu sau:
o HelloThit lp v duy tr mi quan h vi cc lng ging.
o Database descriptionM t ni dung ca c s d liu hnh trng mng.
Cc thng ip loi ny c trao i khi mt lng ging mi xut hin.
o Link-state requestNhng mu yu cu v c s d liu hnh trng mng
t lng ging. Cc thng ip ny c gi i sau khi mt router pht hin
rng mt phn trong c s d liu hnh trng mng ca n b li thi
khng cn ng thc t na.
o Link-state updateTr li cho cc link-state request packet. Cc thng
ip ny cng c s dng cho qu trnh phn pht cc LSA bnh thng..
o Link-state acknowledgmentBo nhn cho mt link-state update packets.
Packet lengthM t chiu di ca gi tin, tnh lun c phn tiu , bng n v
bytes.
Router IDNhn dng ca router gi gi tin.
Area IDNhn dng ca khu vc m gi tin thuc v.
ChecksumTng kim tra li ca gi tin.
Authentication typeCha kiu chng thc. Tt c cc thng tin trao i trong
OSPF phi c chng thc.
AuthenticationCha cc thng tin chng thc.
DataCha thng tin ca lp pha trn.
5.5.8 Gii thut vch ng BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
5.5.8.1 Gii thiu
BGP l giao thc vch ng lin vng (inter-autonomous system). BGP c s
dng chia s thng tin chn ng trn mng Internet v l giao thc c s dng
vch ng gia nhng nh cung cp dch v Internet. Mng ca cc cng ty, cc trng
i hc thng s dng cc giao thc vch ng bn trong ca khu (IGP-Interior
Gateway Protocol) nh RIP hoc OSPF trao i thng tin chn ng gia cc mng
ca h. Nhng khch hng ni kt n cc ISP v cc ISP s dng BGP trao i ng
i vi h.
Khi BGP c s dng gia cc vng t tr, th giao thc c bit n nh l giao
thc BGP bn ngoi BGP (EBGP - External Border Gateway Protocol). Nu mt nh cung
cp dch v s dng BGP trao i gia cc b chn ng bn trong mt vng t tr th
n c bit n nh l giao thc BGP bn trong (IBGP - Internal External Border
Gateway Protocol).

57

Hnh 5.13 Phn bit gia IBGP v EBGP
BGP l mt giao thc chn ng mnh v c kh nng m rng tt, v th n c
dng cho mng Internet. Bng chn ng ca BGP c th cha n hn 90.000 ng i.
Bn cnh , BGP h tr c ch vch ng lin min khng phn lp CIDR
gim kch thc ca bng chn ng cho mng Internet. V d, gi s rng mt ISP s
hu khi a ch IP 195.10.x.x t khng gian a ch lp C ca chun phn lp hon ton.
Khi a ch ny bao gm 256 a ch lp C t 195.10.0.0 n 195.10.255.0. Gi s rng
ISP gn mi khch hng mt a ch mng. Nu khng c CIDR, ISP phi qung b 256
a ch ny sang cc BGP lng ging. Nu c CIDR, BGP ch cn gi phn chung ca 256
a ch mng ny, 195.10.x.x, sang cc BGP lng ging. Phn chung ny ch tng ng ch
vi mt a ch IP lp B truyn thng iu ny cho php gim c kch thc ca bng
chn ng ca BGP.
Cc lng ging BGP trao i ton b thng tin chn ng khi ni kt TCP gia
chng c thit lp ln u tin. Khi pht hin hnh trng mng b thay i, b chn
ng BGP s gi cho cc lng ging ca n nhng thng tin lin quan n ch nhng
ng i va b thay i. Cc b chn ng BGP khng gi nh k thng tin cp nht
ng i v nhng thng tin cp nht ng i ch cha cc ng i ti u n mt ch
n.
5.5.8.2 Cc thuc tnh ca BGP
Cc ng i c hc bi BGP c gn cc thuc tnh c s dng xc nh
ng i tt nht n mt ch n khi tn ti nhiu ng i n ch n . Gm c
cc thuc tnh nh:
Trng lng (Weight)
Tham kho cc b (Local preference)
Multi-exit discriminator
Origin
AS_path
Next hop
Community
Thuc tnh trng lng (Weight Attribute)
58
Trng lng l mt thuc tnh c nh ngha bi Cisco, n c tnh cht cc b
i vi mt router. Nu mt router bit c nhiu hn mt ng i n mt ch n th
ng c trng lng ln nht s c tham kho n.
Trong s di y, Router A nhn mt thng bo v 172.16.1.0 t cc router B
v C. Khi A nhn c thng bo t B, trng lng ca ng i c t l 50. Khi A
nhn c thng bo t C, trng lng ng i c t l 100. C hai ng i n
mng 172.16.1.0 u c lu trong bng chn ng BGP cng vi trng lng tng
ng. ng i c trng lng ln nht s c ci t vo bng chn ng ca giao thc
IP.

Hnh 5.14 S dng thuc tnh weight trong BGP
Thuc tnh tham kho cc b (Local Preference Attribute)
Thuc tnh tham kho cc b c s dng tham kho n mt li thot (exit) t
h thng t tr cc b. Khng ging nh thuc tnh trng lng, cc thuc tnh tham kho
cc b c lan truyn trn tt c cc router ca h thng t tr cc b. Nu c nhiu li
thot t h thng t tr, thuc tnh tham kho cc b c dng gn li thot cho mt
ng i xc nh.
Nh hnh pha di, AS 100 nhn c 2 thng tin cp nht ng i cho mng
172.16.1.0 t AS 200. Khi Router A nhn thng tin cp nht ng i cho mng
172.16.1.0, thuc tnh tham kho cc b tng ng s c t l 50. Khi Router B nhn
thng tin cp nht ng i cho mng 172.16.1.0, thuc tnh tham kho cc b tng ng
s c t l 100. Cc gi tr tham kho cc b ny s c trao i gia cc router A v
B. Bi v Router B c s tham kho cao hn ca Router A, nn router B s c s dng
nh l li thot ra ngoi AS 100 n c mng 172.16.1.0 trong AS 200.

59
Hnh 5.15 S dng thuc tnh Local Preference trong BGP
B chn la a li thot (Multi-Exit Discriminator Attribute)
B chn la a li thot (MED - Multi-Exit Discriminator) hay cn gi l thuc
tnh thc o (metric attribute) c s dng nh l mt li ngh i cho mt AS bn
ngoi hy tham kho n nhng thc o v cc ng i ang c gi n. Thut ng
ngh c s dng bi v AS bn ngoi ang nhn MED c th s dng cc thuc tnh
khc chn ng i so vi AS gi thng tin cp nht ng i.
V d: Nh hnh 5.16, Router C ang qung b ng i n mng 172.16.1.0 vi
metric l 10, trong khi Router D th ang qung b ng i n mng 172.16.1.0 vi
metric l 5. Gi tr thp hn ca metric s c tham kho n v th AS 100 s chn
router D i n mng 172.16.1.0 trong AS 200. V cc MED s c qung b trong
ton AS 100.

Hnh 5.16 S dng thuc tnh Multi-Exit Discriminator trong BGP
Thuc tnh gc (Origin Attribute)
Thuc tnh gc th hin cch thc m BGP hc mt ng i c bit. Thuc
tnh gc c th c mt trong ba gi tr sau:
IGP: ng i nm bn trong mt AS. Gi tr ny c thit lp bng lnh
cu hnh cho router ca mng a ng i vo trong BGP.
EGP: ng i c hc thng qua giao thc BGP bn ngoi.
Incomplete: Gc ca ng i th khng c bit hoc c hc bng mt
cch thc no khc. Mt gc khng hon chnh xy ra khi mt ng i
c phn phi li cho cc BGP.
Gi tr ng qua h thng t tr (AS_path Attribute)
Khi mt thng tin qung b ng i chuyn qua mt h thng t tr, s ca h
thng t tr c a vo trong danh sch c th t cc AS m thng tin qung b ng
i ny i qua. Hnh di y m t trng hp trong mt ng i th c gi
xuyn qua ba h thng t tr.
60

Hnh 5.17 S dng thuc tnh AS_path trong BGP
AS 1 nh v ng i n mng 172.16.1.0 v qung b ng i ny n AS 2 v
AS 3 vi gi ng i qua h thng t tr l {1}. AS 3 s qung b tr li AS 1 vi gi
ng i qua h thng t tr l {3,1} v AS 2 s qung b tr li AS 1 vi gi qua h thng
t tr l {2,1}. AS 1 s t chi cc ng i ny khi AS pht hin ra s hiu ca n nm
trong thng tin qung b ng i. y chnh l c ch m BGP s dng pht hin cc
vng qun trong ng i.
AS 2 v AS 3 gi ng i n cc AS khc vi s hiu ca chng c a vo
thuc tnh ng i qua h thng t tr. Cc ng i ny s khng c ci vo bng
chn ng ca giao thc IP bi v AS 2 v AS 3 hc mt ng i n mng
172.16.1.0 t AS 1 vi mt danh sch cc h thng t tr l ngn nht.
Thuc tnh bc k tip (Next-Hop Attribute)
Gi tr thuc tnh k tip ca EBGP l mt a ch IP c s dng n c
router ang gi thng tin qung b. i vi cc lng ging EBGP, a ch bc k tip l
a ch IP ca ni kt gia cc lng ging. i vi IBGP, a ch bc k ca EBGP c
a vo mt AS nh minh ha di y:

Hnh 5.18 S dng thuc tnh Next-Hop trong BGP
Router C qung b ng i n mng 172.16.1.0 vi bc k tip l 10.1.1.1. Khi
router A truyn b ng i ny trong AS ca n, thng tin v bc k tip ra bn ngoi
AS hin ti vn c gi li. Nu router B khng c thng tin chn ng lin quan n
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bc k tip ny, ng i s b hy b. Chnh v th, iu quan trng l cn phi c mt
IGP vn hnh bn trong mt AS truyn ti tip thng tin v ng i n bc k tip
Thuc tnh cng ng (Community Attribute)
Thuc tnh cng ng cung cp mt phng tin nhm cc ch n li vi nhau
thnh cc cng ng m da vo cc quyt nh chn ng c p dng. Bn
ng i c s dng i vi thuc tnh cng ng. Cc thuc tnh cng ng c nh
ngha trc gm c:
no-export: Khng qung b ng i ny n cc lng ging EBGP.
no-advertise: Khng qung b ng i ny n bt k lng ging no.
internet: Qung b ng i ny n cng ng Internet .
Hnh di y minh ha cho cng ng no-export. AS 1 qung b mng 172.16.1.0
n AS 2 vi thuc tnh cng ng no-export. AS 2 s truyn ng i ny trong AS 2
nhng s khng gi n n AS 3 hoc bt k mt AS khc.

Hnh 5.19 S dng thuc tnh community trong BGP
Hnh di y minh ha trng hp AS1 qung b mng 172.16.1.0 n AS 2 vi
thuc tnh cng ng l no-advertise. Router B trong AS 2 s khng qung b thng tin
ny n bt k router no khc.

Hnh 5.20 S dng thuc tnh no-advertise trong BGP
62

Hnh di y minh ha cho thuc tnh cng ng Internet. Khi s khng c gii
hn v cc router s nhn c thng tin qung b ny t AS 1.

Hnh 5.21 S dng thuc tnh Internet trong BGP
5.5.8.3 Chn la ng i trong BGP (BGP Path Selection)
Mt router BGP c kh nng nhn nhiu thng tin qung b ng i cho cng mt
ch n t nhiu ngun khc nhau. BGP chn la mt ng i trong s chng nh l
ng i tt nht. Khi mt ng i c chn, BGP t ng i ny vo trong bng
chn ng ca giao thc IP v gi ng i ny n cc lng ging ca n. BGP s dng
cc tiu chun sau, theo th t c lit k, chn ng i n mt ch n no :
Nu bc k tip trong ng i khng th n c, loi b thng tin cp nht
ng i ny.
Tham kho n cc ng i c trng lng ln nht.
Nu c nhiu ng i c trng lng ln nht bng nhau, ng i c thuc tnh
tham kho cc b ln nht s c chn.
Nu cc thuc tnh tham kho cc b li ging nhau, ng i c gc l router BGP
hin ti c chn la.
Nu khng c ng i vi gc xut pht l router hin ti, tham kho n ng i
i qua cc AS ngn nht.
Nu tt c cc ng i c cng s AS, tham kho n ng i vi kiu xut pht
nh nht (Vi IGP th thp hn EGP, v EGP th thp hn khng hon chnh).
Nu m ca gc ging nhau, tham kho n ng i c thuc tnh MED thp
nht..
Nu cng MED, tham kho n cc ng i ra bn ngoi hn l ng i bn
trong.
Nu vn cng ng i th tham kho n cc ng i xuyn qua mt IGP lng
ging gn nht.
Tham kho n ng i c a ch IP thp nht nh c c t bi s hiu ca
cc router BGP.
63
Chng 6
Mng cc b o (Virtual LAN)
Mc ch
Chng ny nhm gii thiu cho ngi c nhng vn sau:
Vai tr ca VLAN
Vai tr ca Swicth trong VLAN
Li ch ca VLAN
Cc m hnh ci t VLAN: da trn cng, tnh, ng

64
6.1 Gii thiu
Mt mng LAN o (VLAN) c nh ngha nh l mt vng qung b (broadcast
domain) trong mt mng s dng switch. Vng qung b l mt tp hp cc thit b trn
mng m n s nhn cc khung qung b c gi i t mt thit b trong tp hp . Cc
vng qung b thng c gii hn nh vo cc router, bi v cc router khng chuyn
tip cc khung qung b.
Mt s switch c h tr thm tnh nng VLAN nh c th nh ngha mt hay
nhiu VLAN trong mng. Khi mt switch h tr nhiu VLAN, khung qung b trong mt
VLAN s khng xut hin trn cc VLAN khc.
Vic nh ngha cc VLAN cho php nh qun tr mng xy dng cc vng qung
b vi t ngi dng trong mt vng qung b hn. Nh tng c bng thng cho
ngi dng.
Cc router cng duy tr s tch bit ca cc vng ng bng cch kha cc
khung qung b. V th, giao thng gia cc VLAN ch c thc hin thng qua mt b
chn ng m thi.
Thng thng, mi mng con (subnet) thuc v mt VLAN khc nhau. V th, mt
mng vi nhiu mng con s c th c nhiu VLAN. Switch v VLAN cho php nh qun
tr mng gn nhng ngi dng vo cc vng qung b da trn yu cu cng vic ca h.
iu ny cho php trin khai cc mng vi mc mm do cao trong vn qun tr.
S dng VLAN c cc li ch sau:
Phn tch cc vng qung b to ra nhiu bng thng hn cho ngi s
dng
Tng cng tnh bo mt bng cch c lp ngi s dng da vo k thut
ca cu ni.
Trin khai mng mt cch mm do da trn chc nng cng vic ca ngi
dng hn l da vo v tr vt l ca h. VLAN c th gii quyt nhng vn
lin quan n vic di chuyn, thm v thay i v tr cc my tnh trn
mng.
6.2 Vai tr ca Switch trong VLAN
Switch l mt trong nhng thnh phn ct li thc hin vic truyn thng trong
VLAN. Chng l im ni kt cc trm u cui vo gin hon chuyn ca switch v cho
cc cuc giao tip din ra trn ton mng. Switch cung cp mt c ch thng minh
nhm nhng ngi dng, cc cng hoc cc a ch lun l vo cc cng ng thch hp.
Switch cung cp mt c ch thng minh thc hin cc quyt nh lc v chuyn tip
cc khung da trn cc thc o ca VLAN c nh ngha bi nh qun tr.
Tip cn thng thng nht phn nhm ngi s dng mng mt cch lun l
vo cc VLAN ring bit l lc khung (filtering frame) v nhn dng khung (frame
Identification).
C hai k thut trn u xem xt khung khi n c nhn hay c chuyn tip bi
switch. Da vo mt tp hp cc lut c nh ngha bi nh qun tr mng, cc k thut
ny xc nh ni khung phi c gi i (lc hay l qung b). Cc c ch iu khin ny
65
c qun tr tp trung (bng mt phn mm qun tr mng) v d dng trin khai trn
mng.
6.2.1 C ch lc khung (Frame Filtering)
Lc khung l mt k thut m n kho st cc thng tin c bit trn mi khung.
tng ca vic lc khung cng tng t nh cch thng thng m cc router s dng.
Mt bng lc c thit lp cho mi switch cung cp mt c ch iu khin qun tr
mc cao. N c th kho st nhiu thuc tnh trong mi khung. Ty thuc vo mc
phc tp ca switch, bn c th nhm ngi s dng da vo a ch MAC ca cc trm,
kiu ca giao thc tng mng hay kiu ng dng. Cc mc t trong bng lc s c so
snh vi cc khung cn lc bi switch v nh switch s c cc hnh ng thch hp.

Hnh 6.1 VLAN s dng c ch lc khung
6.2.2 C ch nhn dng khung (Frame Identification)
C ch nhn dng khung gn mt s nhn dng duy nht c nh ngha bi ngi
dng cho tng khung. K thut ny c chn bi IEEE v n cho kh nng m rng tt
hn so vi k thut lc khung.
C ch nhn dng khung trong VLAN l mt tip cn m c pht trin c
bit cho cc cuc giao tip da vo switch. Tip cn ny t mt b nhn dng (Identifier)
duy nht trong tiu ca khung khi n c chuyn tip qua trc xng sng ca mng.
B nhn dng ny c hiu v c phn tch bi switch trc bt k mt thao thc
qung b hay truyn n cc switch, router hay cc thit b u cui khc. Khi khung ra
khi ng trc ca mng, switch g b nhn dng trc khi khung c truyn n my
tnh nhn.
K thut nhn dng khung c thc hin tng 2 trong m hnh OSI. N i hi
mt t x l v cc n lc qun tr.
6.3 Thm mi, xa, thay i v tr ngi s dng mng
Cc c quan x nghip thng hay sp xp li t chc ca mnh. Tnh trung bnh, c
t 20% n 40% cc tc v phi di di hng nm. Vic di di, thm v thay i l mt
trong nhng vn au u nht ca cc nh qun tr mng v tn nhiu chi ph cho cng
tc qun tr nht. Nhiu s di di i hi phi i li h thng dy cp v hu ht cc di di
u cn phi nh a ch mi cho cc my trm v cu hnh li cc Hub v cc router.
VLAN cung cp mt c ch hiu qu iu khin nhng thay i ny, gim thiu
cc chi ph lin quan n vic cu hnh li Hub v cc router. Cc ngi dng trong cc
66
VLAN c th chia s cng mt mng vi cng mt a ch mng / mng con m khng
quan tm n v tr vt l ca h.
Khi ngi s dng trong mt VLAN di di t v tr ny n v tr khc, do h vn
trong VLAN trc nn a ch mng ca my tnh h khng cn phi thay i. Nhng
thay i v v tr c th thc hin mt cch d dng bng cch gn my tnh vo mt cng
mi ca switch c h tr VLAN v cu hnh cho cng ny thuc VLAN m trc my
tnh ny thuc v.

Hnh 6.2 nh ngha VLAN
6.4 Hn ch truyn qung b.
Giao thng hnh thnh t cc cuc truyn qung b xy ra trn tt c cc mng. Tn
sut truyn qung b ty thuc vo tng loi ng dng, tng loi dch v, s lng cc
nhnh mng lun l v cch thc m cc ti nguyn mng ny c s dng. Mc d cc
ng dng c tinh chnh trong nhng nm gn y gim bt s ln truyn qung b
m n to ra, nhiu ng dng a phng tin mi c pht trin m n to ra nhiu
cuc truyn qung b hoc truyn theo nhm.
Khi thit k mng cn ch n phng php hn ch li vn qung b. Mt
trong nhng phng php hiu qu nht l thc hin vic phn on mng mt cch hp l
vi s bo v ca cc bc tng la (firewall) trnh nhng vn nh s hng hc trn
mt nhnh mng s nh hng n phn cn li ca mng. V th trong khi mt nhnh
mng b bo ha do cc thng tin qung b to ra th phn cn li s c bo v khng b
nh hng nh vo bc tng la, thng thng c ci t trong cc router.

Hnh 6.3 VLAN ngn nga thng tin qung b
Phn nhnh mng bng tng la cung cp mt c ch tin cy v gim ti thiu s
bo ha to ra bi cc thng tin qung b nh cung cp nhiu hn bng thng cho cc
ng dng.
67
Khi cc nh thit k chuyn cc mng ca h sang kin trc s dng switch, cc
mng tr nn mt i cc bc tng la v s bo v m cc router cung cp. Khi khng c
router c t gia cc switch, cc thng tin qung b (c thc hin tng 2) c gi
i n tt c cc cng ca switch. Trng hp ny c gi l mng phng (flat) tn
ti mt vng qung b cho ton mng.
VLAN l mt c ch hiu qu m rng tnh nng ca cc bc tng la trong
cc router vo trong cc gin hon chuyn ca switch v cung cp mt c ch bo v mng
trc cc thng tin truyn qung b. Cc bc tng la ny c thit lp bng cch gn
cc cng ca switch hoc ngi s dng mng vo cc VLAN m n c th thuc mt
switch hay nm trn nhiu switch khc nhau. Cc thng tin qung b trn mt VLAN
khng c truyn ra ngoi VLAN. Nh cc cng khc khng phi nhn cc thng tin
qung b t cc VLAN khc. Kiu cu hnh ny cn bn gim c s qu ti do cc
thng tin qung b to ra trn mng, dnh bng thng cho cc giao thng cn thit cho
ngi s dng v trnh c s tc nghn trn mng do cc cn bo qung b to ra.
Bn c th d dng iu khin kch thc ca vng qung b bng cch iu chnh
li kch thc tng th ca cc VLAN, hn ch s lng cng ca switch trn mt VLAN
v hn ch s lng ngi s dng trn mt cng. Mt VLAN c kch thc cng nh th
cng c t ngi b nh hng bi cc thng tin qung b to ra trong VLAN .
6.5 Tht cht vn an ninh mng
Vic s dng mng LAN gia tng vi t l cao trong nhng nm va qua. iu ny
dn n c nhiu thng tin quan trng c lu hnh trn chng. Cc thng tin ny cn
phi c bo v trc nhng truy cp khng c php. Mt trong nhng vn i vi
mng LAN chia s ng truyn chung l chng d dng b thm nhp. Bng cch gn vo
mt cng, mt my tnh ca ngi dng thm nhp c th truy cp c tt c cc thng
tin c truyn trn nhnh mng. Nhnh mng cng ln th mc b truy cp thng tin
cng cao, tr khi chng ta thit lp cc c ch an ton trn Hub.

Hnh 6.4 VLAN tng cng an ninh mng
Mt trong nhng k thut t tn km v d dng qun l nht tng cng tnh
bo mt l phn nhnh mng thnh nhiu vng qung b, cho php nh qun tr mng
hn ch s lng ngi s dng trong tng nhm VLAN v ngn cm nhng ngi khc
thm nhp vo m khng c s cp php t ng dng qun tr cc VLAN. VLAN v th
cng cung cp cc bc tng la bo mt, hn ch nhng truy cp c tnh c nhn ca
68
ngi dng v ghi nhn c nhng s thm nhp khng mong mun cho nh qun tr
mng.
Ci t c ch phn on mng l xu hng hin nay. Cc cng ca switch c
nhm li da vo kiu ca ng dng v quyn truy cp thng tin. Cc ng dng v cc ti
nguyn c bo v thng c t trong mt VLAN an ton. Cc tnh nng an ton cao
hn c th c a vo bng cch s dng danh sch iu khin truy cp (Access Control
List) hn ch vic truy cp vo nhm mng ny da vo vic cu hnh trn cc switch
v router. Cc hn ch ny c th c thc hin da trn a ch ca cc my trm, kiu
ng dng hay kiu ca giao thc.
6.6 Vt qua cc ro cn vt l
VLAN cung cp mt c ch mm do trong vic t chc li cng nh thc hin
vic phn on mng. VLAN cho php bn nhm cc cng ca switch v ngi s dng
vo nhng cng ng c cng mt mi quan tm.
Vic nhm cc cng v ngi dng vo nhng cng ng cng mt mi quan tm,
c bit n nh vic t chc cc VLAN, c th c thit lp vi mt switch hoc trn
nhiu switch c ni li vi nhau trong mt c quan x nghip. Bng vic nhm cc cng
v ngi s dng thuc cc switch khc nhau, mt VLAN c th tri rng trn mt ta nh
hay nhiu ta nh.
Thm vo , vai tr ca router m ra bn cnh vai tr truyn thng ca mt bc
tng la (firewall) v xa cc thng tin qung b da trn chnh sch, qun l qung b
v thc hin chn ng v phn phi. Cc router duy tr hot ng cho cc kin trc
switch c cu hnh VLAN bi v chng cung cp c ch giao tip gia cc nhm mng
c nh ngha. Giao tip tng 3 c ci vo trong switch hoc cung cp bn ngoi l
mt b phn tch hp trong ca bt k mt kin trc switch hiu sut cao no.
6.7 Cc m hnh ci t VLAN
6.7.1 M hnh ci t VLAN da trn cng
Trong s ny, cc nt ni cng mt cng ca switch thuc v cng mt VLAN.
M hnh ny tng cng ti a hiu sut ca chuyn ti thng tin bi v:
Ngi s dng c gn da trn cng
VLANs c qun l mt cch d dng
Tng cng ti a tnh an ton ca VLAN
Cc gi tin khng r r sang cc vng khc
VLANs v cc thnh phn c iu khin mt cch d dng trn ton mng.
69

Hnh 6.5 Ci t VLAN da trn cng
6.7.2 M hnh ci t VLAN tnh
VLAN tnh l mt nhm cng trn mt switch m nh qun tr mng gn n vo
mt VLAN. Cc cng ny s thuc v VLAN m n c gn cho n khi nh qun tr
thay i. Mc d cc VLAN tnh i hi nhng thay i bi nh qun tr, chng th an
ton, d cu hnh v d dng theo di. Kiu VLAN ny thng hot ng tt trong
nhng mng m nhng s di di c iu khin v c qun l.

Hnh 6.6 Ci t VLAN tnh
6.7.3 M hnh ci t VLAN ng
VLAN ng l nhm cc cng trn mt switch m chng c th xc nh mt cc
t ng vic gn VLAN cho chng. Hu ht cc nh sn xut switch u s dng phn
mm qun l thng minh.
70
S vn hnh ca cc VLAN ng c da trn a ch vt l MAC, a ch lun l
hay kiu giao thc ca gi tin.
Khi mt trm c ni kt ln u tin vo mt cng ca switch, switch tng ng
s kim tra mc t cha a ch MAC trong c s d liu qun tr VLAN v t ng cu
hnh cng ny vo VLAN tng ng. Li ch ln nht ca tip cn ny l t qun l nht
vi vic ni dy khi mt ngi s dng c ni vo hoc di di v vic cnh bo c
tp trung khi mt my tnh khng c nhn bit c a vo mng. Thng thng, cn
nhiu s qun tr trc thit lp c s d liu bng phn mm qun tr VLAN v duy tr
mt c s d liu chnh xc v tt c cc my tnh trn ton mng.

Hnh 6.7 Ci t VLAN ng
6.8 M hnh thit k VLAN vi mng ng trc
iu quan trng nht i vi bt k mt kin trc VLAN no l kh nng truyn ti
thng tin v VLAN gia cc switch c ni li vi nhau v vi cc router nm trn mng
ng trc. l c ch truyn ti ca VLAN cho php cc cuc giao tip gia cc
VLAN trn ton mng. Cc c ch truyn ti ny xa b ro cn v mt vt l gia nhng
ngi s dng v tng cng tnh mm do cho mt gii php s dngVLAN khi ngi s
dng di di v cung cp cc c ch cho kh nng phi hp gia cc thnh phn ca h
thng ng trc.

Hnh 6.8 - Thit k VLAN xuyn qua Backbone

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ng trc thng thng hot ng nh l mt im tp hp ca nhiu lng
thng tin ln. N c th mang thng tin v nhng ngi dng cui trong VLAN v nhn
dng gia cc switch, cc router v cc server ni trc tip. Vi ng trc, bng thng
ln, cc ng ni kt c kh nng ln thng c chn chuyn ti thng tin xuyn
qua ton cng ty.
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Chng 7
Danh sch iu khin truy cp
(Access Control List)
Mc ch
Danh sch truy cp l g
Nguyn tc hot ng ca danh sch truy cp
Danh sch truy cp trong chun mng TCP/IP

73
7.1 Gii thiu
Cc mng c s dng chn ng u tin ni mt tp nh cc mng LAN v
cc my tnh li vi nhau. K tip nh qun tr mng m rng cc ni kt ca router sang
cc mng bn ngoi. S gia tng ca vic s dng Internet mang n nhiu thch thc
i vi vic iu khin truy cp. Cc cng ngh mi hn nh mng ng trc bng cp
quang cho n cc dch v bng thng rng v nhng b hon chuyn tc cao lm
gia tng nhiu hn cc thch thc trong iu khin truy cp mng.
Cc nh qun tr ang i mt vi cc vn c tnh tin thoi lng nan nh: Lm
sao t chi cc ni kt khng mong mun trong khi vn cho php cc truy cp hp l ?
Mc d cc cng c nh mt khu, cc thit b phn hi v cc thit b an ton vt l th
hu ch, chng thng thiu s din gii mm do v nhng c ch iu khin m hu ht
cc nh qun tr mng mong mun.

Hnh 7.1 Vn an ninh trong mng din rng
Danh sch truy cp (Access list) hay cn gi Danh sch iu khin truy cp (Access
Control List) cung cp mt cng c mnh cho vic iu khin mng. Nhng danh sch ny
a vo c ch mm do trong vic lc dng cc gi tin m chng i ra, i vo cc giao
din ca cc router. Cc danh sch ny gip m rng vic bo v cc ti nguyn mng m
khng lm nh hng n nhng dng giao tip hp l. Danh sch truy cp phn bit giao
thng ca cc gi tin ra thnh nhiu chng loi m chng c php hay b t chi. Danh
sch truy cp c th c s dng :
Nhn dng cc gi tin cho vic xp th t u tin hay sp xp trong hng i
Hn ch hoc gim ni dung ca thng tin cp nht chn ng.
Danh sch truy cp cng x l cc gi tin cho cc tnh nng an ton khc nh:
Cung cp c ch iu khin truy cp ng i vi cc gi tin IP da vo c
ch nhn dng ngi dng nng cao, s dng tnh nng cha v ng kha.
Nhn dng cc gi tin cho vic m ha
Nhn dng cc truy cp bng dch v Telnet c cho php cu hnh
router.

74
7.2 nh ngha danh sch truy cp
Danh sch truy cp l nhng pht biu dng c t nhng iu kin m mt nh
qun tr mun thit t, nh router s x l cc cuc truyn ti c m t trong
danh sch truy cp theo mt cch thc khng bnh thng. Danh sch truy cp a vo
nhng iu khin cho vic x l cc gi tin c bit theo mt cch thc duy nht. C hai
loi danh sch truy cp chnh l:
Danh sch truy cp chun (standard access list): Danh sch ny s dng cho
vic kim tra a ch gi ca cc gi tin c chn ng. Kt qu cho php
hay t chi gi i cho mt b giao thc da trn a ch mng/mng con hay
a ch my.
o V d: Cc gi tin n t giao din E0 c kim tra v a ch v
giao thc. Nu c php, cc gi tin s c chuyn ra giao din S0
c nhm trong danh sch truy cp. Nu cc gi tin b t chi bi
danh sch truy cp, tt c cc gi tin cng chng loi s b xa i.

Hnh 7.2 ngha ca danh sch truy cp chun
Danh sch truy cp m rng (Extended access list): Danh sch truy cp m
rng kim tra cho c a ch gi v nhn ca gi tin. N cng kim tra cho
cc giao thc c th, s hiu cng v cc tham s khc. iu ny cho php
cc nh qun tr mng mm do hn trong vic m t nhng g mun danh
sch truy cp kim tra. Cc gi tin c php hoc t chi gi i ty thuc
vo gi tin c xut pht t u v i n u.
7.3 Nguyn tc hot ng ca Danh sch truy cp
Danh sch truy cp din t mt tp hp cc qui lut cho php a vo cc iu
khin cc gi tin i vo mt giao din ca router, cc gi tin lu li tm thi router v
cc gi tin gi ra mt giao din ca router. Danh sch truy cp khng c tc dng trn cc
gi tin xut pht t router ang xt.
75

Hnh 7.3 Nguyn tc hot ng ca danh sch truy cp
Khi u ca tin trnh th ging nhau khng phn bit c s dng danh sch truy
cp hay khng: Khi mt gi tin i vo mt giao din, router kim tra xc nh xem c
th chuyn gi tin ny i hay khng. Nu khng c, gi tin s b xa i. Mt mc t
trong bng chn ng th hin cho mt ch n trn mng cng vi chiu di ng i
n ch v giao din ca router hng v ch n ny.
K tip router s kim tra xc nh xem giao din hng n ch n c trong
mt danh sch truy cp khng. Nu khng, gi tin s c gi ra vng m cho ng ra
tng ng, m khng b mt danh sch truy cp no chi phi.
Gi s giao din nhn c t trong mt danh sch truy cp m rng. Nh qun
tr mng s dng cc biu thc lun l, chnh xc thit lp danh sch truy cp ny.
Trc khi mt gi tin c th c a n giao din ra, n phi c kim tra bi mt tp
cc quy tc c nh ngha trong danh sch truy cp c gn cho giao din.
Da vo nhng kim tra trn danh sch truy cp m rng, mt gi tin c th c
php i vi cc danh sch vo (inbound list), c ngha l tip tc x l gi tin sau khi
nhn trn mt giao din hay i vi danh sch ra (outbound list), iu ny c ngha l gi
gi tin n vng m tng ng ca giao din ra. Ngc li, cc kt qu kim tra c th t
chi vic cp php ngha l gi tin s b hy i. Khi hy gi tin, mt vi giao thc tr li
gi tin cho ngi gi. iu ny bo hiu cho ngi gi bit rng khng th i n ch
c.

76

Hnh 7.4- Nguyn tc lc da trn danh sch truy cp
Cc lnh trong danh sch truy cp hot ng mt cch tun t. Chng nh gi cc
gi tin t trn xung. Nu tiu ca mt gi tin v mt lnh trong danh sch truy cp
khp vi nhau, gi tin s b qua cc lnh cn li. Nu mt iu kin c tha mn, gi
tin s c cp php hay b t chi. Ch cho php mt danh sch trn mt giao thc trn
mt giao din.
Trong v d trn, gi s c s trng hp vi bc kim tra u tin v gi tin b t
chi truy cp giao din hng n ch n. Gi tin s b b i v a vo mt thng rc.
Gi tin khng cn i qua bt k bc kim tra no khc.
Ch cc gi tin khng trng vi bt k iu kin no ca bc kim tra u tin mi
c chuyn vo bc kim tra th hai. Gi s rng mt tham s khc ca gi tin trng
khp vi bc kim tra th hai, y l mt lnh cho php, gi tin c php chuyn ra
giao din hng v ch.
Mt gi tin khc khng trng vi bt c iu kin no ca bc kim tra th nht
v kim tra bc th hai, nhng li trng vi iu kin kim tra th ba vi kt qu l c
php.
Ch rng: hon chnh v mt lun l, mt danh sch truy cp phi c cc iu
kin m n to ra kt qu ng cho tt c cc gi tin. Mt lnh ci t cui cng th bao
trm cho tt c cc gi tin m cc bc kim tra trc u khng c kt qu ng. y
l bc kim tra cui cng m n khp vi tt c cc gi tin. N l kt qu t chi. iu
ny s lm cho tt c cc gi tin s b b i.
7.3.1 Tng quan v cc lnh trong Danh sch truy cp
Trong thc t, cc lnh trong danh sch truy cp c th l cc chui vi nhiu k t.
Danh sch truy cp c th phc tp nhp vo hay thng dch. Tuy nhin chng ta c th
n gin ha cc lnh cu hnh danh sch truy cp bng cch a chng v hai loi tng
qut sau:
77
Loi 1: Bao gm cc lnh c bn x l cc vn tng qut, c php c m
t nh sau:
access-list access-list- number {permit|deny} {test conditions}
o access-list: l t kha bt buc
o access-list-number: Lnh tng th ny dng nhn dng danh sch
truy cp, thng thng l mt con s. Con s ny biu th cho loi
ca danh sch truy cp.
o Thut ng cho php (permit) hay t chi (deny) trong cc lnh ca
danh sch truy cp tng qut biu th cch thc m cc gi tin khp
vi iu kin kim tra c x l bi h iu hnh ca router. Cho
php thng thng c ngha l gi tin s c php s dng mt hay
nhiu giao din m bn s m t sau.
o test conditions: Thut ng cui cng ny m t cc iu kin kim tra
c dng bi cc lnh ca danh sch truy cp. Mt bc kim tra c
th n gin nh l vic kim tra mt a ch ngun. Tuy nhin thng
thng cc iu kin kim tra c m rng cha ng mt vi
iu kin kim tra khc. S dng cc lnh trong danh sch truy cp
tng qut vi cng mt s nhn dng chng nhiu iu kin kim
tra vo trong mt chui lun l hoc mt danh sch kim tra.
Loi 2: X l ca danh sch truy cp s dng mt lnh giao din. C php nh sau:
{protocol} access-group access-list-number
Vi:
Protocol: l giao thc p dng danh sch truy cp
Access-group: l t kha
Access-list-number: S hiu nhn dng ca danh sch truy cp c nh
ngha trc
Tt c cc lnh ca danh sch truy cp c nhn dng bi mt con s tng ng
vi mt hoc nhiu giao din. Bt k cc gi tin m chng vt qua c cc iu kin
kim tra trong danh sch truy cp c th c gn php s dng bt k mt giao din trong
nhm giao din c php.
7.4 Danh sch truy cp trong chun mng TCP/IP
7.4.1 Kim tra cc gi tin vi danh sch truy cp
lc cc gi tin TCP/IP, danh sch truy cp trong h iu hnh lin mng ca
Cisco kim tra gi tin v phn tiu ca giao thc tng trn.
Tin trnh ny bao gm cc bc kim tra sau trn gi tin:
o Kim tra a ch ngun bng danh sch truy cp chun. Nhn dng nhng
danh sch truy cp ny bng cc con s c gi tr t 1 n 99
o Kim tra a ch ch v a ch ngun hoc giao thc bng danh sch truy
cp m rng . Nhn dng cc danh sch ny bng cc con s c gi tr t
100 dn 199.
78
o Kim tra s hiu cng ca cc giao thc TCP hoc UDP bng cc iu kin
trong cc danh sch truy cp m rng. Cc danh sch ny cng c nhn
dng bng cc con s c gi tr t 100 n 199.

Hnh 7.5 V d v danh sch truy cp trong gi tin TCP/IP
i vi tt c cc danh sch truy cp ca giao thc TCP/IP ny, sau khi mt gi tin
c kim tra khp mt lnh trong danh sch, n c th b t chi hoc cp php s
dng mt giao din trong nhm cc giao din c truy cp.
Mt s lu khi thit lp danh sch truy cp:
o Nh qun tr mng phi ht sc thn trng khi c t cc iu khin truy cp
v th t cc lnh thc hin cc iu khin truy cp ny. Ch r cc giao
thc c php trong khi cc giao thc TCP/IP cn li th b t chi.
o Ch r cc giao thc IP cn kim tra. Cc giao thc IP cn li th khng cn
kim tra.
o S dng cc k t i din (wildcard) m t lut chn lc a ch IP.
7.4.2 S dng cc bit trong mt n k t i din
Mt n k t i hin (Wildcard mask) l mt chui 32 bits c dng kt
hp vi a ch IP xc nh xem bit no trong a ch IP c b qua khi so snh vi
cc a ch IP khc. Cc mt n k t i din ny c m t khi xy dng cc danh sch
truy cp. ngha ca cc bits trong mt n cc k t i din c m t nh sau:
o Mt bits c gi tr l 0 trong mt n i din c ngha l hy kim tra bit
ca a ch IP c v tr tng ng vi bit ny
o Mt bits c gi tr l 1 trong mt n i din c ngha l ng kim tra bit
ca a ch IP c v tr tng ng vi bit ny
Bng cch thit lp cc mt n k t i din, mt nh qun tr mng c th chn
la mt hoc nhiu a ch IP cc kim tra cp php hoc t chi. Xem v d trong hnh
di y:
79
128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1 V tr cc bit trong byte v gi tr a ch ca n
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Mt n kim tra tt c cc bit a ch
0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mt n khng kim tra 6 bits cui cng ca a ch
0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 Mt n khng kim tra 4 bits cui cng ca a ch
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 Mt n kim tra 2 bits cui cng ca a ch
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Mt n khng kim tra a ch
V d: Cho mt a ch mng lp B 172.16.0.0. Mng ny c chia thnh 256
mng con bng cch s dng 8 bit bytes th 3 ca a ch lm s nhn dng mng
con. Nh qun tr mun nh kim tra cc a ch IP ca cc mng con t 172.16.16.0 n
172.16.31. Cc bc suy lun a ra mt n cc k t i din trong trng hp ny
nh sau:
o u tin mt n k t i din phi kim tra hai bytes u tin ca a ch
(172.16). Nh vy cc bits trong hai bytes u tin ca mt n k t i din
phi bng 0. Ta c 0000 0000.0000 0000.-.-
o Do khng kim tra a ch ca cc my tnh trong mng nn cc bit ca bytes
cui cng s c b qua. V th cc bits ca bytes cui cng trong mt n
k t i din s l 1. Ta c 0000 0000.0000 0000.-.1111 1111
o Trong byte th ba ca a ch ni mng con c nh ngha, mt n k t
i din s kim tra bit v tr c gi tr th 16 ca a ch phi c bt (gi
tr l 1) v cc bits phn cao cn li phi tt (gi tr l 0). V th cc bits
tng ng trong mt n k t i din phi bng 0.
o Bn bits cn li ca bytes th 3 khng cn kim tra n c th to nn cc
gi tr t 16 n 31. V th cc bits tng ng trong mt n k t i din
tng ng s bng 1.
o Nh vy mt n k t i din l y l:
0000 0000.0000 0000.0000 1111.1111 1111 hay 0.0.15.255
n gin, mt s router, chng hn CISCO, s dng mt s t vit tt ch mt
s mt n thng s dng:
o any: dng ch mt n cho php tt c a ch (255.255.255.255) hoc cm
tt c (0.0.0.0.).
o host: c t pha trc mt a ch IP ca mt my tnh ch rng hy
kim tra tt c cc bit ca a ch trn. V d: host 172.16.1.1.
7.4.3 Cu hnh danh sch truy cp chun cho giao thc IP
Phn ny gii thiu mt s lnh c h tr trong cc router ca Cisco.
7.4.3.1 Lnh access list
Lnh ny dng to mt mc t trong danh sch b lc chun. C php nh sau:
access-list access-list-No {permit | deny } source {source-mask}
80
ngha ca cc tham s:
o access-list-No: L s nhn dng ca danh sch truy cp, c gi tr t 1 n 99
o permit | deny: Ty chn cho php hay khng cho php i vi giao thng
ca khi a ch c m t pha sau.
o source: L mt a ch IP
o source-mask: L mt n k t i din p dng ln khi a ch source
7.4.3.2 Lnh ip access-group
Lnh ny dng lin kt mt danh sch truy cp tn ti vo mt giao din. C
php nh sau:
ip access-group access-list-No {in/out}
o access-list-no: s nhn dng ca danh sch truy cp c ni kt vo giao
din
o in/out: xc nh chiu giao thng mun p dng v vo hay ra.
7.4.3.3 Mt s v d
7.4.3.4 To danh sch truy cp chun
7.4.3.4.1 V d 1

Danh sch truy cp trn ch cho php cc giao thng t mng ngun 172.16.0.0
c chuyn tip i qua router. Cc giao thng trn cc mng khc u b kha.

81
7.4.3.4.2 V d 2

Danh sch truy cp ny c thit k kha cc giao thng t a ch IP
172.16.1.13 v cho php cc lung giao thng khc c chuyn tip qua cc giao din
Ethernet (E0 v E1)
7.4.3.4.3 V d 3

Danh sch truy cp ny c thit k kha lung giao thng t mng con
172.16.4.0 v cho php cc lung giao thng khc c chuyn tip.
7.4.4 Cu hnh danh sch truy cp m rng
c th iu khin vic lc cc lung giao thng c chnh xc hn ta s dng
cc danh sch iu khin truy cp m rng ca giao thc IP. Cc lnh trong danh sch truy
cp cho php kim tra a ch ngun v a ch nhn. Ngoi ra danh sch truy cp m rng
cn cho php c t cc cng ca cc giao thc TCP v UDP. Cc danh sch truy cp m
82
rng thng s dng cc s nhn dng t 100 n 199. Phn k tip s m t cc lnh ca
danh sch truy cp m rng thng c h tr trong bi cc router .
7.4.4.1 Lnh access-list
Lnh ny c s dng to mt mc t din gii mt iu kin lc phc tp.
C php nh sau:
access-list access-list-no {permit|deny} protocol source source-mask
destination destination-mask [operator operand] [established]
o access-list-no: S nhn dng ca danh sch, c gi tr t 100 n 199
o permit|deny: ch nh danh sch ny dng cp php hay t chi khi a
ch theo sau.
o protocol: c th l mt trong cc gi tr sau IP, TCP, UDP, ICMP, GRE, IGRP.
o source v destination: Xc nh a ch IP gi v nhn
o source-mask v destination-mask: l mt n k t i din cho a ch ngun
v a ch ch.
o operator v operand: l mt trong cc php ton sau lt, gt, eq, neq (nh hn,
ln hn, bng, khng bng), v mt s hiu cng.
o established: Cho php giao thc TCP duy tr ni kt
7.4.4.2 Lnh ip access-group
Ni kt mt danh sch iu khin ni kt m rng vi mt giao din mng ng ra.
Ch cho php mt danh sch iu khin truy cp trn mt cng ca mt giao thc. C php
nh sau:
ip access-group access-list-no {in|out}
o access-list-no: l s nhn dng ca danh sch iu khin truy cp m rng
o in|out: xc nh danh sch iu khin truy cp ny o dng cho giao din
vo hay ra.
7.4.4.3 Mt s v d v danh sch iu khin truy cp m rng
V d 1:
83

Danh sch iu khin truy cp ny c thit k cho php lung giao thng t
mng con 172.16.4.0 c chuyn n bt k mt mng hoc mng con khc thng qua
giao din E0.
V d 2:

Danh sch iu khin truy cp ny c thit k chi cho php th in t t
mng con 172.16.4.0 c gi qua giao din E0. Cc lung giao thng t cc mng khc
u b t chi.
7.4.4.4 Nguyn tc s dng danh sch iu khin truy cp
Nh vy ta c hai loi danh sch iu khin truy cp l danh sch iu khin truy
cp chun v danh sch iu khin truy cp m rng. Danh sch iu khin truy cp chun
ch cc gi tin da vo a ch a ch ngun. Chnh v th trong mt mng c nhiu router,
n cn c thit lp router nm gn th gii bn ngoi nht. Ngc li, danh sch iu
khin truy cp m rng cho php lc da trn ch n ca cc gi tin, v th chng
thng c t cc router gn cc my ngun nht ngn chn sm cc gi tin n
cc ch n khng c php.
84
Chng 8
Vn qun tr mng
Mc ch
Cc vn ca qun tr mng: Qun l hiu sut, cu hnh, ti khon, qun
l li, an ninh
M hnh ca mt h thng qun tr mng
Giao thc qun tr mng
Giao thc qun tr mng SNMP

85
8.1 Gii thiu
Qun tr mng thng c hiu theo nhiu ngha khc nhau. Mt s ngi cho
rng l vic theo di cc hot ng trn mng, thm ngi dng mi vo h thng, xa
ngi dng khng cn tn ti trong c quan hay thc hin vic phn quyn s dng cc ti
nguyn trn mng nh my in, th mc, truy cp Internet cho nhng ngi dng trn
mng. Mt s ngi khc li cho rng l cng vic nng nhc hn, phi thc hin vic
thm vo cc thit b mng mi, ci t thm dch v mi vo h thng, lm cho tt c cc
my trong mng u vn hnh tt, theo di lu thng trn mng bng cc chng trnh m
phng, ... Theo ISO, v mt quan nim qun tr mng c th c phn chia thnh nm
lnh vc sau:
o Qun l hiu sut mng (Performance management)
o Qun l cu hnh (Configuration management)
o Qun l ti khon (Accounting manangement)
o Qun l li (Fault management)
o Qun l an ninh mng (Security management)
8.1.1 Qun l hiu sut mng (Performance management)
Mc ch ca vic qun l hiu sut l o t v m bo s hin din ca cc tiu
ch v hiu sut mng nh hiu sut ca lin mng c duy tr mc c th chp nhn
c. Cc tham s o hiu sut mng c th l thng lng tng ca mng (network
throughput), thi gian p ng ngi dng, ...
Qun l hiu sut mng gm 3 bc. u tin l cc d liu lin quan n hiu sut
c thu thp da trn cc tham s quan tm ca nh qun tr mng. K tip, d liu s
c phn tch xc nh c cc mc bnh thng (baseline). Cui cng, xc nh
cc gi tr ngng cho mi tham s quan trng nh mi khi cc gi tr ny vt qu gi
tr ngng th xem nh mng ang c vn cn lu . Thng thng cc phn mm
dng qun l mng cho php thit lp cc c ch cnh bo t ng khi n pht hin c
s vt qu ngng cho php ca mt s tham s.
Mi bc trong cc bc c m t trn l mt phn ca tin trnh thit lp h
thng t phn ng. Khi hiu sut tr nn khng th chp nhn c v c s vt qu cc
ngng c thit t, h thng t phn ng bng cch gi mt thng ip cnh bo.
8.1.2 Qun l cu hnh mng
Mc ch ca vic qun l cu hnh mng l theo di mng v cc thng tin cu
hnh h thng mng nh s nh hng tc ng do s khc nhau v cc phin bn ca
phn cng, phn mm c th c theo di v qun l.
Mi mt thit b mng c mt vi thng tin v phin bn gn lin vi n. Cc h
thng qun l cu hnh con lu cc thng tin ny vo cc c s d liu d dng truy
cp. Khi c mt s c xy ra, cc thng tin ny s c s dng tm ra nguyn nhn ca
s vic.

86

8.1.3 Qun l ti khon (Account management)
Mc ch ca vic qun l ti khon l o cc thng s v mc s dng mng
nh s s dng mng ca cc c nhn hay nhng nhm ngi dng c qui nh mt
cch ph hp.
Nhng qui nh ny hn ch ti thiu cc vn v mng v ti a s hp l v
vic truy cp mng ca tt c ngi dng.
8.1.4 Qun l li (Fault Management)
Mc ch ca vic qun l li l d tm, ghi nhn v cnh bo cho ngi dng v
t ng sa cha nhng vn v mng gi cho mng vn hnh mt cch hiu qu. Bi v
cc li c th lm cho ngng tr hot ng ca mng, vic qun l li c ci t trong
phn ln cc thit b mng c chun ha bi ISO.
Vic qun l li c bt u vi vic xc nh cc triu chng v c lp vn
pht sinh. K , vn c khc phc v mt gii php c kim tra trn tt c cc h
thng con. Cui cng vic pht hin c li cng nh cc gii php khc phc th c
ghi nhn li.
8.1.5 Qun l an ninh (Security management)
Mc ch ca vic qun an ninh mng l iu khin cc truy cp vo cc ti
nguyn trn mng da theo mt nguyn tc ch o ni b nh mng khng b ph hoi
(t bn trong hoc t bn ngoi) v cc thng tin nhy cm khng b truy cp bi nhng
ngi khng c php.V d nh cc h thng qun l an ninh con c th theo di nhng
ngi dng ng nhp vo mng v c th t chi cc truy cp ca nhng ngi m m
nhp vo ca h th khng hp l.
Cc h thng qun tr an ninh cp di hot ng bng cch chia ti nguyn mng
thnh nhng vng c php v khng c php. i vi mt s ngi dng, truy cp
vo bt c ti nguyn mng no u l khng hp l, hu ht bi v nhng ngi dng ny
thng thng l bn ngoi cng ty. i vi mt s ngi dng mng khc, truy cp vo
mt s thng tin c to ra t mt s b phn c xem l khng hp l. Chng hn truy
cp vo cc tp tin ca phng qun l nhn s l khng hp l i vi nhng ngi dng
khng thuc phng qun l nhn s.
Cc h thng qun l an ninh con thc hin mt s cc chc nng. Chng nhn
dng cc ti nguyn nhy cm nh h thng, cc tp tin, cc thc th khc v xc nh mi
tng quan gia cc ti nguyn mng nhy cm v tp hp cc ngi dng. Chng cng
theo di cc im truy cp n cc ti nguyn nhy cm trong mng v vic ng nhp
khng hp l vo cc ti nguyn nhy cm ca mng.
8.2 H thng qun tr mng
gip nh qun tr mng c th theo di c tt c cc lnh vc lin quan n
cng tc qun tr mng, cc thit b phn cng v phn mm mng cn c thit k v ci
t theo hng h tr cng tc qun tr mng cho nh qun tr. Sau , ngi ta thit k
cc phn mm chuyn dng cho cng tc qun tr mng. S phi hp gia phn cng v
phn mm qun tr mng ny hnh thnh nn mt h thng qun tr mng.
87
Hin nay c nhiu h thng qun tr mng khc nhau, tuy nhin hu ht chng u
c kin trc chung ging nh hnh di y:

Hnh 8.1 Kin trc ca mt h thng qun tr mng
Trong kin trc ny, cc trm lm vic u cui (End station) nh l my tnh, my
in mng, cc thit b ni mng nh Hub, switch, router, ... cn thit phi theo di trng thi
hay iu khin. Chng c gi l cc thit b c qun tr (Managed Device).
My tnh m trn ta ci phn mm cho php nh qun tr mng thc hin cc
thao tc qun tr mng c gi l Trm qun tr mng (NMS-Network Management
Station), i khi cn gi l H thng qun tr mng (Network Management System). Phn
mm ci t trn trm qun tr ny c gi l Thc th qun tr mng (Management
Entity).
Mi thit b c qun tr c chy mt chng trnh cho php chng gi thng
bo v thc th qun tr mng cc s kin bt thng xy ra trn chng (v d nh mt gi
tr ngng no b vt qua) cng nh nhn v thi hnh cc mnh lnh do thc th qun
tr mng gi n. Phn mm chy bn trong cc thit b c qun tr ny c gi l cc
Tc nhn (agent).
Nhim v ca cc agent l thng xuyn theo di trng thi ca thit b m n ang
chy trn . Agent s thng xuyn ghi nhn li cc gi tr ca cc thng s phn nh
tnh trng ca thit b m nh qun tr quan tm vo mt c s d liu nm bn trong thit
b. C s d liu ny c gi l C s thng qun tr (MIB-Management Information
Base).
Mi khi nh qun tr mng mun bit thng tin v trng thi ca mt thit b no
, nh qun tr mng s gi thc hin mt chc nng tng ng trn phn mn qun tr
mng. Khi , thc th qun tr mng s gi mt lnh n tc nhn trn thit b tng ng.
Tc nhn s d trong c s thng tin qun tr thng tin m nh qun tr mong mun gi
ngc v cho thc th qun tr mng. Phn mm qun tr mng s hin th ln mn hnh,
thng di dng ha, cho nh qun tr xem.
Vic giao tip gia thc th qun tr mng v tc nhn qun tr mng i hi phi
tun th mt giao thc no . Giao thc ny c gi l giao thc qun tr mng
(Network Managment Protocol). Mt phn mm qun tr mng ch qun l c cc thit
b khi chng s dng cng giao thc qun tr mng vi phn mm qun tr mng. mt
88
phn mm qun tr mng c th qun tr c cc thit b ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau,
cn thit phi chun ha giao thc qun tr mng. Hin ti c mt s giao thc s dng
ph bin nh:
o Giao thc qun tr mng n gin (SNMP Simple Network Management
Protocol)
o Giao thc theo di mng t xa (RMON Remote Monitoring)
8.3 Giao thc qun tr mng n gin (SNMP Simple
Network Management Protocol)
8.3.1 Gii thiu
SNMP l giao thc hot ng trn tng ng dng c nh ngha cho php s
trao i thng tin qun tr gia cc thit b din ra mt cch thun tin. SNMP c xem
nh l mt phn ca b giao thc TCP/IP. N cho php cc nh qun tr mng qun l
hiu sut mng, tm v gii quyt cc s c trn mng cng nh lp k hoch cho s m
rng mng.
SNMP c hai phin bn SNMP v.1 (RFC1157) v SNMP v.2 (RFC1902). C hai
u c mt s c im chung. Tuy nhin SNMP v.2 cung cp nhiu tnh nng ni bt
hn, cng nh thm vo nhiu tc v trn giao thc. Phin bn th ba hin vn cha c
chun ha.
Theo SNMP mt h thng qun tr mng gm cc thnh phn c bn nh:Thit b
c qun tr (Managed device), tc nhn v H thng qun tr mng (Network
Management System)

Hnh 8.2 Kin trc ca h thng qun tr mng theo SNMP
8.3.2 Cc lnh c bn trong giao thc SNMP
Cc thit b c theo di v b iu khin bng cch dng bn lnh c bn c h
tr bi giao thc SNMP l read, write, trap v cc tc v ngc.
89
o Lnh read c s dng bi mt NMS theo di cc thit b c qun tr.
NMS kho st cc tham s khc nhau c lu tr bi thit b c qun tr.
o Lnh write c s dng bi mt NMS iu khin cc thit b c qun
tr. NMS thay i gi tr ca cc tham s c lu trn thit b c qun tr.
o Lnh trap c s dng bi cc thit b c qun tr bo hiu v NMS
nhng s kin bt thng m n pht hin c.
o Traversal operation c s dng bi NMS xc nh cc tham s no
c h tr bi mt thit c qun tr v t tp hp cc thng tin trong
cc bng.
8.3.3 C s thng tin qun tr ca SNMP
MIB l mt tp hp thng tin c t chc theo dng phn cp. MIB c truy cp
bng cch s dng cc giao thc qun tr mng nh SNMP chng hn. MIB cha thng tin
v cc i tng c qun l di dng cc i tng, v mi i tng c nhn dng
bng mt s nhn dng.
Mt i tng c qun l trong MIB (i khi cn gi l mt i tng MIB) l
mt trong nhng thuc tnh c trng ca mt thit b c qun tr. Cc i tng c
qun l bao gm mt hoc nhiu th hin ca i tng, thng thng chng l cc bin.
C hai loi i tng c qun l l i tng v hng (scalar) v i tng
dng ng (tubular). i tng v hng nh ngha ch mt th hin ca i tng. i
tng hnh ng nh ngha nhiu th hin ca cc i tng c lin quan nhau v chng
c nhm li thnh cc bng trong MIB.
V d v mt i tng c qun l l lng gi tin i vo ca mt giao din trn
mt router. y l i tng v hng v n c gi tr ch l mt con s nguyn.
S nhn dng ca mt i tng nhn dng duy nht mt i tng c qun l
trong cu trc th bc ca MIB. Cu trc c th bc ca MIB c th c m t nh l
mt cy m gc ca n khng c nhn v cc cp th c gn cho cc t chc khc nhau.
90

Hnh 8.3 Cy ng k chung
S nhn dng ca cc i tng cp u tin thuc v cc t chc chun ha khc
nhau. Trong khi cp thp hn th c gn bi cc t chc tng ng mc trn. Cc nh
sn xut c th nh ngha cc nhnh ring nh ngha cho cc i tng c qun l
trn cc sn phm ring ca h. MIB vn cha c chun ha cho nn n c t trong
nhnh th nghim (experimental).
V d: i tng c qun l atInput nh v ti ng dn c m t theo dng
tn l: iso.IDentified-
organization.dod.internet.private.enterprise.cisco.temporaryvariables.AppleTalk.atInput
hoc theo dng s l chui s 1.3.6.1.4.1.9.3.3.1 .
91
Chng 9
Thit k mng cc b LAN
Mc ch
Tin trnh thit k mng LAN
Lp s thit k mng LAN
S mng tng vt l
Ni kt tng 2 bng switch
Thit k mng tng 3
Xc nh v tr t Server
Cch lm ti liu, h s mng

92
9.1 Gii thiu tin trnh thit k mng LAN
Mt trong nhng bc quan trng nht m bo mt h thng mng nhanh v n
nh chnh l khu thit k mng. Nu mt mng khng c thit k k lng, nhiu vn
khng lng trc s pht sinh v khi m rng mng c th b mt n nh. Thit k
mng bao gm cc tin trnh sau:
o Thu thp thng tin v yu cu v mong mun ca ngi s dng mng.
o Xc nh cc lung d liu hin ti v trong tng c hng n kh nng pht
trin trong tng lai v v tr t cc server.
o Xc nh tt c cc thit b thuc cc lp 1,2 v 3 cn thit cho s mng
LAN v WAN.
o Lm ti liu ci t mng mc vt l v mc lun l.
S c nhiu gii php thit k cho cng mt mng. Vic thit k mng cn hng
n cc mc tiu sau:
o Kh nng vn hnh: Tiu ch u tin l mng phi hot ng. Mng phi p
ng c cc yu cu v cng vic ca ngi s dng, phi cung cp kh nng
kt ni gia nhng ngi dng vi nhau, gia ngi dng vi ng dng vi mt
tc v tin cy chp nhn c.
o Kh nng m rng: Mng phi c m rng. Thit k ban u phi c m
rng m khng gy ra mt s thay i ln no trong thit k tng th.
o Kh nng tng thch: Mng phi c thit k vi mt cp mt lun hng v
cc cng ngh mi v phi m bo rng khng ngn cn vic a vo cc cng
ngh mi trong tng lai.
o C th qun l c: Mng phi c thit k sao cho d dng trong vic theo
di v qun tr m bo s vn hnh sun s ca cc tnh nng.
Chng ny ch yu tp trung vo tin trnh thit k mng v vn lm ti liu.
9.2 Lp s thit k mng
Sau khi cc yu cu cho mt mng tng th c thu thp, bc k tip l xy
dng s mng (topology) hay m hnh mng cn c thit lp. Vic thit k s
mng c chia ra thnh 3 bc:
o Thit k s mng tng vt l
o Thit k s mng tng lin kt d liu
o Thit k s mng tng mng.
9.2.1 Pht trin s mng tng vt l
S i dy l mt trong nhng vn cn phi c xem xt khi thit k mt
mng. Cc vn thit k mc ny lin quan n vic chn la loi cp c s dng,
s i dy cp phi tha mn cc rng buc v bng thng v khong cch a l ca
mng.
93
S mng hnh sao s dng cp xon i CAT 5 thng c dng hin nay. i
vi cc mng nh, ch cn mt im tp trung ni kt cho tt c cc my tnh vi iu kin
rng khong cch t my tnh n im tp trung ni kt l khng qu 100 mt.
Thng thng, trong mt ta nh ngi ta chn ra mt phng c bit lp t
cc thit b mng nh Hub, switch, router hay cc bng cm dy (patch panels). Ngi ta
gi phng ny l i Ni phn phi chnh MDF (Main distribution facility).

Hnh 9.1 S dng MDF cho cc mng c ng knh nh hn 200 mt
i vi cc mng nh vi ch mt im tp trung ni kt, MDF s bao gm mt
hay nhiu cc bng cm dy ni kt cho nm ngang (HCC Horizontal Cross Connect
patch panel).

Hnh 9.2 S dng HCC patch panel trong MDF
S lng cp chiu ngang (Hirizontal Cable) v kch thc ca HCC patch panel
(s lng cng) ph thuc vo s my tnh ni kt vo mng.
Khi chiu di t my tnh n im tp trung ni kt ln hn 100 mt, ta phi cn
thm nhiu im tp trung ni kt khc. im tp trung ni kt mc th hai c gi l
Ni phn phi trung gian (IDF Intermediate Distribution Facility). Dy cp ni IDF v
MDF c gi l cp ng (Vertical cabling).
94

Hnh 9.3 S dng thm cc IDF cho cc mng c ng knh ln hn 200 mt
c th ni cc IDF v mt MDF cn s dng thm cc patch panel ni kt cho
chiu ng (VCC Vertical Cross Connect Patch Panel). Dy cp ni gia hai VCC patch
panel c gi l cp chiu ng (Vertical Cabling). Chng c th l cp xon i nu
khong cch gia MDF v IDF khng ln hn 100 mt. Ngc li phi dng cp quang
khi khon cch ny ln hn 100 mt. Tc ca cp chiu ng thng l 100 Mbps hoc
1000 Mbps.

Hnh 9.4 S dng VCC patch panel ni IDF vi MDF
Sn phm ca giai on ny l mt b ti liu c t cc thng tin sau:
o V tr chnh xc ca cc im tp trung ni kt MDF v IDFs.
o Kiu v s lng cp c s dng ni cc IDF v MDF
95

Hnh 9.5 Ti liu v v tr ca MDF v cc IDF
o Cc u dy cp phi c nh s v ghi nhn s ni kt gia cc cng trn
HCC v VCC patch panel. V d di y ghi nhn v thng tin cc si cp
c s dng ti IDF s 1

Hnh 9.6 Ti liu v dy ni ti mt IDF
9.2.2 Ni kt tng 2 bng switch
S ng v kch thc vng ng l hai yu t nh hng n hiu nng ca
mng. Bng cch s dng cc switch chng ta c th phn nh cc nhnh mng nh c
th gim bt c tun sut ng gia cc my tnh v gim c kch thc ca vng
ng trong mng.
96

Hnh 9.7 S dng Switch m rng bng thng mng
Mt u th na i vi cc switch bt i xng l n c h tr mt s cng c
thng lng ln dnh cho cc server hoc cc cp chiu dng ni ln cc switch / router
mc cao hn.

Hnh 9.8 S dng cng tc cao trong switch
xc nh kch thc ca vng ng bn cn phi xc nh bao nhiu my
tnh c ni kt vt l trn tng cng ca switch. Trng hp l tng mi cng ca
switch ch c mt my tnh ni vo, khi kch thc ca vng ng l 2 v ch c my
gi v my nhn tham gia vo mi cuc giao tip.

97

Hnh 9.9 Ni trc tip cc my tnh vo switch
Trong thc t ta thng dng switch ni cc Hub li vi nhau. Khi mi Hub
s to ra mt vng ng v cc my tnh trn mi Hub s chia s nhau bng thng trn
Hub.

Hnh 9.10 Ni HUB vo switch
Thng thng ngi ta s dng Hub tng s lng cc im ni kt vo mng
cho my tnh. Tuy nhin cn phi m bo s lng my tnh trong tng vng ng
phi nh v m bo bng thng cho tng my tnh mt. a s cc Hub hin nay u c
h tr mt cng tc cao hn cc cng cn li (gi l up-link port) dng ni kt vi
switch tng bng thng chung cho ton mng.

Hnh 9.11 S dng cng tc cao ca HUB ni vi Switch
98
Bng thng cn thit cho cc ng dng c m t nh hnh di y:

Hnh 9.12 Nhu cu bng thng ca cc ng dng
Sau khi thit k xong s mng tng hai, cn thit phi ghi nhn lai thng tin
v tc ca cc cng ni kt cp nh hnh di y:

Hnh 9.13 Ti liu v tc trn tng cng
9.2.3 Thit k mng tng 3
S dng cc thit b ni kt mng tng 3 nh router, cho php phn nhnh mng
thnh cc moun tch ri nhau v mt vt l cng nh lun l. Router cng cho php ni
kt mng vi mng din rng nh mng Internet chng hn.
99

Hnh 9.14 S dng router trong mng
Router cho php hn ch c cc cuc truyn qung b xut pht t mt vng
ng ny lan truyn sang cc vng ng khc. Nh tng bng thng trn ton
mng. i vi switch, gi tin gi cho mt my tnh m n cha bit s c truyn i ra
tt c cc cng n tt c cc nhnh mng khc.
Ngoi ra, router cn c s dng gii quyt cc vn nh: mt s giao thc
khng thch hp khi mng c kch thc ln, vn anh ninh mng v vn v nh a
ch mng. Tuy nhin s dng router th t tin v kh khn hn trong vic cu hnh nu
so vi switch.
Trong v d sau, mng c nhiu nhnh mng vt l, tt c cc thng tin i trao i
gia mng Network 1 v mng Network 2 u phi i qua router. Router chia mng
thnh hai vng ng ring ri. Mi vng ng c a ch mng v mt n mng con
ring.

Hnh 9.15 S dng router phn chia vng ng trong mng
100
9.2.4 Xc nh v tr t Server
Cc server c chia thnh 2 loi: Server cho ton cng ty (Enterprise Server) v
server cho nhm lm vic (Workgroup server).
Enterprise server phc v cho tt c ngi s dng trong cng ty, v d nh Mail
server, DNS server. Chng thng c t ti MDF.
Workgroup server th ch phc v cho mt s ngi dng v thng c t ti
IDF ni gn nhm ngi s dng server ny nht.

Hnh 9.16 Ti liu v v tr t cc server
9.2.5 Lp ti liu cho tng 3
Sau khi xy dng s cp pht a ch, bn cn ghi nhn li chin lc cp pht
a ch. Mt s cc ti liu cn tp ra bao gm:
o Bng phn b a ch

Hnh 9.17 Bng phn b a ch IP
101
o Bng tm tt v cc mng c phn b, a ch cc giao din ca tng
router v bng chn ng ca cc router.

Hnh 9.18 Bng tm tt v a ch phn b

102
Gio trnh thit k v ci t mng Mc lc
MC LC
TNG QUAN V THIT K VA CAI DT MNG....................................................................................... 1
MC DICH...................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 TIN TRINH XAY DNG MNG ................................................................................................................... 2
1.1.1 Thu thp yu cu ca khch hng.................................................................................................. 2
1.1.2 Phn tch yu cu........................................................................................................................... 3
1.1.3 Thit k gii php........................................................................................................................... 3
1.1.3.1 Thit k s mng mc lun l .........................................................................................................3
1.1.3.2 Xy dng chin lc khai thc v qun l ti nguyn mng ...................................................................4
1.1.3.3 Thit k s mng vt l ...................................................................................................................4
1.1.3.4 Chn h iu hnh mng v cc phn mm ng dng.............................................................................4
1.1.4 Ci t mng.................................................................................................................................. 4
1.1.4.1 Lp t phn cng...................................................................................................................................5
1.1.4.2 Ci t v cu hnh phn mm ................................................................................................................5
1.1.5 Kim th mng............................................................................................................................... 5
1.1.6 Bo tr h thng ............................................................................................................................. 5
1.2 NI DUNG CA GIAO TRINH...................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 MO HINH OSI. ......................................................................................................................................... 5
CC CHUN MNG CC B........................................................................................................................ 9
2.1 PHAN LOI MNG ................................................................................................................................... 10
2.2 MNG CC B VA GIAO THC DIU KHIN TRUY CP DNG TRUYN........................................................ 10
2.3 CAC S D NI KT MNG LAN (LAN TOPOLOGIES).............................................................................. 11
2.4 CC LOI THIT B S DNG TRONG MNG LAN...................................................................................... 11
2.5 CAC T CHC CHUN HOA V MNG ........................................................................................................ 11
2.6 MNG ETHERNET .................................................................................................................................. 12
2.6.1 Lch s hnh thnh ....................................................................................................................... 13
2.6.2 Card giao tip mng (NIC-Network Interface Card)................................................................... 14
2.6.3 Mt s chun mng Ethernet ph bin ........................................................................................ 14
2.6.3.1 Chun mng Ethernet 10BASE-5..........................................................................................................14
2.6.3.2 Chun mng Ethernet 10BASE-2..........................................................................................................15
2.6.3.3 Chun mng Ethernet 10BASE-T .........................................................................................................16
2.6.3.4 Vn m rng mng ...........................................................................................................................18
2.6.3.5 Mng Fast Ethernet ...............................................................................................................................20
2.6.3.6 Mng Token Ring..................................................................................................................................22
C S V CU NI ....................................................................................................................................... 23
MC DICH.................................................................................................................................................... 23
3.1 GII THIU V LIEN MNG....................................................................................................................... 24
3.2 GII THIU V CU NI ............................................................................................................................ 25
3.2.1 Cu ni trong sut ....................................................................................................................... 25
3.2.1.1 Gii thiu...............................................................................................................................................25
3.2.1.2 Nguyn l hot ng .............................................................................................................................25
3.2.1.3 Vn vng qun - Gii thut Spanning Tree.......................................................................................26
3.2.2 Cu ni xc nh ng i t ngun............................................................................................ 28
3.2.2.1 Gii thiu...............................................................................................................................................28
3.2.2.2 Nguyn l hot ng .............................................................................................................................28
3.2.2.3 Cu trc khung ......................................................................................................................................29
3.2.3 Cu ni trn ln (Mixed Media Bridge) ...................................................................................... 30
C S V B CHUYN MCH.................................................................................................................... 31
MC DICH.................................................................................................................................................... 31
4.1 CHC NANG VA DC TINH MI CA SWITCH ............................................................................................ 32
4.2 KIN TRUC CA SWITCH......................................................................................................................... 33
4.3 CAC GII THUT HOAN CHUYN.............................................................................................................. 33
4.3.1 Gii thut hon chuyn lu v chuyn tip (Store and Forward Switching) ............................... 34
4.3.2 Gii thut xuyn ct (Cut-through).............................................................................................. 34
4.3.3 Hon chuyn tng thch (Adaptive Switching)........................................................................ 34
4.4 THNG LNG TNG (AGGREGATE THROUGHPUT) ................................................................................ 34
4.5 PHAN BIT CAC LOI SWITCH................................................................................................................. 34
103
4.5.1 B hon chuyn nhm lm vic (Workgroup Switch) .................................................................. 34
4.5.2 B hon chuyn nhnh mng (Segment Switch) .......................................................................... 35
4.5.3 B hon chuyn xng sng (Backbone Switch) ......................................................................... 35
4.5.4 B hon chuyn i xng (Symetric Switch)................................................................................ 36
4.5.5 B hon chuyn bt i xng (Asymetric Switch)........................................................................ 37
C S V B CHN DNG....................................................................................................................... 38
MC DICH.................................................................................................................................................... 38
5.1 MO T.................................................................................................................................................... 39
5.2 CHC NANG CA B CHN DNG........................................................................................................... 40
5.3 NGUYEN TC HOT DNG CA B CHN DNG ....................................................................................... 40
5.3.1 Bng chn ng (Routing table)................................................................................................ 40
5.3.2 Nguyn tc hot ng .................................................................................................................. 41
5.3.3 Vn cp nht bng chn ng............................................................................................... 42
5.4 GII THUT CHN DNG........................................................................................................................ 43
5.4.1 Chc nng ca gii thut vch ng......................................................................................... 43
5.4.2 i lng o lng (Metric) ....................................................................................................... 43
5.4.3 Mc ch thit k.......................................................................................................................... 43
5.4.4. Phn loi gii thut chn ng ................................................................................................ 44
5.4.4.1 Gii thut chn ng tnh - Gii thut chn ng ng ....................................................................44
5.4.4.2 Gii thut chn ng mt ng - Gii thut chn ng nhiu ng ............................................44
5.4.4.3 Gii thut chn ng bn trong khu vc - Gii thut chn ng lin khu vc..................................44
5.4.4.4 Gii thut chn ng theo kiu trng thi ni kt (Link State Routing) v Gii thut chn ng theo
kiu vector khong cch (Distance vector) .......................................................................................................................45
5.5 THIT K LIEN MNG VI GIAO THC IP................................................................................................... 46
5.5.1 Xy dng bng chn ng......................................................................................................... 46
5.5.2 ng i ca gi tin.................................................................................................................... 48
5.5.3 Giao thc phn gii a ch (Address Resolution Protocol) ........................................................ 49
5.5.4 Giao thc phn gii a ch ngc RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)..................... 51
5.5.5 Giao thc thng ip iu khin mng Internet ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)..... 51
5.5.6 Giao thc chn ng RIP (Routing Information Protocol) ....................................................... 52
5.5.6.1 Gii thiu...............................................................................................................................................52
5.5.6.2 Vn cp nht ng i (Routing Update) .........................................................................................52
5.5.6.3 Thc o ng i ca RIP ..................................................................................................................53
5.5.6.4 Tnh n nh ca RIP.............................................................................................................................53
5.5.6.5 B m thi gian ca RIP (RIP Timer) .................................................................................................53
5.5.6.6 nh dng gi tin RIP............................................................................................................................53
5.5.6.7 nh dng ca gi tin RIP 2 ..................................................................................................................54
5.5.7 Gii thut vch ng OSPF....................................................................................................... 54
5.5.7.1 Gii thiu...............................................................................................................................................54
5.5.7.2 Vch ng phn cp (Routing Hierarchy). ..........................................................................................55
5.5.7.3 nh dng gi tin (Packet Format) ........................................................................................................56
5.5.8 Gii thut vch ng BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)............................................................ 57
5.5.8.1 Gii thiu...............................................................................................................................................57
5.5.8.2 Cc thuc tnh ca BGP ........................................................................................................................58
5.5.8.3 Chn la ng i trong BGP (BGP Path Selection)............................................................................63
MNG CC B O (VIRTUAL LAN)......................................................................................................... 64
MC CH.................................................................................................................................................... 64
6.1 GII THIU............................................................................................................................................. 65 U
6.2 VAI TR CA SWITCH TRONG VLAN .................................................................................................... 65
6.2.1 C ch lc khung (Frame Filtering) ............................................................................................ 66
6.2.2 C ch nhn dng khung (Frame Identification)......................................................................... 66
6.3 THM MI, XA, THAY I V TR NGI S DNG MNG ......................................................................... 66
6.4 HN CH TRUYN QUNG BA................................................................................................................... 67
6.5 THT CHT VN AN NINH MNG.......................................................................................................... 68
6.6 VT QUA CC RO CN VT L............................................................................................................ 69
6.7 CC M HNH CI T VLAN ............................................................................................................... 69
6.7.1 M hnh ci t VLAN da trn cng .......................................................................................... 69
6.7.2 M hnh ci t VLAN tnh .......................................................................................................... 70
6.7.3 M hnh ci t VLAN ng ........................................................................................................ 70
6.8 MO HINH THIT K VLAN VI MNG DNG TRC ................................................................................. 71
DANH SACH DIU KHIN TRUY CP..................................................................................................... 73
104
MC DICH.................................................................................................................................................... 73
7.1 GII THIU............................................................................................................................................. 74 U
7.2 NH NGHIA DANH SACH TRUY CP ....................................................................................................... 75
7.3 NGUYEN TC HOT DNG CA DANH SACH TRUY CP ............................................................................. 75
7.3.1 Tng quan v cc lnh trong Danh sch truy cp........................................................................ 77
7.4 DANH SCH TRUY CP TRONG CHUN MNG TCP/IP.............................................................................. 78
7.4.1 Kim tra cc gi tin vi danh sch truy cp ................................................................................ 78
7.4.2 S dng cc bit trong mt n k t i din ................................................................................ 79
7.4.3 Cu hnh danh sch truy cp chun cho giao thc IP................................................................. 80
7.4.3.1 Lnh access list......................................................................................................................................80
7.4.3.2 Lnh ip access-group.............................................................................................................................81
7.4.3.3 Mt s v d ..........................................................................................................................................81
7.4.3.4 To danh sch truy cp chun ...............................................................................................................81
7.4.4 Cu hnh danh sch truy cp m rng......................................................................................... 82
7.4.4.1 Lnh access-list .....................................................................................................................................83
7.4.4.2 Lnh ip access-group.............................................................................................................................83
7.4.4.3 Mt s v d v danh sch iu khin truy cp m rng .......................................................................83
7.4.4.4 Nguyn tc s dng danh sch iu khin truy cp...............................................................................84
VN D QUN TR MNG........................................................................................................................... 85
MC DICH.................................................................................................................................................... 85
8.1 GII THIU............................................................................................................................................. 86 U
8.1.1 Qun l hiu sut mng (Performance management)................................................................. 86
8.1.2 Qun l cu hnh mng................................................................................................................ 86
8.1.3 Qun l ti khon (Account management)................................................................................... 87
8.1.4 Qun l li (Fault Management) ................................................................................................. 87
8.1.5 Qun l an ninh (Security management)...................................................................................... 87
8.2 H THNG QUN TR MNG...................................................................................................................... 87
8.3 GIAO THC QUN TR MNG N GIN (SNMP SIMPLE NETWORK MANAGEMENT PROTOCOL) ........... 89
8.3.1 Gii thiu ..................................................................................................................................... 89
8.3.2 Cc lnh c bn trong giao thc SNMP ...................................................................................... 89
8.3.3 C s thng tin qun tr ca SNMP............................................................................................. 90
THIT K MNG CC B LAN .................................................................................................................. 92
MC DICH.................................................................................................................................................... 92
9.1 GII THIU TIN TRINH THIT K MNG LAN........................................................................................... 93
9.2 LP S D THIT K MNG....................................................................................................................... 93
9.2.1 Pht trin s mng tng vt l............................................................................................. 93
9.2.2 Ni kt tng 2 bng switch........................................................................................................... 96
9.2.3 Thit k mng tng 3................................................................................................................. 99
9.2.4 Xc nh v tr t Server ........................................................................................................... 101
9.2.5 Lp ti liu cho tng 3 ............................................................................................................... 101
MC LC.................................................................................................................................................... 103

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