I HC NNG

TRNG I HC K THUT

INH MINH DIM








GIO TRNH
CNG NGH KIM LOI
TP 3
HN V CT KIM LOI














NNG, 2001


I HC NNG
TRNG I HC K THUT

INH MINH DIM








GIO TRNH
CNG NGH KIM LOI
TP 3
HN V CT KIM LOI
















NNG, 2001





2
CHNG I HN KIM LOI

1.1 KHI NIM CHUNG
1.1.1 Khi nim
Hn kim loi l mt phng php ni lin cc chi tit li vi nhau thnh mt
khi khng th tho ri c bng cch:
Nung kim loi vng hn n nhit nng chy sau khi ng dc ta c mi
lin kt vng chc gi l hn nng chy;
Hoc c th nung chng n nhit cao nh hn nhit nng chy ca kim
loi (i vi kim loi do th c th khng nung) ri dng lc ln p chng
dnh chc vo nhau gi l hn p lc;
C th dng kim loi trung gian nng chy ri nh s ho tan, khuyt tn kim
loi hn vo vt hn m to nn mi ghp gi l hn vy. Hin nay cn c th
dng keo dn cc chi tit li vi nhau to nn cc mi ni ghp;
Ngoi ra ta cn c th dung keo kim loi dn chung dnh chc vo nhau gi l
dn kim loi.

1.1.2 NG DNG :

Hn kim loi dng mt vai tr rt quuan trng trong qu trnh gia cng, ch
to v sa cha phc hi cc chi tit my.Hn khng ch th dng ni ghp cc
kim loi li vi nhau m cn ng dng ni cc phi kim loi hoc hn hp kim
loi vi phi kim loi. Hn c mt trong cc ngnh cng nghip, trong ngnh y t hay
trong cc ngnh phc hi sa cha cc sn phm ngh thut,...

1.1.3 c im ca hn kim loi

a. Tit kim kim loi
So vi tn ri v, hn kim loi c th tit kim t 10 - 15 % kim loi (do phn
inh tn, phn khoa l) v cha k n bn kt cu b gim do khoan l.






H. 1-1 So snh mi ghp ni hn v tn riv

So vi c : Tit kim khong 50 % kim loi do mi hn khi hn khng cn h
thng u hi, u ngt, bn cnh chiu dy vt c ln hn vt hn,...
Tit kim kim loi qu him : V d khi ch to dao tin ta ch cn mua vt liu
phn ct gt l thp dng c cn phn cn ta s dng thp thng CT38 S c g
thnh r m vn tho mn cc yu cu k thut.
b. bn mi hn cao, mi hn kn, chu c p lc
c. Thit b n gin, gi thnh h

3
d. Nhc im T chc kim loi vng mi hn khng ng nht, tn ti ng sut
v bin dng sau khi hn.

1.2 - PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP HN













H nh 1-2 S phn loi cc phng php hn
I - Vng hn nng chy; II - Vng hn p lc, II Vng hn hn ch
IV- Vng khng th to thnh mi hn c



















. . .
Hnh 1-2 S phn loi cc phng php hn

CHNG 2 QA TRNH LUYN KIM KHI HN NNG CHY

2.1 QU TRNH LUYN KIM KHI HN NNG CHY
T
o
C
I
II
III
IV
P
Tnc
KG/mm
2

HN KIM LOI
Hn nng
chy
Hn p lc
Hn vy
Hn h quang in,
Hn kh,
hn bng cc chm
tia,
Hn in x,
Hn nhit,...
Hn in tip xc,
Hn siu m,
Hn cao tn,
Hn n,
Hn ma st,
Hn khuych tan,
Hn kh - p
Hn ngui

4

Khi hn nng chy nhit vng hn trung bnh l 1700 - 1800
o
C. trng
thi nhit cao kim loi lng chu s tc ng mnh ca mi trng xung quanh
v cc nguyn t c trong thnh phn que hn v thuc bc que hn; Kim loi mi
hn trng thi lng v mt phn bi bay hi. Trong vng mi hn xy ra nhiu qu
trnh nh xy ho, kh xy, hon nguyn v hp kim ho mi hn, qu trnh to
x v tinh luyn ,... Cc qu trnh phn no tng t nh nhng qu trnh luyn
kim nn ngi ta gi qu trnh ny l qu trnh luyn kim khi hn nhng xy ra
trong mt th tch nh v thi gian ngn.












Hnh 2 - 1 S nhng yu t nh hng n cht lng mi hn

nh hng ca xy
xy c trong cc mi trng xung quanh nh khng kh, hi nc, Co2,
H2O, v trong cc it kim loi, trong lp x khi hn,...
xy c tc dng mnh vi cc nguyn t : Fe, Mn, Si, C, ... kt qu s lm
thay i thnh phn v tnh cht ca kim loi mi hn.
V d :
Fe + O ----> FeO
Fe + O
2
----> 2FeO

Mt phn cc xit st nh trn s i vo x, mt phn s trn ln vi kim loi
mi hn do khng thot ra ngoi kp. Mi hn c ln x s lm cho c tnh gim
mnh.
Trong mi trng xung quanh cng cn c nhiu cht kh c nh hng n
cht lng mi hn nh hydro., Nit, lu hunh, pht pho,...
Hydro: c trong hi nc, trong cc loi kh bo v hoc do b phn hu cc
cht trong qu trnh hn s ho tan vo mi hn v gy nn r kh. i vi thp v
hp kim nhm, hy dro l nguyn nhn ch yu gy nn r kh.
Lu hunh l cht gy nn nt nng cho mi hn
Pht pho gy nn nt ngui cho mi hn
Trong vng mi hn xy ra qu trnh kh xy. C th tm tt theo cc dng phn
ng sau:
[FeO] + (Si) --> [Fe] + (SiO2)
X, thuc bc que hn: FeO,
MnO, SiO2,...
Cc nguyn t c trong vt hn v que
hn : [Fe], [FeO], [Si], [Mn],...
Mi trng

5
[ ] - Thnh phn cc cht i vo kim loi;
( ) - Thnh phn cc cht i vo trong x ;
[FeO] + (Mn) --> [Fe} + (MnO
2
)
[FeO] + (SiO2 --> (FeO.SiO
2
)
FeS + Mn -- > MnS + Fe
FeS + MnO --> MnS + FeO
Fe
3
P + FeO ---> (P
2
O
5
) + 9 Fe
CaO + P
2
O
5
--> Ca
3
P
2
O
8















Hnh 2 - 2 S nh hng ca o xy n c tnh mi hn [13]

nh hng ca mt s cht kh n c tnh mi hn (nh hnh 2 - 3)












Hnh 2 - 3 nh hng ca mt s cht kh n c tnh mi hn [13]

2.2 VNG HN V C IM CA N.

Khi hn, di tc dng ca ngun nhit, vng kim loi nng chy to nn
mt vng hn. Kim loi y l hn hp cc nguyn t ca kim loi c bn v kim
C tnh ca vt liu
% O
2
% N
2

O
2


B

%
A
k

O
2

N
2

N
2

O
2

N
2

% O
2
% N
2

% O
2
% N
2

% O
2


A
H
A
H

6
loi vt liu hn. Vng hn c chia ra 2 vng chnh: vng u v vng ui vng
hn.
a/ b/

H. 2-4 S mi ghp hn (a) v tc dng ca ngun nhit khi hn h
quang (b)


H. 2-5 S ng hn v v tr vng hn
I - Vng u vng hn; II - Vng ui vng hn
1 - Vng c nhit khng xc nh 2- Vng c nhit khong 1800
o
C;
3 - Vng c nhit gn nhit nng chy (khong 1500
o
C)

B - Chiu rng mi hn; C- Chiu cao mi hn; H - Chiu su ca mi hn

Qu trnh kt tinh ca mi hn

Mi hn kt tinh trong iu kin phn u vng hn lun b nung nng bi ngun
nhit hn cn vng ui th c ngui dn.
Kim loi vng hn lun chuyn ng;
Th tch vng hn nh khong 0,2-0,4 cm
3
.
Thi gian kim loi mi hn tn ti trng thi lng nh,;
Tc lm ngui ln
Vng tm mi hn c nhit cao d lm cho kim loi b qu nhit.



2.3. T CHC KIM LOI MI HN V VNG CN MI HN
B
C
H
3 2
1
II
I

7
Sau khi ng c, kim loi mi hn s c thnh phn khc so vi kim loi c
bn. Di tc dng ca nhit chc kim loi mi hn cng c chia thnh
nhiu vng khc nhau.
T chc kim loi mi hn ph thuc phng php hn, kim loi vt hn, v
ch hn. T chc kim loi vng mi hn v gn mi hn c chia ra 7 vng
khc nhau : Vng mi hn, vng vin chy, vng nh hng nhit gm c cc vng
: vng qu nhit, vng thng ho, vng kt tinh li khng hon ton vng kt tinh
li, vng dn xanh.
Vng mi hn (1) :
C thnh phn kim loi hn hp giua vt hn, thuc hn v que hn. T
chc c dng ko di v tm mi hn (theo hng kt tinh)Vng gn vin chy c
t chc ht nh mn do tc tn nhit nhanh; vung trung tm c ln nhiu tp cht
do kt tinh sau cng.
Vng vin chy (2) :
Vng ny kim loi nng chy khng hon ton. Thnh phn kim loi mi
hn c ln cc nguyn t ca que hn v thuc hn. Do c s tc dng qua li gia
pha long v pha c nn trong mi hn c th ln cc tp cht. Ht tinh th vng
ny nh, c c tnh tt. Vng ny tn ti 2 pha lng c chhiu rng vng ny nh
khong 0,1- 0,3 mm rt kh phn bit chng nn gi chung l vng vin chy.
Vng nh hng nhit :
L vng c nhit thp hn nhit nng chy nhng c t chc v tnh
cht thay i di tc dng ca nhit . Chiu rng vng ny ph thuc chiu dy
vt hn, ngun nhit, ch hn, phng php hn,... (xem bng 1.1)
Bng 1 -1
Phng php hn Chiu
dy (mm)
Tng chiu rng vng
nh hng nhit (a) mm
Trong chiu rng
vng qu nhit (mm)
Hn kh 3 12-13 4 - 7
Hn kh 10 25 - 30 10 - 12
Hn in 10 3 - 5,5 1 - 2
Vng qu nhit (3) T = 1100 ... 1200
o
C
C t chc ht ln, c tnh gim nhiu, dn, d nt, ... y l vng thng
gy nn cc vt gy nt ca mi hn.
Vng thng ho (4) C T AC
3

C nhit khong (880...1100
o
C),c chiu rng khong 0.2 ... 5 mm c t
chc ht nh, c tnh tt.
Vng kt tinh li khng hon ton (5) : c nhit khong T = 720 ... 880
T l nm trong khong AC1 - AC3, nn c th xy ra qu trnh chuyn bin stenit
v t chc pclt v martenxit cho nn c thnh phn ho hc v c tnh khng ng
nht, c tnh b gim.
Vng kt tinh li (6) : T = 500 ... 700
o
C
T chc kim loi ging vt hn nhng cng gim, tnh do tng
Vng dn xanh (7) : c T = 100 ... 500
o
C
T chc kim loi t b thay i nhng do khng kh xm nhp vo nn c tnh
gim, tn ti ng sut d, kim loi b ho gi, khi th ko mu hay b t vng ny.

8











Hnh 2 - 6 S cc vng ca mi hn (I- Vng c nhit cao , II- Vng c
nhit cao hn T nng chy, III- Vng c nhit nh hn nhit nng chy)
[13


T
O
C
% C
Hnh 2 - 7 T chc kim loi vng mi hn v cn mi hn.

B


I
II
III
9
CHNG 3 : HN H QUANG
3.1 H QUANG HN V CC C TNH CA N
3.1.1 H quang hn
Hin tng h quang in c pht minh t nm 1802, nhng mi ti nm
1882 mi c ua vo ng dng nung chy kim loi. Ngun nhit ca h quang
in ny c ng dng hn kim loi v phng php ni ghp ny c gi l
hn h quang.
H quang l s phng in gia 2 in cc c in p trong mi trng kh
hoc hi. H quang in c ng dng hn gi l h quang hn.
3.1.2 S s to thnh h quang hn:


a/ b/ c/

Hnh 3-1 S s to thnh h quang ca cc loi dng in
a- Ni vi ngun in
b- Ni nghch ( Cc dng ni vi que hn, m ni vi vt hn)
c- Ni thun (Cc m ni vi que hn, cc dng ni vi vt hn)

Khong h quang nm gia 2 in cc gi l ct h quang v chiu di ca n
c gi l chiu di ct h quang (L
hq
). Cu to ca h quang in c dng
nh hnh 3-2

Hnh 3-2 S cu to ct h quang hn.
in cc hn c ch to t cc loi vt liu khc nhau:
Loi in cc khng nng chy : Vnfram (W), Grafit, than,...
in cc nng chy : Ch to t thp, gang, cc loi kim loi mu,...
Ngun in hn : Xoay chiu (tn s cng nghip, tn s cao,... chnh lu, mt chiu.



3.1.3 iu kin xut hin h quang hn.
1- Vng cn ant
2- Vng cn ka tt
3- Ct h quang L
hq

1
3
2
10
Thc cht ca h quang l dng chuyn ng c hng ca cc phn t mang
in (ion m, ion dng, in t) trong mi trng kh; trong d in t c vai tr rt
quan trng.
Trong iu kin bnh thng, khng kh gia hai in cc trng thi trung
ho nn khng dn in. Khi gia chng xut hin cc phn t mang in th s c
dng in i qua. V vy to ra h quang ta cn to ra mi trng c cc phn t
mang in. Qu trnh gi l qu trnh ion ho. Mi trng c cha cc phn t ion
ho gi l mi trng ion ho. Qu trnh cc in t thot ra t b mt in cc i
vo mi trng kh gi l qu trnh pht x in t hay pht x electron. Nng lng
lm thot in t ra khi b mt cc cht rn gi l cng thot electron.

Cng thot electron ca mt s cht c th hin trong bng 3-1
Bng 3-1
Nguyn t Cng thot
electron
Nguyn t Cng thot
electron
K 2.26 eV Mn 3.76 eV
Na 2.33 Ti 3.92
Ba 2.55 Fe 4.18
Ca 2.96 Al 4.25
Khi c in p, di tc dng ca in trng, cc in t trong mi trng s chuyn
ng t ca tt (-) n ant (+) v pht trin vi vn tc ln. Vi s chuyn ng
cc in t se va chm vo cc phn t, nguyn t trung ho truyn nng lng cho
chng v kt qu lm tch cc in t khi nguyn t phn t v to nn cc ion. Nh
vy thc cht ca qu trnh ion ho khng kh gia 2 in cc l do s va chm gia
cc in t c tch ra t in cc vi cc phn t trung ho khng kh. Kt qu qu
trnh ion ho l s xut hincc phn t mang in gia 2 in cc v h quang xut
hin (ni cch khc l c s phng in gia 2 in cc qua mi trng khng kh).
Nh vy mun c h quang phi to ra mt nng lng cn thit lm thot cc in
t. Ngun nng lng ny c th thc hin bng cc bin php :
1. Tng in p gia 2 in cc nh b khuych i.
2. Tng cng dng in tng ngun nhit bng cch cho ngn mch.

3.1.4 Cc phng php gy h quang khi hn.
Tng in p : Phng php ny d gy nguy him cho ngi s dng nn ngi ta
phi s dng b khuych i in p
Phng php cho ngn mch : Cho que hn tip xc vt hn v nhc ln khong
cch 1-3 mm v gi cho h quang chy n nh (xem hnh 3-3).
a. Cho chuyn ng thng ng

11

Hnh 3-3 S qu trnh gy h quang khi hn
b. t nghing que hn v cho chuyn ng tip xc vi vt hn

Hnh 3-4 S qu trnh gy h quang bng cch cho que hn tip xc vt hn

3.1.5 c im ca h quang hn :
Mt dng in ln (J - A/mm
2
);
Nhit cao khong trn 3000
o
C v tp trung
H quang ca dng in mt chiu chy n nh .
H quang ca dng xoay chiu khng n nh nn cht lng mi hn km hn
Nhit catt khong 2100
o
C. Ngun nhit to ra chim khong 36%
A nt 2300 --/-- 43%
Ct h quang 5000-7000oC --/-- 21%
S chy ca h quang ph thuc: in p ngu, Cng dng in; Tn s
f=150-450 c h quang chy n nh); Vt liu lm in cc,...
th biu din s ph thuc gia in th ca h quang v dng in h
quang gi l ng c tnh tnh ca h quang.
1. ng c tnh ca h quang hn c dng :

Hnh 3-5 ng c tnh ca h quang hn ph thuc ng knh in cc
1
2
1- Que hn
2- Vt hn
1- Que hn
2- Vt hn
d
1
< d
2

d
1
d
2

U
hq

I
12

Hnh 3-6 ng c tnh ca h quang hn ph thuc chiu di h quang L
hq

Trong khong I < 100A (J,12A/mm
2
) U gim khi I tng. iu c th gii thch
nh sau: khi I tng, din tch tit din ca ct h quang cng tng v th mt
dng s gim (J = I/F s gim trong F l din tch tit din ca ct h quang)
U = IR = I . ( .L)/F = J. .L ; m .L = const nn J gim khi U gim,.
Trong khong I = 100- 1000 A, din tch ct h quang tng rt t v gn bo
ho, nn dn in t b thay i, v th mt dng J gn nh khng i. on
ny c s dng rt rng ri khi hn h quang.

Hnh 3-7 ng c tnh tnh ca h quang hn ph thuc d
h
v L
hq
.
1- L
hq1
= 5 mmm L
hq2
= 2 mm

Trong khong J>80A/mm
2
. Khong ny c mt dng J ln nn thng s dng
hn t ng. Khong ny c U tng v I ln, nhng tit din ct h quang hu
nh khng tng; nn khi J tng m bo cho I tng th U phi tng).
th trn ng vi cc ng c tnh tnh ca h quang khi chiu di ct h
quang khng i. Khi thay i L
hq
, ta s nhn c nhiu ng c tnh tnh
tng t nh trn.


b. H quang ca dng in xoay chiu
100 1000, I (A)
I, (A)
100 1000
L
1
< L
2

L
hq1

U
hq

L
hq2
Vi L
hq1
=10
mm
J<12 J = 12-80 J>80 (A/mm
2
)
d =2 mm
d =4 mm
d =10 mm
Vi L
hq2
=2 mm
13
Khi s dng ngun xoay chiu, dng in v hiu in th thay i theo chu k. Vi
tn s cng nghip f = 50 Hz, ta c 100 ln thay i cc nn c 100 ln h quang b
tt do I = 0. Khi nhit s gim, mc ion ho ca ct h quang s gim lm
cho cho h quang chy khng n nh.
Mun xut hin h quang tip theo th yu cu in p ngun phi t v ln
hngi tr ti thiu gi l in p mi h quang.
H quang s chy n nh khi U
ngun
> U
mi h quang

H quang s ttkhi U
ngun
< U
mi h quang


Khi hn h quang tay U
mi h quang
= (1,8 - 2,5)U
hn

U
mi h quang
= (60-80V)
Hnh 3-8 S ng bin thin ca in p v dng in ngun
v h quang dng xoay chiu
T
t
- Thi gian h quang tt
Ch :
Thi gian h quang tt T
t
ph thuc in p khng ti (U
kt
); tn s (f) f tng th T
t

nh.
U
kt
ln thi T
t
nh nhng tng U
kt
th kch thc my s ln, khng c li.
Tng tn s th phi mc thm b khuych i tn nhng s lm phc tp thm
mch in.
Trong thc t lm n nh h quang ngun xoay chiu ngi ta mc thm cun
cm lm lch pha gia dng in v in p. Dng in xut hin trong cun
cm s c tc dng duy tr s chy ca h quang. Ti thi im I = 0 in p
ngun t gi tr U mi h quang nn vn c h quang xut hin.

3.2 NH HNG CA IN TRNG I VI H QUANG HN.
Ct h quang c coi nh mt dy dn mm nn n s chu tc dng hng
ca in t trng.
3.2.1 T trng ca ct h quang
Trong c h quang c 2 loi dng chuyn ng ca cc phn t mang in. l
dng chuyn ng ca cc ion m v in t; dng chuyn ng ca cc ion dng.
S biu din lc in trng tc dng ln ct h quang nh hnh 3-10

T
U
m hq

T
t

14

Hnh 3-10 S biu din lc in trng tc dng ln ct h quang hn.

Lc F ca tt c cc phn t mang in u hng vo tm ca ct h quang.
Khi hn, lc tc dng ln ct h quang gm c :
+ Lc in trng tnh;
+ Lc in trng sinh ra bi st t ca vt liu hn. Lc ny lm cho h
quang b thi lch nh hng n cht lng ca mi hn (xem hnh 3-11).

3.2.2 nh hng ca lc in trng

Hnh 3-11 S biu din h quang hn b thi lch bi lc in trng.

Khi ni dy nh hnh b/ h quang b tc dng ca in trng i xng nn
khng b thi lch; khi ni dy nh hnh a/ v hnh c/ in trng tc dng ln ct h
quang khng i xng nn h quang b thi lch. T pha dng in i vo c in
trng mnh, mt ng sc dy hi pha i din nn h quang b thi lch v
pha in trng yu hn.

3.2.3 nh hng ca gc nghing que hn.

nghing ca que hn cng nh hng n s phn b ng sc xung
quanh quanh h quang, v th c th thay i hng que hn cho ph hp vi phng
ca h quang nh hnh 3-12b.
H
Vi
F F
Vi
H
a/
b/
c/
15

Hnh 3-12 S biu din nh hng ca gc nghing que hn.

3.2.4 nh hng ca vt liu st t.

Vt liu st t t gn h quang s lm tng t thm ln hng ngn ln so vi
khng kh xung quanh ( = 1000 10.000 ln). T thng qua st t c tr khnh
nh, lc t trng t pha st t gim xung lm cho h quang b thi lch v pha st
t.

Hnh 3-13 S biu din nh hng ca st t i vi h quang hn.
1- Que hn ; 2 - Vt hn
Hin tng lch h quang c th xut hin cui ng hn. V lc c
t thm pha vt hn ln hn nhiu so vi khng kh nn h quang b thi lch v pha
bn trong mi hn.
Khi hn gip mi ta phi ni cc ca ngun i vi 2 vt hn v 2 pha mi
hn khng b thi lch h quang.


Hnh 3-14 Mt s bin php khc phc hin tng h quang b thi lch
1 - Vt hn
2 - Que hn

3.3 PHN LOI HN H QUANG
Fe
1
2
16
3.3.1 Phn loi theo in cc
Hn h quang bng in cc khng nng chy : nh in cc than, grafit, W , hp
cht ca mt s nguyn t c kh nng pht x ion nh La, Th,...
Hn bng que hn nng chy : c cc loi que hn thp ( que hn thp cc bon thp,
que hn thp cc bon cao, que hn thp hp kim, ... ) que hn nhm, que hn
ng,... Cc loi que hn ny c li v lp thuc bc. Chng c kh nng b sung
kim loi cho mi hn v cc tc dng khc nh kch thch h quang, bo v mi
hn, hp kim ho mi hn, ...

3.3.2 Phn loi theo phng php u dy
Du dy trc tip :









Hnh 3 - 5 S u dy trc tip
1 -in cc hn ( que hn) 2-H quang hn 3 - Vt hn

Khi hn dng mt chiu c th c hai phng php ni dy : n thun v ni nghch.








Hnh 3 - 16 S ni thun
1 - in cc hn ( que hn)2 - H quang hn; 3- Vt hn







Hnh 3-17 S ni nghch
1 - in cc hn ( que hn) 2 - H quang hn 3 - Vt hn

u dy gin tip :

1
2
3
Ni thun
Ngun in 1 pha
1
2
3
1
2
3
Ni nghch
17









Hnh 3 - 17 S u dy gin tip
1 - in cc hn ( que hn) 2 - H quang hn 3 - Vt hn

u dy hn hp (H quang 3 pha):











Hnh 3 - 19 S u dy hn hp
2 - in cc hn 1 2 - in cc hn 2 3 - Vt hn ( in cc hn 3)
C 3 ngn la h quang gia 3 in cc: h quang gia 1-3 gia 1-2 v gia 2 - 3.

3.4 NGUN IN HN V MY HN

3.4.1 Ngun in hn
Ngun in hn c th mt chiu, xoay chiu. My hn dng in mt chiu
hay chnh lu cho cht lng mi hn cao, n nh nhng gi thnh t nn ch s
dng khi c yu cu cao v cht lng. Hin nay my hn dng xoay chiu vn l ch
yu. Nht bn gn 80% my hn dng xoay chiu, 95,6% my hn xoay chiu khi
hn h quang tay.

3.4.2 Yu cu i vi ngun in hn
1. D gy h quang v khng gy nguy him cho ngi s dng. Khi nghin cu h
quang ca dng xoay chiu ta thy rng d dang mi h quang th in p khng
ti ca my hn phi cao hn lc h quang chy n nh. m bo an ton in
in p khng ti thng nh hn 100 vn.
Ukt 55 - 80 V ( i vi dng xoay chiu)
U
kt
30 - 55 V , U
h
= 16 - 35 V, ( i vi dng mt chiu)
2. Phi c dng in ngn mch hn ch khi lm h hng my.
I
ng.m.
= (1,3 - 1,4) I
h
.
3. Khi lm vic h quang phi chy n nh.
Ngun ba pha
1
2
3
Ngun mt pha
1
2
3
1
18
4. My hn phi iu chnh c cng dng in hn ph hp vi cc loi chiu
dy, ng knh v v tr tng i ca mi hn trong khng gian.
5. Khi hn ngi ta thng mc thm cun cn to ra s lch pha ca dng in
v hiu in th nn ch hn s n nh hn.
6. Quan h gia hiu in th ngun in v dng in hn c gi l ng c
tnh ng ca my hn. Ta c cc loi ng c tnh ng nh sau:













Hnh 3 - 20 ng c tnh ng ca my hn












Hnh 3 - 21 Cc dng ng c tnh ng ca my hn

ng cong 1 - Dng u tng dng cho hn t ng trong mi trng kh bo v.
ng cong 2 - Dng U khng thay i (hu nh khng tng khi I tng) dng cho hn
in x, hn t ng trong mi trng kh bo v. Bi v khi hn trong mi trng kh
bo v, kim loi dy hn chy thnh dng to nn dng ngn mch lin tc, dng in
hn tng nhanh lm nng chy day hn nhanh v lin tc. Ch ny ph hp vi lai
dy c d
h
= 0,5 - 1,2 mm
ng cong 3 - Dng cong dc thoai thoi dng cho hn t ng v bn t ng di
lp thuc c tc cp dy hn khng i. Vic cp li dy hn theo nguyn l t
ng iu chnh (tc l khi I tng, U
h
gim lm cho nhit lng Q = UIt gim kt qu
dy chy chm li, phc hi chiu di ct h quang.
1
2
3
4
U
U
kt

I
I
ng.m
I
ng.m.1
I
h

U
kt1
U
kt2
19
ng cong 4 - Dng cong dc dng cho hn h quang tay v hn t ng di lp
thuc (khi m tc cp dy ph thuc ch hn. Khi U
h
thay i, nhng Ih thay
i t nn ch hn n nh hn
Kt hp cc dng c tnh ng v ng c tnh tnh ca h quang ta s
thy chng giao nhau ti 2 im A v B (ti U
ngun
= U
h quang
)
Ti im B hiu in th cao gy h quang nhng v dng in nh
khng u duy tr s chy n nh ca h quang. Thc vy nu v mt l do no
lm cho dng in gim xung th hiu in th h quang s tng ln v lc Uhq >
Ung, c ngha l hiu in th ca ngun khng gy h quang nn n tt.
Ngc li, nu tng dng I th Ung > Uhq ; in th tha Ung - Uhq l nguyn nhn
gy nn s tip tc tng dng in cho n khi t c gi tr im A. Nh vy
khi I tng hoc I gim ti im A c s phc hi li iu kin n nh ca h quang
(U
hq
= U
ng
)









Hnh 3-22 S biu din v tr h quang chy n nh

Ta bit rng khi h quang chy, trongmch hn h, quang s sinh ra sut in
ng cm ng.

e L
dI
dt
L
= L - l h s t cm

L nguon hq h
e U U U + = =

L nguon hq h
e U U U + = = =
dt
dI
L U
ng

U
ng
-U
h
= L
dI
dt


T biu thc trn ta nhn thy rng nu v mt l do no lm cho im dch
chuyn v im A c in th U > Uh tc l :
U-Uh > hay L
dI
dt
. > 0 tc l
dI
dt
> 0 iu ny chng t I phi tng
im A tr v v tr im A. Ngc li khi A dch chuyn v im A
ta c U < U
h
.
dI
dt
< 0 iu ny chng t I phi gim A tr v v tr im A -
v tr m h quang chy n nh.
U, V
I, A
B
A
20
Nh vy h quang chy n nh khi trong mch hn nanh chng phc hi trng
thi cn bng : U
h
= U
hq
= U
ng
.

3.4.3 My hn h quang

My hn h quang thng c cc loi sau :
My hn dng xoay chiu : my bin p c b t cm ring, my bin p hn c
hn c t thng tn ln (dng c li t di ng), my bin p hn c cun dy di
ng, ...
My hn dng chnh lu
My hn mt chiu : loi my pht hn chy bng ng c in, my pht hn c
dng my n v cc dng my pht hn khc.
Sau y ta ch xt mt s lai my hn thng dng.

a. My bin p hn

My bin p hn hay my hn xoay chiu l loi my h p. Nguyn l hot
ng ca my tng t cc my bin p khc, ngha l da trn hin tng cm ng
in t.
U
1
, U
2
- in p s cp v th cp
W
1
, W
2
- s vng dy cun s cp v th cp

1
- Tng t thng sinh ra cun s cp

1
- T thng chnh mc vng qua cun th cp

t1

t2
- T thng tn qua khng kh trong cc cun dy s cp v th cp
Khi t vo cun s cp ca my hn dng in xoay chiu hnh sin vi in p U
1
,
dng in s chy qua cun s cp v to ra trong mch mt t thng chnh









Hnh 3-23 S my bin p
W
1
- Cun dy s cp; W2 - Cun dy th cp; 3 - Li t (gng t ca my
bin p)

1
=
o
+
t1
.
Do mch t khp kn nn
o
.mc vng cun th cp v sinh ra t thng tn
t2
. Cc
t thng trn sinh ra sut in ng trong cun s cp v th cp :

Trong cun s cp : e W
d
dt
d
dt
1 1
1
= =



3
W1 W2
21
Trong cun th cp : e w
d
dt
2
2 =

= -
d
dt
2

Trong :
1
= W
1
.
0
.=
o
+
t1
.

2
= W
2
.
0
.=
o
+
t2
.
H s lin h t : K
t
=

o
o t
+
1

iu kin lm vic bnh thng th
t1
rt nh nn K
t
=1
Khi my bin p c t thng tn ln

g loitudidon t t t
+ + =
2 1

e
1
& e
2
c tr s cc i l
E
1m
= .W
1
.
o
.
E
2 m
+ .W
2
.
o


Tr s hiu dng ca chng s l :
E
1
= . W
1
.
o


Tr s hiu dng ca chng s l :
E
1
4,44.fW
1
.
o
. E
t1
4,44.fW
1
.
t1
.
E
2
4,44.fW
2
.
o
. E
t2
4,44.fW
2
.
t2
.
f - tn s dng in

1 1 1 1 1
. . . 44 , 4 W f E E U
t
+ =
H s my bin p : K =
t o
K W
W
W
W
U
U 1
.
2
1
2
1 1
2
1
=

1
0

=
t
K

c im chung ca my bin p hn :
My bin p hn l my bin p h p. C in p th cp thp (U
kt
< 100V)
m bo an ton cho ngi s dng.
Dng th cp ln cung cp ngun nhit cho qu trnh nung chy kim loi khi
hn .
My bin p hn c s vng dy cun th cp t hn cun s cp v tit din dy
qun cun th cp ln hn tit din dy qun cun s cp.
S vng dy cun th cp phi thay i c iu chnh cng dng in
hn.
Phi hn ch dng ngn mch trnh cho my khi b h hng.
My bin p hn h quang tay c ng c tnh ngai cong dc. to ra loi
ng c tnh ny ngi ta s dng my bin p hn c b t cm ring (my bin
p hn c cun khng ngoi), hoc ch to mch t c t thng tn ln nh my
hn c li t di ng,...
22

My bin p hn c b t cm ring.

Cc ch lm vic ca my
Ch khng ti : khi mch ngoi h:
I
h
= I
KT
= 0 U
2
= U
kt
= U
20
.
Khi lm vic : U
h
= U
20
- U
tc
.
U
tc
= I
h
. (R
tc
+X
tc
)
Xtc = 2 . . f . L

trong f - tn s dng in
L - H s t cm ca b t cm
R
tc
- in tr thun ca b t cm;
X
tc
- Tr khng ca b t cm.










Hnh S nguyn l my bin p hn c b t cm ring

Khi dng in tng, t thng qua b t cm tng (ph thuc vo khe h ca
mch t b t cm) lc hiu in th hn s gim.

Ch ngn mch :

r R
U U
W
R
f
U
I
tc
t
m n
+
+
=

2
2 8 2
2
.
10 . . 8 , 0


R
t
-T tr ca b t cm
R - in tr mch hn
r - in tr cun th cp (R+r 0.001 m)
U in th ri trn cun th cp
W
tc
- s vng dy ca b t cm
B. My hn c li t di ng

y l loi my hn xoay chiu c t thng tn ln.
S nguyn l :
W1 W2
B t cm ring
Vt hn
que hn
23
Hnh 3 - 24 S nguyn l my bin p c li t di ng
1- Gng t, 2- Li t di ng 3- Vt hn, 4- Que hn

Cc ch lm vic:

Khi khng ti I
2
= I
h
= 0

t
K W
W
W
W
U
U
U
U
. .
.
2
1
0 2
1 1
20
1
2
1
= = =

in p khng ti :

Khi c ti I
h
0;
X
ba
= .(W
2
)
2
R
m
; = 2f
R
m
- in tr mch t c t thng tn i qua
F - Tn s dng in



U
h
= U
20
- E
t2
= U
20
- I
h
.X
ba

Khi ngn mch :
Khi I tng s lm cho sut in ng E
t2
= U
2
= U
20
. Nn U
h
= 0
I
nm
= U
20
/X
ba

(Xba = X
1
+ X
2
; X
1
,X
2
( Cm khng cun s cp v th cp)

iu chnh cng dng in hn ngi ta thy i v tr ca
li t di ng. Khi li t i vo gng t, t thng tn tng ln v lm
gim dng in hn; ngc li khi li t i ra khi gng t th t thng
tn gim, dng in hn s tng.
U
h

I
H
X
BA

U
20

4
3
2 1
24
ng c tnh ngoi ca loi my ny rt dc nn ch ng dng
cho loi my hn c dng khng ln.


Hnh 3 - 25 S nguyn l my hn c nhiu trm


Hnh 2 - 26 S nguyn l my hn 3 pha
1- my bin p hn 2 - Vt hn 3 - Que hn (in cc hn)

C. My hn mt chiu

My hn in mt chiu cng nh cc loi my in mt chiu khc c
3 b phn c bn: phn cm, phn ng v vnh i chiu.

Phn cm : l phn c nh, phn ny to ra t thng chnh ca my do
cun kch t.
Phn ng : l phn quay c li thp hnh tr bt cht vo trc, trn b mt
li thp c x rnh t cc dy qun phn ng. Thn my, cc t
(phn cm), li thp hp thnh mch t ca my in mt chiu.
1
2
3
25

Vnh i chiu : gm cc l ng ghp thnh hnh tr, gia cc l ng c
lp cch in vi nhau v vi trc bng mt lp mica mng. Trn vnh
i chiu c 2 chi than c gi c nh ti mth v tr v ni dy ra
mch ngoi.
Da vo phng php kch t my in mt chiu c cc loi : kch t
c lp, kch t song song, kch t ni tip v kch t hn hp.

Phn loi my pht in hn mt chiu:

1. My pht in hn c cun kch t c lp v cun dy kh t
(cun cn) mc ni tip.
2. My hn c cun kch t song song v cun kh t mc ni
tip.
3. My hn mt chiu c c t lp ri.
4. My hn in mt chiu c nhiu trm. ...
Da vo ng c tnh ngai ca my c cc loi cong dc, dc thoai
thoi v loi c tnh cng.

a/ b/






26
c/ d/
Hnh 3 - 27 S nguyn l mt s my pht
a/ S nguyn l my pht c cun kch t c lp
b/ S nguyn l my pht c cun kch t mc ni tip
c/ S nguyn l my pht c cun kch t mc song song
d/ S nguyn l my pht c cun cc cun dy ni hn hp

My pht in hn c cun kch t c lp v cun dy kh t (cun cn) mc ni
tip.















Hnh 3 - 28 S nguyn l mt my hn mt chiu kiu kch t c lp

Cun cn to ra t thng cn nhm kh t v to ra ng c tnh ngoi
cng v dc.
c c tnh ngai ca my hn h quang tay bng dng in mt chiu
c dng nh sau:







Cun kch t
Cun cn
27











Hnh 3 - 29 ng c tnh ngoi .
T thng sinh ra trong cun cn c hng chng li t thng chnh do
cun kch t sinh ra (
chnh
). Tng hp t thng ca my khi lm vic s
l :

tng
=
chnh
- c

Khi khng ti I
h
= 0,
c = 0 V cha c dng in i qua cun cn
U
kt
= C
chnh


chnh
= (I
kt
.W
kt
)/ R
khe h
.

R
khe h
- T tr ca cc khe h m t thng i qua (t tr ca mch t).
Thay i v tr ca bin tr s thay i cng dng in kch t v t
thay i hiu in th khng ti ca my. v tr u v v tr cui ca bin
tr s ng vi in p khng ti Ukt max v Ukt min ca my.
Khi c ti : I
h
0
Trong mch chnh c dng in hn i qua, cun cn xut hin t thng
c c hng ngopc li vi t thng
kt
.
Sut in ng sinh ra trong phn cm ca my ph thuc vo tng t
thng c v
kt
v c tnh theo cng thc:

E = C.
tng
= C.(
kt
-
c
)
Hiu in th hn s l : U
h
= E - I
h
.R
m

R
m
= R
my
-in tr ca cun cn, phn cm v chi qut,...,...
U
h
= E - I
h
.R
m
= C.(
kt
- c) - I
h
.R
m
.
R
t
- T tr ca gng t m t thng i qua. c tng th U
h
gim Nh vy ng
c tnh ngai cong dc ca my hn c thit lp do c t thng ca cun cn
mc ni tip.

t
cc h
c
R
W I .
=
Thay i nh ci chuyn mch
Thay i nh bin tr
I
U
28
Ch ngn mch : T thng thng ca cun cn c tng ln t ngt, lm cho
tng t thng tng = kt -c s rt nh . T thng ny kch thch phn cm
sinh ra sut in ng ca ngun khng ln lm v n s b tiu hao trn cc in
tr trong ca my pht. Hiu in th hn gim xung gn bng khng nn dng
in ngn mch c hn ch.


tr ng m
m n
R R
E
I
+
=
. .
.

Rm.ng- in tr mch ngo;
Rm tr - in tr ca my pht (in tr mch trong)
Dng in hn c iu chnh bng 2 cch :
Thay i v tr ca bin tr lm thay i t thng cun kch t kt.
Thay i s vng dy ca cun cn.

d.My hn dng chnh lu

c im ca my hn chnh lu :
Khong iu chnh ch hn rng;
Cht lng hn cao
Khng c phn quay nn khng c ting n;
t tn tht khi chy khng ti;
Khi lng nh v c mngj hn;
C th thay cc dy qun t ng bng dy nhm s c gi thnh r hn.
Nhc im :
Thi gian ngn mch di, c th lm cho it b hng
Ph thuc vo in th ngun
My hn chnh lu c 3 b phn :
My bin p v cc b phn iu khin, ng ngt dng v in p;
B phn chnh lu.
B phn thay i dng in hn



Hnh 3-30 S nguyn l ca my hn mt pha chnh lu 2 na ch k

I
ng

T
I
CL
T
29






Hnh 3 . 30 Bin thin ca dng in ngun (a) v dng chnh lu (b)

Hnh 3 - 31 S nguyn l my hn chnh lu 3 pha


Hnh 3- 32 th bin thin dng in chnh lu 3 pha
3. 5. IN CC HN
a/
b/
T
I
30
in cc hn l tn gi chung cho cc loi que hn nng chy v khng nng
chy. Khi hn h quang ta c th s dng in cc nng chy (thng gi l que hn)
v in cc khng nng chy. Trong thc t do quen nn thng gi chung l que
hn. V vy trong hn h quang v hn kh ta s dng thut ng que hn ch
in cc nng chy v khng nng chy.
Que hn khng nng chy thng c ch to t than, graft.
vnfram hoc cc vt liu trn kt hp vi cc cht d pht x electron (nh La, Ra,
...)
Que hn nng chy l loi in cc m li lm bng kim loi (thp, gang, dng,
nhm,...) bn ngoi c mt lp thuc bc. Khi hn que hn s b sung kim loi v
tng cng mt s tnh cht c bit cho mi hn. Que hn nng chy c nhiu loi
nh que hn thp cc bon, que hn thp inc, que hn thp hp kim, que hn ng,
que hn nhm,...

3.5.1 Cu to ca que hn nng chy


Hnh 3 - 33 S cu to que hn
1 - Lp thuc bc
2 - Li que hn bng kim loi

Bng 3 - 2
d
h
(mm) L
o
(mm) L (mm)
< 3 20 - 25 250
3 - 4 20 - 25 350 - 400
5 - 6 20 - 25 450

3.5.2 Yu cu
m bo c tnh ca mi hn;
m bo thnh phn ho hc cn thit ca mi hn;
C tnh cng ngh tt ( d gy h quang, h quang chy n nh, nng
chy u, c kh nng hn tt c cc v tr trong khng gian, mi hn
khng c r, khng nt, x ni u v d bong ra, khng bn to nhiu.
H s p cao;
Khng sinh kh c hi nh hng n sc kho ca cng
nhn;
D dng ch to & gi thnh r;

3.5.3 Tc dng ca lp thuc bc que hn
Kch thch h quang v lm cho h quang chy n nh;
1
2
Lo
L
31
To kh & to x bo v mi hn;
Lp x c tc dng lm cho mui hn ngui chm trnh hin tng ti
ca mi hn;
Kh xy hon nguyn kim loi;
Tng c tnh v mt s tnh cht c bit ca mi hn;

3.5.4 K hiu tiu chun Vit Nam
N - 48-32
- N - Ch que hn ni thp;
S tip sau - ch bn
B
. 10
7
(N/m
2
)
Ch s tip theo - ch nhm thuc bc
1 - nhm axt; 2 - nhm baz; 3 - nhm x ti tan);
* Hn tt mi cc : 1 4
- Hn tt cc m : 2 5
- Hn tt cc dng : 3 6

3.5.5. Sn xut que hn
Que hn c th sn xut bng tay, bng my. Cc bc cn tin hnh l
Chun b li, chun b thuc bc .
Thuc bc que hn c th s dng cc cht sau y:
Cht d gy h quang v n nh h quang (kim loi kim, kim loi kim
th nh mica : KAl
2
[AlSiO
3
O
10
](OH)
2

K
n
Al
2
O
3
.SiO
2
. MgO
2
, Na
2
CO
3
(thu tinh lng)

Cht sinh kh bo v Xen lu l, tinh bt, CaCO
3
.MgCO
3
(Dolomide CaMg(CO
3
) ;
C
6
H
10
O
5
)n // Destrin,
Cht to x [qung st (Fe
2
O
3
chim 90%)], Fe
3
O
4
, cm thch, CaCO
3
, hunh
thch (CaF
2
), CaMgCO
3
, TiO
2
, NaAlSi
3
O
5
, (KNaAl
2
)
3
.6SiO
2
...
Cht kh xy & hp kim ho mi hn : Fer hp kim, bt nhm , bt st, graft,...
Cht to hnh : cao lanh Al
2
O
3
.2SiO
2
.2H
2
O, ben t nht (nSiO
2
.m Al
2
O
3
), xenlul,
Cht dnh kt : Thu tinh lng, krilt (NaAlF
6
,) Destrin (C
6
H
10
O
5
)n
Cc loi que hn khng nng chy c ch to t graft, vnfram W, hoc t
mt s hp kim dc bit khc . ng knh in cc vnfram trong
khong t 1 ... 6 mm v c th ln hn.

in cc than, graft c d
h
= 6 ... 30 mm , l < 300 mm.

3- 6 QU TRNH NNG CHY V DCH CHUYN
KIM LOI QUE HN NNG CHY.
Khi hn h quang qu trnh nng chy v dch chuyn kim loi que hn xy ra
qua nhiu giai on:





32





Hnh 3 - 34 S dch chuyn kim loi lng qua cc giai on 1, 2, 3, 4


a/ b/

Hnh 3 - 35 S phn b lc tc dng ln git kim loi lng
Giai on 1 : Hnh thnh lp kim loi lng trn b mt que hn v vt hn (1). Di
tc dng ca lc in trng (to nn vng b co tht) v di tc dng ca trng
lc git kim loi lng dch chuyn xung dn cho n khi tip xc vt hn.
Giai on 2 : Di tc dng ca trng lc v s cng b mt git kim loi lng c
hnh thnh. (2)
Giai on 3 : Khi git kim loi lng tip xc vt hn th ngn mch, kt qu nhit
tng t ngt lm cho git kim loi lng ln nhanh v tch ra khi que hn. (3)
Kch thc v s lng git kim loi lng ph thuc vo cng dng in, cc
in ni vi que hn , thnh phn v cc tnh cht khc ca que hn. Git kim loi
lng c kch thc khong 1 - 4 mm ( i vi que hn khng c thuc bc); trn
di 0,1 mm khi hn dng ln v que hn c thuc bc.
Giai on 4 : Cc qu trnh trn c tip tc lp li theo cc trnh t trn (4)
Git kim loi lng lun chu tc dng ca cc lc : trng lc, sc cng b mt, phn
lc ca cc cht kh, lc in trng. Khi hn sp git kim loi lng lun ri v vng
vng hn mt cch d dng. Khi hn trn (xem hnh b/) trng lc gy kh khn cho
qu trnh dch chuyn kim loi i ln. Tuy nhin y vai tr ca sc cng b mt,
lc y ca cc cht kh v lc in trng c vai tr rt quan trng lm cho git kim
loi lng i ln t que hn vo vng hn. Lc in trng bao gm 2 lc : lc in
trng tnh (lm co tht git kim loi lng) v lc in trng ng c chiu t que
hn n vt hn c tc dng y git kim lo lng. V cng in trng ca que
1 2 3
Phn lc y ca kh sinh ra
t thuc bc que hn R.
Sc cng b mt
lc in
trng F
F
P
Trng lc P
R
F
F
F
F
F F
4
33
hn (c mt dng ln) lun lun ln hn cng in trng ca vt hn (c mt
dng nh). Nh vy khi hn trn cc lc

3.7 CNG NGH HN H QUANG

3.7.1 V tr cc mi ghp hn trong khng gian : c 4 v tr chnh

Hnh 3 - 36 V tr cc mi hn trong khng gian.
I - hn bng II - hn ngang , hn leo(hay hn ng)
III - hn nga IV - hn trn. (hn trn l v tr hn c bit .
ghi ch: 1- que hn 2-vt hn 3 - h quang

3.7.2 Cc loi mi ghp hn c phn ra:
Mi hn gip mi (a, c) tc l cc mp vt hn tip gip vo nhau; mi hn chng
m (b); mi hn gc ( d ) mi ghp hn theo kiu ch T , L ...(e)

Hnh 3 - 37 Cc loi mi ghp hn
3.7.3 Chun b cc loi mi hn.
to iu kin cho mi hn kt tinh (ng c) tt, trnh c mt s khuyt tt,
ngi ta phi chun b cc mp hn trc khi hn:
Khu chun b bao gm cc bc :

Lm sch mp vt hn ;
i vi thp mng cn gp mp ;

b/
a/
c/
d /
e/
I
II
III
IV
1
2
3
34
i vi thp c chiu dy ln cn phi vt mp.hnh dng v kch thc cn vt
theo tiu chun .
Chn khe h gia 2 vt hn;

Hnh 3 - 38 S cc loi mi gp hn

3.7.4 Chn loi que hn

Nguyn tc chn que hn c thnh phn gn tng t thnh phn kim loi c bn.
Lu cn chn que hn c thnh phn cc bon thp hn mt t v chn loi c cc
nguyn t hp kim tng c tnh cho mi hn.
3.7.5 Ch hn
Ch hn l tp hp cc thng s cng ngh v in c trng cho qa trnh
hn nhm nhn c mi hn c cht lng theo yu cu k thut.cc thng s l:
d
h
- ng knh que hn (mm)
I
h
- cng dng in hn (A)
U
h
- hiu in th hn (V)
n - s lp cn hn
V
h
- vn tc hn; m/h
t
h
- th gian hn gi (h)
Khi hn h quang tay, th d
h
v I
h
l hai i lng quan trng nht .
a - Chn ng knh que hn ph thuc vo :
Chiu dy ca vt hn ;
V tr mi hn trong khng gian : hn ngang / hn ng/ hn leo chn d
h

<=5mm hn trn th nn chn que hn c ng knh d
h
<=4mm .
d
h
c th chn theo bng sau:
Bng 3 - 3
S (mm) 1,5 - 2,0 3 4 - 8 9 - 12 16 - 20
d
h
(mm) 1,6 - 2,0 3 4 4 - 5 5 - 6
b - Cng dng in ;
Chn theo gi tr cho php c ghi trn bao gi que hn .
Tnh theo cng thc ;
chiu dy S =1- 3 mm
chiu dy S =1- 6 mm
chiu dy S =4- 26 mm
Khi gp gc
35
J
d
I
h
h
4
.
2

= (A)
d
h
- ng knh que hn ( tnh bng mm)
J - mt cng dng in hn (A/mm
2
); J -ph thuc vo nhm
thuc bc que hn :
Bng 3 - 4
d
h
(mm) Nhm thuc bc 3 4 5
J A/mm
2
) axit, ti tan 14,0 - 20,0 11,5 - 16,0 10,0 - 13,0
J A/mm
2
) Baz 13,0 - 18,5 10,0 - 18,5 9,0 - 12,0
Ch :
Khi hn nhng tm kim loi mng cn gim dng in xung 10 - 15 %
Khi hn ngang ,hn ng cn gim I h 10 -2%;
Khi hn trn , cn gim xung 15- 25 % so vi v tr hn bng .
c Hiu in th hn : U
h
chn trong khong :
30 -35 V dng mt chiu
20 -30 V dng xoay chiu
d - Tnh s lp cn hn n.
Khi hn thp c chiu dy ln, ta cn hn nhiu lp .
- lp th 1 (Fo) : ta hn que hn nh , khong 3 mm
- cc lp tip theo (Fn) ta hn bng que hn ln c ng knh 4 hoc 5
mm

Hnh 3 39 S mi hn nhiu lp
n
F F
F
d o
n
=

+1
F

- din tch tit din cn p ;
F
O
- din tch tit din lp th nht ;
F
n
- din tch tit din cc lp tip theo;
F

= F
1
+ F
2
+ F
3
+ F
4

- da vo kch thc ca mi hn theo tiu chun ta tnh F

:
F
O
= (6- 8) d
h
mm
2

F
n
=( 8- 12) d
h
mm
2

d - Vn tc hn:
V
h
= L
h
/t
h
L
h
chiu di ng hn
t
h
thi gian hn

V
L
t
L F
t F
M
F t
h
h
h
h d
h d
d
d h
= = =
. .
. . . .

Mt khc M
d
=
d
.I
h
.t
h
.
F
n
F
o

36

V
I
F
h
d h
d
=

.
.
(cm/h) = V
I
F
h
d h
d
=

.
. .3600
(cm/s)
Trong :
d
- (g/(A.h))
- (g/cm
3
)
F
d
- cm
2
.

f - Thi gian hn
t = t
h q
+ t
ph

t
h q
- thi gian h quang chy
t
ph
- thi gian ph ( thi gian ng m my, thay que hn, chun b vt hn,
di chuyn vt hn, i li, ... n gin ta tnh:
t = t
h q
/K
k l h s ph thuc trnh t chc sn xut
k = 0, 5 - 0, 6 Trnh t chc sn xut kh
k = 0, 3 - 0, 4 Trnh t chc sn xut trung bnh
k <= 0, 3 Trnh t chc sn xut km
t
hq
- thi gian h quang chy.

t
F L
I
hq
d h
d h
=

. .
.
(h)
tng nng sut khi hn ta nn chon ch sao cho t
h
nh nht. Hay nn cho
I ln, chn que hn c h s hn p (
d
) cao; chon que hn ln, hn bng h quang 3
pha hoc hn bng que hn nm, ... Bn cnh cn t chc sn xut tt gim thi
gian ph

3. 8 K THUT HN H QUANG

3.8.1 Chn gc nghing que hn hp l

Hnh 3 - 40 Gc nghing que hn

Gc nghing que hn ph phuc chiu dy vt hn, phng php hn, v tnh cht
vt hn.
Khi hn vt hn c chiu dy ln th chn gc nghing ln;
Vt hn c tnh dn nhit cao th chn gc ln, ...
Khi gc hn , gc nghing ca que hn thay i cho mi hn u hai cnh
= 75 - 85
o
.
37

Khi hn leo


Hnh 3 - 41 S hn leo

Khi hn trn xung

Hnh 3 - 42

3.8.2 Chn lng dch chuyn que hn cho hp l :
Khi hn tm mng thi que hn dch chuyn theo ng thng.


Hnh 3 - 43 Nguyn tc dch chuyn que hn khi hn vt mng

Khi hn vt dy v c mi hn rng th va tnh tin va chuyn ng qua
li theo phng ngang.


Hnh 3 - 44 Nguyn tc dch chuyn que hn khi mi hn rng

Khi hn nhiu lp th cn chun b k lp hn th nht. Chn th t hn cc
lp tip theo hp l. Sau mi ng hn phi lm sch cc cht x, r, ...
1 2
38
Khi mi hn c chiu di ln th phi chia thnh tng on theo th t nh
sau nhm chng nhng bin dng khi hn.


Hnh 3 - 45 Th t hn cc mi hn c chiu di ln
Chuyn ng t gia ra (hn ra hai pha ) : khi mi hn nh , khng rng ng
hn di
Chuyn ng theo nhng ng trn : mc ch l tng chyu rng mi hn ng
dng khi hn trn , hn ng
Chuyn ng qua li : tng nng chy hai bn mp hn
Chuyn ng nhiu v mt pha : khi hn mt tm dy v mt tm mng
gim ng sut v bin dng khi hn ngi ta ngi ta thng hn theo tng
on i vi ng hn ln .
Khi hn trn v hn ngang , hn ng cn gim dng in i t 10 _ 20% (c khi
25% ).que hn t dao ng, chiu di h quang ngn, chn que c ng knh nh,
chn que hn c thuc bc cng , kh chy ...

(HKHI_BV2.doc)

3.8 HN H QUANG BN T NG V T NG
TRONG CC MI TRNG BO V

3.8.1 Hn bn t ng v hn t ng
a. Khi nim : Hn bn t ng l mt qu trnh hn m dy hn c cp t ng
vo vng hn cn vic di chuyn m hn c thc hin bng tay ngi iu khin.
Hn t ng l mt qu trnh hn m vic cp dy hn v di chuyn m hn
theo mi hn c thc hin hon ton bng my.
Hn bn t ng v bn t ng c th c hn trong cc mi trng bo v
nh hn di lp thuc hoc hn trong cc mi trng kh bo v. Hn t ng v
bn t ng trong mi trng khng kh hu nh khng c s dng na v cht
lng mi hn km.
b. Phn loi
Hn bn t ng trong mi trng kh bo v (kh tr, kh hot tnh,
hn hp cc loi kh)
Hn bn t ng di lp thuc bo v

Hn t ng trong mi trng kh bo v (kh tr, kh hot tnh,
hn hp cc loi kh)
Hn t ng di lp thuc bo v
1 2 3 4
5 3 1 2 4 6
39

Theo lp thuc bo v

c. Vt liu hn : Thuc hn ( cho hn h quang v cho hn kh), dy hn h quang
in v hn kh), kh bo v.
Thuc hn
Tc dng : to x lng bo v kim loi mi hn khi tc dng ca oxy, ni t
trong khng kh.
Thuc hn c dng ht hay bt. Thuc hn in c phn ra :
Thuc hn nng chy; thuc hn bt ( khng nng chy : gm keramit, bt
thiu kt, ... bao gm cc cht khong thin nhin vi hp kim ferro v thu tinh
nc.
Theo chc nng s dng ngi ta chia ra :
Thuc cho hn thp cc bon v hp kim thp;
Thuc hn thp hp kim;
Thuc hn hp kim mu;
Theo thnh phn cc cht ngi ta chia ra :
Loi c SiO
2
cao ( 40 - 50 % SiO
2
)
Loi SiO
2
thp ( < 35 % SiO
2
)
Loi khng c SiO
2
.
Loi khng cha oxy
X c tnh baz : CaO, MgO, FeO, ...
X c tnh axit TiO
2
, SiO
2
,...
X trung tnh cha Cl
2
, F
2
.
Yu cu i vi thuc hn :
Nhit nng chy ca thuc hn nh hn nhit nng chy cuat kim loi c bn
khong 200 - 300
o
C.
Thuc hn phi c m thp v bn c hc nht nh.
Thuc hn phi to iu kin cho h quang d chy v chy n nh.
Thuc hn phi to iu kin cho qu trnh hnh thnh mi hn tt, c chc,
khng c r kh, ngm x,...
m bo kh cc tp cht v thot kh tt; loi tr cc khuyt tt nh r kh, ngm
x, nt vng mi hn.
Hp kim ho mi hn, m bo c tnh tt
To mng mng bo v v d dng tch khi b mt mi hn.
Khng sinh bi v kh c hi
Gi thnh h
Kh bo v mi hn
Kh tr ( Inert gas ) : Ar, He
Kh hot tnh ( active gas ) : CO
2
, N
2
, H
2
, Hi nc ( H
2
O )
Dy hn c cc loi :
Dy hn thp cc bon v hp kim thp, dy hn thp hp kim, dy hn hp kim cao
Dy hn p;
Dy hn bt ;
Di kim loi
ng knh dy hn : 0,3; 0,5; 0,8; 1; 1,2; 1,4; 1,6; 1,8; 2; 2,5; 3; 4; 5; 6; 6,5; 8 mm
40
Khi lng mt cun : 1,5 - 30 kg c th n 80 kg ( c khung dy )

3.8.2. Hn h quang t ng v bn t ng di lp thuc bo v
a. Khi nim
H quang h l h quang tip xc vi khng kh, nmg sut cao hn khi hn h
quang tay nhng cht lng mi hn thp.
H quang kn - l h quang chy di lp thuc hoc trong cc mi trng kh
bo v khc.

b. S nguyn l hn t ng di lp thuc bo


Hnh 3 - 46 S nguyn l hn t ng di lp thuc bo v
1- Con ln cp dy hn; 2- Dy hn; 3- Thuc hn; 4- Lp x ng c;
5- Lp kim loi lng; 6- Lp kim loi mi kt tinh

c tnh ca hn h quang t ng di lp thuc.
t hao tn kim loi, h s hn p cao , tit kim c kim loi que hn.
H s mt mt nhit thp do thuc hn khng dn nhit v dn in,
Cho php hn vi dng in cao nn tc hn ln, nng sut hn cao.
Vng nh hng nhit nh do th tch nng chy(V
h
) nh.
Cht lng mi hn cao; c tnh tt.
iu kin lao ng tt do h quang kn.
Cho php c kh ho v t ng ho qu trnh hn.
Nhc im :
Kh thc hin cc mi hn c hnh dng v qu o hn phc tp.
Gi thnh thit b t.
Yu cu khi g lp v chun b hn kh cng phu.

c. Cng ngh hn t ng di lp thuc.
Chun b vt hn ( tng t hn h quang tay )
Cc loi mi hn :
Hn mt pha
Hn 2 pha
Hn c tm lt thp hay tm lt bng ng.
Hn c m thuc
Hn theo qu o thng v cong
1
2
3 4 5 6
7
41
Cc thng s mi hn.
Hnh dng mi hn v cc h s ca n
H s ngu :
ng
B
h
=

Hnh 3 - 47 Mt s kch thc c bn ca mi hn

ng
= 0,8 - 4 ( Tt nht l 1,2 - 2 ) [ 14 ] Sebeko-1975-page 171)

ng
< 0,8 D b nt nng

ng
> 4 Tng bin dng v ngun nhit s khng c cung cp hp l.
H s hnh dng mi hn :
hd
B
C
=

hd
= 5 - 12 ( thng ly bng 7 - 12 )

hd
> 12 Mi hn b lm

hd
< 5 Mi hn b tp trung ng sut
H s in y ngu mi hn :
dd
ng
F
B h
=
.

H s in y li mi hn :
ddng
dl
F
B C
=
.
0,73
H s hnh dng vng hn ( b hn ) :
vh
L
B
const = .
( h s ny khng i nu cc thng s ca ch hn khng i.tnh cht ca vt
liu ng nht ).
L
Q
T
K
U I
T
nc
h h
nc
= =
2. . .
.
.
.


Q = 0,24.U
h
.I
h
.
hq
. ( cal )

U
h
- in p hn(V); I
h
.- Cng dng in hn

hq
. - H s hu ch ca ngun nhit ( h quang hn )
hq
0,98

K - h s K = 2,8 - 3,6 mm/(KVA) khi hn thp cc bon thp
(Page 107Hn ng 1962)
K = 1,7 - 2,3 mm/(KVA) khi hn bng que hn c thuc bc dy.

Gi s tit din ngu ca mi hn l na hnh trn th
B = 2 r (*); T
Q
e C V r
q
e c r
h
dv
max
.
. . . . .
.
. . .
= =
2 2
2 2

(**)
T ( **) ta c r
q
e c T
dv
nc
2
2
=
. . . .

h
B
C
S
B - chiu rng mi hn
mm
C - Chiu cao
mm
h Chi i h
42
Trong : c - nhit dung ring ( cal/
o
C)
- Khi lng ring ca vt liu ( g/cm
3
)
- H s truyn nhit ( cal/(cm.s)
C. - Nhit dung ring th tch ( cal/ ( cm
3
.
o
C )
a
C
=

.
(***)a- dn nhit ( cm
2
/s)
T (**) (***) ta c r
Q
e c T
q
V e c T
nc h nc
= =
2 2 .
. . . . . . . . .

Ta c : q=Q/V
h
.


vh
nc
h h h
L
B
Q
T B
A U I V Const = = = =
2. . .. .
.
S ph thuc ca hnh dng mi hn vo ch hn.

Hnh dng v kch thc ca mi hn ph thuc cng dng in hn ( I
h
),
mt cng dng in J = I/F ( A/cm
2
), in p hn ( U
h
) , Vn tc hn ( V
h
),
loi dng in v cc ca n, in cc, kch thng dy hn,...



Hnh 3 - 49 S ph thuc kch thc mi hn vao cng dng in





Hnh 3 - 50 S ph thuc kch thc mi hn vo in p hn




Hnh 3-51 Kch thc mi hn ph thuc ch hn
a/ Dng in tng th chiu su ca mi hn tng
b/ in p tng lm cho chiu rng tng
c/ Vn tc tng lm cho tit din gim v khng u
n gin ho cho qu trnh tnh ton ta a ra 3 ng ng nhit ng vi
cc ch hn khc nhau v c ngu tng dn t dng na ellip ngang n na na
ng trn v dng na ellp ng ( xem hnh 3-52 ).
I
2
> I
1

U
2
>
V
h2
>V
h1

I
1
I
2

U
1
U
2
V
h1

V
h2
43


Hnh 3 - 52 S cc m hnh tnh ton kch thc mi hn

Dng 1 : hnh ellp ngang c din tch tit din :
F
B h B
h
h
h
h
ng ng 1
1 1 1
1
1
1
2
1
2 2 2 2 4
= = =

. . . . .
Dng 2 : Na hnh trn :
4
.
4
.
2
2
2
2
2
h B
F
ng

= =
Dng 3 : hnh ellp ng :
F
B h B
h
h
h
h
ng ng 31
3 3 3
3
3
3
3
2
3
2 2 2 2 4
= = =

. . . . .
S dng 1 hp l hn nn c th vit nh sau : T cc cng thc trn khi
hn thp cc bon v thp hp kim thp chiu su ngu c th tnh gn ng theo cng
thc :
h
1
= h = 0,0156
q
dv
ng

1
(mm)
Khi hn trong mi trng kh bo v chiu su ngu c tnh theo cng thc :
h
1
= h = 0,0165
q
dv
ng

1
(mm) ( 15 )
H s ngu c th xc nh theo cng thc thc nghim :

ng h
h h
h
k I
d U
I
= .( , ).
.
19 0 01 ( 16 )
K - h s ph thuc loi dng in.
K = k
1
= 1 Dng xoay chiu
Nu J >= 120 A/mm
2
.
K = k
2
= 1,12 Dng mt chiu ni thun
K = k
3
= 0,92 Dng mt chiu ni nghch
Nu J < 120 A/mm
2
.
K = k
2
=
2 82
0 1925
,
,
J
Dng mt chiu ni thun
K = k
3
= 0,367 . J
0,1925
Dng mt chiu ni nghch
B
3
B
2

B
1

h
1
h
2
h
3
44
Xc nh chiu rng mi hn : B =
ng
. h
Xc nh chiu cao mi hn : C =
F
B
d
0 73 , .

F

d h
h
I
V cm s
.
. . ( / ) 3600
( cm
2
)
F

d h
h
I
V m h
.
. . ( / ) 3600
( mm
2
)
Khi hn t ng di lp thuc

=
ch
.
Khi hn trong mi trng kh bo v

=
ch
+
ch

Khi hn dng xoay chiu

= 7 +
70 210
3
1 035
, . .
,

I
d
h
g/(A.h)
Khi hn dng mt chiu ni thun

= 6,3 +
70 210
3
1 035
, . .
,

I
d
h

Khi hn dng mt chiu ni nghch

= 11,6 0,4

Tnh ton ch hn t ng di lp thuc
h
1
= S/2 + k k = ( 1 ... 3 ) mm
I
h
= ( 80 - 100 ) h
1
. ( A ) h
1
tnh bng mm
I
h
= h
1
/k
h


Bng 3 - 5
d
h
K
h

mm Xoay chiu 1 chiu ( thun) 1 chiu ( nghch)
2 1,3 1,15 1,45
3 1,15 0,95 1,30
4 1,05 0,85 1,15
5 0,95 0,75 1,10
6 0,90 - -
I
h
=
.d
J
h
2
4


Bng 3 - 6
d
h
mm 2 3 4 5 6
J A/mm
2

65-200 45-90 35-60 30-50 25-45

Xut pht t iu kin B = 2r ta c :
vh
= A.U
h
.I
h
.V
h
= Const
U
h
Const V
h
.I
h
=A V
A
I
h
h
=
'


Bng 3 - 7
d
h
mm 1,2 2 3 4 5 6
A (2-6).10
3
(5-8).10
3
(12-16).10
3
(16-20).10
3
(20-25).10
3
(25-30).10
3

45

Kinh nghim c th nhn : V
h
= 2500 / I
h
( Sebeko-page 174-1975)
Tnh hiu in th hn : U
h
= U
o
+
B I
d
h
h
n
.
1
Ga tr (+ 1) Khi hn gip mi
Gi tr (- 1) khi hn gc
U
o
= 20 V nu d
h
= ( 2 - 6) mm

Tnh vn tc cp dy hn :
Vn tc cp dy hn c tnh ton da theo iu kin cn bng khi lng kim loi
cn p vi th tch dy hn.


dh dh d KL
V V . . =

dh dh dh d dh
L F L F . . . . =
t L F t L F
dh dh dh d dh
. . . . . . =
dh dh h d
V F V F . . =

dh
h d
dh
F
V F
V =

n v tnh : V
dh
- Vn tc dy hn cm/s
V
h
- Vn tc hn cm/s
F

- Din tch cn p cm
2
.
F
dh
- Din tch tit din dy hn cm
2
.

dh
- Khi lng ring dy hn g/cm
3
.

KL
- Khi lng ring KL vt hn g/cm
3
.

3.8.3 Hn trong mi trng kh bo v

a- Gii thiu : Hn t ng v bn t ng trong cc mi trng kh bo v c ng dng
kh rng ri trong thc t t nhng nm 1950-1952. Ch ring ngh ng tu ngi ta thy
rng c khong 30 % cc kt cu hn bng tay, 42 % hn t ng v bn t ng di lp
thuc, 25% hn t ng v bn t ng trong mI trng kh bo v. [ 6 ]

S nguyn l hn trong mi trng kh bo v

1
2
3
4
5
46

Hnh 3-52 S nguyn l hn trong mi trng kh bo v
1 Con ln cp li; 2 - Dy hn; 3 - u m hn;
4 - Kh bo v 5 - Vt hn


c - Phn loi cc phng php hn trong mi trng kh bo v

















Hnh 3-53 S phn loi cc phng php hn trong cc mi trng kh bo v.

d - c im hn t ng trong mi trng kh bo v .

Kh hot tnh : CO
2
, N
2
, H
2
,
Kh tr : Ar, He,

Khi hn ngi ta c th s dng cc loi kh tr , kh hot ring bit hoc hp cht
ca chng nh cc loi kh tr vi kh tr, kh hot tnh ny vi kh hot tnh khc hay kh
tr vi kh hot tnh.
Hn trong mi trng kh hot tnh dng cho thp cc bon, thp hp kim thp. Hn
Hn trong mi trng kh tr dng cho cc loi thp hp kim, kim loi mu nh nhm, Ti,...
Nit dng cho hn hp kim ng

1. Ngun in c th l 1 chiu ni nghch, ni thun, xoay chiu. H quang trc tip v h
quang gin tip. C th s dng h quang 3 pha. H quang 3 pha thng dng dng xoay
chiu .
2. C th dng in cc khng nng chy (Thanh, grafit, vnphram -W), thng dng nht
l in cc vnfram ni trc tip , dng mt chiu ni thun ( cc m ni vi que hn, cc
dng ni vi vt hn); cn khi hn dy hn th ni nghch ( cc dng ni vi dy hn).
3. C th dng in cc nng chy (dy hn nng chy). Khi hn dng mt chiu bng day
hn nng chy thng c ni nghch ( cc dng ni vi dy hn, cc m ni vi vt
hn).
4. Tc cp dy c th n nh v c th thay i tu theo in p.
Hn trong mi
trng kh bo v
Kh hot tnh
( active gas )MAG
in cc nng chy
v khng nng chy
Kh tr (Inert gas)
in cc nng chy
v khng nng chy
(MIG, TIG )
Hi
nc
Argon
Ar
Heli
He
Nit
N
2

Hn trong
hn hp
cc loi
kh
Hn hp
cc loi
kh
Hn
trong
CO
2

47
5. Phng php hn trong mi trng kh bo v rt a nng. C th hn bt k v tr no
trong khng gian; m bo c kh ho, t ng ho qu trnh hn; cht lng mi hn
c nng cao; ...
6. Hn trong mi trng kh c ng dng nhiu trong ngnh ng tu.

e - Hn trong mi trng kh CO
2
.
1. CO
2
thng dng : loi 1 (99,5%CO2) Loi 2 (99%), Loi thc phm (98,5%).
2. CO
2
thng dng trng thi lng v cho vo bnh c dung tch 40 lt v c khi lng
khong 25 kg.
3. Trong ngnh ng tu thng dng dng mt chiu ni nghch. (P.7 Golochenko) .
4. Cho vo dy hn mt s cht (kim loi kim, kim th) s lm tng tnh n nh cho h
quang hn v cho php hn c s dch chuyn dy hn nng chy theo dng nn lm gim
s bn to. Dng xoay chiu thng lm cho h quang khng n nh v tng bn to.
5. Chnh v th m hin nay khi hn in cc nng chy trong mi trng kh CO
2
thng
dng dng mt chiu ni nghch.
6. Dy hn c cc loi theo tiu chun : 0,3 ; 0,5; 0,8; 1,0; 1,2; 1,6; 2,0; 2,5; 3,0 mm ( trang
25- 1962). Dy hn nh d = 0,5 - 1,2 mm Dy hn ln d = 1,2 - 3,0 mm. Kch thc git
kim loi lng khi hn c ngn mch ( d
git
> 1,5 d
h
) khi khng ngn mch l ( d
git
> 0,8
d
h
) v khi chy thnh dng l ( d
git
< 0,8 d
h
).
7. c tnh dch chuyn kim loi lng vo vng hn ph thuc : loi kh bo v; ch hn
(cc ngun in, dng in hn I
h
, Hiu in th hn : U
h
, Vn tc hn : V
h
, ng knh
dy hn : d
h
, Lng kh tiu hao :Q
h
v chiu di ca li dy hn tnh t u mt ca u
m hn : L
d
.)
8. Hn trong CO
2
c th dng dng mt chiu ni nghch, ni thun hay hn bng dng mt
chiu. Trong thc t khi hn trong CO
2
thng dng dng mt chiu ni nghch (cc dng
ni vi m hn, cc m ni vi vt hn). V khi ni nghch h quang s chy n nh, to nn
mi hn c hnh dng hp l v m bo cc tnh cht cn thit ca mi hn. Khi hn vi
in cc ni thun h quang s chy km n nh hn v c xu hng to r kh v gim
s ngu vo kim loi c bn. Khi hn dng xoay chiu s lm cho h quang chy km n
nh v lng bn to nhiu. iu chnh dch chuyn kim loi lng c th s dng
dng in xung tn s 50 - 100Hz.
9. T nhng phn tch trn hin nay ngi ta thng s dng dng mt chiu ni nghch (
cc dng que hn, cc m vt hn) hn trong CO
2
. Dng hn ph thuc S, d
h
v J
mt dng in hn . Thng nhn J = 60 - 150 A/mm
2
.
10. Cht lng mi hn c th tho mn c ngay c khi hn di nc.
11. Hn trong mi trng kh bo v CO
2
cho php t ng ho d dng

Tc dng ca CO
2
.
1. Bo v kim loi mi hn khi tc dng ca khng kh , ni t v oxy xung quanh vng h
quang hn.
2CO2 2 CO + O2 => kh bo v khi tc dng ca oxy
CO2 + [Fe] [FeO] + CO
[FeO] + [ C ] [ Fe ] + CO
Kh CO khng ho tan vo kim loi nng chy m s bay hi, v th d dng sinh ra
r kh trong mi hn.

Cc bin php chng CO :
1. Cho vo vng mi hn cc cht kh oxy ho CO : Si, Mn
Cht lng bo v ph thuc cng ca dng kh bo v m c c trng bi lng
kh tiu hao .
48
V d : Lng kh tiu hao Q = 900 lt/gi s c cng gp 1,5 ln
so vi dng kh m c Q = 600 lt/gi. ( trang 23-1962).
2. Cho vo vng hn hoc dy hn cc nguyn t nhm kim loi kim hay kim loi kim th
s c tc dng lm h quang chy n nh v to nn s dch chuyn kim loi lng chy
thnh dng v lm gim s bn to khi hn.

Nhc im khi hn trong mi trng kh bo v CO
2
.
1. Lng kim loi bn to khi hn trong mi trng kh tr nh hn khi hn trong CO
2
c
bit khi hn vi ch dch chuyn kim loi lng dng git ln. gim bn to c th
s dng hn trong mi trng hn hp cc loi kh : 95-99% Ar + 5-1 %O
2
; 75%Ar +
20% CO
2
+ 5% O
2
; 60-80 % CO
2
+ 20% O
2
. (Trang 9 My hn T+BT)
2. Nhc im ca kh bo v CO
2
l kim loi mi hn b oxy ho. Cho nn cht lng mi
hn ph thuc lng nguyn t cht kh nh Mn, Si trong thnh phn cc nguyn t ca
dy hn. Lng Mn >= 0,9 % so vi 0,35 % Mn khi hn h quang tay; lng Si >=0,60%
so vi 0,3 % ( trang 24 - 1962).
3. Chu nh hng ca mi trng xung quanh nh gi, bo,....
Khi hn v tr ngoI tri, cht lng mi hn b nh hng ca mI trng xung
quanh: gi , ma, nhit ca mI trng, m, thi gian lao ng ngoI hin trng, mI
trng n mn,...[ 6 ]
Lc tc dng ca gi cs nh hng ln n qu trnh hn v c xc nh theo cng
thc: D
V
g
=

.
2
2
kg/(m.s
2
)
V
g
- Vn tc ca gi (m/s). - khi lng ring ca khng kh ( kg/m
3
).
c tnh ca gi l s dao ng dang xung nh hnh 3-54












Hnh 3-54 Dng xung ng ca gi

N %









0 3 6 9 V
gi
, m/s





1
2
0 1 2 3 4 t ( phut )
V
gio

m/s
3
2
1

0,03

0,02

0,01

49

Hnh 3-55 nh hng cagi n thnh phn ca Nit trong mi hn
Hm lng CO
2
.i vi dy hn:1 - dy hn Cb-082C; 2 - dy hn -IO8C [ 9 ]nHnf tron
mI trng kh bo v s hn ch hm lng nit c trong mi hn (xem bng 3-7)

Bng 3-7 [ 9 ]
Phng php hn d
h
( mm ) Lng nit tnh theo khi lng (%)
nHnf bng que hn c thuc bc 4,0 0,029
Hn bn t ng khng bo v 1,2 0,140
Hn bn t ng c bo v 1,2 0,007

Chiu su v chiu rng mi hn ph thuc cng dng In hn v c dng nh
hnh 3-55[ 9 ].



















Hnh 3-55 S ph thuc chiuu mi hn vo I
h
.[ 9 ] [11]
( Cc ch s 1, 2, 3,4, 5 l ng knh dy hn)

S ph thuc chiu rng ca mi hn trong mI trng CO
2
[4]
NGhin cu cc nh hng ta xc nh c ch hn hp l. Cc i lg ca
ch hn : d
h
, I
h
, U
h
, V
h
, h
h
,...
f - Ch hn l nhn t nh hng ln n cc thng ca mi hn.
Ch hn ti u phi tho mn :
1. m bo cho h quang chy n nh.
2. Nng sut cao
3. m bo mi hn ngu tt;
4. Mi hn c hnh dng v kch thc t yu cu
5. t bn to;


5
3
2 4

1
h
h
(mm)
100 200 300 400 500 I
h
, (A)
50
6. Cht lng mi hn cao .
C th xc nh ch hn bng nhiu phng php: theo cng thc thc nghim,
th, ...
Cng dng In hn c th xc nh theo th sau y :[ 11 ] ( page 105)


Vi d
h
= 0,5 - 3 mm





Hnh3-56 Vng ch hn ti u[9], [11].

Khi hn trong CO2, ng knh c th chn trong khong (0,5 - 4 mm) ng vi
mtng loai chiu dy ca vt hn. (Thng l 0,5 - 2 mm)
d
h
= 0,8 - 1 mm Khi chiu dy S = 1 - 5 mm ;
d
h
= < 2 mm Khi chiu dy S = 2 - 12mm ;
d
h
= 3 - 4 mm Khi chiu dy S = 14 - 30mm ;
chn ch hn ta s dng cng thc tnh chiu su mi hn v kim tra cc
thng s c th t c su khi hn.

Hnh 3-57 Cc thng s chnh ca mi hn


I
H
K
x
h
h
= 100 [A]
H - Chiu su mi hn cn thit, mm; K
h
- H s, mm/(A/100).

Bng 3-8
d
h
mm 1,2 1,6 2,0 3,0 4,0
K
h
2,1 1,75 1,55 1,45 1,35

Bng 3-9
c tnh

ng knh dy hn

d
h
mm 0,5 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,6 2,0 2,5
I
h
A 25-70 50-130 100-180 100-240 150-400 200-500 350-700









Vng hn
Uh
(V)


30

20
100 200 300 400 I (A)
C
B
S
51
V
A
I
h
h
= [m/h]
Bng 3-10
d
h
mm 1,2 1,6 2,0 3,0 4,0
V
h
m/h 21 17,5 15,5 14,5 13,5

Bng 3-11 (trang 108-62)
c tnh

ng knh dy hn

0,5 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,6 2,0 2,5
F
d
mm
2
mm
2
0,2 0,5 0,8 1,1 2,0 3,1 4,9
J min A/mm
2
150 100 85 80 70 65 60
I
h
min A 30 50 70 90 140 200 300
I
h
max A 60 100 120 150 300 500 700

Lu : I hn tng lng bn to s gim do J tng l cho dng dch chuyn ca kim loi lng
chuyn t git sang chy theo dng (trang 108-1962).
V d Khi I
h
= 200 A Lng bn to l 10 %
Khi I
h
= 500 A Lng bn to l 3 %



Bng 3-12
c tnh

Hn bn t ng Hn t
ng
S mm 0,8 - 3 >=3 >=4
d
h
mm 0,5-1,2 1,2 - 1,6 1,6 - 2,0 2 - 4
V tr mi hn Bt k Tr hn
trn
Sp Sp

Bng 3-13
d
h
mm 0,5 0,8 1 1,2 1,6 2 2,5 3
Phm vi ng dng Bn t ng

Hn t ng

I
h
A 25-70 50-
130
70-
180
100-
180
150-
400
200-
500
350-
600
350-
700

Bng 3-14
d
h
mm 0,5-0,8 1-1,2 1,6-2,0 3 4

L
h max
mm 5-15 8-18 15-25 20-30 30-40

Ch han trong mi trng kh CO
2
c tnh theo cac cng thc thc nghim
:
I
h
K
h
h
= . 100 (A); va
Chiu su mi hn c th tnh :
52

h
h
= 0,0165.
Q
V
h ng
.

h
I U
h
h h
ng
= 0 0165
0 24
,
, . . .

( cm )

K
h
ph thuc d
h
; ng - H s ngu; I
h
- cng dng In hn (A);
U
h
- In p hn (V); - H s hu ch ca ngun In.

Q
v
- Nng lng n v ( Q
v
= Q/V
h
) [Cal/cm]
V
h
- Vn tc hn [Cm/s]
- Hiu sut ngun nhit
CO2
= 0,65 - 0,75

ng h
h h
h
K I
d U
I
= ' ( , . ).
.
19 0 01 ; K - H s thc nghim
V
A
I
h
h
= ( m/h) A - h s ph thuc ng knh que hn d
h
;



Bng 3-15
d
h
mm 0,8 1,0 1,2 1,6 2 3
A (2-4).10
3
(4-6).10
3
(6-8).10
3
(8-10).10
3
(10-12).10
3
(12-16).10
3


Chiu rng mi han B h
ng h
= . ; (cm);
Chiu cao C
F
B
I
V
h
h
= =
0 73 3600 , .
.
. .

( cm)

ngu
h
h h
h
K I
d U
I
= ( , ).
.
19 0 01
Trong K J = 0 367
0 1925
, .
,
Nu J < 120 A/mm
2
.
K = 0,92 Nu J >= 120 A/mm
2
.


g - Hn trong mi trng kh tr : argon (Ar) v hli (He)

Hn bng dy hn nng chy gi l hn MIG ( Metal Inert Gas)
Hn bng in cc vnfram gi l hn TIG (Tungsten Inert Gas)
ng dng : Hn nhm, ng , cc hp kim ca chng, thp inox, cc loi vt liu khc m c
i lc ho hc mnh vi xy.
c im :
1. Nhit si ca Ar = (-186
o
C) O2 = (-183
o
C) N2 = (-196
o
C) im ho
sng ca Ar = (-50
o
C)
2. Kh argon ng dng hn c tinh khit cao
Ar N
2
.
1. Mc A 99,99 % 0,01 %
53
2. Mc B 99,96% 0,04
3. Mc C 99,90 % 0,10
4. A rgon c cha m lm tng s xy ho v s bn to kim loi nng chy.
5. Tp cht xy trong Ar lm tng xy ho, lm mt cc nguyn t hp kim v to nn
cc xyt kim loi v d lm cho mi hn b ngm x.
6. Kh Ar nng hn khng kh nn thun li cho vic bo v mi hn
7. H quang chy trong mi trng bo v Ar c tnh n nh cao.
8. in p khi hn trong He cao hn trong Ar 1,5 - 2 ln cho nn nhit lng to ra khi
hn trong He ln hn nhiu so vi khi hn trong Ar.
9. Gi thnh He cao v kh nng bo v ca He km hn Ar nn hn trong Ar c ng
dng rng ri trong thc t.
3. Hn trong kh tr c th dng dng que hn nng chy v khng nng chy. Hn bng
in cc W c th dng dng mt chiu v xoay chiu
4. Khi hn nhm thng dng dng xoay chiu v khi vt hn i thnh m cc th b mt
n s b ph hu do hin tng ph hu katt
5. Bo v mi hn tt khi b mi trng xung quanh nh khng kh, hi nc, ... tc dng.
6. Cht lng mi hn tt.
7. Khng s dng mi trng Ar v He hn thp cc bon thp v thp hp kim thp v d
b sinh r kh m nguyn nhn l do CO + FeO, N2 v H2 c trong argon tc dng vi
kim loi mi hn ri sinh r kh hoc do dng kh bo v khng bo m nn N2, hi m
trong kh bo v xm nhp vo vng hn.
8. Khi hn thp hp kim thp c th dng Cr v mt s nguyn t khc kh xy v gim
kh nng r kh.
9. Khi hn thp cc bon bng dy hn c thnh phn gn nh kim loi c bn th r kh tng
khi mt dng hn ( J ) tng.
10. Khi dng hn t gi tr nht nh th s xy ra s chy dy hn thnh dng. Gi tr gi
l dng ti hn (xem hnh ).trang 20.
11. S bn to kim loi ph thuc vo thnh phn cc cht kh (xem hnh ) trang 21.
12. I h = (50 - 60) d
h
. (A)

Hn trong mi trng khi ni t N
2
.
Ni t l sn phm cng thu c trong qu trnh sn xut xy t khng kh.
tinh khit khi hn ng :
Loi 1 : 99,5 % N
2
, tp cht xy <= 0,5 %
Loi 2 : 99 % N
2
, xy < =1%
Bnh cha N
2
: dung tch 40 lt , p sut 150 t
Nit khng ho tan trong ng (Cu), km (Zn), thic (Sn), ch (Pb)
Ni ken (Ni) v st trong hp kim ng ho tan rt nhiu trong Cu v Al nn Fe v Ni khng
tng tc vi nit trong khi hn.
Khi hn thp ngi ta khng s dng kh ni t tinh khit v cht lng s khng m bo.
Khi nhit cao ni t c i lc ho hc mnh vi st gy nn hin tng thm ni t v to
nn cc nitrit Fe
2
N v Fe
4
N . cc nitrit ny tn ti trong mi hn dng ngm x. Tnh do
gim mnh lm cho mi hn b dn ngui
Ni t c s dng trong hn ng v hp kim ca n.
Khi hn bng in cc W s to nn nitrit vfram lm cho in cc b ph hu Nn thng
thng ngi ta hn dng mt chiu ni nghch vi que hn nng chy.

Hn trong mi trng cc hn hp kh :[11] (Golovchenko P.24).

Hn hp cc cht kh :
54
Ar + CO
2

Ar + CO
2
+ O
2

Ar + O
2

Ar + N
2

Ar + He
CO
2
+ O
2
v mt s kh khc
Khi hn thp cc bon trong mi trng CO
2
c th cho thm 20-27 % O2. Hn bng que hn
nng chy, dng mt chiu ni nghch.





49
CHNG 4 HN V CT KIM LOI BNG KH

4.1 KHI NIM CHUNG V HN KH
4.1.1 Khi nim
Hn kh l phng php c xut hin t nhng nm 1895 ... 1906.
Hn kh l mt qu trnh ni lin cc chi tit li vi nhau nh ngn la ca
cc kh chy, chy trong xy k thut . Cc loi kh chy l C
2
H
2
, CH
4
,
C
6
H
6
, H
2
, ... Hin nay hn kh c s dng rng ri v thit b hn n gin,
gi thnh h mc d nng sut c thp hn so vi hn in h quang. Hn kh rt
thun li cho nhng ni xa ngun in. Hp l nht l s dng phng php ny
hn cc chi tit c chiu dy b, ch to v sa cha cc loi chi tit t vt liu:
thp, ng , nhm, ...
4.1.2 S mt trm hn v ct kim loi bng kh

Hnh 4-1 S mt trm hn v ct kim loi bng kh
1 - Bnh cha kh, 2 - Bnh cha kh C
2
H
2
, 3 - Dy dn kh; 4- ng h
o p sut trong bnh cha; 5 - ng h o p sut ra dy dn kh v ra m hn;
6- Van gim p bnh xy; 7- Van gim p bnh axetylen 8 - Tay nm; 9- u m
hn 10 - Ngn la hn;

4.1.3 Vt liu hn kh :
Bao gm cc loi que hn, thuc hn, cc loi kh chy, ... v xy k thut.
a. Que hn : c th l cc dy thp, que ng, nhm, thic, ... Chng c tc dng
b sung kim loi cho mi hn.
b. Kh hn : xy k thut v cc loi kh chy khc : C
2
H
2
, CH
4
, ...
c. Thuc hn : c tc dng ty sch mi hn, to iu kin cho qu trnh
hn d dng, bo v mi hn v tng c tnh cho n. Yu cu i vi thuc hn :
D chy, nhit nng chy ca thuc hn phi thp hn nhit nng chy ca
6
7
8
9
3
10
3
50
kim loi c bn, tc dng nhanh vi xyd kim loi to x, gii phng kim loi,
x d bong; Khi lng ring ca thuc hn phi nh hn ca kim loi c bn &
khng c tc dng xu i vi kim loi c bn & kim loi mi hn; Thuc hn
phi nng chy u v bao ph kn b mt vng kim loi cn hn; Thuc hn c
hai loi : c tnh a xid & baz. Loi c tnh a xid dng hn cc kim loi mu,
Loi c tnh ba z thng dng hn gang;
V d: thuc hn ng : Na
2
B
4
O
7
.10H
2
O, H
3
BO
3
.
nhit cao chng s b phn hu v kt hp theo cc phn ng :
Na
2
B
4
O
7
==> NaBO
2
+ B
2
O
3

NaBO
2
+ B
2
O
3
+ CuO ===> (NaBO
2
)
2
.Cu(BO
2
)
2
NaBO
2
+ B
2
O
3
+ ZnO ===> (NaBO
2
)
2
.Zn(BO
2
)
2
CuO + Na
2
B
4
O
7
===> (NaBO
2
)
2
.2Na(BO
2
)
2
c
T
nc
= < 1000
o
C
2P + 5 Cu2O ===> P
2
O
5
+ 10 Cu
P
2
O
5
+ 3 Cu
2
O ===> P
2
O
5
(CuO)
3

Ghi ch : nhit nng chy ca :
T
nc
Cu = 1083
o
C;
T
nc
Cu
2
O = 1235
o
C
T
nc
CuO = 1336
o
C
Thuc dng cho hn gang Na
2
CO
3
, NaHCO
3
, K
2
CO
3

Trong gang c cha SiO
2
nn khi hn nng chy s xy ra phn ng :
Na
2
CO
3
+ SiO
2
==> Na
4
SiO
4
+ 2 CO
2

Thuc hn nhm : AlF
3
.3NaF
Bng 4-1
NaCl 30 45
KCl 45 30
LiCl 15 10
KF 7 15
Na
2
SO
4
3
Khi hn xy ra cc phn ng :
LiCl + Al
2
O
3
==> 2AlCl
3
+ 3Li
2
O
KCl + Al2O
3
==> 2AlCl
3

K
2
O + H
2
O ==> 2KOH
2KOH + Al
2
O
3
==> 2KAlO
2
+ H
2

NaF + Al ==> AlF
3
+ Na
Hi Na bay ln , chc thng lp xid nhm
51

4.2 KH HN
4.2.1 xy k thut
Khi hn kh ta cn xy k thut c tinh khit cao ( 97 ... 99.5 %)
cn li c th c ln cc tp cht nh Ar, N2, ... Nu tinh khit gim
th tiu hao O
2
tng ln .

V d : tinh khit gim 0.5 % th lng tiu hao c th tng t
(5 ... 12) % ( khi tinh khit ca n trong khong (97 ... 99.5) % .
Cc phng php sn xut xy
a. Phng php ho hc
Dng cc phn ng ho hc gii phng xy . Phng php ny
cho nng sut thp, khng kinh t , nn n ch dng trong cc phng th
nghim.
b. Phng php In phan nc
Kt qu s thu c xy & hydro. C 2 m
3
hydro s c 1 m
3
xy (
trong c cha 0.7 % H
2
)
c. Phng php chng ct xy t khng kh
Bng 4-2 Thnh phn cc cht trong khng kh
Thnh phn Theo th tch % Theo khi lng %
1 Nit 78.03 75.66
2 xy 20.93 23.13
3 Argon 0.93 1.286
4 CO2 0.03 0.046
5 Hi nc 0.0001 0.0001
6 Kr 0.0003
7 Xe 0.00004
8 H2 0.0000036
9 Ne 0.0012
p sut bnh thng cc cht kh xy, nit, argon trng thi
lng c nhit si l :
Nit (N
2
) - 195.8
o
C
Argon (Ar) - 185.7
o
C
xy (O
2
) - 182.96
o
C
Bng cch cho cc cht kh trn bc hi ta ln lt thu c chng.
m bo tinh khit cao cn tin hnh chng ct nhiu ln.
thu 1 m
3
xy cn tiu tn khong ( 0,45 ... 1,6) KW.h
Qu trnh thu nhn xy t khng kh c thc hin qua cc giai
on:
Lm sch khng kh khi cc tp cht ( bi, CO
2
, hi nc, ...)
Nn khng kh t 6 ... 200 at;
52
Lm ngui s b khng kh nn, sau tch xy & nit. Trong qu trnh
ny c khi cn thu c NH
3
dng cho my lnh.
Gim p sut trong b phn ho lng khng kh ; ( khi gim 1 at th
nhit gim 0.25 ... 0.5
o
C );
Cho bay hi v tch cc cht kh ra khi hn hp;


Hnh 4-2 S nn & ho lng khng kh
1 - my nn kh; 2- b phn lm ngui s b;
3- B phn trao i nhit T = - 80
o
C
4- Khng kh lng khong (5 ... 6) %

Phng php chng ct xy ( sn xut bng phng php ngui
lnh cho nng sut cao, tiu tn t nng lng, cn (0.45 ... 1.6) (KW.h) /
1m
3
xy).

Hnh 4-3 S qu trnh tch cc cht kh

Mt lt xy lng cho ta 860 lt xy dng kh. xy lng c rt nhiu
tin li trong vic bo qun, vn chuyn; gim khi lng thng cha
xung 10 ln; gim cc phng tin chuyn ch, v th gim c chi ph
cho c s sn xut. m bo an ton hn v xy lng c p sut nh hn
dng kh nn. Khi dng ngi ta mi cho ho hi xy nn lng hi nc
trong n s t lm cho cht lng hn tt hn.
N
2

O
Khng kh
ho lng
ng dn kh lng
53

4.2.2 AXytylen C
2
H
2


a. c tnh ca axetylen
Axtylen l cht kh khng mu, trong n c cha cc tp cht PH
3
( pht phua hydro) H
2
S (sun phua hydro) nn c mi kh chu. p sut
thng ca khng kh axtylen
Ho lng nhit T = (- 82,4) - (-83.6)
o
C
ng c T = (- 85)
o
C
Khi trng thi ng c C
2
H
2
d n khi va chm mnh .
p sut P = 61,6 at (KG/cm
2
), T = 35,9
o
C A xtylen s ho lng.
Axtylen rt d b n c bit khi n dng lng & c nn cn phi
thn trng trong khi bo qun v vn hnh.

b. Cc tp cht trong axtylen:
Khng kh l cht c hi v tng kh nng n ca n, lng khng kh
cho php cha ( 0,5 ... 1,5) %.
Hi nc lm gim nhit ca ngn la, ng thi n cn khuych tn
vo vng hn lm gim nng sut , cht lng hn.
Hi a xtn : khi nhit cng cao, p sut kh trong bnh cng thp ,
lng kh tiu th cng nhiu th lng a xtn c trong a xtn cng
nhiu. Lng hi a xtn cho php l 45 ... 50 g/m
3
. Ni chung hi a xtn
khng nh hng n qu trnh hn nhng tng n ln th khng kinh t
v tn tht axtn ln. Lu mi ln np kh axtylen cn b sung
axtn vo bnh.
S ho tan ca axtyle vo axtn

Bng 4-3
o
C -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 30
lt C
2
H
2
/
l lt axeton
47 42 37 33 29 26 23 20 16

PH
3
cht ny c to thnh khi phn hu CaC
2
, P
2
Ca
3
, P
2
Ca
2
c
cha trong t n v tc dng vi nc theo cc phn ng :
P
2
Ca
3
+ 6 H
2
O ---> 2PH
3
+ 3Ca(OH)
2

P
2
Ca
2
+ 4 H
2
O ---> PH
3
+ 2Ca(OH)
2

nhit ( T = 100 - 200
o
C ) PH
3
d bt la, t chy nn d sinh ra n.
Chnh v th lng PH
3
cn phi hn ch trong a xtylen khong 0.09% .
H
2
S l cht c hi cho nn cn hn ch trong khong 0.08 - 1.5 %

c. S ho tan ca a xtylen trong mt s cht.
Axtylen c kh nng ho tan trong 1 lt cht lng nh sau :
1 lt nc ho tan 1,15 lt C
2
H
2

54
-/- be zen -/- 4,0 -/-
-/- du ho -/- 5,7 -/-
-/- CH
3
CO OCH
3
(mtyn xtt) 14,8 -/-
-/- CH
3
COCH
3
( Axtn) 23,0 -/-
Khi iu ch kh a xtylen s i qua nc nn s ho tan C
2
H
2

trong nc s khng c li. chng ta cn ch gim bt s ho tan .
S ho tan kh axtylen trong axtn c ng dng nhiu trong cng
nghip nhm tng lng kh C
2
H
2
trong bnh cha, bo qun, vn chuyn
kh a xtylen p sut cao c an ton. tin hnh ho tan C
2
H
2

ngi ta dng bt xp thm t axtn & cho vo bnh sau nn axtylen
vo. Bt xp c tc dng ngn nga kh nng pht trin n; tng kh nng
ho tan C
2
H
2
.

d. Sn xut kh a xtylen

* Phng php mt: sn xut a xtylen t t n.
t n l cht rn mu xm c ch to t CaC
2
(cacbua can
xy) bng cch nu chy vi vi than cc trong l h quang in vi
nhit khong 1900.2300
o
C. Cng sut l 50 ... 30 KW.
1 tn CaC
2
cn 1965 KWh ( theo l thuyt) .
Trong thc t cn :
3200 ... 2800 KWh/tn i vi l 7500 ... 30 000 KW;
4000 ... 3200 -/- 1000 ... 7500
KW
7000 ... 4000 -/- < 1000 KW
1 tn CaC
2
cn 950 ... 1000 kg CaO
600 ... 610 kg than cc hoc than antraxit;
40 ... 70 kg khi lng in cc;
CaO + 3C = CaC
2
+ CO - 108 Kcal /(g mol)
56.08 36.03 64.1 28.01
1 kg CaC
2
cn 56.08/64.10 = 0.875 kg CaO
cn 36.03/64.10 = 0.562 kg Cacbon C
Trong cng nghip ccbua can xi CaC
2
c cha :
CaC
2
= 65 ... 80 % ;
CaO = 25 ... 10 %
Cc tp cht gm c : C, SiO
2
, MgO, Al
2
O
3
, CO
2
,...
Qa trnh phn hu t n xy ra theo phn ng:
CaC
2
+ 2H
2
O = C
2
H
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
+ Q
64,1 36,032 26,036 74,096
Theo l thuyt
1 kg CaC
2
cn 36.032 / 64.10 = 0.562 kg nc;
26.036 / 64.10 = 0.406 kg C
2
H
2

74.096 / 64.10 = 1.156 kg Ca(OH)
2

55
t n d b phn hu trong kh m, ht cng b v khng kh c
m cng cao th n cng d b phn hu.
Phn ng phn hu t n to nhiu nhit nn lm nng khu vc
phn ng v lm chy CaC
2
to thnh vi ti Ca(OH)
2
.
V th trong thc t trnh hin tng qu nhit vng phn ng
ngi ta cn dng lng nc nhiu hn so vi tnh ton trn.
1kg CaC
2
cn 10 lt nc ch khng phi 0.562 lt.
Theo l thuyt : 1 kg CaC
2
thu c 372,5 lt C
2
H
2

Thc t : 1 kg CaC
2
thu c 235 - 285 lt
C
2
H
2

Ht cacbua can xy cng b th tc phn hu cng cao . Nhng
lng axtylen to ra cng t v cc ht CaC
2
b ph mt lp Ca(OH)
2
.
Cho nn khi sn xut CaC
2
cn chn ht thch hp. Nu lng nc
cha khong 20 % Ca(OH)
2
th tc phn hu t n gim xung rt
nhiu , c bit khi nhit cao. Cho nn trong qu trnh sn xut
axtylen cn phi thay i nc, lun xo trn CaC
2
v tch Ca(OH)
2
ra
khi vng phn ng .
iu kin P = 1.5 at, T >= 500
o
C axtylen d b n nn thng
iu ch cn c p sut nh hn 1,5 at. Oxyd ng tng qu trnh phn
hu n; Axtn + axtylen ch n khi p sut ln hn 10 at;
Sn xut axtylen t ccbua can xy l phng php cng knh, t
tin, tiu hao nhiu nng lng in.

*Sn xut kh axtylen bng phng php nhit phn kh t nhin
Thnh phn kh t nhin gm c :
CH
4
97,80 %
C
2
H
6
C
3
H
8
0,90 %
N
2
, CO
2
, 1,3 %
Nhit phn kh t nhin theo phn ng:
2 CH
4
+ Q ---> C
2
H
2
+ 3 H
2

So vi phng php iu ch C
2
H
2
t t n th y l phng php r
hn (30 ... 40 %) m tnh cht ca kh C
2
H
2
khng khc nhau my.
c/ Sn xut kh C
2
H
2
bng phn hu cc nhin liu lng : nh
du la, du ho, du xng,...

e. Cc loi kh chy khc & nhin liu s dng hn
Bng 4-4
Butan C
4
H
10
chy trong xy cho nhit 2700 ... 2900
o
C
H
2
-/- 2400 ... 2600
CH
4
-/- 2400 ... 2700
Than cc -/- 2100 ... 2300
Kh du m -/- 2600 ... 2800
56
Cc loi kh trn do c nhit thp nn thng s dng gia
cng b mt kim loi.
4.3 NGN LA HN
4.3.1 Cu to ngn la hn :
Ngn la ca cc cht kh chy trong xy k thut to ra ngun
nhit ln. Ngun nhit ny s dng gia cng & hn kim loi nn gi
chung l ngn la hn.
Ngn la hn c chia thnh 3 vng : Nhn ngn la, vng trung
tm, vng ui ngn la.

Hnh 4-4 Cu to ca ngn la hn
1 - Nhn ngn la 2 - Vng trung tm 3 - Vng ui ca ngn la

Hnh dng, kch thc v cc loi ngn la hn ph thuc vo t
l kh xy vi cc loi kh chy khc.

2 2
2 2
H C
O
khichay
o
V
V
V
V
= =
V
O2
- Lng kh xy tiu hao ;
V
KC
- Lng kh chy tiu hao ;
V
C2H2
- Lng kh axtylen tiu hao;
Tu thuc va h s m ta c cc loi ngn la hn khc nhau.

4.3.2 Cc loi ngn la hn :
a. Ngn la bnh thng =
V
V
O
C H
2
2 2
= 1,10 - 1,2
C ti liu =
V
V
O
C H
2
2 2
= 1,05 - 1,2
Vng nhn ngn la khi hn xy ra cc phn ng:
C
2
H
2
----> 2C + H
2

2C
2
H
2
----> CH
4
+ 3C Khi T > 800
o
C
CH
4
----> C + H
2
Khi T > 1000
o
C
1 2
3
57
Vng ny c nhit sng chi , nhit thp. Sn phm phn
hu c cha nhiu cc bon nn khng dng hn thp v mt s kim loi
khc v mi hn d b thm cc bon tr nn dn.
Vng trung tm ( y l vng chy khng hon ton)
C
2
H
2
+ O
2
----> CO +H
2
+ O
+ Vng ny c mu sng xanh; nhit cao; ( gn 3200
o
C);
+ Sn phm chy ca vng ny l CO, H
2
, c tnh hon nguyn
nn s dng n hn thp .
Vng ui ca ngn la (Vng chy hon ton)
Sn phm chyca vng trung tm s tip tc chy vi xy ca
khng kh theo phn ng :
2CO + H
2
+ 3/2 O
2
----> 2CO
2
+ H
2
O + Q
+ y cc bon b chy hon ton nn gi l vng chy hon
ton.
+ Sn phm chy cha cc cht CO
2
, H
2
O nn c tnh xy ho
v v th gi l vng xy ho.
+ Vng ny c mu vng tm ( nu sm) nhit thp.

b. Ngn la xy ho :
=
V
V
O
C H
2
2 2
> 1.2
Khi hn xy ra cc phn ng :
C
2
H
2
+ 3/2 O
2
----> 2CO + H
2
+ 1/2 O
2

Sau chy tip vi xy ca khng kh v to nn:
2CO + H
2
+ 1/2 O
2
+ O
2
----> 2CO
2
+ H
2
O
- Vng gia ca ngn la c cha 6 - 7 % O
2
& 5% CO
2
. y l
nhng cht c tnh xy ho nn gi ngn la ny l ngn la xy ho.
- Nhn ngn la nh & ngn ;
- Vng gia cha nhiu CO
2
+ H
2
, kh phn bit vi vng ui;
- Vng ui nh li v c mu sng xanh;
- Loi ngn la ny s dng hn ng thau (Cu + Zn) , ct gt,
lm sch b mt .

c. Ngn la cc bon ho
=
V
V
O
C H
2
2 2

< 1,05 - 1,1

vng gia xy b chy ht . Sn phm chy cha nhiu cc bon
C
(tha cc bon) nn gi l ngn la cc bon ho.
- Nhn ngn la ko di , nhp vi vng gia ;
- Hnh dng ngn la khng n nh , kh phn bit gia vng gia
& vng nhn .
58
- Vng ui c kch thc ln;
- ng dng hn gang, ti b mt, hn thp dng c, thp cao tc,
v cc hp kim cng.
4.3.3 S phn b nhit ca cc ngn la


Hnh 4-5 S phn b nhit ca cc loi ngn la
L - Khong cch t u m hn n vng tm ca ngn la c nhit cao nht


























1
2
3
T
o
C
L, (mm)
L
1
2
3
59





Hnh 4-6 Hnh dng cc loi ngn la hn
1 -ngn la xy ho; 2- ngn la bnh thng; 3-ngn la cc bon ho;

4.4 THIT B HN KH

Thit b hn kh gm c : Bnh cha kh xy, bnh cha kh axetylen hoc
bnh ch kh axetylen hoc cc bnh cha kh chy khc (bnh cha kh metan, ...).
Van gim p bnh xy, van gim p bnh axetylen, kho bo him cho bnh ch kh
axetylen, m hn, m ct, ng dn kh v mt s dng c km theo.

4.4.1 Bnh cha kh

Bnh cha kh c ch to t thp cc bon hay t thp hp kim bng
phng php dp (dng cho cc loi bnh p sut cao) hoc hn dng cho bnh c
p sut thp (bnh cha kh C
2
H
2
, NH
3
. Bnh cha kh thng c dung tch 40 lt.
Bnh cha kh xy c p sut 100, 150 v 200 t . Cc loi kh chy nh hydro,
mtan, nit, khng kh nn c th cho vo bnh p sut cao (100, 150, 200 t) ring
bnh cha kh axetylen, amnic NH
3
phi cho vo bnh c p sut thp. Bnh
cha kh C2H2 thng c dung tch 40 lt v p sut ti a l 19 t, bn trong c
cha bt xp v than hot tnh c tm axetol nhm chng n bnh (mt bnh cha
khong 290 - 320 gam than, 225 - 230 gam axeton cho 1 lt bnh cha). S cu
to mt s bnh cha kh v bnh ch kh c th hin trn hnh .

4.4.2 Bnh ch kh :

L loi thit b dng iu ch kh axetylen. Bnh ch kh c dng nh hnh 4-8 Bnh
ch kh A XTYLEN

4.4.3 Van gim p
Cng dng ca van gim p
Van gim p c cng dng gim p sut t bnh cha xung p sut khi lm
vic v lm n nh p sut trong sut thi gian lm vic.
Phn loi van gim p : van gim p xy, van gim p axetylen, ...
Theo nguyn l tc dung : c van giam p tc dng nghch v tc dng thun;
Theo s bung c loi 1 bung, 2 bung v nhiu bung,...



60













61
Hnh 47 S cu to cc loi bnh cha kh
1- Bnh cha kh xy; 2, 3- Bnh cha khi axetylen
4 - Bnh cha kh Prropan C3H8






62
Bnh iu ch kh axtylen






































C
2
H
2
1
2
3 4
5
6 7 8
9
1
11
12
1
1
15
16
17
18
19
20
2
22
2
24 25
26
27
2
2
31
32
3
30
63



Hnh 4-8 S nguyn l cu to bnh iu ch kh C2H2

Cc b phn chnh ca bnh ch kh C
2
H
2
: (xem hnh 4-8)

1. Van mt chiu khng cho khng kh i ngc vo bung phn ng.
2. Van bo him (P < 1,5 at)
3. Vt vn
4. Thanh ngang gi np bnh
5. Van x kh
6. Np y
7. ng h o p sut trng bnh
8. Ming ng nc vo bnh
9. Bung cha kh axetylen
10. Kho ng m kh Axetylen
11. Van gim p
12. Np y v mng bo him
13. Kho bo him
14. Van m kh i ra m hn
15. Van kim tra mc nc an ton cho kho bo him lm vic bnh thng
16. Van tho nc
17. ng dn;
18. Mc nc trong bung phn ng;
19. Vch ngn gia 2 bung;
20. Kh k p nc
Van kim tra mc nc trong kh p k nc;
21. Np tho nc vi;
22. Mc treo gi cc bua khi khng lm vic
23. Thanh ngang ca gi cc bua can xi CaC2;
24. C di (mc di) ca n by khi h xung;
25. C cu nng h gi ng cc bua can xi
26. n by;
27. Ming ng thi nc;
28. Van kim tra mc nc trong bnh cha kh;
29. Gi cha cc bua can xi (t n);
30. Quai cm ca gi cha cacbua can xi CaC2;
31. Bung phn ng;
32. ng dn kh t bung phn ng ra bung cha;

c tnh k thut ca bnh cha :

1. Khi lng cc bua can xi trong mi ln np : 3 kg
2. Kch thc ht cc bua can xi (CaC2) : d = 50 - 80 mm
64
3. p lc kh : P = 1,5 at
4. Nng sut khi sn xut lin tc : Q = 2000 lt/gi
5. Nng sut ln nht : Q = 2000 lt / gi





S nguyn l van gim p kiu nghch
Hnh 4-11 S nguyn l van gim p kiu nghch
1 - ng h o p sut trong bnh cha 2 - ng h o p sut ra m hn,
3 - l xo gi np van 4 - Mng n hi
5 - l xo iu chnh mng n hi 6 - Vt iu chnh v tr mng ng hi

S nguyn l van gim p kiu thun (chiu ra ca kh cng chiu vi chiu m van)



Hnh 4-12 S nguyn l van gim p kiu thun


Kh ra m hn
Kh ra t
bnh
2
4
3
5
6
Kh ra m hn
Kh ra t
bnh cha
1
65






4.4.3 Kho bo him

a. Hin tng va p ngc hay hin thng chy qut li ca ngn la.
Ngn la hn chy n nh s m bo s nung nng v lm nng chy u
kim loi, qu trnh vn hnh s an ton. S chy n nh ca ngn la ph thuc
vo tc i ra ca hn hp vi tc chy. Nu tc chy ln hn tc i ra
ca hn hp (khi p sut trong bnh ch nh hn bn ngoi) th ngn la c th
chy qut li vo pha trong m hn n ng dn kh v vo n bnh ch kh; lc
c kh nng gy n bnh e do trc tip tnh mng ngi s dng. Hin tng
gi l hin tng chy qut li ca ngn la hay hin tng va p ngc.
nguyn nhn c th l khi s dng bnh ch kh c th c hin tng p sut trong
bnh ch kh gim v c th xy ra trng hp nh hn p sut bn ngoi m hn,
hoc do u m hn b nung nng v chy mn rng ra, ... kt qu l p sut gim
, tc ra nh hn tc chy. Khi s dng bnh cha kh th p sut trong bnh
lun ln hn p sut bn ngoi nn ngn la hn lun nm ngoi m hn nn
khng cn s dng kho bo him.
Yu cu i vi kho bo him : m bo ngn cn v dp tt hin tng
chy qut li ca ngn la, c bn cao chu p sut cao do qu trnh chy, d
quan st, d vn hnh bo qun v sa cha, tiu hao t nc,... Kho bo him c
nhiu loi h, kn, kh, ...

S nguyn l kho bo him kiu kn (xem hnh 4-9, 4-10 )
Khi lm vic bnh thng, kh chy (C
2
H
2
) i t bnh ch kh qua van 5 ra m hn.
Khi c hin tng va p ngc p sut trong kho bo him tng ln lm ng
van 5 li, kh chy khng i vo c; khi p lc do kh chy trong kho bo him
cao th mng 8 s b thng to iu kin cho kh chy thot ra ngoi (xem hnh 4-
7, 4-9).









Ngn la
chy qut li
C
2
H
2

C
2
H
2

66

Hnh 4-9 S nguyn l cc loi kho bo him kiu t.

















Hnh 4-10 S nguyn l cc loi kho bo him kiu kh

4.4.4 M hn kh
M hn kh l b phn to nn ngn la hn. Cng sut, hnh
dng, kch thc ca ngn la c th iu chnh theo yu cu ca ngi s
dng. M hn c nhiu loi & c phn loi theo mt s c im sau :
Theo nguyn l truyn kh chy trong bung hn hp :
- m hn kiu ht;
- m hn kiu ng p;
Theo s ngn la : Loi mt ngn la v loi nhiu ngn la;
Theo cng sut ngn la :
- loi nh 10 ... 400 lt/ h kh C
2
H
2

- Loi va 400 ... 2800 -/-
- Loi ln 2800 ... 7000 -/-
Theo phng php s dng : bng tay; bng my;
Theo chc nng :
- vn nng ( hn , ct, hn vy, hn p, t nng, ...)
- Chuyn mn ho ( ch hn, hoc ch t nng, ... )
- Theo loi kh chy c s dng : ( C
2
H
2
, H
2
, cht lng,
...
a/ M hn kiu ng p
L loi m hn c p sut kh xy v axetylen i vo m hn nh nhau.
S nguyn l ca m hn ( xem hnh 4-13 )
O
2

C
2
H
2

C
2
H
2

67
Hnh 4-13 S nguyn l m hn kiu ng p
1- u m hn 2- Tay nm


b/ M hn kiu ht
S nguyn l ca m hn ( xem hnh 4-14 )
Nguyn tc lm vic : kh i vo bung hn hp vi p sut d t 1 ... 4
at. dng xy chuyn ng vi vn tc ln to nn trn thnh ng u m
hn c p sut nh. A xtylen i vo t ng 2 chy quanh bung 3 v b
bung chn khng ht vo bung 7. hai loi kh ho vo nhau di ra
m hn . Khi hn p sut xy khong 1...4 at, axtylen > 0.01 at. Khi
hn bng m hn nay m xy trc. khi tt th tt C
2
H
2
trc.



C
2
H
2

1
2
68

Hnh 4-14S nguyn l m hn kiu ht v u m ct



4.4.5 ng dn kh
Yu cu: c bn cao, chu p sut cao, khng b gy gp khi vn
hnh.
69
Ch to : bng vi lt cao su . S lp vi v chiu dy lp cao su ph
thuc p sut kh khi hn. i vi kh chy P < 3 at ( p sut d); P
O2

< 10 at
ng knh trong : d = 5.5 ; 9.5; 13; mm
ngoi : D = 17.5 ... 22 mm
Chiu dy lp cao su bn trong S > 1 mm

Hnh 4-15 Hnh dng ng dn kh hn bng cao su lt vi

4.5 Cng ngh hn kh

4.5.1 Cc v tr ca mi hn trong khng gian : ( tng t nh khi hn
h quang).

4.5.2 Cc loi mi hn : ( Nh khi hn h quang).

4.5.3 Chun b vt hn v vt liu hn :
* Vt mp theo yu cu, lm sch mp hn,...
* Chun b thuc hn, kh hn, chn que hn hp l v kch thc
v thnh phn ho hc, ...
* Hn nh mp cn hn vi khong cch L = 300 ... 500 mm,
chiu di mi hn l = 20 ... 30 mm


Hnh 4-16 S hn nh vt hn




4.5.4 Cc phng php hn kh
Mi hn nh
S
70
a - Phng php hn phi

Hnh 4-17 Phng php hn phi
1 - Que hn; 2 - u m hn; 3 - Ngn la hn; 4- Vt hn

Que hn chuyn dch sau m hn, qu trnh hn dch chuyn t
tri qua phi nn gi l hn phi. Khi hn ngn la hng v mi hn
cung cp nhit b sung cho n nn tc ngui chm ngn cn s tc
dng ca khng kh xung quanh. Chnh v vy m cht lng hn tt .
Phng php nay ph hp cho loi mi hn c chiu dy S > 5 ... 6 mm.

b/ Phng php hn tri.


Hnh 4-18 S nguyn l phng php hn tri
1 - Que hn; 2 - u m hn ; 3- Ngn la hn;
4 - Vng mi hn; 5 - Kim loi c bn;

Hng hn t phi qua tri ; que hn chuyn dch trc m hn,
kim loi c bn c lm ngui s b, vng kim loi mi hn khng
c bo v, tc ngui nhanh; theo di qu trnh hn,nn thun li
cho hn cc chi tit mng ( v cn chuyn ng chnh xc. Phng php
ny hao ph nhiu kim loi do bn to nhiu m khng c b sung.
V
hn

1
2
3
4
V
hn

1
2
3
4
5
71

4.5.5 Ch hn kh :
Gm gc nghing m hn, ng knh que hn,cng sut ngn la,
gc nghing que hn . Gc nghing m hn c nh hng rt ln n cng
sut ngn la, cht lng mi hn. Gc nghing m hn ph thuc chiu
dy vt hn, tnh dn nhit ca kim loi hn, nhit nng chy ca
kim loi hn.
V d : ng c tnh dn nhit cao nn gc nghing m hn vo
khong 60 - 80 . Ch d chy nn gc nghing m hn t khong 10
.

a - Gc nghing m hn khi hn thp

Hnh 4-19 S s ph thuc gc nghing m hn vi chiu dy vt
hn.
S - l chiu dy ca vt hn.

b/ Gc nghing que hn : khong 45

c/ ng knh que hn :
S <= 15 mm d = S/2 + 1 mm ( hn tri)
d = S/2 (hn phi)
S >= 15 mm d = 6 ... 8 mm

d/ Cng sut ngn la ph thuc chiu dy v tnh cht vt hn & c
tnh bng lng kh axtylen tiu hao cho qu trnh hn.

Khi hn thp :
V
C2H2
= ( 120 ... 150 ). S lt/ h hn phi
40
o
, S< =3-5mm
80
o
, S> = 15 mm
20
o
, S<1mm
30
o
, S<1-3mm
50
o
, S< =5-7mm
60
o
, S< =7-1-
45
o

72
= ( 100 ... 120 ). S -/- hn tri

Khi hn ng c tnh dn nhit cao:

V
C2H2
= ( 150 ... 200).S lt/ h ( khi hn
phi)
= ( 120 ... 150).S lt/ h ( khi hn tri)

4.5.6 K thut hn kh

trnh hin tng cc bon ho, khi hn khng nn cho vt hn
tip xc vi nhn ngn la. trnh xy ho lc u cn iu chnh
ngn la c h s : = 1.05 ... 1.1
Phng php chuyn ng que hn v u m hn ph thuc v tr mi
hn trong khng gian, chiu dy vt hn, v cc kiu gp hn.

4.6 CT KIM LOI BNG KH

Ct kim loi bng kh l s t chy kim loi bng dng oxy ct
to nn cc xyd , di tc dng ca p sut dng oxy ct cc xyd ny
b thi i v to thnh rnh ct.

4.6.1 Phn loi cc phng php ct:
Bng tay Theo ng thng,
cong , theo ng
bt k
Ct tch ri
Ct KL bng kh Bng my theo ng
thng,
theo mu
Ct b mt Bng tay Khoan, khot,
lm sch b
mt;
Bng my bo , gt,tin,
tin ngoi,


2/ S qu trnh ct kim loi bng kh
3
73

Hnh 4-20 S nguyn l qu trnh ct kim loi bng ngn la hn
kh

1- Vt ct 2- u m ct 3 - Dng xy ct

Cc giai on ct kim loi bng kh:
Giai on mt nung kim loi n nhit chy;
Cho dng xy ct i vo , qu trnh xy ho xy ra mnh lit v to
nn lp vy st.
Di tc dng ca p sut dng xy ct 5 ... 14 at cc sn phm chy
( cc xyd ) b thi i v to nn rnh ct.

3- iu kin ct kim loi bng kh
Nhit nng chy ca kim loi vt hn phi ln hn nhit chy
ca kim loi ;
Nhit nng chy ca kim loi phi nh hn nhit nng chy ca
xid kim loi nu khng th to thnh xid kh chy, khng c
chy long, cn tr s chy v s ct;
xid kim loi phi c tnh chy long cao d dng b thi i v to
thnhrnh ct.
Nhit lng sinh ra khi kim loi chy trong dng xy ct phi duy
tr qu trnh chy lin tc;
v d :
Khi ct vt c S = 5 mm th 2/3 ngun nhit sinh ra do ngn la;
1/3 -/- do phn ng xy ho kim
loi
Khi ct vt c S = 30mm th 1/3 ngun nhit sinh ra do ngn la kh
2/3 -/- do phn ng xy ho kim loi

S = 100 mm 10% -/- do ngn la;
O
2

C
2
H
2

2
1
74
90% -/- do phn ng xy ho
S phn b nhit nh sau:
23 % nung nng x;
36 % tn tht nhit;
41 % nung nng kim loi c bn
Cn hn ch mt s cht gy cn tr qu trnh ct ( v d nh to ra
nhng xyd kh chy, st, d nt, ...(Cc bon, Cr to nn Cr
2
O
3
,Si to
nn SiO
2
kh chy,...)
V d khi :
C > 0.3 % mp ct d b ti, cng tng, c th b nt nu khng
nung nng s b trc kh ct. Khi C > 0.7 % th qu trnh ct rt kh khn.
Mn <= 6 % khng nh hng n qu trnh ct;
Si <= 4 % -/-
Cr > 6% cn s dng thuc ct;
Ni < 35% nu C , 0.5% th ct d dng;
Hn ch mt s cht tng tnh ti ca thp ( Mo, W, ...)

Nh vy ch c thp cc bon l m bo cc iu kin trn nn d ct
nht.
i vi thp hp kim,thp cc bon cao,thp crm, gang, nhm, ng,...
trc khi ct cn phi nung nng hoc dng thuc ct c d dng.
Nhit chy ca mt s cht:
Fe 1155
o
C Thp 0.90 %C 1320
o
C
Thp Ct3 1350
o
C Thp 0.25 %C 1210
o
C

Bng 4-5 Nhit nng chy ca mt s cht
Kim loi T
nc
Oxid Kim loai T
nc

Al 658 Al
2
O
3
2050
V 1750 V
2
O
3

V
2
O
4

V
2
O
5

1970
1637
658
W 3370 WO
2

WO
3

1277
1473
Fe 1533 FeO
Fe
3
O
4

Fe
2
O
3

1370
1527
1565
Co 1490 CoO 1810
Si 1414 SiO
2
1710
Mn 1250 MnO
Mn
3
O
4

1785
1560
Cu 1080 Cu
2
O
CuO
1230
1336
75
Mo 2622 MoO
3
795
Ni 1452 NiO 1990
Cr 1550 Cr
2
O
3
990
Ti 1727 TiO
2
775
Mg 680 MgO 2800

4 - Thit b ct kim loi bng kh:
Thit b ct kim loi bng kh cng ging nh hn kh, ch thay m
hn bng m ct m thi. S cu to m ct c th m t trn hnh 4-14
Yu cu i vi m ct
m bo ct c tt c cc hng;
Phi c t l thch hp gia kch thc l hn hp nung nng v dng
xy ct;
M ct phi c khong cch thch hp n tay cm m bo an
ton khi lm vic
C th iu chnh c dng xy ct v cng sut ngn la ;

5 - Cng ngh ct kim loi bng kh
Qu trnh ct kim loi bng kh v cht lng ct ph thuc vo
cc yu t sau y: Khu chun b b mt vt ct; tinh khit ca xy;
Cng sut ngn la ( lng kh xy tiu hao cho qu trnh ct); Kt cu
m ct; Nhit nung nng s b; Khong cch t m ct n b mt vt
ct;

a. Chun b b mt vt ct
Lm sch cht bn,du m, g, oxid,... bngcch dng ngn la nung
nng lm sch.
Nu thp ti th phi nhit luyn trc khi ct( ram : nung n 600 oC
sau lm ngui gim ng sut bn trong) nu khng nhit luyn th
ng sut khi ti cng vi ng sut khi ct s lm cho KL b nt.
i vi thp cc bon thp th khng cn nung nng s b
i vi thp hp kim hoc cc bon cao cn nung nng s b vi nhit
c tnh theo cng thc :
T
nnsb
= 500. C
t
( 1 + k.S ) - 0.45 (
o
C)

Trong : T nnsb - nhit nung nng s b
Ct - lng cc bon tng ng;
S - Chiu dy vt ct mm;
k - h s tnh n nh hng chiu dy ca vt
ct;
k = 0.0002
C t <= 0.45 -khng cn nung nng
76
C t > 0.45 cn nung nng

Ct = %C + 0.155(%Cr +%Mo) + 0.11(%Mn +%V) + 0.11%Si
+0.45(%Ni +%Cu)

b- Lng kh tiu hao c th tham kho theo bng sau
Bng 4 - 6
S mm 3-5 5-25 25-50 50-100 100-200 200-300
Q m3 /h 3 6 10 15 26 40

Lng kh tiu hao ph thuc chiu dy ct, trng thi b mt vt
ct, tinh khit ca dng xy.
c- Khong cch t m ct n vt ct h


Hnh 4 - 21 S biu din khong cch t u m ct n vt ct (h)

Khi ct vt c chi dy b :
h = (L + 3) mm; ( ti vng ny c nhit cao max)
L - chiu di nhn ngn la;
Khi ct thp dy trnh s qu nhit v s bn to ca kim loi
lng vo u m ct ; khong cch h cn phi ln hn
h = L + ( 5 ... 6 ) mm ( h = 5 + 0.05 S mm)
d - Tc ct :
- C nh hng nhiu n cht lng mi ct;
- Tc ct phi tng ng vi chiu dy vt ct (tc xy ho
kim loi theo tc chy ca kim loi).
- Khi ct bng tay kh xc nh vn tc ct v tc khng n nh;
- khi ct bng my vn tc ct Vc c tnh theo cng thc :
Vc = 16.6/ t mm/s
Vc = 1000/ t mm/pht
t = 1.25 + 0.025 S
Thi gian ct mt mt vt ct tnh bng pht, S- chiu dy vt ct tnh bng
mm)

6 K thut ct kim loi bng kh
a - Nung nng & lm sch vt ct bng ngn la hn.
L
h
77
b - Chn gc nghing m ct khi bt u qu trnh
Khi ct vt dy ta phi ct dn cho n khi ct thng
Khi ct vt theo ng trn trn tm thp cn t hoc khoan l trc
tao nn rnh ct .
Khi ct vt c tit din trn th phi thay i hng ct nh hnh v 4-20
H-4-22 K thut ct vt trn
7 - Hin tng tr ca qu trnh ct .
Khi ct kim loi bng kh do s truyn nhit khng ng u nn
to thnh rnh ct khng u t mt trn n mt pha di ca tm kim
loi . sai lch theo hng ct gi l s tr ca qu trnh ct.

Hnh 4-21 S tr khi ct bng kh



6 - Mt s ch khi ct kim loi bng kh
Khi ct kim loi c S < 2.5 mm mp ct thng d b chy nn khong
cch t vt ct n m ct phi ln hn;
Khi ct kim loi c chiu dy ln p sut dng xy ct phi ln 12 ... 14
at phi nung nng s b t 250 - 300
o
C hoc 300 - 500
o
C;
Khi ct thp c chiu dy S < 30 mm m ct nen nghing mt gc 20 ...
30 so vi phng thng dng;
Nu S >= 30 mm gc nghing khong 5 ... 10








1
2
78




79
CHNG 5 HN IN TIP XC

5.1 QU TRNH HNH THNH MI HN KHI HN P LC

5.1.1. Cu to b mt kim loi
hai hay nhiu chi tit lin k li vi nhau th cn p lc ln p cho
khong cch gia cac kim loi bng mt thng s mng, c ngha l to
nn mi lin kt gia cc nguyn t ca kim loi ny lin kt vi nguyn t ca
kim loi kia nh lc ht v lc y gia chng. Song trong thc t iu ny
thc hin rt kh v cu to b mt kim loi rt phc tp, g gh, khng phng,
thm vo c nhiu cht bn




Hnh 5-1 S cu trc b mt kim loi
1. B mt th; 2. B mt t vi (micro); 3. B mt siu nh (Ultramicro)



Hnh 5-2 Cu to lp b mt kim loi
1
2
3
Lp nguyn t dng t do cha cn
b
Lp hi nc b kim loi ht vo

Lp khng kh b kim loi hp th
Lp oxyd kim loi
Lp b kim loi b bin dng
80


5.1.2 Qu trnh hnh thnh mi lin k hn khi hn tip xc

Hn tip xc l mt trong cc phng php hn p lc. Thc cht qu
trnh hn tip xc l mt qu trnh dch chuyn cc phn t kim loi ny tin st
vo kim lkoi kia cho n khi khong cch gia chng bng mt thng s mng
a = (3 - 5) x 10
-8
cm. Chng ta bit cu trc ca kim loi l cu trc mng
tinh th. Kh khong cch gia chng bng mt thng s mng th gia 2 kim
loi s xut hin lc tc dng tyng h gia chng to nnb mi lin kt
kim loa bn chc. S hnh thnh mi lin kt ny c th m t theo 3 giai on
sau:
Giai on 1 : Chi tit 1 v chi tit 2 khng hon ton tip xc vi nhau trn
ton b b mt m ch xy ra tyi mt s im no .
Giai on 2 : Khi c ngun nhit nung nng th cc cht bn b ph hu,
ng thi vi lc p tng ln s lm tng tit din tip xc; xut hin nhng
ht tinh th chung , hay ni cch khc bt u c nhng mi lin kt kim
loi.
Giai on 3 : Khi lc p tng t gi tr nht nh th din tch tip xc tng
ln gn bng 100 %, khi kim loi t mi lin kt bn chc.


Hnh 5-3 S s hnh thnh mi lin kt khi hn tip xc
a - Giai on 1; b. giai on 2; c. Giai on 3 P
2
>P
1


5.3 c im ca hn in tip xc
1. Hai kim loi lun tip xc nhau nn bo v khng cho khng kh bn
ngoi xm nhp vo vng mi hanf, v vy cht lng mi hn cao.
1
2
P
1

P
2

81
2. in tr tip xc gia kim loi - kim loi, kim loi - in cc nh
(khong 0,005 - 0,1 m).
3. Thi gian hn yu cu phi nh (c vi giy)
4. Ngun nhit cung cp cho vng hn c tnh theo cng thc :
Q I Rt = 0 24
2
, (cal)
I - cng dng in tnh bng A
R - in tr vng tip xc (m)
t - thi gian hn tnh bng giy
5. in p hn nh U
h
= 1 - 5 vn
6. Cng sut ca my hn ln (n 1000 KVA
7. Dng in hn ln c th n 50.000 n 100.000 ampe
8. C th c kh ho v t ng ho qu trnh hn nn nng sut cao
9. Nhc im l my hn phc tp v gi thnh cao
5.4 Phn loi hn tip xc
Theo dng mi hn : Hn tip xc im
Hn tip xc ng
Hn tip xc gip mi
Theo ngun in My hn dng xoay chiu
My hn dng 1 chiu
My hn dng in xung
My hn dng tn s cao
My hn dng tn s thp
Theo in cc My hn 2 in cu
My hn nhiu in cc
My hn inc cc gi

5.5 Hn tip xc gip mi

Hnh 5-4 S nguyn l my hn tip xc gip mi

Khung trong ca my hn bao gm cc b phn :
* Ngun in hn (1) H thng iu khin cng tc t (2), Cng tc (3)
* C cu thay i in p hn (4), My bin p hn (5)
Lc p khi hn
P
P
Lc kp
cht P
2

Lc kp
cht P
2

82
6 - Khung ngoi ca my hn bao gm cc phn :
* Cun th cp;
* B phn kp chi tit (to lc P
2
.
* B phn to lc p khi hn

5.6 Cc phng php hn in tip xc gip mi :
Hn in tr
Hn p - chy (hn p chy lin tc, hn p chy gin on)


5.6.1 Hn in tr

Qu trnh hn c thc hin theo thc t :
1. p s b cho 2 chi tit tip xc nhau;
2. Cho dng in c cng ln i qua b mt tip xc, nh c dng
in m vng mi hn c nung nng n trng thi do (nhit
nh hn nhit nng chy ca kim loi c bn).
3. Giai on dp - tc dng lc mnh 2 chi tit dnh chc vo nhau.
4. Gi nguyn trng thi p, ngt in v lm ngui.
Ch :
Do thi gian hn nh t
h
= 0,5 - 10 giy nn tit din chi tit hp l vo
khong <= 1000 mm
2
.
p lc dp khi hn khong 1,5 - 3 KG/mm
2
i vi thp cc bon thp



Hnh 5-5 S biu din cc chu k hn

5.6.2 Hn p chy lin tc

T, thi hgian
T p s b
Thi gian p
Thi gian hn
P
I
I
P
t
nung
83
Qu trnh hn c thc hin theo th t
1. Cho dng in i qua b mt tip xc v nung nng vng hn n
nhit cao (s c nng chy cc b)
2. Tng dn p lc cho n khi hnh thnh mi hn;
Ch : Phng php ny khng cn nung nng kim loi; n ch ph hp vi
cc chi tit c tit din nh


Hnh 5-6 S biu din dng in v p lc khi hn p chy lin tc

5.6.3 Hn p chy gin on
Hnh 5-7 S nguyn l qu trnh hn p chy gin on

1- Lp kim loi nng chy trn b mt khi kim loi tch xa nhau
2- Lp kim loi nng chy khi kim loi tip tc tip xc nhau
3- Lp kim loi bn to

C 3 giai on trong qu trnh hn :
Giai on nung nng vt hn
Giai on nng cha u mt lp trn b mt mi hn
Giai on dp - p
T, thi hgian
Thi gian hn
P I
P
I
1
P
2 3
84
a. Giai on 1 : 2 chi tit tip xc nhau, nh c dng in nn chi tit c
nung nng n nhit cao thm ch nng chy ti mt s im trn b mt
chi tit. Sau tch 2 chi tit ra xa nhau ri li cho chng tip xc nhau. lc
ny cc cht bn s bn to v bay ra khi vng hn. Qu trnh ny lp i lp
li cho n khi nung nng chy b mt vng mi hn.
b. Giai on 2 : Xut hin mt lp kim loi lng trn b mt vt hn. Lp cht
bn ny s b bn to v bay i khi vng hn; to iu kin cho vt hn tip
xc tt.
c. Giai on 3 : dp - p lc ny ngun nhit tng ln t ngt, lp kim loi
lng b p v bn to ra ngoi mang theo cc cht bn v lp oxit trn b mt
vt hn to iu kin cho qu trnh lin kt bn chc.
c im :
1. Khng cn lm sch vt hn trc khi hn;
2. Cho php hn cc chi tit c tit din ln;
3. Nhc im :
* Kh kim tra cc qu trnh nung nng, hn, ....
* Hao tn nhiu kim loi do qu trnh bn to
* Kh t ng ho;
* Khi hn cc kim loi khc nhau s c cc cht lng khng tt
do nung nng khng ng u.

5.6.4 Cng ngh hn tip xc gip mi

a. Chun b vt hn : Chn tit din vng tip xc gia 2 chi tit cho hp l,
khng c s chnh lch qu ln gy nn ng sut,... Lm sch chi tit trc khi
hn.
b. Chn ch hn :
Cng dng in hn (I
h
) Lc p khi hn (lc dp) (P)
Thi gian hn(t) Chiu di vt liu b ngn li hay chiu di chn (L)
Bng 5-1
Din tch
tit din
Mt
dng in J
t L P
mm
2
A/mm
2
s mm KG/mm
2

25
50
100
200
160
140
0,6
0,8
1,0
3 + 3
4 + 4
5 + 5
1 - 2
250
500
1000
90
60
40
1,5
2,5
4,5
6 + 6
9 + 9
12 + 12
1 - 2

Lc chn : P
dp
= K. S.
ch
.
85
S - Din tch tit din mm
2
.
K - H s tnh n trng thi ng sut v bin dng K = 1,2 - 1,3

ch
- Gii hn chy ca vt liu KG/mm
2
.

5.7 HN TIP XC IM

Khi nim : Hn tip xc im l phng php hn p lc m cc chi tit c
hn ni vi nhau theo tng im ring bit.
Phn loi : Hn im c th c cc phng php
Phn loi : Hn tip xc dim 1 pha; hn tip xc im 2 pha v hn tip xc
im bng in cc gi.

5.7.1 S nguyn l hn tip xc im

a.



b. c.

Hnh 5-8 S nguyn l cc phng php hn im
a - S hn im 2 pha b - S hn im 1 pha
c - S hn im bng in cc gi;

5.7.2 Qu trnh hn im thng din ra qua 4 giai on :
a S hn im:
Giai on cc chi tit c p s b nhm gim in tr, tng cng dng
in, tng nhit nung nng, trnh qu nhit v s bn to ca kim loi
vng im hn. Giai on ny nung kim loi n khi hnh thnh nhn ca
im hn nng chy.
Giai on 2 : tng lc p, din tc tip xc tng, kch thc ca nhn im
hn tng ln; lp hn hp im loi nng chy b xo trn v c s phn b li;
qu trnh bin dng do tip uc xy ra.
86
Giai on 3 : Ngt dng in nhng vn duy tr p lc thm mt thi gian
m bo cho mi hn dnh chc
Ngt p lc v ly vt hn ra.
C th c cc phng php ng ngt dng v p lc p nh sau :


Hnh 5-9 S ng ngt dng in v lc p.

Ngun nhit khi hn : Q = 0,24 I
2
Rt
R = 2 x R
C-KL
+ 2 R
KL
+ R
TX
.
R
KL
= .
1
S
R
C-KL
= 0,2 R
TX
.
( R
TX
l i lng ln nht trong s 3 i lng trn.
I
Q
R t m
H
=
0 24 , . .

m =1 - 1, 1 Khi hn thp;
m = 1,2 - 1,4 khi hn nhm
m - l h s tnh n s thay i in tr trong qu trnh hn.
Tng ngun nhit Q c tnh theo cng thc :
Q = Q
1
+ Q
2
+ Q
3
+ Q
4
.
Q
1
- Nhit lng nung nng im hn vi kch thc bng kch thc mt
tip xc ca in cc vi vt hn.
Q
2
- Nhit lng nung nng vng xung quanh im hn
Q
3
- Nhit lng nung nng in cc
Q
4
- Tn tht nhit do bc x v truyn nhit ra xung quanh.
I
D
H
DH
T
=
( ) 120 170

D
DH
- Kch thc ( ng knh) im hn (mm)
D
DH
= 2 S + 3 mm S Chiu dy kim loi hn

T
- in tr sut ca kim loi vt hn

b. Bng mt s ch hn c trng :
Bng 5-2
P
I
t
P, I
87
Vt liu S J I P
SB

p s b
t
h
P
dp
td
mm A/mm
2
A KG/mm s KG/mm s
ua-ra 0,8+0,8
1,2+1,2
24.000
27.000

AMr6 1 + 1
3 + 3
2.760
880
35
21
0,08
0,20
72
51
0,02
0,04
CT31
CT38
1 + 1
3 + 3
700
200
22
15
0,14
0,26
-
30
-
0,06
Ch :
Khi hn c dng in nh th gi l ch hn mm, lc ny thi gian hn
ln.
Khi I
h
nh th gi l ch hn cng, thi gian hn nh.
Nu T
hn
< T
nc
, th trong t chc ht kim loi khng c r kh v nhng
khuyt tt nh thiu ht, ... nhng t chc ht ln, c khi b ngm x nn
lm cho mi hn km do.
i vi hn c nhn nng chy th sau khi kt tinh s c lm co.
Lc dp c tc dng cho mi hn c chc, cht, nn sau khia ngt dng in
chng ta cn gi p lc thm mt thi gian na cho kim loi kt dnh chc
hn.

c. in cc hn :
a. Yu cu phi cng, bn nhit, chu nhit v chng n mn ; dn in v dn
nhit tt.
b. Vt liu in cc c ch to t hp kim ng:Cu+Sn, Cu + Cr + Cd + Sn.
c. Khi lm vic yu cu phi lm mt m bo bn cn thit cho in cc
khi lm vic nhit cao v p lc cao.
d. S cu to ca in cc :



Hnh 5-10 S cu to in cc ca my hn im

Cc dng u in cc khi hn im

Nc lm mt
88

Hnh 5-11 S cu to mt s loi in cc ca my hn im

5.8 Hn ng :
5.8.1 Khi nim : L mt phng php hn tip xc tng t hn im nhng
cc im hn c ni lin nhau to thnh ng hn nn gi l hn ng.
Khi hn ng , in cc hn uc thay th bng bnh xe in cc v ln
theo ng hn.
5.8.2 Phm vi ng dng hn cc chi tit mng, cc kt cu trong cng ngh ch
to t, thng du, ... t cc loi vt liu khc nhau nh thp, ng nhm,
manh, ...
5.8.3 S nguyn l my hn ng


Hnh 5-12 S nguyn l my hn ng
1 - Ngun in hn 2 - H thng iu khin chu k hn
3 - Cng tc t; 4 - Cc phch cm thay i in p cung s cp;
5 - My bin p hn
6 - Khung ngoi ca my hn yng bao gm : cun th cp, dy dn in
vt hn, c cu kp chi tit, bnh in cc hn.

5.8.4 Phn loi cc phng php hn ng :
Hn lin tc : Vt hn chuyn ng lin tc vi vn tc khng i.
Lun cho dng in i qua vng mi hn;
Phng php ny n gin nhng chi tit b nung lu nn d b qu
nhit, in cc chng mi mn v h hng.
2
1
3
89
Hn gin on :
Chi tit dch chuyn lin tc;
Dng in i qua vng mi hn gin on theo tng khong thi gian
nht nh (1/10 giy, 1/100 giy, ...
y l phng php hn kh ph bin
Hn bc :
Chi tit hn c dch chuyn gin on;
Ti nhng v tr bnh xe dng th ta cho dng in i qua vng mi
hn.
Bc hn ph thuc chiu dy (S), lc p .
Mt s thng s c trng :
ng knh in cc D = 40 - 350 mm
Bc hn h = 1,5 - 4,5
Vn tc hn Vh = 0 - 3,0 m/ph












Chng 6 Khuyt tt ca mi hn
v cc phng php kim tra
6.1 Cht lng ca mi hn
6.1.1 - Nhng yu t c trng cho cht lng ca
mi hn:
Ct nh c a mi h n ( b n, do, dai va
p, cng, . . . )
t i n cy ( chc chn);
S l ng khuy t t t c trong mi hn;
T chc ki m l oi v ng mi h n & v ng cn mi
h n;
Kh nng chng n mn ; Kh nng vn h nh;
6.1.2 - Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng mi
hn .
Y u t cng ngh Y u t kt cu v vn h nh

Vt l i u h n Ki ml oi cbn

Thi t b Hnh dng mi h n

Khu chun b i u ki n vn h nh

Qu t r nh h n Phng php v h t hng
ki mt r a

nh mc nh gi

Cht l ng mi h n

t i n cy Kh nng l mvi c
Khuy t t t
chc chn bn v kt cu kim loai
Hnh 6-1 S nhng yu t nh hng n cht lng mi hn
6.2 Khuyt tt ca mi hn

105
6.2.1. Khuyt tt mang tnh luyn kim (Chy, phn
lp kim loi, nt, . . . ) Nguyn nhn do nung nng
khng u , ng sut khi h n, do vt h n c t nh h n
xu , do vt l i u h n km phm cht ( que h n, t huc
h n . . . ) , do b n mn .
6.2.2- Khuyt tt do lp rp :
Gc vt qu t o hoc qu nh, gc vt khng u ,
. . .
Mp h n khng u, phn nh c a mi h n qu l n
hoc qu b. . .
Khe h qu l n hoc qu b;
Hai mp t mki ml oi t l ch nhau;
L m sch mp h n khng t t , c nhng v t l m,
v t ct , v t xc . . .
6.2.3 - Khuyt tt do sai lch hnh dng v kch
thc :
Khng m bo kch thc ca mi hn : phn l i c a mi h n
khng mbo;
Chi u r ng c a mi h n khng u;
Cnh c a mi h n gc khng u;
6.2.4 Khuyt tt bn ngoi mi hn:
Khng ng kch t hc bn v;
Khng t ho mn yu cu k t hut nht l t i t
di n mi h n; B mt mi h n khng bng phng
t heo chi u d i v chi u r ng, ni vy sn s i ,
cong vnh, . . .
Ki m l oi chy t r n r a cc pha v khng ngu ;
( xemH. 6- 2)
Hnh 6-2
C v t l m ki ml oi mi hn; ( xemH. 6- 3)
Hnh 6-3
Chy t h ng gi a ng h n ( xem hnh 6- 4) .


106
Hnh 6-4
Khng nng chy u mp h n t heo chi u d i , t heo
hai pha c a mi h n ( xemH. 6- 5) .

Hnh 6-5
Mp h n b l ch; mi h n khng ngu ( H. 6- 6) .

Hnh 6-6
Khuy t t t y v mt i di n mi h n (khng
ngu, khng u,...;

Hnh 6-7
6. 2. 5- Khuyt tt bn trong mi hn:
R kh ( xemH. 6- 8) R kh ri rc (a)v r kh tp trung thnh nhm
(b)

Hnh 6-8 a/ R kh ri rc b/ R kh tp trung
Ngmx : ( xemH. 6- 9 )

Hnh 6-9
Mi h n b nt ngang, dc, t heo chi u su , . . .

107

Hnh 6-11
6.2.6 Thnh phn v t chc kim loi mi hn khng t
yu cu;
Nguyn nhn :
Khng t un t h ng quy t r nh cng ngh;
Khng chn ng vt l i u h n;
Khng chn ng phng php h n v ch h n;
Khng bo qun vt l i u h n t t nn cht l ng
vt l i u h n km; ( b m t,...)

6.3 Cc phng php kim tra khuyt tt mi hn
6.3.1 Kim tra bng phng php khng ph hu .
1- Ki m t r a bn ngo i bng mt nhn, bng o c
kch t hc, . . .
2- Ki mt r a quy t r nh cng ngh .
3- Ki m t r a cht l ng chun b h n ( Vt h n, que
h n, t huc h n, kh h n, my h n)
4- Kim tra khuyt tt bn trong mi hn bng cc my d khuyt tt :
Dng my d khuyt tt bng siu m ;
Dng tia , X chp nh;
Kim tra bng bt c nhim t ,
Kim tra bng thp o phng x ...
5 - Ki mt r a kn c a mi h n :
Kim tra bng kh nn c ng vi gi y t h ; hoc bm
kh nn v o r i t h xung nc vi p sut P =
4at ; t = 5 . . 10 ph t .
Kim tra bng nc; nc c ng cc cht t hm t hu
nh phn . . . Kim tra


Hnh 6-12 S kim tra mi hn bng giy th hoc bt phn
bng du hoc cc cht t hm t hu khc; t hi gi an ph
t huc chi u d y vt h n .
Kim tra bng t hu l c c P = ( 1- 2 ) P
l v
( p sut
l mvi c ) vi
t = 30. . . 60 ph t
NH
3
1%
Kh nn 99%
Giy th

108
Ki mt r a bng si u m. Phng php n y ng
dng cho chi t i t c chi u d y S >= 20 mm. Sng
si u m t r ong mi t r ng n hi c cc gi t r
f = 0.8; 1.8; 2.5; 3.5; mHz
t o r a sng si u m ngi t a d ng t i nh t h
t hch anh Si O2 t i t ant bar i , mui mui st i n xe- g
nhe- t o- vai - a. Cc cht n y bi n dao ng i n sang dao
ng c hc mt cch t c t hi v ngc l i . Di t c
dng c a xung i n t m t i t annt bar i s xut hi n sng
n hi . Sng si u m c sng dc ( sng b p nn) &
sng ngang ( sng nhy ) . Sng dc c t h b kch
t hch t r ong t t c cc mi t r ng. Sng ngang ch c
t h b kch t hch t r ong cht r n. Sng ki m t r a mi
h n l sng ngang c gc an pha = 29 . . . 70 . Sng
i song song & phn ngc l i khi gp mi t r ng khc ;
Lp khng kh ( r , v t nt bn t r ong mi h n ) c t c
dng l m phn l i sng n y nn t a ng dng n ki m
t r a . Sng n y phn l i 90% nng l ng m n pht r a.
N u d ng sng t r uy n t hng t h phi c b t hu pht .
Loi my phn l i c hai l oi c b t hu r i ng & khng
c b t hu r i ng. S ki mt r a bng si u mnh hnh :
Cc phng php kim tra khuyt tt bng bc x nhit (tia X, tia gamma, tia beeta,
chm n tron, Php o phng x, bc x, php nghim phng x (th hin trn mn hnh)
Chi u d y S = 1 . . . 500 mm


Hnh 6-13 S nguyn l kim tra bng siu m
Kch t hc khuy t t t mi n = 0. 01 . . . 0. 02 mm
6.3.2 Kim tra bng phng php ph hu:
1- Ki m t r a bng cch khoan xc sut t ng on
xemxt ;
2- Ki mt r a t chc t vi ;
3- Ki m t r a t chc ki m t ng; ct thnh tng mu kim loi ,
mi , nh bng, sau soi cc t chc di knh hin vi.
4- Phn t ch t h nh phn ho hc; ki m t r a bng
quang ph, . . .
5- Ki mt r a bng phng php t h ko, nn, va p,

Ngun pht xung in
My khuych i sng

109
6.4 Cc phng php gim ng sut cho mi hn.
Tr c khi h n phi t hi t k k t cu h n hp l , gi m
cnh c a mi h n gc, gi m ngun nhi t t r n n v
chi u d i Q/ V
h
.
To ng sut ngc du ;

Chn t h t h n hp l ;
Gi ml ng bi n dng t r ong qu t r nh nung nng, gi m
l ng ki ml oi nng chy; gi mbi n dng do co r t .
B t r cc mi h n i xng kh b ng sut l n
nhau;
Dp p ngay sau khi h n;
Nhit luyn mi hn :
Phn b l i ng sut bng cch nung nng cc b ;
Ram mi h n; ( khi r am cao t h gi m khong 80- 90 %
ng sut d;
T = 550 ... 680
o
C
Tc nung = v i t r m / gi ( cho vt do)
Thi gi an nung = 2. . . 3 gi ( cho t hp cc
bon + HKi mt hp)
ng dng phng php c nhi t , nung bng ngn l a
h n n 150 . . . 200
o
C


110




















Vt nt ca mi hn
1/ Hn thp hp c c s nn l Cr-Ni
- V t nt xy r a t r ong qu t r nh h n v ng mi
h n & cn mi h n;
- - / - nhi t l uyn;
- - / - vn h nh nhi t cao, p
sut cao,
- - / - t r ong mi t r ng c
nh hng xu ;
- V t nt c t h c cc l oi :
+ Ngang, dc;
+ Bn t r ong, bn ngo i mi h n,
+ Kch t hc l n, nh ;
- S t o t h nh v t nt ph t huc :

111
+ Lc t c dng,
+ Cc nhn t l uyn ki m: Nhi t phn b khng
u khi nung nng v khi l mngui ;
+ Do co ngt ki ml oi ;
+ Do ki m l oi nm t r ong mi n dn l u T= 1400 . . .
1200
o
C , = 0;

1260
= ( 0. 5 . . . 0. 6 )
b
;
+ Mt cc bon do t o t h nh cc bt ;
+ V t nt do t p t r ung ng sut ; ( khi h n c
t mm, khi h n gi p mi m khng ngu, khi h n vi
cc t mgp,



1- Bin php khc phc khi hn thp Cr-Ni

Gi mFe, MnS, Ni S l nhng cht d chy;
L msch S, Pb, Sn, t r ong l i que h n;
Sy que h n vi nhi t 250 ... 300
o
C t r ong 1
gi ;
Cn chn que h n c pha pher t khong ( 2 . . . 5)
%;
Cc bt Ti , Nb cho php t ng kh nng chng n
mn t r ong t hp Cr - Ni

III - Chun b mu cho kim tra th nghim :
CNG MN MN HC : CNG NGH KIM LOI
TP 3
HN V CT KIM LOI ( 40 tit)

Bin son: TS.GVC. inh Minh Dim
I NI DUNG:
Trnh by nhng kin thc c bn v s hnh thnh cc mi hn nng
chy v mi hn p lc. Cc nhn t nh hng v cc bin php cng
ngh nhm nhn c mi hn t cht lng cao.
Gii thiu cc phng php hn cn thit thit ph hp vi yu cu
sn xut thc t hin nay.
Kim tra nh gi cht lng hn v cc bin php nng cao cht
lng mi hn.

II. MC CH :
Trang b cc kin thc chuyn ngnh rng lin quan sn xut c kh.
Cung cp cho sinh vin cc kin thc cn thit v l thuyt v kh nng
thc hnh cc phng php hn.

III KHI LNG
S trang in khong 110 - 120 trang kh A4.

IV TI LIU THAM KHO :

1 g Nguyn B An, S tay th hn, NXB Xy dng, H ni, 1986.
2

Hong Tng, Nguyn Vn Sim, v cc tc gi, Cng ngh kim loi,
NXB. H & THCN. 1974,
3 Hong Tng, Nguyn Thc H, Ng L Thng, Chu Vn Khang, Cm
nang hn, NXB KH&KT, 1998
Nguyn Vn Thng, Vt liu v cng ngh hn,NXB KHKT, 1998.
4. .. 4 . . 1971
5. . . .
. 1974
6. - . . 1975
7. - - 1 - .
- . 1973
8. - - 2 - .
- . 1973
9. . . . . x x
x x - . . - 1972
10. .. x - -
- 1981
11. .. x x
x - . . 1972
12. . x
- . . 1974
13. .. .. x - .
. 1970
14. .. x - .
. 1975
15. .. - . .
1977




























V- NI DUNG CNG CHI TIT

Chng I : HN KIM LOI
1.1 Kkhi nim chung
1.1.1 Khi nim
1.1.2 ng dng
1.1.3 c im ca hn kim loi
1.1.4 Phn loi cc phng php hn kim loi

Chng II: QU TRNH LUYN KIM KHI HN NNG CHY
2.1 Qu trnh luyn kim khi hn nng chy
2.2 Vng hn v nhng c im ca n
2.3 T chc kim loi mi hn v vng cn mi hn

Chng III HN H QUANG
3.1 H quang hn v nhng c tnh ca n
3.1.1 H quang hn
3.1.2 S s to thnh h quang hn.
3.1.3 iu kin xut hin h quang
3.1.4 Cc phng php gy h quang
3.1.5 c im ca h quang hn
3.2 nh hng ca in t trng n h quang hn.
3.3 Phn loi hn h quang .
3.3.1 Phn loi theo in cc
3.3.2 Phn loi theo phng php u dy
3.3.3 Phn loi theo dng in
3.4 Ngun in hn v my hn
3.4.1 Ngun in hn
3.4.2yu cu i vi ngun in hn.
3.4.3 My hn h quang
a. My bin p hn
b. My bin p hn c b t cm ring
c. My bin p hn c li t di ng
d. My hn mt chiu
e. My hn dng chnh lu
3.4 in cc hn .
3.5.1 Cu to ca que hn nng chy
3.5.2 Yu cu
3.5.3 Tc dng ca lp thuc bc que hn
3.5.4 K hiu que hn theo TCVN
3.5.5 Sn xut que hn
3.6 Qu trnh nng chy v dch chuyn kim loi que hn nng chy
3.7 Cng ngh hn h quang
3.7.1 V tr cc mi hn trong khng gian
3.7.2 Cc loi mi ghp hn ,
3.7.3 Chun b cc loi mi hn
3.7.4 Chn loi que hn
3.7.5 Ch hn
a. Chn ng knh que hn Chn cng dng in hn.
b. Tnh cng dng in hn
c. Tnh s lp cn hn
d. Tnh vn tc hn.
e. Tnh thi gian hn.
3.8 K thut hn h quang tay
3.8.1 Chn gc nghing que hn
3.8.2 Chn ng dch chuyn que hn
3.8 hn h quang bn t ng v t ng trong cc mi trng bo v
3.8.1 Hn bn t ng v bn t ng
3.8.2Hn t ng di lp thuc
3.8.3 Hn tong mi trng kh bo v
a. S nguyn l
b. Phn loi cc phng php hn trong mi trng kh bo v
c. c im
d. Ch hn

Chng 4 HN V CT KIM LOI BNG KH
4.1 Khi nin chung v hn kh
4.1.1 Khi nim
4.1.2 S nguyn l mt trm hn v ct kim loi bng kh ;
4.1.3 Vt liu hn kh
4.2 Kh hn
4.2.1 Oxy k thut
4.2.2 Axtylen
4.3 Ngn la Hn
4.3.1 Cu to ngn la hn
4.3.2 Cc loi ngn la hn
4.3.3S phn b nhit ca cc ngn la
4.4 Thit b hn kh
4.4.1 Bnh cha kh
4.4.2 Kho bo him
4.4.3 Van gim p
4.4.4 M hn v ct kh
4.5 Cng ngh hn kh
4.5.1 V tr cc mi hn trong khng gian
4.5.2 Cc loi mi hn
4.5.3Chun b vt hn v vt liu hn
4.5.4 Cc phng php hn kh
4.5.5 Ch hn kh
4.5.6 K thut hn kh
4.6 Ct kim loi bng kh
4.6.1 Phn loi cc phng php ct bng kh
4.6.2 S qu trnh ct kim loi bng kh
4.6.3 iu kin ct kim loi bng kh
4.6.4 Thit b ct kim loi bng kh
4.6.5 K thut ct kim loi bng kh
4.6.6 Hin tng tr ca qu trnh ct
4.6.7 Mt s ch khi ct kim loi bng kh

Chng 5 HN IN TIP XC
5.1 Qu trnh hnh thnh mi hn khi hn p lc
5.1.1 Cu to b mt kim loi
5.1.2 Qu trnh hnh thnh mi lin kt hn khi hn tip xc
5.3 c im ca hn in tip xc
5.4 Phn loi hn in tip xc
5.5 Hn tip xc gip mi
5.5.1 Hn in tr
5.5.2 Hn p chy lin tc
5.5.3 Hn p chy gin on
5.5.4 Cng ngh hn tip xc gp mi
5.6 Hn tip xc im
5.6.1 Khi nim v phn loi
5.6.2 S nguyn l hn tip xc im
5.6.3 Qu trnh hn tip xc im
5.6.4 in cc hn
5.7 Hn ng
5.7.1 Khi nim
5.7.2 S nguyn l
5.7.3 Phn loi

Chng 6 KHUT TT CA MI HN V CC PHNG PHP
KIM TRA CHT LNG MI HN
6.1 - Cht lng mi hn
6.1.1 Nhng yu t c trng cho cht lng ca mi hn
6.1.2 Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng mi hn
6.2 Khuyt tt ca mi hn
6.3 Cc phng php kim tra khuyt tt mi hn
6.3.1 Cc phng php kim tra khng ph hu
6.3.2 Cc phng php kim tra ph hu.
6.3.3 cc bin php gim ng sut cho mi hn













































Phn Hn & ct kim loi

Chng I : Hn kim loi Trang
$1 Gii thiu chung v mn hn kim loi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$2 Phn loi cc phng php hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chng II Qu trnh luyn kim khi hn nng chy
$1 Qu trnh luyn kim khi hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$2 Vng hn & nhng c im ca n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$3 T chc kim loi mi hn & vng cn mi hn . . . . . . . . . .
Chng 3 Hn h quang tay
$1 - H quang hn & nhng c im ca n . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$2 - nh hng ca in t trng i vi h quang khi hn
$3 - Phn loi hn h quang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$4 - Ngun in hn & my hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$5 - in cc hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$6 - Qu trnh nng chy & dch chuyn kim loi khi hn
$7 - Cng ngh hn h quang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$8 - K thut hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chng 4 Hn & ct kim loi bng kh
$1 - Gii thiu chung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$2 - Vt liu hn kh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I - Kh xy k thut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
II - Kh Axtylen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
III - Cc loi vt liu khc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$3 - Cc loi ngn la hn kh & ng dng ca chng . . . . . . .
$4 - Dng c & thit b hn kh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$5 - Cng ngh & k thut hn kh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$6 - Ct kim loi bng kh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chng 5 Hn tip xc
$1 - S hnh thnh mi hn khi hn tip xc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$2 - Hn tip xc gip mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$3 - Hn im . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$4 - Hn ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chng 6 Hn vy
$1 Gii thiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$2 - Vy hn & thuc hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
$3 - Cng ngh hn vy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chng 7 Kim tra cht lng mi hn






















1. .. 4 . .
1971
2. . . .
. 1974
3. - . . 1975
4. - - 1 - .
- . 1973
5. - - 2 - .
- . 1973
6. . . . . x x
x x - . . - 1972
7. .. x - -
- 1981
8. .. x x
x - . . 1972
9. . x
- . . 1974
10. .. .. x - .
. 1970
11. .. - . .
1977

ea.
w w
er e ea a




















1 Nguyn B An, S tay th hn, NXB Xy dng, H ni, 1986, 326 trang.
2

Hong Tng, Nguyn Vn Sim, v cc tc gi, Cng ngh kim loi, NXB
H & THCN. 1974,
3 Hong Tng, Nguyn Thc H, Ng L Thng, Chu Vn Khang, Cm nang
hn, NXB KH&KT, 1998
Nguyn Vn Thng, Vt liu v cng ngh hn,NXB KHKT, 1998, 280
trang
4 Amigut D.Z. S tay th hn kh, 1974 . (ting Nga)

5

6
Phrolop V.V. Teoriaticheskie osnovuw svarki, NXB Vishaia Skla, Moskva,
1970
Petrov, G.L Sumarev A.S. Teoria Svarochnuwk prosexov , Moskva, Vhaia
Skola 1977. (ting Nga)
7 Patn B.E. Technologia Electricheskoi Svarki plavlenia, NXB
mashinostroienie M, 1974, 768 trang. (ting Nga)



91
MC LC


Ni dung Trang
Li ni u
Chng I : HN KIM LOI
1.1 Khi nim chung v hn kim loi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2 Phn loi cc phng php hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chng II QU TRNH LUYN KIM KHI HN NNG CHY
2.1 Qu trnh luyn kim khi hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Vng hn & nhng c im ca n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3 T chc kim loi mi hn & vng cn mi hn . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chng 3 HN H QUANG TAY
3.1 - H quang hn v nhng c im ca n . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 - nh hng ca in t trng i vi h quang khi hn
3.3 - Phn loi hn h quang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 - Ngun in hn v my hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 - in cc hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6 - Qu trnh nng chy & dch chuyn kim loi khi hn
3.7 - Cng ngh hn h quang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8 - K thut hn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9 . Hn h quang bn t ng v t ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chng 4 HN V CT KIM LOI BNG KH
4.1 - Gii thiu chung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 - Vt liu hn kh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1 Kh xy k thut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.2 Kh axtylen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.3 Cc loi vt liu khc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3 - Ngn la hn kh & ng dng ca chng . . . . . . . . .
4.4 - Thit b hn kh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5 - Cng ngh v k thut hn kh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6 - Ct kim loi bng kh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chng 5 HN TIP XC
5.1 - S hnh thnh mi hn khi hn tip xc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2 - Hn tip xc gip mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3 - Hn im . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.4 - Hn ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .


1
2
3

4
4
6
7

9
10
15
18
20
33
35
38
43
45

49











79





92

Chng 6 KHUYT TT MI HN V CC PHNG PHP KIM TRA
6.1 Cht lng ca mi hn
6.2 Khuyt tt ca mi hn
6.3 Cc phng php kim tra
6.3 Cc bin php gim ng sut cho mi hn
TI LIU THAM KHO
MC LC


104
104
107
108
109
110


































90
IV TI LIU THAM KHO :

1 g Nguyn B An, S tay th hn, NXB Xy dng, H ni, 1986.
2

Hong Tng, Nguyn Vn Sim, v cc tc gi, Cng ngh kim loi,
NXB. H & THCN. 1974,
3 Hong Tng, Nguyn Thc H, Ng L Thng, Chu Vn Khang, Cm
nang hn, NXB KH&KT, 1998
Nguyn Vn Thng, Vt liu v cng ngh hn,NXB KHKT, 1998.
4. .. 4 - . -
. 1971
5. . . .
- . 1974
6. - . - . 1975
7. - - 1 - .
- . 1973
8. - - 2 - .
- . 1973
9. . . . . x
x x x - . . - 1972
10. .. x -
- - 1981
11. .. x
x x - . - . 1972
12. . x
- . - . 1974
13. .. .. x - .
- . 1970
14. .. x - .
- . 1975
15. .. - . -
. 1977










91








S
TT
Tc gi v tn sch
1 Nguyn B An, S tay th hn, NXB Xy dng, H ni, 1986, 326
trang.
2


Hong Tng, Nguyn Vn Sim, v cc tc gi, Cng ngh kim loi,
NXB H & THCN. 1974,

3 Hong Tng, Nguyn Thc H, Ng L Thng, Chu Vn Khang, Cm
nang hn, NXB KH&KT, 1998

Nguyn Vn Thng, Vt liu v cng ngh hn,NXB KHKT, 1998,
280 trang
4 Amigut D.Z. S tay th hn kh, 1974 . (ting Nga)
5 Phrolop V.V. Teoriaticheskie osnovuw svarki, NXB Vishaia Skla,
Moskva, 1970

Petrov, G.L Sumarev A.S. Teoria Svarochnuwk prosexov , Moskva,
Vhaia Skola 1977. (ting Nga)
7 Patn B.E. Technologia Electricheskoi Svarki plavlenia, NXB
mashinostroienie M, 1974, 768 trang. (ting Nga)
8 Vainbim D.I. Avtomatichkaia i poluavtomaticheskaia Dugavaia
svarka. NXB Sudostroienie, 1966, 434 trang . (ting Nga)
9 Vnchenko V.N. Kim tra cht lng mi hn, NXB
Machinstroienie, 1975, 328 trang. (ting Nga)
10
OOB IEbKO B.C, HIIKOHOB A.B
CBAPKA CYOBbIX KOHCTPYKUIIII B 3AIIIIITHbIX A3AX,
1972
11
HOBO JKIIOB H.M. OCHOBbI METAYPIIII YOBOII
CBAPKII B AKTIIBHbIX A3AX, 1972
12
I E3bAX . K. CBAPKA HA OTKPbITIbX OIIIAKAX B
92
CYOCTPOEHIIII II CYOPEMOHTE, 1974