CNCTPT. .

1
TRN NH QU (Ch bin)
TRNG NGUYN TRUNG TRN TH VN NGA











CNG NGH CH TO PH
TNG

























NH XUT BN GIAO THNG VN TI
H NI - 2005

































CNCTPT. . 3



LI NI U

Cng ngh ch to ph tng l mn hc dng cho cc ngnh C gii ho xy
dng giao thng, C kh t, C kh Giao thng cng chnh, My ng lc, nhm
trang b cho cc k s C kh chuyn ngnh Giao thng cc kin thc c bn trong
gia cng ch to phc v cho vic ch to thay th cc chi tit ca cc phng tin
GTVT.
Khi bin son gio trnh ny, chng ti tham kho cc ti liu ca nc
ngoi, ti liu ca Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni, ti liu ca cc c s sn xut
trong nc c ni dung va m bo tnh hin i va m bo thc t sn xut
ca Vit Nam.
Trong qu trnh bin son, khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st, chng ti
mong c s gp ca ngi c cc ln ti bn c hon chnh hn. kin
ng gp xin gi v B mn Cng ngh Giao thng Khoa C kh Trng i hc
GTVT H Ni. Xin trn trng cm n.
Nhm tc gi










4. CNCTPT

































Cnct pt . . 5



Chng I
CNG NGH CH TO CHI TIT DNG HP
1.1- KHI NIM CHUNG V CHI TIT DNG HP
Trong tt c cc loi my mc t my cng c, my pht ng lc, my xy
dng, my lm ng, my trn cc phng tin ng thu, ng b, cc my
chuyn dng u c cc chi tit dng hp.
Hp l loi chi tit c s quan trng ca mi sn phm. Hp bao gm nhng
chi tit c hnh khi rng, xung quanh c thnh vch lm nhim v ca chi tit c s
lp rp, cc n v lp (nhm, cm, b phn) ca nhng chi tit khc ln n to
thnh mt b phn my nhm thc hin mt nhim v no ca thit b, phng
tin.
Trong thc t, c nhiu kiu hp v cng dng khc nhau nh thn ng c t
trong, hp tc , hp chy dao, hp gim tc, thn my bm v.v
c im ca chi tit hp l c nhiu vch ngn c chiu dy khc nhau, trong
cc vch c gn cng vng, c nhiu phn li lm. Trn thn hp c nhiu b mt
phi gia cng vi yu cu chnh xc khc nhau v cng c nhiu b mt khng cn
gia cng c kh. Trn hp c nhiu l cn c gia cng c chnh xc cao thc
hin cc mi lp ghp: cc l chnh. Ngoi ra cn c cc l khng yu cu chnh
xc cao, kp cht cc b phn khc, l cc l ph.
Nhn chung chi tit dng hp l mt chi tit phc tp, kh gia cng, khi ch to
phi m bo nhiu yu cu k thut khc nhau.
1.2- YU CU K THUT CA CHI TIT DNG HP
Hp c nhng b mt chnh nh cc mt y, mt l. chnh xc ca nhng
b mt ny c yu cu kh cao. Ngoi nhng b mt chnh, trn hp cn c cc b
mt ph nh cc b mt y np, cc l bt bu lng cc b mt ny chnh xc
khng i hi cao.
Nhng yu cu k thut c bn bao gm:
1/ khng bng phng v khng song song ca cc b mt chnh trong
khong 0,05 0,1mm trn ton b chiu di. nhm b mt R
a
=5 1,25 (5
7).
2/ Cc l chnh yu cu c chnh xc t cp 1 n cp 3. Sai s hnh dng
ca cc l l 0,5 0,7 dung sai ng knh l (tng ng cp 6 n 9 theo tiu
chun ISO).
nhm b mt ca cc l R
a
=2,5 0,63 (6 8); i khi cn t ti R
a
:
0,32 0,16 (9 10).

6. CNCTPT
3/ Dung sai v khong cch tm gia cc l ph thuc vo chc nng ca n.
Nu l lp trc bnh rng th dung sai bng 0,02 0,1mm.
4/ Dung sai khng song song ca cc tm l bng dung sai ca khong cch
tm.
5/ khng vung gc ca cc tm l khi lp bnh rng cn v trc vt l 0,02
0,06mm.
6/ Dung sai khng ng tm ca cc l, ly bng 1/2 dung sai ng knh
ca l nh nht.
7/ khng vung gc gia mt u v tm l trong khong 0,01
0,05mm trn 100mm bn knh.
1.3- TNH CNG NGH TRONG KT CU CA CHI TIT HP
1.1.1- ngha
Tnh cng ngh trong kt cu ca chi tit hp c nh hng ln n khi lng
gia cng ch to hp, ng thi cn nh hng n mc tiu hao vt liu gia
cng. V vy ngay khi thit k cn phi quan tm n kt cu ca hp, sao cho m
bo chng c tnh cng ngh cao.
1.1.2- Cc bin php cn p dng khi thit k
a) Hp phi c cng vng gia cng khng b bin dng, trong qu
trnh gia cng c th dng ch ct cao, t nng sut cao.
b) Cc b mt lm chun phi c din tch nht nh, phi cho php thc
hin c nhiu nguyn cng khi dng b mt chun , m bo qu trnh g lp
nhanh.
c) Cc b mt cn gia cng khng c c cc vu li, lm; phi thun li cho
vic n dao, thot dao.
Kt cu ca cc b mt phi to iu kin cho vic gia cng ng thi nhiu
dao.
d) Cc l trn hp phi c kt cu n gin, khng nn c rnh hoc c dng
nh hnh, b mt l khng c t qung.
Cc l ng tm nn c ng knh gim dn t ngoi vo trong.
Cc l nn thng sut v rng.
e) Khng nn b tr cc l nghing so vi mt phng ca vch khi khoan,
khot, doa khng b n lch hng dao.
f) Cc l kp cht ca hp phi l cc l tiu chun c th dng cc dng c
ct ren tiu chun gia cng.
1.4- VT LIU V PHI
1.4.1- Vt liu ch to hp
Vt liu ch to cc chi tit dng hp thng dng l gang xm, thp c,
hp kim nhm, thp tm hn Tu theo iu kin lm vic v kt cu ca hp m

Cnct pt . . 7
s dng cc loi vt liu ph hp. i vi thn ng c t trong thng l cc loi
gang: GX 15-32; GX 18-36; GX 21-40; GX 24-44.
1.4.2- Cc dng phi
a) Phi c
Phi c c c t cc vt liu: gang, thp, hp kim nhm. l loi phi
ph bin nht ch to cc chi tit dng hp. ch to phi c, ngi ta thng
dng cc phng php c sau:
- c trong khun ct, mu g, lm khun bng tay
Phng php ny cho chnh xc thp, lng d gia cng ln, nng sut
thp, ph hp vi sn xut n chic v hng lot nh.
- c trong khun ct, mu kim loi, lm khun bng my
Phng php ny t c chnh xc cao v nng sut cao, lng d gia
cng nh, ph hp vi sn xut lot ln v hng khi.
- c trong khun v mng
Phng php ny t chnh cao (0,3 0,6mm) c tnh vt c tt.
Phng php ny ph hp vi sn xut lot ln v hng khi, nhng ch thch
hp vi cc chi tit hp c nh.
- c p lc
Phng php ny ch to cc chi tit hp nh v c hnh th phc tp.
Cc phi c khi ch to cn phi c kt cu hp l, cc ch gp khc ca hp
phi c gc ln, cc hc bn trong cn phi lm sch, cc mt cnh v y cn sch
v phng. Vt c khng c c cc vt nt, r v cc khuyt tt khc.
Vt c thng ngui khng u s gy ra ng sut d v bin dng nhit, do
trc khi gia cng c kh phi c cc bin php kh ng sut d.
b) Phi hn
Phi hn c ch to t cc tm thp hn li thnh hp. Loi phi ny c
dng trong sn sut n chic.
Phi hn c hai kiu:
- Kiu phi th: hn cc tm thp thnh hp ri mi gia cng c kh.
- Kiu phi tinh: gia cng s b cc tm thp ri mi hn li.
Phi hn c nhc im c bn l c ng sut d khi hn ln.
c) Phi dp
c dng cho cc chi tit hp c hnh dng n gin dng sn xut lot ln
v hng khi.
Vt liu thp: dng dp nng.
Hp kim mu: dng dp ngui.
Phi dp c c tnh tt v t c nng sut cao.

8. CNCTPT
1.5- QUI TRNH CNG NGH GIA CNG CHI TIT HP
1.51- Chn chun nh v
Khi lng gia cng ch yu ca chi tit dng hp l gia cng cc l. m
bo vic gia cng cc l trn nhiu b mt khc nhau, qua cc giai on gia cng th,
tinh v.v t yu cu chnh xc cao phi c mt mt chun tinh thng nht. Thng
thng mt chun ny l mt mt phng no v 2 l vung gc vi mt phng .
Hai l dng lm chun tinh phi gia cng t n cp chnh xc 2, 3 v c khong
cch cng xa nhau cng tt (hnh 1.1).
Khi nh v chi tit hp trn g, phi nh v 6 bc t do (mt phng 3 bc,
2 l 3 bc).
Hai l chun tinh thng c dng l
cc l lp bu lng trn hp.
Tuy vy tu theo kt cu c th ca hp
m c th dng cc mt khc m khng cn
gia cng chnh xc 2 l bu lng lm chun.
C th s dng cc kt cu rnh, sng trt
d ng lm chu n.
Hnh 1.1. Hai l chun nh v
c cc mt b mt k trn lm chun
tinh th nguyn cng u tin ngi ta phi gia cng cc mt chun . Vic chn
chun th cc nguyn cng ny rt quan trng. C th dng cc phng n chn
chun th nh sau:
a) Mt th ca cc l chnh (4 bc t do).
b) Mt th khng gia cng ca hp pha trong (3 bc t do) (Xem hnh v
1.2).









Hnh 1.2. Cc phng n chun th.
Trong cc b mt lm chun th ni trn, quan trng hn c l cc l chnh v
nu chn b mt ny lm chun ban u th s m bo c lng d ca l y ,
c
b
a

Cnct pt . . 9
to iu kin d dng gia cng l chnh xc sau ny. Khi chn chun th, nu khng
ch n mt trong khng gia cng s c th lm cho khe h lp ghp gia n vi
cc b phn lp bn trong (bnh rng, tay gt) khng m bo.
Trong sn xut hng lot nh v n chic phi c ch to c chnh xc
thp v khi gia cng khng dng cc g chuyn dng nn c th thc hin nguyn
tc chn chun nh trn bng phng php ly du.
Khi ly du, phi kt hp vic chn chun th ny vi cc chun th khc
phn phi lng d gia cng cho tho mn cc yu cu khc nhau. Phng php ly
du c nhc im l nng sut thp nn gi thnh cao.
1.5.2- Th t gia cng cc b mt ch yu ca hp
Quy trnh cng ngh gia cng cc chi tit hp bao gm cc giai on chnh sau
y:
a) Gia cng mt phng chun v 2 l chun tinh.
b) Gia cng cc b mt cn li.
S dng mt phng v 2 l lm chun gia cng cc b mt khc:
- Gia cng cc mt phng cn li.
- Gia cng th v bn tinh cc l lp ghp
- Gia cng cc l dng kp cht.
- Gia cng tinh cc l lp ghp
- Tng kim tra.
1.6- CC BIN PHP THC HIN CC NGUYN CNG CHNH
1.6.1- Gia cng cc mt chun
a) Gia cng mt phng chun
- i vi hp gia cng c sn lng nh c th tin hnh trn my phay hoc
my bo gia cng mt chun phng.
Nu hp c kch thc ln, b mt lm chun c dng hnh vung hoc trn th
c th gia cng trn my tin ng, cn nu c kch thc nh c th gia cng trn
my tin bng cch g trn mm cp 4 chu hoc g chuyn dng.
- Trong sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi i vi hp c kch thc va v
ln th tin hnh gia cng trn my c nhiu trc hoc my c bn quay nhiu v tr.
Vi cc hp nh c th gia cng trn cc my t hp hoc chuyn dng.
b) Gia cng 2 l chun.
- Trong sn xut hng lot ln hoc hng khi thng s dng my khoan
nhiu trc gia cng 2 l chun.
Khi gia cng ngi ta thc hin tun t cc bc khoan, khot, doa trong mt
ln g v s dng bc dn hng m bo chnh xc v ng knh l v
khong cch tm 2 l nh v.

10. CNCTPT
- Trong sn xut hng lot nh v n chic vic gia cng 2 l c thc hin
bng cch ly du 2 l v khoan trn my khoan cn, i vi cc hp nh c th
dng my khoan ng.
1.6.2- Gia cng cc mt ngoi ca hp
Gia cng cc mt phng ngoi hp c th p dng nhiu phng php: phay,
bo, tin, mi, chut tu theo sn lng v kch thc, kt cu ca hp.
a) Trong sn xut hng lot nh v n chic
Thng dng phng php bo v n gin v r. C th nng cao nng sut
bo bng cch g nhiu phi mt lc.
b) Trong sn xut hng lot va v ln
Dng phng php phay gia cng cc mt ngoi.
Hp c kch thc nh c th g nhiu phi mt lc gia cng.
Hp c kch thc ln c th gia cng trn my phay ging hay my bo
ging.
Gia cng trn cc my ny c th t c nng sut v chnh xc cao.
song song ca cc mt 0,02mm/1000mm.
khng phng 0,02 0,03mm/1000mm.
khng vung gc 0,03 0,06mm/500mm.
c) Trong sn xut hng khi
Dng phng php phay lin tc trn my phay c nhiu v tr (my phay c
bn quay, my phay c tang trng) gia cng 2 mt phng song song cng mt lc
bng 2 dao.
Hnh 1.3 gii thiu s gia cng trn my phay c bn quay.









Hnh 1.3. S gia cng trn my phay c bn quay.
Hnh a. Gia cng 2 mt phng song song bng 2 dao. Trn bn my c bn
quay (3) g chi tit gia cng (2) dng dao (1) gia cng 2 pha cng mt lc. Tin
I
1 2
3
II
a)
2
1
3
I
II
b)

Cnct pt . . 11
hnh gia cng th v tr I v gia cng tinh v tr II. C th b tr nh hnh b khi
mt v tr g 2 chi tit ngc nhau gia cng 2 b mt ngc nhau.
i vi cc hp c b mt trn xoay c th gia cng trn my tin ng.
Khi thc hin gia cng tinh trong sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi ngi ta
tin hnh trn my mi phng.
Trong sn xut n chic v lot nh thng dng phng php co.
1.6.3- Gia cng cc l lp ghp
a) Chn phng php gia cng
Thi gian gia cng cc l lp ghp chim t l ln trong qu trnh gia cng chi
tit hp. V vy cn chn phng php gia cng hp l m bo c chnh
xc cao v nng sut gia cng cao.
Bin php gia cng l ph thuc vo sn lng; c th s dng nhiu loi my
cng c khc nhau gia cng, nhng u phi tho mn cc yu cu k thut c
bn sau:
+ ng knh ca l.
+ chnh xc v khong cch tm cc l, song song, vung gc gia
cc l vi nhau.
Tu thuc vo dng sn xut m c cc bin php cng ngh khc nhau.
- Trong sn xut hng lot ln, hng khi tin hnh gia cng cc l trn my
doa t hp c nhiu trc. C th gia cng song song hoc song song lin tc trn hai
hoc ba b mt ca hp. V tr ca cc l c xc nh bng cch b tr cc u trc
chnh trn my. Tin hnh gia cng cc l theo 2 nguyn cng: th v tinh hoc 2
bc th v tinh ti 2 v tr ca my. Trn hnh 1.4 trnh by s gia cng trn my
t hp. V tr I l v tr g chi tit; v tr II l v tr gia cng.

1. u lc;
2. Hp trc chnh my;
3. Bn my;
4. u thay i trc dao doa.


Hnh1.4. S gia cng trn my t hp.
i vi cc hp c kch thc khng ln lm, c th gia cng trn my khoan
ng c u khoan nhiu trc v dng bc dn hng gia cng mt lc cc l trn
1 b mt. C th dng my khoan cn gia cng cc l thng qua cc bc dn
hng.
- Trong sn xut hng lot:
1 2 II
3
I
4
Trc dao toa
doa

12. CNCTPT
Dng my doa ngang hoc doa ng gia cng cc l. Kch thc ca l ph
thuc vo kch thc ca dao. Khong cch tm v song song ca cc tm l c
m bo nh s dch chuyn ca bn my v v tr ca cc bc dn hng trc dao
doa. vung gc gia cc l c m bo bng cch quay bn my g chi tit so
vi trc dao doa. Cc bin php k tht c th ph thuc vo chiu su l; s lng
l trn mt hng; s hng l trn mt b mt hp v s b mt hp c l phi gia
cng.
+Nu l khng su, khi gia cng cn dng bc nh hng cho trc doa pha
trc (hnh 1.5a) hoc pha sau l gia cng (hnh 1.5b).
Khi hp c chiu di ln th phi dn hng c pha trc v sau (hnh 1.5c).
+Nu c nhiu l trn mt hng, c th thc hin trn my doa v nn chia ra
2 nguyn
cng th v
tinh.








Hnh 1.5. Gia cng cc l chnh.
1- L gia cng; 2- g g bc dn hng.
b) Gia cng th cc l
Khi gia cng th cc l, trc tin
gia cng l ngoi cng mt pha hp
bng trc dao cng xon. Sau gia
cng cc l tip theo. Tin hnh gia
cng mt na s l sau quay bn
my 180
o
gia cng nt na s l cn
li trn mt hng. V d phi gia cng
mt hng l c 4 l trn 4 vch khc
nhau, ng knh cc l ny nh dn v
1 pha 1 <2 <3 <4 (Hnh 1.6).
Vic gia cng s c thc hin nh sau:
a)
1 2
b)
2
1
c)
2 1 2
a)
1 2
b)
2
1
c)
2 1 2
Hnh 1.6. Cc l ch nh t r n
1 dy l .
a) c)

Cnct pt . . 13
Hnh 1.7. Th t gia cng cc l chnh.
Bc 1: Gia cng l 4 t 4 (Hnh 1.7a)
Bc 2: Gia cng l 3 t 3 (Hnh 1.7b)
Bc 3: Quay bn my 180
o
tip tc gia cng l 1 t 1 (Hnh
1.7c).
Bc 4: Gia cng l 2 t 2 (Hnh 1.7d)
c) Gia cng tinh cc l
Gia cng tinh cc l trn mt hng c th thc hin theo 2 phng
n:
- Phng n 1: Gia cng lin tc cc l bng cch s dng cc l gia cng
trc lm dn
hng gia
cng cc l
tip sau (Hnh
1.8).








b)

14. CNCTPT







Hnh 1.8. Phng n gia cng lin tc cc l.
- Phng n 2: Ln lt gia cng 2 l ngoi cng ca 2 mt ngoi 2 pha i
din ca hp. Sau d dng 2 l ny lm dn hng gia cng cc l cn li (Hnh 1.9).
gia cng nhiu l trn mt b mt hay nhiu b mt th bin php cng ngh
cng tng t nh gia cng mt l hay mt hng l. C th thc hin theo cc
phng php sau:














H
nh 1.9. Phng n gia cng 2 l
pha ngoi cng.
+ Gia cng hon chnh
tng l hoc tng hng l ring
bit (nh nu trn).

Cnct pt . . 15
+Vi cng mt dao, gia cng t n mt kch thc no cho tt c cc l
nh nhau trn tt c cc b mt ca hp. Sau thay dao thc hin gia cng cc
bc tip theo. Tin hnh qu trnh gia cng nh vy cho n khi ton b cc b mt
l ging nhau trn cc mt ca hp c gia cng xong. Nhm l khc li c gia
cng lp li ging nh nhm l ban u.
+Dng nhiu dao trn u dao nhiu trc gia cng ng thi nhiu l c
ng tm song song vi nhau. Hnh 1.10 gii thiu my gia cng t ng theo
chng trnh c th c n 60 dng c v 2 bn my gia cng mt chi tit dng
hp. Trn mi bn my l mt chi tit gia cng. V d trong khi bn my 1 thc hin
qu trnh gia cng th bn my 2
thc hin qu trnh g lp chi tit
khc. Qu trnh thay dao c
th hin trn hnh 1.11.











Hnh 1.11. Qu trnh thay dao trn u trc chnh ca my.
Trong sn xut n chic v hng lot nh vic gia cng cc l ca hp c th
thc hin trn cc loi my khoan cn, my doa ng, my doa ngang. Vic nh tm
cc l c th thc hin bng phng php r g hoc dng g c bc dn hng.
Hnh 1.12a l my doa nm ngang gia cng cc l theo phng nm ngang
v hnh 1.12b l my khoan cn gia cng cc l theo phng thng ng.






Hnh 1.10. My gi a cng l t
ng t heo chng t r nh.
1- Bn g phi ;
2. Bn g phi ang gi a cng.

16. CNCTPT




Hnh 1.12a. My doa nm ngang.










Hnh 11.2b. My khoan
cn.
1.64- Gia cng cc l kp cht
Trong chi tit hp, ngoi cc l chnh
cn c cc l dng kp cht v cc l c
ren. i vi cc l c chnh xc thp: cp
10 12 (TCVN) hay 16 17 (ISO) v
nhm b mt R
Z
=80 40 th ch cn gia
cng bng phng php khoan. i vi cc
l c cp chnh xc 9 10 (TCVN) hay 15
16 (ISO) v nhm R
Z
=20 th sau khi
khoan cn phi gia cng bng phng php
khot. i vi cc l yu cu chnh xc
cao hn na: cp 7 8 (TCVN) hay 13 14
(ISO) th phi qua nhiu bc: khoan, khot
v khot tinh.
Cn c vo sn lng hng nm m
chn cc bin php gia cng ph hp.
- i vi sn lng nh, ngi ta c
th gia cng trn cc loi my khoan ng
mt trc hoc my khoan cn tu thuc vo
Hnh 1.13. u R- von-
ve.

Cnct pt . . 17
kch thc v trng lng ca phi. Gia cng trn cc my ny vic nh tm cc l
c thc hin theo phng php ly du hoc g c bc dn hng mi khoan.
i vi cc hp qu ln ngi ta c th s dng my khoan di ng trn nn xng
hoc my khoan di ng kp trc tip vo chi tit gia cng.
- i vi sn lng trung bnh, ngi ta tin hnh gia cng cc l trn my
khoan cn c lp u R-von-ve, trn lp c nhiu dng c gia cng khc nhau:
mi khoan cc kch thc, mi khot, mi doa (Hnh 13).
- i vi sn lng ln (dng sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi), cc chi tit
hp c trung bnh c gia cng trn cc my t hp hoc my khoan nhiu trc
gia cng ng thi nhiu l.
i vi cc hp nh, nguyn cng ny c th thc hin trn my t hp cng
vi mt s nguyn cng khc.
Ring i vi sn xut hng khi, ngi ta c th gia cng trn cc ng dy
gia cng t ng.
Cc l ren ca chi tit dng hp cn thm gia cng ren sau khi khoan, khot
l.
Ph thuc vo sn lng, kt cu ca hp v yu cu k thut m chn cc
phng php ct ren khc nhau: ta r tay, ta r my.
1.6.5- Kim tra cc thng s k thut ca hp
Trong qu trnh ch to, cn phi kim tra cc thng s k thut ca hp. Vic
kim tra gia cc nguyn cng c tin hnh sau khi gia cng cc b mt quan
trng, yu cu chnh xc cao. Cui giai on gia cng cn phi tng kim tra cc
yu t ra trong yu cu ch to.
- Kim tra thng v phng ca b mt:
thng ca b mt c kim tra bng cch dng thc hoc ng h so.
phng ca mt phng c kim tra bng ni-v, bng ng h so hoc bng bn r
trn c bi sn p vo b mt cn kim tra.
phng c nh gi bng s vt sn trn mt n v din tch. i vi cc
mt phng qu ln, c th kim tra phng theo nguyn l bnh thng nhau.





Hnh 1.14. Kim tra kch thc l.
- Kim tra kch thc v hnh dng hnh hc ca l:

18. CNCTPT
Kch thc v hnh dng l c kim tra bng cc dng c kim tra: thc
cp, ca-lp, ng h so hoc dng c o l c trang b ng h so. Hnh v 1.14 trnh
by s kim tra kch thc l.
Trn s ny hnh dng hnh hc ca l theo tit din ngang nh -van,
e-lp, a cnh c xc nh bng cch o kch thc nhiu v tr khc nhau ri
so snh kt qu rt ra kt lun.
Sai s hnh dng hnh hc theo chiu trc ca l nh cn, tang trng
c xc nh bng cch kim tra ng knh l theo chiu trc.
Kch thc theo chiu di l c kim tra bng thc cp hoc bng Ca-lp.
- ng tm ca cc l chnh c kim tra bng cc loi trc kim (trc
trn hoc trc bc). Cc l c ng knh qu ln c th g trc trong bc (hnh
1.15a). xc nh c th gi tr ng tm ca 2 l c th dng trc kim tra c gn
ng h so (hnh 1.15b)
Ngoi ra, kim tra ng tm c th dng g chuyn dng. Trn hnh
1.16 trnh by phng php kim tra ng tm ca 3 l trn 3 vch ngn ca hp.





a)
b)
a. Kim tra ng tm nh trc g
b. Kim tra ng tm nh trc kim tra c ng h so.
Hnh 15. Kim tra ng tm nh trc
g.





Hnh 16. Kim tra ng tm cc l trn 3 vch ngn.
Trong hnh v ny, ng h 1 lin h vi mi o 2 nh mt h thng tay n.
Khi quay tay quay 4, trc kim 3 ( g trong 2 l ca hp) quay theo. Nh mi o 2
t st vo mt l v c lin h vi ng h so 1 nh h thng tay n, ta c th c
c gi tr lch tm ca l gia so vi 2 l u v cui.

Cnct pt . . 19
- Kim tra khong cch tm v song song gia cc ng tm l.
Kim tra thng s ny bng thc cp hoc ng h so. Hnh v 1.17 trnh by
nguyn l kim tra khng song song ca cc ng tm l theo 1 phng.






Hnh 1.17. Kim tra khong cch
tm cc l theo 1 phng.
i vi cc l phi kim tra song song ca cc ng tm theo 1
phng, ngi ta kim tra trn g, kim tra theo nguyn l nh hnh 1.18.











Hnh 1.18. Kim tra tm cc l theo 2 phng.
1. ng h kim tra theo phng thng ng;
2. ng h kim tra theo phng nm ngang;
3. Tay treo; 4. Trc g; 5. Trc g.

Lp 2 trc kim tra vo 2 hng l c kim tra, dng bc iu chnh khng
cn khe h. Lp tay treo 3 c gn ng h 1 v 2 vo trc 5 quay tay treo mi t
ca ng h 1 v 2 tip xc vo trc 4 sau chnh vch ng h v s 0. Tho tay
treo ra v lp vo pha i din ca trc 4 v 5. Tin hnh thao tc nh trc v s c
kt qu nh sau:

20. CNCTPT
Hiu s trn ng h 1 2 ln o l sai s v khng song song theo phng
thng ng trn chiu di bng khong cch gia 2 u lp tay treo.
Hiu s trn ng h 2 l sai s v khng song song theo phng nm
ngang. Tit din B B biu din v cch o sai s theo phng ngang. Trn thn tay
treo c mt cht t tip xc vi trc 4, u kia l u ca n by, qua bo n
ng h so ch r khng song song.
- Kim tra khong cch t tm cc l n b mt ca hp v khng song
song ca chng.
Thng s k thut ny c kim tra trn g theo nguyn l nh hnh v
1.19.





Hnh 1.19. Kim tra khong cch t
tm l
n mt phng ca hp v song song ca chng.
- Kim tra vung gc gia tm cc l.
Ngi ta tin hnh kim tra vung gc gia ng tm cc l i vi nhng
hp c cc l cng nm trn mt mt phng v c ng tm vung gc vi nhau
bng ng h so hoc bng ca-lp. Hnh 1.20a kim tra bng ng h so; hnh 1.20b
kim tra bng ca-lp.






a) b)
Hnh 1.20. a,b.
a. Kim tra vung gc bng ng h.
b. Kim tra vung gc bng ca-lp.
Trong trng hp dng ca-lp, cn phi xc nh khe h
1
v
2
. khng
vung gc chnh l hiu s ca 2 i lng ny.
- Kim tra vung gc gia ng tm l v mt u ca l.

Cnct pt . . 21
Tin hnh kim tra bng ng h so (hnh 1.21a) hoc bng calip chuyn dng
(hnh 1.21b).





a)
b)
Hnh 1.21. a,b.
a. Kim tra vung gc gia ng tm l v mt u bng ng h so.
b. Kim tra bng calp.
1.7- QUY TRNH CNG NGH CH TO MT S CHI TIT IN HNH DNG
HP
1.7.1- Quy trnh cng ngh ch to thn hp gim tc
1- c im kt cu v vt liu ch to thn hp gim tc














Hnh 1.22.
Kt cu ca v hp gim tc.
Hp gim tc l mt chi tit dng hp, kt cu ca hp gm 2 na lp ghp vi
nhau bng 1 mt phng lp v 2 cht nh v. Hp gim tc l mt tng thnh my
c dng rt ph bin trong cc thit b nng chuyn v cc thit b dng trong

22. CNCTPT
ngnh xy dng. V hp gim tc thng s dng vt liu l gang xm (dng phi
c) hoc thp tm hn (dng cho phi hn). Chn dng phi ca hp gim tc phi
da vo sn lng ch to.
Sau y gii thiu quy trnh cng ngh ch to v hp gim tc c kt cu nh
hnh v 1.22.
2- Quy trnh cng ngh
Gia cng v hp ny gm mt s nguyn cng chnh sau y:
1. Gia cng mt phng chun ca phn thn di.
2. Khoan v doa 2 l chun vung gc vi mt phng chun.
3. Gia cng th mt u cc l v cc l lp ghp ca phn thn di.
4. Gia cng bn tinh mt u cc l v cc l lp ghp ca phn thn di.
5. Gia cng cc l lp ghp trn mt phng lp ghp ca thn di.
6. Gia cng cc l khc trn thn di.
7. Gia cng mt phng lp ghp ca np trn.
8. Gia cng th mt u cc l v cc l lp ghp ca np trn.
9. Gia cng bn tinh mt u cc l v l lp ghp ca np trn.
10. Gia cng cc l lp ghp trn mt phng lp ghp ca np trn.
11. Gia cng cc l khc trn np.
12. Rp np vo thn.
13. Gia cng 2 l cn nh v np v thn di.
14. Gia cng li mt u cc l lp ghp.
15. Doa th v doa tinh cc l lp ghp (l lp vng bi).
16. Tng kim tra cc thng s k thut.
1.72- Quy trnh cng ngh ch to thn ng c t trong.
1- c im kt cu ca thn ng c (blc xylanh)
Thn ng c l mt chi tit dng hp c kt cu rt phc tp. Hnh 1.23
gii thiu chung kt cu ca thn ng c izen SMD-14.


Cnct pt . . 23



















Hnh 1.23.
Kt cu ca thn ng c t trong.
1,2,3,4 cc chi tit lp trn chi tit c s
l thn ng c t trong ca mt thn ng c hon chnh.
Trn thn ng c c nhiu b mt phi gia cng t chnh xc cao v kch
thc, hnh dng hnh hc, v tr tng quan gia cc b mt. l cc l xy lanh
cc l lp trc khuu, l lp trc phn phi kh, cc l dn hng ca c cu phi
kh.
Vt liu ch to thn ng c l gang hoc hp kim nhm c ch to bng
phng php c. Tu theo kt cu ca thn ng c m c cc yu cu k thut c
th, nhng ni chung u ging cc yu cu k thut c bn nh cc chi tit dng
hp khc.
2- Quy trnh cng ngh
L mt chi tit dng hp, do quy trnh cng ngh v cc phng php gia
cng cc b mt u nh cc chi tit dng hp khc.

24. CNCTPT
Tuy vy, v thn ng c t trong kt cu kh phc tp, c nhiu dng khc
nhau (ng c lm mt bng nc ; ng c lm mt bng khng kh) nn th t
gia cng c th c nhng thay i khc nhau. Sau y xin gii thiu mt quy trnh
cng ngh ch to thn ng c t trong 1 hng xylanh thng, lm mt bng nc.
1. Gia cng mt phng chun trn v di thn ng c.
2. Gia cng cc mt phng khc.
3. Gia cng s b cc l xylanh.
4. Gia cng s b cc l lp trc khuu, trc phn phi kh.
5. Kim tra khuyt tt ca phi.
6. Gia cng bn tinh cc l xylanh.
7. Gia cng bn tinh cc l lp ghp trc cam v trc khuu.
8. Gia cng th cc l lp ghp khc.
9. Gia cng bn tinh cc l lp ghp khc.
10. Gia cng cc l kp cht.
11. Gia cng tinh mt lp ghp vi np my.
12. Gia cng tinh l xylanh.
13. Gia cng tinh cc l lp ghp trc cam v trc khuu.
14. Gia cng ln cui l xylanh.
15. Tng kim tra.







26. CNCTPT

Chng II
CNG NGH CH TO PISTON NG C T TRONG
2.1. NHNG YU CU K THUT CA PISTON
Piston l mt chi tit my trong ng c t trong, c tc dng quyt nh n
cng sut v hiu sut ca ng. V phi lm vic trong nhng iu kin kh khn:
p sut ln, nhit cao, tc dch chuyn cao nn piston phi c hnh dng, kch
thc chnh xc, kt cu gn, nh, cn bng. Piston thng c lm theo dng hnh
tr trn xoay hoc hi cn. Piston c chia lm 2 phn: u v thn piston.
2.2.1- u piston
Chim khong 1/3 chiu cao piston gm nh v thn c rnh sc mng.
Phn u piston l phn chnh chu p lc v nhit khi piston lm vic.
- nh piston c dng phng hoc nh hnh to thnh mt phn bung t ca
ng c. Mt s nh piston ng c izen c nh dng c bit, chnh xc v
hnh dng nh khng yu cu qu cao.
Yu cu k thut chung ca nh khi gia cng t bng 5 6 (R
z
=20)
phi m bo chiu dy nh, tuyt i khng b r khi c.
- Vng rnh sc mng: c t 3 n 6 rnh lp sec mng. Cc rnh sec mng
hi thng c ch to cng mt kch thc danh ngha nhng phm vi sai lch
khng ging nhau, rnh trn thng ln hn rnh di 0,02 0,03mm. Cc rnh ny
c dng lp cc sec mng hi cng chiu dy (cho d ch to v ln khi lp
rp). Cc vnh ai ngn cch gia cc rnh sec-mng c kch thc ng knh theo
hnh bc thang ln dn v pha di D
2
=D
1
+(0,2 0,3).
+Mt tr ngoi v cnh ca rnh sec mng phi t bng 6 7 (R
a
=2,5
1,25). Chiu rng rnh sai lch cho php khng qu +0,025mm.
+ ng knh ngoi ca u piston cho php sai s khng qu 0,1mm.
chnh xc v bng ca ng knh bn trong rnh khng yu cu cao (5 5;
dung sai kch thc 0,2 0,25mm).
+Phi m bo vung gc gia rnh sec mng v ng knh tm piston,
sai s khng qu 0,05/100.
+ ng tm gia phn u v thn piston sai s khng qu 0,1mm.
+Khong cch t nh piston n rnh sec mng khng sai qu 0,3mm, ring
i vi rnh u khng qu 0,15mm.
+Chiu dy cc vnh ai ngn cch gia cc sec mng sai lch khng qu
0,2mm.
2.1.2- Thn piston

Cnct pt . 27
a) Thn piston lm nhim v dn hng chuyn ng nn yu cu v bng
v chnh xc kh cao:
+ nhm b mt yu cu 7 8 (R
a
=1,25 0,63).
+ ng knh thn t cp chnh xc 2 (TCVN) (cp 7 ISO).
(i vi cc piston c ng knh D: 80 150mm ch cho php sai lch 0,02
0,03mm).
m bo piston khng b b kt khi dn n nhit, piston nhm c ch to
thn c hnh cn (nh dn v pha nh) vi cn trung bnh 0,1/100. Tit din
ngang thn c gia cng hnh van (ng knh nh nm v pha ng tm l
cht) vi van trung bnh 0,15 0,3mm. Piston gang c th lm trn xoay.
+ dy ca vch piston khng c chnh lch qu 0,5mm trn cng mt tit
din.
i vi cc piston ca ng c cao tc, gim trng lng ngi ta thng
thit k piston c vt 2 bn thn (xem hnh 2.1).
Vi loi thn vt ny s gim c ma st gia thn v thnh xylanh ng thi
trnh c va p gia thn piston v m trc khuu nht l vi loi ng c c hnh
trnh piston ngn.
Thn piston gm 2 loi: thn cng v mm.
Piston thn cng l loi thn khng x rnh phng n hoc rnh phng n
khng x di ht chiu di thn. Loi ny thng l piston gang hoc piston nhm
ca ng c izen c chiu dy thn nh k. Tit din ngang ca thn ch lm van
khong c l cht v cn theo chiu di thn.
Piston thn mm thng gp ng c xng chiu dy thn mng. Dc theo
thn c rnh phng n phay ht chiu di thn. Loi thn mm c cng vng km.
b) L cht piston

28. CNCTPT
.
Hnh 2.1. Kt cu ca piston ng c t trong.

Cnct pt . 29
chnh xc v kch thc, hnh dng v v tr ca l cht c nh hng ln
n cht lng s dng piston. Sau y l mt s yu cu v chnh xc ca l
cht.
+ ng knh l cht cho php sai s ch to khng qu 0,01
0,015mm.
+ cn v van ca l khng qu 0,005mm.
+ khng ng tm gia hai l khng qu 0,005mm.
+ nhm b mt l khng thp hn 8 (Ra =0,63).
i vi piston nh phng, sai s khong cch t tm l cht n nh khng
vt qu 0,1mm.
i vi piston c nh nh hnh cho php sai s khng qu 0,2mm.
+ khng vung gc gia tm l cht v tm piston khng qu
0,020,04/100mm.
+ lch tm gia tm l cht v tm piston theo mt phng ngang khng
vt qu 0,1mm.
+ m bo dy u gia l v b l cht (chnh lch khng qu
0,5mm).
+Chiu rng rnh hm cht khng sai lch qu 0,1mm.
Piston sau khi ch to xong c phn nhm lp rp gia piston xylanh v
cht piston piston. Thng phn nhm lp rp t 4 n 5 nhm. Ngoi ra cn qui
nh dung sai v trng lng ca tng loi piston. Sai lch v trng lng ca cc
piston c lp trn cng mt ng c khng vt qu gi tr 5 10gr.
2.2- VT LIU CH TO V PHI PISTON
2.2.1- Vt liu ch to
Do phi lm vic di p sut v nhit cao, chu ma st ln do vt liu
ch to piston phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
- Trng lng ring nh
- bn cao
- H s ma st nh
- Truyn nhit v chu nhit tt
- Chu mi mn v chu n mn cao
- H s dn n nhit thp
- D gia cng (c, ct gt)
- D tm.
Cc vt liu ph hp vi yu cu trn l gang, thp, hp kim nhm. chng
gin n nhit, ngi ta ch to loi piston c lt mt vnh ai lm bng hp kim Inva
(l hp kim ca st v niken) phn c rnh xcmng trn cng hoc phn l cht.

30. CNCTPT
1- Gang
Thng dng gang xm, gang do, gang cu ch to piston.
- Gang xm c bn c hc cao, bn nhit cao, h s gin n nhit thp,
tnh cng ngh c v ct gt tng i tt, r tin.
- Tuy nhin gang xm c mt s nhc im: Trng lng ring ln, nhit
cao (725
o
C) d b nt n. Do nhc im trn nn t s dng gang xm
ch to piston ca cc ng c cao tc v ti trng ln.
- Gang do Peclit c t chc Peclit nh gang xm nhng c bn cao hn v
grafit dng tp trung. Gang do c dng trong cc ng c 2 k c ti
trng ln.
- Gang cu c bn cao, chu nhit cao, chu mi mn cao.
2- Thp
Thp c t trng ln nhng c bn cao nn c th ch to cc piston thnh
mng. Tuy nhin vt liu thp t dng v gi thnh cao.
3- Hp kim nhm
Hp kim nhm c c s dng nhiu trong ch to piston. Piston nhm c
cc u im:
- Trng lng ring nh.
- Truyn nhit tt.
- H s ma st nh.
- D gia cng ct gt.
Tuy vy piston nhm c nhc im: h s gin n nhit ln, kh nng chu
mi mn km hn gang.
Hp kim nhm thng dng l Al-Cu v Al-Si. Vt liu c dng ph bin l
loi A-10B c cc thnh phn chnh sau: Mg: 0,2 0,5% ; Cu 4 8%; Si: 4 6%;
cn li Al.
Hin nay nhiu ni s dng hp kim nhm c c h s gin n nhit thp,
trng lng ring nh v c kh nng chu nhit v chu mi mn tt hn A-10B.
Thnh phn hp kim ny nh sau:
Si: 11 13% ; Ni: 0,8 1,3%;
Mg: 0,8 1,3% ; Ti: 0,05 0,2%;
Mn: 0,3 0,6% ; Zn: 0,5%;
Fe: 0,8% ; Sn: 0,02%;

Cnct pt . 31
Pb: 0,7% ; Al : % cn li;
Cu: 1,5 3%.
2.2.2- Phng php to phi piston
Hin nay trn th gii s dng nhiu phng php ch to phi piston: c
trong khun kim loi, c trong khun ct, c p lc, c chn khng, dp. Tu
thuc vo vt liu ch to v dng sn xut m ngi ta chn phng php ch to
phi hp l. Ph bin nht l c trong khun ct v c trong khun kim loi.
Cc phng php khc t s dng tuy n c mt s u im: nng sut cao,
cht lng tt nhng trang thit b phc tp, khun c phc tp nn gi thnh cao,
khng kinh t.
Mt s piston nhm c hnh dng bn trong n gin, trong sn xut hng lot
ngi ta cn p dng phng php dp. l hnh thc p kim loi lng vo khun
kim loi nhit 400 800
o
C.
Piston sau khi c xong trc khi gia cng c kh phi nhit luyn kh ng
sut bn trong v gim cng ca lp kim loi b mt nhm mc ch tng kh
nng d gia cng ct gt. cng sau nhit luyn khong HB: 100 140.
2.3- QUY TRNH CNG NGH CH TO PISTON
2.3.1- C IM GIA CNG C PISTON
1- Phng n thc hin quy trnh cng ngh
Piston l mt chi tit gia cng c kt cu phc tp, nhiu b mt c yu cu
chnh xc v bng cao. Trong quy trnh c nhiu nguyn cng, khi lp quy trnh
cn phi xt n mc tp trung nguyn cng hoc phn tn nguyn cng nh th
no cho hp l.
+Trong sn xut hng lot ln cc nh my c mc chuyn mn ha cao,
piston c ch to trn cc dy truyn c mc c gii ho v t ng ho cao.
Trn cc dy truyn ny, ngi ta s dng cc my t ng, na t ng, cc
my nhiu trc, my t hp v.v gia cng ng thi nhiu b mt mt lc. Vi
cc loi my cng c nh vy, ngi ta p dng phng n tp trung nguyn cng
song song lp quy trnh cng ngh. Theo phng n ny nng sut gia cng rt
cao, gim c sai s g lp do s ln nh v t.
+Trong sn xut hng lot nh, vi thit b vn nng km theo cc g lp
chuyn dng th ngi ta p dng phng n phn tn gia cng. Mi nguyn cng
ch c t bc v tin hnh gia cng theo tng lot chi tit. Phng n ny cho php
t c nng sut cao.
+Trong sn xut n chic, vic ch to ch yu phc v trong sa cha thay
th, qu trnh gia cng c thc hin theo phng php o ct th, do ngi ta
thc hin phng php tp trung nguyn cng lin tc. Phng n ny yu cu th
gia cng c tay ngh cao, thi gian gia cng ca phng n ny ln, do nng sut
thp.

32. CNCTPT
2- Chn chun v phng php kp cht
Qu trnh ch to piston gm nhiu nguyn cng, nhiu bc do phi thc
hin nhiu ln g lp. G lp nhiu ln s nh hng n chnh xc gia cng, do
vic chn chun nh v c ngha rt quan trng, trong quy trnh cng ngh cn
phi p dng nguyn tc no chn chun cho hp l. Mt khc, piston l mt chi
tit km cng vng, d b bin dng khi kp cht, do vic chn mt chun nh v
cn lin quan n im t, phng v chiu ca lc kp cht.
Trong sn xut hng lot v sn xut n chic, thng s dng cc b mt sau
y lm chun nh v.
a) Chun nh v ph
S dng chun nh v ph trong gia cng piston c u im p dng c
nguyn tc thng nht chun trong quy trnh cng ngh, do s gim c sai s v
tr tng quan gia cc b mt gia cng vi nhau.
a) nh v bng mt y v mt tr trong ca phn thn piston.
nh v theo hai mt ny s xc nh c 5 bc t do ca vt gia cng (Hnh
2.2).





Hnh 2.2.
B mt kp cht l l cht piston. Mt trc rt c mt u lng qua cht ngang
lp vo l cht, mt u c ren c xit cht bng ai c qua u trc chnh ca
my tin s gi cht chi tit trn i g c lp trn my tin. Phng n g lp ny
c u im chc chn, c th gia cng c ton b cc b mt bn ngoi piston, tuy
nhin phng n c th gy bin dng ln hoc nt thn piston nu lc kp qu ln
v im t ca lc trn b l cht khng ng yu cu; ngoi ra phng n ny cn
c nhc im v chnh xc khi nh tm khng cao do c sai s mt nh v phn
l tr trong ca thn piston gy nn.
b) nh v bng mt cn y thn v l tm nh piston (Hnh
2.3)






Cnct pt . 33

Hnh 2.3. Chun ph ca piston.
a) c li phn nh; b) Phn nh c phng.
nh v bng 2 mt chun ny cng xc nh c 5 bc t do. Mi tm ngoi
tc dng nh v cn c tc dng kp cht. Phng n ny c u im nh tm chnh
xc, g lp nhanh nhng cng vng khi g lp km v trong quy trnh cng ngh
phi thm cc nguyn cng gia cng l tm nh v xn b l tm. truyn
chuyn ng quay cho piston, cn c thm tc gt truyn mment cho piston thng
qua im tip xc gia tc v b l cht pha trong thn piston.
Dng cc mt chun nh v ny c th gia cng c ton b cc mt ngoi
piston: rnh sec mng, nh piston, thn piston. Ring i vi cc piston c tit din
thn dng van, cn phi nh v thm bc t do th 6. Mt chun nh v ny c th
l then nh v, b l cht, 2 l nh v trn phn y piston (i vi piston c thn b
khuyt) hoc c th dng phng php r g theo du.
b) Chun nh v chnh
Hu ht cc nguyn cng trong quy trnh cng ngh ch to piston u s dng
chun ph nh v v dng mt ny s rt thun li trong qu trnh gia cng, m
bo c nguyn tc s dng thng nht chun.
i vi nguyn cng gia cng tinh l cht, cc piston c nh phng cn phi
s dng chun nh v chnh gia cng. V dng chun ny s m bo c
chnh xc v tr tng quan cao nht gia ng tm l cht vi nh piston v vi
ng trc ca thn piston. Chun nh v chnh dng trong trng hp ny l mt
nh piston v phn mt tr u piston.
2.3.2. QUY TRNH CNG NGH CH TO PISTON
Ph thuc vo sn lng, kt cu ca piston v iu kin sn xut c th ca x
nghip m khi ch to c cc quy trnh cng ngh khc nhau. y ch xin a ra 1
quy trnh cng ngh c tnh cht tham kho i vi mt loi piston hp kim
nhm, nh phng ca cc loi ng c 1 dy xylanh thng.
Qu trnh gia cng c thc hin th t theo cc cng vic c bn sau y:
1- Ct b u ca phi c.
2- Nhit luyn: un trong du si vi nhit 200 250
o
C trong 5 gi.
3- Gia cng chun ph.
4- Gia cng th l cht piston.
5- Tin th mt ngoi v cc rnh.
6- Tin ng chiu di v cc rnh.
7- Gia cng bn tinh l cht (khot).
8- Khoan cc l thot dao trn thn.

34. CNCTPT
9- Khoan cc l thot du trn rnh sec mng du.
10- Phay rnh phng n.
11- Doa ng l cht, vt mp l.
12- Mi ng thn piston (gia cng van v cn thn piston nu c).
13- Tin cc rnh hm cht.
14- Sa ngui cc cnh sc.
15- Tng kim tra, phn loi kch thc v trng lng.
16- Bao gi bo qun.
2.4- CC BIN PHP THC HIN CC NGUYN CNG CHNH
2.4.1- Gia cng chun ph
Nguyn cng gia cng chun ph l nguyn cng gia cng c kh u tin
trong quy trnh cng ngh ch to piston. m bo chnh xc v tr tng quan
gia cc b mt khng phi gia cng ca piston (mt tr trong, mt y ca nh
piston) vi cc b mt khc phi gia cng vic chn chun th nguyn cng ny
phi hp l. Theo cc nguyn tc chn chun th, khi gia cng cc chun ph ca
piston (mt y v mt g tr trong ca thn) ngi ta phi ly mt tr trong v mt
y ca nh piston lm chun th.
Trong sn xut hng lot nh phi c c ch to kh chnh xc, do sai s
tng quan gia mt tr ngoi v trong thn piston khng ln nn c th dng mm
cp 3 vu t nh tm nh v theo mt tr ngoi. Khi thc hin nh v tu theo
phng php gia cng theo cch o ct th hoc iu chnh my t ng t kch
thc m xc nh s bc t do khi nh v.
i vi phi c km chnh xc, phi nh v bng mt tr trong ca piston, lc
ny dng mm cp 4 vu kp cht mt tr ngoi. Hnh thc nh v l r g theo
mt tr trong, khi xn phng mt y piston phi dng chun o lng l mt di
ca nh piston.

Cnct pt . 35

















Hnh 2.4
1. u dao; 2. Phi; 3. Mm quay; 4. Trc khoan;
5. Dao xn gc; 6. Dao khot; 7. Dao vt gc.
i vi cc piston cn thm chun ph l l tm nh, phi m bo ng
tm gia l tm v g tr pha trong thn piston. Trong sn xut hng lot ln gia
cng trn my tin lin hp tc dng 2 pha ng thi gia cng 2 b mt (hnh 2.4)
i vi phi c chnh xc.
Theo hnh 2.4, piston c kp trn mm cp (3) khng quay, u dao (1) v
u khoan (4) va quay va chuyn ng chy dao tin vo piston, n chiu su
nht nh th u dao t ng dng li v li ra khi chi tit.
i vi phi c c chnh xc khng cao, chun ph c gia cng trn
my tin bn t ng (hnh 2.5). Phi c g trn trc chnh ca my tin. C 2 bn
dao gia cng mt y v mt tr trong, ng thi pha nh piston c mi khoan
khoan l tm.

36. CNCTPT



















Hnh 2.5.
Gia cng chun ph trn my tin bn t ng.
i vi sn xut n chic v hng lot nh m bo c ng tm
phi p dng nguyn tc chun
th ch s dng 1 ln.
2.4.2- Gia cng mt ngoi
thn piston
Mt ngoi thn piston bao
gm cc b mt tr phn u piston,
phn thn dn hng, mt nh
piston v cc rnh lp secmng.
Khi gia cng cc mt ny ngi
ta u dng chun ph nh v v kp
cht bng g rt qua l cht.
Trong sn xut n chic v
hng lot nh vic gia cng mt ngoi

Cnct pt . 37
c tin hnh trn my tin vn nng v chia lm cc bc tin th, tin tinh. Trong
sn xut hng lot ln, nguyn cng ny c thc hin trn my tin nhiu dao
(Hnh 2.6). Bn dao dc ca my g dao gia cng phn u v thn piston. Bn dao
ngang ca my gia cng mt nh v ct cc rnh sec mng.













Hnh 2.6. S gia cng mt ngoi trn my tin nhiu dao.
2.4.3- Gia cng nh hnh thn piston
Gia cng van v mt ngi thn piston l mt khu quan trng v phc tp,
nht l trong dng sn xut n chic. Trong sn xut n chic c th gia cng van
thn piston bng phng php gia cng lch tm nh g lch tm. i g g
piston theo chun nh v ph c lch tm so vi tm trc chnh my tin mt tr
s =2, trong l hiu s gia ng knh trc ln v nh ca tit din dng
van. Mi ln tin c mt bn thn piston, sau quay piston 180
o
tin pha
bn kia ca thn. g tin ny n gin nhng nng sut thp. Trong sn xut lot
nh c th gia cng van
thn piston bng nguyn
l gia cng chp hnh nh
mt b g chp hnh c
kh trn my tin vn nng
(hnh 2.7).
Trong sn xut hng
lot ln, nguyn cng
ny thc hin trn cc my
tin chp hnh bn t ng.


38. CNCTPT











Hnh 2.7. g tin chp hnh thn piston.
Mi van thn piston c thc hin trn cc my mi chuyn dng hoc my
mi vn nng. Cc loi my mi chuyn dng thng l cc loi my bn t ng
truyn ng thu lc hoc kh nn.
Trong sn xut n chic, c th dng g chp hnh trn my mi vn nng.
Hin nay i vi cc piston nhm ngi ta t s dng phng php mi, nhng vn
p dng phng php mi thn piston i vi cc loi piston gang hoc thp.
2.4.4- Gia cng bung chy nh piston
Cc loi piston ng c t, my ko, my gt thng c mt s loi nh
khng phng m c dng mt cu li hoc lm, c loi li c cc dng nh hnh to
ra cc dng bung chy khc nhau (hnh 2.8). nh cc b mt bung chy ny
khng yu cu cao v chnh xc kch thc, nhng yu cu cao v chnh xc
hnh dng v bng b mt.
Vic to hnh cc dng bung chy ny ph thuc vo cc iu kin sn xut
khc nhau. Gia cng bung chy nh piston c th ch to bng phng php c
sau gia cng c kh. C 2 phng php gia cng c kh:
- Gia cng bung chy bng phng php nh hnh:

Cnct pt . 39
Dng dao tin nh hnh gia cng. Qu trnh tin nh hnh phi qua nhiu
bc: gia cng th, gia cng tinh. m bo bng b mt ca bung chy c th
dng phng php cn ln trn b mt bng cc vin bi (xem hnh 2.9).
Hnh 2.8. Cu to ca piston c nh nh hnh.













Hnh 2.9. Cn ln bng cc vin bi.
- Gia cng bung chy bng
phng php chp hnh:
Gia cng bng phng php
chp hnh l to ra hnh dng b mt

40. CNCTPT
gia cng nh b g chp hnh: dng c ct chuyn ng theo mt qu o nh mt
dng mu. g chp hnh c th dn ng bng h thng thu lc hoc kh nn
t c chnh xc cao hn so vi g chp hnh c kh. Di y l mt s
g gia cng theo nguyn l ny (hnh 2.10 a,b).

1. Xylanh kh nn;
2. Trc g rt;
3. Cht kp;
4. Nm nh c l
tm;
5. Dng chp hnh;
6. Con ln chp hnh; 7.
Bn dao ngang;
8. Bn trt trn;
9. ng my tin.
Hnh 2.10a. Tin
bung chy nh piston.










.











a)
b)

Cnct pt . 41
Hnh 2.10b. Tin nh li v lm ca piston nh cn y.
1. Bn trt; 2. Cn y; 3. Dao tin.
a) Tin nh li, b) Tin nh lm.
2.4.5- Gia cng l cht piston
L cht piston l mt b mt gia cng tng i kh v c quyt nh n cht
lng lm vic ca piston. L cht thng phi gia cng qua nhiu bc, nhiu
nguyn cng: khoan l, khot l, doa l Cc cng vic ny khng thc hin lin
tc m lm xen vo gia cc nguyn cng gia cng khc.
a) Gia cng s b l cht:
i vi phi c l c sn c th dng mi khot khot rng l sau
tin bn tinh hoc doa bng mi doa. chnh xc sau khi tin bn tinh cn t cp 3
n cp 4 (TCVN) tng ng cp 8 9 (ISO). Khi gia cng s b, piston c
nh v 6 bc t do, mt chun nh v l chun ph. C th thc hin nguyn
cng ny trn my khoan, my khot hoc my tin. Khi gia cng trn my tin,
thng dng b g chi tit trn bn xe dao my tin. Khi gia cng, chi tit c chuyn
ng dc theo bng dn hng my tin, cn mi khoan hoc mi khot c g trn
trc chnh ca my tin v c chuyn ng quay trn. Tuy nhin gia cng trn cc
loi my ny ch ph hp vi dng sn xut n chic v lot nh. Trong trng hp
sn lng nhiu, trong cc nh my ch to t, ngi ta thng gia cng trn my
khoan tc dng 2 pha (hnh 2.11).

















Hnh 2.11. Gia cng s
b l cht trn my khoan tang trng,
tc dng 2 pha.

42. CNCTPT
b) Gia cng tinh l cht:
Khi gia cng tinh l cht, i vi cc piston nh phng phi dng mt chun
nh v chnh g lp (mt phng nh v mt tr u piston) tu theo sn lng m
c th thc hin trn cc loi my khc nhau.
Nu sn xut vi sn lng khng ln, c th dng b g trn bn dao my tin
g chi tit.
Dao ct l dao tin g trn trc tm lp trn trc chnh ca my tin.
Vi dng sn xut ln c th s dng my tin tinh l cht tc dng 2 pha
ng thi c mt trc chnh hoc nhiu trc chnh.
Hnh 2.12 l s gia cng tinh l cht trn my tin (khot) tinh tc dng 2
pha.












Hnh 2.12. S g khot tinh l cht.
1. Trc dao khot bn tinh; 2. Cng kp cht;
3. Trc dao khot tinh; 4. ta nh v; 5. Vu kp.
nng cao bng b mt l cht sau khi tin (khot) tinh, c th doa tinh
ln cui bng mi doa tu ng trn my khoan, my khot hoc dng mi doa tay
doa.
Trong sn xut lot va v nh, cn c th gia cng l cht theo cc nguyn
cng: khoan, khot, doa th, doa tinh v ln mit l. u im chnh ca phng php
ln mit l:
- bn dng c cao.
- Nng sut cao.

Cnct pt . 43
- bng cao.
- n gin ho quy trnh cng ngh.
- Lm tng cng b mt vt liu sn phm.
2.4.6- Gia cng rnh hm cht piston
Nguyn cng tin rnh hm cht piston cn c thc hin trc nguyn cng
tin tinh l cht. Gia cng rnh hm cht c thc hin sau 2 ln g. Phng php
ny khng cho php t ng tm ca 2 rnh cao nhng cng cho php m bo
sai s t 0,1 0,2 mi bn.
7- Gia cng rnh phng n v l du trn rnh vng gng du
Trong sn xut hng lot ln, ngi ta dng loi my phay, khoan lin hp
cng sut nh gia cng cc l v phay rnh cc v tr khc nhau.
Hnh 2.13 l s gia cng trn my phay khoan lin hp nhiu v tr c bn
my quay trn. My khoan c cc u khoan, phay b tr theo kt cu c th ca
piston gia cng cc l v 2 rnh phng n nghing v nm ngang. Qu trnh gia
cng c 5 v tr.

Hnh 2.13. S gia cng l du v rnh phng n trn my
phay khoan lin hp nhiu v tr.
- V tr 1: g lp phi.
- V tr 2: Khoan l.
- V tr 3: Phay rnh nghing th 1.

44. CNCTPT
- V tr 4: Phay rnh ngang.
- V tr 5: Phay rnh nghing th 2.
2.4.8- iu chnh trng lng piston.
S khng ng u v trng lng ca piston trong mt ng c c nh hng
ln n s cn bng ca ng c trong qu trnh lm vic.
iu chnh trng lng piston bng cch ly bt kim loi piston ra. Thng
ly kim loi cc b mt sau:
- Khot mt trong mt chun ph.
- Ly bt kim loi bn trong thnh piston ( pha di b l cht).
Vic thc hin ly bt kim loi ra c thc hin trn my bn t ng va
cn va khot, nguyn cng ny c thc hin trc khi gia cng tinh thn v l
cht piston.
2.4.9- Kim tra piston
Cng vic kim tra piston c tin hnh qua 2 bc: Kim tra trong qu trnh
gia cng v sau khi gia cng. Piston sau khi gia cng phi kim tra theo cc yu cu
k thut trn bn v thit k. Kim tra kch thc ca piston c th dng cc dng c
o vn nng hoc cc g chuyn dng. i vi cc yu cu kim tra chnh xc
v tr tng quan: lch tm ca l cht v tm piston, vung gc phi dng
cc g kim tra.
Sau khi kim tra, piston c phn loi theo nhm vi xylanh v cht piston v
c nh du theo tng nhm.
Piston cn c phn nhm trng lng m bo cc piston trong cng mt
ng c khng c sai lch trng lng qu yu cu cho php.
Sau y gii thiu mt s g kim tra sau khi gia cng sau:
Hnh 2.14 l g kim tra ng knh, van, cn ca piston bng thit
b o c u tip xc in.
Nguyn l o ca g ny nh sau:
Piston kim tra c t trn khi V ti mt v tr nht nh theo im ta 2.
Piston c c nh bng cht 1 v b phn kp cht 10. Mi o 6 trong khi g
piston c p cht nh h thng cn 8 tc dng t bn p. Sau mi o 6 c
h xung chm vo thang thc o xc nh ng knh thn piston. Cht trt 11
dng o van, cht trt 5 dng o cn ca thn piston. Nh cc cn 9
v 3, cc cht trt 11 v 5 c th o c ng knh, van, cn thn piston.
Nu sai s th mt trong cc cng tc 4 s bt ln v n 7 sng ln.

.

Cnct pt . 45
Hnh 2.14. g kim tra kch thc
hnh dng mt ngoi piston nh u o tip xc in.
Hnh 2.15 cng l dng c kim tra xc nh kch thc phn thn piston v
phn loi piston. Thit b gm 1 ng h o 1, cc cm bin tip xc 2 v 4. ng h
1 v cm bin tip xc in 2 s xc nh sai lch ca cn cho php; ng h 1
v cm bin in 4 xc nh sai lch v van cho php.
Trng hp c sai lch th n bng 3 sng ln. Vic nh cc cm bin khi
t v tho piston c thc hin bng h thng bn p pha di.

.

46. CNCTPT
Hnh 2.15. g kim tra v phn loi kch thc thn piston.
Hnh 2. 16 gi i t hi u dng c g l p ki m t r a v
t r ca t m l cht piston i vi mt phi ngoi thn piston, kim tra
ng knh l cht v phn loi piston theo ng knh l cht. vung gc gia
tm trc l cht c xc nh nh sau.
Piston c x dch theo trc calp mu s 1 v ta vo b mt thn piston v
cc ming ta 2 c gn vo khi V a v b. khng vung gc ca ng sinh
tip xc vi khi V i vi tm trc l cht s c ch r nh ng h 3. khng
vung gc ca tm trc l cht vi tm trc piston cng c tnh bng mt na tng
s trn ng h 3 qua mi bn ca piston, c ngha l sau mi ln piston cho vo trc
calp s 1 th rt ra v quay i 180
o
, sau cho vo kim tra li. Kim tra hnh dng
l cht bng cch dch chuyn piston dc theo trc calp mu s 1.

Cnct pt . 47
















Hnh 2.16. g kim tra kch thc v v tr l cht piston.













48. CNCTPT




Chng III
CNG NGH CH TO CHI TIT DNG CNG
3.1- KHI NIM V CHI TIT DNG CNG
Cng l loi chi tit
my c mt hoc nhiu l
m ng tm ca chng
song song vi nhau hoc
to vi nhau mt gc no
. Chi tit cng trong
my c chc nng bin
chuyn ng thng ca chi
tit ny thnh chuyn ng
quay cho chi tit khc. Chi
tit cng cn c cng dng
y cc bnh rng truyn
ng trong hp tc khi
thay i t s truyn.
Trn chi tit cng c
cc l cn phi gia cng
chnh xc gi l cc l
chnh, ngoi ra cn cc l
dng kp cht, cc rnh
then, cc b mt khc cn
phi gia cng. Nhng dng
khc nhau ca chi tit cng
c th hin hnh 3.1.

Hnh 3.1. Cc dng chi tit
cng.
3.2- IU KIN K
THUT
Khi ch to cc chi tit dng cng cn m bo cc yu cu c bn sau:
1. Kch thc cc l chnh c gia cng vi chnh xc cp 2 3; nhm
b mt R
a
: 0,63 0,32 (8 9).

Cnct pt . 49
2. khng song song ca tm cc l c bn trong khong 0,03
0,05mm trn 100mm chiu di.
3. khng vung gc ca cc tm l so vi mt u trong khong 0,05 0,1
trn 100mm chiu di.
4. khng song song ca cc mt u l chnh trong khong 0,05 0,25
trn 100mm bn knh mt u.
5. Cc rnh then gia cng t cp chnh xc 3 5; nhm R
z
:
4010 (4 6) hoc R
a
=10 2,5.
6. Cc b mt lm vic ca cng c nhit luyn t cng 50
55HRC.
3.3- VT LIU V PHI
3.3.1- Vt liu
Chi tit cng c s dng cc vt liu nh thp cc bon 20, 40, 45; thp hp
kim 18XMHA; 18X2H4BA v 40XMA c bn cao; cc loi gang xm GX12-28;
GX24-44 v gang do GZ 37-12; GZ 35-10.
i khi cng cn c ch to t kim loi mu.
S dng vt liu ch to chi tit cng ph thuc vo iu kin lm vic ca
chng. i vi nhng chi tit lm vic vi ti trng trung bnh c th chn l gang
xm. Nhng cng c cng vng thp, lm vic c ti trng va p th chn gang
do. Nhng cng chu ti trng ln phi chn vt liu thp c bn cao v phi qua
nhit luyn.
3.3.2- Cc dng phi
Phi ch to cng c nhiu dng. Dng phi chn ph thuc vo vt liu v sn
lng ch to.
a) Phi rn dp:
- Cng c va v nh, sn lng thp, vt liu l thp th c ch to bng
phng php rn t do.
- Sn lng c th dng phng php dp. Phi dp c kt cu hp l, khi
lng gia cng c kh sau ny c gim bt rt nhiu.
b) Phi c:
Phi c dng cho cng bng gang, kim loi mu v thp. Tu theo iu kin
sn xut v sn lng m c trong khun ct, khun kim loi, khun mu chy.
c) Phi hn:
Cng loi ln nu sn lng nh th ch yu dng phi hn. Nu sn lng
nhiu th c th dng kt hp phng php hn v dp tm.
3.4- TNH CNG NGH V KT CU CA CNG

50. CNCTPT
Cng l mt chi tit c hnh dng v kt cu phc tp, do c nh hng trc
tip n chnh xc v nng sut gia cng.
Do khi thit k chi tit dng cng cn m bo tnh cng ngh ca n. Tnh
cng ngh ca cng phi c ch khi thit k theo mt s ni dung c bn sau
y:
1- m bo cng vng ca cng.
cng vng cao ca cng lm cho chi tit t b bin dng khi gia cng do
m bo c chnh xc cao trong cc yu t gia cng.
2- Chiu su ca cc l lp ghp nn bng nhau s m bo qu trnh gia cng
ng thi cc l ny c thun tin, nng cao c nng sut v chnh xc gia
cng.
3- Cc mt u ca cc l c chiu cao bng nhau: s m bo qu trnh gia
cng ng thi cc b mt ny cng mt lc, qu trnh nh v d dng v kt cu
g n gin.
4- Cng phi c kt cu i xng qua mt mt phng no .
5- i vi cc cng c cc l vung gc vi nhau th kt cu phi thun li cho
vic gia cng cc l nh.
6- Kt cu ca cng phi thun li cho vic gia cng nhiu chi tit cng lc.
7- Hnh dng ca cng phi thun li cho vic s dng chun thng nht.
3.5- QUY TRNH CNG NGH CH TO CC CHI TIT DNG CNG
3.5.1- Chn chun nh v
Khi nh v chi tit cng gia cng, phi m bo c chnh xc tng
quan gia cc b mt ca cng: cc mt u, cc l chnh ca cng.
1- Chun nh v th
nguyn cng u tin gia cng cng thng l gia cng mt u cng, do
chun th gia cng mt u cng l mt mt u lm chun gia cng mt pha
bn kia, theo phng n ny 2 mt u cng s c sai s khng i xng vi thn ca
chng. trnh sai s ny, c th chn phng n dng thn cng l b mt khng
phi gia cng lm chun nh v th gia cng ng thi 2 pha mt u ca cng
(xem hnh 3.2).
Khi gia cng cc l c bn ca cng, dng mt
ngoi ca vnh l lm chun.
2- Chun nh v tnh
Sau khi c l v mt u gia cng, chun
nh v tinh s l cc mt u v l c bn c gia
cng.
Khi dng mt u cng lm chun nh v, cn
lu mt s trng hp:

Cnct pt . 51
- Nu cc mt u ca cng khng c dy bng nhau (l cc mt phng khc
nhau) th ch dng 1 b mt u lm chun nh v trnh siu nh v khi g lp.
Thng thng phi chn cc b mt c din tch ln nht lm chun. tng cng
cng vng khi g lp, tu theo kt cu c th m dng cc bin php tng cng
vng khi gia cng.
- Trn cng c nhiu l c bn, dng 1 trong cc
l gia cng tinh lm chun nh v, ngoi ra cn cn
phi dng cc b mt nh v ph khc loi tr s
bc t do cn thit gia cng tho mn yu cu k
thut ra.
3.5.2- Th t gia cng cc b mt ca chi tit dng cng
T s phn tch v s dng chun nh v nu trn, cc nguyn cng ch yu
gia cng chi tit cng gm:
- Gia cng mt u
- Gia cng cc mt phng chun ph nu c (l cc b mt cnh ng).
- Gia cng cc l c bn.
- Gia cng cc l ph, cc l ren.
- Cn bng trng lng (nu cn).
- Kim tra.
3.6- CC BIN PHP THC HIN CC NGUYN CNG CHNH
3.6.1- Gia cng mt u
Mt u ca cng thng c to hnh li ln khi ch to phi. Tu theo
chnh xc ca phi m mt u c th gia cng bng cc phng php khc nhau:
tin, phay, chut, mi, bo
- Trong sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi, do phi c ch to chnh xc
cao nn thng dng phng php chut hoc mi. Gia cng bng cc phng php
ny t c chnh xc cao v nng sut gia cng cao.
- Trong sn xut lot nh thng dng phng php phay hoc tin gia cng
mt u.
Tuy nhin ngay trong sn xut hng lot ln m chnh xc ca phi thp, th
vn phi dng phay gia cng th cc mt ny.
Khi phay c th phay tng pha ca b mt trn my phay nm ngang hoc
my phay thng ng. C th gia cng 2 mt u 2 pha cng mt lc bng mt
trc g dao g 2 dao phay a 3 mt trn my phay nm ngang. Lc ny chun nh
v l thn bin khng gia cng. tng nng sut khi phay c th dng my phay
nhiu trc phay cc mt u cng mt lc hoc dng g quay nhiu v tr gia
cng.
Mt u sau khi phay, phi gia cng tinh: bng phng php chut hoc mi.
Hnh 3.2. Chun
t h l t hn
cng.

52. CNCTPT
Khi chut mt u c gia cng ring tng u. i vi cc trng hp yu
cu mt u c chnh xc cao, th mt u cn phi qua nguyn cng mi trn
my mi phng. C th mi tng pha mt u hoc mi ng thi 2 pha trn cc
my mi phng chuyn dng.
3.6.2- Gia cng cc l c bn
Cc l c bn ca cng yu cu chnh xc kh cao v kch thc, v tr
tng quan ca chng. Tu theo sn lng v iu kin sn xut m c cc phng
n gia cng thch hp.
Trong sn xut hng lot nh, cc l c bn c gia cng trn my khoan
ng, my khoan cn hoc trn my tin, my doa ngang. L c xc nh bng
phng php ly du hoc r g.
Trong sn xut lot ln, cc l c gia cng trn my khoan ng, my khoan
cn, hoc my khoan c u R-von-ve. Tm l c xc nh bng bc dn hng
trn g khoan.
Cc phng n gia cng c th thc hin c th nh sau:
a) Gia cng tng l ca cng:
Phng n ny thc hin gia cng tng l trn cng, sau dng l ny lm
chun nh v tinh gia cng cc l tip theo. L c gia cng u tin s c
xc nh v tr bng chun th: vnh ngoi ca l. V ch gia cng 1 l nn ch cn
nh v 5 bc t do, l c gia cng qua cc bc: khoan, khot, doa.
Cc l tip theo c tin hnh gia cng sau khi gia cng l u tin lm
chun tinh. Khi gia cng cc l cn li phi nh v 6 bc t do ca chi tit.
Khong cch tm ca cc l c m bo nh chnh xc ca khong cch tm
cht nh v v tm bc dn l ang gia cng.
b) Gia cng ng thi cc l:
Phng n ny thng c p dng trong sn xut lot ln v hng khi,
c tin hnh trn cc my khoan nhiu trc hoc my t hp. Dng my t hp c
th t hiu qu kinh t cao, trn dng c t hp c th ng thi gia cng cc l
v cc mt u ca l.
Gia cng ng thi cc l m bo c chnh xc cao v khong cch cc
l v song song ca cc ng tm l. Chi tit gia cng s c nh v 6 bc
t do qua cc b mt nh v: mt u v cc b mt ngoi ca l.
3.6.3- Gia cng cc l ren, l kp cht
Thng thng cc l ny c yu cu chnh xc khng cao (thng l cp 5).
Trng hp dng nh v ng v tr ca cng v b phn khc th l gia
cng t cp chnh xc 2 (l lp bu lng thanh truyn ng c).
Ni chung cc l ny c gia cng sau mt u v cc l c bn.
i vi cc l c chnh xc khng cao th dng phng php khoan; cn
cc l c chnh cao phi thc hin qua cc bc: khoan, khot, doa.

Cnct pt . 53
3.6.4- Kim tra cc thng s k thut ca chi tit dng cng
Cc thng s k thut cn kim tra gm:
- ng knh cc l c bn.
- Chiu dy ca cc b mt cng.
- khng song song ca cc ng tm l: dng g kim tra.
- khng vung gc gia cc mt u v tm l.
3.7- QUY TRNH CNG NGH CH TO THANH TRUYN NG C T
TRONG
3.7.1- c im kt cu ca thanh truyn
Thanh truyn ng c t trong l 1 chi tit in hnh ca chi tit dng cng.
Thanh truyn ng c t trong
chu ti trng thay i trong qu
trnh lm vic ca ng c: cc
lc qun tnh ca piston v ca
bn thn thanh truyn gy ra ng
sut v to ra vng ti tit
din ngang ca thn thanh
truyn. Thn thanh truyn c tit
din ch I thay i theo chiu di
thn, b mt thn khng phi gia
cng. u nh thanh truyn c
lp bc ng, u ln c lp
mng m hp kim chng ma
st. u ln thanh truyn gm
hai na, mt phng lp ghp gia
np u ln v thn c th vung
gc vi mt phng i xng vi
thn hoc nghing mt gc nht
nh. Cc mt u ln v nh ca
thanh truyn thng b tr i
xng vi thn. Thn v np u
ln thanh truyn khng ch to
bng phng php lp ln m
phi qua gia cng ln cui sau
khi np v thn c lp li
thnh b.
Hnh v 3.3a,b gii thiu
kt cu mt s thanh truyn ca
ng c t, my ko.


54. CNCTPT







Hnh 3.3a. Thanh truyn ng c t.

Cnct pt . 55





















Hnh 3.3b. Thanh truyn ng c my ko.
3.7.2- iu kin k thut ch to thanh truyn
m bo c yu cu lm vic ca thanh truyn th khi ch to cn phi
m bo cc yu cu k thut c bn sau:
- chnh xc gia cng l bc ng u nh phi t cp chnh xc 1 (TCVN)
hoc cp 5 (ISO): dung sai 0,008 0,012.
Khi gia cng xong, ng knh l bc c chia ra 2 4 nhm; mi nhm c
dung sai t 0,002 0,003.
- cn v van ca l bc ng khng qu 0,002 0,004.
- chnh xc ca l u ln t cp 1 (TCVN) (dung sai 0,01
0,015); cn v van khng qu 0,003 0,005.

56. CNCTPT
- khng song song ca 2 ng tm l u ln v nh khng qu 0,02
0,06 trn 100mm di.
- Dung sai khong cch hai ng tm l gii hn trong khong 0,07 0,1.
- khng vung gc gia mt u ca l u ln v ng tm l khng qu
0,03 0,05.
- ng tm l u nh v u ln phi cng nm trn mt phng i xng
qua thn thanh truyn.
- Bc u nh gia cng t bng 8 (R
a
: 0,63).
- Sai lch ca thanh truyn theo trng lng: phn u nh v 2/3 chiu di
thn nm trong phm vi 1 2 gram; phn u ln nm trong gii hn 2 5
gram.
3.7.3- Vt liu v phi ch to thanh truyn
Thanh truyn ng c t trong chu ti trng thay i ln, nng cao gii
hn bn mi cho thanh truyn, vt liu ch to l cc loi thp c cht lng tt v c
s phn b ng n cc th kim loi trong chi tit.
Thng thng vt liu ch to thanh truyn c th l cc loi thp cc bon kt
cu c hm lng cc bon: 0,4% 0,45% cc bon hoc cc loi thp hp kim kt cu
c hm lng 0,4% 0,45%C v cc nguyn t hp kim (2% Mn); (1% Cr); (1% Cr
1%Ni). i vi cc ng c iezen lm vic trong iu kin tng p vi p lc kh
th ln nn thng c ch to t cc loi thp hp kim kt cu c gii hn bn,
gii hn chy cao.
Hm lng cc bon: 0,18% hoc 0,4%.
Hm lng cc nguyn t hp kim: 1% Crm; 1% Niken; 1%
Mlip en; 1% Volfram.
Phi ca thanh truyn thng c ch to bng phng php dp nng, c th
thc hin phi dp lin np u ln hoc dp thn v np ring bit. i vi loi phi
dp lin np, l u ln ca n thng l dng van sau khi ct ra v gia cng li
th hnh dng ca n s l vng trn.
Trong qu trnh ch to phi, cn c nguyn cng sa li cong vnh ca
phi m bo song song gia 2 mt u ca u to v nh. Sau khi gia cng c
kh thanh truyn s c nhit luyn nh thng ho hoc ti v ram. cng ca
thanh truyn phi t 220 280HB.
Mt phng php ch to phi t nng sut cao l phng php cn nng.
Cng ngh ny c p dng ti Italia. Phi khi im l mt thi thp hnh ch
nht. Qu trnh to phi c m t theo hnh 3.4.

Cnct pt . 57
a) b)
Hnh 3.4
a. Trc cn to hnh; b. Phi thanh truyn qua cc giai on cn.
i vi cc ng c xng c nh, phi cn c ch to bng phng php
c t gang do Pclit. Phi c c u im t chnh xc cao do gim c
chi ph sn xut, hiu qu s dng kim loi cao i vi cc thanh truyn c kt cu
phc tp.
3.7.4- Quy trnh cng ngh ch to thanh truyn
Thanh truyn l mt chi tit thuc dng cng, do qu trnh s dng chun
nh v, cc phng php gia cng cc b mt c bn ca thanh truyn u thc hin
nh cc chi tit dng cng khc. i vi cc l lp bu lng thanh truyn l cc l lp
bu lng tinh, do cn phi gia cng chnh xc qua cc gia on: th, bn tinh, tinh.
Cc nguyn cng ch yu gia cng thanh truyn bao gm:
- Gia cng cc mt u v l.
- Gia cng cc mt chun nh v ph.
- Gia cng th cc l chnh.
- Gia cng cc mt phng lp ghp gia np, thn v cc mt phng khc.
- Rp thn v np thanh truyn.
- Gia cng tinh cc l chnh.
- iu chnh trng lng.
- Tng kim tra.
Quy trnh cng ngh ch to thanh truyn ph thuc vo nhiu iu kin c th
khc nhau. Sau y xin gii thiu mt quy trnh c tnh cht lm mu (loi phi dp
np v thn ring bit).

58. CNCTPT
* Quy trnh gm cc nguyn cng chnh:
+Gia cng mt u l ca 2 u ln v nh (nu u nh phi gia cng c
kh).
+Khoan, khot l u nh.
+Vt mp l u nh.
+Gia cng cc mt lp ghp gia np v thn thanh truyn.
+Gia cng cc mt t ca u bu lng thanh truyn v cc mt chun nh v
ph.
+Khoan, khot th cc l lp bu lng thanh truyn.
+Gia cng tinh cc mt phng lp ghp gia np v thn thanh truyn.
(Cc cng vic gia cng trn c thc hin trn thn v np tu theo cc kt
cu c th ca thn v np u ln).
+Rp np, thn v gia cng ng thi 2 l lp bu lng ca thn v np (khot,
doa).
+Gia cng bn tinh l u ln.
+Tho np v thn thanh truyn.
+Phay rnh hm bc u to trn np v thn.
+Lp np vo thn.
+Gia cng tinh mt u l u ln.
+Gia cng tinh l u ln.
+p bc ng vo l u nh.
+Doa v vt mp bc ng l u nh.
+ iu chnh trng lng thanh truyn.
+Tng kim tra.
3.7.5- Phng php gia cng cc b mt c bn ca thanh truyn
Quy trnh cng ngh ch to thanh truyn trnh by phn trn ch c tnh cht
lm mu vi cc nguyn cng gia cng cc b mt ca thanh truyn m khng ch
nh cc phng php gia cng c th. Ph thuc vo kt cu ca tng loi thanh
truyn, ph thuc vo sn lng, ph thuc vo cc iu kin sn xut c th m
c cc phng php gia cng khc nhau.
1- Gia cng cc mt u l u nh v u ln
Qu trnh gia cng thanh truyn bt u thc hin t nguyn cng gia cng cc
mt u ca thanh truyn. Ph thuc vo sn lng m c nhiu phng n gia cng
khc nhau: bo, phay, chut khi gia cng cc b mt ny, cn m bo s phn b
i xng ca chng vi ng trc ca thn thanh truyn, do cn phi tun theo
cc nguyn tc s dng chun th nh trnh by phn u ca gia cng chi tit
dng cng.

Cnct pt . 59
i vi sn xut n chic c th p dng phng php bo hoc phay tng b
mt ca thanh truyn trn my bo v cc loi my phay ng hoc nm ngang.
Trong sn xut hng lot, phay cc mt u ca thanh truyn c th thc hin
trn my phay bn t ng nhiu trc ng thi gia cng cc b mt ny cng mt
lc (Hnh 3.5). Ngi ta cn c th gia cng cc b mt u thanh truyn bng
phng php chut trn cc my chut ng nh 2 dao chut mt phng gia cng
ng thi 2 b mt cng mt lc (Hnh 3.6). Khi chut, do lc ct rt ln nn cn lu
m bo lc kp cht cn thit cho cc c cu kp cht.
a) b)
Hnh 3.5.
a) Phay mt u thanh truyn; b. Chut mt u thanh truyn.
Mt u ca thanh truyn yu cu chnh xc cao nn phi tin hnh gia cng
tinh cc nguyn cng cui trong quy trnh cng ngh. Mi cc mt u thanh
truyn c th tin hnh trn cc loi my mi phng trc nm ngang hoc thng
ng.

60. CNCTPT
Hnh 3.6. g chut mt u thn v np thanh truyn.
i vi cc thanh truyn dng phi dp khng lin np v thn th vic mi cc
b mt ny c thc hin sau khi np v thn c lp rp vi nhau bng cc bu
lng thanh truyn m bo phng gia np v thn sau khi lp rp.
2- Gia cng l u to v u nh thanh truyn
Khi gia cng cc thanh truyn dng phi v np ring, m bo v tr tng
quan gia np v thn thng s dng l u nh thanh truyn lm chun nh v
gia cng cc b mt ca u ln thanh truyn.
Khi khoan l u nh thanh truyn, chi tit c nh v bng mt u ca l
v mt tr ngoi ca u nh (mt chun th).
Trong sn xut hng lot gia cng cc l u nh thng c thc hin trn
my khoan ng nhiu trc, nhiu v tr (hnh 3.7; 3.8).
L u nh thanh truyn sau khi khoan thng c doa hoc chut li. i
vi cc thanh truyn ln th cc l ny sau khi khoan s tin hnh khot rng v doa
ln cui. m bo chnh xc cao, cn thc hin cc cng vic ny mt ln g
bng cch gia cng trn my khoan nhiu trc, nhiu v tr.

Cnct pt . 61
i vi loi thanh
truyn phi dp lin vi np,
m bo chnh v tr
tng quan gia 2 l nn gia
cng ng thi 2 l u to v
nh 1 ln g. Thanh truyn
c nh v bng mt u
ca l v chun ph u
thanh truyn. Qu trnh gia
cng c thc hin qua cc
bc khoan, khot, doa trn
my khot ng nhiu trc,
nhiu v tr. Trong sn xut
hng lot nh v n chic
c th thc hin gia cng
trn my khot ng (doa
ng) mt trc, nhng trong
trng hp ny phi tin
hnh gia cng ln lt tng
l, u tin gia cng l u
nh sau tin hnh gia
cng l u to. Khi gia cng
l th 2 (l u to) chun
nh v l l u nh, mt
u ca l u to v 2 chun
ph mt cnh ca u to. Trong sn xut n chic c th dng phng php r g
thc hin qu trnh nh v. Gia cng theo phng php gia cng tng l ring
bit s khng m bo c chnh xc v tr tng quan cao gia 2 l ca thanh
truyn.
* Gia cng ln cui l u to v u nh.
L u nh thanh truyn c doa, chut chnh xc trc khi p bc ng
Bc ng sau khi c p vo u nh li phi doa chnh xc. Nu thc hin c
vic gia cng l bc ng v l u to ng thi s m bo c chnh xc cao
ca 2 l.
Gia cng ln cui cng l u to thanh truyn c thc hin sau khi lp rp
gia np v thn thanh truyn bng bu lng thanh truyn.
Gia cng ln cui l u to qua 2 bc: khot v doa tinh. Hnh 3.9 l s gia
cng ng thi 2 l trn my khot tinh nm ngang 2 trc.
Do l u nh ng bc ng c yu cu cao v bng nn trc dao c gn 2
dao khot: khot th v khot tinh. L u to thanh truyn ch cn gn mt dao khot
tinh v khot th c thc hin nguyn cng trc. Thanh truyn c nh v
bng mt u ca l u ln v nh (l u ln v u nh c chiu dy bng nhau),
ng thi cn c nh v bng mt ngoi ca mp u ln thanh truyn. tng
cng vng g lp cn dng thm cc im t ph c iu chnh.
Hnh 3.7. g gi a cng
l u nh t hanh t r uyn.

62. CNCTPT
Gia cng ln cui l u ln thng dng phng php mi khn (hnh 3.10)
trn my ny c th g ng thi 2 chi tit gia cng.















Hnh 3.8. Cc bc gia cng l
u nh thanh truyn.





















Cnct pt . 63
Hnh 3.9. Gia cng ng thi 2 l u to v nh trn my khot 2 trc.












Hnh 3.10. g mi khn l u ln thanh truyn.
3- Gia cng mt phng tip xc ca thn v np thanh truyn














.
Hnh 3.11. g chut.

64. CNCTPT












Hnh 3.12.
g mi.
Mt phng tip xc gia np v thn thanh truyn ca loi phi dp ring thn
v np c th dng nhiu phng php: phay, chut, mi. i vi cc loi phi dp
lin np v thn th b mt ny s c chut hoc mi sau khi ct i thn v
np.
Hnh 50 v hnh 51 gii thiu g chut v g mi mt tip xc ca thn
v np thanh truyn.
4- Gia cng cc l lp bu lng thanh truyn
L lp bu lng thanh truyn thng l cc l xuyn thu, ring i vi cc
thanh truyn c mt tip xc nghing mi lm cc l khng xuyn thn. L lp bu
lng xuyn thu gia thn v np cn phi t chnh xc 2 3 TCVN (7 8
ISO).
Gia cng cc l lp bu lng c thc hin sau khi gia cng cc mt u v l,
mt phng tip xc gia np v thn, mt phng cnh lm chun ph.
i vi loi thanh truyn phi np v thn khng lin nhau thng tin hnh
gia cng 2 l ny ng thi trn my khoan c 2 trc hoc trn my khoan ng 1
trc c gn thm u khoan 2 trc. m bo trng tm cao gia cc l ca np
v thn cn phi gia cng chng trn cng mt my.
i vi loi thanh truyn phi c thn v np dp lin th tin hnh gia cng
khoan 2 l ny trc khi ct ri np v thn. L lp bu lng thanh truyn phi thc
hin qua nhiu bc: khoan, khot, doa.
Mun nh tm np v thn thanh truyn chnh xc cn phi m bo khe h
lp rp phi phn b u gia np v thn. Mun m bo yu cu ny, cn phi tin

Cnct pt . 65
hnh gia cng thng sut l np v l thn mt ln g. Ph thuc vo sn lng c
th c nhiu phng n thc hin.
- Gia cng thng sut l bu lng trn my khoan ng 2 trc, nhiu v tr (hnh
3.13).
Hnh 3.13. S gia cng thng sut l bu lng.
- Gia cng thng sut 2 l trn my khoan ng mt trc c gn u khoan 2
trc.
- Gia cng thng sut 2 l trn my khoan ng mt trc, c 2 bc dn hng
nh tm dng c.

66. CNCTPT
Gia cng theo cc phng php nu trn th np v thn s c lp rp theo
tng cp.
Trong sn xut hng lot ln khi cc mt chun nh v c chnh xc cao cn
thit, thit b gia cng c chnh cao th khng nht thit phi gia cng cc l lp
bu lng theo phng php gia cng thng sut v nh vy np v thn thanh truyn
c th thc hin lp ln.
5- iu chnh trng lng thanh truyn
iu chnh trng lng c thc hin trn my phay chuyn dng. Lng
kim loi ly ra khi iu chnh l cc mt tr ngoi ca u to v nh. Vic kim tra
trng lng c thc hin trn thit cn chuyn dng (hnh 3.14).







Hnh 3.14.
Cn iu chnh trng lng thanh truyn.
6- Kim tra ln cui thanh truyn
Ni dung kim tra ln cui gm cc cng vic chnh sau:
- Kim tra bn ngoi thanh truyn
- Kim tra cc kch thc ca u to thanh truyn theo yu cu k thut.
- Kim tra cc kch thc ca u nh thanh truyn theo yu cu k thut v
phn nhm kch thc ca ng knh u nh (phn 3 n 4 nhm).
- Kim tra chnh xc v tr tng quan gia cc b mt ca thanh truyn:
kim tra khong cch ca 2 tm l u to, u nh; kim tra song song ca 2 tm
l u to, u nh; kim tra un v xon ca thn thanh truyn Kim tra cc ni
dung trn c thc hin bng cc g kim tra chuyn dng.
Sau y gii thiu mt s g kim tra: Hnh 3.15 l s g kim tra
song song ca 2 tm l u ln v nh. khng song song ca tm l c xc
nh theo cng thc sau:

2
1
L
b . L
a
Trong :
L
1
Khong cch gia hai mi d ca cn kim tra;
L
2
Khong cch t tm cht n tm mi d ca ng h;

Cnct pt . 67
b Gi tr o trn ng h.
Hnh 3.15. S dng c kim ra song song ca 2 ng tm l u nh v
u to thanh truyn.












Hnh 3.15
1. Trc kim; 2. n kim tra; 3. ng h o; 4. L xo; 5. Cht.
Hnh 55 l g kim tra v tr ca 2 ng tm l u to v u nh. Khi tin
hnh kim tra, dng mt mu o chun iu chnh cc ng h kim tra:
ng h 1: kim tra khong cch 2 tm l.
ng h 9: kim tra song song 2 ng tm l nh cng kim tra 10.
ng h 5: Kim tra xon ca thanh truyn.
ng h 4: kim tra o mt u ca u nh thanh truyn. Thanh truyn
cn kim tra c nh v bng cht 2 u nh v cht 7 u ln v c kp
cht t u ln nh xy lanh kh nn 8.

68. CNCTPT


Hnh 3.16.
g kim tra v tr ca 2 ng tm l thanh truyn.


Cnct pt . 69


Cnct pt . 69

Chng 4
CNG NGH CH TO CHI TIT DNG TRC
4.1. KHI NIM V CHI TIT DNG TRC
4.1.1. Khi nim: Cc chi tit dng trc l loi chi tit c dng rt ph bin
trong ngnh ch to my. Chng c b mt c bn cn gia cng l mt trn xoay
ngoi. Mt ny thng dng lm b mt lp ghp vi cc chi tit my khc trong
cm my.
4.1.2. Phn loi chi tit dng trc
Tu theo kt cu ca trc, c th phn loi cc trc sau:
a) Trc trn:
Trn sut chiu di trc ch c mt kch thc ng knh d
Khi 4
d
L
< : trc trn ngn
10 4
d
L
= : trc trn thng
10
d
L
> : trc trn di
b) Trc bc:
Trn sut chiu di ca trc c mt s kch thc ng knh khc nhau.
Trn trc bc cn c rnh then, then hoa hoc c ren.
c) Trc rng:
L trc rng c tc dng gim trng lng v cn c th lm cc mt lp rp.
d) Trc rng:
L loi trc m trn c bnh rng lin trc.
e) Trc lch tm:
L loi trc c cc c trc khng cng nm trn mt ng tm (trc khuu).
4.2. IU KIN K THUT CHUNG CA TRC
Khi ch to trc cn phi m bo cc iu kin k thut sau:
(theo: TCVN)
1. Kch thc ng knh cc c lp ghp yu cu t cp chnh xc 2 5,
trong mt s trng hp cn t cp 1.
2. chnh xc hnh dng hnh hc:

70. CNCTPT
cn, van ca cc c trc nm trong gii hn 0,25 0,5 dung sai ng
knh c trc.
3. Bo m dung sai chiu di mi bc trc trong khong 0,050,2.
4. o cc c trc lp ghp khng vt qu 0,01 0,03.
5. khng song song ca cc rnh then hay then hoa i vi tm trc khng
vt qu 0,01 trn 100 mm di.
6. nhm ca cc c trc lp ghp t R
a
: 1,25 0,16 (V7 V10 ) ca cc
mt u trc R
z
: 40 20 (V4 V5) v b mt khng lp ghp R
z
: 80 40 (V3
V4).
7. Cc b mt lm vic ca trc phi m bo cng, thm ti tu tng
trng hp c th ca mi trc.
Ngoi ra, i vi cc trc lm vic vi tc cao cn c yu cu cn bng tnh
v cn bng ng.
4.3. VT LIU V PHI CH TO TRC
4.3.1. Vt liu ch to
Vt liu trc thng dng gm mt s loi:
- Thp cac bon: Thp 35, 40, 45.
- Thp hp kim: Thp Grm hoc thp Crm Ni ken.
- Gang c bn cao.
Vic chn phi ch to trc ph thuc vo hnh dng, kt cu v sn lng.
V d i vi trc trn th tt nht l dng phi thanh, vi trc bc c ng knh
chnh nhau khng ln lm thng dng phi cn nng.
4.3.2. Cc dng phi ca trc
a) Trong sn xut hng lot nh v n chic phi ca trc c th ch to bng
phng php rn t do hay rn trong khun n gin, i khi c th dng phi cn
nng. Phi ca cc trc ln c ch to bng phng php rn t do.
b) Trong sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi, phi ca trc c ch to bng
phng php dp nng trn my dp hoc p trn my p.
i vi cc trc bc c th rn trn my rn ngang hoc ch to bng phng
php c.
i vi cc trc bng gang c bn cao ch to bng phng php c. Phi
c chnh xc cho php gim lng d gia cng trong qu trnh ch to.
Thng thng, trc khi gia cng trc, vic gia cng chun b phi c tin
hnh cc phn xng chun b phi.
- Nu l phi thanh, qu trnh chun b bao gm:
+Nn thng
+Ct phi thnh tng on.

Cnct pt . 71
+Gia cng cc l tm.
- Nu l phi rn, dp c qu trnh chun b gm:
+Ct u ngt, u rt
+Lm sch ba via.
i khi vic gia cng l tm cng c thc hin trong phn xng chun b
phi.
4.4. TNH CNG NGH TRONG KT CU CA TRC
m bo kh nng gia cng thun tin cc chi tit trc, khi thit k trc cn
quan tm n kt cu ca trc phi c tnh cng ngh cao:
- Cc b mt trn trc c kh nng gia cng c bng cc dao thng thng.
- ng knh cc c trc nn gim dn v 2 u.
- Tn dng kh nng thay rnh then kn bng rnh then h nng cao nng
sut gia cng.
- Quan tm n cng vng ca trc khi gia cng. i vi trng hp tin
nhiu dao th t s L/D phi nh hn 10.
Nghin cu kh nng thay th trc bc thnh trc trn.
4.5. QUY TRNH CNG NGH CH TO CC CHI TIT DNG TRC
4.5.1. Chun nh v
i vi cc chi tit dng trc, yu cu v ng tm gia cc c trc l rt
quan trng, do khi gia cng cc c trc cn phi c mt chun tinh thng nht.
Chun tinh thng nht khi gia cng trc l 2 l chng tm 2 u trc. Dng
chun ny, c th hon thnh qu trnh gia cng th v tinh hu ht cc b mt ca
trc.
S nh v trn mi tm c th hin trn hnh v 56
a) b)
Hnh 4.1
a: nh v trn 2 mi tm. b: nh v trn 2 mi tm ct.
C th dng mi tm thng i vi cc trc c, cn i vi cc trc rng
dng mi tm ct, hoc mi tm kha nhm.
Khi dng l tm lm chun gia cng cc mt ngoi s khng c sai s
chun theo kch thc ng knh nhng s c sai s chun theo kch thc chiu

72. CNCTPT
dc trc nu nh mi tm pha ng (bn tri) l mi tm cng khi thc hin vic
gia cng chiu di cc c trc theo phng php iu chnh sn dao t kch
thc. Sai s ny l do c sai s v chiu su l tm trong qu trnh gia cng cc l
tm trn phi trc (sai s mt nh v).
Sai s chun theo chiu trc nh hng n dung sai chiu di cc c trc bc
m chun o lng l mt u trc.
khc phc sai s ny, ng ta s dng mi tm tu ng pha ng
(mi tm c l xo y).
Khi dng 2 mi tm nh v phi s dng tc truyn mmen xon cho
phi. Khi dng phng php gia cng nhiu dao, i vi cc trc di c th dng
truyn mment xon t 2 u trc.
Trong qu trnh gia cng, nu s vng quay chi tit ln hn 500 vng
/pht phi dng mi tm quay lp ng my.
i vi cc trc c cng vng km phi dng luynt (khi tin, mi) hoc
cc cht t ph (khi phay) chng bin dng khi gia cng.
Ngoi vic s dng 2 l tm, cn c th dng chun nh v l mt tr ngoi
ca trc gia cng cc bc trc khc, gia cng cc rnh then, then hoa trn trc.
Khi dng mt chun ny c th dng mm cp, ng kp, khi V tu theo tng trng
hp c th.
i vi cc trc rng, m bo v ng tm cao gia mt ngoi v mt
trong ca trc, khi gia cng tinh mt ngoi ngi ta dng mt tr trong gia cng
lm chun nh v.
Nhiu khi gia cng trc, ngi ta cn dng phi hp gia mt mt tr v
mt l tm lm chun nh v.
Trn c s vic chn chun nh v cho cc chi tit trc, cn c cc bin php
cng ngh v th t gia cng cc b mt thch hp vi kt cu ca tng loa trc
4.5.2. Th t cc nguyn cng v bin php cng ngh ch to trc
1. Th t gia cng cc b mt
Th t gia cng cc b mt trc trn v trc bc c th c trng cho cc chi
tit dng trc.
Vic lp trnh t gia cng cc b mt v chn thit b cho cc chi tit dng trc
ph thuc vo cc yu t c bn nh hnh dng, kch thc, cng vng, chnh
xc yu cu v sn lng ca sn phm. Khi ch to trc c th chia ra cc giai on
chnh sau y:
a) Giai on gia cng chun b.
- Ct t phi theo chiu di hoc bi s chiu di ca trc.
- Xn 2 mt u khoan l tm.
b) Gia cng trc nhit luyn.

Cnct pt . 73
- Tin th v bn tinh cc mt tr.
- Tin tinh cc mt tr. Nu l trc rng th sau khi tin th v bn tinh mt tr
ngoi phi khoan v doa l mi tin tinh mt tr ngoi.
- Mi th mt s c trc nh v chi tit khi phay then, then hoa, rng
- Nn thng trc i vi cc trc c cng vng thp ( 10 100 < <
D
L
v )
- Gia cng cc mt nh hnh, rnh then, rnh cht, rng trn trc.
- Gia cng cc l nghing gc vi ng tm trc, cc b mt c ren v mt s
b mt khc khng quan trng.
c) Nhit luyn.
d) Nn thng sau khi nhit luyn.
e) Gia cng tinh sau nhit luyn.
- Mi th v tinh cc c trc.
- Mi th v tinh cc mt nh hnh (nu c).
- nh bng.
- Tng kim tra.
2. Bin php thc hin cc nguyn cng chnh
a) Xn mt u v khoan l tm.
Khi ch to cc trc c chiu di L >120mm t phi dp hoc phi thanh,
dng 2 l tm lm chun nh v. Sau khi ct t phi (phi thanh) th tin hnh xn
kho mt u v khoan 2 l tm. Ph thuc vo sn lng ca sn phm m c cc
phng php khc nhau.
*) Trong sn xut n chic v lot nh c 2 phng php:
- Phng php 1:
+Phay 2 mt u ca trc.
+Ly du tm.
+Khoan 2 l tm;
- Phng php 2:
+Tin mt u v khoan tm.
+ i u gia cng pha cn li ging nh u trc u tin.
*) Trong sn xut hng lot v hng khi c 3 phng php thc hin:
- Phng php 1:
+Phay mt u trn my phay c tang quay.
+Khoan 2 l tm trn my khoan tc dng 2 pha.
- Phng php 2:
+Phay mt u trn my phay ngang

74. CNCTPT
+Gia cng l tm trn my chuyn dng
- Phng php 3:








Hnh 4.2. Phay mt u trc trn my phay c bn quay.
1. Khi V; 2. Vu kp; 3. Phi; 4. Cht t; 5. Dao phay mt u.
Qu trnh gia cng chun nh v c thc hin 1 nguyn cng bng my
phay khoan lin hp tc dng 2 pha. Bao gm 2 bc: phay 2 mt u ng thi,
sau khoan 2 l tm ng thi t 2 pha.
S gia cng cc phng n c trnh by trn hnh v 4.2 v 4.3.








Hnh 4.3. Phay mt u trn my phay khoan lin hp.
1. Khi V; 2. Vu kp; 3. Phi; 4. Cht t; 5. Dao phay; 6. Mi khoan
b) Tin th v tinh cc mt tr ca trc.
Cng vic tin c thc hin trn cc loi my: my tin vn nng, my tin
nhiu dao nhiu trc, my tin nhiu dao mt trc v. v..
Chn loi my no gia cng ph thuc vo sn lng v iu kin sn xut
c th.
1
5
I
4
II
3
4
1
2
1
5
I
4
II
3
4
1
2
2
5
3
A
6
6
1
2
B
1
2
4
B
2
B
1
B

Cnct pt . 75
- Trong sn xut hng lot nh v n chic, phi tr l phi cn hoc rn t
do. Ph thuc v hnh dng v kch thc trc cng nh t l gia cc ng knh c
trc m tin hnh tin lin tc cc bc trn my tin vn nng.
Khi gia cng trc c cng vng thp phi dng luynt. Do trc ht phi
dng luynt. Do trc ht phi gia cng
c luynt khi thc hin tin cc c trc.
i vi cc trc c ng knh nh hn
20mm khng phi gia cng c luynt.
ng c kp ln c khng gia cng v mt
ngoi ng c nh v trong luynt. tm
ca ng trng vi tm ca chi tit gia cng
phi r g v iu chnh bng cc vt u
chm, kt cu ng ny c trnh
by trn hnh v 4.4.
to thnh cc bc trc c
th ct gt theo tng lp, theo tng
on hoc ct hn hp. Nu sn
lng nhiu hn c th thc hin
ct dn tng bc trn mi my tin khc nhau.
Trong sn xut hng lot nh mt tr nhiu bc c gia cng trn my tin
thng thng c trang b thm g chp hnh.
- Trong sn xut hng lot ln v hng khi, vic gia cng cc mt tr ca trc
c thc hin trn my bn t ng mt trc nhiu dao hoc nhiu trc nhiu dao.
S gia cng trc bc trn my bn t ng 1A730 c trnh by hnh 4.5.
Hnh 4.5. Gia cng trc trn my tin nhiu dao.
Khi s dng phng php tin nhiu dao s c mt lot nhn t nh hng n
chnh xc gia cng:
+Sai s do v tr dao iu chnh khng chnh xc.
2
3
1
3
Hnh 4.4. ng iu chnh g luynt.
1. Phi;
2: ng iu chnh; 3: Vt u chm.

76. CNCTPT
+Sai s do mn dao khng u nhau.
+Bin dng n hi ca h thng cng ngh.
V vy gia cng trn cc my nhiu dao ch c th t cp chnh xc 45 khi
tin th v khi tin tinh.
Tin nhiu dao trn bt k kiu my no u c u im hn tin mt dao v
nng sut gia cng.
Vic b tr dao c th thc hin theo nhiu cch.
+ Chia on theo chiu di bc trc (hnh 4.6).
Theo cch ny, tr dao u tin ct vo mt u trc, cn cc dao khc trc
khi chay dc phi n vo chi tit. Khi n vo khng cho php n theo hng knh m
phi n nghing mt gc
1
< u .








Hnh 4.6. Gia cng nhiu dao theo phng php
chia on chiu di bc trc.
Chia nh on trc c chiu di ln nht.
Theo cch ny, nu chiu di cc bc trc khc nhau nhiu, rt ngn hnh
trnh chy dao th chia nh on trc c chiu di ln nht thnh nhiu on c chiu
di gn tng ng vi chiu di cc bc trc cn li.
Chiu di mi on c xc nh:

m
l
L
max
p
= .
Trong :
L
max
: Chiu di bc trc ln nht;
m: S dao b tr trong on .
S b tr dao c th hin hnh v 62.



+ + + +
L
p
+ + +
u

1
s
H ngndao

Cnct pt . 77
.
Hnh 4.7. Tin nhiu dao theo phng php chia nh on trc.
Phng php ny c nng sut cao hn phng php trn khi gia cng cc trc
bc c chiu di ca cc bc khc nhau nhiu, nhng sau khi tin c cc vt dao ti
cc v tr dng xe dao; do sau tin phi c mi xo cc bc do vt dao li.
+ Chia theo lng d.
Theo phng php ny, tt c cc dao c g theo ng knh xc nh v
cch nhau nhng on bng chiu di cc bc. S g dao c trnh by trn hnh
4.8.





Hnh 4.8. Tin nhiu dao theo phng php chia theo lng d.
Theo phng php ny, hnh trnh chy dao dc ca xe dao ln v b hn ch
bi sau. Phng php ny thng dng tin cc trc c bc nh dn v mt
pha, chiu di tng bc ngn, lng d nh. S lng dao s dng b hn ch do
cng vng ca phi, do cng sut my v cu to ca gi dao.
Trong sn sut hng lot ln v hng khi, gia cng mt tr ca trc ngi
ta cn dng my bn t ng chp hnh thy lc. Dng my ny c nhiu u im so
vi tin nhiu dao:
+Thi gian iu chnh v iu chnh li gim 2 3 ln.
+ Nng sut gia cng cao v c th ct tc cao nu cng sut my cho
php.
- S dng thun li i vi cc trc km cng vng.
c) Mi th v tinh cc c trc. Mi cc c trc thng c hon thnh qua 2
nguyn cng: mi th v mi tinh.
Khi mi c th thc hin trn my mi trn ngoi vi tin dao dc hoc tin
dao ngang. Vi cc trc bc ngn v trc trn c th mi trn my mi v tm.
Mi trn my mi trn ngoi, chun nh v thng l 2 l tm. m bo
chnh xc cao, trc khi mi tinh cn sa cc l tm loi tr sai hng ca b mt
l tm do b xy ho hoc b chy trong qu trnh nhit luyn. Mi chy dao dc
c p dng khi chiu di gia cng l > 80mm cn khi chiu di l <80mm c th
dng chy dao ngang. Mi chy dao ngang cn c p dng khi mi cc b mt
nh hnh trn xoay bng cch dng mi nh hnh.
d) Gia cng cc b mt nh hnh cc mt nh hnh trn trc bao gm cc mt
c ren, bnh rng lin trc, then hoa, rnh then, cc mt lch tm.
+ + +
L
1 2 3
L L

78. CNCTPT
gia cng cc mt ny phi c cc bin php k thut thch hp.
* Gia cng mt c ren trn trc.
Trn trc thng c ren theo chiu trc v ren trn cc l c b tr mt gc
no so vi tm trc.
- Gia cng ren theo chiu trc.
Thng c 2 loi: Ren kp cht v ren truyn lc.
i vi ren kp cht c bin dng ren tam gic, khong chiu di ren ngn. Vi
mi c ca trc ren ny thng thc hin gia cng trn my tin.
Nu sn lng nh: Dng dao tin ren 1 li ct hoc bn ren. (hnh 4.9).
Nu sn lng ln dng dao tin rng lc. Trong sn xut hng khi dng i
ct ren hoc cn ren (hnh 4.10 v hnh 4.11).
i vi ren truyn lc c dng hnh thang hoc hnh vung, ngi ta gia cng
trn my tin vn nng ren vt nu sn lng nh. Vi sn lng ln dng phng
php phay ren bng dao phay a hoc dao phay ngn (hnh 4.12).
- Gia cng ren trn cc l.
Loi l ren ny thng dng bt bulng kp cht cc chi tit khc vi trc.
Cc l ren ny thng c ct bng ta r trn my tin, my khoan.
Nu sn lng nh c th lm ren bng phng php ta r trn bn ngui.

a)




Hnh 4.9
a) Ct ren bng dao tin ren; b) Ct ren bng 2 dao;
c) Ct ren bng ba dao.







Hnh 4.10. u dao quay tin ren.
b)

c)

Cnct pt . 79

a) Cn ren bng mt
con ln cn: 1: phi;
2: con ln cn; 3: gi
.
b) Cn ren bng hai
con ln cn n dao
hng tm. 1: phi; 2:
gi ; 3: con ln cn
c) Cn ren bng 2 con
ln cn n dao dc
trc.

Hnh 4.11.







Hnh 4.12. Phay ren bng dao phay a.
* Gia cng rng trn trc.
Mt s loi trc c kt cu rng ca bnh rng lin trc. Quy trnh cng ngh
ch to loi trc ny cng tun theo trnh t nh cc loi trc khc, ch c thm giai
on gia cng rng ca bnh rng. Vic gia cng rng bnh rng c th thc hin
bng phng php nh hnh hay bao hnh tu theo iu kin sn xut v sn lng.
Cc phng php ct rng c trnh by ring trong mt chng.
* Gia cng rnh then v then hoa
- Rnh then trn trc c gia cng trn my quay. C th dng dao phay ngn
trn my phay ng hoc dao phay a trn my phay ngang.
Khi gia cng, trc c nh v trn hai c trc nh khi V hoc dng 2 l tm
lm chun (hnh 4.3)
- Then hoa trn trc c th gia cng bng phng php phay, bo, chut.
Phay then hoa c th phay theo phng php nh hnh hoc bao hnh (hnh
4.14). cc nc c trnh k thut cao ngi ta cn gia cng then hoa bng
a) b)
c)

80. CNCTPT
phng php cn ngui, vi phng php ny trc then hoa c bn xon cao hn
phng php phay then.
Vi cc then hoa chnh xc, sau khi ct then hoa cn phi gia cng tinh bng
phng php mi.






a)
b)
Hnh 4.13
a) Phay then bng dao phay a; b) Phay then bng dao phay ngn.






Hnh 4.14a. Phay then hoa
bng dao phay nh hnh.







Hnh 4.19b. Phay then hoa theo phng php
bao hnh bng dao phay trc vt.
c bin php thch hp khi gia cng, cn phi xem xt iu kin k thut
nh tm ca trc then hoa.

Cnct pt . 81
- Nu then hoa nh tm theo ng knh ngoi th gia cng qua cc bc sau.
+Phay then hoa
+Mi mt bn v mt ngoi then sau khi nhit luyn
- Then hoa nh tm theo mt trong c gia cng qua cc bc:
+Phay then hoa
+Phay rnh thot mi mt tr trong
+Mi tinh mt bn v mt tr trong sau khi nhit luyn.
- Then hoa nh tm theo mt bn:
Sau khi phay then hoa, ch cn mi cc mt bn ca then.
mi tinh trc then hoa, trc then c nh v trn hai mi tm cng, ngoi
ra phi nh v theo v tr gc ca then hoa.
e) Gia cng cc l chnh xc dc trc mt s loi trc c cc l rng bn
trong mt cn hoc mt tr i hi c chnh xc v kch thc v ng tm cao
vi mt tr ngoi. V vy cn ra bin php gia cng cc l chnh xc bn trong sao
cho m bo ng tm vi mt ngoi.
Ty theo dng phi ngi ta c cc bin php gia cng thch hp.
- Nu l phi thp cn, rn, dp, c cha c l th sau khi tin th cc bc
ngoi ca trc, tin hnh gia cng th l bng phng php khoan vi cc mi khoan
ph hp.
+Vi l c t l l s 5d dng mi khoan rut g.
+Vi l c t l l > 5d dng mi khoan su c bit.
+Vi l d = 75 100mm dng mi khoan vng ly li.
Sau khi khoan l, tin hnh gia cng tinh l bng phng php khot, doa hoc
tin tinh trong. Sau khi l gia cng tinh, dng l nh v gia cng tinh mt
ngoi.
- Nu l phi c c sn l th dng ngay l th lm chun (nh v trn 2 mi
tm khc nhau) gia cng cc bc tr ngoi. Sau dng cc bc tr ngoi gia
cng tinh lm chun gia cng l. Sau cng dng mt trong lm chun gia cng
tinh cc mt tr ngoi.
f. Khoan cc l vung gc vi ng tm trc.
Cc l ny c gia cng trn my khoan. Kiu my v phng php nh v
ph thuc vo hnh dng ca trc v cng dng ca l. Phi c g trn 2 gi V v
c thm cht nh v chiu trc. Tu theo v tr v ng knh l cn khoan m c
thm cc im t ph.
S g c trnh by hnh 4.15.

82. CNCTPT






Hnh 4.15. G khoan l Hnh 4.16. nh bng
1. Khi V; 2. Cht t dc ph. c trc bng ai kp.
i vi cc l xin gc vi ng tm trc, vic nh v cng tng t nh
trng hp trn, tuy nhin phi iu chnh g hoc trc chnh ca mi khoan sao
cho ph hp vi gc nh khoan trn trc.
i) Gia cng tinh ln cui.
i vi cc trc c chnh xc thng thng ch cn mi tinh l . Nhng
i vi cc trc c yu cu chnh xc cao nh trc chnh ca my ct, trc cam, trc
khuu th cn phi qua gia cng tinh ln cui bng phng php nh bng hoc mi
khn, mi siu tinh.
- nh bng c trc.
Trong sn xut n chic ngi ta nh bng bng vi c trt bt mi ht nh
v du nhn, dng ai g kp vo c trc. p lc v chuyn ng chy dao do tay
ngi thc hin. Chuyn ng quay ca chi tit nh my. S nh bng trc bng
tay xem hnh v 4.16.
tng nng sut, c th nh bng trc trn my nh bng chuyn dng trn
hnh 4.17 trnh by s nguyn l ca my nh bng khng tm bng ai mi.






Hnh 4.17. nh bng c trc bng my nh bng khng tm.
Vic gia cng c thc hin bng ai mi (1) lp trn con ln (2) v (3). Chi
tit gia cng (6) c t trn thanh (7) v c quay nh ai dn (4). Ming t
(5) to ra p lc gia cng.
1 1 2
p
p
4
5
6
2
3
7

Cnct pt . 83
Mun c nng sut cao hn, c th thay nh
bng bng mi khn trc.
Trn hnh v 4.18 trnh by s nguyn l u
khn gia cng trc.
u khn c ni tu ng vi my v c
chuyn ng tnh tin kh hi dc theo trc chi tit.
Chi tit c g trn 2 tm v quay trn.
Mun b mt trc t chnh xc v bng
cao, c th dng phng php mi siu tinh xc trn
my mi siu tinh
k) Kim tra trc.
Trc sau khi gia cng c kim tra kch thc,
hnh dng hnh hc, chnh xc tng quan gia cc
b mt, nhm b mtv..v..
Dng cc dng c o kim tra cc kch thc. Khi dung sai kch thc ln
hn 0,02 dng thc cp kim tra. Khi dung sai nh hn 0,02 dng panme, ng
h so, calp kim tra. Nu c cc kch thc chnh xc cao phi dng dng c
quang hc kim tra.
Kim tra sai s v v tr tng quan phi dng g kim tra c lp ng h
so.
4.6. QUY TRNH CNG NGH CH TO TRC KHUU NG C T TRONG
4.6.1. c im kt cu v iu kin k thut ch to trc khuu
1. c im kt cu ca trc khuu
Trc khuu l mt chi tit quan trng ca ng c t trong, l mt trc
lch tm gia tm c trc chnh v tm ca c bin. Hnh dng trc khuu v s phn
b tng h ca cc c bin ph thuc vo s xy lanh v s xp xp ca chng trong
ng c.
gim bt khi lng quay, trc khuu dp ca cc ng c cao tc
thng khoan rng cc c bin. cc trc khuu c, cc c trc chnh v c bin
c c rng, i khi mt s trc khuu ngi ta c rng mt s m khuu.
bi trn cc c trc chnh v c bin c cc l dn du xuyn sut t c
chnh n c bin.

2. iu kin k thut ch to trc khuu
- Vt liu ch to trc khuu ngoi yu cu phi c c tnh cao cn cn c kh
nng chng mi mn cao, v vy trc khuu trc khi gia cng tinh cn c ti cao
tn cc c trc. cng sau khi ti HR
C
: 52 62; chiu su lp thu ti: 3,5
4,5mm.
- chnh xc cc b mt chnh ca trc khuu t.
+C trc chnh v c bin t cp chnh xc 2.
1
2
Hnh 4.18. u khn
nh bng c t r c.
1: phi ; 2: mi .

84. CNCTPT
+ cn cho php cc c: 0,05 0,1 cho ng c t v 0,15 cho my ko.
+ van cho php cc c:
0,06 mm t con
0,10 mm t ti
0,15 mm my ko.
+ khng song song ca cc c trc chnh v c bin: 0,1 (cho t) v 0,2
(cho my ko) trn ton chiu di mt c.
+ khng ng tm gia cc c khng vt qu 0,25 0,35 mm.
- nhm b mt cc c trc V10. (Ra: 0,16) i vi c trc lm vic vi
mng m ng ch bng cng cao hn.
- Trc khuu phi c cn bng ng. i vi ng c t, cho php
chnh xc cn bng t 12 30 gcm (trn chiu di t tm c trc chnh n tm c
bin).
4.6.2. Vt liu v phi ca trc khuu
1. Vt liu ch to trc khuu
Trc khuu ca ca ng c xng v ng c i - - zen thng c ch to
t thp cacbon hoc thp hp kim: Thp 45, 45A; 452, 50 .
i vi cc ng c i- - zen lm vic vi iu kin tng p cao, c th s
dng cc thp hp kim c gii hn chy v gii hn bn cao (18 XMHA, 18XHBA,
40XHMA).
Ngoi vt liu l thp, trc khuu cn c ch to t cc loi gang c bn
cao: gang do, gang cu, gang hp kim Niken - Mlipen.
2. Cc dng phi ca trc khuu
a) Phi thp dp trong khun kn.
Phi bng thp dp do qua bin dng do nn cng, bn tng ln do
lm tng kh nng lm vic ca chi tit. Tuy nhin chnh xc ca phi dp khng
cao hn so vi mt s dng phi c chnh xc nn khi lng gia cng c kh ca
phi dp kh ln.
Mt trong nhng iu kin c bn phi c cht lng cao l s phn b ca
cc th kim loi, iu ny c thc hin nh qu trnh dp trong cc khun c
cong c bit (hnh 4.19b).
tit kim c kim loi khi dp v gim c cng sut khi dp l qu trnh
dp phi qua nhiu giai on. (hnh 4.19a).
Qu trnh dp tin hnh qua cc giai on chnh sau:
- Dp s b v ln cui (trn my dp).
- Ct thp tha (trn my dp ct).
- Sa li phi (trn my ba c khun).

Cnct pt . 85
- Nhit luyn (thng ho).
- Lm sch phi.
- Nn thng phi trn my p (nn ngui).
b) Phi c.
Phi trc khuu c c 2 dng chnh: c trong khun ct v c trong khun
v mng (hnh 75a,b).
Phi c bng gang c lng d gia cng t hn so vi phi dp, nu c trong
khun v mng c th gim c cc nguyn cng tin. Trc khuu c c t
gang do Peclt (kinh nghim cho thy gang do c cc thnh phn nh sau l hp l:
(2,4 2,6 )%C; (0,8 1)% Si; (0,7 0,9)% Mn; S <0,01%; P <0,1 %) hoc t
gang cu. cng b mt c trc ca gang cu cao hn gang do nhng do km
hn. Trc khuu bng gang t nhy cm n s tp trung ng sut ti cc gc ln
m khuu v cc c trc. Qua thc t s dng, cc c trc lm t thp 45 sau khi ti
cao tn t cng 50 60 HRC b mi mn nhanh so vi c trc ch to t gang
cu khng qua ti b mt, v vy khi ch to trc khuu t gang cu, vic nhit luyn
cc c trc tng kh nng chng mi mn l khng cn thit.







.
Hnh 4.19.
a) Cc giai on to hnh khi dp phi trc khuu.
b) S phn b ca cc th kim loi trong phi dp trc khuu.

86. CNCTPT








Hnh 4.20a. Phi
trc khu c trong khun ct.
Hnh 4.20 b: c khuu c trong khun v mng.
4.6.3. c im v qui trnh cng ngh gia cng trc khuu
1. c im
Trc khuu l mt chi tit c kt cu phc tp v khi lng gia cng ln. Khi
gia cng a s cc nguyn cng c thc hin trn cc my chuyn dng. Ngoi
yu cu chnh xc v bng b mt cao, trc khuu cn l mt chi tit c
cng vng km v cng vng ca trc khc nhau theo cc hng nn rt d b
bin dng un v bin dng xon trong qu trnh gia cng. Do c im cng
vng ca trc km nn trong qu trnh gia cng cn phi thc hin gia cng qua
nhiu giai on: gia cng s b, gia cng bn tinh, gia cng tinh, gia cng ln cui.
Trong qu trnh gia cng, cn lun kim tra v nn sa li trc, nht l sau cc
nguyn cng gia cng th.
Khi thc hin quy trnh cng ngh gia cng trc khuu cn lu n cc vn
sau:

Cnct pt . 87
- Khi gia cng th cn phi c cc bin php thch hp tng cng cng
vng cho h thng cng ngh, gim kh nng bin dng i vi phi: dng b truyn
dn trung tm truyn dn hai pha, dng luy nt gim bin dng un, xon.
- Thc hin gia cng cc c trc chnh, cc c u trc, mt bch trc trc khi
gia cng cc c bin.
- Cc c bin v cc m c bin khi gia cng nn dng c trc chnh lm chun
nh v m bo chnh xc cao kch thc bn knh khuu, song song ca
cc c bin vi c trc chnh, ng thi m bo g lp vng chc hn so vi dng
chun nh v ph.
- Khi gia cng cc c bin phi dng cc mt chun ph m khuu nh v
hng gc cho cc c bin. Mt chun ph ny c phay cng vi nguyn cng
phay mt bin ca m khu gia (mt ny dng g b truyn moment trung tm).
- Cc c trc v c bin c ti cao tn m bo cng b mt chng
mi mn. Khi ti cao tn, trc khuu d b bin dng nhit, do cn phi b tr cc
vng cm ng ph hp hn ch s cong vnh khi t nng cc c trc v c bin.
2. Cc nguyn cng c bn khi gia cng trc khuu dng phi dp
- Nn sa, kim tra phi.
- Gia cng cc mt chun ph:
+Phay hai mt u trc.
+Khoan hai l tm.
+Phay cc mt phng m khuu lm chun nh v hng gc v g b
truyn dn trung tm.
- Sa, nn li trc theo hai l tm.
- Tin c trc chnh gia.
- Tin cc c trc chnh cn li, cc mt bn ca m khuu, cc u trc.
- Mi s b c trc chnh.
- Tin cc c bin, cc mt bn ca m c bin.
- Gia cng cc l trn mt bch trc.
- Gia cng cc l dn du.
- Gia cng ren u trc.
- Phay rnh then.
- Ti v ram cc c trc (ti b mt).
- Nn sa, kim tra trc.
- Mi tinh cc c trc chnh.
- Mi tinh cc c bin.
- Nn sa, kim tra trc.
- Cn bng trc khuu.
- nh bng cc c trc chnh v cc c trc bin.
- Tng kim tra ln cui.
4.6.4. Phng php gia cng cc b mt c bn ca trc khuu

88. CNCTPT
1. Gia cng hai l chng tm
Mt chun nh v ca trc khuu cng ging nh cc chi tit dng trc khc,
l hai l chng tm. Ph thuc vo sn lng v trang thit b m c nhiu
phng n khc nhau nh c trnh by phn u ca chng ny. Ring i
vi trc khuu trong sn xut hng lot thng gia cng trn my phay khoan lin
hp c tang trng quay (hnh 4.21a, 4.21b).








Hnh 4.21a. S
gia cng phay hai mt u trc.
1. ta nh v dc trc; 2. Khi V; 3. dao phay mt u.







Hnh 4.21b: g phay khoan trn my phay khoan lin hp.
2- Gia cng cc c trc chnh
Cc c trc chnh ca trc khuu c gia cng trn my tin v trn my mi.
Gia cng cc c trc ny c tin hnh trn my tin nhiu dao c b truyn dn 2
u. Khi gia cng c trc chnh gia v b truyn dn trung tm gia cng cc c
trc cn li.
S gia cng c trnh by hnh 4.22 v hnh 4.23.

Cnct pt . 89
Gia cng mi cc c trc chnh c thc hin trn my mi trn ngoi hai
hoc nhiu mi v gia cng theo phng php chy dao ngang. S mi c
trnh ny hnh 4.24.









Hnh 4.22. Gia cng c trc chnh gia
a) B truyn dn hai u trc. b) dao tin.











Hnh 4.23. Gia cng cc c trc hai pha u trc.







90. CNCTPT




Hnh 4.24. Mi cc c trc chnh c trc khuu.
3/ Gia cng cc c bin trc khuu
C 2 phng php gia cng cc c bin trc khuu.
a) Gia cng tng cp c bin.
Vic gia cng tng cp c bin c thc hin cho cc c bin cng nm trn
mt ng tm bng phng php g lch tm c trc chnh a tm c bin v
tm quay ca my cng c. Gi tr lch tm khi g bng khong cch gia hai tm c
bin v c trc chnh: l bn knh khuu. m bo s phn b gc ca cc c
bin khi g lp cn phi nh v gc cho cc c bin.










Hnh 4.25.
S g lch tm.
Trong sn xut n chic v lot nh, vic khng ch gc xoay c th thc
hin bng phng php r g trc khi kp cht. Trong sn xut lot ln thng hay
dng chun nh v t trn m khuu chng xoay hoc l tm khoan trn m
khuu, hoc li dng mt l nh trn mt bch ca trc khuu.
S g lch tm v cc chun nh v gc c trnh by hnh 4.25 v
4.26a, b, c, d.

Cnct pt . 91
Hnh 4.26. Chun nh v gc.
a) M khuu, b) Vu t, c) l tm, d) L trn mt bch
b) Gia cng ng thi cc c bin.
Gia cng ng thi cc c bin c thc hin theo phng php chp hnh
thng qua mt trc khuu mu trn cc my chuyn dng. Trc khuu gia cng g
trn trc my v c quay quanh tm ca c trc chnh. Dao c g trn hai trc
khuu quay ng b vi phi. Xem s gia cng trn hnh 4.27 v 4.28.











Hnh 4.27. S
gia cng c bin trc khuu
theo phng php gia cng ng thi cc c.
1. Phi; 2. Trc khuu mu; 3. Dao tin.













1 2
3
4
1 2
3
4
L ngndao
ngtmc7
giacng1
Quoca
daoct

92. CNCTPT
a) Tin xn mt bn m; b) Tin c trc.
Hnh 4.28. S my tin trc khuu 2 trc
gia cng ng thi cc c bin.
1. Chun nh v gc; 2. Luy nt.
Khi cc trc khuu mu quay, li ct ca dao c chuyn ng song phng
vch nn qu o II, Cn tm c bin gia cng c qu o I. Nh vy khi phi quay
ht mt vng th dao ct ht chu vi c bin. Bng phng php ny tt c cc c bin
c gia cng cng mt lc bng phng php n dao ngang (dng dao bn rng).
Ni chung khi gia cng theo phng php ny, chi tit gia cng d b bin dng
un do tc dng ca lc ct v lc kp cht theo chiu trc. Do cn c bin php
chng un cho phi nh dng ai kp, dng bu lng kiu kch (hnh 4.29).
Ngoi ra ngi ta c th gia cng c bin bng phng php phay trn my
chuyn dng vi dao phay kiu a c ng knh ln: u =450
1100mm xem hnh 4.30.






Hnh 4.29. Cc bin php chng un.
a) Trc b un khi gia cng; b) ai kp chng un; c) Bulng chng un.











Hnh 4.30. Phay c bin.
a) S phn b mp dao phay; b) S phay; c) Dao
phay a c ng knh ln.



a)
b)
c)
a)
b)
c)

Cnct pt . 93















Hnh 4.31. S mi c bin.
a) Chun nh v theo m khuu; b) Chun nh v theo l mt bch;
1.Cht nh; 2. ng tm my; 3. C iu chnh dc trc. 4. Luy nt.
C bin gia cng tinh c thc hin bng phng php mi trn my mi trc
khuu hoc my mi trn ngoi vi g thch hp, phng php g lp khi mi
ging nh khi tin. Mi ln nh v khi mi c th gia cng c cc c bin cng
ng tm, sau bng phng php phn gia cng cc cp c bin khc. Khi
mi do mi tin dao ngang nn lc ct ln, trnh bin dng cn phi dng luy
nt tng cng vng khi gia cng. Lng d mi s b: 0,4 0,5 mi bn.
Lng d mi tinh: 0,12 0,18 mi bn. S mi c trnh by hnh 4.31.
4/ Gia cng cc l trn mt bch v trn u trc.
Trong sn xut hng lot nguyn cng ny thng c thc hin trn my
khoan, doa lin hp c tang trng quay trc nm ngang (hnh 4.32).

94. CNCTPT




















Hnh 4.32. S gia cng cc l trn mt bch v u trc trn my lin hp
tc dng hai pha.
Trn hai u tang quay c hai khi V g lp phi. V tr gc khi g phi
c xc nh bng mt khi V khc ta vo c bin, chu k lm vic ca my
khoan doa lin hp gm 6 v tr nh sau:
- V tr 1: Tho lp phi.
- V tr 2:
+Phn u trc: Khoan l ct ren.
+Phn mt bch: Khoan l lp bi v cc l lp bnh .
- V tr 3:
+Phn u trc: Khoan su l thot dao khi ct ren.
+Phn mt bch: Khoan l lp bi doa 2 l trn mt bch.
- V tr 4:

Cnct pt . 95
+Phn u trc: Khot l ct ren.
+Phn mt bch: Doa l lp bi.
- V tr 5:
Khot l trn mt bch.
- V tr 6:
+Phn u trc: Ta r ren l u trc.
+Phn mt bch: Doa cc l trn mt bch.
Vi sn lng nh nguyn cng ny c th thc hin trn my khoan ng c
g u khoan nhiu trc. Gia cng cc l mt bch cn c th thc hin trn my tin
R von ve. L lp vng bi mt bch cui trc yu cu cp chnh xc 2 (TCVN)
nn phi khot v doa. Nguyn cng ny c th phi hp vi nguyn cng tin xn
mt bch trn my tin.
5/ Khoan cc l dn du










Hnh 4.33. G khoan cc l dn du trn c trc.
Cc l dn du xuyn qua m khuu thng c chiu su ln (200 250mm)
i vi ng knh l nh (6 8mm) ng thi ng tm cc l du nghing gc
vi ng tm trc, do khi khoan cn phi c cc bin php cng ngh ph hp
m bo cho ng tm l khoan chnh xc. Trong sn xut hng lot, ngi ta c
th thc hin trn my khoan lin hp nm ngang. Bin php m bo mi khoan
khng b lch khi ng tm khoan c thc hin kt hp gia khoan mi, khoan
tng bc v c bc dn hng. S khoan c gii thiu hnh 4.33.
6/ nh bng c trc
nh bng cc c trc c thc hin trn cc my nh bng chuyn dng
hoc c th thc hin trn my tin hoc my mi. Dng c nh bng l giy nhm
c cc ht mi c ht 240 300. Trc khuu c g ln hai l chng tm v quay
vi s vng quay n =200 250 vng/pht. Ngoi chuyn ng quay trn, trc khuu
c chuyn ng kh hi dc trc. Khi nh bng c du nhn bi trn b mt.

96. CNCTPT
7/ Tng kim tra v cn bng trc khuu
Trong qu trnh gia cng, sau cc nguyn cng quan trng u tin hnh kim
tra.
Khi kim tra ln cui cng, thng kim tra cc kch thc ca tt c cc phn
t quan trng ca trc khuu.
- ng knh cc c trc, mt bch trc.
- Sai lch hnh hc cc c trc.
- lch tm cc c trc.
- Chiu di ca cc c trc chnh, c bin to cc c theo chiu trc, dy
ca mt bch trc.
- Kim tra kch thc bn knh khuu.
- Kim tra v tr gc ca cc c bin.
- Kim tra v tr gc ca l nh v trn mt bch so vi tm c trc chnh th
nht.
- Kim tra kch thc v v tr tm rnh then so vi mt phng c bin th nht.
- Kim tra kch thc l lp vng bi mt bch v vung gc ca n so vi
mt u ca mt bch.
- Kim tra ren u trc.
Kim tra cc thng s trn thng dng cc g kim tra. Hnh 89 gii thiu
s g kim tra v tr ca c bin so vi c trc chnh. ng h 1 v 2 kim tra
song song ca c bin v c chnh theo mt phng ngang.








Hnh 4.34. g kim tra v tr c bin vi c chnh.
- Cn bng trc khuu.
Cn bng ng trc khuu thc hin trn cc my cn bng t ng, khi cn
bng thng dng mt s mt phng iu chnh (cc i trng).
Qu trnh cn bng s xc nh lng kim loi cn thit phi b i trn cc mt
phng iu chnh.
4.7. QUY TRNH CNG NGH CH TO TRC CAM NG C T TRONG
4.7.1. c im kt cu v tiu chun k thut ch to trc cam

Cnct pt . 97
Hnh 4.35 gii thiu kt cu 1 trc cam ca ng c t.
Trc cam ng c t trong l loi trc truyn lc khng ln m ch yu ch
truyn chuyn ng cho cc chi tit trong h thng phi kh (con i, sup pp) cho
bm du, bm nhin liu v cho h thng nh la.
Ph thuc vo s xylanh ca ng c v s b tr ca xylanh m trc cam c
chiu di, s c trc, s vu cam v v tr gc ca vu cam khc nhau. Ni chung trc
cam l mt chi tit c yu cu gia cng cao, cng vng ca trc km do cn
phi c bin php cng ngh thch hp khi gia cng.
Tiu chun k thut ca trc cam bao gm cc ni dung chnh sau y:
- chnh xc ca cc c trc t cp chnh xc 2 (sai s 0,012 0,025)
(TCVN).
- van v cn cho php 0,08 0,15.
- Dung sai theo ng knh phn trn ca cam: 0,04 0,05. lch theo bn
knh ca phn nng b mt cam 0,03 0,05.
- sai gc ca cc vu cam cho php khng qu 1 1,5
o
.
- khng ng tm ca cc c trc trn ton chiu di tr khng qu 0,015
0,03.

98. CNCTPT



































Hnh
4.35. Kt cu trc cam ng c t trong.

Cnct pt . 99
- khng ng tm ca phn trn cc vu cam i vi cc c tr khng qu
0,025 n 0,035.
- vnh ca mt u lp bnh rng cam so vi ng tm trc khng qu
0,015 0,025 o theo bn knh ln nht ca mt u.
- bng b mt cc c trc V9 (Ra: 0,32).
- bng b mt vu cam: V8 V9 (Ra: 0,63 0,32).
- cng b mt cc c trc v cc vu cam bng thp sau khi ti phi t t
54 62 HRC v c chiu su thm ti: 2 5mm.
i vi cc vt liu thp thm ccbon, chiu su thm phi t t 1,5 2,2mm.
i vi trc cam ch to t phi c, chiu su bin cng trn b mt cc vu
cam: 52 58HRC, cng cc c trc: 255 302HB.
4.7.2. Vt liu v phi ch to trc cam
1/ Vt liu
Trc cam ch to bng cc loi thp 20, 20I, 45, 40I, 50I. Hin nay ngi ta
cn ch to trc cam bng gam xm c bit hoc gang do peclit.
Thnh phn gang xm: C: (3,2 3,4)%; Si: (2,3 2,5)%; Mn
(0,40,7)%; Cr: (0,30,5)%; S khng qu 0,1%; P: 0,12%; Ni (0,5
0,7)%.
Thnh phn gang do: C: (2,35 2,45)% ; Si: (0,85 1,0)% ; Mn (0,4 0,5)%
; Cr: s 0,06%; S v P khng qu 0,15%; Al: 0,015%.
2/ Phi trc cam
Phi ca trc cam ch to bng thp c dp nng trn my ba hi hoc my
dp v c tu theo vt liu ca trc.
a) Trc cam phi dp
Phi ca trc cam ch to
bng thp c dp nng trn my
ba hi hoc my dp. tng
chnh xc ca phi, thng ch to
hai khun: dp th v dp tinh.
- Thp cn trn (1).
- Cn to hnh (2).
- Dp th (3).
- Dp tinh (4).
Hnh 4.36. Qu trnh to hnh
phi dp trc cam.
gim lng thp thot ra khi dp v nng cao nng sut, ngi ta thng
dng phi l thp cn trn hoc cn s b thnh hnh dng gn ging trc cam. Vic
to hnh phi theo qu trnh sau; (hnh 4.36).

100. CNCTPT
Sau khi dp cn thng ho: Nung nng phi n 850 870
o
C, gi nhit 1 gi
sau lm ngui ngoi khng kh. Sau thng ho, phi t cng 230 300HB.
Trong sn xut lot nh, phi trc cam c th l thp cn trn.
b) Trc cam phi c.
Phi c c thc hin i vi trc cam bng gang. i vi sn lng nh c
th c trong khun ct, i vi sn lng ln c th p dng cc phng php c
c bit, dng cc phng php c c bit c th nhn c cng khc nhau
trn b mt ca cc vu cam. C 2 phng php c c th nhn c cng cao
phn mt nng ca vu cam.
* Khun tng hp.
c trong khun tng hp l loi khun ct, phn mt nng ca vu cam (cn
cng cao) c b tr cc mnh khun kim loi. Ti y kim loi lng s ngui
nhanh hn so vi cc phn khc do cng s cao hn (hnh 4.37).
Hnh 4.37. Khun c tng hp.
Theo l thuyt v qua thc nghim ca B.A.Zakharp cng ca nh vu
cam c th t 480 500HB cn cc khu vc tip xc vi khun ct t ti 200
220HB. Hnh 4.38 gii thiu s phn b cng ca b mt vu cam theo l thuyt
v thc nghim.

Cnct pt . 101
Kch thc t mt trc n nh (39) Kch thc t mt trn (31mm)
Hnh 4.38. S phn b cng ca b mt vu cam.
* Khun v mng.
Khun v mng c cu to t tng hp ct v nha, phng php ny thng
c p dng ti cc nh my ca M, c, Nga.
tng cng cng ca mt nng vu cam, ngi ta thi dng kh lnh
vo khu vc cn lm ngui nhanh sau khi rt kim loi lng vo khun (sau hn 1
pht). c bng loi khun ny c kh nng t chnh xc rt cao, sai s v
ng knh 0,12 0,13mm v mt pha. Hnh 4.39 gii thiu s khun c v
mng.
Hnh 4.39. Khun c v mng trc cam.
1,2. Gi ; 3,4. ng dn dng kh lnh;
5. ng phun kh lnh vo khu vc lm ngui.
Trc cam ch to t gang hp kim c c t cc phng php trn c
cng cao cc b mt lm vic ca vu cam, do khng cn ti cng vn m bo
c kh nng chng mi mn cao khi lm vic.
4.7.3. c im gia cng v quy trnh cng ngh ch to trc cam

102. CNCTPT
1/ c im gia cng trc cam
Gia cng trc cam ng c t trong c nhiu xy lanh tng i kh khn v
cng vng ca trc km, trc d b bin dng un v xon do tc dng ca lc ct
trong qu trnh gia cng.
V vy khi gia cng phi t luy nt v s dng my tin loi bn t ng c h
thng truyn dn trung tm hoc hai u chng bin dng un v bin dng xon
cho trc.
Sau cc nguyn cng d gy bin dng phi kim tra, nn sa li trc trc khi
thc hin cc nguyn cng gia cng tip theo.
i vi cc loi phi c chnh xc cao ch cn gia cng cc b mt lm vic
ca trc cam, cn cc b mt khc vn nguyn (trc cam phi dp, phi c).
i vi trc cam c bng khun hn hp cn gia cng tin v mi cc c trc
cn b mt ca vu cam ch cn gia cng mi m khng cn gia cng tin.
i vi cc trc cam c t khun v mng c chnh xc rt cao c th
khng cn gia cng tin cc c trc m hon ton thc hin bng gia cng mi.
Mt lm vic ca cc c trc v vu cam ca trc cam phi dp c ti bng
dng in cao tn.
2/ Quy trnh cng ngh gia cng tr cam dng phi dp
Tr cam dng phi dp c thc hin gia cng theo cc nguyn cng chnh
sau y.
- Nn sa thng phi.
- Gia cng chun ph: 2 l tm.
- Nn sa phi v kim tra theo hai l tm.
- Gia cng c trc gia luy nt (bao gm tin v mi).
- Tin xn hai bn b mt cc c trc, vu cam v tin cc c tr hai pha u
tr.
- Nn sa li trc.
- Mi th cc c trc.
- gia cng chun nh v theo hng gc cho cc vu cam (rnh then hoc l
trn mt bch).
- Tin cc vu cam v bnh lch tm.
- Mi th cc vu cam v bnh lch tm.
- Gia cng rng ca bnh rng bm du.
- Khoan cc l du trn trc.
- Gia cng l ren trn trc.
- Gia cng rnh dn du trn c trc.
- Nhit luyn lm cng cc c trc, vu cam, bnh lch tm, rng xon.
- Nn sa thng trc.

Cnct pt . 103
- Mi tinh cc c trc.
- Mi tinh cc vu cam v bnh lch tm.
- nh bng cc c trc, vu cam, bnh lch tm.
- Tng kim tra.
4.7.4. Phng php gia cng cc b mt chnh ca trc cam
1/ Gia cng chun nh v ph
Cng nh cc chi tit dng trc khc, khi gia cng trc cam hu ht cc nguyn
cng gia cng u s dng chun nh v ph: 2 l chng tm.
Gia cng 2 l chng tm c nhiu phng n khc nhau tu thuc vo sn
lng v thit b.
Trong sn xut hng lot ln c th gia cng trn my phay khoan lin hp tc
dng 2 pha (nh trnh by phn u ca chng) hoc c th thc hin 2 nguyn
cng: phay 2 mt u trn my phay, khoan ng thi 2 l tm trn my khoan nm
ngang.
Trong sn xut n chic dng phi thp cn trn, nguyn cng ny c th gia
cng trn my tin vn nng.
2/ Gia cng cc c trc
Cc c trc cam c gia cng qua 2 giai on: gia cng th (tin), gia cng
tinh (mi). V trc cam c chiu di ln nn khi gia cng d b bin dng un v bin
dng xon do khi gia cng phi c bin php tng cng vng cho trc, dng
luy nt c trc gia, dng truyn dn hai u trc gim bin dng xon.
a) Tin cc c trc
Gia cng tin cc c trc cam c thc hin trn loi my tin nhiu dao bn
t ng. Loi trc cam phi dp do c lng d gia cng ln nn phi qua hai
nguyn cng: tin s b v tin tinh. S gia cng c th hin hnh 95.
b) Mi cc c trc.
Cc c trc ca trc cam c mi trn my mi trn ngoi hoc my mi trn
ngoi bn t ng. Trong cc nh my ch to t tin tin nguyn cng mi cc c
trc c thc hin trn my mi trn ngoi bn t ng, nhiu mi gia cng
ng thi theo phng php chy dao ngang v t ng o nhn c kch thc
c trc yu cu. Khi mi, trc cam c chng trn 2 mi tm v dng luy nt
c trc gia.
a)

104. CNCTPT
b)
Hnh 4.40. S gai cng cc c trc
a) gia cng cc c hai u trc; b) gia cng cc c gia trc.
i vi trc cam dng phi dp thng c mi qua ba ln.
- Mi ln 1: Trc khi mi vu cam.
- Mi ln 2: Sau khi nhit luyn (ti v ram).
- Mi ln 3: Mi tinh ng kch thc yu cu.
Trc cam c c trc u tin lp bnh rng cam, yu cu khi mi phi t
vung gc gia tm trc v vai trc, do b mt ny c gia cng ring, dng
mi nh hnh c trc quay nghing 45
o
so vi tm trc cam khi mi.
3/ Gia cng cc vu cam
Vu cam v bnh lch tm l cc b mt c bit, c gia cng theo phng
php chp hnh. Ging nh c trc cc b mt ny c gia cng theo hai giai on:
gia cng th (tin) gia cng tinh (mi).
a) Tin cc vu cam.

Cnct pt . 105
























Hnh 4.41.
S b tr dao trn my tin chp hnh
bn t ng gia cng cc vu cam.
1. ng kp n hi; 2. Then nh v gc vu cam.
Tin cc vu cam v bnh lch tm c thc hin trn my tin chp hnh
chuyn dng bn t ng. Hnh 4.41 gii thiu s b tr dao trn my tin chp
hnh nhiu dao bn t ng.
Khi tin vu cam, do bin dng ca cam c nng ln do trong qu trnh
ct cc gc ct ca dao thay i rt ln (gc trc v gc sau o) do nh hng
n iu kin ct gt, nh hng n cht lng gia cng. V vy trong qu trnh tin
Hai luy nt
con ln


106. CNCTPT
chp hnh cn phi c bin php lm cho cc gc ct ca dao khng thay i. C 2
phng n thc hin: ngoi chuyn ng chp hnh theo cam mu, dao cn chuyn
ng tnh tin ln xung hoc quay quanh 1 tm no (chuyn ng lc quanh tm)
iu chnh cc gc ct ca dao khng i. Hnh 4.42 gii thiu nguyn l gia cng
chp hnh cam bng chuyn ng lc ca dao.
Dao (1) c lp trn g
dao (2) ca xe dao. Bn dao (9)
mang gi dao lun p cht vo
cam mu (3) nh l xo (7) thng
qua con ln (10). Khi mu cam
(3) quay, do lng nng ca cam
thay i nn dao (1) cng gi dao
(2) v bn dao (9) tnh tin ra
vo theo chiu hng tm ct
gt cam gia cng (8) ph hp vi
bin dng ca cam mu. Trong
khi cam dao (4) cng quay
ng b vi cam mu v vt gia
cng, L xo (5) lm vic trng
thi ko nn ko cn lc (11) lm
cho con ln (6) lun tip xc vi
cam dao. Khi cam dao quay,
thng qua cn lc (11) lm cho
gi dao lc quanh tm ca dao.
Chuyn ng lc quanh tm ca
dao s iu chnh lm cho gc o
v gc gi c gi tr khng
i khi ct gt cc mt nng ca
vu cam. Theo phng php ny
bin dng cam ca cam mu phi
c bit b tr dao ng ca
phn gi dao lc, ngoi ra bn
knh con ln chp hnh phi ly
bng bn knh quay ca dao.
Hnh v 98 v hnh v 4.44 gii
thiu g tin vu cam theo
phng php gi dao lc v trt
tnh tin ln xung.
Hnh 4.44. g tin cam c bn dao trt tnh tin ln xung.
++
5
11
6
4
3
10
9
7
1
8
2
Hnh 4.42. S nguyn l t i n
vu cambng phng php chp
h nh.
Hnh 4.43. g t i n camc gi
dao l c.

Cnct pt . 107
1. Dao
tin; 2.
Bn dao
trt; 3.
Cam mu;
4. Cam
dao; 5. L
xo; 6. Cn
ln chp
hnh.
Trong sn xut lot nh, khng c my tin chp hnh chuyn dng c th p
dng nguyn l tin chp hnh thng thng, nhng m bo dao tin c cng
vng cao, cn chn dao c gc m ln m bo dao khng b gy khi gc thay
i. Hnh 4.45 gii thiu u dao tin c m.








Hnh 4.45. Dao tin c gc m.
Trong sn xut n chic, c th p dng gia cng vu cam bng phng php
phay tip tuyn (phi thp cn trn). Vu cam cn c tin trn s b sau phay
trn my phay ng, dng dao phay ngn phay. Trc cam c g trn phn
ca my phay. Qu trnh phay c thc hin qua 4 bc: bc 1, 2, 3 phay theo
ng thng, sau mi bc phi c quay mt gc nh u phn . Bc 4 phay
theo ng trn (va phay va quay u phn bng tay). Phng php ny nng
sut thp v chnh xc khng cao. Xem hnh 4.46.

108. CNCTPT
b) Mi cc vu cam.
Mi cc vu cam v
bnh lch tm c thc hin
trn my mi cam chp hnh
bn t ng. Dng 1 mi
ln lt mi cc vu cam. Khi
mi thc hin phng php
chy dao ngang. S mi
gii thiu hnh 102.
Trn bn my (1) l p
gi lc l (2) cng vi cam
mu chp hnh (4). Trn gi
lc l trc cam gia cng (3)
c g ng trc vi cam
mu. L xo (5) m bo cho
con ln (7) lun tip xc vi
mt cam mu. Khi trc cam
v cam mu quay s to ra
chuyn ng lc, chuyn ng
ny s to ra b mt cam gia
cng nh mi (6). Trc
cam gia cng c nh v
trn 2 mi tm hoc trn hai
c trc chnh (G trn hai c
trc chnh t c chnh
xc ng tm cao hn). Ngoi
ra phi nh v theo hng
gc m bo s phn b
ng ca cc vu cam theo
gc thit k. Hnh
4.47. S mi chp hnh vu
cam.
nng cao chnh xc ca chi tit gia cng tc quay ca chi tit nn p
dng nh sau:
- Mi th: V
ct
=5 8m/ph
- Mi tinh V
ct
=2 3m/ph
Trong iu kin sn xut nh, c th thit k g mi vu cam theo nguyn l
nu trn dng trn my mi trn ngoi.
3/ nh bng cc c trc v vu cam
Hnh 4.46. Phay mt nng ca vu cam bng
dao phay ngn.

Cnct pt . 109
Trong sn xut hng lot nguyn cng nh bng c thc hin trn my
nh bng chuyn dng bn t ng (hnh 4.48).

1. Cam mu;
2. L xo;
3. Phin t;
4. Dy ai c ht mi;
5. Con ln dn ai;
6. Cam gia cng.


Hnh 4.48. nh bng vu cam
- S vng quay ca trc cam: n = 240vg/ph
- p lc trn b mt p = 0,7kG/cm
2

Lp kim loi mn i khi nh bng l: 0,005mm.
4/ Phay rnh then lp bnh rng trc cam
Rnh then lp bnh rng trc cam c v tr xc nh trn trc. Khi gia cng phi
m bo c chnh xc mi m bo c s lm vic tt ca h thng phn
phi kh cu ng c.
Rnh then c tin hnh gia cng trc nguyn cng tin cc vu cam vi
mc ch lm chun nh v theo hng gc ca cc vu cam. Gia cng rnh then
thc hin trn my phay ngang v dng dao phay a gia cng. Khi phay rnh
then phi nh v 6 bc t do ca chi tit bc t do nh v theo hng gc l b
mt th ca vu cam (khi dp hoc c). S gia cng th hin trn hnh 4.49.
5/ Kim tra trc cam
Trc cam c tin hnh kim tra cc thng s k thut trong v sau qu trnh
gia cng.
Cc thng s c bn cn phi kim tra gm:
- Kch thc cc c trc.
- ng tm cc c trc
- Cc
vu cam v
bnh lch
tm. i vi
cc vu
cam, ngoi
vic kim
tra kch

110. CNCTPT
thc bin dng cam, cn phi kim tra cc gc phn b ca chng.









Hnh 4.49. S g phay rnh then.
Hnh 4.50 trnh by nguyn l kim tra bin dng v gc phn b ca cc vu
cam. Nu khi kim tra vu cam no c sai s v hnh dng v gc phn b th
chiu cao kim tra H s thay i v c ch th trn ng h o. Trn thit b cn c
cc b phn tnh gc quay tng ng ca cc trc.









.
Hnh 4.50. S kim tra bin dng cam.
1. Cam kim tra; 2. Cam mu; 3. ng h kim tra.


112. CNCTPT

Chng V
CNG NGH CH TO CHI TIT DNG BC
5.1- KHI NIM V CHI TIT DNG BC
5.1.1. Khi nim
Bc l mt loi chi tit c dng rng ri trong ngnh ch to my, l
nhng chi tit hnh ng trn, thnh mng, mt u c vai hoc khng c vai, mt
trong c th tr hoc cn, bc c th nguyn hoc x rnh, mt lm vic ca bc c
rnh du, trn bc c l tra du.
V kt cu c th chia bc ra cc loi: (hnh 5.1).
a) b) c) d)











Hnh 5.1. Cc dng bc trong chi tit my.
- Loi bc trn (h.a)
- Loi c g hoc mt bch (h. b,c)
- Loi bc c l cn (h.d)
- Loi bc c x rnh (h.)
- Loi bc c lp hp kim chng mn (h.e)
- Loi bc mng x rnh (h.g)
Nu da vo my ct gia cng cc nguyn cng chnh bc c chia lm 6
nhm kch thc theo ng knh:
ng knh di 25mm
ng knh t 25 32mm
ng knh t 32 40mm
)
e) g)

Cnct pt . 113
ng knh t 40 50mm
ng knh t 50 65mm
ng knh t 65 100mm
c trng quan trng ca kch thc bc l t s gia chiu di v ng knh
ngoi ln nht ca chi tit. T s ny thng nm trong khong t 0,5 n 3,5.
5.1.2. Tnh cng ngh trong kt cu ca bc
Cng nh cc chi tit khc, tnh cng ngh ca bc c ngha quan trng i
vi vic gia cng t cc yu cu k thut cn thit. l t l c trng ca kt
cu bc, ng knh trong ca bc v chiu dy ca bc. Chiu dy bc qu mng s
d b bin dng khi gia cng c kh v nhit luyn.
5.2- IU KIN K THUT
Yu cu k thut quan trng nht ca chi tit dng bc l ng tm gia mt
tr ngoi v trong cng nh vung gc gia mt u v ng tm.
iu kin c th nh sau:
- ng knh ngoi ca bc t cp chnh xc 2 5 (TCVN).
- ng knh l t cp 2, i khi cho php t cp 5. i vi cc l bc cn
lp ghp chnh xc c th phi t cp chnh xc 1.
- dy ca bc cho php sai lch khng qu 0,03 0,15mm.
- ng tm gia mt ngoi v trong ca bc tu thuc vo iu kin lm
vic c th ca bc m quy nh. Thng thng khng ng tm khng
qu 0,15.
- khng vung gc gia mt u v ng tm l nm trong khong 0,1
0,2mm/100mm bn knh. Vi loi bc chu ti trng chiu trc th yu
cu sai s ny phi nh hn. Cho php t 0,02 0,03mm/100 bn
knh.
- nhm cc b mt:
Mt ngoi R
a
: 2,5 (6)
Mt trong R
a
: 2,5 0,63 (6 8)
i khi yu cu R
a
: 0,32 (9).
5.3- VT LIU V PHI
5.3.1. Vt liu
Vt liu thng dng ch to chi tit dng bc l thp, ng thau, ng ,
gang v cc hp kim c bit khc. Ngoi ra cn dng cht do, gm s ch to
mt s bc c bit.
5.3.2. Phi
Vic chn phi ch to chi tit dng bc ph thuc vo iu kin lm vic,
hnh dng v sn lng ca n.

114. CNCTPT
- Vi bc c ng knh l nh hn 20mm thng dng phi thanh nh
hnh hoc phi c c.
- Vi cc bc c ng knh ln hn 20mm dng phi cn ng hoc phi
c c l sn. Tu theo sn lng v yu cu k thut m chn cc phng
php c: khun ct, khun kim loi, c ly tm, c p lc
- Cc loi bc c thnh mng v x rnh thng lm bng ng thau hoc
ng c th dng phi cun li t cc tm kim loi.
- Vi loi bc bng vt liu s thng c ch to bng cch p sau
thiu kt.
5.4- QUY TRNH CNG NGH GIA CNG BC
5.4.1. Chun nh v
Khi gia cng bc, phi m bo c 2 iu kin k thut quan trng vi mt
ngoi v vung gc gia ng tm v mt u ca l bc.
m bo 2 yu cu k thut ny c th
thc hin cc phng php sau:
Gia cng c mt ngoi v mt trong
mt ln g (hnh 5.2).
Phng n ny thc hin khi phi bc
dng phi thanh hoc ng vi vic ct t
bc cui cng. Hnh 5.2.
Gia cng mt ln g.
i vi phi c tng chic, mun gia cng tt c cc mt chnh sau mt ln
g phi c phi di thm mt on lm chun nh v, iu s lm tng ph
liu kim loi. Phng php ny c s dng trong sn xut n chic.
Gia cng cc mt chnh sau 2 ln g
hoc sau 2 nguy n cng
(hnh 5.3).

Hnh
5.3. Gia cng sau 2 ln g
Phng n ny c thc hin nh sau:
- Ln g u gia cng mt trong v mt mt u ng.
- Ln g sau gia cng mt ngoi v mt u ng cn li. Chun nh v trong
ln g ny l chun tinh (mt tr trong gia cng).
Gia cng tt c cc mt chnh sau 3 ln g hoc sau 3 nguyn cng.
Phng n ny c thc hin nh sau:
Ln g u gia cng th mt trong, gia cng mt phn mt ngoi v mt mt
u ng.
+
1)
2)

Cnct pt . 115
Ln g th 2 gia cng nt phn cn li ca mt ngoi v mt u cn li, gia
cng tinh mt trong.
Ln g 3 gia cng tinh mt ngoi, ly mt trong lm chun nh v.
Phng n ny c trnh by hnh v 5.4.




Hnh 5.4. Gia cng sau 3 ln g.
Gia cng cc mt chnh sau 4 ln g hay 4 nguyn cng (hnh 5.5).







Hnh 5.5. Gia cng sau 4 ln g.
Qu trnh gia cng c thc hin nh sau:
- Gia cng mt u v vt mp l
- Gia cng mt u cn li v vt mp l
- Gia cng mt ngoi
- Gia cng mt trong, dng mt ngoi nh v.
T cc phng n gia cng trn, ta nhn thy vic nh v vo mt l bc gia
cng mt ngoi c kh nng t ng tm cao hn v c th dng trc g n hi
g lp.
5.4.2. Trnh t gia cng cc b mt
Khi lp trnh t cc nguyn cng gia cng cc b mt, cn da vo hnh dng
ca phi v sn lng ca chng.
Tuy nhin trnh t chung thng nh sau:
- Gia cng cc mt chnh ca bc.
- Khoan cc l ph.
- Gia cng cc mt nh hnh.
- Nhit luyn.
- Gia cng tinh cc l, cc mt ngoi.
- nh bng cc mt yu cu c bng cao.
- Kim tra.
1)
2)
3)
4)
1)
2)
3)
4)
1)
2)

116. CNCTPT
5.5- BIN PHP THC HIN CC NGUYN CNG
5.5.1. Gia cng mt chnh ca bc
Cc mt chnh ca bc bao gm: mt ngoi, mt trong v mt u ca bc.
Phng php gia cng ph thuc vo dng phi v sn lng ca bc.
1. BC CH TO T PHI THANH
- Nu sn lng nh c th gia cng trn my tin vn nng trong mt ln g
qua cc bc: xn u, khoan mi, khoan l, tin trong, tin ngoi, ct t.
- Nu sn lng ln, thc hin trn my tin Rvonve mt trc hoc nhiu
trc, trong mt ln g gm cc bc: xn mt u, y phi n c t,
khoan l, tin mt ngoi, vt mp, doa th, doa tinh, ct t. S gia cng
xem hnh 5.6.







Hnh 5.6. Gia cng trn my Rvonve.
1. Phi; 2. C t; 3,4,5,6,7,8. Dao ct.
2. CC BC CH TO T PHI NG
Bin php gia cng ging nh phi thanh, nhng do c l sn nn thay nguyn
cng khoan bng khot l sau doa l.
3. CC BC CH TO T PHI C HOC RN TNG CHIC
- Nu sn lng nh v chi tit c kch thc ln th gia cng trn my tin
ct hoc my tin ng. Nu kch thc phi nh th gia cng trn my tin
vn nng.
- Nu sn lng nhiu vi chi tit c nh th gia cng trn my tin mt trc
nhiu dao hoc my tin nhiu trc, nhiu dao.
gia cng cc mt chnh ca bc c kt cu c bit, cn phi c cc bin
php thch hp.
+Cc bc c l cn c khot v doa bng cc dao hnh cn.
+Cc bc c lp hp kim chng mn th sau khi gia cng tinh l, tin hnh c
lp hp kim trn mt l sau gia cng tinh li lp hp kim .
+Nhng bc mng n hi c x rnh phi chm vo khe rnh mt ming
m, sau khi gia cng tinh l s b i nguyn cng cui cng.
5.5.2. Gia cng cc l ph
+
+
6
5
7
2
3
4
+
+
+
6
5
7
2
3
4
+
1
8

Cnct pt . 117
Cc l ph l cc l tra du, l c ren. gia cng cc l ny, chi tit c
nh v bng mt tr trong v mt u hoc mt ngoi v mt u.
- Nu sn lng nh, gia cng trn my khoan ng theo du hoc g c
bc dn hng.
- Nu sn lng ln c th gia cng trn my khoan c u Revonve gia
cng nhiu l mt lc, hoc gia cng trn cc my t hp.
5.5.3. Gia cng cc mt nh hnh
Nhng mt nh hnh ny bao gm cc rnh then, rnh du, rng kha v rnh
then trong.
i vi cc rnh then trong c th gia cng trn my xc (i vi sn lng
nh) hoc gia cng trn my chut (i vi sn lng ln).
Rnh then ngoi c gia cng bng cch phay trn my phay ng hoc my
phay nm ngang.
Cc rnh du hoc mt nh hnh mt trong bc c gia cng bng phng
php tin chp hnh.
Cc rnh nh hnh mt ngoi c th thc hin bng phng php tin chp
hnh hoc phay chp hnh.
5.5.4. Gia cng tinh cc b mt sau khi ti
Cc b mt chnh xc ca bc sau khi nhit luyn cn phi gia cng tinh.
m bo ng tm ca cc b mt, cn ly mt ny lm chun nh v
gia cng mt kia.
Cc b mt gia cng tinh thng c thc hin trn my mi. i vi cc chi
tit ln kh gia cng trn my mi th c th gia cng trn my tin ct, my tin
ng dng dao tin hp kim cng hoc dao tin kim cng ct gt.
Nu b mt yu cu bng cao, phi dng phng php mi khn hoc mi
nghin gia cng tinh ln cui.
5.6. K THUT CH TO MNG LT TRC
5.6.1. c im v iu kin lm vic ca mng lt trc
Mng lt trc c dng nhiu trong ng c t, my ko, tu thu, u
my thng lp u to thanh truyn v trc khuu.
Cu to mng lt gm hai na vng trn, phi ngoi bng thp, phi trong
trng mt lp hp kim chu mn. Tu theo yu cu lm vic v loi ng c m
ngi ta chn chiu dy lp hp kim chu mn v thnh phn hp kim.
c im ch yu ca mng lt l mt chi tit cu to bng 2 loi vt liu khc
nhau v c yu cu k thut cao.
chnh xc kch thc ca ng knh trong t chnh xc cp 2. cn,
van ca l khng qu 3/4 dung sai cho php (0,01 0,03mm).

118. CNCTPT
Mng lt lm vic vi ti trng ln, chu mi mn do ma st, chu nhit cao
do tc quay ca trc ln (t 1500 3000 vng/pht).
5.6.2. Vt liu v phi ch to mng lt trc
1. YU CU CA HP KIM CHNG MN
Do c im kt cu v iu kin lm vic nn vt liu hp kim chu mn phi
c cc tnh cht sau:
- C tnh chng mn tt, c cng v do cn thit.
- Chng r kht vi b mt c trc.
- Sc bn t gim khi chu nhit cao.
- Truyn dn nhit tt, t dn n, gi c du bi trn.
- D c v bm dnh tt vo v thp.
- C tnh bn mi cao, c xp t vi.
- cng thp hn cng ca ngng trc (t 20 60HB).
2. CC LOI HP KIM CHNG MN
Hin nay trong ng c t trong thng dng 3 loi hp kim ch to mng
lt.
a) Hp kim ba-bt
L loi c dng ph bin trong ng c t trong. Tu theo hm lng thic
c trong ba-bt m chia hp kim ny ra 2 loi: ba-bt nn thic (83, 89) v ba
bt nn ch H; T.
Hp kim ba bt 83 c dng nhiu v c cc u im sau:
- Kt cu kim tng gm nhng tinh th cng ca Cu, Sn phn b trn nn
mm do c tnh do tt, chu c mn v d ra kht vi c trc.
- D c v bm chc trn thp.
- cng 25 30HB.
Tuy vy hp kim 583 c mt s nhc im:
- Gi thnh cao (dng nhiu thic).
- p lc lc ring b mt cho php thp (18 kG/mm
2
).
- cng gim nhiu nhit cao. (Khi nhit tng t 20
o

100
o
C cng gim 60 70%).
- Sc bn mi km.
Do hp kim babt ch dng cho cc ng c ti trng nh, ch yu dng
ng c xng.
b) Hp kim ng ch
Hp kim ng ch c u im:
- bn c hc cao, nhit 20
o
C l 20 30 kG/mm
2
.
- Chu c nhit cao, bn c hc gim t khi tng nhit (T
o
: 120
o
C
bn cn 25 27 kG/mm
2
).
- Chu c p lc b mt ln.

Cnct pt . 119
- Dn nhit tt. dn nhit gp 6 ln hp kim babt.
Hp kim ng ch c s dng rng ri trong cc ng c chu ti trng ln.
c) Hp kim nhm
Hp kim nhm c nhiu u im so vi cc vt liu khc: gi thnh r, chu
c ti trng ln, bn mi cao, dn nhit tt, bn vng vi cc cht n mn.
Nhng hp kim nhm c dng nhiu trong ng c t trong l: ACM, A9-2 ca
Lin X; AlCoa750; XA 750, XB 80 ca M.
Nhc im ca hp kim nhm lm mng m l h s dn n nhit cao nn
khe h gia c trc v mng m phi ln. i vi cc ng c ln, hp kim nhm
cha c s dng rng ri v khi bi trn khng s gy qu nhit trc, lm
bin dng v h hng mng m.
5.6.3. Cc phng php ch to phi mng lt trc
V ngoi ca mng m hp kim lm bng thp c hm lng ccbon thp
0,05 0,15% cacbon. Thng dng thp kt cu 10, 15 hoc 08K dng tm hoc
ng.
Cu to ca mng lt gm 2 lp vt liu c tnh cht c, l, ho khc nhau. Mt
khc mng lt phi lm vic trong iu kin khc nghit v c yu cu k thut cao,
do lm cho 2 lp vt liu bm dnh chc chn vo nhau v phn b ng u cc
nguyn t ca lp hp kim chu mn l mt vn phc tp. Vic to lp hp kim
chng mn trn nn v thp c thc hin bng nhiu phng php: c, trng tm
hoc cn p. Phng php cn p tm thng dng cho hp kim nhm c u im
nng sut cao, gi thnh h v ph hp vi sn lng ln. Phng php ny i hi
phi c trang thit b v k thut hin i.
i vi v thp ca mng m thng dng thp ng hoc thp tm. Nu
khng c thp ng hp quy cch th dng thp tm ct thnh tng mnh theo ng
knh v chiu di mng lt vi lng d gia cng thch hp.
Qu trnh to phi t thp tm gm cc bc c bn sau:
- Ct thp v g un.
- Hn kn mp thnh ng.
- Chnh hnh ng trong khun.
- kh ni lc.
Trc khi trng lp hp kim chu mn cn ch cc yu cu k thut sau:
- bng b mt trong 6 7.
- khng ng tm gia mt trong v ngoi khng vt qu 0,05
0,1mm. Cn m bo yu cu ny m bo lp hp kim chng mn
khng lch tm qu phm vi cho php.
5.6.4. Quy trnh cng ngh ch to mng lt trc
Quy trnh cng ngh ch to mng lt trc c th theo qui trnh nh sau:
1. To phi; 2. Tin pha ngoi, xn mt u;

120. CNCTPT
3. Tin ph l, vt mp 2 u; 4. Tin bn tinh ngoi;
5. Tin tinh trong; 6. Tin tinh ngoi;
7. Trng lp hp kim chng mn; 8. Ct t v xn phng mt u;
9. Mi trn ngoi; 10. Tin tinh l;
11. Phay b i bc; 12. Phay vt cnh bc;
13. Dp g nh v bc; 14. Tin ln cui l;
15. Khoan l v sa ngui.

















Cnct pt . 121




Chng VI
CNG NGH CH TO NG LT XY LANH NGC T
TRONG
6.1- C IM KT CU CA NG LT XY LANH
ng lt xy lanh l mt chi tit lp vo thn my. ng lt xy lanh lm vic
trong iu kin chu nhit cao, p sut ln v b n mn nhiu.
C 2 loi ng lt xy lanh:
6.1.1. ng lt kh
Ton b mt tr ngoi ca ng lt dc lp vo l xy lanh ca thn my. B
mt ngoi ca n phi c gia cng chnh xc ton b truyn nhit tt ra ngoi
o nc lm mt.
Loi ng lt kh c chiu dy t 3 5mm thng dng trong cc ng c
iezen v ng c xng c t s nn cao.
ng lt kh c 2 loi: loi lp ghp c nh v loi lp ghp trt c th thay
i khi sa cha thay th.
6.1.2. ng lt t
L loi ng lt tip xc trc tip vi nc lm mt, n c lp vi thn my
bng cc vng ai lp ghp c gia cng chnh xc. ng lt t c g vai nh
v dc trc trong thn my, loi ng lt ny c chiu dy t 6 8mm.
L chi tit my lm vic trong iu kin khc nghit, do ng lt xy lanh phi
m bo cc yu cu sau:
- C bn cao chu p sut kh th.
- C bn nhit cao.
- Chu mi mn tt.
- C kh nng chng n mn trong mi trng nhit cao
Di y gii thiu mt s kt cu ca ng lt xy lanh (hnh 6.1, 6.2, 6.3).

122. CNCTPT













Hnh 6.1. ng
lt xy lanh t.















Hnh 6.3. ng lt xy lanh t,
c ng lt ph bng thp.

Cnct pt . 123





































Hnh 6.2. ng lt xy lanh kh ng c izen.
a) Chi tit gia cng; b) Phi.

124. CNCTPT
6.2- IU KIN K THUT CH TO NG LT XY LANH
Cht lng s dng v tui th ca ng c ph thuc vo cht lng ch to
ca ng lt xy lanh. Khi ch to ng lt, phi m bo cc yu cu k thut sau y:
1. chnh xc ng knh l ng lt xy lanh phi t cp chnh xc 2
(TCVN) hoc phi cao hn na (tng ng cp 6 7 ca ISO).
2. Sai lch hnh dng ca l: van, cn khng vt qu 0,01
0,03mm trn ton b chiu di ng lt.
3. ng knh mt tr ngoi lp ghp vi thn ng c yu cu t cp chnh
xc 2 (TCVN).
4. khng ng tm gia mt trong l ng lt v mt tr ngoi (phn lp
ghp) khng vt qu 0,1mm i vi ng lt t v 0,03 0,05mm i
vi ng lt kh.
5. khng vung gc gia mt ta ca vai lp ghp vi ng tm ca l
khng qu 0,02 0,05mm.
6. bng b mt trong ca l ng lt phi t cp V9 V10 (R
a
: 0,32
0,16).
7. bng ca mt tr lp ghp ngoi i vi ng lt t V7 V8 (R
a
: 1,25
0,63); i vi ng lt kh V6 V7 (R
a
: 2,5 1,25).
8. Mt tr trong ca ng lt xy lanh phi t cng 40HRc.
6.3- VT LIU V PHI CA NG LT XY LANH
6.3.1. Vt liu ch to ng lt xy lanh
ng lt xy lanh phn ln c ch to t gang hp kim, cng c mt s loi
ng c c dng ng lt thp (ng c t MA3 525).
Gang hp kim ch to ng lt xy lanh c t chc nn c bn l Peclt km theo
grafit dng tm hoc dng cu. bn ca ng lt khng thp hn mc gang GX 21-
40. ng lt xy lanh cn phi gia cng nhit luyn. C th thc hin ti mt trong ca
ng lt xy lanh bng dng in tn s cao. Chiu su lp thm ti khng c nh
hn 1,5mm. cng b mt phi t 40HRc.
ng lt xy lanh c th tin hnh ti th tch, ti theo phng php ny d gy
bin dng, nt n chi tit. cng sau khi ti phi t t 363 444 HB, tng ng
vi 39 47 HRC.
nng cao c tnh cho vt liu ng lt, c th dng gang bin tnh (gang cu).
nng cao tnh chu mi mn, c th dng phng php m crm mt trong ng
lt vi chiu dy lp m crm 0,05 0,15mm hoc thm nit vi chiu su thm
0,45 0,5mm.
Mt s loi ng lt xy lanh c chiu dy qu mng rt kh khn trong vic gia
cng li sau khi ti, do ngi ta phi dng loi ng lt xy lanh khng ti. (a s
cc loi t ca M, Anh u dng ng lt khng ti). Loi ng lt xy lanh khng ti
c ch to t cc loi gang hp kim: crm, crm Molipen, crm niken c
hm lng cao.

Cnct pt . 125
6.3.2. Phi ca ng lt xy lanh
C nhiu phng php c phi ng lt xy lanh.
a) c trong khun tnh (hnh 6.4)
Phng php ny tn ti mt s nhc im:
- Cht lng vt c khng cao, vt c c nhiu khuyt tt: mn cht ca
kim loi thp; d b r x, r kh; khng ng nht v cu to kim loi theo
chiu di v chiu ngang.
- Lng d gia cng ln do c s lch khun gia 2 na khun.
- Khng ng tm gia mt tr ngoi v mt tr trong.









Hnh 6.4. Phi c trong khun tnh.
b) c trong khun ly tm
c ly tm c u im:
- chnh xc mt ngoi v ng tm gia mt trong v mt ngoi cao.
- Cht lng vt c tt: mn cht ca kim loi cao, r kh, r x hu nh
khng c.
- Gim c lng hao ph kim loi khi c.
c ly tm c th thc hin bng cc phng php:
- c trong khun ct ti: ct lm khun c vo trong khun kim loi
quay v nh ming gt gt ct trong phn rng ca khun, sau nh
mt con ln nh hnh cn to hnh mt ngoi ca ng lt xy lanh t (hnh
6.5a).
- c trong khun nh hnh bng cch phun ct dnh (hnh 6.5b).
Ct c phun dnh vo trong mng khun nh hnh bng kim loi. Hn hp
ct c phun dnh vo mng khun kim loi nh mt thit b thi ct; hn hp ct
to ra mt b mt khun ng dng ca mng khun nh hnh. Khi rt kim loi lng

126. CNCTPT
vo lng khun quay: hnh dng mt ngoi ca ng lt xy lanh s c to hnh ng
nh yu cu.
Hnh 6.5. Khun c ly tm
a) c trong khun ct ti;
b) c trong khun nh hnh bng phun ct.
- c trong khun ly tm thng thng: Phng php ny ch c c cc
ng xy lanh c mt ngoi hnh tr (khng nh hnh). d ly phi, mt
trong ca khun c c ch to c cn nht nh.
Phng php ny c u im: n gin khi to phi.
6.4- QUY TRNH CNG NGH CH TO NG LT
Khi thc hin quy trnh cng ngh ch to ng lt, tu theo iu kin sn xut
m lc chn phng n cng ngh. Nu sn xut hng lot ln, hng khi th quy
trnh cng ngh c thc hin trn cc trang thit b chuyn dng vi nhng my t
hp, my t ng, bn t ng.
Nu sn xut hng lot nh v n chic th s dng cc thit b vn nng
c th gia cng c nhiu loi ng lt c kch thc khc nhau. Nhng ni chung
khi gia cng ng lt xy lanh do c im xy lanh c cng vng hng knh km,
d b bin dng nn qu trnh g kp, gia cng ct gt phi m bo chi tit khng b
bin dng ln. ng thi yu cu k thut in hnh ca cc ng lt xy lanh l phi
m bo ng tm gia mt tr trong v ngoi, do vic s dng chun nh v
phi sao cho m bo c yu cu k thut .
1. QUY TRNH CNG NGH GIA CNG NG LT T
Phi sau khi c c kh ng sut d v c thc hin gia cng theo
cc cng vic c bn sau:
1. Tin th l
2. Tin bn tinh l
3. Tin th mt ngoi
4. Kim tra s b
5. Tin bn tinh mt ngoi
6. Tin tinh mt ngoi
7. Lm sch
8. Kim tra
9. Ti
10. Doa tinh l
11. Th p lc
12. Mi khn s b l
13. Mi khn bn tinh l
14. Mi mt g vai v vnh lp ghp
15. Sa ng chiu dy vai
16. Kim tra
17. Mi khn tinh l

Cnct pt . 127
18. Kim tra
19. Lm sch
20. Tng kim tra v phn nhm lp rp vi piston.
m bo ng tm gia mt ngoi v trong lun lun dng mt ngoi
lm chun khi gia cng mt trong v ngc li.
2. C IM GIA CNG NG LT XY LANH KH
Quy trnh ch to ng lt kh tng t nh ng lt t, nhng do c im ng
lt kh km cng vng, d b bin dng theo chiu hng knh do cn cc bin
php cng ngh ph hp m bo chnh xc khi ch to. Mt tr ngoi ca ng lt
kh phi c gia cng tinh ton b.
- Gia cng mt ngoi: Khi tin ngoi, phi c g ln 2 mt vt cn. 2 mt
vt cn ny c gia cng ng thi t 2 pha nguyn cng u tin. Phi
c g trn 2 trc g bung 2 trc v sau ca my tin bn t ng
(hnh 6.6).








Hnh 6.6. Gia cng cc mt vt
cn lm chun nh v.
1. Trc g bung; 2. Dao xn mt u; 3. Dao vt mp trong.
- Gia cng mt trong: Phi c g ln 2 mt vt cn ngoi (c th gia cng
cng vi nguyn cng gia cng 2 mt vt cn trong) trn mt g chuyn
dng. Ton b g c g trn bn dao my tin, trc dao g trn trc
chnh ca my tin. Bn xe dao g phi c chuyn ng chy dao dc khi
gia cng (hnh 6.7).
.









1
2
3
5

128. CNCTPT



Hnh 6.7. Gia cng mt trong ng lt
1. Phi; 2. Gi ; 3. ai c; 4. L xo; 5. Trc dao.
- Mi mt tr ngoi: mt tr ngoi ca ng lt xy lanh kh c thc hin
trn my mi v tm hoc my mi trn ngoi. Trong quy trnhch to,
mt tr ngoi c mi trc khi mi mt trong ng lt. i vi mt s
ng lt xy lanh ngn, mt ngoi c mi chnh xc, sau mt trong c
gia cng chnh xc sau khi p vo trong thn my (hoc p vo ng lt
xy lanh t).
6.5- CC BIN PHP THC HIN CC NGUYN CNG CHNH
6.5.1. Gia cng mt ngoi ng lt
Khi gia cng mt ngoi ng lt, dng mt trong lm chun nh v. Trong sn
xut n chic, ngi ta tin hnh gia cng trn my tin vn nng, dng mm cp 3
vu nh tm t mt tr trong, tng cng cng vng, dng thm mi tm ct
pha ng.
Trong sn xut hng lot ln, tin hnh gia cng s b mt ngoi thng c
thc hin trn my tin nhiu dao hoc trn my tin chp hnh bn t ng (hnh 6.8
v hnh 6.9).


a)










b)






4

Cnct pt . 129
Hnh 6.8. Tin mt ngoi trn my tin nhiu dao, bn t ng.
a) Tin th; b) tin tinh.












.
Hnh 6.9. Tin mt ngoi trn my tin
chp hnh bn t ng (Tin th).

















Hnh 6.9b. Tin mt ngoi trn my tin
chp hnh bn t ng (tin tinh).
Trong cc trng hp ny, phi c lm chun theo mt trong nh trc g
bung, hot ng ca n nh kh nn t cc xy lanh kh t trc v sau ca
my.

130. CNCTPT
Vic gia cng ln cui cc vng tr lp ghp ngoi ca ng lt xy lanh t
c thc hin bng phng php tin tinh hoc c th mi trn my mi trn ngoi.
i vi cc loi ng lt t c ti th phi mi lm 2 ln: trc v sau khi ti.
i vi loi ng lt xy lanh kh, gia cng s b mt ngoi cng dng my tin
nhiu dao bn t ng hoc my tin vn nng, phi c g theo mt vt cn ca 2
u l ( c gia cng nguyn cng u). Lng d gia cng li cho mi
hoc tin tinh l 0,5 0,8mm.
6.5.2. Gia cng mt trong
- Trong sn xut hng lot ln, gia cng mt trong ca ng lt c thc hin
trn my khot ng nhiu trc ng thi gia cng nhiu ng lt, u trc
dao gn li ct hp kim cng. Mt chun nh v l mt tr ngoi ( gia
cng chnh xc) v g vai ca ng lt.
- Trong sn xut n chic v lot nh c th gia cng trn my tin hoc
my khot ng 1 trc.
Gia cng loi ng lt t ti c th thay th khot tinh bng doa. Mi doa
bng hp kim cng c cng cao hn nhiu so vi cng ca gang ti v c
bn cao hn li khot.
Ngoi ra, mi doa nhiu li nh sn kch thc c kh nng m bo
chnh xc hnh dng l cao hn so vi khot l. Tuy nhin sai lch v tr tm l
ca phi c sn th phng php doa khng c kh nng sa li c.
i vi loi ng lt kh c thnh mng, khng dng mi doa doa tinh l v
lc hng knh ca doa rt ln, c th gy bin dng cho phi.
ng lt sau khi doa hoc khot tinh l cn phi c mi khn.
- Mi khn l ng lt:
Mi khn l ng lt c th thc hin qua nhiu bc: mi s b, bn tinh, tinh.
Lng d chung mi khn l 0,025 0,05mm mi bn. ng lt c g trn
g bng mt ta vai v mt vng ai lp ghp ging nh khi khot hoc doa trn my
khot ng, xem hnh
6.10.










Cnct pt . 131






Hnh 6.10. G mi khn xy lanh.
Mi khn c tin hnh trn cc loi my vn nng hoc chuyn dng. Trong
sn xut hng lot ln c th chn cc my mi nhiu trc hoc c nhiu v tr
nng cao nng sut gia cng.
Trong qa trnh mi khn l ng lt, thng gp nhng dng sai hng: l b
van, cn, tang trng, yn nga v bng b mt km. C nhiu yu t nh hng
n chnh xc, bng ca ng lt. Mt trong nhng yu t quan trng thng
xy ra sai s hnh dng l do vic iu chnh hnh trnh ca u mi. Chn chiu
di hnh trnh u ph thuc vo chiu di l, chiu di thanh , t s gia chiu
di v ng knh l, chiu di phn nh ra ca thanh .
+Khi t s 1
d
L
o l
o l
s th chn chiu di ca thanh l L

=(1 1,2)L
l
. Chiu
di phn nh ln ca : L
th
=(0,25 0,5) L

iu chnh phn nh ln ca c th
hiu chnh c sai s hnh dng l khi mi khn. Thng chn L
th
=1/3 L

.
Nu phn nh ra qu di l s thnh hnh yn nga, nu nh ra qu ngn l s
thnh hnh tang trng.
+Khi t s 1
d
L
o l
o l
> ; chiu di l 100 500mm th chiu di thanh chn theo
chiu di l: L

=
|
.
|

\
|

4
3
3
1
L
l
.
Nu l chi tit gia cng c chnh xc cao, chiu di thanh c th chn
ngn hn, cn chiu di phn nh ra ca vn chn nh trn. Chiu di hnh trnh
u tnh theo cng thc:
L =L
l
+L
th1
+L
th2

Trong :
L
l
: Chiu di l gia cng;
L
th1
: Chiu di nh ra trn;
L
th2
: Chiu di nh ra di.

132. CNCTPT










Hnh 6.11. Hnh trnh gii hn ca mi.
Ngoi ra cc yu t v ch ct gt v c tnh ca mi cng nh hng
ln n cht lng l khi mi.
Ch mi khn ng lt:
V
quay
=15 30 m/pht
V
tt
=15 20 m/pht
p lc ring ca : 4 6 kG/cm
2
.
Chn mi theo bng sau:
Nguyn cng
mi
bng b
mt
cng ca vt
mi (HB)
c tnh mi
Mi bn tinh
Mi bn tinh
Mi tinh
Mi tinh
V7 V8
V7 V8
V9 V10
V9 V10
200 250
>300
200 250
>300
Sx(150 220) MV
1
MV
2
G
Sx(150 280) M
3
MV
1
G
Sx(320 M
14
) MV
1
MV
2
G
Sx(320 M
14
) M
3
MV
1
G
3. Kim tra ng lt
Mi ng lt u qua b phn kim tra ca ni sn xut m bo cc tiu
chun k thut quy nh. Vic kim tra ng lt bao gm cc ni dung sau:
- Xem xt cc b mt bn ngoi (r, nt, rn).
- Kim tra cc kch thc: ng knh ngoi, ng knh trong v cc kch
thc khc.
- Kim tra chnh xc cc v tr tng quan: ng tm mt trong, mt
ngoi; vung gc gia vai lp ghp v tm trc ng lt.
l
l
l
2
1
2
l
4

Cnct pt . 133
- Kim tra p lc ca ng lt: c thc hin trn my kim tra p lc nc
trong ng lt:
+ng lt t p lc th 50 N/cm
2
.
+ng lt kh p lc th 40 N/cm
2
.
Kim tra trong thi gian 2 3 pht nu khng c hin tng g th t yu cu.






134. CNCTPT



Chng VII
CNG NGH CH TO VNG GNG NG C
T TRONG
7.1. C IM, KT CU CA VNG GNG
7.1.1. c im, kt cu ca vng gng
Vng gng ca ng c t trong c cng dng ngn khng cho kh chy lt
xung cacte v khng cho du nhn chy ln bung chy ca ng c. Ngoi ra vng
gng cn c tc dng truyn nhit t piston n thnh xy lanh. Do c cng dng nh
vy, vng gng phi p st vo thnh xy lanh vi mt p lc nht nh v c kh
nng dn nhit cao. m bo vng gng lun p st vo thnh xy lanh trong qu
trnh lm vic v trong iu kin xy lanh b mi mn, vng gng phi c kh nng
n hi cao.













Hnh 7.1.
Vng gng ng c t.
a) Vng gng hi; b) Vng gng du.
Vng gng trng thi t do (cha lp vo xy lanh) c hnh dng phc tp,
kch thc mt ngoi ca vng gng ln hn kch thc ng knh xy lanh. Nh

Cnct pt . 135
khe h ming vng gng nn vng gng c kh nng lp c vo xy lanh v to
nn lc n hi lm cho mt tip xc ca vng gng v xy lanh lun kn kht.
phng b kt ca vng gng trong qu trnh lm vic do tc dng nhit, khe
h ming ca vng gng phi m bo khe h ti thiu 0,2 0,3mm v ti
a 0,5 0,6mm.
Ph thuc vo cng dng khi lm vic, vng gng lp rp trn piston gm 2
loi: vng gng hi v vng gng du (hnh 7.1).
Khi ng c lm vic, kh chy t xy lanh c th lt xung cac-te theo cc
ng:
- Gia mt ngoi ca vng gng v thnh xy lanh.
- Gia 2 mt bn ca vng gng v thnh rnh trn piston.
- Khe h ming vng gng.
Kinh nghim s dng v thc nghim cho thy lng kh lt qua khe h ming
l khng ng k, do hin nay khe h ming ca vng gng ng c thng c
ct thng v khe h ming tng i ln.
Kt cu ca vng gng lin quan rt nhiu n cht lng v bn ca n.









Gc 0
o
30
o
60
o
90
o
120
o
150
o
180
o

P/P
0
1,05 1,05 1,14 0,90 0,45 0,67 2,86
Hnh 7.2. th p lc hng knh ca vng gng.
Thc nghim xc nh mn ca vng gng khng u theo chu vi ca n.
S mi mn ln nht xut hin khu vc khe h ming vng gng vi cung l 30
o

v mi pha ca ming. Nguyn nhn mn l do bin dao ng khu vc ming
tng i ln. ci thin cht lng bao kn ca vng gng v ko di tui th ca
vng gng, ngi ta s dng loi vng gng khng ng p, loi vng gng ny, p
lc hng knh ln thnh xy lanh khng u, ti khu vc c mc mi mn ln
nht s c p lc hng knh ln nht (hnh 7.2).
180
o
150
120
90
60
30
0
o
o
o
o
o
o o
150
o
120
90
o
o
60
30
o
P
P
o
: plc trungbnh
180
o
150
120
90
60
30
0
o
o
o
o
o
o o
150
o
120
90
o
o
60
30
o
P
P
o
: plc trungbnh

136. CNCTPT
p lc hng knh ca vng gng ln thnh xy lanh bin i t l lp phng
vi chiu dy hng knh ca n, do cn phi m bo chiu dy u ca vng
gng, dung sai theo chiu dy nm trong gii hn 0,1mm. ng knh ngoi ca
vng gng D v chiu dy t phi c mt gi tr thch hp, v n nh hng n thi
gian phc v ca vng gng. T s D/t cng nh th thi gian phc v cng cao. Hin
nay trong cc ng c t trong ta thng ly D/t = 20. tng s p st ca vng
gng vo thnh xy lanh mt ngoi vng gng gia cng c vt khong 0,01 0,02
theo chiu cao ca vng gng, khi lp rp mt vt cn s c lp hng ln trn.
7.1.2. Yu cu ca vng gng
Do c im kt cu v iu kin lm vic nn vng gng khi ch to phi m
bo cc yu cu sau y:
- C kh nng chu mi mn cao.
- m bo n hi v s phn b p lc hng knh theo th xc nh.
- Gi c kh nng n hi nhit cao.
- p st hon ton vo thnh xy lanh.
- Cc mt bn ca vng gng phi song song vi nhau tip xc tt vo
thnh rnh piston.
7.2. IU KIN K THUT CH TO VNG GNG
Khi ch to vng gng phi m bo cc iu kin sau:
- Vng gng phi m bo kh nng chu lc nhit cao. Khi lm vic
nhit 300
o
C 10
o
C trong thi gian 10h, kh nng chu lc khng c
gim qu 15%.
- Bin dng vnh cu khi bp ming vng gng khng qu 15% m ca
ming vng gng.
- Cc cung khu vc ming vng gng khng c lt sng. Tng cng cc
cung lt sng khng vt qu 45
O
.
- Cu trc kim loi ca vng gng l peclt xoocbit vi s phn b u ca
grafit nh ht, khng c c xmentt t do.
- cng ca vng gng 96 106HRB. Trn 1 vng gng cng chnh
lch khng qu 4 n v.
- Lc hng knh ca phi t tr s cho php. Tu theo ng knh ngoi,
chiu dy, chiu cao ca vng gng m quy nh lc hng knh cho php.
V d vng gng t ti loi trung bnh P: 5 7kG; ca my i P: 11
16kG (P l lc hng knh).
- chnh xc gia cng cho php:
+Dung sai theo chiu cao vng gng khng qu 0,01 0,012mm.
+ Dung sai ng knh 0,1 0,12mm.
+Dung sai khe h ming trng thi lp ghp 0,1mm.

Cnct pt . 137
- song song 2 mt bn vng gng v vnh ca vng gng khng c
vt qu tr s cho php c quy nh theo chiu cao ca vng gng.
- bng hai mt bn V9 (R
a
=0,32)
- bng mt ngoi V5 (R
z
=20)
- bng mt trong V4 (R
z
=40)
i vi vng gng m crm, mt ngoi phi c r bng.
7.3. VT LIU V PHI
7.3.1. Vt liu ch to vng gng
Do c im lm vic ca vng gng nn vt liu ch to phi c cc tnh nng
c l nh sau:
- Chu mn tt.
- H s ma st nh i vi xy lanh.
- Sc bn v n hi tt, n nh trong mi trng nhit cao.
- C kh nng r kht vi mt xy lanh nhanh chng.
Ngy nay, hu ht cc nc u dng gang hp kim ch to vng gng.
Gang ny c t chc Peclit nh mn, trn nn peclit c grafit t do phn b u vi
lng khng nhiu.
Gang hp kim c dng nhiu v n c nhng u im c bn m cc loi vt
liu khc khng c: nu b co xc th vt xc s nhanh chng mt i trong qu
trnh lm vic, trong gang c grafit nn to kh nng bi trn tt, gim c h s
ma st; t nhy cm vi ng sut tp trung ti cc vng c vt xc.
Ngoi gang ra, nhiu nc cn dng cc loi vt liu mi nh gm, cht do,
grafit ch to vng gng (c bit l loi hp kim gm). Mt s ng c c
cng sut ln v ng c 2 k cn dng vt liu thp ch to vng gng. Thp c
bn ln nhng nhit cao, bi trn km th kh nng n hi v tnh chu mn
ca thp b gim, mt xy lanh cng b mn nhanh. V vy khi dng vng gng thp
th xy lanh phi thm Nit.
Do c im nh vy nn t khi dng thp lm vng gng hi. tng kh
nng bi trn v gt du ca vng gng du, ngi ta dng vt liu thp ch to
vng gng du t hp i vi cc ng c cao tc.
Gang ch to vng gng c pha thm cc nguyn t hp kim theo t l nht
nh ci thin tnh c l ca gang.
+Si : cho vo gang lm gim C trong Fe v gy ra thot grafit t do.
+Mn : to thnh Mn
3
C lm tng tnh chu mn, gim s to thnh grafit
gang c ht mn, tng bn. Mnggan cn trung ho lu hunh.
+ P : lm tng tnh chy long ca gang, nhng P nhiu s lm gang b dn.
+Mo : lm ht mn
+Ni, Cr : nng cao tnh chng n mn, do, chu mi mn, chu va p
v chu nhit.

138. CNCTPT
+Cu : lm cho ht mn, ci thin c iu kin gia cng c kh, tng chu
mi mn.
Trong qu trnh s dng, vng gng b mn nhanh do nhiu nguyn nhn,
nhng nguyn nhn chnh vn do cht lng vt liu ch to cha tt. Tu theo yu
cu k thut ca vng gng v phng php ch to phi (c ly tm hay c tng
chic) m chn t l thnh phn ho hc ca gang cho ph hp.
Thnh phn ho hc ca gang hp kim lm vng gng c gii thiu trong
bng sau y:
Thnh phn ho hc ca gang ch to vng gng (tnh theo %) bng tr. 140.
7.3.2. Ch to phi vng gng
Ch to phi vng gng ph thuc vo kt cu ca vng gng, trang b cng
ngh, dng sn xut
- Trong sn xut hng lot ln, thng dng phng php c tng chic.
Vng gng c c thnh tng chic nh hnh (hnh dng nh trng thi
t do) hoc c khi c theo dng trn.
Phi c theo phng php ny c lng d gia cng tng i nh:
+ Lng d chiu cao 0,3 0,5 theo mi pha.
+ Lng d mt ngoi 0,8 0,9 theo mi pha.
+ Lng d mt trong 0,25 0,5 theo mi pha.
Phi c tng chic c u im: cu trc kim loi ng u. i vi phi c
nh hnh th khi gia cng c kh khng phi qua bc nhit nh hnh nn gim c
ph phm, tnh n hi ca vng gng cao, m bo c th p lc hng knh,
p sut vng ming ln hn p sut trung bnh khong 2,83 ln.
- Trong sn xut lot nh v n chic thng ch to phi bng phng php
c ly tm. u, nhc im ca phng php ny c phn tch trong
phn ch to ng lt xy lanh.

Cnct pt . 135
Bng thnh phn ho hc ca gang ch to vng gng
.
Loi vng gng C Si Mn P S Cr Ni Mo
W
hoc Ti
Vng gng Nga
C 24 44
C 28 48

3 3,3
3,53,7

1,62,0
1,51,9

0,81,0
0,50,8

0,30,5
0,30,5

0,1
0,1

0,6
0,6

0,4
0,51,0


0,30,6

0,2Ti

M 2,853,1 1,752,25 0,60,9 0,250,45 0,1 0,50,85 0,30,5 0,080,15
Cng ho Sec 3,53,9 2,13,7 0,40,8 0,12
Php 3,43,6 2,83,0 0,90,8 0,4 2,02,5
Vit Nam (phi
c ng ly tm)
3,23,4 2,22,4 0,60,8 0,20,6 <0,1 0,20,5
1
3
9
.
CNCTPT


140. CNCTPT
7.4. PHNG PHP CH TO VNG GNG BNG GANG
Do yu cu v c im v kt cu v yu cu k thut cao ca vng gng nn
cn thit phi ng dng cc quy trnh cng ngh c bit ch to n.
Thc t c 3 phng php gia cng:
- Phng php khng chp hnh.
- Phng php chp hnh.
- Phng php nhit nh hnh.

Mt ct AA - BB



















Hnh 7.2. Khun c vng gng
phi chic.
7.4.1. Phng php khng chp hnh
B

Cnct pt . 141
Phi c c tng chic theo hnh dng vng gng trng thi t do (dng
van, khe h ming c c kn) c lng d gia cng.
Sau khi gia cng 2 mt bn, s ct ming (theo yu cu ca tng loi vng
gng trng thi t do).
Vng gng sau khi ct b phn khe h ming s dng g bp trn li gia
cng trn mt ngoi v trong.
Hnh dng vng gng trng thi t do khng c sai lch nu nh khng c
cc sai s khc gy nn (sai s ca phi c).
7.4.2. Phng php chp hnh
Phi c theo tng chic dng vng gng trong trng thi t do, c lng
d gia cng.
Sau khi gia cng 2 mt bn, vng gng s c gia cng chp hnh to dng
van mt ngoi. Sau mi ct khe h ming (theo tng loi vng gng) v tin mt
trong.
Phng php ny c u im to ng hnh dng vng gng trng thi t do
chnh xc, do m bo chnh xc th p lc hng knh ca vng gng.
7.4.3. Phng php nhit nh hnh
Phi c ng ly tm c tin s b, bn tinh mt trong, mt ngoi v tin ct
t phi thnh tng vng trn, c lng d gia cng 2 mt bn.
Cc vng gng c phay ming (khong 1mm) v thc hin nhit luyn nh
hnh.
Vng gng c tch rng ming bng mt g, khe h tch ming ph
thuc vo tng loi vng gng. Cng thc thc nghim xc nh khe h ming nh
sau:
( ) cm 1
h
D
b . E
P 14 , 14
3
|
.
|

\
|
= o
Trong :
D : ng knh ngoi ca vng gng (cm);
h : Chiu cao vng gng (cm);
b : Chiu dy vng gng (cm);
E: Moun n hi ca vt liu (E = 1,2 . 10
6
KG/cm
2
;
P : Lc hng knh ca vng gng.
Ch ram nh hnh nh sau:
- Nhit vo l: 350 400
o
C
- Tc nung V
n
=100 120
o
C/h
- Thi gian gi nhit 1h nhit nung 560 580
o
C. Sau lm ngui
ngoi khng kh.
Sau khi nhit nh hnh thc hin tip cc bc gia cng c kh tip theo.

142. CNCTPT
7.5. QUY TRNH CNG NGH CH TO VNG GNG
Tu theo dng sn xut v phng php to phi m la chn phng n cng
ngh gia cng c kh ph hp. Nu sn xut khi lng ln ngi ta ch to theo
phng php khng chp hnh hoc phng php chp hnh v s dng cc thit b
chuyn dng c nng sut cao.
Nu sn xut lot nh, dng phi c ng ly tm v thc hin gia cng theo
phng php nhit nh hnh. Phng php ny khng i hi cc thit b c mc
chuyn dng cao nhng cht lng gia cng khng cao v km n nh.
Sau y xin gii thiu 1 quy trnh cng ngh ch to vng gng dng phi ng,
khi p dng cho tng loi c th, c cc kt cu khc nhau th tu theo iu kin ch
to c th thay i mt s nguyn cng cho ph hp.
Quy trnh cng ngh ch to vng gng theo phng php nhit nh hnh.
Phi sau khi c kh ni lc c thc hin cc bc gia cng nh sau:
1. Tin ph mt ngoi v mt trong
2. Nhit luyn t cng 96 108HRB
3. Tin bn tinh mt ngoi v trong
4. Tin ct vng v xn mt mt
5. Phay t ming
6. Ram nh hnh
7. Mi bn tinh 2 mt bn
8. Mi tinh 2 mt bn
9. Sa ming vng gng
10. Tin tinh ng knh ngoi v rnh du (i vi vng gng du)
11. Tin tinh l
12. Sn cnh v vt mp l (nu c)
13. Phay rnh thot du (vng gng du)
14. Sa tinh ming vng gng
15. Tng kim tra
16. Bao gi.
i vi phi c ng ly tm, phi m bo lng d gia cng t nht khng
b lp kim loi tt mt ngoi, do vic gia cng mt ngoi ng trc l hp l
hn, phn lch tm gia mt ngoi v trong s c b i khi gia cng l. iu ny
ngc li vi gia cng ng lt xy lanh, v ng lt xy lanh mt trong l b mt lm
vic ca n.
Gia cng vng gng theo phng php nhit nh hnh c u im c bn l c
th s dng cc thit b vn nng, ph hp vi dng sn xut n chic v lot nh.
Tuy nhin phng php ny c nhc im c bn: cht lng ca vng gng ch
to khng cao v khng n nh. Nguyn nhn ch yu ca nhc im ny do
nguyn nhn nhit nh hnh gy nn.

Cnct pt . 143
Trong sn xut lot nh hin nay, c th thay th nguyn cng nhit nh hnh
bng cch gia cng chp hnh dng vng gng trng thi t do bng cch tin chp
hnh phi ng trn my tin vn nng c thit k b g chp hnh c kh. Bng cng
ngh ny c th m bo c cht lng v n nh v cht lng ca vng
gng ch to theo dng phi ng c ly tm.
7.6. CC BIN PHP THC HIN CC NGUYN CNG
7.6.1. kh ni lc
Phi c ly tm cn phi tin hnh v qu trnh b lm ngui nhanh mt ngoi
d b bin trng, ni lc trong phi ln do phi kh ng sut v ci to lp bin
trng, n nh kt cu ca vt liu.
Quy trnh thc hin nh sau: (xem hnh 7.4).

T
o
c



930
850

650700 ngoi
khng kh

O 1h 30pht t


Hnh 7.4. Ch phi.

- Cho phi vo l nhit 650 700
o
C.
- Nung n 850
o
C vi tc nung 100
o
C120
o
C/h, gi nhit trong 1h.
- Nung tip n 930
o
C v gi nhit trong na gi.
- Ly phi ra v lm ngui ngoi khng kh.
Sau khi : vng gng c cng 200240HB v c t chc kim tng: lng
xmngtt c phn ho ht; Graft dng phin phn b tng i u; nn c bn
l pherits.
Perit +grafit hoc Xoocbt + grafit
7.6.2. Ti v ram ng vng gng
Sau khi tin ph mt ngoi v mt trong ng, tin hnh ti ng theo qui trnh
sau (hnh 7.5).
T
o
c
920950

144. CNCTPT


ngoi khng kh




2h t
Hnh 7.5. Ch ti ng phi.
- Cho phi vo l nhit 650700
o
C.
- Nung n 820840
o
C vi tc nung 100
o
120
o
C/h v gi nhit trong 2h.
- Tip tc nung 920950
o
C vi tc 140170
o
C/h; Sau ngui ngoi
khng kh.
Phi sau khi ti c cng 350450HB.
Kt cu nn c bn l Mactenxit +Trutstit +Grafit v mt phn Ostnit d;
hoc Mactenxit + Trutstit + Xoocbit + Grafit v mt phn Ostennit d.
Sau khi ti s tin hnh ram theo quy trnh sau (hnh 128).
- Cho phi vo l nhit 350
o
C 400
o
C.
- Nung n nhit 550
o
C 600
o
C vi tc nung 100
o
C 120
o
h.
- Gi nhit 600
o
C trong 1h.
- Lm ngui ngoi khng kh.
Sau khi ram, nhn c t chc Peclt tm + Trutstit hoc Peclt + Xoocbt +
Plurit < 50% v Ostenit d.
Sau ram t 104HRB.
T
o
c


580600

350400
ngoi
khng kh

O 1h t
Hnh 7.6. Ch ram ng phi.
7.6.3. Gia cng mt ngoi v trong ca
vng gng
1. GIA CNG MT NGOI V TRONG
CA VNG GNG PHI CHIC SAU
KHI C
82084
65070

Cnct pt . 145
Mt ngoi v trong ca vng gng dng phi chic c mi sch trn cc my
mi v tm c bit, y l nguyn cng u tin trong quy trnh ch to vng gng
dng phi chic. Trn my ny c th mi ng thi 10 15 phi mt ln g. Hnh
7.7 gii thiu s gia cng ny. Vng gng c gia cng c dn hng v
trn cc con ln cao su.
2. GIA CNG MT NGOI V TRONG CA VNG GNG DNG PHI NG
Thc hin tin mt ngoi v trong ca phi
ng vng gng trn my tin vn nng hoc my
tin chuyn dng. Qa trnh gia cng mt ngoi v
trong c thc hin qua 2 giai on: tin th v
tin tinh. Giai on tin tinh c thc hin sau
khi nhit luyn nhm t cng yu cu ca
vt liu (xem quy trnh ch to vng gng dng phi ng).
3. GIA CNG MT NGOI V TRONG CA VNG GNG DNG PHI
CHIC V VNG GNG DNG PHI NG SAU KHI NHT NH
HNH
Gia cng mt ngoi vng gng bng phng php chp hnh l to mt
ngoi ca vng gng c hnh dng tng ng vi l thuyt trng thi t
do, bng cch chp li hnh mu ca vng gng trng thi t do l hnh
van - vng gng c nh v trn mt trc g, tin hnh gia cng trn
my tin c b g chp hnh, s hnh 7.8.


1.Cam mu;
2. Con ln chp hnh;
3. Dao tin;
4. Trc g;
5. Phi.

Hnh 7.8. g tin chp hnh mt ngoi
vng gng.

Gia cng mt ngoi ca vng gng bng phng php tin trn mt ngoi.
Trng hp ny p dng cho quy trnh cng ngh ch to vng gng dng phi
chic theo phng php khng chp hnh hoc phng php nhit nh hnh.
tin hnh tin trn mt ngoi ca vng gng, ngi ta a vng gng vo
g bp ming li sau s a vo trc g v xit cht li bng c cu ren vt.
Hnh 7.9 gii thiu g bp vng gng trn trc g v trc g g vng gng
a ln my tin gia cng mt ngoi.
Hnh 7.7. S mi
l msch mt t r ong
v ngoi vng gng

146. CNCTPT










a)

Hnh 7.9a. g bp ming vng gng;








b)


Hnh 7.9b. g tin ngoi vng gng.
Gia cng mt trong vng gng
Vng gng sau khi c gia cng mt ngoi s tin hnh gia cng mt trong.
m bo chiu dy ng u ca vng gng, khi gia cng mt trong, ngi ta
dng mt tr ngoi ca vng gng lm chun nh v. Vng gng c g trn mt ng
g v dng dao tin gia cng mt tr
trong, hnh 7.10.

1. Mm g;

Cnct pt . 147
2. ng g;
3. Vng gng gia cng.


Hnh 7.10. g gia cng mt trong vng gng.
7.6.4. Gia cng cc rnh v ca thot du
Cng vic gia cng rnh v ca thot du c thc hin trn vng gng du.
- Ct rnh du c thc hin bng phng php tin trn my tin dng 1
dao tin rnh hoc nhiu dao tin rnh cng mt lc. Vng gng c g
trn trc g ging nh tin mt ngoi.
Nu cc rnh c chiu rng nh c th dng mt b dao phay a mng
phay trn my phay ren.
- Gia cng cc ca thot du thc hin trn my phay chuyn dng hoc my
phay vn nng nh mt b dao phay mng.
Gia cng cc rnh tip theo c thc hin bng phng php phn .
Hnh 7.11 gii thiu kt cu g phay ca thot du ca vng gng du.
Hnh 7.11. g phay ca thot du.
7.6.5. Phay ct ming vng gng
Nguyn cng phay ct ming vng gng c thc hin cc trng hp gia
cng sau y:
- Phng php chp hnh: phay ct ming sau khi tin chp hnh mt ngoi.
- Phng php khng chp hnh: phay ct ming trc khi tin mt ngoi v
trong.
3

148. CNCTPT
- Phng php nhit nh hnh: phay ct ming trc khi ram nh hnh.
Sau y gii thiu mt s g phay ming vng gng.
Hnh 7.12 l s phay ming ca vng gng trn my phay c trc nm
ngang. Trng hp ny s dng i vi cc vng gng dng phi chic c theo
dng van (vng gng trng thi t do). Vic nh v chnh xc ni cn ct ming
theo vng trn ngoi ca phi (v tr cn ct ming nm trn ng tm trc nh ca
hnh van).
Hnh 7.13 l s g khi phay ming vng gng trn my phay ngang bng 2
dao phay a mng (1mm) dng trong trng hp phi dng van hoc dng 1 dao
phay a mng trong trng hp phi tit din trn.
Hnh 7.12. g phay ming vng gng dng phi van.
7.6.6. Gia cng 2 mt bn vng gng
Cc mt bn ca vng gng c yu cu cao v bng v chnh xc (
song song ca 2 bn
mt). Cc mt bn ca
vng gng c gia
cng qua nhiu giai
on: mi s b, mi bn
tinh, mi tinh.









Cnct pt . 149











Hnh 7.13. g phay ming vng gng
dng van hoc tit din trn.
- Trong sn xut n chic v lot nh, do iu kin sn xut c th mi trn
my mi phng c bn g t tnh g lp vng gng. Qu trnh mi c
tin hnh ln lt tng b mt bn ca vng gng. Phng php ny nng
sut khng cao, ng thi song song ca 2 mt bn khng t yu cu
cao; ch t cp 2 3 TCVN; vng gng b nhim t.
- Trong sn xut lot ln v hng khi dng my mi xoa 2 mi trn
dy truyn cp phi t ng. Qu trnh mi c thc hin qua 2 n 3
nguyn cng:
+ Mi s b: thc hin 2 bc vi lng d gia cng: 0,1 0,2mm mi bn.
+Mi bn tinh: thc hin 2 bc vi lng d 0,07 0,12mm mi bn.
+Mi tinh: thc hin 2 bc vi lng d 0,03 0,05mm mi bn.

150. CNCTPT

















Hnh 7.14. S mi s b 2 mt bn ca vng gng.
1. mi; 2. Phi g trong ng cha; 3. Con ln;
4. C cu y phi; 5. Thc dn hng.
trnh bin dng nhit khi mi, thng p dng phng php mi gin on:
sau khi mi th, vng gng c ngm trong du vi thi gian 4h sau mi tip tc
gia cng cc bc sau. Mi 2 mt bn trn loi my mi ny c cc u im: t
chnh xc cao, sai lch kch thc chiu cao vng gng khng qu 0,012mm;
bng 2 b mt V8 V9.
Sau y gii thiu nguyn l lm vic ca cc loi my mi nu trn.
Hnh 7.14 l s my mi mt phng trc ng i nh mi th.
My mi gm 2 quay ngc chiu nhau. Vng gng c di chuyn qua khe
h gia 2 mi nh c cu cp phi t ng. Vng gng c di chuyn qua 2
mi nh mt c cu dn hng.

Cnct pt . 151
Hnh 7.15 l s my mi phng c 2 mi trc ng lp lch tm vi
nhau. Vng gng c di chuyn qua khe h ca 2 mi nh c cu cp phi t
ng v thc dn hng. Do 2 mi c chiu quay ngc nhau v do trc quay
ca chng lch tm nhau nn vng gng gia cng khi di chuyn qua khe h ca 2
mi cn c chuyn ng quay quanh tm ca n, chuyn ng lun i chiu ph
thuc vo tc tip tuyn ca chng ti cc im tip xc vi mi. Do c
chuyn ng ny bng b mt ca vng gng t c kh cao.
Hnh 7.15. S mi tinh hai mt bn vng gng.
1. Phi trong cha phi;
2. C cu y phi; 3. mi; 4. Thc dn hng.
7.6.7. Kim tra vng gng
Vng gng c kim ra cht lng bao gm cc ni dung sau:
- Kim tra cc kch thc vng gng.
- Kim tra song song ca hai mt bn.
- Kim tra vnh hai mt bn. vnh ca vng gng c kim tra bng
mt dng kim. Dng kim gm 2 tm phng, khe h gia 2 tm phng A
=h
max
+(0,04 0,05). Trong h
max
l chiu cao gii hn ln nht ca
vng gng.
cao ca 2 tm phng khng c nh hn mt na ng knh vng gng
cn kim tra. vnh ca vng gng nm trong sai lch cho php khi vng gng lt
c d dng qua khe h kim tra di tc dng ca trng lng bn thn.
- Kim tra khe h lt sng ca vng gng.

152. CNCTPT
- Kim tra lc hng knh ca vng gng.
- Kim tra bng b mt.
Sau y, gii thiu mt s g dng kim tra cc thng s k thut ca
vng gng.
Hnh 7.16 l thit b kim tra chiu dy hng knh ca vng gng.




a)







b)
Hnh 7.16. g kim tra chiu dy
ca vng gng.
a) Kim tra bng tay; b) Kim tra
bng truyn ng c kh.

.

Hnh 7.19. S kim tra lt sng ca vng gng.
a)
b)

Cnct pt . 153
1. Vng gng kim tra; 2. Vng calp.





CNCTPT.139

(tch hnh trn thnh 2 hnh)




Hnh 7.20. S kim tra lc n hi ca vng gng.
a) Bng dy ai; b) Bng lc trc tip Q.










154. CNCTPT



Chng VIII
CNG NGH CH TO BNH RNG
8.1. C IM CU TO CA BNH RNG
8.1.1. Phn loi bnh rng
+ Bnh rng c phn lm 3 loi theo c im ca dng rng:
- Bnh rng tr rng thng v rng nghing.
- Bnh rng cn rng thng v rng xon.
- Bnh vt.
+ Theo c tnh cng ngh bnh rng c phn loi nh sau:
- Bnh rng tr v bnh rng cn c moay, khng c moay l trn v l c
then hoa.
- Bnh rng lin khi l trn v l c then hoa.
- Bnh rng tr, rng cn v bnh vt dng a.
- Bnh rng lin trc (rng tr, rng cn).
8.1.2. Tnh cng ngh trong kt cu bnh rng
Bnh rng cng nh cc chi tit khc, kt cu ca chng nh hng trc tip
n cht lng v nng sut gia cng. V vy khi thit k cn ch n cc c im
kt cu nh sau:
- Hnh dng l n gin.
- Mt ngoi n gin, bnh rng c tnh cng ngh cao khi mt ngoi phng,
khng c moay, hoc moay ch mt pha c kh nng g c nhiu
chi tit mt lc khi ct rng.
- dy khng bin dng khi nhit luyn.
- Cc rnh trn chi tit phi thun tin cho vic thot dao.
- Kt cu thun li c th thc hin gia cng nhiu dao.
- Cc khi bnh rng nn thit k cng mun.
8.1.3. chnh xc ca bnh rng
chnh xc ca c nh gi theo TCVN.
Theo TCVN c 12 cp chnh xc, k hiu theo th t 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10,
11, 12. Trong cp 1 chnh xc cao nht, cp 12 cp chnh xc thp nht. Trong
thc t ch dng cc cp chnh 3 n cp chnh xc 11.
mi cp chnh xc c cc ch tiu nh gi chnh xc ca bnh rng.
a) chnh xc truyn ng:

Cnct pt . 155
nh gi bng sai s gc quay sau mt vng. Ngoi ra chnh xc truyn
ng cn c nh gi bng sai s bc vng v sai lch khong php tuyn chung.
b) n nh khi lm vic:
n nh khi lm vic nh hng trc tip n n khi lm vic v tui th
ca bnh rng. n nh khi lm vic c nh gi bng sai s chu k (l gi tr
trung bnh ca sai s truyn ng bng t s gia sai lch ln nht v s rng ca
bnh rng).
n nh khi lm vic cn c nh gi bng sai lch bc c s.
c) chnh xc tip xc:
nh gi bng vt tip xc ca rng theo chiu di, chiu cao v biu th bng
%.
d) chnh xc khe h cnh rng:
Quy nh 4 ch tiu khe h cnh rng: khe h bng 0; khe h nh, khe h trung
bnh v khe h ln.
Khong cch tm gia 2 bnh rng cng ln th khe h cnh rng cng ln.
8.2. VT LIU V PHI CA BNH RNG
8.2.1. Vt liu
Chn vt liu cho bnh rng ph thuc vo iu kin lm vic ca chng. Cc
bnh rng truyn lc thng c ch to bng loi thp hp kim Crm (15X,
15XA; 20XA, 40X, 45X), thp Crm Niken (40XH), thp Crm Molip en,
Crm Mng gan (35XMA, 18XIT).
Cc bnh rng chu ti trng trung bnh v nh c ch to t thp Ccbon
nh thp 45 hoc gang. i vi cc bnh rng lm vic khng to ra ting n c
ch to t vt liu phi kim loi.
8.2.2. Phi ca bnh rng
Trong sn xut ln, phi c ch to t phng php rn dp, cn trong sn
xut nh v n chic dng phi thanh.
i vi cc bnh rng bng gang hoc bng thp (vi kch thc ln) th dng
phng php c ch to phi.
8.2.3. Gia cng nhit luyn bnh rng
Do yu cu lm vic, rng phi c cng v bn cn thit, khng cho php
c cc vt nt, vt chy, c tnh n nh v bin dng nhit nh. Do phi c ch
nhit luyn thch hp.
- Cc thp c hm lng cacbon thp: sau khi ct rng phi thm cacbon.
- Cc bnh rng c yu cu chu mn cao: tin hnh thm Nit.
- Phi bnh rng trc khi ct gt cn c thng ho hoc ti ci thin
tng c tnh ct gt. cng cn t l 220280 HB.

156. CNCTPT
- Sau khi ct rng phi ti cng b mt rng. Cc bnh rng c mun nh c
th dng phng php ti th tch; cn cc bnh rng mun ln dng
phng php ti cao tn.
8.3. IU KIN K THUT CH TO BNH RNG
Ngoi nhng yu cu v chnh xc ca rng khi ct rng, quy trnh cng
ngh ch to bnh rng cn cn m bo cc yu cu k thut sau y:
- khng ng tm gia l v vng trn khi xut khng qu 0,050,1mm.
- khng vung gc gia mt u v ng tm l khng vt qu
0,010,015mm trn 100mm ng knh.
- L bnh rng hoc c trc ca bnh rng lin trc phi t cp chnh xc 2.
- nhm cc b mt l hoc c trc ca bnh rng lin trc t R
a
: 1,25
0,63 (V7V8).
- Cc b mt khc t cp chnh xc 3, 4, 5; nhm R
a
: 102,5 hoc R
z
:
4010 (V4V6).
- cng b mt rng sau nhit luyn: 5560HR
c
, chiu su thm cacbon
(nu c) l 12mm.
- cng cc b mt khc 180280HB.
8.4. QUY TRNH CNG NGH CH TO BNH RNG
8.4.1. Chun nh v khi gia cng
Tu theo kt cu, sn lng v chnh xc cn thit m chn chun nh v
thch hp.
- Cc bnh rng c l: Dng chun tinh thng nht l mt l ca bnh rng v
mt u ca l. m bo vung gc gia tm l v mt u, phi gia
cng 2 b mt ny mt ln g.
Khi ct rng dng 2 mt chun ny ct rng. Sau khi nhit luyn rng nu
cn mi tinh li mt l phi dng vng trn ln ca rng nh v.
to chun nh v ny, nguyn cng u tin dng mt tr ngoi v 1 mt
u lm chun th.
- i vi cc bnh rng lin trc, vic gia cng nh mt chi tit dng trc, do
chun nh v c th l cc c trc, mt u vai trc hoc 2 l chng tm.
8.4.2. Quy trnh cng ngh trc khi ct rng
Quy trnh cng ngh gia cng phi trc khi ct rng bao gm cc nguyn
cng sau:
1. CC BNH RNG RI TRC (lp rp trn trc):
- Gia cng th l v mt u.
- Gia cng th mt ngoi.
- Gia cng tinh l.
- Gia cng tinh mt ngoi.

Cnct pt . 157
Ngoi ra cn thm cc nguyn cng khc ph thuc vo cc kt cu c th ca
bnh rng nh: khoan l, xc then, gia cng ren v.v
2. CC BNH RNG LIN TRC
Cc bnh rng lin trc c thc hin hon ton ging nh mt chi tit trc,
nguyn cng ct rng s c thc hin sau khi tin b mt tr cn ct rng.
8.5.CC PHNG PHP GIA CNG RNG CA BNH RNG RNG TR
Bnh rng cn c bn v tui th cao trong qu trnh lm vic khng gy
ting n v c hiu sut cao; do cn phi c cc phng php ct rng thch hp
m bo yu cu lm vic ca bnh rng.
V nguyn l ct rng c 2 phng php:
8.5.1. Phng php nh hnh
1. PHAY RNG NH HNH












Hnh 8.2.
S phay rng v
cc dng c phay rng bng dao phay mun.
Thc hin bng dao phay nh hnh c profil ph hp vi prfil ca rnh rng.
C th s dng dao phay ngn hoc dao phay a mun (hnh 141).
Sau khi phay xong mt rnh rng, phi c quay i mt gc
Z
360
o
= o (Z l
s rng bnh rng c gia cng) phay rnh rng tip theo.
Khi phay bnh rng rng tr rng xon, bn g phi c iu chnh xoay i 1
gc ph hp vi gc nghing ca rng. to c rng xon cn thc hin ng
thi chuyn ng dc v chuyn ng quay ca phi ng thi nh c cu phn .
Phng php ny cn sn xut bnh rng dng ch V.
Phng php gia cng ny p dng cho sn xut nh, chnh xc ca bnh
rng khng yu cu cao. Phng php ny cn c p dng khi gia cng cc bnh
rng c ng knh ln v mun ln hoc dng gia cng th cc bnh rng c
mun ln trc khi ct tinh cc bnh rng c chnh xc cao.
c im ca phng php gia cng nh hnh l c sai s ln v bc rng v
profil rng. V l thuyt c dng rng chnh xc ng vi mt mun v mt s

158. CNCTPT
rng nht nh ca bnh rng cn phi ch to tng ng tng dng c ring; nh
vy s khng kinh t v s dng c ct rt nhiu. m bo kinh t, dao nh hnh
c ch to theo b gm 8, 15 hoc 26 dao 1 b vi cng mun v gc n khp.
Mi dao dng ct mt s bnh rng c s rng trong phm vi nht nh. V d
b dao c 8 dao s c phn chia nh sau:
Dao s 1 ct rng c s rng 1213
Dao s 2 ct rng c s rng 1416
Dao s 3 ct rng c s rng 1720
Dao s 4 ct rng c s rng 2125
Dao s 5 ct rng c s rng 2634
Dao s 6 ct rng c s rng 3554
Dao s 7 ct rng c s rng 55134
Dao s 8 ct rng c s rng >134.
V vy bnh rng c gia cng theo phng php ny ch t cp chnh xc
rng 7 8 v dng cc b truyn ng thp, tc khng ln hn 5m/sec.
- Chut rng nh hnh: L phng php gia cng c chnh xc v nng
sut cao hn dao phay. c p dng trong sn xut hng lot v hng khi
i vi cc bnh rng c mun ln v cho cc bnh rng khng gia cng
nhit luyn.
2. XC NH HNH
Xc nh hnh l phng php ct rng bng dao xc nh hnh trn my xc,
phng php ny nng sut thp v p dng cho cc rng n khp trong. Nguyn l
ct rng ging nh phay nh hnh.
8.5.2. Ct rng theo nguyn l bao hnh
Phng php ny thc hin theo nguyn l n khp ca 2 bnh rng, trong
mt l dng c ct, mt l bnh rng gia cng. Khi thc hin ct gt, dng c ct
c ln tng i trn vnh ca bnh rng gia cng v khi cc li ct ca dng
c dn dn chim cc v tr trn bnh rng m ng bao ca chng l profil thn
khai ca bnh rng gia cng (hnh 8.2).









Cnct pt . 159
Hnh 8.2. S ct to rng ca nguyn l ct rng bao hnh.
C nhiu phng php ct rng theo nguyn l bao hnh.
1. PHAY LN RNG
L phng php ph bin nht, c nng sut cao v chnh xc cao. Dng c
l dao phay ln, c dng trc vt thn khai m profil mt php tuyn l dng thanh
rng. Vi loi dao ny c th gia cng c rng ca bnh rng v bnh vt.
Phay ln rng c thc hin trn my phay rng chuyn dng, trn dao v
bnh rng gia cng thc hin s n khp ca b truyn trc vt vi t s:

d
ct
ct
d
ct
d
Z
Z
n
n
= =
e
e

Trong :
e
d
; n
d
; Z
d
: l tc gc, s vng quay v s u mi ca dao.
e
ct
; n
ct
; Z
ct
: l tc gc, s vng quay v s rng ca bnh rng
gia cng.
S ct c th hin trn hnh 143.





Hnh 8.3. S ct rng bng dao
phay trc vt (dao phay ln).
a) Ct rng tip tuyn; b) Ct rng hng knh.
Khi phay bnh rng rng thng, trc ca dao phay phi t nghing so vi tr
ca vt gia cng ng bng gc nng ca ng xon vt trn trc chia ca dao. Dao
phay c g theo hng nghing phi hoc tri tu theo hng nghing ca rng.
Khi phay rng nghing, phi g trc dao hp vi mt u ca phi mt gc sao
cho tho mn (hnh 8.4):
e =|
o

d

Trong :
e : gc g ca trc dao so vi mt u phi.
|
o
: Gc nghing trn vng chia ca bnh rng gia cng.

d
: Gc
nng vng chia ca dao.


b)
)
s

160. CNCTPT





Hnh 8.4. S ct rng bng dao phay trc vt.
Trong cng thc ny du () dng khi dao v phi cng chiu nghing; du (+)
khi dao v phi ngc chiu nghing.
2. XC RNG BAO HNH
Xc rng bao hnh c th thc hin bng dao xc dng bnh rng hoc dao xc
dng thanh rng trn my xc dng thanh rng trn my xc bao hnh. S xc
rng bng dao xc dng bnh rng c th hin hnh 8.5.














Hnh 8.5. S ct rng bng dao xc dng bnh rng.
Xc rng bao hnh da trn nguyn tc chuyn ng n khp gia dao v phi.
Dao xc v phi c quay cng bc quanh trc ca chng theo hng ngc nhau
(gia cng bnh rng n khp ngoi) hoc cng chiu (gia cng bnh rng n khp
trong) theo t s truyn:

ct
d
d
ct
Z
Z
n
n
=

Cnct pt . 161
Tc dch chuyn V ca dao t trn xung di l hnh trnh to phoi, tc
dch chuyn V t di ln trn l hnh trnh chy khng, hnh trnh chy khng,
vt gia cng c dch ra khi tm dao mt lng S
1
.
Khi gia cng rng xon, dao ct c chuyn ng xon do bc dn thc hin.
Phng php xc rng c th p dng ct c cc bnh rng dng bc m
khong cch gia cc bc nh, cc bnh rng n khp trong, bnh rng c dng rng
ch V.
Xc rng c chnh xc gia cng cao hn phay ln rng v ch to dao d
chnh xc hn dao phay ln rng.
Xc rng bao hnh bng thanh rng cng thc hin ct rng theo nguyn l n
khp rng gia phi v dng c ct l thanh rng ging nh s n khp gia mt
bnh rng vi mt thanh rng.
8.6. CT RNG BNH RNG NN (rng cn)
Gia cng bnh rng nn l mt cng vic kh trong sn xut. Bnh rng nn c
loi rng thng, rng nghing v rng xon. Ring loi rng xon li chia ra gm:
rng xon cung trn, rng xon thn khai, rng xon epixicloid.
8.6.1. Gia cng bnh rng cn thng
1. PHNG PHP NH HNH
a) Phay rng:
Bnh rng cn rng thng v rng nghing c phay bng dao phay nh hnh
vi phng php phn trn my phay vn nng. Xem hnh 8.6.








Hnh 146. S
ct rng cn rng thng bng phay nh hnh.
Bnh rng gia cng c g vo phn v nghing mt gc ph hp vi
gc cn chn rng o. Mi rnh rng c phay qua 3 bc:
- Bc 1: Phay phn lng d 1 ca rnh, chiu rng phn ny ln nht bng
chiu rng u nh ca rnh rng.
- Bc 2: Quay bnh rng i mt gc v mt pha v phay phn lng d 2
trn rnh rng.

162. CNCTPT
- Bc 3: Quay bnh rng i mt gc theo hng ngc li v phay phn
lng d 3 trn rnh rng.
Gc c xc nh:
tg =
L 2
b b
2 1

Trong :
b
1
: Chiu rng rnh rng pha u to, c o trn ct tuyn ca
cn chia (mm).
b
2
: Chiu rng rnh rng pha u nh, c o trn ct tuyn
ca cn chia (mm).
L : Chiu di rng (mm).
Phng php ny c s dng ch to cc bnh rng c mun ln v
khng yu cu chnh xc cao.
b) Bo rng theo dng
Rng ca bnh rng cn rng thng c c knh v mun ln c ch to
bng phng php bo theo dng. Trn bnh rng cn rng thng, kch thc ca
rng tng dn theo hng t nh, nn rng ca cc c bnh rng cn c s rng nh
nhau. Do dng tng ng mt thn khai ca mt bn rng s dng chung cho
cc bnh rng cn c tng s rng ging nhau.
Thc hin bo rng theo dng trn my bo rng cn chuyn dng.
Vt gia cng c g vo trc chnh ca thit b chia v khng di chuyn
trong qu trnh ct. Dao c g vo bn dao v chuyn ng tnh tin vi tc ct
V, qu o chuyn ng ca dao c dn hng theo dng.
2. PHNG PHP BAO HNH
Phng php bao hnh bnh rng cn ging nh nguyn l gia cng bao hnh
bnh rng tr, rng c to nn do s ln ca cn chia bnh rng theo mt phng
chia ca bnh dt sinh, bnh dt sinh l bnh cn tng tng vi gc nh ca cn
chia l 180
o
. Profil rng c to nn bng s ln tng i ca dng c v bnh
rng gia cng. Dng c l mt hoc 2 dao c li ct dng hnh thang. Dng c ct
dch chuyn tnh tin theo hng n nh cn chia ca bnh rng gia cng nh g
trn u dao. u dao c chuyn ng nh 1 bnh rng dt sinh tng tng n khp
vi bnh rng gia cng. Hin nay c mt s phng php gia cng theo nguyn l
ny.
a) Phay bnh rng cn rng thng:
Phng php phay bao hnh ny t nng
sut cao. Dao phay c ng knh ln, dng
rng chp, mt bn ca chng l cnh ca hnh
thang ging dng thanh rng. S gia cng
xem hnh 8.7.
Trc chnh ca dao phay a g trn mt
u ca mt bn trt m s vng quay n
d
ca
n c lin h vi s vng quay n
c
ca phi, to
Hnh 8.7. Phay bao
h nh r ng cn.

Cnct pt . 163
nn chuyn ng ln gia li ct ca dng c ct v mt bn ca bnh rng cn.
Khi ng knh ca dao phay a ln hn nhiu so vi chiu rng vnh rng gia cng
th dao ch cn c chuyn ct V. Nu chiu rng vnh rng ln hn 20mm th ngoi
chuyn ng ct V, cn phi c chuyn ng chy dao dc S. Sau khi phay xong mt
rnh, bn quay c g dao phay a quay n v tr ban u, phi quay i mt bc
nh dng c chia . Qu trnh ct rnh tip theo li c lp li.











Hnh 8.8. Bo bao hnh rng cn.
1. Trc hnh g phi; 2. Phi; 3. u dao bo.
b) Bo bao hnh bnh rng cn rng thng:
Cc bnh rng cn c mun nh c th gia cng theo phng php bo nh
hnh. Dao bo (1 hoc 2 dao) c g trn rnh ca u dao quay. Dao thc hin
chuyn ng ct i li V hng n nh bnh rng cn v trng vi ng cn chn
rng, ng thi c quay vi u dao xung quanh trc ca n vi s vng quay n
d
.
Phi c g trn trc chnh ca my m trc chnh c iu chnh ph hp vi gc
nh ca bnh rng gia cng. Nh chuyn ng quay n khp ca u dao n
d
v phi
n
c
m cc li ct ca dao to nn mt bn ca rng gia cng bng cc lt ct bao
hnh dng thn khai. S gia cng th hin hnh v, hnh 148.
8.6.2. Gia cng bnh rng cn rng cong
Gia cng bnh rng cn rng cong thc hin trn cc my khc nhau ph thuc
vo tng loi rng cong.
1. GIA CNG BNH RNG CN CUNG TRN
Loi ny c gia cng trn my Gleason bng phng php bao hnh vi u
dao quay. Nguyn tc lm vic ca my xut pht t s n khp gia bnh dt sinh
tng tng vi phi, trong bnh dt sinh c thay th bng gi lc l.
S gia cng c th hin hnh 149. Bnh dt sinh tng tng Z
d
c
th hin bng kt cu ca gi lc l (2), trn gi ny lp u dao phay c tm quay
nm lch tm vi a g pha trn ca a. u dao phay (3) lp cc li ct dng
hnh thang. Khi iu chnh my gia cng phi sao cho nh nn chia ca bnh
rng gia cng trng vi nh ca bnh dt sinh, mt phng u rng ca dao tip xc
vi mt nn chn rng. u dao quay chuyn ng quay quanh trc to ra tc ct
V, ng thi quay cng vi a g thc hin chuyn ng n khp ca bnh dt

164. CNCTPT
sinh Z
d
vi bnh rng gia cng (1). Gia chuyn ng lc l ca a g n
d
(e
d
) vi
chuyn ng ca bnh rng gia cng n
c
(e
12
) phi tho mn t s truyn:
i
d1-2
=
2 1
d
d
2 1
Z
Z

=
e
e

Trong :
e
d
: Tc gc ca a g;
e
1-2
: Tc gc ca phi;
Z
d
: S rng ca bnh dt sinh;
Z
1-2
: S rng ca bnh gia cng.
Hnh 8.9. Gia cng bnh rng cn trn my Gleason.
2. GIA CNG BNH RNG CN DNG EPIXICLOID
Gia cng bnh rng epixicloid c tin hnh trn my Oerlikon Spiromatic.
Nguyn l gia cng c th hin hnh 8.10.
u dao l mt a phng c gn nhiu li b tr theo ng Acximet. Khi gia
cng, dng c v phi thc hin s n khp ca bnh rng cn vi bnh dt sinh
tng tng. Trong bnh dt sinh c thay th bng a g quay vi tc n
d

m trn c g u dao phay quay vi tc V v c tm quay lch vi tm ca
a g.
Trong qu trnh gia cng, ngoi chuyn ng n khp u dao khng quay c
lp nh khi ct rng dng cung trn m c mi lin h vi chuyn ng quay n
c
ca
phi qua xch phn .

Cnct pt . 165













Hnh 8.10. Gia cng bnh rng cn dng Epixicloid.
Chuyn ng tng i gia u dao phay v bnh dt sinh phi tho mn:

det
dao
dao
det
Z
Z
=
e
e

Trong :
e
dt
: Tc gc ca bnh dt (a g);
e
dao
: Tc gc ca u dao;
Z
dao
: S dy dao ca u dao;
Z
dt
: S rng ca bnh dt sinh.
3. GIA CNG BNH RNG CN RNG CONG THN KHAI
Gia cng bnh rng cn rng cong thn khai c th hin trn my
Klingelnberg bng mt dao phay ln c bit dng hnh cn.
Nguyn l gia cng da trn s n khp ca dao phay vi phi. Dao phay c
g trn a g m trc quay ca n trng vi trc ca bnh rng dt sinh c s rng
Z
dt
; bnh rng dt sinh tng tng c to bi a g lc l ca my. Dao phay
ln trn bnh dt sinh v thc hin thm chuyn ng quay cng vi a g quanh
trc ca n. Chuyn ng ny bt u t v tr I m v tr ny vng trn trn ng
knh ln nht ca dao phay cn u tip xc vi bnh rng gia cng v kt thc v
tr II m vng trn b nht ca dao phay cn ra khi tip xc vi vt gia cng.
S nguyn l hot ng, xem hnh 8.11.

166. CNCTPT










Hnh 8.11. Gia cng bnh
rng cn dng thn khai.
8.7. GIA CNG BNH VT
Khi gia cng bnh vt, dng c ct trong mi trng hp u ng vai tr trc
vt n khp vi bnh vt c ct. V mt kt cu dng c ct dng trc vt hon ton
ging trc vt s n khp vi bnh vt gia cng khi lm vic, ch khc ng knh
ngoi ca trc vt n khp mt tr s bng khe h hng knh.
Gia cng bnh vt thc hin trn my phay ln rng hoc my phay ngang.
8.7.1. Gia cng bng dao phay ln (dao phay trc vt)
1. PHNG PHP TIN DAO HNG KNH
S gia cng theo phng php
tin dao hng knh xem hnh
152.
Khi thc hin phng php ny
cn g t sao cho ng tm ca dao
phay nm trong mt phng i xng ca
bnh vt. Khi ct gt dao v phi
chuyn ng quay trn theo 1 t s
truyn xc nh. Chuyn ng chy dao
hng knh S thc hin cho n khi dao
c v tr tng ng nh trc vt n khp
vi bnh vt. Phng php ny nng
sut cao do hnh trnh tin dao ngn nhng bng thp v chnh xc km: 2
pha u rng bnh vt b ct lm.
2. PHNG PHP TIN DAO TIP TUYN
S gia cng th hin hnh 8.13.

S
Hnh 8.12. S ct hng knh.

Cnct pt . 167







Hnh 8.13. S tin dao tip tuyn.
ng tm ca dao g cch tm phi mt on ng bng khong cch tm
trc vt v bnh vt.
Khi ct dao phay c chuyn ng chy dao tip tuyn v chuyn ng quay n
khp vi phi.
Phng php ny nng sut thp nhng t c chnh xc v bng cao.
khc phc c 2 nhc im ca 2 phng php chy dao ni trn, c th s
dng kt hp c 2 phng php chy dao khi gia cng.
+Gia cng th: chy dao hng knh.
+Gia cng tinh: sau khi chy dao hng knh t
khong cch tm gia trc vt v bnh vt khi n khp th
cho chy dao tip tuyn sa ng rng cho bnh vt v
t bng.
8.7.2. Gia cng bnh vt bng dao quay
S dng trong sn xut n chic. S gia cng trn
hnh 8.14.
Li dao c g trn trc quay to thnh dao phay
ln 1 li. Bin dng v kch thc ca li dao ging nh
li dao phay ln. Khi ct gt trc dao v phi c chuyn
ng quay trn theo t s truyn ging nh s n khp gia
trc vt v bnh vt. u dao ngoi chuyn ng quay n
khp cn c chuyn ng chy dao tip tuyn hoc hng
knh.
tng nng sut gia cng, trc dao c th lp 2 hoc
3 dao trn cng 1 ng xon vt.
8.8. GIA CNG TINH BNH RNG
8.8.1. Gia cng tinh bnh rng khng nhit luyn
1. CHY R BNH RNG
Phng php chy r bnh rng c thc hin bng cch cho bnh rng gia
cng n khp vi cc bnh rng mu c ti cng nng cao chnh xc v
cng ca bnh rng gia cng.
D
n


n
K
S
n
c
Hnh 8.14. S
gi a cng
bnh v t bng
dao quay.

168. CNCTPT
S gia cng th hin hnh 8.15.






Hnh 8.15. S chy r bnh rng.
Bnh rng gia cng c n khp vi cc bnh rng mu 2 v 3 di mt p
lc P: 510 atm. Bnh rng c quay theo 2 chiu vi s vng quay t 325
vng/pht vi thi gian chy r t 1030 pht vi bnh rng c mun m=25. Khi
chy r c th r kh hoc bi du b mt tip xc.
2. C RNG
C rng l mt phng php gia cng tinh bnh rng bng cch cho n khp
vi dng c c rng. Dng c c rng l bnh rng tr hoc thanh rng khi c bnh
rng tr; l bnh rng cn khi c bnh rng cn; l trc vt khi c bnh vt.
Khi c rng, dng c c v chi tit c c n khp khng c khe h vi nhau.
Trn mt rng ca dng c c x cc rnh to ra li ct. Qu trnh ct gt xy ra
khi bnh c trt trn mt rng gia cng. Lp phoi c ct i rt mng t 0,001
0,005mm (xem hnh 8.16).
Bnh rng trc khi c phi c ch to chnh xc hn so vi em mi.
Lng d cho c ln nht l 0,15mm cho mt rng. C rng s sa i nhng sai s v
hnh dng v nng cao nhn bng b mt rng. nhm c th t R
a
: 0,63
0,16 (V8 V10). C rng c th gia cng c cc loi bnh rng thng, nghing, n
khp trong, ngoi, c ng knh t 6 1200mm, c mun 0,1 12mm.










a)

Hnh 8.16.
S c rng.
P
2 1
3
b)

Cnct pt . 169
a) C rng trn my c; b) Rng dao c.
8.8.2. Gia cng tinh bng rng qua nhit luyn ( ti b mt
rng).
1. MI RNG BNH RNG
L phng php gia cng tinh cc bnh rng trc v sau khi nhit luyn, c
kh nng t chnh xc cao: cp 46; nhn bng b mt rng R
a
: 1,250,32
(V7V9).
Mi rng c dng gia cng dng c ct rng, bnh rng mu, bnh rng
c yu cu k thut cao.
Mi rng c 2 nguyn l: nh hnh v bao hnh.
a) Mi rng theo phng php nh hnh:









Hnh 8.17.
Cc s mi rng nh hnh.
mi c bin dng ca rnh rng cn gia cng. Trong qu trnh gia cng
mi quay trn v c chuyn ng dc trc ca bnh rng. Qu trnh mi thc hin
tng rng v c thc hin nh s phn chi tit gia cng.
S mi c trnh by hnh 157.
Khi mi nh hnh thng dng tc quay ca V = 3035m/sec; tc
tin ca V
t
=816m/pht; lng d mi l 0,20,3mm chia lm 3, 4 bc.
u im ca phng php mi nh hnh l c th gia cng c bnh rng n
khp trong, ngoi nhng chnh xc v nng sut khng cao.
b) Mi rng theo phng php bao hnh:
Mi rng theo phng php bao hnh t chnh xc cao v ng dng rng
ri hn so vi mi nh hnh. Gia cng theo phng php ny da theo nguyn l n
khp ca thanh rng vi bnh rng m thanh rng c thay th bng dng c mi.
S mi rng bao hnh trnh by hnh 8.18.

170. CNCTPT
Hnh 8.18. Mi rng bao hnh.
C th mi rng bng mt mi b mt lm vic ca mi c profil hnh
thang nh mt rng ca thanh rng.
C th mi bng 2 mi hnh a, t nghing mt gc sao cho 2 mt cn ca
to nn profil hnh thang ca mt thanh rng tng tng.
2. MI NGHIN BNH RNG
Mi nghin bnh rng cng l mt phng php gia cng tinh sau nhit luyn
nng cao bng b mt rng. Sau khi nghin rng, nhn bng c th t c
R
a
: 0,63 0,32 (V8 V9); hiu chnh c sai s chung v dng rng, bc rng,
nhng bin dng sau khi nhit luyn, lm sch cc xyt, cc vt li lm. Tuy vy,
mi nghin khng th sa c cc sai s ln v nng sut thp. Mi nghin c s
dng trong cc trng hp bnh rng c yu cu chnh xc cao nh bnh rng
trong t.
Bn cht ca phng php mi nghin rng l cho bnh rng gia cng n khp
vi cc bnh rng l dng c nghin v trn mt rng c bi bt nghin, khi nghin
c p lc n khp 57 kG/cm
2
.
Bnh rng lm dng c nghin c ch to t gang Peclit, c cng
180220HB nh cc mc gang GX 2140; GX 1532. Chiu rng bnh nghin ln
hn bnh rng gia cng t 4 10mm. Lng d mi nghin mt pha khng ln hn
0,020,05mm.
C 2 phng php mi nghin:
a) Trc bnh rng gia cng song song vi trc ca dng c nghin.
Phng php ny dng c nghin l bnh rng b ng. nghin c c 2
mt rng phi i chiu chuyn ng, ngoi ra cn c chuyn ng chiu trc mi
ht chiu dy rng.
b) Cc trc ca dng c v chi tit cho nhau:
phng php ny, bnh rng gia cng 1 n khp vi 3 bnh nghin, trong
c 2 bnh nghin s 2 c rng nghin do 2 trc ca n cho so vi trc bnh rng
gia cng; ngoi ra bnh rng gia cng cn c chuyn ng tnh tin dc trc mi
ht chiu dy rng.

Cnct pt . 171
S gia cng th hin hnh 8.19.








Hnh 8.19. S
mi nghin.
Gia cng theo phng php ny nng sut v chnh xc t c cao hn
phng php trn.
3. MI KHN BNH RNG
Mi khn rng l mt phng php gia cng tinh bnh rng nng cao
chnh xc v bng mt rng, hiu chnh phn no sai s v dng rng v nhng
khuyt tt do nhit luyn gy nn. Bnh rng sau khi mi khn gim c ting n,
tng din tch tip xc, nng cao tui bn. Mi khn t c nhm R
a
: 1,250,32
(V7V9).
Qu trnh mi khn l s n khp gia 2 bnh rng: mt l vt gia cng v mt
l dng c mi khn. Dng c mi khn l mt bnh rng lm t vt liu nhm nh
Cacbuasilic, hoc lm bng cht do nhng mt ngoi rng lm t cc vt liu c
tnh nng ct gt tt nh ccbit Bo, kim cng nhn to.
Khi thc hin mi khn, dng c nghin truyn chuyn ng cho bnh rng gia
cng. Trc bnh rng gia cng v dng c t cho nhau mt gc, do to ra s
trt v c st vo mt rng ging nh c rng lm cho b mt rng gia cng c
co i 1 lp phoi rt mng. gia cng 2 mt ca rng, sau mt thi gian n khp s
i chiu quay. ct ht chiu dy rng, c chuyn ng tnh tin dc trc.
Tu theo yu cu k thut m c cc bin php khc nhau.
a) Mi khn c khe h:
S n khp gia dng c v bnh rng gia cng c khe h t
0,10,2mm, c ngha l ch tip xc mt pha rng. thc hin ct gt c, phi
c mt p lc theo chiu tip tuyn hm bnh rng gia cng (P: 5050N). Bin
php ny sa cha cc vt li lm v lm nhn mt rng, sai s hnh dng rng
sa c rt t.
b) Mi khn khng c khe h:
S n khp gia dng c v bnh rng gia cng khng c khe h; hai pha ca
rng c gia cng ng thi. Mi khn theo phng php ny phi c p lc hng

172. CNCTPT
knh. Phng php ny hiu chnh c sai s hnh dng v sai s n khp khi lm
vic ca bnh rng.
Lng d ca mi khn rng thng trong phm vi 0,0250,05mm. Nu lng
d ln s gim nng sut. Tc ct mi khn 45m/sec. Lng chy dao ngang ca
bn my t 25150mm/pht. Lng chy dao dc 0,0250,5mm/ vng bnh rng.
Dung dch bi trn: du ho hoc du cng nghip. Phng php mi khn c th p
dng cho cc bnh rng c mun t 26mm.
8.9. KIM TRA BNH RNG
Tu theo iu kin s dng v nhim v chnh ca bnh rng khi lm vic m
kim tra theo cc yu cu sau:
8.9.1. chnh xc ng hc
chnh xc ng hc c kim tra khi bnh rng c yu cu truyn ng
chnh xc nh cc bnh rng trong my o, my gia cng chnh xc, u phn .
Cc ch tiu chnh xc ng hc bao gm:
- Sai s ng hc
- Sai s tch lu bc vng
- o vng chia
- Sai lch chiu di khong php tuyn chung
- Sai lch khong cch tm khi bnh rng quay mt vng
8.9.2. n nh khi lm vic
n nh khi lm vic c kim tra khi bnh rng lm vic tc cao. N
bao gm cc ch tiu sau:
- Sai s chu k
- Sai lch bc c s
- Sai s bc vng
- Sai s profil
- Sai lch khong cch tm khi quay mt rng.
8.9.3. chnh xc tip xc
chnh xc tip xc c kim tra khi bnh rng lm vic vi ti trng ln.
N bao gm cc ch tiu:
- Din tch tip xc
- Sai lch phng ca rng
8.9.4. Khe h mt bn
Khe h mt bn c kim tra khi bnh rng lm vic c 2 chiu.




Cnct pt . 173














TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] TRN NH QU
Cng ngh ch to ph tng Trng i hc GTVT H Ni, 1999.
[2] NGUYN C LC
Cng ngh ch to my Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni, 1993.
[3] H THANH GING
Cng ngh ch to ph tng t - my ko Nxb GTVT, 2001.
[4] TRN NH QU TRNG NGUYN TRUNG
K thut ch to my Trng i hc GTVT H Ni, 1993.
[5] . P. MASLOV
Cng ngh ch to t (Bn ting Nga) Nxb Masinostroenia, 1964.
[6] M.E. GROV
Cng ngh ch to my (Bn ting Nga) Nxb Vsaia Skola, 1976.
[7] HONG THNH
Gia cng piston Nxb Khoa hc k thut, 1969.

174. CNCTPT
[8] NGUYN VN TNH
K thut ch to ph tng my n trong My xy dng
Nxb Xy dng, 1970.










MC LC
Trang
Li ni u 3
Chng I
CNG NGH CH TO CHI TIT DNG HP 5
1.1. Khi nim v chi tit dng hp -
1.2. Yu cu k thut ca chi tit dng hp -
1.3. Tnh cng ngh trong kt cu ca chi tit dng hp 6
1.4. Vt liu v phi 7
1.5. Quy trnh cng ngh gia cng chi tit hp 8
1.6. Cc bin php thc hin cc nguyn cng chnh 10
1.7. Quy trnh ch to mt s chi tit in hnh dng hp 22
Chng II
CNG NGH CH TO PISTON NG C T TRONG 26
2.1. Nhng yu cu k thut ca piston -
2.2. Vt liu ch to v phi piston 29
2.3. Quy trnh cng ngh ch to piston 31
2.4. Cc bin php thc hin cc nguyn cng chnh 34

Cnct pt . 175
Chng III
CNG NGH CH TO CHI TIT DNG CNG 48
3.1. Khi nim v chi tit dng cng -
3.2. iu kin k thut -
3.3. Vt liu v phi 49
3.4. Tnh cng ngh v kt cu ca cng 50
3.5. Quy trnh cng ngh ch to chi tit dng cng -
3.6. Cc bin php thc hin cc nguyn cng chnh 51
3.7. Quy trnh cng ngh ch to thanh truyn ng c t trong 53
Chng IV
CNG NGH CH TO CHI TIT DNG TRC 69
4.1. Khi nim v chi tit dng trc -
4.2. iu kin k thut chung ca trc 70
4.3. Vt liu v phi ch to trc -
4.4. Tnh cng ngh trong kt cu ca trc 71
4.5. Quy trnh cng ngh ch to cc chi tit dng trc -
4.6. Quy trnh cng ngh ch to trc khuu ng c t trong 84
4.7. Quy trnh cng ngh ch to trc cam ng c t trong 98
Chng V
CNG NGH CH TO CHI TIT DNG BC 112
5.1. Khi nim v chi tit dng bc -
5.2. iu kin k thut 113
5.3. Vt liu v phi 114
5.4. Quy trnh cng ngh gia cng bc -
5.5. Bin php thc hin cc nguyn cng 116
5.6. K thut ch to mng lt trc 118
Chng VI
CNG NGH CH TO NG LT XYLANH
NG C T TRONG 121
6.1. c im kt cu ca ng lt xylanh -
6.2. iu kin k thut ch to ng lt xylanh 124
6.3. Vt liu v phi ca ng lt xylanh -
6.4. Quy trnh cng ngh ch to ng lt 126
6.5. Cc bin php thc hin cc nguyn cng chnh 128

176. CNCTPT
Chng VII
CNG NGH CH TO VNG GNG NG C T TRONG 134
7.1. c im kt cu ca vng gng -
7.2. iu kin k thut ch to vng gng 136
7.3. Vt liu v phi 137
7.4. Phng php ch to vng gng bng gang 140
7.5. Quy trnh ch to vng gng 142
7.6. Cc bin php thc hin cc nguyn cng 143
Chng VIII
CNG NGH CH TO BNH RNG 154
8.1 c im cu to ca bnh rng -
8.2. Vt liu v phi ca bnh rng 155
8.3. iu kin k thut ch to bnh rng 156
8.4. Quy trnh cng ngh ch to bnh rng -
8.5. Cc phng php gia cng bnh rng tr 157
8.6. Ct rng bnh rng nn (rng cn) 162
8.7. Gia cng bnh vt 167
8.8. Gia cng tinh bnh rng 169
8.9. Kim tra bnh rng 173
Ti liu tham kho 175















Cnct pt . 177












Chu trch nhim xut bn
L T GIANG

Bin tp
KS. NGUYN TRUNG KIN

Ch bn v sa bi
Xng in Trng i hc GTVT





NH XUT BN GIAO THNG VN TI
80B Trn Hng o H Ni
T: 04. 9423345 Fax: 04. 8224784

05 07 / 230
05 - GTVT
(075)(6V)
MS



178. CNCTPT






























In 620 cun, kh 19 x 27cm, ti Xng in Trng i hc GTVT. In xong v np
lu chiu qu III/2005. Giy chp nhn KHXB s 230/XB QLXB ngy 3 thng 3
nm 2005.

Cnct pt . 179

Cng ngh ch to ph tng
Nh xut bn: Giao thng vn ti H ni
1. Dng cho cc ngnh:
Cng ngh ch to ph tng l mn hc dng cho cc ngnh c kh chuyn dng
trong giao thng vn ti; C gii ho xy dng giao thng, C kh t, C kh giao
thng cng chnh v my ng lc, nhm trang b cc kin thc trong gia cng ch
to phc v cho nhim v ch to cc chi tit thay th trong qu trnh khai thc k
thut ca cc phng tin giao thng vn ti.
2. Kin thc yu cu ca cc mn hc trc:
nm vng c mn hc ny, sinh vin cn c trang b cc kin thc cn thit
ca cc mn c hc trong mc tiu o to: Chi tit my, Kt cu v tnh ton
ng c t trong , Kt cu v tnh ton t my ko, K thut ch to my, Vt liu
c kh.
3. T kho tra cu:
C kh Giao thng i hc giao thng vn ti
Cu hi n tp v kim tra:
Chng I: Cng ngh ch to chi tit dng hp
1. Nhng yu cu k thut c bn khi ch to chi tit dng hp? (khng yu cu cc
s liu c th)
2. Vt liu ch to chi tit dng hp? Cc dng phi ca chng?
3. Chun nh v th v chun nh v tinh trong qu trnh ch to chi tit dng hp?
Cc phng php gia cng cc mt chun nh v tinh?
4. Cc giai on chnh trong qu trnh gia cng chi tit dng hp?
5. Phng php gia cng cc l chnh trong qu trnh ch to chi tit dng hp?
6. Gia cng cc l kp cht ca chi tit dng hp?
7. Phng php kim tra chnh xc v tr tng quan ca cc l chnh ca chi tit
dng hp?
Chng II: Cng ngh ch to piston ng c t trong
1. Vt liu ch to piston v cc dng phi ca piston?
2. Chun nh v th v chun nh v tinh trong qu trnh ch to piston?
3. Trnh by cc phng n gia cng chun nh v ph ca ca piston?
4. Phng php gia cng mt ngoi ca piston: mt ngoi, thn nh hnh ( van-
cn) ca piston?
5. Phng php gia cng bung chy ca nh piston?
6. Phng php gia cng l cht piston?
Chng III: Cng ngh ch to chi tit dng cng
1. Nhng yu cu k thut chnh ca chi tit dng cng? (khng yu cu cc s liu
c th)
2. Vt liu v cc dng phi ca chi tit dng cng?
3. Chun nh v th v chun nh v tinh ca chi tit dng cng?
4. Phng php gia cng cc mt u ca l trn chi tit dng cng?
5. Phng php gia cng cc l chnh ca chi tit dng cng?
6. c im kt cu ca thanh truyn ng c t trong, vt liu v phi ch to
thanh truyn?
7. Cc nguyn cng chnh trong qu trnh ch to thanh truyn dng phi dp? (np
v thn ring bit)
8. Phng php gia cng cc mt u to v u nh thanh truyn?
9. Phng php gia cng l u to v u nh thanh truyn?
10. Phng php gia cng l lp bu-lng thanh truyn?
Chng IV: Cng ngh ch to chi tit dng trc
1. Nhng yu cu k thut c bn khi ch to chi tit dng trc? (khng yu cu cc
s liu c th)
2. Vt liu ch to v cc dng phi ca trc?
3. Chun nh v trong qu trnh gia cng chi tit dng trc?
4. Trnh t chung gia cng mt chi tit dng trc?
5. Phng php gia cng chun nh v ph ca chi tit dng trc?
6. Cc phng php gia cng cc c trc ca chi tit dng trc?
7. Cc phng php gia cng ren trn c trc cc chi tit dng trc?
8. Phng php gia cng then v then hoa trn trc? Cc bc c bn khi gia cng
then hoa trn trc c phng php nh tmkhc nhau?
9. Phng php gia cng tinh ln cui cc c trc yu cu c nhn bng cao?
10. Vt liu ch to v cc dng phi ca trc khuu ng c t trong?
11. c im cn lu khi gia cng trc khuu? Cc nguyn cng chnh trong qu
trnh ch to trc khuu dng phi dp?
12. Phng php gia cng cc c chnh ca tc khuu?
13. Phng php gia cng cc c bin ca trc khuu?
14. Phng php gia cng cc l trn mt bch ca trc khuu?
15. Phng php gia cng cc l dn du bi trn ?
16. Vt liu ch to v cc dng phi ca trc camng c t trong ?
17. c im gia cng v cc nguyn cng chnh trong qu trnh cng ngh gia cng
trc camdng phi dp?
18. Phng php gia cng cc c trc ca trc camng c t trong?
19. Phng php gia cng nh hnh vu camca trc camng c t trong?
20. Phng php gia cng rnh then trn trc cam?
Chng V: Cng ngh ch to chi tit dng bc
1. Yu cu k thut chnh khi ch to chi tit dng bc? (khng yu cu cc s liu
c th)
2. Vt liu v phi ch to chi tit dng bc?
3. Chun nh v dng trong qu trnh ch to chi tit dng bc?
4. c im v iu kin lm vic ca mng lt trc?
5. Vt liu v phi ch to mng lt trc?
6. Cc phng php ch to phi mng lt trc?
7. Cc nguyn cng chnh trong qu trnh ch to mng lt trc?
Chng VI: Cng ngh ch to ng lt xy lanh ng c t trong
1. c im kt cu ca ng lt xy lanh v iu kin k thut c bn khi ch to?
(khng yu cu cc sliu c th)
2. Vt liu v phi ca ng lt xy lanh?
3. Cc nguyn cng chnh trong qu trnh ch to ng lt xi lanh t?
4. Phng php gia cng mt ngoi ng lt xy lanh?
5. Phng php gia cng mt trong ng lt xy lanh?
Chng VII: Cng ngh ch to vng gng ng c t trong
1. c im kt cu ca vng gng ng c t trong t trong. Cc iu kin k
thut c bn khi ch to? (khng yu cu cc s liu c th)
2. Vt liu v phi ch to vng gng ng c t trong?
3. Cc phng php ch to vng gng ng c t trong? So snh s khc nhau v
mc p dng trong sn xut?
4. Cc nguyn cng nhit luyn trong quy trnh ch to vng gng ng c t
trong? (dng phi c ly tm)
5. Phng php gia cng mt ngoi v mt trong vng gng?
6. Phng php phay ct ming vng gng?
7. Phng php mi hai mt bn ca vng gng?
Chng VIII: Cng ngh ch to bnh rng
1. c im cu to ca bnh rng? Cc thng s k thut v chnh xc ca bnh
rng?
2. Vt liu v phi ca bnh rng?
3. Qu trnh cng ngh chung khi ch to bnh rng?
4. Phng php ct rng bnh rng tr theo nguyn l ct rng nh hnh?
5. Phng php ct rng bnh rng tr theo nguyn l ct rng bao hnh?
6. Phng php ct rng bnh rng nn theo nguyn l nh hnh?
7. Phng php ct rng bnh rng nn theo nguyn l bao hnh?
8. Phng php ct rng bnh rng nn rng cong dng cung trn?
9. Phng php ct rng bnh rng nn rng cong dng epixicloid?
10. Phng php ct rng bnh rng nn rng cong dng thn khai?
11. Phng php ct rng bnh vt?
12. Phng php gia cng tnh rng bnh rng khng nhit luyn ho bn b mt?
13. Phng php gia cng tnh rng cc bnh rng ho bn mt rng? ( nhit
luyn)


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Title: Cng ngh ch to ph tng
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Author: Theanh
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Creation Date: 1/6/2004 2:41 PM
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