I HC NNG

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA

HONG MINH CNG











Gio trnh
CNG NGH V THIT B
LUYN THP











NNG - 2007
Li ni u

Cng vi s tin b vt bc trong khoa hc v cng ngh, c bit l trong
lnh vc vt liu, nhiu loi vt liu mi c nghin cu v ng dng trong sn
xut. Tuy nhin, cho n nay thp vn c coi l mt trong nhng vt liu ch yu
dng trong ch to my mc, thit b cng nh trong nhiu kt cu v cng trnh chu
lc khc. Hng nm, nc ta s dng mt lng ln thp xy dng trong cc cng
trnh xy dng, cng trnh giao thng vn ti v mt lng khng nh thp ch to
ch to my mc, thit b phc v ngnh c kh, ngnh ch to t, ngnh ha cht v
nhiu ngnh khc m mt phn ln trong s vn phi nhp ngoi. Trong nhng nm
ti, p ng nhu cu xy dng v sn xut trong nc, mt nhim v cp bch l
nhanh chng pht trin ngnh thp, trong vn luyn v c phi ng mt vai tr
ht sc quan trng. pht trin ngnh thp, song song vi vic u t i mi thit
b, i mi cng ngh th mt vn ht sc cn thit l pht trin i ng cn b k
thut chuyn ngnh c kin thc chuyn mn v c nng lc thc t vng.
Gio trnh Cng ngh v thit b luyn thp c bin son gm 8 chng,
trnh by nhng kin thc c bn v thit b v cng ngh luyn thp nh c s l
thuyt qu trnh luyn thp; nguyn, nhin vt liu dng trong luyn thp; thit b v
cng ngh luyn thp trong cc loi l khc nhau; thit b v cng ngh c phi
cn Gio trnh c dng lm ti hc tp cho sinh vin chuyn ngnh C kh Luyn
cn thp thuc Khoa C kh, trng i hc Bch Khoa - i hc Nng. Mt khc,
vi ni dung lin quan n nhiu vn thc t sn xut, gio trnh cng c th dng
lm ti liu tham kho b ch cho cc cn b k thut ang lm vic trong lnh vc sn
xut thp.
Do gio trnh c bin son ln u, mi dung bao qut rng, ti liu tham
kho hn ch, chc chn cn nhiu sai st. gio trnh c hon thin hn, rt
mong s gp ca bn b ng nghip, mi kin ng gp xin gi v khoa C kh,
trng i hc Bch Khoa - i hc Nng.
Tc gi
- 5 -
Chng I
KHI QUT CHUNG
1.1. Khi nim v phn loi thp
1.1.1. Khi nim
Thp l hp kim ca st vi cacbon v mt s nguyn t kim loi hay phi kim
khc, trong hm lng cacbon khng vt qu mt gii hn nht nh.
St l nguyn t c bn v cacbon l nguyn t tp cht chnh nh hng quyt
nh n t chc v tnh cht ca thp. Cc nguyn t khc c a vo thp do c
im ca cng ngh nu luyn hoc do hp kim ha c th l tp cht c li cng c
th l tp cht c hi. Trong thp cacbon, ngoi st v cacbon, thng cha mt lng
nht nh cc nguyn t khc nh Si, Mn, P, S trong Si, Mn l tp cht c li cn P,
S l tp cht c hi cn hn ch.
Cht lng ca thp c nh gi qua cc ch tiu:








+ Tnh dn t;
+ Tnh chng mi mn;
+ Tnh chu nhit;
+ Tnh chng r.
1.1.2. Phn loi thp
a) Phn loi theo thnh phn ha hc
Theo thnh phn ha hc, thp c chia ra: thp cacbon v thp hp kim.
+ bn
b
(kG/mm
2
);
+ Gii hn chy
s
(kG/mm
2
);
+ gin di (%);
+ co tht (%);
+ dai va p a
k
(kj/mm
2
).
Ngoi ra cn c nhng tnh nng c
bit khc nh:

s
%

kG/mm
2
0,2
Hnh 1.1 Gin ko ca thp
- 6 -
Thp cacbon: hm lng cacbon <2,0%, ngoi ra cn c: 0,1 0,8 %Mn; 0,5
1,0 %Si; <0,06%P; <0,02%S.
Theo hm lng cacbon trong thp, thp cacbon li c chia ra:
+ Thp cacbon thp : C < 0,25%;
+ Thp cacbon trung bnh : C = 0,25 0,5%;
+ Thp cacbon trung bnh: C = 0,5 2,0 %.
Thp hp kim: ngoi st, cacbon v cc nguyn t thng c, trong thnh phn
ca thp cn c a vo mt hoc ng thi mt s nguyn t khc (gi l nguyn
t hp kim ha) vi hm lng ln lm thay i t chc ca thp do thay i
tnh cht ca thp.
Theo tng lng cc nguyn t hp kim c trong thp, ngi ta chia ra:
+ Thp hp kim thp:
hp kim
< 5%;
+ Thp hp kim trung bnh:
hp kim
= 5 10%;
+ Thp hp kim cao:
hp kim
10%;
b) Phn loi theo t chc t vi
Theo t chc t vi, thp c phn ra:
+ Thp peclit;
+ Thp mactenxit;
+ Thp austenit;
+ Thp cacbit.
c) Phn loi theo cng dng
Theo cng dng, thp c chia ra:
+ Thp thng thng: hay cn gi l thp cht lng thng, ch yu dng trong
cc cng trnh xy dng, giao thng vn ti... thng l thp cacbon thp. Yu cu c
bn l bn v do ca thp.
+ Thp kt cu: dng ch to cc chi tit my, thng l thp cacbon thp v
trung bnh, thp hp kim thp. Yu cu c bn l c tnh tng hp tt, thnh phn ha
hc khng ch chnh xc.
- 7 -
+ Thp dng c: dng ch to cc loi dng c ct, dng c o, khun dp ...
thng l thp cacbon cao hoc thp hp kim. Yu cu c bn ca thp l cng cao,
bn tng i tt, chu mi mn.
+ Thp c bit: l thp c tnh cht l ha c bit nh: chu n mn (khng g),
chu nng, chu mi mn, chu axit...
d) Phn loi theo cng ngh nu luyn
Theo thit b nu luyn, thp c chia ra:
+ Thp l mactanh;
+ Thp l thi;
+ Thp l in ...
Theo mc kh oxy khi nu luyn, thp c chia ra:
+ Thp si: kh oxy cha trit ;
+ Thp lng: kh oxy trit ;
+ Thp na lng: mc kh oxy nm gia thp lng v thp si.
1.1.3. K hiu ca thp
Theo TCVN, thp c k hiu nh sau:
+ Thp cacbon thng dng: CT31; CT34; ...;CT51, trong CT ch loi thp
cacbon thng dng, con s tip theo ch bn ko ca thp tnh bng kG/mm
2
.
+ Thp cacbon kt cu: C08; C12; ...;C20; C15; ...; C50, trong C ch loi
thp cacbon kt cu, con s tip theo ch phn vn cacbon trong thp.
+ Thp dng c: CD70; CD80; ...; CD130, trong CD ch loi thp cacbon
dng c, con s tip theo ch phn vn cacbon trong thp.
+ Thp hp kim: 60Si2; 55Mn; 110Mn13; 30CrNiW; 20Cr18Ni12Mo3Ti ...
trong con s u tin ch phn vn cacbon c trong thp; cc k hiu tip theo l k
hiu tn nguyn t hp kim v ngay sau k hiu l con s ch phn trm nguyn t
c trong thp, trng hp nguyn t hp kim c hm lng xp x 1% th khng ghi
con s.


- 8 -
1.2. Lu trnh sn xut thp
Tu thuc nguyn liu dng sn xut thp, c th s dng hai lu trnh trnh
khc nhau:
+ Lu trnh dng nguyn liu qung;
+ Lu trnh dng st thp ph;
Hnh 1.1 trnh by s lu trnh luyn thp.

















Theo quy trnh ph bin hin nay, nguyn liu qung cng vi nhin liu v
cht tr dung c a vo l cao sn xut ra gang luyn thp. Gang luyn thp
c c thnh thi hoc chuyn trc tip th lng vo cc l luyn luyn thnh
thp v c phi cn.
Qung st: qung luyn thp gm qung st nguyn khai hm lng st 66%
hoc qung thiu kt dng cc.
Gang luyn
thp
Hon nguyn trc tip
H
o

n

n
g
u
y

n

t
h

n
g

Hon nguyn th rn
St thp ph

x
y

Qung st
K
h

c
a
o

X
Gang
c
Khng kh
L thi
L in
L tinh luyn
Thp
c
c
phi
Cn
Hnh 1.1 S lu trnh sn xut thp
- 9 -
Nhin liu: luyn gang dng nhin liu chnh l than cc l nhin liu nhn
to c bn c v bn nhit cao, hm lng tro t.
Cht tr dung: to x khi luyn gang, thng dng vi.
Sn phm chnh ca l cao l gang luyn thp cha <1,5%Si (chim 90%) v
gang c cha 1,5%Si (chim 10%).
Sn phm ph gm: x v kh l cao.
X c thnh phn ch yu l Al
2
O
3
v SiO
2
, thng c tn dng trong cng
nghip sn xut xi mng.
Kh l cao cha CO, CO
2
, N
2
, SO
2
... vi CO l thnh phn chy, c dng lm
nhin liu kh.
luyn thp c th dng l thi hoc l in. L thi ch yu dng cho qu
trnh luyn t qung, nguyn liu l gang lng luyn thp c chuyn n t l cao.
L in ch yu dng nguyn liu st thp ph.
1.3. Phn loi l luyn thp
Theo kt cu, l luyn thp c chia ra:
+ L mactanh;
+ L thi;
+ L in h quang;
+ L in cm ng;
+ L in x ...
Theo nng lng s dng, l luyn thp c chia ra:
+ L dng nhin liu: s dng nhit do t chy nhin liu (l mactanh);
+ L dng nng lng in: bin i in nng thnh nhit nng (l in h
quang, l in cm ng);
+ L t pht nhit: s dng nhit ca cc phn ng ha hc sinh ra trong qu
trnh luyn thp (l thi);
Theo tnh cht ca vt liu xy l, l luyn thp c chia ra:
+ L axit: lp lm vic ca tng l c tnh axit;
+ L baz: lp lm vic ca tng l c tnh baz.
- 10 -
Chng II
NGUYN VT LIU DNG LUYN THP
2.1. Nguyn vt liu
2.1.1. Nguyn vt liu kim loi
Nguyn vt liu kim loi dng trong sn xut thp gm cc loi: gang thi
(hoc gang lng) luyn thp; thp vn, hi liu v cc hp kim fer.
a) Gang thi luyn thp: gang thi luyn thp c sn xut t l cao, thnh
phn ph thuc vo loi l s dng. Bng 2.1 v 2.2 cho thnh phn ca mt s loi
gang thi luyn thp ca Nga (Lin X c) v Vit Nam. Gang thi M1, M2 (hoc
GM1, GM2) dng cho l mactanh, gang thi 1, 2 dng cho l Betsme, gang thi T
dng cho l Tmat
Bng 2.1 Thnh phn gang thi luyn thp (Lin X c)
Thnh phn ha hc (%)
Mn P S Mc
gang

Si Nhm
I
Nhm
II
Loi
A
Loi Loi
B
Loi
I
Loi
II
Loi
III
M1 0,761,25 1,0 1,011,75 0,15 0,20 0,30 0,03 0,05 0,07
M2 0,75 1,0 1,011,75 0,15 0,20 0,30 0,03 0,05 0,07
1 1,261,75 0,60 1,20 - 0,07 - - 0,04 -
2 0,071,25 0,5 0,80 - 0,07 - - 0,06 -
T 0,200,60 0,8 0 1,30 - 1,52,0 0,08

Bng 2.2 Thnh phn gang thi luyn thp (Cng ty gang thp Thi Nguyn)
Thnh phn ha hc (%)
Mn P S Mc
gang

Si I II III I II III I II III
GM1
GM2
0,75
0,761,25
1,0
1,01
n
1,75
1,76
n
2,50
0,03 0,05 0,07 0,15 0,20 0,30
- 11 -
b) Thp vn: thp vn (hay cn gi l thp ph) l cc chi tit my bng thp
hng, cc ro vn, u tha trong qu trnh gia cng c kh, rn dp... c thu mua
t ngoi v. Thp ph thng c chia thnh hai loi l thp vn cacbon v thp vn
hp kim.
Thp vn cacbon (cc ro vn t thp cacbon) c dng nu thp cacbon
v thp hp kim. Thp vn nn chn dng cc, dng tm kch thc nh hn kch
thc l (chiu dy nn 10 mm), khng nn chn dng ng bt kn, thp vn rt r
nhiu, dnh du m, axit, kim ...
Thp vn hp kim (cc ro vn t thp hp kim) c tn dng nu cc mc
thp hp kim. Thp vun hp kim c phn loi theo nhm nguyn t hp kim ph
hp vi thnh phn thp cn nu, vi cc ro vn thp hp kim cha nguyn t d b
oxy ha ch nn dng khi nu khng c giai on oxy ha.
c) Hi liu: l thp h thng rt, ngt, thp ri vi trong qu trnh c... c thu
hi nu li. Hi liu yu cu phi sch, t dnh t ct.
d) Hp kim fer: hp kim ca st vi mt hoc mt s nguyn t hp kim nh Si,
Mn, Cr ... c dng iu chnh thnh phn, hp kim ha v kh oxy. Thnh phn
mt s mc fer ph bin cho cc bng 2.3 n bng 2.7.
Bng 2.3 Thnh phn hp kim fermangan (Vit Nam)
Thnh phn ha hc (%) Loi
fermangan

K hiu Mn C Si P S
Cc bon
thp
Mn 0 80 0,50 2,0 0,30 0,03
Mn 1 78 1,0 2,5 0,30 0,03 Cc bon
trung bnh Mn 2 75 1,5 2,5 0,35 0,03
Mn 3 78 7,0 2,5 0,38 0,03
Mn 4 75 7,0 2,5 0,45 0,03
Mn 5 70 7,0 3,0 0,45 0,03

Cc bon
cao
Mn 6 65 7,0 4,0 0,45 0,03

- 12 -
Bng 2.4 Thnh phn hp kim fersilic (Thi Nguyn)
Thnh phn ha hc (%)
Loi fer K hiu
Si Mn Cr P S
Fersilic 45 Si 45 40 47 0,80 0,50 0,05 0,04
Fersilic 75 Si 75 7080 0,70 0,50 0,05 0,04
Fersilic 90 Si 90 8795 0,50 0,20 0,04 0,03

Bng 2.5 Thnh phn hp kim silicmangan (Thi Nguyn)
Thnh phn ha hc (%)
Loi fer K hiu
Si Mn C P
Silicmangan 20 SiMn20 20 65 1,0 0,1
Silicmangan 17 SiMn17 17 65 1,7 0,1
Silicmangan 14 SiMn14 14 60 2,5 0,2

Bng 2.6 Thnh phn siliccan xi (Lin X c)
Thnh phn ha hc (%)
Loi fer K hiu
Ca CaSi Al P S
KaCu0 31 90 1,5 0,05 0,04
KaCu1 28 90 2,0 0,05 0,04 Siliccanxi
KaCu2 23 85 3,0 0,05 0,07

Bng 2.7 Thnh phn fercrm (Lin X c)
Thnh phn ha hc (%)
Loi fer K hiu
C Si P Cr S
Xp 0000 0,06 1,5 0,06 65 0,03
Xp 000 0,071,0 1,5 0,06 65 0,04
Xp 00 0,110,15 1,5 0,06 60 0,04


Fercrm
Xp 0 0,160,25 0,2 0,06 60 0,04
- 13 -
Xp 01 0,260,50 2,0 0,1 60 0,04
Xp 1 0,501,0 2,53,0 0,10 60 0,04
Xp 2 1,12,0 2,53,0 0,10 60 0,04
Xp 3 2,14,0 2,53,0 0,10 65 0,04
Xp 4 4,16,5 2,05,0 0,07 65 0,04



Fercrm
Xp 5 6,68,0 2,05,0 0,07 65 0,04

Ngoi cc nguyn liu trn, hin nay ngi ta cn dng st xp ln nguyn liu
luyn thp, l sn phm ca qu trnh hon nguyn trc tip qung st bng kh
thin nhin hoc bng than gy, hm lng st trn 90%.
2.1.2. Cht oxy ha
Thng dng l qung st v oxy.
Qung st: thng dng loi c hm lng oxyt st cao v cc oxyt khc thp.
Yu cu k thut i vi qung st dng lm cht oxy ha khi luyn thp nu bng
2.8.
Bng 2.8 Yu cu k thut i vi qung st dng lm cht oxy ha
Thnh phn ha hc (%)
Loi l
Fe SiO
2
S P
m
(%)
C cc
(mm)
L Mactanh 50 10 0,2 - - 30250
L thi nh 50 10 0,2 - - 1050
L in 55 8 0,1 0,1 <0,5 3100

Ngoi qung st c th tn dng vy oxyt st lm cht oxy ha, yu cu i
vi vy oxyt st dng lm cht oxy ha khi luyn thp nu bng 2.9.
Bng 2.9 Yu cu k thut i vi vy st dng lm cht oxy ha
Thnh phn ha hoc (%) Tn gi
Fe SiO
2
S P
m
(%)
Vy oxyt st >70 <3 <0,04 0,05 <4
- 14 -

Oxy: dng oxy trong khng kh hoc oxy k thut hm lng oxy 98%. Yu
cu i vi oxy k thut dng trong luyn thp nu bng 2.10.
Bng 2.10 Yu cu i vi oxy k thut dng trong luyn thp
Loi l Hm lng O
2

(%)
m
(g/m
3
)
p sut s
dng (kG/cm
2
)
L in > 98 <3 5 10
L thi nh 99,5 Kh ht m 6 12
L thi sn 95 96 - 3

2.1.3. Cht to x
c s dng nhiu l vi, ct thch anh, vn samt, ngoi ra cn dng hunh
thch, bcxit
Vi: thnh phn chnh l CaO, lng dng cng ln th baz ca x cng
cao. Yu cu i vi vi dng lm cht to x khi luyn thp nu bng 2.11.
Bng 2.11 Yu cu i vi vi dng lm cht to x khi luyn thp
Thnh phn ha hc (%)
Loi l CaO

SiO
2

MgO

Fe
2
O
3
+Al
2
O
3

S
<
m
(%)
C cc
(mm)
L Mactanh 85 3,5 5 0,2 30150
L thi 85 3,5 5 0,2 550
L in 85 2 52 3 0,15 <0,3 2060

Hunh thch: thnh phn chnh l CaF
2
, khi a hunh thch vo x s to
thnh cc phc cht c nhit nng chy thp (xAl
2
O
3
.yCaO, xSiO
2
.yCaO,
xFeO.yCaO... ) lm gim mnh nhit chy ca x (nhit nng chy vo khong
1100 1300
o
C).

- 15 -
Bng 2.12 Yu cu i vi hunh thc dng lm cht to x khi luyn thp
Thnh phn ha hc (%)
Loi l
CaF
2
SiO
2
CaO < S <
m
(%)
C cc
(mm)
L mactanh 85 5 - 0,2 - 2050
L thi 85 5 - 0,2 - 550
L in 85 4 5 0,2 0,5 550

Sa thch: thnh phn chnh l SiO
2
, bng 2.13 nu thnh phn mt s loi sa
thch hay dng to x trong luyn thp nc ta.
Bng 2.13 Thnh phn mt s loi sa thch dng to x khi luyn thp
Thnh phn ha hc (%)
a danh khai thc
Fe S SiO
2
Al
2
O
3
CaO MgO
Thi Nguyn 1 0,08 93 4 0,2 0,1
Tnh Gia 1,2 - 88 10 0,1 0,2
Ph Cm Ngh An 1,8 - 93 4 0,7 0,1

2.1.4. Cht tng cacbon
tng hm lng cacbon trong thp ngi ta s dng: vn than cc, vn in
cc hoc rt thm gang lng vo. Yu cu i vi mt s loi cht tng cacbon cho
bng 2.14.
Bng 2.14 Yu cu i vi mt s loi cht tng cacbon dng khi luyn thp
Thnh phnha hc (%)
Vt liu
C S <
tro
(%)
m
(%)
ht
(%)
Vn than 95 0,1 2 0,5 0,51,0
Vn in cc 80 0,1 15 0,5 0,51,0



- 16 -
2.1.5. Vt liu chu la
Trong luyn thp, xy l v cc thit b lm vic nhit cao, ngoi cc
vt liu thng dng nh st thp, btng ... ngi ta thng s dng mt lng ln
gch chu la, gch cch nhit v cc vt liu chu la dng bt. Di y gii thiu
mt s loi vt phm chu la thng dng dng trong xy dng thit b luyn thp.
a) Vt phm inat: l vt phm chu la cha khong cht thch anh SiO
2
>93%.
+ chu nng t 1690 1710
o
C;
+ Nhit bin mm di ti trng 2 kG/cm
2
l 1650
o
C;
+ Bn vi mi trng axit;
+ Gin n nhit ln;
+ bn nhit thp.
b) Vt phm samt: l vt phm chu la cha t 30 45 % Al
2
O
3
.
+ chu nng 1610 1730
o
C;
+ C tnh axit yu;
+ bn nhit tng i ln (10 50 ln);
+ Gin n nhit ln.
c) Vt phm alumin cao: l vt phm chu la c hm lng Al
2
O
3
t 46
100%.
+ chu nng cao v ph thuc hm lng Al
2
O
3
;
+ Bn vi c mi trng kim v mi trng axit;
+ bn c v bn nhit cao (trn 100 ln).
d) Vt phm bn axit: l vt phm chu la cha 15 30 % Al
2
O
3
v > 65 %
SiO
2
.
+ chu nng 1610 1700
o
C;
+ Bn vi mi trng axit;
+ Bn nhit thp.
e) Vt phm manhdit: l vt phm chu la cha 90 96 % MgO.
+ chu nng cao, trn 2000
o
C;
- 17 -
+ Bn vi mi trng kim;
+ Bn nhit thp;
+ Gin n nhit ln;
+ Gim cht lng mnh khi b m.
f) Vt phm crmit: l vt phm chu la cha 80 90 % crmit, 10 12 %
manhdit v 7 10 % dumit.
+ chu nng 1900
o
C;
+ C tnh trung ho, bn vi c mi trng axit v mi trng kim;
+ Bn nhit thp (3 5 ln).
g) Vt phm crmit - ma nhdit: l vt phm chu la cha 30 70 % crmit v
70 30 % manhdit. Tnh cht tng t manhdit nhng cht lng cao hn.
h) Vt phm cacbon: Gm cc loi: cacbrun, graphit, cacbon.
Vt phm cacbrun: vt phm sn xut t bt SiC c cht dnh kt l t st
chu la v silicat st.
+ chu nng cao, trn 2000
o
C;
+ bn nhit cao;
+ Tnh chng mi mn v bn c hc tt;
+ Dn in, dn nhit tt;
+ Khi nhit trn 1300
o
C d b oxy ha v b kim n mn.
Vt phm graphit: c sn xut t hn hp 20 60 % graphit, 30 40 % t
st chu la v 10 40 % bt samt.
+ chu nng > 2000
o
C;
+ bn nhit tt;
+ H s gin n nhit nh;
+ Dn nhit tt;
+ Bn vi mi trng x v kim loi lng.
Vt phm cacbon: thnh phn ch yu l cac bon, cha 80 90 %C.
+ chu nng cao > 2500
o
C;
- 18 -
+ bn nhit tt;
+ Dn in v dn nhit tt;
+ H s gin n nhit nh.
i) Vt liu cch nhit: Vt liu cch nhit dng trong l luyn thp gm hai
nhm:
+ Vt liu cch nhit thin nhin: iatmit, inphurit, aming.
+ Vt liu cch nhit nhn to: vt phm chu la nh, x bng ...
Diatmit, inphurit c thnh phn ch yu l SiO
2
nhng c xp rt ln do
dn nhit km, h s dn nhit 0,014 0,06 W/m..
Aming c thnh phn chnh l silicat manh ngm nc, h s dn nhit
khong 0,15 W/m..
Vt phm chu la nh c thnh phn tng t cc vt phm chu la cng loi
nhng c xp ln ( 50 80 %), do khi lng th tch b (0,27 1,3 kg/m
3
) v
dn nhit km, h s dn nhit 0,11 0,81 W/m.. chu nng ca vt phm
cch nhit thp hn chu nng ca vt phm chu la cng loi. X bng c sn
xut t x luyn kim dng si, c xp ln, cch nhit v chu nng tt.
j) Cc th gch xy
xy cc thit b luyn thp, ngi ta s dng cc th gch chu la v cch
nhit sn xut theo hnh dng v kch thc tiu chun ha. Trn hnh 2.1 gii thiu
mt s th gch xy thng dng.
Gch thng: dng xy tng thng, y l hoc phi hp vi gch vt xy
vm v tng cong, kch thc ph bin l 230x113x65.
Gch vt nm: dng xy tng cong hoc vm l c chiu dy mng, kch
thc ph bin l 230x113x65/55 hoc 230x113x65/45
Gch vt ng: dng xy tng cong hoc vm l c chiu dy ln, kch
thc ph bin l 230x113x65/55 hoc 230x113x65/45.
Gch chn vm: dng xy chn vm cong, kch thc ph bin l
230x113x135/56/37.
- 19 -
Gch vm treo: dng xy vm l phng bng mc treo, kch thc ph bin
l 300x276x260/100/75/30.

















Khi chn gch xy l nn dng cc loi gch tiu chun c ch to hng lot
v d kim. Trong trng hp cn dng cc loi gch phi tiu chun cng nn a v
gn vi dng gch tiu chun vic ch to d dng hn.
2.2. Tnh ton thnh phn phi liu khi c thp
Vic tnh ton thnh phn phi liu khi luyn thp ph thuc rt ln vo thit b
nu v cng ngh nu luyn
i vi l thi, vn cn gii quyt l m bo thnh phn, nhit gang
lng a vo l v qu trnh cng ngh thi luyn, do vic tnh ton phi liu ch
yu l tnh ton thnh phn phi liu khi nu gang lng theo yu cu ca l chuyn.
a
b
c
d
c
a
b
d
c
b
a
e
d
c
b
a
e
c
b
d
f
a)
b)
a
c
b
d
c)
d)
e)
g)
Hnh 2.1 Hnh dng v kch thc mt s loi gch quy chun
a) Gch thng b) Gch vt nm c) Gch vt ng
d) Gch chn vm e) Gch vm cu g) Gch vm treo
a
- 20 -
i vi l Mactanh, l in h quang vic tnh ton phi liu ch yu l tnh
ton thnh phn kim loi trong phi liu. Cc bc tnh ton theo trnh t sau:
+ Chn phng php nu: c hai phng php nu l nu khng c giai on
oxy ha v nu c giai on oxy ha. Vic la chn phng php nu cn c vo
ngun nguyn vt liu nu v c im ca thp cn nu. Chn phng php nu
khng c giai on oxy ha khi yu cu cht lng thp khng cao, kh P v S khng
trit , nguyn vt liu ch yu l vn thp ph. Chn phng php nu c giai on
oxy ha khi yu cu cht lng thp cao (lng vt ln phi kim trong thp nh, kh P
v S trit ), ngun nguyn vt liu c nhiu gang.
+ Tnh ton thnh phn nguyn liu kim loi: cn c tnh ton l thnh
phn nguyn vt liu s dng, lng chy hao cc nguyn t trong qu trnh nu luyn
v thnh phn mc thp cn nu.
T l chy hao cc nguyn t khi nu trong l in h quang baz cho bng
2.15.
Bng 2.15 T l chy hao cc nguyn t khi nu trong l in h quang baz
Nguyn t Lng chy hao trong cc giai on (%)
Nu chy Oxy ha Hon nguyn
Fe 2 5 8 10 -
Mn 50 70 10 15 -
Si 50 75 80 - 50 15 20
Cr 10 5 10 20 3 2
P 50 60 30 40 -
S - 15 20 75 80

Thnh phn mc thp cn nu tra theo cc s tay.
Khi tnh ton phi liu ch yu cn c vo thnh phn cacbon, cc nguyn t
khc tnh sau khi tnh xong thnh phn phi liu, da vo s chy hao ca chng trong
tng giai on m iu chnh vo cui giai on hon nguyn (i vi Mn, Si... ) hoc
- 21 -
tm cch kh cc giai on (i vi P, S). Thng tnh ton thnh phn phi liu
theo %C sau khi nu chy xong. i vi phng php nu khng c giai on oxy
ha, ta tnh ton sao cho khi nu chy xong %C nh hn gii hn dc ca mc thp
cn nu. i vi phng php nu c giai on oxy ha, ta tnh ton sao cho khi nu
chy xong %C phi ln hn gii hn dc ca mc thp cn nu khong 0,3 0,4 % .
Trong trng hp nu thp cc bon cao th gim lng cc bon thp hn bnh thng
mt t d dng cho vic kh P.
Hm lng cacbon trong thnh phn phi liu bng tng lng cacbon trong
gang, thp vn, phoi thp, hi liu. Khi tnh ton thnh phn phi liu c th dng
phng php gii tch hoc phng php chn.
Khi dng phng php gii tch, dng h phng trnh bc nht tnh ton.
Cc phng trnh c lp da trn c s s nguyn t c chn lm cn c tnh
ton v tng lng m liu. Gi s chn hai nguyn t tnh ton th s phng trnh
lp c l ba phng trnh, do ch c chn ba n s l t l thnh phn ca ba
loi liu. Nu s loi vt liu ln hn ba th chn trc t l dng mt s loi. Sau khi
gii h phng trnh bc nht, xc nh c t l cc thnh phn, tin hnh kim tra
hm lng cc nguyn t khc theo hm lng c trong m liu, tnh ton lng cn
kh hoc a thm vo trong giai on oxy ha hoc giai on hon nguyn t
c hm lng yu cu.
Trong thc t luyn thp ngi ta hay dng phng php tnh ton thnh phn
phi liu theo phng php chn. Cn c vo tnh hnh nguyn vt liu sn c v kinh
nghim nu luyn, chn trc thnh phn m liu, thng ngi ta chn nh sau:
i vi thp cacbon, chn:
+ St thp vn (ro cn, ro rn dp, ro tn dy, ..) : 46 50 %;
+ Phoi thp (phoi tin, ro tn mng, ro vn ...) :15 30%;
+ Gang luyn thp (hoc gang c) t P v S : 35 20 %;
Hoc:
+ St thp vn : 70 90 %;
+ Gang luyn P v S trung bnh : 35 20 %;
- 22 -
i vi thp hp kim, chn:
+ St thp vn : 70 90 %;
+ Gang t P v S : 10 %;
Hoc:
+ St thp vn : 20 %;
+ Ph phm thp hp kim: 60 70%;
+ Ph phm thp cc bon : 10 20%;
Sau khi chn xong thnh phn phi liu kim loi, ta tnh c thnh phn cc
nguyn t (C, Si, Mn, P, S ...) trong phi liu, c bit l cacbon. Cc nguyn t ny
thng cao hn yu cu. Nu lng cacbon qu cao c th tng t l thp vn, gim t
l gang v tnh ton li. Qu trnh kh C, Si, Mn v P ch yu bng oxyt st do m
liu a vo, do thp b oxy ha, hoc do oxyt st a vo trong giai on oxy ha.
+ Tnh ton lng qung cn thit t chy C v cc tp cht: khi nu c
giai on oxy ha cn xc nh lng qung st a vo lm cht oxy ha. Trong
qung st ngoi oxyt st Fe
2
O
3
l ch yu, cn cha mt lng nh Fe
3
O
4
, FeO v cc
tp cht. Khi tnh ton ngi ta quy i F
3
O
4
v FeO v Fe
2
O
3
, do thnh phn
qung tnh ton ch cha Fe
2
O
3
v tp cht.
Khi a qung st vo l s xy ra phn ng:
FeO 3 Fe O Fe
3 2
+
Khi s xy ra phn ng t chy cc tp cht v cacbon:
Fe 2 SiO FeO 2 Si
2
+ +
Fe MnO FeO Mn + +
Fe 5 O P FeO 5 P 2
5 2
+ +
+ + CO Fe FeO C
Da vo lng oxy cn thit cho tng phn ng v lng cc nguyn t cn
kh ta tnh c lng oxy cn thit v tnh ra lng qung cn dng.

+ Tnh ton lng cc nguyn liu khc a vo l: m bo tnh cht ca
x, kh c P, S v oxy ... ta cn tnh ton lng cht to x, cht kh oxy a vo
- 23 -
l. Mun tnh lng cht kh oxy cn dng, ta cn phi bit lng oxyt st cn li sau
giai on oxy ha, s phn b ca n trong x v kim loi, phng php kh v loi
cht kh a vo, lng nguyn t cn iu chnh... , do qu trnh tnh ton thng
phc tp v d sai st. Trong thc t, n gin ngi ta thng tnh ton gn ng
nh sau:
i vi cht to x, tnh theo trng lng phi liu kim loi:
Cht to x vi: 2 3% ;
Samt: 0,2 0,15%;
Hunh thch: 0,13%;
i vi cht kh v iu chnh thnh phn, tnh theo trng lng kim loi lng:
Nhm: 0,5 1,5 kg/tn;
Siliccanxi hay silicmangan: 0,5 1 kg/tn;
Fermangan: 13 15 kg/tn;
Ferersilic: 7,5 10 kg/tn.


- 24 -
Chng III
L THUYT QU TRNH LUYN THP
Qu trnh luyn thp xy ra trong iu kin nhit cao, l kt qu ca nhiu
qu trnh tc dng ha l phc tp gia kim loi, x, mi trng kh l, nhin liu, vt
liu xy l ... trong qu trnh oxy ha v hon nguyn cc nguyn t ng mt vai
tr ht sc quan trng. Trong chng ny nghin cu mt s vn c bn lin quan
n cc qu trnh luyn kim trong luyn thp.
3.1. L thuyt v s oxy ha v hon nguyn
Trong qu trnh luyn thp, phn ng oxy ha - hon nguyn ph bin l theo
h oxy. Phng trnh tng qut ca phn ng c dng sau:

2
O Me 2 + MeO 2 (3.1)
XO Me + X MeO+ (3.2)
Trong :
Me - nguyn t oxy ha;
X - nguyn t hon nguyn.
V d qu trnh hon nguyn st xy ra theo phn ng:
Q CO 3 Fe C 3 O Fe
3 2
+ + +
Tt c phn ng trong luyn thp u xy ra th lng, trong Fe ng vai
tr dung mi, cc cht khc l cht tan.
c trng cho kh nng xy ra phn ng oxy ha - hon nguyn, ngi ta
thng xt gi tr thay i nng lng t do ca h thng Z.
Trong iu kin tiu chun th:

p
0
T
0
T
0
T
K lg T 575 , 4 S T H Z = = (3.3)
Do :
575 , 4
S
T 575 , 4
H
K lg
0
T
0
T
p

+

= (3.4)
Trong :
0
T
Z - s thay i nng lng t do ca h thng;
0
T
H - s thay i nhit hm ca h thng (entanpi).

- 25 -
0
T
S - s thay i entrpi ca h thng;
T - nhit tuyt i;
K
p
- hng s cn bng;
mi nhit , trong h thng kim loi - oxy - oxyt u c p sut ring phn
ca oxy tng ng trn kim loi v oxyt. p sut ring phn (
2
O
P ) ca oxy trong pha
kh khi n cn bng vi oxyt v kim loi th gi l p sut phn ly ca oxyt v ta c:

2
O p
P K =
p sut phn ly oxyt cng nh th nguyn t kim loi cng d b oxy ha. Bnh
thng, p sut ring phn ca oxy trong pha kh thng ln hn p sut phn ly ca
cc oxyt kim loi nn hu ht kim loi u b oxy ha. Khi tng nhit , p sut phn
ly ca oxyt tng rt nhanh, nn phn ng oxy ha ca nhiu nguyn t kim loi gim.
thy r kh nng oxy ha ca mt s kim loi thng thy trong qu trnh
luyn thp ta kho st
0
T
H v
0
T
Z ca mt s phn ng thng gp.
Bng 3.1 Gi tr ca
0
T
H v
0
T
Z ca mt s phn ng thng gp
0
298
Z kj/mol O
2

Phn ng ha hc
to ra oxyt
1000
o
C 1600
o
C
0
298
H
kj/mol O
2

CaO 2 O Ca 2
2
= + - 1068 - 942,11 - 1270,27
3 2 2
O Al
3
2
O Al
3
4
= +
- 895,75 - 781,47 - 497,78
2 2
SiO O Si = + - 690,28 - 581,17 - 872,99
MnO 2 O Mn 2
2
= + -624,67 - 535,91 - 779,58
FeO 2 O Fe 2
2
= + - 399,10 - 313,13 - 540,10
NiO 2 O Ni 2
2
= + - 306,27 -190,54 - 339,24
2 2
CuO O Cu = + -190,92 - 103,84 - 339,24

T bng (3.1) v cc phng trnh trn ta c nhn xt: thng 0 Z
0
T
< , do
cc phn ng t xy ra theo theo chiu oxy ha. Phn ng oxy ha no c
0
T
Z m

- 26 -
cng ln th phn ng tin hnh cng mnh. Do nguyn t no xp trn st (c
0
T
Z
nh hn) th s b oxy ha, cn cc nguyn t xp di st (c
0
T
Z ln hn) th thc
t kh b oxy ha.
phng trnh phn ng (3.2), phn ng ch xy ra theo chiu thun khi
0
XO
0
MeO
Z Z < , nu
0
XO
0
MeO
Z Z > phn ng s xy ra theo chiu ngc li.
Mt khc,
p
0
T
Q H = , trong Q
p
l nhit phn ng, theo bng (3.1) th ni
chung cc phn ng c 0 H
0
T
< , do 0 Q
p
> tc l phn ng ta nhit. V vy, khi
nhit ca h thng tng ln th K
p
gim i, c ngha l phn ng tin dn ti cn
bng v chuyn sang chiu ngc li (hon nguyn). Trn thc t, trong khong nhit
nu luyn, tr s ca
0
T
H v
T
S thay i t chng t phn ng hon nguyn xy ra
yu hoc kh xy ra.
Tc oxy ha cc nguyn t bn cnh ph thuc vo i lc ha hc ca
nguyn t vi oxy cn ph thuc nng , do khi cp oxy vo l st thng b oxy
ha ngay mc d i lc ca n vi oxy nh hn Si, Mn.
phn ng xy ra th 0 Z < , do kh c cc tp cht khi st th
G ca chng phi nh hn so vi st.
3.2. S oxy ha v hon nguyn cc nguyn t
3.2.1. S oxy ha v hon nguyn st
St trong phi liu luyn thp chim ti 90 96%, do mc du i lc ha
hc ca st vi oxy thua mt s nguyn t khc (nh Mn, Si ...) nhng trong qu trnh
nu luyn phn ng oxy ha st thng xy ra trc, sau oxyt st li l ngun cung
cp oxy oxy ha cc tp cht khc.
S chuyn bin ca h Fe - O thng theo hai h thng:
+ Fe - FeO - Fe
3
O
4
- Fe
2
O
3
( vng nhit > 570
o
C).
+ Fe - Fe
3
O
4
- Fe
2
O
3
( vng nhit < 570
o
C).
Ty thuc phng php cp oxy m c cu ca phn ng oxy ha st tin hnh
c th khc nhau. Thc t, ngi ta cung cp oxy cho qu trnh nu luyn theo ba
phng php:

- 27 -
+ Trc tip thi oxy vo l;
+ a qung st vo l;
+ Nh mi trng kh l.
Khi thi trc tip oxy (hay khng kh) vo thp lng, c cu phn ng xy ra
nh sau:
{ } [ ] O 2 O
2
= (3.5)
[ ] [ ] FeO O Fe = + (3.6)
[ ] ( ) FeO z FeO y xFeO + = (3.7)
Vi z y x + =
Khi a trc tip qung vo hp kim lng:

3 2
O Fe
qung
( )
3 2
O Fe (3.8)
( ) [ ] FeO . x 3 Fe x O Fe x
3 2
+ (3.9)
[ ] ( ) FeO z 3 FeO y 3 FeO . x 3 + = (3.10)
Vi z y x + =
Khi cung cp oxy bng mi trng kh l: nu trong mi trng kh l c cha
cc kh oxy ha (hi nc, CO
2
, O
2
...) th kh ny s truyn oxy cho st qua x, qu
trnh c th m t nh sau:
+ b mt tip xc gia x v kh:
( ) { } ( )
3 2 2
O Fe O
2
1
FeO 2 = + (3.11)
+ ( )
3 2
O Fe khuch tn qua x n b mt tip xc gia x v kim loi v xy ra
phn ng:
( ) [ ] xFeO 3 Fe x O Fe x
3 2
+ (3.12)
[ ] ( ) FeO z 3 FeO y 3 FeO . x 3 + = (3.13)
Vi z y x + =
Mun qu trnh ny tin hnh nhanh th mi trng phi l mi trng kh oxy
ha, x cha nhiu FeO v c tnh linh ng tt.

- 28 -
Phn ng oxy ha st l phn ng ta nhit nn khi nhit tng tc phn
ng s chm li.
Phn ng hon nguyn st trn thc t rt kh xy ra, trong nu luyn hon
nguyn st ngi ta a vo hp kim lng cc nguyn t c i lc ha hc vi oxy
mnh hn st. Cc nguyn t ny c th a vo trong kim loi (Mn, Si, Al ...) hoc
ri ln x (bt cc, bt fersilic)
3.2.2. S oxy ha v hon nguyn mangan
Mn l nguyn t hp kim nh hng ln n c tnh ca thp. Mn lm tng
bn, cng ca thp, tng tnh chu mi mn. Tuy nhin hm lng Mn phi nm
trong mt phm vi nht nh, khi vt qu gii hn nht nh li c nh hng c hi.
Theo bng (3.1), phn ng oxy ha Mn c Z nh hn phn ng oxy ha st,
do khi nu luyn Mn d b oxy ha.
Khi thi oxy trc tip vo kim loi lng th xy ra phn ng:
[ ] { } ( ) MnO O
2
1
Mn
2
= + (3.14)
Khi trong kim loi lng cha [ ] FeO hay kh oxy trc tip bng Mn th:
[ ] [ ] ( ) [ ] Fe MnO FeO Mn + = + (3.15)
Khi trong x cha nhiu FeO th phn ng xy ra in hnh l:
[ ] ( ) ( ) [ ] Fe MnO FeO Mn + = + (3.16)
Phn ng c:
T 4 , 14 200 . 30 Z + =
Hng s cn bng:

( )
( )
[ ] Mn % . N
N
K
FeO
MnO
Mn
= (3.17)
V 16 , 3
T
600 . 6
K lg
Mn
= (3.18)
Suy ra:
[ ]
( )
( ) FeO
MnO
Mn
N
N
.
K
1
Mn % = (3.19)

- 29 -
Khi t s
( )
( ) FeO
MnO
N
N
khng i, nu tng nhit th lng Mn cn li trong kim
loi tng (do K
Mn
gim), ngc li khi nhit khng i ( const K
Mn
= ), vi cng t
s
( )
( ) FeO
MnO
N
N
th [ ] Mn % di x baz cao hn di x axit. V vy, qu trnh l axit th
Mn b oxy ha hon ton hn qu trnh l baz.
Do phn ng oxy ha Mn l phn ng ta nhit, nn khi nhit tng tc
phn ng s chm li.
Khi nhit rt cao, c th xy ra s hon nguyn Mn, qu trnh ny thng
km theo s oxy ha cacbon, do ta c th coi n l kt qu ca hai phn ng ng
thi:
( ) [ ] [ ] ( ) FeO Mn Fe MnO + = + (3.20)
( ) [ ] { } [ ] Fe CO C FeO + = + (3.21)
( ) [ ] [ ] { } CO Mn C MnO + = + (3.22)
Trong thc t nu luyn rt kh xy ra phn ng hon nguyn Mn trc tip
bng cacbon, nhng trong l axit Mn c th c hon nguyn bi Si:
( ) [ ] ( ) [ ] Mn 2 SiO Si ) MnO 2
2
+ = + (3.23)
Trong luyn thp ngi ta thng s dng Mn t c mc ch:
+ m bo c tnh cho thp c;
+ Kh oxy s b cho nc thp.
Kh nng kh oxy ca Mn rt yu nhng ngi ta vn dng Mn kh oxy s
b nhm gim hm lng oxy trong thp trc khi kh bng Si v Al, mt khc khi
cho Mn vo thp cho php ta iu chnh s si ca thp trong khun, khi thp ng
c Mn ngn cho thp khng b oxy ha tip bi kh tri, trnh c hin tng si
khun.
3.2.3. S oxy ha v hon nguyn silic
Si cng l mt nguyn t hp kim nh hng ln n c tnh ca thp. Si tng
kh nng chng r, i vi mt s thp Si c tc dng tng t tnh. Cng nh Mn, hm

- 30 -
lng Si trong thp phi nm trong mt phm vi nht nh, khi vt qu gii hn cn
thit li c nh hng c hi.
Phn ng oxy ha Si xy ra c khi nu chy, trong giai on oxy ha to thnh
( )
2
SiO hoc ( ) SiO v h Si - O chuyn bin theo hai h thng:
Si SiO siO
2
( nhit > 1500
o
C)
Si siO
2
( nhit < 1500
o
C)
Phn ng oxy ha Si cng ph thuc phng php cp oxy.
Nu thi oxy trc tip vo thp lng:
[ ] { } ( ) SiO 2 O Si 2
2
= + (3.24)
Hay [ ] { } ( )
2 2
SiO O Si = + (3.25)
Khi kh oxy bng Si hay trong thp c nhiu [ ] FeO th xy ra phn ng:
[ ] [ ] ( ) [ ] Fe 2 SiO FeO 2 Si
2
+ = + (3.26)
in hnh nht l phn ng khc pha xy ra mt phn cch gia x v kim
loi:
[ ] ( ) ( ) [ ] Fe 2 SiO FeO 2 Si
2
+ = + (3.27)
Phn ng c: T 7 , 50 000 . 87 Z + = (3.28)

( )
[ ]
( )
2
FeO
SiO
Si
N . Si %
N
K
2
= (3.29)
1 , 11
T
057 . 19
K lg
Si
= (3.30)
T (3.29) suy ra:
[ ]
( )
( )
2
FeO
SiO
Si
N
N
.
K
1
Si %
2
= (3.31)
Phn ng (3.27) cn ph thuc vo tng quan gia p sut phn ly oxyt ca
oxyt silic v oxyt st. giai on u nu chy,
) SiO ( O ) FeO ( O
2 2 2
P P > nn Si b oxy ha,
nhng cui giai on nu chy (l mctanh, l thi) th s khc nhau gia chng
khng ln lm do phn ng dn t ti trng thi cn bng.

- 31 -
T cc phn ng trn ta nhn thy phn ng oxy ha Si l phn ng ta nhit,
do khi nhit tng, tc phn ng chm li v c th dn ti t cn bng hoc
chuyn sang hon nguyn Si. Kh nng t cn bng hoc chuyn sang hon nguyn
Si ph thuc qu trnh luyn.
Trong l baz, u giai on nu, mt phn ( )
2
SiO to ra s lin kt vi
( ) FeO v to thnh hp cht phaialit:
( ) ( ) ( )
4 2 2
SiO Fe FeO 2 SiO = + (3.32)
V sau, ty thuc theo mc ha tan ca vi trong phaialit m oxyt st s
tch dn ra:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) FeO 2 SiO Ca CaO 2 SiO Fe
4 2 4 2
+ = + (3.33)
Nh vy trong x baz, oxyt silic nm dng silicat v phn ng (3.27) ch t
cn bng khi nng Si trong thp rt thp, do phn ng hon nguyn Si rt t kh
nng xy ra.
Trong l in h quang, i khi c s hon nguyn Si ti 0,1 0,15% vo giai
on kh oxy khuch tn.
Trong l in axit, do x bo ha (SiO
2
) v rt t oxyt st t do, do cui giai
on nu, Si b hon nguyn kh nhiu bng C v Fe.
Trong nu luyn thp, Si c s dng nhm mc ch:
+ m bo thnh phn ha hc ca hp kim, t c c tnh v cc tnh
cht khc theo yu cu;
+ Kh oxy cho nc thp.
Trong l in baz ngi ta cho trc tip fersilic vo nc thp kh oxy
theo phn ng:
[ ] [ ] ( ) [ ] Fe 2 SiO FeO 2 Si
2
+ = + (3.34)

( )
[ ][ ]
2
SiO '
Si
FeO . Si %
N
K
2
=
85 , 10
T
050 . 26
K lg
'
Si
+ =

- 32 -
Trong l in axit do nng oxyt st trong x nh, oxyt silic b bo ha v p
sut phn ly ca oxyt cacbon nh hn p sut phn ly ca oxyt silic, do Si c
hon nguyn nhiu bi Fe v C:
( ) [ ] [ ] { } CO 2 Si C 2 SiO
2
+ = + (3.35)
( ) [ ] [ ] ( ) FeO 2 Si Fe 2 SiO
2
+ = + (3.36)
Si hon nguyn t cc phn ng (3.35) v (3.36) c th dng kh oxy theo
phn ng (3.34). Trong trng hp cn kh oxy nhanh ngi ta cng c th cho thm
fersilic vo thp lng.
V kh nng kh oxy, th Si kh oxy mnh hn Mn, khi nhit tng kh nng
kh oxy ca Si gim.
3.2.4. S oxy ha ca cacbon
Hm lng cacbon trong thp ph thuc vo mc thp, nhim v ca luyn thp
l kh bt C khi d v b sung C khi thiu. Ring i vi thp khng r, khi luyn phi
kh C xung hm lng thp nht c th.
Phn ng oxy ha cacbon l phn ng ch yu trong qu trnh luyn thp v c
nh hng rt ln n thi gian nu luyn.
Tc oxy ha cacbon ph thuc hai qu trnh ch yu:
+ Qu trnh cung cp oxy;
+ Phn ng oxy ha cacbon.
Khi thi oxy trc tip vo thp lng (trong l chuyn) th phn ng oxy ha
cacbon xy ra nh sau:
[ ] { } { } CO O
2
1
C
2
= + (3.37)
Hoc theo h hai phng trnh c phn ng trung gian:
[ ] { } [ ] FeO O
2
1
Fe
2
= +
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] CO Fe C FeO + = + (3.38)
[ ] { } CO CO =

- 33 -
{ } [ ] { } CO C O
2
1
2
= + (3.39)
Khi cung cp oxy t kh l qua x hoc oxy t x ni chung, th c cu ca phn
ng oxy ha cacbon s xy ra theo nhiu giai on:
+ Khuch tn oxyt st t x vo kim loi:
( ) [ ] FeO FeO
+ Khuch tn cacbon vo khu vc phn ng:
+ Phn ng gia [ ] FeO v [ ] C :
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] CO Fe C FeO + = + (3.40)
+ To kh { } CO :
[ ] { } CO CO =
Do , phn ng chung s l:
( ) [ ] [ ] { } CO Fe C FeO + = + (3.41)
Trong cc phn ng trn, thc t do CO khng ha tan trong thp lng, cc
phn ng (3.38) v (3.40) khng pht trin nhiu c m ch yu ch xy ra trn b
mt cc bt kh theo phn ng khc pha. Trong l thi, qu trnh s xy ra trm mt
cc bt khi do gi thi vo v cc bt kh CO mi to thnh. Trong l mactanh, l in
th lc u phn ng pht trin t cc tm mm kh trn cc mt nhm ca tng l,
y l, liu ... sau cc phn ng tip tc pht trin t cc bt kh CO va mi to
thnh.
Thc t xc nhn rng: s hn ch qu trnh oxy ha cacbon khi cung cp oxy
t x khng phi do phn ng ha hc m ch yu do qu trnh khuch tn. Xt trng
hp l mactanh, quan h gia hm lng [ ] FeO v [ ] C trong kim loi c dng nh
hnh 3.1. Qua th nhn ta thy vi p sut phn ly 1 P
CO
= atm v nhit 1600
o
C
th tch s 0112 , 0 FeO .% C % = cao hn nhiu so vi l thuyt. S d c s chnh lch
ny l do s khuch tn xy ra vi tc rt chm, nht l qu trnh khuch tn
( ) [ ] FeO FeO .


- 34 -












Trong qu trnh luyn thp, do cacbon b oxy ha sau khi oxy ha gn ht Si,
phn ln Mn v cc nguyn t c i lc ha hc vi oxy mnh hn cacbon. V vy, khi
luyn thp c giai on oxy ha, khng nn a cc nguyn t hp kim d b oxy ha
vo trc giai on oxy ha, nu khng s lm tn hao nguyn t hp kim v hn ch
tc oxy ha cacbon.
Tc oxy ha cacbon ch yu do qu trnh cung cp oxy (phng php cung
cp v s khuch tn ca oxy trong kim loi). Chnh v vy, tc oxy ha cacbon
trong cc l thng rt khc nhau, trong l thi tc oxy ha cacbon t ti
0,5%/pht, trong khi trong l mactanh ch khong 0,002 0,007%C/pht.
Tc khuch tn v thot kh CO ph thuc rt ln vo st ca x v chiu
dy lp x. X long v chiu dy mng th tc khuch tn v thot kh nhanh.. Khi
nu luyn thp, nhn vo s ni ca bt kh c th d on c chiu dy ca lp x,
khi chiu dy lp x hp l, bt kh ch hi n trn mt lp x v khng nhn thy mt
thong nc thp.
3.2.5. Kh phtpho
Phtpho l nguyn t c hi trong thp v n lm gim tnh do ca thp, gy ra
hin tng dn ngui, c bit l khi hm lng cacbon trong thp cao. Ch trong mt
0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0, 0,5 0,6 0,7 0, 0,9
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
%FeO
%C
1
2
3
Hnh 3.1 Quan h cn bng ca[ ] FeO v [ ] C trong l mactanh
p sut P
CO
= 1,0 1,5 atm
1) Cn bng 2) trong l 3) lp kim loi st di x

- 35 -
s mc thp, khi yu cu b mt gia cng cn nhn cao hoc cn phoi d gy vn
to thun li cho qu trnh gia cng, mi dng thp c hm lng P cao.
Trong qu trnh luyn thp, s oxy ha P xy ra theo phn ng:
[ ] ( ) [ ] [ ] Q Fe 5 O P FeO 5 P 2
5 2
+ + = + (3.42)
[ ]
5 2
O P khuch tn vo x kt hp vi ( ) FeO to thnh mui ( )
5 2
O P . FeO 3 theo phn
ng:
( ) ( ) ( )
5 2 5 2
O P . FeO 3 FeO 3 O P = +
Mui ( )
5 2
O P . FeO 3 rt khng n nh khi nhit cao v mi trng x axit. Khi c
mt ( )
2
SiO , mui ( )
5 2
O P . FeO 3 tc dng vi ( )
2
SiO theo phn ng:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
5 2 2 2 5 2
O P SiO . FeO 3 SiO 3 O P . FeO 3 + = +
( )
5 2
O P tc dng vi [ ] C v hon nguyn P tr li kim loi:
( ) [ ] [ ] { } CO 5 P 2 C 5 O P
5 2
+ = +
Nh vy, trong qu trnh axit khng c kh nng kh P. Trong trng hp ny,
luyn c thp tt phi s dng nguyn liu cha t P.
Trong mi trng x baz, x cha nhiu ( ) CaO , nn ( )
5 2
O P tc dng vi
( ) CaO theo phn ng:
( ) ( ) ( )
5 2 5 2
O P . CaO 3 CaO 3 O P = + (3.43)
Hoc ( ) ( ) ( )
5 2 5 2
O P . CaO 4 CaO 4 O P = + (3.44)
V ( )
5 2
O P . CaO 3 hoc ( )
5 2
O P . CaO 4 l cc phc cht khng b phn hy nhit
cao nn cc phn ng trn xy ra theo chiu oxy ha P. Phng trnh phn ng
chung c dng:
[ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] Q Fe 5 O P . CaO 3 CaO 3 FeO 5 P 2
5 2
+ + = + + (3.45)
T phng trnh (3.45), ta nhn thy iu kin kh P tt l:
+ kim ca x
( )
( )
2
SiO
CaO
B = phi cao, ng thi trong x phi cha nhiu
( ) FeO ;
+ Nhit l thp, tt nht l trong khong 1300 1350
o
C;

- 36 -
+ Din tch tip xc gia thp lng v x phi ln (do phn ng xy ra gia hai
pha).
Trong thc t, khi nu thp trong l mactanh hoc l in h quang baz ngi
ta tin hnh kh P vo cui giai on nu chy v u giai on oxy ha v l thi
k c iu kin kh P tt nht do nhit l cn thp, nng oxyt st kh cao c th
nng baz ca x ti 2,5 3. Trong l thi baz, ngi ta thng tin hnh kh P
vo giai on gia, khi thnh phn ca x cha khong: 6,4 9,4% SiO
2
; 2,9 9%
Al
2
O
3
; 44,1 53,3% CaO; 36 12,4%MgO; 4,2 7,9%MnO; 15,0 23,93%FeO.
Ngoi phng php kh P bng x ngi ta cn dng cc nguyn t kim loi
nh Ca, Mg, RE (t him: cha Ce, La) kh P. Khi a cc kim loi trn vo thp
lng, chng kt hp vi P to thnh cc hp hp cht bn nhit cao (CaP, MgP,
(Ce + La)P ...) v i vo x.
Mt vn cn lu l khi dng cc kim loi trn kh P, trc ht cn phi
kh ht oxy v i lc ha hc vi oxy ca cc nguyn t ny ln hn rt nhiu so vi
P.
3.2.6. Kh lu hunh
Lu hunh l tp cht c hi trong thp (gy ra hin tng b nng). Bi vy,
thp c cht lng cng cao th hm lng S trong thp yu cu cng thp, i vi
thp sch phi kh S hu nh trit .
Lu hunh ho tan c vo Fe, nhit cng cao th ha tan cng ln,
phng trnh kh S:
[FeS] + [CaO] [CaS] + [FeO] - Q (3.46)
T phng trnh phn ng ta nhn thy iu kin kh S tt l:
+ CaO cao ( kim cao);
+ Nng ( ) FeO thp;
+ Nhit cao.
Qu trnh kh S c th tin hnh bng x, kh ho v kh lng.
Khi kh S qua x, do FeS ha tan c trong x v kim loi, hng s phn b:

- 37 -

( )
[ ] FeS %
N
K
FeS
FeS
=
mt iu kin nu luyn nht nh th K
FeS
l hng s, nu ta tm cch gim
( ) FeS
N ti mc [ ]
( ) FeS FeS
N FeS % . K > th [ ] ( ) FeS FeS . gim
( ) FeS
N ngi ta thng
dng cc bin php chuyn ( ) FeS t dng d ha tan sang dng kh ha tan nh cc
phn ng:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) FeO MnS MnO FeS + = + (3.47)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) FeO CaS CaO FeS + = + (3.48)
Ngi ta thng kh S theo phn ng (3.48), v phn ng ny c hiu qu kh
S cao, phng php kh li n gin v rt kinh t.
Trong cc l luyn thp, ngi ta thng kh S vo lc nhit nc thp
cao, nng ( ) FeO thp v nng baz n 2,8 3,2. V d, trong l in h quang
baz, ngi ta tin hnh kh S vo cui giai on oxy ha v ch yu vo u giai
on hon nguyn.
Khi kh S trong mi trng kh ha, S b t chy theo phn ng:
S + O
2
= SO
2
(3.49)
Khi kh lng, ngi ta a vo thp lng cc kim loi (chng hn nh: Ca, Mg,
RE) d kt hp vi S to thnh cc hp cht bn. Khi kh S bng phng php ny,
phi tin hnh kh ht oxy trong thp trc khi kh S.
3.2.7. Kh kh
Kh ho tan vo thp c ngun gc t nguyn vt liu, khng kh... chng c th
lm gim c tnh ca thp, cng nh gy ra r kh khi c. Thng khi luyn thp cn
tin hnh kh cc kh [O], [N], [H].
a) Kh oxy
Oxy c cp vo thp lng oxy ha cc nguyn t d tha nh C, Si, Mn...
sau khi oxy ha cc tp cht trong thp cn mt lng oxy d. kh oxy c th tin
hnh bng phng php kh lng hoc kh khuch tn.

- 38 -
Trong phng php kh lng ngi ta dng cc nguyn t kim loi c i lc
vi oxy ln hn so vi st:
[Mn] + [O] (MnO) (3.50)
[Si] + 2[O] (SiO
2
) (3.51)
[Al] + 3[O] (Al
2
O
3
) (3.52)
Phng php kh lng c u im: tc phn ng nhanh nhng c nhc
im l cc oxyt to thnh ni ln khng trit lm bn thp.
Phng php kh khuch tn dng fero (fersilic, fermangan) cho vo thp
lng hoc cacbon ht vo x.
(FeO) + C = (Fe) + CO (3.53)
(FeO) + Si = (Fe) + (SiO
2
) (3.54)
Do hng s phn b oxyt st trong x v trong kim loi lng
( )
[ ]
const
FeO
FeO
K
p
= = , nn khi (FeO) gim ko theo [FeO] gim theo. Phng php kh
lng khng lm bn nc thp nhng tc kh chm, ko di thi gian kh, do
thng dng khi luyn thp yu cu sch cao.
Ngoi ra i vi thp cht lng cao, ngi ta c th tin hnh kh oxy bng
phng php chn khng.
b) Kh [N] v [H]:
N
2
= 2[N] (3.56)
H
2
= 2[H] (3.57)
Hng s phn ly:
[ ]
2
N
2
p
P
N
K = [ ]
2
N p
P K N =

[ ]
2
H
2
'
p
P
H
K = [ ]
2
H
'
p
P K H =
Phng php kh ch yu l kh khuch tn, do trong qu trnh kh phi to
nn s xo trn kim loi tt tng cng s ni ca bt kh. tng tc kh kh,
ngi ta c th dng kh tr sc vo thp lng.


- 39 -
3.2.8. Tp cht phi kim
Tp cht phi kim l nhng cht ln khng ni ln c trong qu trnh luyn v
nm li trong thp, chng ch yu l cc oxyt. Tp cht phi kim trong thp hnh thnh
do ni sinh hoc t ngoi a vo. Tp cht ni sinh l sn phm ca s oxy ha, tp
cht t ngoi a vo do nguyn vt liu ln cht bn, do vt liu chu la b n mn,
do ln x v s ti oxy ha. Tp cht phi kim lm gim cht lng ca thp, do vy
trong qu trnh nu luyn cn c bin php hn ch ngun tp cht a t ngoi vo,
nh dng nguyn vt liu sch, s dng vt liu chu la ph hp gim s n mn,
s dng cht kh ph hp v lng dng hp l, hn ch s ti oxy ha ... hoc dng
cc bin php tinh luyn ngoi l.
3.3. X trong qu trnh luyn thp
Trong qu trnh nu luyn hp kim, d mun hay khng bao gi cng c mt
lng tp cht t nhiu ngun khc nhau a vo l v tch ra trong qu trnh nu
luyn to thnh x. Trong l, do x tip xc trc tip vi kim loi nn tc ng rt ln
ti nhiu qu trnh ha l lin quan n tin trnh thc hin qu trnh cng ngh. Trong
mt s qu trnh nu luyn (nh nu gang chng hn) qu trnh to x l qu trnh
khng mong mun nhng trong luyn thp x li ng vai tr rt ln trong nhiu qu
trnh luyn kim xy ra trong l nh qu trnh truyn nhit, qu trnh kh tp cht, kh
kh ... Bi vy, ty thuc yu cu cng ngh, trong tng giai on nu ngi ta thng
xuyn phi iu chnh ch x ph hp m bo cho qu trnh luyn pht trin
theo hng cng ngh mong mun.
3.3.1. Ngun gc v thnh phn ca x luyn thp
a) Ngun gc ca x
Khi lng v thnh phn ca x ph thuc vo phm cht ca nguyn, nhin
vt liu nu, vt liu xy l v ch nu luyn.
Trong qu trnh nu luyn, x c hnh thnh t cc ngun ch yu sau y:
+ Do cc cht ln trong nguyn, nhin vt liu (nh t ct, du m, nc...),
do nguyn liu kim loi b oxy ha mang vo;
+ Do kim loi v tp cht trong phi liu b oxy ha;

- 40 -
+ Do tng l b n mn: trong iu kin nhit cao, do tc dng c hc hoc
s n mn ha hc, lp lm vic ca tng l b bo mn v i vo x.
+ Do cc oxyt v tp cht a vo cng cht oxy ha, v d khi a qung st
vo oxy ha tp cht v cacbon, mt lng ln oxyt st v cc oxyt khc c a
vo l.
+ Do cc tp cht ln trong cc cht to x;
+ Do tro ca nhin liu: trong nhin liu c bit l nhin liu rn thng cha
mt lng tro nht nh, khi nu luyn mt phn cun theo kh l, mt phn nm li
trong l v i vo x.
b) Thnh phn ha hc ca x
Thnh phn ch yu ca x luyn thp l cc oxyt, theo tnh cht ha hc ca
chng c th chia lm ba nhm: nhm c tnh cht baz, nhm c tnh cht axit v
nhm c tnh cht lng tnh.
Nhm cc oxyt c tnh baoz gm: CaO, MgO, MnO, FeO, NiO, ...
Nhm cc oxyt c tnh axit gm: SiO
2
, P
2
O
5
, TiO,V
2
O
5
, ...
Nhm cc oxyt c tnh cht lng tnh gm: Al
2
O
3
, Fe
2
O
3
, Cr
2
O
3
, V
2
O
3
, ...
Trong cc cc oxyt c tnh cht lng tnh, ch c Al
2
O
3
l th hin tnh cht
lng tnh r rt cn Fe
2
O
3
v Cr
2
O
3
thng mang tnh axit yu.
Ngoi cc oxyt trn, trong x cn cha cc hp cht khc nh: CaS, FeS, CaS
2
...
Cc oxyt trn khi dng t do phn ln c nhit chy rt cao, tuy nhin
trong x ngoi cc oxyt t do, cn c cc hp cht ca nhiu oxyt vi nhau m thng
c nhit chy gim mnh. Chnh v vy, trong iu kin nu luyn x thng
trng thi lng.
Cc hp cht thng gp trong x luyn thp c nhiu loi nhng c th chia
thnh bn nhm chnh:
Nhm silicat:
( )
2 x
SiO . FeO (x = 1; 2)
2
SiO . MnO
( )
2 x
SiO . CaO (x = 1; 2)

- 41 -

2
SiO . MgO
2 3 2
SiO . O Al ....
Nhm phtphat:
( )
5 2 3
O P . FeO

5 2
O P . MnO
( )
5 2 x
O P . CaO (x = 3; 4)
( )
5 2 3
O P . MgO ...
Nhm aluminat:

3 2
O Al . FeO
3 2
O Al . CaO
3 2
O Al . MgO ...
Nhm pherit:

3 2
O Fe . FeO
( )
3 2 x
O Fe . CaO (x = 1; 3)
( ) ( )
y 3 2 x
O Fe . CaO ...
Ngoi cc hp cht trn, x cn cha mt s hp cht phc tp khc nh:

2
SiO . MeO . CaO (Me = Fe, Mn, Mg ...)

2 5 2
SiO . O P . CaO 5 ...
Trong thnh phn ca x th cc oxyt t do quyt nh hot tnh ha hc ca x,
cc hp cht nhiu oxyt lm nhit chy ca x gim thp, m bo cho x c st,
chy long v mt s tnh cht khc cn thit theo yu cu cng ngh.
Trong luyn thp, ngi ta c bit ch ba loi oxyt: ( ) CaO , ( )
2
SiO v
( ) FeO . Cc oxyt ( ) CaO v ( )
2
SiO quyt nh baz ca x, cn ( ) FeO quyt nh
kh nng oxy ha ca x.
3.3.2. Cc tnh cht ca x luyn thp
a) baz ca x: baz ca x xc nh bi t s gia t l phn trm theo
trng lng ( hoc t l phn t gam) ca hai oxyt ( ) CaO v ( )
2
SiO :

- 42 -
( )
( )
2
SiO %
CaO %
B = hoc
( )
( )
2
SiO
CaO
N
N
B = (3.58)
Khi lng ( )
5 2
O P trong x cao, ngi ta tnh baz ca x theo cng thc sau:

( )
( ) ( )
5 2 2
'
O P % SiO %
CaO %
B
+
= hoc
( ) ( )
( )
2
5 2 '
SiO %
O P % 18 , 1 CaO %
B

=
Cn c vo baz ca x ngi ta chia ra:
+ X c baz thp : 5 , 1 3 , 1 B = (35 40 %CaO, 25 30 %SiO
2
);
+ X c baz trung bnh : 2 , 2 8 , 1 B = (40 45 %CaO, 20 25 %SiO
2
)
+ X c baz cao : 5 , 2 B = (45 48 %CaO, 12 20 %SiO
2
)
Trong l luyn thp axit, ngi ta cn dng axit thay cho baz, xc nh
theo cng thc:

( )
( ) CaO %
SiO %
R
2
=
baz ca x c ngha rt ln trong vic kh P, S v m bo cho nhiu tin
trnh cng ngh tin hnh thun li. baz nh hng ln n chy long ca x,
do nh hng ln n hot tnh ca x, kh nng ht kh hoc thot kh ca kim loi
v kh nng kh tp cht. V vy, ty theo nhit trong l v yu cu cng ngh, khi
nu luyn cn phi thng xuyn kim tra v iu chnh baz ca x.
b) Cc tnh cht vt l ca x
st ca x: c trng cho linh ng ca x, st cng cao th linh
ng ca x cng thp. n v o st l poa (g/s), mt poa bng 100 ln st ca
nc 20
o
C. Bng 3.2 cho st ca thp v x cc nhit nht nh.
Bng 3.2 st ca thp v x ph thuc nhit
Cht Nhit (
o
C) st (poa)
Thp 1595 0,025
X lng 1595 0,02
X lng va 1595 0,20
X c 1595 2,0

- 43 -

Hai yu t nh hng n st ca x l:
+ Thnh phn ha hc ca x;
+ Nhit ca x.
X axit d chy hn x baz nn khi nhit thp c st nh hn x baz.
Khi nhit tng, st ca x axit v x baz u gim nhng st ca x baz
gim mnh hn nn khi nhit cao st ca x baz li thp hn st ca x axit.
thy r nh hng ca thnh phn n st ca x, ta xt gin ba
nguyn ca x nhit 1600
o
C (hnh 3.2).









T gin ta nhn thy, nhit 1600
o
C, nhiu thnh phn x c th m bo
chy long ( st ca x thp), nht l nhng loi cha t 48 55 %CaO, khi
%CaO < 45% th st ca x ch ph thuc vo %CaO m t ph thuc vo t s SiO
2

: Al
2
O
3
.
Trng lng ring ca x: trng lng ring ca x cng thp th x cng nh v
cng d tch ra khi kim loi. Trng lng ring ca x ph thuc thnh phn ca x,
trong c nh hng ln nht l cc oxyt FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, MnO. Bng 3.3 cho trng
lng ring v nhit chy ca mt s oxyt v hp cht trong x.



%CaO
%Al
2
O
3

%SiO
2

20 30 40 50 60
40
50
60 30
40
50
60
70
30
2
3
4
5
4
6
10
8
Hnh 3.2 Gin st ca x 1600
o
C
15
35

- 44 -
Bng 3.3 Trng lng ring v nhit nng chy ca mt s hp cht
Hp cht
Trng lng ring
(g/cm
3
)
Nhit chy
(
o
C)
FeO 5,7 1420
Fe
3
O
4
5,1 5,2 1538 phn hy
Fe
2
O
3
5,24 1560 phn hy
MnO 5,45 1785
MgO 3,65 > 2800
CaO 3,40 2572
SiO
2
2,20 1713
Al
2
O
3
2,65 2050
P
2
O
5
2,39 -
MnS 4,00 1620
(CaO)
3
.P
2
O
5
3,14 1670
CaO.SiO
2
2,405 1540

Nhit hm ca x: l lng nhit cn cung cp cho 1 kg x nung nng n n
nhit nng chy, nng chy hon ton v qu nhit n nhit yu cu. Nhit hm
ca x c th tnh theo cng thc gn ng sau:
50 t 28 , 0 q + = (kj/kg)
Trong t l nhit lm vic ca x.
dn in ca x: dn in ca x c ngha ln trong mt s qu trnh
nu luyn, c bit l khi luyn thp trong l h quang hoc l in x. dn in
ca x tng khi tng nhit v trong thnh phn ca x cha nhiu cc oxyt baz,
cacbit canxi.
Sc cng b mt ca x: sc cng b mt ca x nh hng rt ln n vic tch
chng khi kim loi. X c sc cng b mt ln th t dnh vo kim loi v d tch ra
trong qu trnh nu luyn.


- 45 -
3.4. Cn bng nhit trong qu trnh luyn thp
3.4.1. Ngun nhit cung
Ngun nhit cung cp cho l trong qu trnh luyn thp c th chia lm hai
dng:
+ Nhit ha hc.
+ Nhit vt l.
a) Nhit ha hc: Nhit ha hc l nhit c cung cp do t chy nhin liu
hoc do phn ng oxy ha khi kh tp cht sinh ra.
Ty thuc qu trnh luyn, ngi ta c th dng cc ngun nhin liu sau:
+ Nhin liu rn: than cc, than gy, ci hoc g;
+ Nhin liu lng: du t;
+ Nhin liu kh: kh thin nhin, kh l cc, kh l cao.
Nhit do phn ng oxy ho khi t chy tp cht: phn ng chy C, Si, Mn, P ...
V d trong l betsme nhit ha hc ch yu do t chy Si, trong l tmat ch
yu l do t chy P.
b) Nhit vt l: nhit vt l do gang lng, nhit tch ca tng l hoc do khng
kh, nhin liu... c nung nng mang vo. Trong cc l in ngun nhit vt l l do
bin i in nng thnh nhit nng: nhit ca h quang in, nhit tr hoc nhit sinh
ra do hin tng cm ng in t...
3.4.2. Ngun nhit chi
Nhit cung cp cho l, mt phn c dng nung nng, nu chy v qu
nhit kim loi, x n nhit yu cu, cung cp cho cc phn ng thu nhit xy ra
trong qu trnh nu luyn... gi l lng nhit c ch, mt phn b mt mt trong qu
trnh nu luyn do truyn nhit cho l, truyn nhit ra ngoi, do kh thi mang theo ...
phn nhit ny c gi l nhit tn tht.
Trong qu trnh nu luyn cn m bo s cn bng ngun nhit cung v ngun
nhit chi trong l.
- 46 -
Chng IV
LUYN THP TRONG L IN H QUANG
4.1. c im v phn loi
4.1.1. c im
L in h quang l loi l c dng rt ph bin nc ta. u im ca l
in l:
+ Nu c nhiu loi nguyn vt liu (gang, thp vn ...);
+ Chy hao kim loi t;
+ D dng iu chnh nhit nc thp;
+ Nu c nhiu loi thp, cht lng thp tt;
Hn ch ca l in h quang l in nng t.
4.1.2. Phn loi
Da vo cng sut bin p v dung tch cha thp, ngi ta phn ra:
+ L in h quang cng sut thng: 400kVA/tn.
+ L in h quang cng sut cao: 600 800kVA/tn.
+ L in h quang siu cng sut: > 800kVA/tn.
Da vo ngun in, phn ra:
+ L in h quang xoay chiu: dng ngun in xoay chiu, l c ba in cc.
+ L in h quang mt chiu: dng ngun in mt chiu, l ch dng mt
in cc.
4.2. Thit b
4.2.1. Cu to chung v nguyn l lm vic
Hnh 4.1 trnh by cu to chung ca l in h quang, l gm cc b phn c
bn sau:
+ Bung l;
+ Thit b nghing l;
+ Thit b nng h in cc;
+ Thit b in (my bin th v mng in).

- 47 -





L in h quang s dng ngun nhit l ngn la h quang sinh ra gia cc
in cc v kim loi nu. Khi nu, in cc c h xung chm vo kim loi gy ra
hin tng ngn mch, sau nng in cc ln cch mt kim loi mt khong cch
nht nh, gia in cc v kim loi pht sinh ngn la h quang. Do h quang gy ra
trc tip gia in cc v kim loi nu nn c gi l h quang trc tip, nhit
ngn la h quang rt cao v nhit tp trung nn nhit truyn cho kim loi rt ln v
Hnh 4.1. Cu to tng th ca l in h quang
1) Vi phun oxy 2) in cc grafit 3) ng ht khi bi 4) Np l 5) V l bng thp
6) Ca thao tc 7) Thit b dch chuyn v l 9) B phn dn ng quay l 10) ta b
phn dch l 11) Thit b quay np l 13) B phn quay khung l 14) Qut thng kh
15) B phn lm ngui in cc 16) Thit b nng h in cc 17) Dy cp in
- 48 -
ch yu l truyn nhit bc x. Theo mc nng chy ca kim loi trong bung l,
in cc c iu chnh gi khong cch gia in cc v kim loi n nh, nh
h quang chy n nh.
4.2.2. Bung l
Bung l gm ba phn: y l, thn l v nc l (hnh 4.2).
y l: lm nhim v cha kim loi v x. Phn trn y l c dng hnh cn,
gc nghing 45
o
, phn di c dng chm cu. Chiu dy th xy y l thng t
650 700 mm, gm:
+ Lp manhdit thiu kt dy 180 200 mm;
+ Lp gch manhdit dy 295 mm;
+ Lp gch samt dy 130 mm;
+ Lp vn samt dy 30 mm;
+ Lp ba aming dy 10 mm.
Ngoi cng l v l bng thp tm dy 20 mm.













Tng l: to khng gian cha liu, ng thi chu lc tc dng ca nc l.
Chiu dy tng l thng t 350 700 mm, gm cc lp:
D
2

D
1

d
h
3
h
1
h
2
H
1
1
0
0
a
b

Hnh 4.2 S cu to bung l in h quang
D
3
- 49 -
+ Lp gch manhdit dy 285 mm.
+ Lp gch samt dy 130 mm.
Nc l: c dng hnh chm cu, xy bng gch crm-manhdit hoc bng gch
dinat, chiu dy khong 300 mm. nc l, khi xy cha ba l trng t ba in
cc.
Th xy y v tng l in h quang baz trnh by trn hnh 4.3.
.












Cc kch thc c bn ca bung l: thng khi thit k l, s liu cho ban u
l cng sut l (T/h), t c th tnh c khi lng ca m kim loi nu, th tch
ca kim loi v x. Trn c s , xc nh dung tch ni l v cc kch thc c bn
ca bung l.
Da vo hnh 4.2 ta c th tnh nh c th tch ni l:
( )
2 2 2
2
1
2
1
r R R
3
h
.
6
h
8
r
h . V + + +

+ = (4.1)
Trong :
2
d
r = v
2
D
R
1
= .

1
2
6
4
5
3
Hnh 4.3 Th xy tng v y l h quang baz
1) Lp manhdit thiu kt 2) Lp gch manhdit 3)Lp gch samt
4) Lp vn samt 5) Lp ba aming 6) V thp
- 50 -
Cc kch thc ca ni l thng c chn theo chiu cao ni l H:
H 5 D
1
= H
2
5
2
D
R
1
= =
H .
5
1
h
1
=
H .
5
4
h H h
1 2
= =
H
5
17
h 2 D d
2 1
= =
H 7 , 1 d
2
1
r = =
Thay cc gi tr trn vo cng thc (4.1) ta tnh c:

3
H 6 , 11 V =
Suy ra: 3
6 , 11
V
H = (4.2)
Cc kch thc khc ca tng l c chn theo chiu cao ni l H nh sau:
200 H 5 200 D D
1 2
+ = + = [mm]
( )H 2 , 2 1 , 2 H
1
= [mm]
( ) 200 H 44 , 5 42 , 5 D
3
+ = [mm]
Chiu cao nc l:
3 3
D
8
1
7
1
h

= [mm]
Chiu rng ca l:
3
D 3 , 0 a =
Chiu cao ca l:
a 8 , 0 b = .
Dung tch l mi thit k thng nh hn 30 40% so vi sau khi nu, do c
th nu qu t 15 20% (bng 4.1).

- 51 -
Bng 4.1 Dung tch l h quang luyn thp
Ti trng cht (tn)
L baz
Dung tch
danh ngha
(tn) Nu bnh thng Nu cng bc
L axit
0,5 0,7 0,8 0,8 0,9 1,0 1,1
1,5 2,0 2,2 2,3 2,5 2,6 2,8
3,0 3,8 4,2 4,5 5,0 5,2 5,5
5,0 6,0 7,0 7,4 7,8 8,0 8,5
10,0 12,0 13,0 14,0 16,0 -

4.2.3. Thit b nng h in cc
Trong qu trnh nu luyn, mc kim loi di in cc thay i, in cc b
mn dn... duy duy tr h quang chy n nh, ba in cc ca l cn phi chuyn
ng ln xung ph hp. Thit b nng h in cc lm nhim v iu chnh in cc
trong sut qu trnh nu luyn, m bo khong cch gia in cc v kim loi hoc x
duy tr ng theo yu cu.











Thit b nng h in cc gm:
+ Gi lp in cc;
Hnh 4.4 Thit b nng h in cc
1) Gi lp in cc 2) Tr dn hng
3) H thng dn ng 4) Kp in cc 5) i trng
5
1
2
4
3
- 52 -
+ H thng dn ng;
+ Tr dn hng.
Gi lp in cc dng kp in cc, c cu kp c lm ngui bng nc.
Dn ng c cu iu chnh nng h in cc thc hin bng h thng c kh hoc h
thng thy lc. Chuyn ng iu chnh c t ng ha.
4.2.4. C cu nghing l
i vi l in h quang ra thp qua mng ra thp bn hng khi ra thp phi
nghing l. nghing l c th dng c cu c kh hoc thy lc.
4.2.5. Thit b in
S mng in v bin p ca l in h quang trnh by trn hnh 4.5.
Dng in cao th t ng dy (1) qua cu dao khng kh (2), cu dao du
chnh (3), cun cm (7), my bin p (9) ti in cc (12) v sinh ra h quang gia
in cc v kim loi (13). Cu dao khng kh (2) dng ng m thit b in ca l,
n ch c ng m khi cu dao du chnh (3) m. Cu dao du chnh dng ngt
mch in. V y c dng cao th chy qua, nn phi dng cu dao ny m bo
an ton (cu dao u chnh trit tiu c tia la in pht ra khi ngn mch).
m bo an ton cho mch in ca l, ngi ta phi dng h thng ng h
o v r le bo v (6), khi dng in hay in p tng qu t ngt, n c kh nng t
ng ngt mch. Cun cm (7) ca my bin th c kh nng to ra sc in ng cm
ng bin h quang gin on thnh h quang lin tc, do h quang v dng in
n nh, liu s chng chy, nhng khi c cun cm th s tng tiu hao in, khng s
dng ht cng sut ca my bin p, h s cos gim. V vy khi nu chy xong, h
quang v dng in n nh th phi ct cun cm khi mch, thc hin vic
dng cu dao u in cm (8).
Bin p (9) ch yu i dng in h th ph hp vi tng giai on nu
luyn. Yu cu ca bin p l h quang l cch in rt tt, c kh nng qu ti ln
chu c on mch v qu ti thng xuyn.


- 53 -






























1
2
3
4
6
5
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
Hnh 4.5 S thit b in ca l in h quang
1) ng dy cao th 2) Cu dao khng kh 3) Cu dao du chnh 4) B phn o
dng 5) B phn o p my bin p 6) ng h o v r le bo v 7) Cun cm
8) Cu dao du cun cm 9) My bin p 10) Cu dao i in p 11) ng h o,
thit b bo v v t ng iu chnh in cc 12) in cc 13) Kim loi
- 54 -
Ty theo tng giai on nu, ngi ta yu cu nhng cp in p khc nhau. Do
, my bin p cn c nhiu cp in p, thng l su cp in p ty theo cch mc
hnh sao ( ) hay tam gic ().









Th d su cp in p ca my bin p l:
Khi mc tam gic: 260 V - 220 V - 180 V.
Khi mc hnh sao: 150 V - 127 V - 104 V.
Ty theo tng giai on nu, ta s dng in p thch hp, thng thng:
Giai on nu chy: 240 380 V.
Giai on oxy ha: 160 200 V.
Giai on hon nguyn: 140 115 V.
Cng sut my bin p xc nh theo cng thc:
= cos . I . U . 3 P
Trong :
P - cng sut my bin p;
U, I - in p v cng dng in.
Theo yu cu nu luyn, cng sut gim dn t giai on nu chy sang oxy
ha n hon nguyn (hnh 4.7).



Hnh 4.6 Cc phng php ni cun dy my bin p
a) Mc hnh sao b) Mc tam gic
a) b)
- 55 -










gim cng sut c th gim U hoc I. Khi in p vng h th c nh,
gim I th phi tng chiu di h quang (tng in tr). Ngc li khi gim U th chiu
di h quang phi ngn li.
Bng 4.2 in p ti thiu sinh h quang ph thuc vt liu ch to in cc
in cc in p sinh h quang (V)
in cc than - than 17
in cc than - kim loi 26
in cc than - x baz 9
in cc than - x axit 30

Do , khi bt u chy l, nhit l cn thp, h quang pht sinh gia cc
than v kim loi khng vng, n nh h quang ngi ta cho thm cc mnh in
cc ln trn kim loi. Khi trong l c x baz th h quang d n nh nn ta c th
ct cun cm ra khi mch in.
4.2.6. in cc: lm nhim v gy h quang in, c ba loi:
+ in cc t thiu;
+ in cc cacbon;
+ in cc grafit.
1000
2000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1600
1500
1700
210V
267V
210V
210V
210V
157V 157V
121V
121V
Hnh 4.7 Ch in cho m luyn thp l h quang 30 tn
- 56 -
in cc t thiu chuyn dng cho sn xut fer. in cc dng cho luyn thp
thng dng in cc grafit. in cc cacbon hin nay t dng.
Theo cng sut l, in cc grafit c phn ra:
+ in cc grafit thng;
+ in cc grafit cng sut cao;
+ in cc grafit siu cng sut.
in cc c ch to dng hnh tr, u cui c phn lp u ni hnh tr hoc
hnh cn c ren (hnh 4.8).









Cc ch tiu ha l ca in cc grafit thng dng trnh by bng 4.3.
Bng 4.3 Cc ch tiu ha l ca in cc grafit thng dng
ng knh in cc (mm)
75 130 150 200 250 350 400 500

Ch tiu
cp
cao
cp
1
cp
cao
cp
1
cp
cao
cp
1
cp
cao
cp
1
Thn 8,5 10 9,0 11 9,0 11 9,0 11 in tr sut
min (.mm
2
/m) ni 8,5 8,5 8,5 8,5
Thn 7,85 7,85 6,37 6,37 Cng b gy
min (Mpa) ni 11,3 11,3 9,81 9,81
Thnh phn tro
max (%)
Thn 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5
Hnh 4.8 Cu to in cc
1) Thn in cc 2) u ni
1
2
- 57 -
Mt thc
min (g/cm
3
)

Thn 2,18 2,.18 2,18 2,18
Thn 19,6 19,6 17,7 17,7 bn nn
min (MPa) ni 29,4 29,4 29,4 29,4

Cng dng in cho php ph thuc ng knh in cc (bng 4.4).
Bng 4.4 Cng dng in cho php
ng knh
in cc
Cng
dng in
cho php (A)
ng knh
in cc
Cng
dng in
cho php (A)
75 1000 1400 300 10000 13000
100 1500 2400 350 13000 18000
125 2200 3400 400 18000 23000
150 3500 4200 450 22000 30000
200 5000 6900 500 25000 34000
250 7000 10000

Ch tiu ha l ca in cc grafit siu cng cng sut cho bng (4.5)
Bng 4.5 Ch tiu ha l ca in cc grafit siu cng cng sut
ng knh in cc (mm)
225 400 400 600

Ch tiu
Thn u Thn u
Hm lng C (%) 99,3 99,3 99,3 99,3
Tro (%) 0,2 0,2 0,2 0,2
Xp (%) 20 24 20 24 20 23 20 23
Mt (g/cm
3
) 1,65 1,72 1,74 1,80 1,66 1,73 1,74 1,81
in tr sut
(mm
2
/m)
5,0 6,5 4,5 5,5 4,5 5,75 4,0 5,0
- 58 -
Un (MPa) 9,0 14,0 - 8,5 13,5 -
Nn (MPa) 6,6 10,0 14,0 20,0 6,0 9,5,0 13,0 19,0
M un n hi
(GPa)
6,5 11,0 12,5 18,0 6,0 11,0 12,0 17,0
H s dn nhit
(w/m.
o
C)
175 260 240 260 210 280 250 320
H s gin n nhit
(10
-6
/
o
C)
0,5 1,0 0,4 0,9 0,3 0,6 0,75 0,6

i vi in cc grafit cn lu :
+ Khi bo qun in cc grafit cn trnh ma gi lm m in cc, trong qu
trnh vn chuyn phi ht sc cn thn trnh va p, trc lc s dng cn sy kh
nhit 100
o
C.
+ Khi ni in cc cn vn cht trnh to khe h, dn n sinh h quang
mi ni khi dng in i qua.
+ Khi np liu trnh liu va p vo in cc.
4.3. Cng ngh nu luyn
4.3.1. Nguyn vt liu
Nguyn vt liu dng luyn thp trong l h quang gm:
+ Nguyn liu kim loi: thp ph, gang, phe-r hp kim, st xp.
+ Liu to x: gm vi, hunh thch ...
+ Liu oxy ha: qung st, kh oxy ...
4.3.2. Cng ngh luyn thp thp trong l in h quang baz
a) Giai on nng chy
Trong giai on ny liu c nung nng n nhit nng chy v chuyn
sang th lng. y l giai on quan trng trong qu trnh luyn thp, chim ti 60%
thi gian nu luyn.
- 59 -
u tin cht mt lp thp ph m di y l trnh va p gy hng y
l khi cho liu thi ln vo. Tip theo cho gang thi vo khong 50%, sau cht mt
lp thp ph ln trn.
Khi bt u nu luyn, liu cht gn y l, h quang nm gn nc l, ch dng
khong 50% cng sut trnh lm hng nc l. Sau khi liu di in cc nng
chy, kim loi lng tp trung xung y l, xung quanh in cc to thnh h (ta gi
giai on ny l giai on o h), tng cng sut l ln cc i (W
max
) v tip tc iu
chnh in cc i xung duy tr h quang. Khi nc thp tp trung y l dn dn
dng ln v in cc xung gn mt nc thp, iu chnh in cc i ln theo tc
dng ca mt nc thp. Trong qu trnh nu chy, liu st thnh l kh nng chy
v xa h quang, tng qu trnh nng chy ngi ta c th thi kh oxy vo qua cc
vi phun b tr quanh thn l.
Khi liu rn nng chy ch cn cc nh nm trong thp lng, cho thp ph vo
v tip tc nu chy, khng nn cho thp ph vo khi liu nng chy hon ton, v
nh vy d gy bn te kim loi lng gy nguy him.
Trong giai on ny, nhit tiu tn ln, nu chy nhanh cn phi dng cng
sut l ln, kt hp thi thm oxy. Cui giai on nu chy ly mu phn tch thnh
phn ha hc (ch yu l phn tch cacbon v phtpho).
b) Giai on oxy ha
Trong giai on ny xy ra cc phn ng oxy ha cc nguyn t C, Si, Mn, P, S,
ng thi tin hnh kh kh v tp cht phi kim. Do cc phn ng oxy ha to nhit
nn cng sut l giai on ny khng cn ln (ch cn khong 50% W
max
). Trong giai
on ny Si b kh u tin, khi Si ch cn 0,02% th Mn bt u b kh. Trong giai
on nu chy, Mn b t chy khong 50%, sau giai on oxy ha tip tc b t chy
cn li 0,2%.
kh P kim (B) phi cao, hm lng (FeO) cao v nhit (T) thp. Khi
kh S kim phi cao, nhng hm lng FeO trong x cng thp cng tt v nhit
phi cao.
- 60 -
Trong giai on oxy ho cm m bo [C], [P] v nhit t yu cu. i vi
[S] trong giai on ny t quan tm nhng cui giai on cng phi xc nh [S]
chun b cho giai on x l tip theo.
c) Giai on hon nguyn
Giai on hon nguyn ch duy nht luyn trong l in h quang mi c cn
trong cc l khc khng c. Mc ch ca giai on ny l kh [S] nu cn, sau kh
[O] v hp kim ho, ng thi nng nhit thp lng.
Kh oxy bng phng php khuch tn: u tin tin hnh co b x oxy ha,
sau tin hnh to x hon nguyn, thnh phn gm vi (CaO) v cht tr dung
(CaF
2
) v bt than, khi kim ca x tng, hm lng (FeO) gim xung, lng
dng cht to x khong 4 7%.
Vi lm tng kim ca x.
Cht tr dung CaF
2
lm gim nhit nng chy ca CaO.
Bt than: ( ) ( ) { } + = + CO Fe C FeO
Lc ny kh [S] rt tt v B tng, (FeO) gim v nhit cao.
Thc t trong giai on ny, hm lng kh [H], [N] vn cn do dng h quang
a vo.
Khi a bt than vo cn trnh ch dng h quang, v khi gp dng h quang:
+ + CO CaC C 2 CaO
Tcao

+ + = + CO (CaO) (Fe) CaC FeO
Cui giai on hon nguyn cho Si v Mn vo t hm lng yu cu ca
mc thp.

[ ]
( ) Mn Fe Mn %
C C Q
P
2 1
Mn Fe

Trong :
C
1
: hm lng cn c trong thp.
C
2
: hm lng cn li trong thp lng trc khi cho fer vo.
Sau khi ra thp, ch lng 3 5 pht, ng thi tp cht ni ln v tng s
ng u thnh phn mi tin hnh rt khun.
- 61 -
i vi quy trnh luyn thp hin i trong l in siu cng sut v c lin
tc, giai on nu luyn thng rt xung di mt gi, l in ch lm hai nhim v
nu chy v oxy ha, cn tinh luyn, kh [O], kh tp cht, kh kh v hp kim ho
tin hnh ngoi l.
4.3.3. Tinh luyn ngoi l
Tinh luyn ngoi l c th tin hnh bng phng php chn khng x hoc thi
kh (xo trn). Di y trnh by phng php tinh luyn bng thi kh l phng
php ph bin trong cng ngh luyn thp hin i, l tinh luyn bng l LF (Ladle
Furnace).
S cu to l LF trnh by trn hnh 4.9.

















Np l c cu to tng t l in h quang cng sut thng. Tng l gm 4
lp (mt ct A) tnh t ngoi vo gm: v l bng thp, lp aming, lp gch xp cch
Hnh 4.9 S cu to l LF
1) Np l 2) Tng l 3) y l 4) Gch xp 5) L rt
6) Tm chn 7) ng dn kh acgng 8) Ca quan st 9) Ca vo liu
2
5
3
6
7
4
B
A
C
D
B
C
D
A
1
Gch manhedit
Gch xp thu kh
Gch ZrO.C
Tm chn
chuyn ng
8
9
- 62 -
nhit v lp gch lm vic. Phn tng l ngang mc cha x (mt ct B), lp lm vic
xy bng gch manhedit. phn y l c b tr cc vin gch xp thu kh (mt ct
C) v l thi kh (mt ct D). Bn di l thi kh t hai tm chn c l cho kh i
qua, mt tm t c nh, mt tm chuyn ng qua li khi lm vic.
tinh luyn v kh kh, sau khi cho thp lng vo l, tin hnh to x hon
nguyn, gy h quang chm trong x v thi kh acgng vo l. Khi sc kh acgng vo
l, cc bt kh to ra s xo trn mnh thp lng lm tng qu trnh ni ca cc ht ln
rn, ng thi kh [H], [N] khuch tn vo cc bt kh v b cun ra ngoi. Nh s xo
trn mnh ca thp lng s kh [S] cng tng ng k.
Qu trnh tinh luyn tng t nh giai on hon nguyn trong l in h
quang.
- 63 -
Chng V
LUYN THP TRONG L IN CM NG
V MT S L IN KHC
5.1. c im v phn loi
5.1.1. c im
L in cm ng s dng in nng bin thnh nhit nng nh hiu ng cm
ng in t.
L in cm ng c nhiu u im hn so vi l h quang:
+ C th luyn c thp C rt thp (khng c s tng C do in cc);
+ Thnh phn kim loi ng u hn (nh s khuy trn kim loi tt di tc
ng ca lc in t);
+ Nng sut l cao, ct chy hao cc nguyn t hp kim;
+ D khng ch thnh phn v nhit kim loi;
Nhc im:
+ Nhit ca x thp nu khng c bin php x l thm;
+ bn lp o l baz thp.
5.1.2. Phn loi
Theo cu to, l in cm ng c chia thnh hai loi: loi c li st v loi
khng c li st, luyn thp thng dng loi khng c li st.
Theo c tnh ca dng in ngun cung cp, l in cm ng c chia ra:
+ L cao tn: lm vic vi tn s my pht khong 100 200 kHz.
+ L trung tn: lm vic vi tn s my pht khong 500 1.000 Hz.
+ L thp tn: lm vic vi tn s 50 60 Hz.
5.2. Thit b
5.2.1. S cu to v nguyn l lm vic
L in cm ng khng c li st (hnh 5.1) lm vic ging nh mt bin th
khng kh m cun s cp l cc vng cm ng v cun th cp l lp mt ngoi ca
kim loi nu.
- 64 -
Khi c dng in tn s cao chy qua cun s cp, th trong m liu kim loi
sinh ra sc in ng cm ng:
n . f . 44 , 4 E
2
= [vn] (5.1)
Trong :
- t thng;
f - tn s dng in;
n - s vng dy cm ng.










Sc in ng cm ng E
2
sinh ra dng in cm ng I
2
, ch yu tp trung
lp mt ngoi cc liu, lm kim loi b nung nng v chy lng. Chiu su lp b mt
cc liu, ni m mt dng in cm ng t gi tr ln c gi l chiu su thm
t c th xc nh theo cng thc sau:

f .
10 . 03 , 5
3

=
Trong :
- in tr sut ca vt liu [.cm];
- t thm ca vt liu;
f - tn s dng in [Hz].
Nhit nng to ra c th xc nh theo cng thc:
Hnh 5.1 S cu to l in cm ng khng c li st
1) Ni l 2) Vng cm ng 3) Kim loi nu
1
3
2
- 65 -

9
2
2 2 2 2
2
10 . f . . .
h
d
. . n . I . 2 W

= [W] (5.2)
Trong :
I - cng dng in (A);
N - s vng cm ng;
- in tr sut vt liu (.cm);
- t thm;
f - tn s (Hz);
d
2
- ng kinh trung bnh ca liu (cm);
h
2
- chiu cao ca kim loi trong ni l (cm);
T phng trnh (5.1) v (5.2) ta thy tng E
2
v W
2
cn tng n v f, thng
thng ngi ta tng f. Tn s ti thiu i vi mt kim loi nu xc nh theo cng
thc:

2
9
min
d
e
10 . 5 , 2 f
e - khe h gia vng cm ng v m liu (cm);
d - ng knh trung bnh ca ni l (cm).
i vi l cm ng khng c li st, khe h gia vng cm ng v m liu ln,
t thng r rt ln nn h s cng sut thng khng vt qu 15%.
Dng in trong vng cm ng v thp lng ngc chiu nhau, hai vt dn ny
li ng tm nn y nhau lm cho thp lng c xo trn tt.
5.2.2. Cc b phn c bn ca l
L in cm ng c nhiu b phn, song ta c th chia ra hai phn chnh:
+ Mng in l;
+ L nu.
a) Mng in l cm ng: gm c ng c xoay chiu, my pht tng tn s, my
in kch thch mt chiu t in, cun cm ng.
- 66 -
ng c in: thng dng ng c in khng ng b vi rto ni ngn
mch (hiu in th ti 500V, s vng quay c 300 vng/pht, c cung cp bi
ngun in tn s cng nghip.
My pht tng tn: thng dng ba loi: my pht quay, my pht n in t
v my pht phng tia la. My pht quay c tn s 100 10.000 Hz, cng sut my
pht cn khong 0,3 1 kw/kg liu. Loi ny thng dng cho l th nghim dung tch
c 8 10 kg. My pht n in t v my pht phng tia la c tn s 200 1.000
kHz, thng dng cho cc l dung tch nh trong cng nghip v th nghim.
Cun cm ng: thng lm bng ng ng c tit din ngang l hnh trn, ch
nht hoc bu dc. Vt liu ch to l ng k thut in c dn in cao, kch
thc c tnh ton sao cho va m bo yu cu v dn in, va phi m bo lu
lng nc lm ngui vng cm ng. t tn hao in nht th chiu dy thnh ng
phi m bo iu kin:
> . 3 , 1
t

Trong : - chiu su thm t.
S vng cm ng cng tng th lng nng lng in chuyn thnh nhit nng
trong m liu cng ln, nn cng tng s vng th tn tht cng gim, tuy nhin vn
phi m bo t l:
3 , 1 1 , 1
h
H
=
Trong :
H - chiu cao cun cm ng;
h - chiu cao kim loi trong ni l.
Vng cm ng c lm ngui bng nc, p sut nc 1atm, nhit nc
ra khong 35 - 45
o
.
T in cun cm ng: gim cng sut my pht in cung cp cho l v
nng h s cos (thng khng qu 0,15) ngi ta thng mc song vi cun cm
mt h thng t in (gi l t b). Khi mc t b, gc lch pha gia dng in v in
p s gim, h s cos tng v dn ti 1.
- 67 -





























Hnh 5.2 S h thng in ca l cm ng
1) B chnh lu ant 2) My pht cao tn 3) Chnh lu ph 4) Mch l nu
B
A

7

L
1

8

L
2

L
3

C
2

C
1

C
1

C
2

C
3

C
4

L
4

L
2

L
2

R
2

R
2

1

2

3

4

- 68 -
iu kin t 1 cos = l:

L f 4
1
C
2 2

=
Trong :
C - in dung ca t b;
f - tn s dng in;
L - t cm ca cun cm.
Hnh 5.2 trnh by s mch in vi my pht n in t ca mt l in
cm ng.
Mch in gm: bin p ant BA, b chnh lu ant (1), my pht cao tn (2),
b chnh lu ph (3) v mch l nu (4). B chnh lu ant dng su n gadotron
(D
1
D
6
), bin p cao tn gm hai cun dy L
3
v L
4
..
b) B phn l: gm ni l, khung l v thit b nghing l. B phn quan trng nht
l ni l, n c ngha rt ln v kinh t v k thut. Ngoi cc yu cu chung, ni l
cm ng cn phi m bo yu cu thnh mng, khng dn in gim bt tn tht
in, d ch to, sa cha.
Ni l axit: c m bng ct thch anh, thnh phn: SiO
2
: 99 99,5%,
Fe
2
O
3
: 0,5%, CaO: 0,25%, Al
2
O
3
: 0,2%, m: 0,5%. ht v t l trn nh sau:
Thch anh c ht 5 6 mm : 25%.
Thch anh c ht 2 3 mm : 20%.
Thch anh c ht 0,5 1 mm : 30%.
Thch anh bt : 25%.
Axit boric k thut :1,72 %.
bn ni l axit tng i cao, vi l dung tch 1,4 tn c th dng c 150
m.
Ni l baz: c m bng hn hp ct manhdit hm lng MgO 85%,
4% SiO
2
, 0,1% CaO, 1% Al
2
O
3
, 2% Fe
2
O
3
. Cht dnh l axit boric, t st hoc
nc thy tinh. Thnh phn hn hp kh:
Ct manhdit : 90 94,5%.
- 69 -
t st chu la : 5 9%.
Axit boric : 1 1,5%.
Lng nc : 5 7% (so vi khi lng kh).
bn ni l baz thp hn l axit, thng ch vo khong 10 100 m, l
cng ln tui th cng thp.
Ni l c th m trc tip hoc m ngoi sau a vo. Khi m trc
tip, u tin t lp cch nhit aming vo pha trong cun cm ng v y, ph lp
hn hp p y ni dy khong 20 40 mm xung y ri m cht. Tip tc t
khun p ni vo v cho hn hp vo tng lp v m cht. Khun p ni ch to
bng thp tm c khoan l ng knh 3 mm, v ni l bng thp dy 5 7 mm.
Sau khi m xong c th sy s b bng ci hoc than sau sy bng in trc
tip trong l. Qu trnh sy v thiu kt l gm cc giai on:
+ Sy kh: lm bc hi m, nhit sy 100 150
o
C.
+ Lm bc hi nc hydrad: nhit nung 600 800
o
C, thi gian 30 pht.
+ Thiu kt: nhit bng nhit nng chy ca kim loi, thi gian 30 pht.
Sau khi nu ln u, ni l c thiu kt cn v l chy lun. Sau hai ba ln
nu th ni l c thiu kt hon ton.
Kch thc cun cm v ni l ca l cm ng khng li cho bng 5.1.
Bng 5.1 Kch thc cun cm v ni l ph thuc dung tch l.
Kch thc cun
cm (mm)
Kch thc l (mm)
Chiu dy thnh
Cng
sut my
pht
(kw)
Dung
tch l
(kg) Cao ng
Knh trong
Chiu
su
Chiu
dy y Trn Di
1400 8000 1300 1380 1200 200 110 150
1400 5000 1170 1180 1100 140 100 130
1200 4000 1100 970 970 500 90 125
680 1400 830 720 720 200 90 130
150 250 650 560 560 304 30 48
- 70 -
5.3. Cng ngh luyn thp trong l cm ng
Khi nu thp trong l in cm ng, yu cu phi bit thnh phn ha hc ca
nguyn liu em nu cng nh phi liu m liu chnh xc, v thi gian nu nhanh ch
c th phn tch kp C v Mn hoc C v Si.
Kch thc liu cn ph hp vi dung tch l v tn s dng in, l cng ln
v tn s dng in cng b yu cu kch thc liu cng ln. Kch thc liu nh nht
nh sau: l tn s 500Hz kch thc liu 20 mm, l tn s 1.000 Hz kch thc liu
10 mm, l tn s 10.000 Hz kch thc liu 5 mm.
Khi cht liu, xp liu cng cht cng tt, liu c sy trc th nu chy s
nhanh hn v t 750
o
C tr ln thp thm t tt hn.
Trong giai on nu chy, nhit vng st thnh ni cao hn gia l, gia l
cao hn vng y, cn nhit vng trn st vi x thp nht. Do nhit vng di
cao hn vng trn nn khi liu vng di chy lng, vng trn cha chy lng c
th gy ra hin tng treo liu, khc phc hin tng ny c th dng kh oxy thi
vo mt trn.
Trong l cm ng, sau khi nu chy xong thng tin hnh iu chnh thnh
phn, kh oxy v ra thp.
5.4. Thit b v cng ngh nu thp trong mt s l in khc
5.4.1. Nu thp trong l in x
L in x dng luyn li nhm nng cao sch ca thp, s nguyn l
cu to ca l trnh by trn hnh 5.3.
L gm y l (1) c lm ngui bng nc, tng l (2) xy bng gch chu
la. in cc kim loi (3) l kim loi cn nu li c th nng ln h xung nh c cu
nng h in cc (4). Ngun in (9) c ni vi y l v in cc.
Nguyn l lm vic: sau khi np cht to x vo l, gy h quang, nhit ca h
quang lm nng chy x to ra lp x lng, khi in cc tip xc vi x lng h quang
tt, dng in tip tc chy qua lp x lng c in tr ln lm pht sinh nhit, tip tc
lm nng chy in cc kim loi. Cc git kim loi lng i qua lp x s c kh tp
cht v tp trung xung y. Do c lm ngui nhanh t y, kim loi kt tinh nh
- 71 -
hng t di ln trn lm cho tp cht tip tc b y ln pha trn, nh thu c
thi kim loi c sch cao.












5.4.2. Nu thp trong l in h quang chn khng
S cu to tng t l in x nhng khng dng x tinh luyn m dng
mi trng chn khng.












~
Hnh 5.3 S nguyn l l in x
1) y l 2) Tng l 3) in cc 4) C cu h in cc 5) X
6) Kim loi lng 7) Kim loi kt tinh 8) Nc lm ngui 9) Ngun in
2
4
3
1
5
6
7
9
8
~
Hnh 5.4 S nguyn l l in x
2) y l 2) Tng l 3) Chp chn khng 4) C cu h in cc 5) in cc
6) Kim loi lng 7) Kim loi kt tinh 8) Nc lm ngui 9) Ngun in
2
4
3
1
5
6
7
9
8
- 72 -
Tng l (2) trc y xy bng gch chu la nhng hin nay thng c
thay th bng hp nc. in cc kim loi b nng chy do nhit ca h quang. Kim
loi nng chy trong mi trng l l chn khng, trnh c ho tan kh, ng thi
vic tch kh ho tan trit hn, kt hp vi kt tinh nh hng, tp cht b dn ln
phn trn ca thi, ta thu c kim loi phn di c sch rt cao.
L in h quang chn khng dng luyn thp siu sch, thp cht lng
cao.














- 73 -
Chng VI
LUYN THP TRONG L THI
6.1. c im v phn loi
Luyn thp trong l thi (cn gi l l chuyn) l phng php luyn thp ra i
sm nht, qua nhiu giai on pht trin, hin nay vn c coi l mt phng php
luyn thp quan trng trong lnh vc sn xut thp. L thi s dng nguyn liu kim
loi l gang lng t l cao hoc l c chuyn n, bng cch thi khng kh hoc oxy
vo gang lng t chy bt cc tp cht ch yu trong gang chuyn gang thnh
thp.
Nhit cp cho l gm hai ngun chnh:
+ Nhit vt l: do gang lng mang vo, nhit tch ca th xy l;
+ Nhit ha hc: sinh ra do t chy cc tp cht trong qu trnh luyn.
Theo phng php thi, l c phn ra ba loi chnh:
- L thi y: thi khng kh t y, gm:
+ L Betsme: tng l axit (l thi y axit).
+ L Tmat: tng l baz (l thi y baz)
- L thi sn: thi khng kh t bn hng, gm:
+ L chuyn thi sn axit.
+ L chuyn thi sn baz.
- L thi nh bng oxy (l LD): thi oxy t nh
Mt vn ht sc quan trng trong luyn thp l thi l gii quyt nhit
nc thp. Lng nhit vt l trong cc trng hp chnh lch t, nhng lng nhit
ha hc th rt khc nhau ph thuc vo phng php thi v tnh cht tng l.
Trong l thi y axit (l Betsme) v l thi sn axit ngun nhit ha hc ch
yu l do t chy Si, trong l thi y baz (l Tmat) l P, trong l thi sn baz l
Si v P. Mt khc, khi thi y ton b khng kh lnh i qua kim loi lng nn tn
hao nhit ln hn khi thi sn. Nhit l thi y thp, cht lng thp khng tt
nn hin nay t c s dng, tr l thi y baz cn c s dng nhng vng c
gang nhiu P.
- 74 -













L thi nh bng oxy (l LD: vit tt Lintz Donawit ni u tin xy dng l
LD) l phng php luyn thp ra i sau nhng tc pht trin rt nhanh v tr
thnh mt trong nhng phng php luyn thp ch yu hin nay trn th gii.
u im ca l LD:
+ Phm vi s dng nguyn vt liu rng: s dng c mi loi gang lng
luyn thp, ngoi gang lng c th dng c thp vn (c th dng ti 30% trong m
liu) hoc qung st.
+ Nu c nhiu loi thp: thp C, thp hp kim thp, mt s mc thp hp
kim cao, cht lng thp khng thua km thp l mactanh.
+ Hiu sut sn xut cao: thi gian nu luyn ngn, nng sut cao (2 l LD 40
tn c sn lng tng ng 4 l Mactanh 250 tn).
+ Vn u t xy dng v chi ph sn xut thp (vn u t xy dng ch bng
40 50 % , chi ph sn xut ch bng 55% so vi l mactanh cng sn lng).
Nhc im ca l LD l bi khi v chy hao nhiu, mt khc luyn thp t
gang c Si >1,5% hoc P cao, luyn thp C > 0,6% c nhiu kh khn.
Hnh 6.1 S nguyn l cc loi l chuyn
a) L thi y b) L thi sn c) L thi nh bng oxy
a) b)
c)
Nc
O2
- 75 -
Hin nay, l thi y, nht l l thi y axt t c s dng, bi vy trong
chng ny ch yu gii thiu thit b v cng ngh luyn thp trong l thi sn v l
thi nh bng oxy .
6.2. Luyn thp trong l thi sn
6.2.1. Cu to l
L thi sn c hai dng: dng hnh ng (hnh 6.2a) v dng hnh tang trng
(hnh 6.2b).














L dng hnh tang trng c u im:
+ Hnh dng pha trong ph hp vi s chuyn ng ca kh nn tng l mn
u hn;
+ Mt gi di bng nhau v cch u tng l i din nn gi phn b u n
hn;
+ Hnh dng ni l ph hp vi chuyn ng ca cht lng, thun tin cho
chuyn ng i lu, tng tc oxy ha tp cht;
Hnh 6.2 S nguyn l cc loi l chuyn
a) Dng hnh ng b) Dng tang trng
a)
b)
- 76 -
+ Din tch b mt ln, chiu su cn, thun tin cho s tip xc v phn ng
gia thp lng v x.
Tuy nhin l hnh tang trng c cu to phc tp, nng n, ch thch hp vi l
dung tch ln, cn cc loi l dung tch di 5 tn thng hay dng l dng hnh ng.
6.2.2. Cng ngh luyn thp trong l chuyn thi sn baz
a) c im
u im ca phng php luyn thp trong l chuyn thi sn baz:
+ Hm lng P trong gang lng cho php thay i trong phm vi rng (0,1
1,0%);
+ C kh nng kh S;
+ Khng cn giai on thi sau kh P;
+ Thit b n gin, vn u t thp, thi gian xy dng nhanh;
Nhc im:
+ Nhit ha hc thp, din tch ta nhit ca l kh ln do m bo nhit
thao tc cn dng gang lng c nhit cao;
+ bn tng l thp;
+ Hao tn gang ln do chy hao v bn te;
+ Cht lng thp thng khng n nh.
b) Ch thi luyn: gm ch gi, ch nghing l v ch x.
Ch gi: ch gi ph thuc dung tch l, thnh phn nc gang, nu chn
gi c lu lng ln v p sut cao th thi gian nu luyn ngn, nhng nu chn qu
cao th gy bn te kim loi v x. Lu lng gi hp l xc nh theo cng thc:

=
W
Q [m
3
/pht]
Trong :
W - lng khng kh cn thit trn mt tn gang lng, i vi gang phtpho thp
W = 500 m
3
/tn.
- thi gian thi (pht), thng thng 22 18 = pht.
- 77 -
p sut gi cn khuy trn c kim loi, nu qu thp khu vc phn ng
tp trung trn b mt gn mt gi lm tm thc mt gi, nu qu cao li ph hy o l.
p sut gi ph thuc dung tch l tham kho bng 6.1.
Bng 6.1 p sut gi khi thi luyn
Dung tch l (tn) p sut gi (atm)
0,5 0,15 0,2
1,0 1,5 0,2 0,25
3,0 0,30
6,0 0,40
10 0,60

Ch nghing l: mt c im quan trng ca luyn thp trong l thi sn l
l c th dng ch quay nghing l trong qu trnh thi luyn thay i su
thi luyn (khong cch t mt gi n mt thong nc thp trong l).
Ty thuc su thi luyn ngi ta chia ra:
+ Thi treo: mt gi nm trn mt thong nc thp, khong cc t mp di
mt gi n mt thong nc thp > 20 mm.
+ Thi mt: mt gi nm trn mt thong nc thp, khong cc t mp di mt
gi n mt thong nc thp t 0 20 mm.
Thi nng: mt gi nm di mt thong nc thp, khong cc t mp trn mt
gi n mt thong nc thp t 0 60 mm.
Thi su: mt gi nm di mt thong nc thp, khong cc t mp trn mt
gi n mt thong nc thp t > 60 mm.
Khi thi treo, mt gi nm trn mt thong nc thp v cch xa mt thong
nc thp, kh nng khuy trn nc thp ca dng kh km, vi b thi dt v pha
tng i din mt gi, dn n kh to x khng li cho vic kh P v S, ng thi
lm tng s n mn tng l, Fe b oxy ha nhiu v d gy bn te kim loi.
Khi thi mt, mt gi nm trn mt thong nc thp v gn mt thong nc
thp, do kh nng khuy trn nc thp ca dng kh ln, phn ng chy ca
- 78 -
cacbon hon ton hn, lng FeO thch hp cho to x nn x c to nhanh, thun
li cho vic kh P v S, thi gian nu rt ngn nn gim [N] trong thp. Thi mt l
thao tc c bn ca l chuyn.
Khi thi nng, mt gi nm di mt thong nc thp, t to ra FeO. V vy khi
x cha chy lng khng nn thi nng, khi x chy trnh x qu long gy bn
te c th thi nng.
Khi thi su, mt gi nm su di mt thong nc thp, lng FeO trong x
thp nn x kh chy, lm tng tn hao nhit do nung khng kh v tng s ha tan kh,
do vy khi thi luyn nn trnh thi su.
Trong qu trnh thi luyn, do kim loi b chy hao, mt thong nc thp h
thp lin tc, duy tr ch thi mt cn phi c ch nghing l chnh xc. Hnh
6.3 trnh by s thay i gc nghing l ti ba thi im khc nhau.










dm bo cui qu trnh thi, mp di mt gi v mt nc thp cng v tr
nm ngang th phi m bo xc nh chnh xc gc cht liu (gc gia trc mt gi v
mt nc gang khi cht liu xong). Bng 6.2 cho gc cht liu thch hp i vi mt
s l thng dng.



Hnh 6.3 S thay i gc nghin l duy tr ch thi mt
a) Lc bt u thi b) Gia qu trnh thi c) Cui qu trnh thi

max

max

= 0

- 79 -
Bng 6.2 Gc cht liu thch hp khi nu thp trong l thi sn
Gc cht liu
max
()
Dung lng l (tn/m)
L thi hnh ng L thi hnh tang trng
3 14 22 8 14
6 14 20 6 12

Ch x: c ba ch x: x n, x kp v x lu. X n l x ch to mt ln
trong sut m nu bng cch cho vo cng mt lc hay tng t nhng sut qu trnh
thi luyn khng co x.
u im ca to x n l thao tc n gin, tit kim thi gian v gim nh
cng lao ng. to x n ngi ta cho vo l vi, vi lng dng tng
cng khong 50 80 kg cho mt tn thp, lng x khong 10 15% khi lng thp,
baz lc ra thp B 3.
X n c s dng khi luyn thp cacbon thp t gang lng c %P thp (%P
<0,20%) v %S, %Si u thp.
X kp l ch x c hai ln to x, trc khi thi to x t 1, sau khi bt u
thy c ngn la bo hiu s chy ca cacbon th nghing l, ngng gi, co x t 1
(cha nhiu SiO
2
v mt phn P, S) ra, cho cc cht to x t 2 vo v tip tc thi
luyn. baz ca x t 1 khong 1,0 1,5, t 2 khong 2,0 3,5.
u im ca x kp l kh P v S hiu qu hn x n, tit kim c vi (do
co bt SiO
2
v P
2
O
5
), nhc im l tn thm thi gian, tng tn hao nhit lng,
gim FeO trong x.
X kp thng dng khi gang c hm lng P v Si tng i cao.
X lu tng t x kp nhng gi mt phn x ca m trc lm x t 1 cho m
sau, ty theo %P v %S trong nc gang m thm vi vo.
u im ca ch x lu l x c tnh oxy ha, kim v nhit cao, chy
long tt, to x nhanh, x chy long tt, thun li cho vic kh P v S, tit kim c
vi.
- 80 -
X lu thng c dng khi gang c hm lng P va v cao.
c) Qu trnh thi luyn
Thnh phn nc gang dng cho l chuyn thi sn c thnh phn nh sau:
%C %Si %Mn %P %S
3,3 4,2 0,5 1,2 0,5 1,0 0,15 1,2 < 0,08
L chuyn trc khi nu c sy k. u tin than cc n 2/3 chiu cao l,
t than nung l n sng trng, sau co ht than ra, nc gang vo l, thi gi,
dng l v v tr thi v bt u qu trnh thi luyn. Qu trnh bin i thnh phn
nc gang thanh thp th hin trn hnh 6.4.

















Qu trnh thi luyn c th chia ra hai thi k:
+ Thi k u: Fe, sau l Si, Mn b oxy ha, i khi P cng b oxy ha. Cc
phn ng:
0,4
0,8
1,2
1,6
2,0
2,4
2,8
3,2
3,4
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 18 24 22
0,2
0,6
0,4
1,0
0,8
1,2
1,4
0,1
0,2
0,5
0,3
0,6
0,4
0
10
5
20
15
30
25
35
40
2
0
4
1
5
3
G

c

t
h

i

C
a
O
,

S
i
O
2
,

M
n
O
,

M
g
O
,

P
2
O
5
,

F
e
O

(
%
)

C
(
%
)

M
n
,

S
i
(
%
)

P
,

S

.

1
0
-
2
(
%
)

C
h

t

l
i

u


C

o

x

m

c
u

i

R
a

t
h

p


K
h

o
x
y

Hnh 6.4 Thay i thnh phn kim loi v x
trong l chuyn thi sn bazzic
C
S
P
Si Mn
SiO2
FeO
CaO
P2O5
MgO
MnO
- 81 -
[ ] [ ] [ ] 800 . 128 FeO 2 O 2 Fe 2 + = + kcal
[ ] [ ] [ ] ( ) 900 . 78 SiO Fe 2 Si FeO 2
2
+ + = + kcal
Kt hp hai phn ng trn ta c phn ng:
[ ] [ ] ( ) 850 . 207 SiO O 2 Si
2
+ = + kcal
Mi kilgam Si chy cho ta 7.420 kcal, lng nhit ny c th tng nhit 100
kg liu t 1300
o
C ln thm 172
o
C nn nhit nc thp tng rt nhanh.
Phn ng t chy Mn:
[ ] [ ] [ ] ( ) 290 . 31 MnO e F FeO Mn + + = + kcal
Hiu ng nhit ca phn ng oxy ha Mn tng i nh ch b lng nhit
do gi mang i nn t nh hng n nhit nc thp.
Cc oxyt cng tham gia phn ng to x:
( ) ( ) ( ) 130 . 1 SiO . FeO 2 SiO FeO 2
2 2
+ = + kcal
( ) ( ) ( ) 900 . 5 SiO . FeO SiO Feo
2 2
+ = + kcal
000 . 7 SiO . MnO SiO MnO
2 2
+ + + kcal
Trong giai on ny sau t pht ta thy khi nu bay ra, sau l nng ht mu
xm (ht x cha SiO
2
).
Do hiu ng nhit ch yu ca phn ng oxy ha Si v mt phn ca cc phn
ng khc nhit ca l tng nhanh, khi nhit l > 1470
o
C th c ngn la sng
(cacbon bt u chy), th nghing l, ngng gi tin hnh co x c v to x mi
ri chuyn sang giai on th 2.
+ Thi k th 2: trong giai on ny C v P ng thi b oxy ha, phn ng oxy
ha P v C nh sau:
[ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] 000 . 130 Fe 9 O P . CaO 4 CaO 4 FeO 5 P Fe 2
5 2 2
+ + = + + kcal
Phn ng oxy ha P ta ra lng nhit kh ln c tc dng lm tng nhanh nhit
nc thp. Ni chung trong giai on ny P b kh ti mc yu cu, thng khng
phi thi thm kh P.
Phn ng ch yu trong giai on ny l phn ng chy C:
[ ] { } { } 650 . 97 CO O C
2 2
+ = + kcal
- 82 -
[ ] { } { } 970 . 29 CO O
2
1
C
2
+ = + kcal
{ } { } { } 630 . 67 CO O
2
1
CO
2 2
+ = + kcal
[ ] [ ] [ ] { } 460 . 34 CO Fe C FeO + = + kcal
Do c phn ng chy cacbon to thnh CO ri tip theo chy thnh CO
2
m
ming l ta thy c ngn la di v sng.
Thng ngi ta cn c vo ngn la v tnh hnh phun bn x phn on v
iu chnh qu trnh thi luyn. Nu ngn la di, mnh v sng th nhit tt, nu
ngn la yu, vng th nhit thp cn c bin php x l kp thi. i vi x, nu
ht x bn ra u v ht nh th tt, nu x bn ra tng mng chng t x c cn iu
chnh. Khi ngn la bt u thu ngn li, nhng ht thp khng phn nhnh v to tia
la na, chng t %C xung thp, th ngng thi gi tin hnh kh oxy v ra
thp.
Kh oxy c tin hnh s b trong l, sau ra thp v kh oxy ngoi l. Cht
kh oxy s b l nhm di dng fernhm (lng dng 0,3 0,7 kg/tn thp) hoc
gang lng sch (vi lng dng 30 50 kg/tn thp). Cht kh oxy ln cui l
fermagan, fersilic v nhm sch (lng dng 0,3 0,7 kg/tn thp).
d) Cc bin php k thut nhm nng cao cht lng nc thp
Nhit nc thp: qua phn tch trn ta thy cn bng nhit ca l thi sn
khng thiu nhng nu khng tn dng ht ngun nhit c th dn ti thiu nhit v
gy ngui l. Bng 6.3 cho thy nh hng ca cc yu t trong qu trnh nu luyn
ti nhit nc thp ti im cui qu trnh.
Bng 6.3 Cc yu t nh hng n nhit thp lng
Bin i nhit
nc thp
Yu t
nh hng
tng nhit
cho 100 kg
nc gang
Bin i thnh
nhit lng c
ch (kcal) +
o
C -
o
C
Nhit gang lng 10
o
C + 143,4 7,81
Nhit gi 10
o
C + 61,0 3,32
Cc bon oxy ha * 0,1 kg + 208,0 11,33
- 83 -
Phtpho oxy ha 0,1 kg + 397,0 21,70
Silic oxy ha 0,1 kg + 346,0 18,90
St oxy ha 0,1 kg + 48,3 2,63
Vi** 1,0 kg - 288,0 15,7
Vy sy 1,0 kg - 610,0 33,0
Thp vn 1,0 kg - 238,0 12,8
CO
2
trong vi 1,0 kg - 81,5 4,45
m ca gi 18g/m
3
- 64,1 3,50
Ko di thi gian luyn*** 1 ph - 111,0 6,0
Ko di thi gian ngoi l 1 ph - 70,0 4,0

Ghi ch: * Cc bon chy thnh CO: 37,5%, CO
2
: 62,5%.
** Vi kh khi nung th tch gim 2,793 %.
*** tnh tiu chun l 21 pht.
Qua bng trn ta thy cc gii php nng nhit nc thp l:
+ Nng nhit nc gang: yu cu nhit nc gang t 1280 1350
o
C, nu
nng ln > 1400
o
C c th gim %Si v rt ngn thi gian thi luyn.
+ Chn thnh phn nc gang thch hp, thng chn nh sau:
% (Si + P) = 1,4 1,6 %
%C = 3 ,6 4,2 %
%Mn = 0,4 0,6 %
%S < 0,08 %
+ Tng tc thi luyn, rt ngn thi gian ch nc gang.
+ m bo kim thch hp, gim bt lng vi khng cn thit, vi cn nung
chn v gi tht kh.
Kh P v S: trong l chuyn thi sn bazic, vic kh P tin hnh nh x, phn
ng kh:
[ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ] 000 . 130 Fe 9 O P . CaO 4 CaO 4 FeO 5 P Fe 2
5 2 2
+ + = + + kcal
- 84 -
iu kin kh P tt l kim phi cao, hm lng oxyt st cao v nhit
thp, do tt nht l kh P ngay giai on u.
Trong l chuyn thi sn baz, vic kh S tin hnh nh x v kh ha kh S.
iu kin kh S bng x c hiu qu l: baz ca x cao, hm lng oxyt st
trong x thp, nhit cao, trong vai tr ca baz rt ln.
Khi kh S bng kh ha, xt v mt nhit ng hc ch c th tin hnh qua x:
[ ] { } ( ) { }
2
2
2
2
SO O O
2
3
S + = +


[ ] ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
2
3 2 2 3
SO Fe 6 O 2 S F 6 + = + +
+ +

Bi vy kh S bng kh ha yu cu x phi c tnh linh ng tt.
Kh nng kh S ca l thi sn baz kh cao, khong 40 60 %, tuy nhin nu
%S trong gang qu cao th sau khi thi luyn vn c th vt qu gii hn cho php, v
vy %S nn chn trong khong 0,05 0,08%.
Gim tn tht do thi luyn v phun bn: tn tht kim loi trong l thi sn
baz rt ln, c th chia ra hai loi: tn tht ha hc, tn tht c hc.
Tn tht ha hc chim khong 2/3 tng tn tht, ch yu l do cc tp cht nh
Si, Mn, P, S v Fe b oxy ha, trong cn hn ch oxy ha st qu mc bng cch
tng cng s khuy trn ni l, trnh hin tng thi treo.
Tn tht c hc gy ra do nhng ht kim loi b ln ln trong x, b cun theo
khi l v c bit l do phun bn ra ngoi, nht l thi k th hai khi cacbon chy.
gim phun bn cn chn ch gi thch hp, phn ng kh C ng lc v hn ch
x bng cc bin php sau:
+ Chn ch gi thch hp, bo m ni l khuy trn tt;
+ Dng nc gang cha %Si thp, nhit cao, m bo nhit kh C;
+ Dng x kp, co bt x axit ban u;
+ Thi chm hp l h thp FeO;
+ X bt gi khi xy ra phun bn;
+ m bo dung tch lng l ln.
- 85 -
Cht lng thp: cht lng thp l chuyn khng c cao, ch yu do tp cht
phi kim:
+ Nit : nit tng nhy cm ha gi ca thp, hm lng nit trong thp ph
thuc su thi luyn, su thi luyn cng ln, %N trong thp cng ln. gim
%N cn phi duy tr tt ch thi mt.
Hyr: hyr trong thp l thi sn tng i thp ( 2,5 3,5 ml/100g) nn t
quan tm.
+ Oxy: lng oxy trong thp cng cao khi %C cn li trong thp cng ln, mun
gim hm lng oxy trong thp th phi ht sc trnh thi thm hoc thi treo vo cui
thi k nu luyn.
+ Tp cht: tp cht trong thp l thi sn ch yu l sn phm qu trnh kh
oxy. Nhit nc thp trong l thi sn thp nn rt kh kh tp cht, do vy mun
kh tp cht cn nng cao nhit nc thp, mt bin php khc l tin hnh kh
oxy s b trong l.
6.2.3. Cng ngh luyn thp trong l thi sn axit
a) c im
Trong sn xut thp, l thi sn axit c nhiu nc s dng,do c u im:
+ Hiu ng nhit cao, nhit nc thp cao;
+ Tng l bn;
+ Nng sut cao;
+ Thao tc d, khng i hi cng nhn c tay ngh cao;
+ Vn du t thp v thi gian xy dng nhanh;
Nhng l axit c nhc im:
+ Ch luyn c thp t gang c P v S thp;
+ Chy hao kim loi ln.
Trong iu kin nc ta, gang thng c hm lng P, S cao, trong khi vic u
t cc thit b kh P, S ngoi l kh thc hin nn kh nng s dng l chuyn thi
sn axit rt t c trin vng.

- 86 -
b) Quy trnh thi luyn
Qu trnh thi luyn trong l thi sn axit c th chia lm hai giai on:
- Giai on u: khi nhit l cha cao, st b oxy ha, sau Si, Mn b oxy ha
mnh lit. Do hiu ng nhit ca phn ng oxy ha (ch yu l oxy ha Si) nhit l
tng ln nhanh chng. Quan st ming l ta thy: sau khi thi 1 2 pht c khi nu
bay ra bo hiu s oxy ha st, sau khong 6 8 pht xut hin ngn la lc u
sm sau sng bo hiu cacbon bt u chy.
- Giai on hai: do nhit l tng cao nn ch yu l chy cacbon, quan st
ming l ta thy ngn la sng, di (c th ti 3 4 mt). Khi ngn la li dn bo
hiu cacbon chy n gii hn yu cu th ngng gi tin hnh kh oxy.
Kh oxy ln u s dng fermangan 70 cho vo ni rt (lng dng 5 kg/1 tn
thp), tip theo dng fersilic 45 kh tip (lng dng 5 kg/1 tn thp) v kh oxy ln
cui bng nhm.
Nu sn xut thp hp kim th th t cho vo l nh sau: Ni, Cu cho vo l cng
vi nc gang, Cr, V, Mg v cc nguyn t d b oxy ha khc th cho vo thng rt.
6.3. Luyn thp trong l LD
6.3.1. Cu to l
S cu to l LD trnh by trn hnh 6.5.
B phn l gm ba phn: y l hnh chm cu (1), tng l hnh tr (2) v
ming l hnh cn vt (3). V l ch to bng thp tm hn hoc tn riv, ton b l
t trn gi (6) v c th quay quanh trc nm ngang nh c cu quay l (5).
Thn l to khng gian cng tc, gm lp gch cng tc xy bng gch manhzit,
lp gch cch nhit. Mi l dng nh hng kh chuyn ng ca kh thi, trn
mi l c b tr l ra thp.
quay l c th dng c cu quay c kh hoc thy lc.




- 87 -
















B phn thi oxy c cu to nh hnh 6.6, gm ng thi oxy (1), o nc lm
ngui (2) v u vi phun (3). u vi phun (3) c prfin dng ng venturi cho php
tc dng kh phun ra t tc siu m.

.
.
.






O
2

H
2
O
H
2
O
1
2
3
Hnh 6.6 Cu to ng thi xy
1) ng thi 2) o nc 3) u phun
Hnh 6.5 S cu to l LD
1) y l 2) Thn l 3) Mi l 4) Thit b thi oxy
5) C cu quay l 6) Gi
A
B
A B
1
2
3
4
5
6
Lp m
Lp gch cng tc
V thp
Lp gch cng tc
Lp gch cch nhit
V thp
- 88 -
6.3.2. Quy trnh luyn thp trong l LD
Quy trnh luyn thp trong l LD gm cc giai on:
+ Np liu;
+ Oxy ha;
+ Kh oxy;
+ Ra thp.
a) Np liu: np gang lng, np cht to x vo l.
b) Giai on oxy ha: Sau khi np gang lng, a ng thi oxy i xung cch mt
kim loi khong 450 800 mm v tin hnh thi oxy vo l. p sut ca kh oxy t 6
7 atm, lng tiu th khong 8 10 lt/giy. u tin l Si , tip theo l Mn b chy
rt nhanh, ri C v P ng thi, sau cng l S.








Trong qu trnh thi luyn, tc oxy ha cc tp cht xy ra rt nhanh, nn
nhit kim loi tng rt nhanh, gim nhit ngi ta c th cho thm thp ph
vo l.
c) Kh oxy v hp kim ha
kh oxy dng phng php kh lng, do khng to c mi trng hon
nguyn nn khng th dng phng php kh khuch tn.
Khi nu thp hp kim, sau khi kh oxy tin hnh pha cc nguyn t hp kim.
d) Ra thp: di chuyn ng thi ra khi l, tin hnh quay nghing l ra thp.


C
(
%
)

Hnh 6.7 Thay i thnh phn kim loi trong l LD
0,4
0,8
1,2
1,6
2,0
2,4
2,8
3,2
3,4
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 20 18
0,2
0,6
0,4
1,0
0,8
1,2
1,4
0,1
0,2
0,5
0,3
0,6
0,4
M
n
,

S
i
(
%
)

P
,

S

.

1
0
-
2
(
%
)

C
S
P
Si Mn
- 89 -















- 89 -
Chng VII
LUYN THP TRONG L MACTANH
7.1. c im
Phng php luyn thp trong l mactanh (hay cn gi l l bng) c s dng
rng ri trong cc nc cng nghip pht trin.
u im ca luyn thp trong l mactanh l:
+ S dng c nhiu loi nguyn liu kim loi ( gang thi, thp vn v gang
lng);
+ S dng ngun nhit bn ngoi nn ch ng v cn bng nhit;
+ Luyn c nhiu loi thp vi cht lng tt;
+ Dung tch l ln, p ng c nhu cu sn lng ln.
Nhc im:
+ Kh l tham gia vo cc phn ng ha hc lm kim loi b oxy ha. Do
hn ch kh nng nu cc thp hp kim;
+ Vn u t ln, thi gian thi cng v xy dng di;
+ Chi ph sn xut ln.
7.2. Thit b
7.2.1. Cu to
Ttrn hnh 7.1 trnh by s cu to ca l mactanh. Cc b phn c bn ca l
gm:
+ Bung l (b luyn);
+ H thng knh dn khng kh v kh t (ng thi l h thng thot kh thi);
+ Thit b hon nhit nung nng khng kh v kh t;
+ Van i chiu khng kh v kh t;
+ Khung l.
7.2.2. Nguyn l lm vic
L bng lm vic theo ch hot ng chu k. Sau khi np liu xong, m van
i chiu (17) v (18) dn khng kh v kh t theo cc knh dn bn tri qua cc
bung hon nhit (3), (4) c nung nng. Sau khi c nung nng ti nhit
- 90 -
1100 1300
o
C, khng kh v kh t tip tc i vo u l bn tri, phun vo bung
luyn v b t chy, to thnh ngn la. Sau khi truyn nhit cho kim loi, khi l
theo cc knh dn u l bn phi, i qua cc bung trao i nhit (11) v (12) nung
nng gch trong bung hon nhit v tip tc qua van i chiu (17), (18) tp trung v
cng khi (15) v ti ng khi (16) thi ra mi trng.



Sau mt thi gian nht nh khi nhit bung trao i nhit (3), (4) bn tri
ngui xung di mc quy nh v bung trao i nhit bn phi c nung nng
, tin hnh o chiu van (17) v (18) dn khng kh v kh t vo bung luyn
qua cc knh bn phi, lc ny cc knh bn tri ng vai tr knh dn khi. Tip tc
lp li chu trnh cho n khi kt thc nu luyn.
Hin nay a s cc l mactanh cng vic iu chnh ch nhit u c t
ng ha.
Hnh 7.1 S cu to l bng
1,13) Cng khng kh 2,14) Cng kh t 3,11) Bung hon nhit khng kh
4,12) Bung hon nhit kh t 5,10) Knh ng 6, 9) u l 7) Bung luyn
8) Ca cht liu 15) Cng khi 16) ng khi 17) Van i chiu khng kh
18) Van i chiu kh t 19) Bung lng x
1
2
3 4
5
6
7
9
10
12 11
14
13
15
17
19
18
16
Kh t
Khng
kh
Sn thao tc
500
o
C
550
o
C
400
o
C
900
o
C
1350
o
C
1400
o
C
1700
o
C
8
- 91 -
7.3. Cng ngh nu thp trong l mactanh
7.3.1. Nu thp trong l mactanh baz
a) Nguyn, nhin, vt liu: nguyn vt liu luyn thp trong l mactanh baz
gm: nguyn liu kim loi th rn hoc th lng, cht oxy ha, cht to x, cht kh
oxy.
Nguyn liu kim loi: thp ph, gang thi v cc loi fer hp kim.
Nhin liu: kh t hoc du.
Cht to x: vi, hunh thch.
Cht oxy ha: qung st, vy st.
b) Quy trnh nu luyn
Giai on nu chy: sau khi np liu, iu chnh van cp kh t v khng kh
vo l t chy thnh ngn la cp nhit cho l. Kim loi trong l c nung nng,
sau chy lng dn v tp trung xung y b luyn. tng tc nu chy, ngn
la thng c hng v pha b mt kim loi trong b luyn (ch truyn nhit
trc tip). Trong giai on nu chy Si hu nh b oxy ha hon ton, cn Mn v P ch
b oxy ha mt phn.
Khi kim loi trong b luyn hnh thnh, tin hnh cho vi v cc cht to x vo
l to x. Sau khi nng chy xong, baz ca x vo khong 1,7 2,2.
Giai on oxy ha: nng nhit nc thp ln trn 1560
o
C v tin hnh cho
qung vo tip tc oxy ha cc tp cht v kh P, lng qung cho vo phi > 0,5%
trng lng nc thp. Trong giai on ny phn ng oxy ha cacbon l phn ng ch
yu xy ra trong l, tc kh C khi nu thp cacbon thng 0,35%/pht khi si
qung v khong 0,15 0,35% khi si sch.
- Giai on kh oxy s b: kh oxy s b dng fersilic cho trc tip vo l,
lng dng tnh theo 0,15% trng lng thp lng.
- Pha nguyn t hp kim: cc ferniken, fermlipen, fervnfram cho vo
trc giai on tinh luyn v trc khi kh oxy khong 20 pht phi iu chnh xong
thnh phn. Fercrm cho vo sau khi kh oxy s b, khi hm lng fercrm trn
- 92 -
2% th nn cho vo l lm hai ba t, mi t cch nhau khong 5 pht, m fercrm
cho vo sau cng phi gi li trong l t nht l 15 pht.
Kh oxy v hp kim ha trong thng rt: cc loi fer dng kh oxy v hp kim
ha trong thng rt gm c: fersilic, fertitan, fervanai, siliccanxi.
7.3.2. Nu thp trong l mactanh axit
Khc vi l mactanh baz, kh nng oxy ha ca x trong l mactanh axit thp,
do nng ca oxy trong thp rt thp, ng thi khng c kh nng kh P v S.
Bi vy, nguyn liu phi sch v P v S (P 0,03%, S 0,03%) v nhin liu phi
sch v S.
Quy trnh nu luyn gm cc giai on:
Np liu: c th np liu ngui (khi dng mt l) hoc np liu nng (khi dng
hai l). Khi np liu ngui, nguyn liu kim loi c cht vo l qua ca cht liu
bn hng bung luyn. Khi np liu nng (dng hai l), u tin thp c nu bng
liu ngui trong l th nht (l baz), sau rt thp lng bn thnh phm vo l th
hai (l axit) c nung nng trc, thi gian nung trc t 4 6 gi. Trc khi rt
thp lng vo (trc khong 40 90 pht), phi cho cht to x vo bung luyn.
Giai on nu chy: tin hnh nu chy gang v thp vn.
Giai on oxy ha: t chy cc tp cht Si, Mn v C.
Ngi ta p dng hai phng php luyn trong l axit: phng php hon
nguyn Si (phng php th ng) v phng php hn ch hon nguyn Si (phng
php ch ng).
Phng php hon nguyn Si l phng php m khi luyn c s hon nguyn
Si t x v t y l (y l thng m bng cct thch anh c thnh phn 97,4%
SiO
2
). Khi luyn thp si, nhiu khi lng Si hon nguyn kh oxy trong thp
m khng cn cho thm cht kh oxy.
c im ca phng php ny thch hp vi cc loi thp cacbon va. Khi
luyn thp cacbon cao, do nhit luyn thp tng i thp nn Si kh hon nguyn,
cho nn khi cacbon t yu cu th Si vn thiu. Ngc li, khi luyn thp cacbon
thp, nhit luyn tng i cao, Si hon nguyn qu nhanh, lm cho nc thp t
- 93 -
kh oxy, dn n cacbon kh b kh, thm ch khng th gim cacbon n mc quy
nh.
Khi luyn theo phng php hon nguyn Si, do nhit l kh cao nn Mn
cng c hon nguyn, trc khi kh oxy, hm lng Mn 0,28%. Do vy, khi
luyn theo phng php ny, lng Si v Mn kh oxy, khng cn thm cht kh
oxy hoc dng rt t, nh cht lng thp s cao v t ln tp cht do cht kh oxy
mang vo.
Phng php hn ch hon nguyn silic: trong qu trnh nu luyn, ch ng
hn ch s hon nguyn ca Si bng cch thng xuyn cho qung hoc vy st vo l
nng cao kh nng oxy ha v gim nhit ca x, hoc bng cch cho vi vo
gim lng SiO
2
trong x. Lng Si hon nguyn ch t 0,10 0,12% v trc khi kh
oxy lng Si thng khng vt qu 0,17%.
c im ca phng php ny l c th luyn c tt c cc loi thp cacbon
thp, va v cao.















- 94 -






- 94 -
Chng VIII
C PHI THP
8.1. Phn loi v c im
c phi l mt khu quan trng trong quy trnh sn xut thp cn. Cht lng
phi c nh hng ln n cht lng ca sn phm cn cng nh nhiu ch tiu kinh
t, k thut khc.
Ty thuc quy m sn xut v vn u t, c th s dng phng php c phi
bng khun hoc c lin tc.
Trong phng php c khun (hay cn gi l c tnh), thp lng c rt vo
khun nh hnh, ngui v ng c to thnh thi c kch thc v hnh dng theo
yu cu. Hnh dng v kch thc thi c ph thuc hnh dng v kch thc ca lng
khun. c im ca c khun l vn u t thp, nhng nng sut thp, t l hao ph
kim loi ln, thng c ng dng khi sn lng nh v va.
Trong phng php c lin tc, thp lng c rt lin tc vo thng kt tinh
c lm ngui bng nc, trong thng kt tinh thp lng ngui nhanh v ng c
to thnh thi v c ko ra khi thng kt tinh mt cch lin tc trong sut qu trnh
c. Tit din ngang ca phi c ph thuc hnh dng tit din ngang ca lng thng
kt tinh, chiu di phi khng hn ch. c im ca phng php l nng sut cao,
cht lng phi tt, nhng vn u t ln, ch ph hp khi sn lng ln.
8.2. L thuyt v qu trnh kt tinh
Qu trnh kt tinh ca phi c l qu trnh vt l phc tp, hiu r qu trnh kt
tinh cho php ta tc ng vo qu trnh hnh thnh phi, t c cu trc kim loi
theo mong mun v hn ch cc khuyt tt c th xy ra.
Nh chng ta bit, s kt tinh ca thp lng cng nh kim loi ni chung,
gm hai qu trnh xy ra ng thi:
+ Qu trnh to mm kt tinh: mm t sinh hoc mm c sn, l cc tinh th xut
hin ban u c kch thc ln hn hoc bng mt kch thc ti hn c th tip
tc pht trin (ln ln) thnh ht tinh th.
+ Qu trnh pht trin tinh th: tinh th tip tc ln ln v to thnh ht tinh th.
- 95 -
Trong qu trnh thp lng kt tinh, thng xy ra nhiu hin tng lin quan n
s hnh thnh phi c nh: co ngt, ha tan v tit kh, thin tch ... nh hng ln
n cht lng phi.
8.2.1. iu kin hnh thnh v ln ln ca tinh th
Trong qu trnh kt tinh th nng lng t do ca h s gim, tc l 0 G < .
Gi f l bin thin nng lng t do khi mt n v th tch kim loi kt tinh
qu ngui T , ta xc nh c gim nng lng t do ca h do qu trnh kt tinh
mt th tch V gy ra:
V . f G
V
=
Trong :

V
G - bin thin nng lng t do khi kt tinh;
V - th tch kim loi kt tinh;
f - bin thin nng lng t do n v.
Mt khc, khi tinh th hnh thnh b mt tinh th c din tch S c to ra,
nng lng b mt xc nh bi cng thc:
S . G
S
=
Tng bin thin nng lng ca h:
S . V . f G G G
S V
+ = + = (8.1)
Gi s tinh th c dng hnh cu bn knh r, th th tch (V) v din tch b mt (S) ca
n l:

3
r .
4
3
V =

2
r 4 S =
Thay vo cng thc (8.1), ta c:

2 3
r 4 . r .
4
3
G + =
Biu din
V
G ,
S
G v G trn th ta c hnh 8.1.


- 96 -











T th ta nhn thy, vi
k
r r < khi tinh th pht trin (ln ln) th nng lng
ca h tng do qu trnh khng th tip tc. Ngc li vi
k
r r th khi tinh th pht
trin th nng lng ca h gim do qu trnh c th tip tc. Ngi ta gi r
k
l kch
thc ti hn ca mm tinh th, gi tr ca n xc nh bi biu thc:

f
2
r
k

= (8.2)
Vy iu kin mm tinh th ln ln l phi c kch thc ban u ln hn
kch thc ti hn.
Kch thc ti hn ca mm ph thuc vo sc cng b mt gia pha rn
(tinh th) v pha lng (kim loi lng) v bin thin nng lng n v f tc l ph
thuc vo qu ngui T.
Hnh 8.2 biu din s ph thuc ca bn knh tinh th gii hn ng vi cc
nhit qu ngui khc nhau (T
1
<T
2
<T
3
), ta thy khi qu ngui cng ln th kch
thc tinh th ti hn cng nh (r
k1
< r
k2
<r
k3
).




G
G
V
G
S
G

r
k
r

Hnh 8.1 Bin thin nng lng t do ca h khi kt tinh
- 97 -










8.2.2. Qu trnh kt tinh v ta nhit
Khi thp lng ngui t nhit rt (T
r
) n nhit kt tinh (T
0
) v kt tinh,
sau ngui n nhit phng (T
f
), th nhit lng ta ra l:
( ) ( )
f 0 ) S ( p kt 0 r ) L ( p
T T C L T T C Q + + =
Hay
1 2 3
Q Q Q Q + + =
Trong :
C
p(L)
- nhit dung ca thp trng thi lng;
C
p(S)
- nhit dung ca thp trng thi rn;
Q
3
- lng nhit qu nhit;
Q
2
- lng nhit kt tinh;
Q
1
- lng nhit ngui.
Bng 8.1 cho lng nhit ta khi c mt s loi phi thp.
Bng 8.1 Lng nhit ta khi c mt s loi phi thp
Lng nhit ta (j/g)
Mc thp
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3

C20 962,54 329,56 18,09
St do (Fe) 1056,08 276,33 24,12

G
T
3
r
k1

r

Hnh 8.2 S ph thuc ca bn knh tinh th gii hn
vo nhit qu ngui
T
2
T
1
r
k2
r
k3

T
1
<T
2
<T
3

- 98 -
Khi c khun th lng nhit ta ra t lc rt cho n lc thp ng c hon
ton (truyn qua thnh khun v khng kh) vo khong 502,4 628,0 kj/kg, cn khi
c lin tc vo khong 460,5 502,4 kj/kg, trong truyn nhit qua thng kt tinh
khong 160,5 170,0 kj/kg, trong khu vc lm ngui ln th hai khong 230,3
251,2 kj/kg.
8.2.3. Qu trnh kt tinh v co ngt th tch
Khi ngui v kt tinh, th tch thp lng gim, ngi ta gi hin tng l co
ngt. Tng th tch co ngt ca thp khi ngui v kt tinh xc nh bi cng thc:

r kt l
V V V V + + =
Trong :
V - tng th tch co ngt;
V
l
- th tch co ngt trng thi lng;
V
kt
- th tch co ngt khi kt tinh;
V
r
- th tch co ngt trng thi rn.
co ngt ca thp ph thuc vo nhit rt, thnh phn ha hc ca thp
(xem bng 8.2 v 8.3).
Bng 8.2 co ca thp ph thuc hm lng cacbon
[C] V
l

(%/100
o
C)
V
kt
(%)
V
r
(%)
V
(%)
0 1,51 1,98 3,49
0,1 1,50 3,12 4,62
0,2 1,5 3,34 4,89
0,3 1,59 3,72 5,31
0,4 1,59 4,03 5,62
0,5 1,62 4,13 5,75



- 99 -
Bng 8.3 co ca thp ph thuc hm lng nguyn t hp kim
Hp kim
Hm lng
(%)
V
l

(%/100
o
C)
V
kt
(%)
V
r
(%)
V
(%)
Ni 9,44 0,25 3,40 6,07 9,72
Mn 8,5 2,28 0,44 6,15 8,87
Si 3,6 2,05 1,77 5,95 9,77
Cr 13,7 1,66 0,90 6,14 8,70
W 2,5 1,39 3,20 6,44 11,03

T bng 8.2 v 8.3 ta nhn thy co ngt ca thp trng thi lng khng ln
( 1%), nhng khi chuyn trng thi kh ln ( 4%) v khi trng thi rn t ti 7
8%.
8.2.4. Qu trnh kt tinh v thin tch
Thin tch l hin tng khng ng nht v thnh phn ha hc trong mt vng
hoc ton khi kim loi kt tinh (thi thp hoc phi c). Do khng ng nht v
thnh phn ha hc, c tnh ca thp trong vng hoc trong khi thp s khc nhau do
nh hng n tnh nng s dng ca thp.
nh gi mc thin tch ngi ta a ra cc khi nim:
+ thin tch:
min i
max i
C
C
A =
+ H s kt tinh la chn:
ir
il
C
C
K =
+ T l thin tch
) r ( i
) r ( i ) l ( i
i
C
C C
C %

= .100 [%]
Nguyn nhn gy ra thin tch c th do s kt tinh c chn lc hoc do s phn
ly theo trng lng. Khi kt tinh c chn lc, thnh phn c nhit kt tinh cao kt
tinh trc, thnh phn c nhit kt tinh thp kt tinh sau. Khi phn ly theo trng
lng, thnh phn nng chm xung cn thnh phn nh th ni ln.
Cn c vo phm vi thin tch ngi ta chia thin tch ra hai dng:
- 100 -
+ Thin tch vi m: xy ra trong phm vi mt tinh th.
+ Thin tch v m: xy ra trong phm vi mt vng hoc ton khi.
Thin tch vi m xy ra do s kt tinh c chn lc v tc khuch tn hn ch,
dn n thn tinh th giu thnh phn kh chy, bin tinh th giu thnh phn d chy
(thng l tp cht). Thin tch vi m c th khc phc bng cch khuch tn lm
ng u thnh phn. Thin tch vng xy ra do s kt tinh c chn lc hoc do phn
ly trng lng. Thng thng thi thp c lm ngui t ngoi vo trong, cc thnh
phn c nhit chy thp v nh hn b y dn vo trong v ni ln to thnh vng
thin tch.
8.3. Thit b v cng ngh c khun
8.3.1. Khun c
a) Phn loi
Khun c l thit b chnh khi c thp thi, theo phng php rt ngi ta
chia ra:
+ Khun c di (xi phng).
+ Khun c trn.








c di dng h thng rt xi phng, dng chy kim loi vo khun m, cht
lng b mt thi tt, ng thi mi ln rt c th c ng thi nhiu thi nn nng
sut cao, nhng tn kim loi cho h thng rt ( khong 6 7%). c trn mi ln c
ch c c mt thi, ng thi do kim loi rt t trn xung y khun chng hng
v kim loi b bn te nn cht lng b mt thi xu hn c c di.
Hnh 8.3 Phn loi khun c thi
a) Khun c di b) Khun c trn
a)
b)
- 101 -
b) Cu to khun
Khun c thi chia lm hai loi khun c thp lng v khun c thp si.
Khun c thp lng c dng trn to, di nh, tit din ngang l hnh trn,
vung hoc ch nht c ch to t gang c chu nhit hoc gang cu.










Khun c thp lng c th khng c y (hnh 8.4a) hoc khng c y (hnh
8.4b).
Khi c thp lng, khun c thng c m gi nhit, cu to gm mt lp v
thp bc ngoi, bn trong xy gch cch nhit. Khi kim loi kt tinh phn di c
lm ngui nhanh kt tinh trc, phn trn ngui chm kt tinh sau c tc dng b co
cho phn di.
Khun c thi thp si c dng trn nh, di to, tit din ngang tng t
khun c thp si nhng thng nh hn.







Hnh 8.5 Cu to khun c thp si
a)
b)
Hnh 8.4 Cu to khun c thp lng
a) Khun khng y b) Khun c y
1) Khun thi 2) Tay khun 3) M gi nhit
- 102 -
c) ng rt trung tm
Khi rt di ngi ta dng ng rt chung gia gi l ng rt trung tm, c
cu to nh hnh 8.6.













d) a c
a c dng lp t h thng rt v khun c thi, c ch to bng gang
c dng ngh hnh 8.7







.


Hnh 8.6 ng rt trung gian
1) Gch phu 2) Gch ng rt 3) Gch phn nhnh 4) Gch cng rt
5) Ct chn 6) Thnh ng rt bng gang
1
2
3
4
2
4
3
5
6
Hnh 8.7 a c
- 103 -
8.3.2. Cu trc thi thp
a) Cu trc thi thp lng
Cu trc tinh th: Rt kim loi vo khun, lp kim loi lng tip xc trc tip vi
thnh khun c lm ngui rt nhanh, kim loi chu mt qu ngui ln, ng thi
b mt nhm ca thnh khun to nn nhng tm mm kt tinh c sn nn tc kt
tinh rt ln, to ra lp tinh th nh mn, ng trc, v hng.













Tip theo, nhit thnh khun tng ln, ng thi s truyn nhit t lp trong
ra ngoi i qua lp tinh th mi kt tinh nhit cn rt cao, tc truyn nhit gim
xung, kim loi chu mt qu nhit khng ln nh ban u nn tinh th hnh thnh
chm hn v pht trin theo hng vung gc vi thnh khun, to thnh vng tinh
th hnh tr (hay cn gi l tinh th nhnh cy).
Khi ton b kim loi lng cha kt tinh pha trong t n qu ngui cn
thit v kt tinh ng thi, hnh thnh nn vng tinh th ng trc v hng th i
(kch thc tinh th ln hn nhiu so vi kch thc tinh th lp ngoi cng).
Ngoi ra, do truyn nhit qua y khun (a c), y thi hnh thnh mt
vng tinh th nh mn hnh chp, cn vng m nhit do tc ngui chm, kim loi
Hnh 8.8 Cu trc thi thp lng
a) S cu trc b) Giai on kt tinh lp ngoi
c) Giai on kt tinh nhnh cy
1) Lp tinh th nh mn 2) Lp tinh th hnh tr 3) Vng tinh th ng trc
4) Vng tinh th y 5) L co 6) Vng tinh th th i
1
2
3
4
5
6
a)
b)
c)
- 104 -
kt tinh sau cng, mt phn kim loi b co cho phn th tch kt tinh trc to thnh l
co, phn cn li kt tinh to thnh vng tinh th xp bao quanh l co.
Thin tch: trong thi thp c thng thy r nht l thin tch ca S, P v C.
Lp tinh th nh mn ngoi cng do kt tinh nhanh nn ng u v c th coi l vng
khng c thin tch. Vng tinh th hnh tr, do kt tinh c chn lc v tc khuch
tn hn ch, tm ht tinh th giu nguyn kh chy, bin gii ht giu nguyn d
chy, to thnh thin tch nhnh cy (thin tch vi m). Thin tch vng trong vt c
thp, thng thy r nht l s thin tch ca S, P. Khi nng ca cc tp cht nhiu
hn mc trung bnh th s thin tch c gi l thin tch dng, ngc li gi l
thin tch m. Trong qu trnh kt tinh cc tp cht nh S, P va b y dn t ngoi
vo trong, va ni dn ln trn to nn thin tch hnh ch V ngc, vng pha trn
tm thi do s dch chuyn ca kim loi b co hnh thnh nn thin tch hnh ch V
thun. Dnh thin tch hnh ch V ngc v ch V thun l thin tch vng dng.
pha di vng tm thi hnh thnh mt vng thin tch m, hm lng S, P thp
hn mc trung bnh.










Nh vy, thi thp lng thin tch nhiu nht l vng gia v vng pha trn.
Nu thi cng ln th thi gian kt tinh cng lu, tp cht vng gia v vng pha
trn cng ln. Mc thin tch vng ph thuc kch thc thi, t l gia b rng thi
trn chiu cao cng ln th thin tch vng cng ln.
Hnh 8.9 Thin tch trong thi thp lng
1) Thin tch ch V ngc 2) Thin tch
ch V thun 3) Thin tch m
1
2
3
- 105 -
Co ngt: do qu trnh kt tinh xy ra tun t t ngoi vo trong nn khi lp v
rn hnh thnh, th tch kim loi lng pha trong tip tc ngui v kt tinh, th tch co
li, kim loi lng pha trn chy xung b co, lm mc kim loi cn li h xung to
thnh khong trng, tip tc nh vy dn dn hnh thnh l co c tit din hnh phu.
Khi qu trnh kt tinh t n gn tm nhit, phn kim loi lng tm cn li t
v chy long thp khng th chy xung b co li nhng l co kch thc b
nm dc tm nhit gi l xp ng tm.









Th tch v hnh dng l co nh hng ln n sut thu hi kim loi, nu cng
mt th tch m chiu cao l co cng ln th sut thu hi kim loi cng thp
b) Cu trc thi thp si
Cu trc tinh th: Cu trc tinh th ca thi thp si c ba vng r rt: lp tinh
th nh mn mt ngoi, vng tinh th hnh tr v vng tinh th ng trc, v hng th
i tm. Do trong thp si c xy ra phn ng oxy cacbon, kh CO thot ra to nn
s xo trn mnh kim loi lng nn tinh th nhnh cy b cun gy, lm cho lp tinh
th nh mn mt ngoi dy hn trong thi thp lng.
Thin tch: thin tch trong thi thp si cng gm thin tch nhnh cy v thin
tch vng. Thin tch vng, do kt tinh t ngoi vo trong v t y ln, nn tp cht
va b y dn vo trong, va b y ln trn nn phn u ca thi tp trung nhiu
tp cht.
Hnh 8.10 L co trong thi thp lng
- 106 -
Bt kh: lp tinh th nh mn ngoi cng do kt tinh nhanh nn st c v hu
nh khng c bt kh. Sau khi hnh thnh lp v ngoi, cc bt kh to thnh gn
ming khun (cch ming khun khong di 1/3 chiu cao thi) c th ni ln v
thot ra ngoi, cc bt kh nm pha di rt kh ni ln nm li trong kim loi to
thnh nhng r kh phn tn (r t ong). Do qu trnh kt tinh t ngoi vo v sau l
t di ln, ng thi do cc bt kh ni ln, nn sau khi kt tinh hon ton phn u
ca thi tp trung mt vng r kh gi l r xp.










Do trong thi thp si hnh thnh cc bt kh b vo th tch co ngt nn trong
thi thp si khng to thnh l co.
c) Cu trc thi thp na si
Qu trnh kt tinh v cu trc tinh th ca thi thp na si tng t thp si.
Tuy nhin, do hn ch c s khuy trn ca CO nn cht lng cao hn thp si,
ng thi c s to bt kh nn trong thi thp khng c l co, sut thu hi kim loi
tng t thp si.
8.3.3. Cng ngh c khun
a) Cng ngh c thp lng
Nhit rt: do nhit bt u v kt thc kt tinh ca mi mc thp l khc
nhau nn cn xc nh nhit rt cho tng mc thp. Cng thc xc nh nhit rt
cho mt mc thp c dng:
Hnh 8.11 R kh trong thi thp si
1) R kh t ong 2) Bt kh ln 2
3) R xp tp trung
1
2
3
- 107 -

+ = t n t t t
i i Fe c

Trong :
t
Fe
- nhit kt tinh ca st;
t
i
- gim nhit khi thm vo 1% nguyn t tp cht (/1%);
n
i
- hm lng nguyn t hp kim c trong thp (%);
t - qu nhit (
o
C), thng chn 30 80
o
C.
Bng 8.4 gim nhit ng vi 1% nguyn t tp cht
Nguyn t t
i
Nguyn t t
i

C 70 Cr 5
Si 15 Ni 2
Mn 5 H 40
P 50 N 50
S 30

m bo nhit c, nhit ra thp phi cao hn, m bo sao cho b
gim nhit trong qu trnh t ra thp n khi rt xong:
T
ra thp
= t
c
+ t
mt mt

Trong :
t
mt mt
4 3 2 1
t t t t + + + =

t
1
- gim nhit khi ra thp, vo khong 2 2,5
o
C/pht;
t
2
- gim nhit khi vn chuyn, vo khong 1,5 2,0
o
C/pht;
t
3
- gim nhit khi lng thp, vo khong 0,5 1,5
o
C/pht;
t
4
- gim nhit khi rt thp , vo khong 1,0
o
C/pht;
Tc rt: xc nh bi lng kim loi rt vo khun trong mt n v thi
gian (kg/s) hoc bi tc dng ca kim loi trong khun (cm/pht). Nu chn tc
rt qu ln c th gy ra ph hng khun, gy bn te kim loi v ht kh, nhng nu
chn qu thp c th lm cho kim loi in y khun khng tt hoc b mt thi b
khp v gim nng sut. Thng chn tc rt theo s tay kinh nghim.
- 108 -
Chun b thit b: cc nh my sn lng ln ( >500.000 tn/nm) khun c
c lp rp trn xe gng v chuyn ti v tr rt, cn cc nh my v xng c sn
lng b ( < 200.000 tn/nm) khun c c lp rp ngay trn nn xng.
Vic lp rp khun tin hnh nh sau:
+ Bi khun: dng du bi khun (du cok) bi ln mt trong khun d tho
khun v chng hnh thnh bt kh di lp v thi thp. Khi tip xc vi thp lng,
du cok chy to ra kh CO hoc CO
2
to thnh mng kh chng thi dnh bm vo
thnh khun, ng thi kh CO hon nguyn oxyt st trn b mt thp lng chng s
oxy ha mt ngoi thi.
+ Lp khun: khun c lp theo trnh t sau: u tin t a c, tin hnh
lp gch cng rt, t gch phn dng, tip tc lp gch ng rt, phu rt, sau lp
khun c thi v m gi nhit. Cui cng tin hnh kim tra v y np khun.
chng m gy r kh, ton b thit b lun c duy tr nhit t 80
120
o
C.
Thao tc c: tin hnh ra thp, dng thng rt vn chuyn n v tr c v ch
lng thp. Khi ch thp lng, gim mt nhit c th dng cht che ph hoc tru,
rm, r ... ri ln b mt thng rt. Sau khi thp ht si v ng u thnh phn th tin
hnh rt khun. Thao tc rt khun yu cu phi chnh xc v m bo tc rt.
Dng kim loi khi rt vo khun phi hng ng phu rt v khng c ngt qung.
Khi thp lng dng ln n gn m gi nhit, gim bt tc rt b sung ngt v
khi gn y m gi nhit ngt dng chnh xc trnh trn ra ngoi. hn ch mt
nhit, khi rt gn ht dng cht pht nhit gm than cm, ht Al v ht fersilic ph
ln mt. Sau khi rt, ch kim loi kt tinh xong th tho khun. Theo cng thc xc
nh chiu dy lp kim loi kt tinh:
K = (8.1)
Trong :
- chiu dy lp kt tinh (mm);
- thi gian kt tinh (pht);
K - h s lm ngui ca thnh khun (mm/pht
1/2
).
- 109 -
Vi phi trn, t cng thc (8.1) ta xc nh c thi gian kt tinh hon
ton ca phi:
2
2

=
K
D
phi
(8.2)
Trong : D
phi
l ng knh ca phi.
Thao tc tho khun tin hnh nh sau: u tin tho m gi nhit, sau dng
thit b tho khun tng thi ra khi khun, kim tra cht lng b mt ca thi v vn
chuyn ti l nung hoc ch ngui hn chuyn ti kho cha.
Sau khi tho phi, khun c a tr li v tr c v tin hnh lp rp tip
tc c ln khc.
b) Cng ngh c thp si
Cng ngh c thp si tng t c thp lng, nhng trong qu trnh c cn lu
cc vn sau:
+ Tc rt chm hn khi c thp lng to iu kin cho kh CO thot ra.
+ hn ch s thin tch, sau khi rt xong dng nc di ln xung quanh
ming khun hoc dng np gang y kn ming khun. Lm ngui ming khun
nhm to ra lp v c trn mt (hoc y khun), khi phn ng oxy ha cacbon xy
ra do CO khng thot c ra ngoi, to nn p lc ln khng cho CO tip tc thot
ln, ngn phn ng tip tc xy ra.
8.4. c lin tc
c lin tc l phng php c c nhiu u im:
+ Nng sut cao v c th cp phi lin tc cho phn xng cn;
+ c trc tip ra phi nn khng cn qua khu cn ph;
+ Hiu sut thu hi kim loi ln (do khng cn h thng rt, b ngt ...), hiu
sut thu hi thng trn 95 96%;
+ Tc kt tinh ca kim loi nhanh, t chc kim loi st c;
+ Cht lng thp v cht lng b mt phi tt, thin tch t;
+ Gim din tch mt bng sn xut;
+ D c kh ha v t ng ha;
- 110 -
+ Ci thin iu kin lao ng v gim nhim mi trng;
Do nhng u im trn, mc du i hi vn u t ln, phng php ny vn
c ng dng rng ri trong sn xut phi thp cn hin nay.
8.4.1. Thit b
a) S
H thng thit b c lin tc gm cc b phn chnh sau:
+ Thng rt;
+ Thng rt trung gian;
+ Thng kt tinh;
+ B phn rung thng kt tinh;
+ B phn lm ngui ln hai;
+ H thng ko phi;
+ My ct phi.
Trn hnh 8.12 trnh by s h thng c lin tc thng ng.















1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Hnh 8.12 S h thng thit b c lin tc thng ng
1) Thng rt 2) Thng rt trung gian 3) Thng kt tinh 4) C cu rung
thng kt tinh 5) B phn lm ngui ln 2 6) H thng ko phi
7) H thng ct phi 8) C cu h phi 9) H thng vn chuyn phi
- 111 -
b) Phn loi
Cn c vo phng php b tr thit b v ra phi, ngi ta chia ra:
+ H thng c lin tc thng ng: ton b thit b chnh nh thng kt tinh,
h thng trc ko, my ct... b tr theo phng thng ng. c lin tc, b phn
ct phi nh k ct phi v h xung h thng vn chuyn b tr theo phng ngang.
H thng ny tit kim din tch mt bng, cht lng phi tt (v kim loi ngui u
xung quanh, iu kin ni tp cht thun li... ) nhng c hn ch l i hi chiu cao
xy dng ln, kh khn trong vic b tr thit b, chi ph xy dng cao v p lc ct
kim loi lng ln.












+ H thng c lin tc kiu un: thng kt tinh thng v b tr theo phng
thng ng, phi sau khi ra khi thng kt tinh c ko xung theo phng thng
ng mt khong cch nht nh, c my un un cong, sau c nn thng v
tip tc ko theo phng ngang. H thng ny gim c chiu cao thit b, phi c
th ct theo chiu di ty nhng khi un phi d b nt.
+ H thng c lin tc kiu cong: phi c un cong ngay sau khi ra khi
thng kt tinh hoc cong ngay trong thng kt tinh theo mt bn knh cong hoc mt
s bn knh cong k tip. H thng c lin tc kiu cong c chiu cao b tr thit b
Hnh 8.13 Phn loi h thng c lin tc
a) c thng ng b) c kiu un c) c kiu cong mt bn knh
d) ckiu cong theo nhiu bn knh
R
R
1

R
2

a) b) c)
d)
- 112 -
nh, khng cn phi b tr my un, p lc ct kim loi lng nh, chi ph xy dng
thp hn c ng, nhng trong qu trnh c iu kin ni tp cht khng tt, i hi
k thut c phc tp hn, trong vic chn bn knh cong c ngha rt ln, nu
chn khng ng c th gy ra nt phi trong qu trnh ko.
c) Cc b phn c bn ca h thng thit b
Thng rt: dng vn chuyn thp lng t l n v tr rt. Thng rt thng
c ch to c dng hnh tr, v ngoi bng thp bn trong xy gch chu la hoc
m bng vt liu chu la. Trn y thng rt c b tr l rt thp, iu chnh qu
trnh rt dng c cu cn nt.
Thng rt trung gian: dng khng ch tc rt, phn dng kim loi khi c
nhiu v tr, tip tc lm ng u kim loi v nhit nc thp.
Cu to ca thng rt trung gian trnh by trn hnh 8.13.








Thng kt tinh: nhim v ca thng kt tinh l lm ngui kim loi v nh hnh
tit din v kch thc phi. Cu to thng kt tinh c dng nh hnh 8.14.
Thnh thng kt tinh c ch to bng ng, mt trong l mt tr thng hoc un
cong, tit din din ngang l hnh trn hoc hnh vung. Gia thnh ngoi v thnh
trong ca thng kt tinh l hp nc lm ngui. Do khi i t trn xung, kim loi
ngui v ng c, to thnh lp v rn, lp v rn tng dn chiu dy v co gim kch
thc. Khi lp v rn co, s hnh thnh khe h gia kim loi v thnh thng kt tinh,
lm gim tc ngui nn phn di ca thng kt tinh thng c cn hn ch
khe h. Chiu di thng kt tinh c chn ph thuc vo tc c, phi m bo
Hnh 8.13 Thng rt trung gian
1) V 2) Lp aming 3) Lp ct 4) Lp gch chu la
5) L rt 6) Thp lng 7) Cn nt
6
3
2
1
4
5
7
- 113 -
sao cho chiu dy lp kim loi ng c khi ra khi khun bn di tc dng ca
p lc kim loi lng bn trong v lc ko phi. Chiu dy lp v rn khi ra khi khun
thng vo khong 8 12 mm.










C cu rung khun: dng rung khun trong qu trnh c, chng li s dnh
bm ca kim loi vo thnh thng kt tinh gy ra t phi khi ko. Khi lp v rn mi
hnh thnh, nhit ch thp hn nhit kt tinh khong 3 5
o
C, bn ca thp
cn rt thp, di tc dng ca lc ko c th b rn nt v dnh vo thnh thng kt
tinh. Khi thng kt tnh dch chuyn xung, lp kim loi dnh bm b y ln do vt
nt khng th hnh thnh, khi thi c ko xung s d dng tch khi thnh thng
kt tinh v c ko ra.
Trong c lin tc, s dng ba phng thc rung khun: rung ng b, rung
trt m v rung hnh sin. Khi rung ng b, bnh kt tinh i xung ng b vi phi,
sau i ln vi tc gp ba ln tc ko phi. Phng thc ny hin nay t dng
v kt cu phc tp do i hi s ng b gia c cu rung v c cu ko phi. Khi
rung trt m, bnh kt tinh i xung vi tc cao hn tc ko mt t gi l trt
m, sau i ln vi tc kh ln. Phng thc rung ny ph hp vi yu cu ca
cng ngh c lin tc, c li cho vic hn gn cc vt nt lp v v cho php nng
cao tc ko. Khi rung hnh sin, quan h gia tc rung v thi gian c dng hnh
sin, u im ca phng thc rung ny l s thay i tc trong qu trnh rung
1
2
3
4
Hnh 8.14 Thng kt tinh
a) Thng kt kiu thng b) Thng kt tinh kiu cong
1) Thnh thng 2) Ngn nc lm ngui
3) ng dn nc vo 4) ng dn nc ra
a)
1
2
3
4
b)
- 114 -
chm, khng gy xung lc, kt cu rung n gin, do hin nay c s dng rt
ph bin.
Thit b lm ngui ln hai: khi ra khi bnh kt tinh nhit mt ngoi ca thi
cn rt cao 1000 1100
o
C,v bn trong vn cn kim loi lng tip tc kt tinh.
thi c ngui nhanh v kt tinh hon ton, ngi ta b tr h thng vi phun nc
phun trc tip ln mt ngoi thi. Trong vng ny cng b tr cc trc ln nn thng
thi c trnh hin tng cong vnh thi. Tc phun ca nc lm ngui ln hai
khng c qu cao trnh bn te, nhng cng khng c qu thp trnh nc
tip xc lu vi mt thi b ha hi nhiu, to thnh lp hi nc trn mt thi lm
gim tc lm ngui. Trong vng lm ngui ln hai, lng nhit truyn qua hi nc
33%, qua nc 25% v trc ln 17%, phn cn li truyn nhit bng bc x ra
khng kh.
H thng trc ko v nn thng: m bo ko phi ra khi thng kt tinh theo
tc c yu cu v nn thng phi. ko phi ngi ta dng h thng cc trc
ln, dn ng t cc ng c ring l hoc phi hp nhiu trc cng mt ng c qua
cc b truyn. Tc ko thng vo khong 6 m/pht.
My ct: m bo qu trnh c lin tc, khi phi t mt chiu di nht nh
cn phi tin hnh ct phi. Hin nay ct phi ngi ta dng ph bin thit b ct
bng kh. Thit b ct c gn trn h thng xe ln, khi phi t chiu di cn thit,
c cu kp phi gn trn xe ln tin hnh kp cht phi, lm cho xe ln mang thit b
ct chuyn ng cng vi phi v ct phi. Khi phi c ct xong, c cu kp phi
nh ra v xe ln chuyn ng tr li v tr ban u.

8.4.2. S kt tinh ca kim loi khi c lin tc
Qu trnh kt tinh ca thi c lin tc th hin trn hnh 8.15.
Khi kim loi lng qu nhit c rt vo thng kt tinh tip xc trc tip vi
thnh thng kt tinh lm bng ng, bn ngoi c nc lm ngui nn ngui nhanh v
mt dn nhit qu nhit. Khi lp ngoi t n nhit kt tinh, th qu trnh kt tinh
xy ra v lp kim loi rn hnh thnh. Tip tc dch chuyn xung pha di, kim loi
- 115 -
lng tip tc c lm ngui v kt tinh, chiu dy lp kim loi kt tinh tng dn, khi
lp kim loi kt tinh bn, chng c p lc ca kim loi lng bn trong th bt u
co, hnh thnh nn khe h gia kim loi v thnh thng kt tinh, lm cho tc ngui
gim xung. Khi ra khi thng kt tinh, n vng lm ngui th hai, nh s lm ngui
trc tip ca nc, tc ngui tng ln v qu trnh kt tinh xy ra nhanh cho n
khi phi c kt tinh hon ton.















Trong thng kt tinh, tc lm ngui ph thuc rt ln vo s tip xc gia
kim loi v thnh thng kt tinh. Nhit tr ca kim loi rn vo khong 1%, nhit tr
tip xc gia kim loi rn vi thnh thng kt tinh vo khong 1%, nhit tr ca
thnh thng kt tinh bng ng vo khong 0,2 0,3%, nhit tr tip xc gia thnh
thng kt tinh vi nc vo khong 1%, nhit tr ca khe h rt ln vo khong 70
80%. Bi vy, tng tc ngui trong thng kt tinh cn hn ch khe h bng
cch to cn ngc mt trong thnh thng kt tinh (thng ch to vi cn
1%) hoc ph kn khe h bng vt liu dn nhit tt hn khng kh.
Hnh 8.15 Qu trnh kt tinh ca thi c
1) Kim loi lng 2) Kim loi rn
3) Thng kt tinh 4) Vng lm ngui ln hai
1
2
3
4
Nc vo
Nc ra
- 116 -
Trong vng lm ngui ln hai, nh s tip xc trc tip gia kim loi v nc,
s bc hi ca nc, tc lm ngui nhanh, kim loi kt tinh nhanh v cui cng
ng c hon ton. Do chnh lch nhit gia mt ngoi v bn trong ln c th
gy ra ng sut nhit lm nt b mt thi, do trong vng lm ngui ln hai cn b
tr lm ngui tng dn t trn xung.
xc nh chiu cao ct kim loi lng gia, trn c s xc nh chiu
cao thng kt tinh v chiu di vng lm ngui ln hai, cn xc nh tc kt tinh
ca thi. Tc kt tinh ca thi xc nh qua chiu dy lp kim loi kt tinh v c
th tnh c theo cng thc (8.1), vi K = 13 20 mm/pht
1/2
khi trong thng kt
tinh v K = 25 28 mm/pht
1/2
trong vng lm ngui ln hai.
i vi phi trn ng knh D, c th xc nh c thi gian kt tinh hon
ton theo cng thc:

2
8 , 50
D

= (pht) (8.3)
Tnh c thi gian ng c hon ton, ta c th xc nh c chiu cao ct
kim loi lng gia thi khi c lin tc:
= . v L (mm) (8.4)
Vi v l tc ko thi (hay tc c) tnh bng mm/pht.
Khi c lin tc, do c lm ngui nhanh v rt lin tc, kim loi c cu trc
tinh th ht nh v khng c l co, r kh phn tn, nhng tm do s b ngt kh
khn nn thng xut hin r xp ng tm. So vi c khun, cht lng thi c
bng phng php c lin tc cao hn.
8.4.3. Cng ngh c thi lin tc
a) Nhit c: nhit c l nhit nc thp khi rt khun, c chn da
vo mc thp, kt cu thng kt tinh v tc c.
b) Thao tc chun b: tin hnh chuyn thp lng t l n thng rt trung gian,
kim tra nhit nc thp. Trc lc rt thp lng phi tin hnh kim tra bnh kt
tinh, h thng nc lm ngui bnh kt tinh, lm ngui ln hai (lu lng, p lc nc,
- 117 -
v tr vi phun) v s hot ng bnh thng ca cc thit b rung thng kt tinh,
thit b ko, nn, ct phi. Sau tin hnh lp u thanh dn vo thng kt tinh.
c) Thao tc c: tin hnh rt kim loi t thng rt trung gian vo thng kt tinh.
Ch mt thi gian kim loi kt tinh v bm chc vo u thanh dn v mt ngoi
thi bt u hnh thnh lp kim loi bn th tin hnh khi ng h thng ko
ko phi. Sau khi tin hnh ct u thi th vn hnh c cu ct ct phi theo chiu
di yu cu.

- 119 -
Mc lc
Chng I. Khi qut chung 5
1.1. Khi nim v phn loi thp 5
1.1.1. Khi nim 5
1.1.2. Phn loi thp 5
1.1.3. K hiu thp 7
1.2. Lu trnh sn xut thp 8
1.3. Phn loi l luyn thp 9
Chng II. Nguyn vt liu dng luyn thp 10
2.1. Nguyn vt liu 10
2.1.1. Nguyn vt liu kim loi 10
2.1.2. Cht oxy ha 13
2.1.3. Cht to x 14
2.1.4. Cht tng cacbon 15
2.1.5. Vt liu chu la 16
2.2. Tnh ton thnh phn phi liu 19
Chng III. L thuyt qu trnh luyn thp 24
3.1. L thuyt v s oxy ha v hon nguyn 24
3.2. S oxy ha v hon nguyn cc nguyn t 26
3.2.1. S oxy ha v hon nguyn st 26
3.2.2. S oxy ha v hon nguyn mangan 26
3.2.3. S oxy ha v hon nguyn silic 29
3.2.4. S oxy ha v hon nguyn cacbon 32
3.2.5. Kh phtpho 34
3.2.6. Kh lu hunh 36
3.2.7. Kh kh 37
3.2.8. Tp cht phi kim 39
3.3. X trong qu trnh luyn thp 39
3.3.1. Ngun gc v thnh phn ca x luyn thp 39
- 120 -
3.3.2. Cc tnh cht ca x luyn thp 41
3.4. Cn bng nhit trong qu trnh luyn thp 45
3.4.1. Ngun nhit cung 45
3.4.2. Ngun nhit chi 45
Chnng IV. Luyn thp trong l in h quang 46
4.1. c im v phn loi 46
4.1.1. c im 46
4.1.2. Phn loi 46
4.2. Thit b 46
4.2.1. Cu to chung v nguyn l lm vic 46
4.2.2. Bung l 48
4.2.3. Thit b nng h in cc 51
4.2.4. C cu nghing l 52
4.2.5. Thit b in 52
4.2.6. in cc 55
4.3. Cng ngh nu luyn 58
4.3.1. Nguyn vt liu 58
4.3.2. Cng ngh luyn thp trong l in h quang baz 58
4.3.3. Tinh luyn ngoi l 61
Chng V. Luyn thp trong l in cm ng v mt s l in khc 63
5.1. c im v phn loi 63
5.1.1. c im 63
5.1.2. Phn loi 63
5.2. Thit b 63
5.2.1. S cu to v nguyn l lm vic 63
5.2.2. Cc b phn c bn ca l 65
5.3. Cng ngh nu luyn 70
5.4. Thit b v cng ngh nu thp trong mt s l in khc 70
5.3.1. Nu thp trong l in x 70
- 121 -
5.3.2. Nu thp trong l in h quang chn khng 71
Chng VI. Luyn thp trong l thi 73
6.1. c im v phn loi 73
6.2. Luyn thp trong l thi sn 75
6.2.1. Cu to l 75
6.2.2. Cng ngh luyn thp trong l thi sn baz 76
6.2.3. Cng ngh luyn thp trong l thi sn axit 85
6.3. Luyn thp trong l LD 86
6.3.1. Cu to l 86
6.3.2. Quy trnh luyn thp trong l LD 88
Chng 7. Luyn thp trong l mactanh 89
7.1. c im 89
7.2. Thit b 89
7.2.1. Cu to 89
7.2.2. Nguyn l lm vic 89
7.3. Cng ngh nu thp trong l mactanh 91
7.3.1. Nu thp trong l mactanh baz 91
7.3.2. Nu thp trong l mactanh axit 92
Chng 8. c phi thp 94
8.1. Phn loi v c im 94
8.2. L thuyt v qu trnh kt tinh 94
8.2.1. iu kin hnh thnh v ln ln ca tinh th 95
8.2.2. Qu trnh kt tinh v ta nhit 97
8.2.3. Qu trnh kt tinh v co ngt th tch 98
8.2.4. Qu trnh kt tinh v thin tch 99
8.3. Thit b v cng ngh c khun 100
8.3.1. Khun c 100
8.3.2. Cu trc thi thp 103
8.3.3. Cng ngh c khun 106
- 122 -
8.4. c lin tc 109
8.4.1. Thit b 110
8.4.2. S kt tinh ca kim loi khi c lin tc 114
8.4.3. Cng ngh c thi lin tc 116
Ti liu tham kho 118
Mc lc 119
- 118 -
Ti liu tham kho
1. Gio trnh c thp. B mn c, i hc Bch Khoa H Ni - 1985.
2. Trn Vn Dy. K thut l in luyn thp. Nh xut bn khoa hc k thut H
Ni - 2006.
3. Ng Tr Phc, Nguyn Sn Lm. Thit b v cng ngh c phi thp. Nh xut
bn Bch Khoa H Ni - 2006.
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