2

Chng 1 Nhng vn chung

1.1 S pht trin ca my mc thit b
1.1.1 S pht trin v s lng my ( tnh bng chic my ci )
[ 21,22]
1913 1930 1933 1940 1950
1.500 7.500 19.000 58.000 70.000
1954 1958 1961 1964
102.000 138.000 164.000 184.000
1.1.2 . a dng v chng loi thit b .
My mc trong cc ngnh ni chung v trong cng nghip ni
ring rt a dng : C kh , in, xy dng, in t, ...
Cc loi my ng lc nh my pht in, my n, ...
Cc loi my nng chuyn, vn chuyn,...
My c cc chc nng cng ngh khc nhau : my tin, phay,
bo,...
My to lc : my ba, my p,...

1.1.3 S pht trin v phc tp v hin i
Kch thc ca cc chi tit my c 2 xu hng thu g v ln.
Tuy nhin xu th thu gn kch thc nhng c cng sut cao hn
vn chim u th hn.

V kch thc



V cu to


Mc hin i :






CAM : Computer Aided manufactoring
CNC- Machine with Computerised Numeric Control
CIM - Computer intergrated Manufactoring
Kch thc chi tit
my ln
Kch thc
c thu gn

Kt cu t hp
cc vi mch
My c
in,
truyn
thng
My bn
t ng, t
ng
My t ng c s h
tr ca my tnh,
CAD/CAM, my CNC
Dy chuyn sn
xut t ng
C.I.M

Kt cu n gin



3


S tm tt cc mi lin h gia cc b phn ca my

C cu iu khin C/C Kimtra


Ngun Nng lng H thng bin i ng lc C
cu chp hnh
( C cu cng tc
)









1. 2 Mt s khi nim v my v chi tit my

My mc l mt h thng cc chi tit my v c cu thc
hin nhng chc nng nht nh. Chi tit my v cm chi tit my
hay cc c cu l nhng phn t lp rp thnh my .

1.2.1 Chi tit my
Chi tit my l mt vt th c lp khng c nhng lin kt
khc. N c ch to t mt vt th vi cng loi vt liu. Chi tit
my l phn t n gin nht to nn cc cm chi tit my.
Cc chi tit n gin : then, cht, con cc, vt, cu, bulng,...
Chi tit phc tp :
- Trc : Trc thng, trc khuu, trc bc, trc rng, trc c,
...
- Bnh rng cc loi :(thng, cn, nghing, bnh rng ch V,
...)

1.2.2 Cm chi tit thng c t 2 chi tit my tr ln v to nn c
cu my hay cc b phn ca my .
Bulng ai c, vt me ai c, khp ni, b o chiu, b phanh,
bi,...
V tr mt bng SX
Nn mng my
- H thng cng ngh sn xut
- An ton L v v sinh mi
trng



4
C cu l tp hp cc chi tit v cc khu c lin h vi nhau v
thc hin nhng dng chuyn ng nht nh : c cu cu lt, c
cu an ton,
1.2.3 Modun l mt t hp cc chi tit c lp ghp c lp
nhau, sau lp li thnh my hon chnh. Khi cn thay th,
sa cha th phi thay lun c b modun . l cc modun
trong TV, My vi tnh, ...
1.3 Cc loi chuyn ng :
Chuyn ng n : chuyn ng quay trn, thng, tnh tin,
lin tc, gin on ,...
Chuyn ng kt hp : quay + tnh tin,...

1.4 Cc truyn ng trong my :
Truyn ng n, theo nhm, thu lc, kh nn...
Truyn ng cng : bnh rng, ai, trc vt,
Truyn ng qua cc khp ni,...

1.5 Cc loi mi lp :
a. Mi lp c nh l mi lp ghp m v tr tng i gia cc chi tit
khng i
Mi lp c nh tho c v mi lp c nh khng tho c
Mi lp c nh tho c nh mi lp ren, chm, cht, then
Mi lp ghp c nh khng tho uc l cc loi mi lp c nh tn
hn p nng , p ngui v dn cc loi mi lp ny thng gp trong k
thut v tu thu v my bay, cu, ph
b. Mi lp di ng l cc mi ghp m cc chi tit c kh nng chuyn
ng tng i vi nhau . N cng c phn thnh hai loi mi lp di
ng : mi ghp di ng tho c v khng tho c.

1.6 Phn loi thit b my mc

1.6.1 Phn loi thit b theo chc nng

My pht in: Bin nhit nng, c nng thnh in
nng.
ng c / Bin nhit in nng thnh c nng
My nng c, dng c -
Thit b My thi hnh cc chc nng cng ngh: my tin, phay
, bo,
my mc my rn, my hn, ...



5

My vn chuyn - Bng ti, xe t ...
- Cu , cn trc, Cu trc,
Thit b nng h - Xe nng, kch,

Thit b to lc - My p, my dp, ...
. . .
Ngoi ra ngi ta cn phn loi da theo chc nng cng ngh, chnh
xc, mc vn nng, mc c kh ho, t ng ho, theo cc chc nng
khc nh : thit b nghin cu, thit b th nghim,...
1.6.2 Phn loi theo khi lng : Loi nh , va, nng, rt
nng,...

1.6.4 Phn loi theo chnh xc: Chnh xc thng, rt chnh
xc , siu tinh xc,...

1.6.5. Phn loi theo mc c kh ho & t ng ho :
My t ng, my bn t ng,... My iu khin theo chng trnh
Phn loi theo cc c cu in hnh ca my : Nh my p trc khuu, my
cn ren, my p ma st. Theo cc c cu ring bit : Phanh, o chiu, c
cu an ton, bnh lch tm, ...

1.7 Nhu cu v lp t v sa cha my

Nhu cu lp t khi ch to cc my mc thit b
Nhu cu tho lp khi di chuyn n ni mi , th my v vn hnh
my,...
Nhu cu tho v lp khi sa cha phc hi cc chi tit my.
Nhu cu phc hi cc chi tit my b h hng hay b mi mn sau mt
thi gian vn hnh.
Nhu cu kim tra , bo dng my, ...
Nhu cu b sung, trang b mi, hin i ho cc qu trnh sn xut.


6
Chng 2 cc trng thi k thut ca my

2.1 Khi nim v sa cha v tho lp tho my
2.1.1 Khi nim v ch to v sa cha
Qu trnh ch to l mt qu trnh sn xut bao gm ch to tng chi
tit sau lp rp thnh b phn hay thnh my. ch to cc chi tit
my cng cn qua nhiu cng on, nhiu nguyn cng. Trong mi qu
trnh cng c th cn phi thov lp rp chng.
Qu trnh sa cha cng l mt qu trnh sn xut. Sa cha c th l
bo qun, bo dng, sa cha cc h hng, phc hi li kch thc hoc
nng cao cht lng chi tit,...

2.1.2 Khi nim v tho lp my
Qu trnh tho v lp my cng l mt qu trnh sn xut v phi tun
th theo nhng quy nh v trnh t nht nh. Tho v lp my c mi quan
h cht ch vi qu trnh ch to v sa cha phc hi my v cc chi tit my.
Khi tho ri th c th tin hnh tho theo cm, theo tng b phn t tho
ri cc chi tit. Lp rp l qu trnh ngc li ca qu trnh tho my, tc l
xut pht t chi tit ri lp thnh cm hay b phn, sau lp thnh my hon
chnh.

2-2 Mt s khi nim v cc trng thi k thut
ca my.
2.2.1 D tr k thut : L khong thi gian bt u lm vic ngay sau
khi sa cha cho n thi hn cho php .
2.2.2 Thi hn lm vic l khong thi gian cho php my lm vic m
bo yu cu k thut, sau thi gian phi tin hnh sa cha nh k
hay phc hi li tu theo yu cu ca qu trnh cng ngh.
2.2.3 Thi gian vn hnh - thi gian my lm vic theo nhng
yu cu k thut vi cng sut thit k. Thi gian vn hnh c th
c nh gi bng khi lng cng vic lm thng qua tng thi
gian tnh theo gi, KWh, ...
2.2.4 Tui th : l thi gian m chi tit gi nguyn kh nng lm vic,
m bo cc c trng k thut cho n khi cn phi i sa cha.
2.2.5 tin cy v tnh n nh ca my l cc tnh cht ca chi
tit my thc hin nhng chc nng nhim v nh trong thi gian
lm vic tho mn cc iu kin vn hnh, bo qun, sa cha v vn
chuyn.
a. tin cy: L tp hp cc tnh cht ph thuc vo chc nng ca chi
tit, cm chi tit hay ca my nh :

7
bn, bn lu,...
Vn tc chuyn ng, vn tc lm vic, ...
Mc tiu th nng lng (mc tiu hao nhin liu trong gii hn cho
php),...
Cht lng cng vic, cht lng ca sn phm c lm ra, ...
b. Tnh n nh ca my l kh nng lm vic bnh thng, khng c
s thay i so vi nhng yu cu ra.

2.2.6 S hon ho v khng hon ho ca my
+ My hon ho
L trng thi ca my tho mn vi tt c cc yu cu k thut ra v
cho php lm vic lin tc khng xy ra s c.
+ My khng hon ho:
Th hin s khng hon chnh, khng tho mn cc yu cu k thut
ra. Khi my c th mt kh nng lm vic, c kh nng sinh ra s c,...
a. Khng hon ho c th c :
Khng hon ho trong tng b phn, tng chi tit : khuyt tt trong cc chi
tit, trong cc lin kt; khng m bo bn bn cn thit theo yu cu,
...
Khng hon ho trong tng cm chi tit : lp ln khng tt (lng, b r
hoc qu cht,... ) ; mt tnh cng vng trong mi lin kt;
b. Sai lch khi lp rp
Khng ng trc, khng vung gc, vnh, nghing, khng i xng, ...;
Sai v tr; Sai lch v khong cch;
c. Sai lch gia hai b mt tip xc
Khng m bo ng din tch tip xc cn thit trong b ly hp ma st
Khong cch gia 2 bnh rng khng ng nh thit k lm cho bnh rng
b mn khng u lm cho cc b mt tip xc b sai lch,...
S tip xc gia hai bnh rng khng khp, nghing, lch, ...
Khng kn, cc van tip xc khng tt : supp, van kh, Piston-xylanh,...
Hai b mt khng song song, khng vung gc, ...
d. S sai lch do b li trn cc b mt
Nguyn nhn :
Do b va p
Do s tch t cc phn b mi mn (cn xe p b bi p);
Do s tch t du m, cc cht cn b b kh qunh li (v d cc vng bi
lu ngy khng bo qun tt)...
Do cc sn phm chy tch t li, do b mt b g,...
Cc nguyn nhn trn s lm cho ch lm vic b sai lch, lm cho
qu trnh truyn dn nhit b thay i; kt qa l hnh dng, kch thc chi tit

8
b thay i. Hin tng ny lm nh hng n kh nng lp rp, kh nng lm
vic ca cc chi tit my v my.
e. S bin dng v s ph hu
Khi lm vic nhiu chi tit chu tc dng lu di ca lc (lc ma st, lc
un,... ) nhit tng cao, ... Kt qu gy nn s bin dng; lm cho chi tit b
sai lchkhi lp rp, lm cong trc, vnh, do (cnh tuc bin) , thm ch gy ra
s ph hu chi tit my : gy, v, rn, nt chi tit (v d : bi, cn xe p, ...).

2.2.7 Tnh sa cha
Sa cha l tp hp cc nguyn cng c kh nng phc hi tui th,
phc hi tnh hon ho, phc hi kh nng lm vic ca my.
Tnh sa cha thch ng l tnh cht ca vt liu cho php pht hin
v phng nga cc nguyn nhn h hng v cho php bo dng, sa cha
my.
Tnh bo ton : l tnh cht khng lm thay i kh nng lm vic v
kh nng my chy hon ho.

2.3 Cc giai on lm vic ca my
Giai on chy th khng ti Cho my chy trng thi cha
mang ti.
Giai on chy th c ti theo cc mc khc nhau : chy th
non ti, chy th y ti, chy th qu ti an ton, ...
Giai on cng tc vi tui th bnh thng my lm vic vi ti
trng nh.
Giai on h hng cn sa cha v phc hi cc chi tit my phc
hi kh nng lm vic v ko di tui th ca my.

2.4 S h hng ca cc chi tit my
Khi ch to, lp rp, vn hnh sa cha, c th xy ra cc h hng tng
phn hay ton b chi tit. Thng thng h hng xy ra trn cc b mt lm
vic, b mt tip xc.
2.4.1 Cc b mt lm vic
B mt l bin gii ca 2 pha khc nhau. y b mt l ranh gii ca vt
th vi mi trng xung quanh. Ngi ta a ra 2 khi nim v b mt :
B mt hnh hc l b mt c biu th bng bn v chi tit. y l
b mt danh ngha mang nhiu tnh cht l tng.
B mt thc t hay cn gi l b mt k thut. Khi nim ny
khng ch hm v hnh hc m cn lin quan n tnh cht ca lp kim
loi di b mt. Cht lng b mt c c trng bi 3 yu t : dng hnh
hc, cht lng ca b mt bin gii v cht lng lp di b mt.


9
Cc b mt k thut c th phn loi nh hnh 2-1 [14]


Hnh 2-1 S phn loi cc b mt k thut


Chu tc dng c
hc
Chu tc dng ho
l(mi trng,...
B mt hot
ng
B mt tip xc
B mt lp
ghp
B mt khng
hot ng
B mt t do
B mt trang tr
Chu tc dng ho hc
Chu tc dng nhit
Chu tc dng chy
B mt k thut
B mt chu ti
B mt khng chu ti
B mt chu ti trng ng
B mt chu ma st
B mt chuyn ng
B mt chu ti trng tnh
(B mt lp ghp)
B mt chu ti
trng chu k
B mt chu ti trng va
p (khng quy lut)
B mt trt
B mt ln

10


2.4.2 Nguyn nhn h hng c phn ra : H hng do ch to, h
hng do vn hnh v h hng do cht lng vt liu, ...
H hng do vn hnh l nguyn nhn ch yu gy nn cc h hng my. H
hng do vn hnh c chia ra lm 3 nhm chnh :
H hng do mn ( mn u, mn khng u sinh ra van v cn, cc
vt xc nh v cc vt xy xt. Dng h hng ny c lin quan vi ma st.
H hng c hc ( nt, thng, xc thnh rnh, trc, gy, bin dng do tc
dng c hc gy nn cong, vnh, xon, ...
H hng ho nhit : n mn, b r, b bin dng do nhit ,...
2.4.3 Phn loi mn
c trng cho qu trnh h hng c hc l s mi mn. c trung cho s
tc dng ho l gi l n mn (hay s g). Mn ni chung c phn loi thnh 3
loi :
a- Mn c hc (cn c tn gi mi mn) l dng mn do cc tc dng
c hc. y l dng h hng do va chm, mi mn do trc dnh, do s ph hu
cc b mt lin quan n s hao mn vt liu. Cc giai on mi mn c
biu th nh hnh 2-2







Hnh 2-2 S cc giai on mi mn c hc
I - Giai on bt u mi mn ( Giai on khi my bt u lm vic)
II - Giai on mi mn bo ho ( Giai on xy ra mi mn khi my
lm vic bnh thng.
III - Giai on mi mn pht trin nhanh ( mi mn do s c, mi mn
pht trin n mc phi loi b chi tit.
b - Mn di tc dng ca mi trng. Mn do dng cht lng, dng
kh hoc ho cht. Mn dng ny c th do cc cht trn ho tan khuych tn hay
thm thu theo thi gian vo chi tit my; cng c th do tc dng ho hc, do cc
tc dng ca p lc c chu k hoc khng chu k tip xc vi chi tit... Cc dng
mn trn c gi l n mn kim loi. Da theo mi trng c cht in ly hay
khng m ngi ta chia ra : n mn ho hc v n mn in ho.
c - Dng th 3 l dng kt hp c c hc v n mn vt liu di tc dng ca
cc mi trng.
Dng mi mn (mn c hc) thng xut hin trn cc b mt kh tip
xc c chuyn ng tng i vi nhau, c bit cc b mt lp ghp qu cht, ma
mi
mn
I
III II

11
st ln, ... Mn c hc xut hin khi c chuyn ng ca kim loi trn kim loi
hay c mi trng cc cht phi kim loi chuyn ng trn n.
Trong thc t ngi ta phn mn c hc ra cc loi nh sau:
a. S ph hu b mt do trc dnh (trc loi 1)
Do ma st hnh thnh cc mi lin kt cc b, gy bin dng v ph hng
mi lin kt (qu ti cc b). Xut hin ch yu ma st trt, tc dch
chuyn nh, thiu bi trn lm p sut cc b tng qu gii hn chy.
b- S ph hu b mt do trc nhit (trc loi 2 hay mi mn
nhit)
Do ma st nhit tng ng k hnh thnh cc mi lin kt cc b, gy
bin dng do ri ph hng mi lin kt y (qu ti nhit). Dng ny xut hin
ch yu do chuyn dch tng i ln v p lc ring p tng, cu trc kim loi xy
ra hin tng kt tinh li, ram, ti cc b. Trc loi 2 cn tu thuc vo bn,
tnh dn nhit, cng ca vt liu ...
c. S ph hu do mi Theo [14] y l dng mi mn r hay pitting.
Do tc ng ca ng sut bin i chu k, ng sut tng ln v ln hn gii
hn n hi. Hin tng ny xy ra do mi lin kt ma st khng lin tc, n xy
ra trong tng phn ca ca b mt tip xc. Ph hu do mi thng gp nhng
b mt c nt t vi, vt lm su, bng thp hoc khng ng u. Dng mn
ny thng xy ra khi c ma st ln, trn b mt ca ln v trt, trn b mt
ca bnh rng,...
d Ph hu b mt do xi mn kim loi (Mn do tc dng ca mi
trng cc dng chy). L s ph hu cc b mt do lc tc dng va p v lp li
nhiu ln hoc thi gian ko di, p lc ln ca dng cht lng, dng kh, dng
chuyn ng ca bt mi, s phng in hoc chm tia nng lng ... chng lm
cho qu trnh mn do ma st phc tp thm.
e. Ph hu b mt do hin tng fretting [7]
Qu trnh fretting c c trng
Bi s c mt ca cc chuyn v nh (bt u c tr s ln hn khong
cch gia cc nguyn t;
Bi s c tnh ng ca ti trng;
Bi s xy ho trong khng kh lm to ra cc sn phm b n mn;
Mt s nh khoa hc cn cho rng qu trnh fretting cn do trc gy nn
th hin r nht nhng ch tip xc.
L hin tng ph hu b mt do trc, g do s xy ho ng, xy ra do
tng hp ca nhiu yu t: ma st, p lc, dch chuyn b mt tip
xc nh, nht l iu kin vn tc (v) ln, p lc cao (p), nhit (t
0
)

cao. Mun gim hin tng ny ta cn gim vn tc (v), p lc (p), nhit
(T
o
).
f. S ph hu b mt do n mn kim loi:

12
n mn l s ph hu kim loi do tng tc ho hc, in ho hoc sinh
ho ca kim loi vi mi trng. Qu trnh n mn km theo s xy ho b mt
kim loi to thnh hp cht ho hc ca kim loi (oxit, hydroxit, cacbonat,...).
g. S ph hu b mt do n mn in : S ph hng b mt do tc
dng phng in khi c dng in i qua : c gp, chi than, cc c cu ng v
ngt in,...
2.5. n mn kim loi [8, 9, 15]
2.5.1 Cu to ca kim loi v nh hng ca n n qu
trnh n mn:
Cu to ca kim loi c nh hng rt ln n qu trnh n mn kim loi.
iu kin bnh thng kim loi v hp kim u trng thi rn, c nh kim, dn
nhit, dn in, tnh cng ngh tt,... Kim loi c cu to mng tinh th, cc
nguyn t c sp xp theo mt th t nht nh. Gia chng c khong cch.
Cc ion nguyn t trong kim loi khng chuyn ng hn lon m n ch dao
ng xung quanh mt v tr cn bng. Mi lin kt trong kim loi v bn cht th
ging mi lin kt cng ho tr. Nhng c im khc l cc in t ho tr trong
kim loi khng ch dng ring cho 1 cp lin kt ng gn nhau m dng chung
cho ton b khi kim loi. Cc in t ho tr sau khi tch khi nguyn t kim loi
th chuyn ng hn lon, n i t qu o ca nguyn t ny sang qu o ca
nguyn t khc to thnh lp my in t. Mi lin kt c bit gi l lin kt
kim loi. Tuy nhin trong kim loi cn tn ti dng lin kt cng ho tr. Hai dng
ny c kh nng chuyn ho cho nhau.
2.5.2 S n mn kim loi
n mn kim loi l hin tng t n mn v ph hu b mt dn dn ca
cc vt liu kim loi do tc dng ho hc hoc tc dng in ho gia kim loi vi
mi trng bn ngoi [6].
Khi nim g kim loi ch dng cho s n mn st hay hp kim trn c s
st vi s to thnh sn phm n mn ch yu gm hydroxt b hydrat ho.
Kh nng pht sinh n mn ph thuc nhiu yu t ca vt liu kim loi,
tnh cht mi trng, nhit , thi gian, p lc.
Phn loi n mn
a - Da theo qu trnh n mn n mn c chia ra :
1. n mn ho hc
2. n mn in ho.
b/ Da theo mi trng Tu theo mi trng ngi ta chia ra :
1. n mn trong kh : xy, kh sunfuar, kh H
2
S,...
2. n mn trong khng kh : n mn trong khng kh t, n mn trong
khng kh m, n mn trong khng kh kh.
3. n mn trong t.
4. n mn trong cht lng (kim, axit, mui,...
Nh vy : Dng n mn xm thc l do s chuyn ng tip xc gia
cc b mt vt rn v dng chuyn ng ca cc cht lng, cht kh. (n mn

13
ho hc); Dng n mn do tip xc vi cc mi cht nh a xit, baz v c tc
nhn in gi l n mn in ho . Kim loi en: nh thp, gang b n mn
mnh nht. Thang n mn c xp theo bng 2-1
b - Phn loi mc chu n mn ca vt liu
Bng 2 - 1
Nhm chu n
mn
Ch s n mn su
mm/nm
Thang
Cc k bn < 0,001 1
Rt bn 0,001 - 0,005
0,005 - 0,010
2
3
Bn 0,01 - 0,05
0,05 - 0,10
4
5
Kh bn 0,1 - 0,5
0,5 - 1,0
6
7
Km bn 1,0 - 5,0
5 - 10
8
9
Khng bn Ln hn 10 10

a s kim loi u b n mn (b r) khi tip xc vi mi trng , mt s rt
t b r hn ch hoc lp r c kh nng t bo v ly n. Kh nng pht sinh n
mn ph thuc nhiu yu t: loi kim loi, tnh cht mi trng, nhit , thi
gian, p lc.
V d:
Mg: b g nhanh trong khng kh, nhng khng r trong mi trng nc bin
Al: c kh nng chng g mi trng khng kh, nhng d b ph hu mi
trng kim.
Cr: chng g i vi axt v c nhng d g trong axit hu c ( axit axetc,
H
2
S...)
Thp Cr - Ni: C kh nng chu c mi trng axit chua.
Zn ( km): Chng g tt mi trng nc lnh, nhng nhit ln hn 60
(T
0
>60
0
) th d b g.
Cu trc ca g cng khc nhau: g vng, g b mt, g ngm, g t bong, g
vng bn... [9, 14].










a
b
c d

14
Hnh 2-3 Cc dng n mn b mt [9]
a/ n mn u, b/ n mn khng u,
c/ n mn la chn, d/ n mn gia cc tinh th.
2.5.4 n mn ho hc [8, 9, 14, 15]
Do mi trng m kim loi tip xc, c nhiu yu t ( nc m, 0
2
, N
2
,
sulft...) gy ra cc phn ng ho hc hay lin kt ho hc.
n mn ho hc
L s n mn kim loi do tc dng n thun ca phn ng ho hc
gia vt liu kim loi vi mi trng xung quanh c cha cht xm thc (O
2
,
S
2
, Cl
2
,...) Hay ni cch khc l qu trnh n mn ho hc xy ra trong mi
trng kh v trong cc mi trng cc cht khng in ly dng lng (ch yu
l n mn cc thit b, ng dn cc nhin liu lng ln cc hp cht sunfua,...
Cc cht khng in ly : Brm lng, lu hunh nng chy, dung mi hu c
nh benzen, nhin liu lng : du ho, xng, du khong...
V d :
Brm lng tc dng vi nhiu kim loi nhit thng. c bit
n ph hu rt mnh i vi thp cc bon, Ti. Vi Ni, th yu vi
nhm th ph hu chm.
Lu hunh nng chy : ph hu mnh vi Cu, Sn, Pb ; thp cc bon
v Ti ph hu chm.
n mn do khng kh ch yu l do qu trnh xy ho kim loi
nhit cao. [9], [15]
V d:
Hin tng xy ho ca thp v gang
O
2
+ Fe FeO + O2 Fe
3
O
4
+ O2 Fe
2
O
3

Hin tng mt cc bon ca thp v gang :
Fe
3
C + 1/2 O
2
= 3Fe + CO
Fe
3
C + CO
2
= 3 Fe + 2 CO
Fe
3
C + H
2
O = 3 Fe + CO + H
2

Qu trnh mt cc bon s lm gim cng, chu mi mn v gim gii hn
n hi.
Nhm (Al) l nguyn t hp kim tt nht dng tng bn ca gang v
thp nhm chng li s mt cc bon. Sau l Cr, W, Mn c kh nng yu hn.
Al v Cr c lp xyd cht, c kh nng ngn cn qu trnh xm nhp ca
mi trng kh, cn cc nguyn t W, Mn ch c tc dng ngn cn qu trnh
khuych tn ca cc bon ra ngoi b mt.
Hin tng mt cc bon do hydro gi l hin tng dn hydro :
Fe
3
C + 2 H
2
= 3Fe + CH
4

Phn ng ny lm gim lng cc bon v to ra kh CH
4
lm ph hu mi lin kt
trong kim loi.
Fe + H
2
= Fe + H
2
O
Hi nc trong phn ng ny thot ra cng lm ph hu lin kt trong kim loi.

15
S n mn ca kh hydro i vi ng thng xy ra nhit trn
400
o
C (>400
o
C):
Cu + O
2
=> Cu
2
O

Trong mi trng hydro th ng xyt b kh :
Cu
2
O + H
2
= 2 Cu + H
2
O
Hi nc thot ra qua ng bin gii ht lm ph hu mi lin kt trong kim loi,
lm gim bn v gy nn nhng vt nt nh.
S n mn ca kh sunfuar (SO
2
) i vi ng :
6Cu + SO
2
= 2 Cu
2
O + Cu
2
S
nhit cao : 3 Ni + SO
2
= NiS + 2 NiO
NiS to thnh hp cht Ni - Ni
2
S
2
c nhit nng chy thp ( khong 625
o
C) cc
hp cht ny nm vng tinh gii ht lm ph v mi lin kt v lm gim bn
nhit.













Hnh 2 - 4 Kh nng b n mn ho hc ca mt s cht

Cc nhm kim loi khc nhau th kh nng b n mn ho hc cng khc nhau.
(1) Tc n mn ho hc khng i; chiu dy lp g tng tuyn tnh theo thi
gian.
(2) Qu trnh n mn xy ra chm hn.
(3) (4) Qu trnh xy ho xy ra rt nhanh nhng to nn lp xyt rt bn vng;
tc xy ho hu nh khng tng theo thi gian
2.5.5. n mn in ho:
L qu trnh xy ra khi kim loi tip xc vi mi trng in phn tc
l mi trng dn in (ch ngi ta gi : dung dch cht in ly cn gi l
cht in gii).n mn in ho l s n mn do phn ng in ho xy ra 2
vng khc nhau trn b mt kim loi. Qu trnh n mn in ho c pht sinh
dng in t chuyn ng trong kim loi v dng cc ion chuyn ng trong
dung dch in ly theo mt hng nht nh t vng in cc ny n vng
(1) MgO
(chiu
dy r) (2)FeO

(3) Al
2
O
3
, Cr
2
O
3




(4) Au, Ag, Ft


t
(Thi gian)

16
in cc khc ca kim loi. [9] trang 8,9). Tc n mn in ho xy ra kh
mnh lit so vi n mn ho hc.
Cht in ly mnh : HCl, HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
long, cc ba z: NaOH,... (tr
NH
4
OH), cc mui NaCl,
Cht in ly yu : H
2
SO
4
c, axit hu c, cc mui baz, nc nguyn cht H
2
O.
N mn in ho l dng n mn xy ra khi kim loi tip xc vi mi
trng in phn (n mn tip xc). y l dng n mn kh ph bin. Bn cht
gy n mn in ho l do cc vipin xut hin trn b mt tip xc, cng v
tc n mn in ho xy ra mnh lit hn nhiu so vi n mn ho hc.
hiu r bn cht n mn in ho ta cn tm hiu hin tng hidratho.
Hin tng hydrat ho :
Ta bit rng trong phn t nc nguyn cht ch c mt lng rt nh cc
phn t nc phn ly thnh H
+
v OH
-
. Trong phn t nc khng phn ly, cc
nguyn t hydro lin kt vi xy khng theo ng thng m to thnh mt gc
105
o
.








Hnh 2-5 S cu to phn t nc khng phn ly [9]

Do c lin kt nh vy nn cc phn t nc khng in ly c mt trung
tm in tch m v mt trung tm tch in dng v ngi ta gi phn t nc l
phn t lng cc.
Cc ion ca cht in ly trong dung dch nc u b lc ht tnh in ca
cc phn t nc lng cc sp xp c hng trong khng gian gi l s hidrat
ho.
Qu trnh n mn in ho l do kh nng ca ion kim loi tch khi b
mt ca n v chuyn vo dung dch. S di chuyn i hi phi c mt nng
lng ko ion kim loi ra khi mng li ca n b mt tit xc v chuyn
vo dung dch in ly. i vi cc kim loi khc nhau th kh nng ny cng khc
nhau.
n mn in ho bao gm 3 qu trnh c bn : Qu trnh ant, qu trnh
catt v qu trnh dn in.
1. Qu trnh ant (xy ra trn dng cc) l qu trnh oxy ho. Ion kim loi
chuyn vo dung dch v gii phng in t.
2. Qu trnh catt (qu trnh xy ra trn cc m) l qu trnh kh in ho. Cc
cht xy ho nhn in t do kim loi b n mn.
3. Qu trnh dn in : cc in t kim loi b n mn gii phng s di chuyn t
ant ti ca tt, cn cc ion dch chuyn trong dung dch.
105

H
H

17
Nh vy trong qu trnh n mn in ho, kim loi hot ng nh 1 pin ta gi
l pin n mn cc b (hay vi pin).
Khi ta nhng thanh kim loi vo mt dung dch in ly, trn b mt s to
nn lp in tch kp v l nguyn nhn to nn bc nhy in th gia b mt
kim loi v dung dch in ly.
V d: Nhng mu Zn vo dung dch long H
2
SO
4
:
Zn + H
2
SO
4
ZnSO
4
+ H
2

y km b ho tan trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
long v hidro (H
2
) thot ra .
Tc n mn ca Zn trong H
2
SO
4
loang tng vt ln (khng theo quy lut n
mn ho hc nh xt trn hnh 2-4)
Khi tip xc vi dung dch, cc ion kim loi b hidrat ho, cc ion kim loi
(kation) s chuyn vo dung dch v trn b mt b d in t s tch in m. Trn
b mt gii hn 2 pha s xut hin lp in tch kp [14]. S s hnh thnh lp
in tch kp ca kim loi nh hnh 2-6








Hnh 2 - 6 S hnh thnh in lp in tch kp dng (- +)

Nu nng lng hidrat ho khng ln tch cc ion kim loi vo dung
dch th trn b mt kim loi c th hp ph cc cation ca dung dch. Khi b
mt kim loi s tch in dng v dung dch s tch in m v ta cng c lp
in tch kp tng ng (hnh 2-7).







Hnh 2-7 S hnh thnh in lp in tch kp (+ -)

Khi kim loi khng b hidrat ho m n hp ph chn lc cc anion (ion m
nh Cl
-
) hoc hp th cc phn t lng cc (v d H
2
O) th lp in tch kp nm
hon ton trong pha lng (Hnh 2-8)
Hnh 2-8 S hnh thnh in lp in tch kp hon ton trong dung
dch[9]
Dung
dch
Kim
loi
Lp in tch kp
Lp in tch kp

Dung
dch

Zn H
2
SO
4

Lp in tch

18
T b mt kim loi sang dung dch s c bc nhy in th ti b mt tit
xc. chnh lch in th gia b mt kim loi vi dung dch gi l in th
in cc ca kim loi. Hin nay cha c phng php tnh ton v xc nh tr s
tuyt i nn ngi ta ch xc nh tr s tng i ca n bng cch chn in
cc chun hidro v quy c in th in cc chun ca hidro bng khng [6].
Qu trnh nguyn t b mt in t v b hydrat ho gi l qu trnh xy
ho. K hiu l I
1
; I
2
l qu trnh m cc cation t dung dch n b mt kim loi
gi l qu trnh hon nguyn hay kh kim loi.
Khi ta nhng thanh km Zn vo dung dch mui ca n (v d ZnCl
2
) th
qu trnh oxy ho v kh xy ra ch do cc kation (ion dng) ca kim loi in
cc. Ngha l dng in trao i I
1
v I
2
ch bao gm cc in tch ca ion km.
Khi cn bng ta c dng in trao i I
1
= I
2
v ta c phng trnh thun
nghch nh sau:




Trong trng hp ny (trng hp c cn bng) th in cc kim loi E
c tnh theo phng trnh ca Nernst [9, 14]:
E = E
0
+
F n
RT
.
log a (vn)
E
0
- in cc chun (khi a = 1 nn log a = O)
R- Hng s kh l tng. T- Nhit in cc (
0
K )
n- S in tch trao i F- Hng s Faray.
a- Hot ion kim loi (Me
n+
)c mt trong cht in phn. ( mol/lt )

Phng trnh trn c ngha khi nhit l 20
o
C. Xt phng trnh trn ta thy
khi C = 1 th E = Eo (Eo - in th in cc chun)
in th in cc kim loi ph thuc: kim loi, nng dung dch in ly, nhit
, p lc,...
c tnh dung dch, nng ion...
Trong thc t ta khng th o trc tip gi tr tuyt i ca in th in cc
cn bng (thun nghch) gia kim loi v dung dch.
tin so snh, ngi ta o in th in cc iu kin chun:
T
0
= 25
0
C, nng ion kim loi trong dung dch: 1g ion/l v gi l in th
chun. iu kin ny vi hyro c in th quy c E
0
= 0 vn.

Bng in th tiu chun ca kim loi 25
o
C (bng 2-2):





Zn + m H
2
O
Zn
2+
+ m H
2
O + 2 e

19
Bng 2 - 2

Kim loi in cc v phn ng
to thnh in th
Th in cc chun
E
0
(vn)
Kali
K
+
+e K
-2,925
Canxi Ca
2+
Ca -2,866
Natri Na
+
Na -2,714
Magie Mg
2+
Mg -2,363
Titan Ti
2+
Ti -1,750
Nhm Al
3+
Al -1,662
Mangan Mn
2+
Mn -1,180
Km Zn
2+
Zn -0,763
Crm Cr
3+
Cr -0,744
St Fe
2+
Fe -0,440
Cadimi Cd
2+
Cd -0,403
Cban Co
2+
Co -0,277
Niken Ni
2+
Ni -0,250
Thic Sn
2+
Sn -0,136
Ch Pl
2+
Pb -0,126
Hydro H
+
H
2

0
Thic Sn
4+
Sn +0,050
Atimon Sb
3+
Sb +0,250
Bitsmut Bi
3+
Bi +0,230
ng Cu
2+
Cu +0,337
ng Cu
+
Cu +0,521
Thu ngn Hg
2+
Hg +0,798
bc Ag
+
Ag +0,799
Paladi Pd
2+
Pb +0,830
Platin Pt
2+
Pt +1,200
Vng Au
+
Au +1,700


Nh vy, nhng kim loi no c th y H
+
ra khi dung dch ca n v ho
tan th kim loi c th in cc chun m ( - ), ngc li nhng kim khng th
y H
+
ra khi dung dch ca n v ho tan th c th in cc chun dng (+).
in th kim loi no cng m th kim loi y c tnh hot ng in ho cao, kim
loi c th in cc chun m hn th c th y kim loi c in th chun dng
hn ra khi mui ca n.

V d:





Fe + CuSO
4
= FeSO
4
+ Cu

(-0,440) (+ 0,337)

20
Ngc li th khng y c:



T ta nhn thy rng: Khng nhng do nhng phn ng ho hc xy ra
m ph bin l do th in cc kim loi lm xut hin lp in tch kp trn b mt
tip xc ca kim loi a n s n mn kim loi v in ho. S n mn ny
khng ch xy ra gia b mt kim loi vi dung dch in ly m xut hin ngay
gia cc b mt tip xc ca nhng kim loi c th in cc chun khc nhau.
r hn kt lun ny ta xem xt mt s hin tng nh sau: (H 2- 9)





Hnh 2 - 9 S n mn khi c 2 kim loi c in th khc nhau

Lp t mt cht st vo ng, sau mt thi gian cht st b g nhanh
vng tip xc v chng c in th chun khc nhau kh ln, lp in tch kp c
hiu s in th: +0,337[Cu
2+
] (-0,440) , [Fe
2+
] =0,777v, do mi ghp tip xc
nhau nn in tr nh nht, dng in gy ra n mn in ho l ln nht lm cho
vng mp mn nhanh nht. y st tip xc vi ng v st b n mn, cc in
t i ra t st vo ng lc ny st tr thnh dng cc v ng tr thnh m cc.
+ Xt trng hp tm thp (Fe) m km Zn (hnh 2 - 10 ) v tm thp m
thic Sn (hnh 2 - 11) lp m khng tt, khng kn li cc k h hay l trng
mi trng khng kh thm thu vo th s r in ho s ph hoi mp tip xc
nh hnh v (H. 2-10 v 2-11). Kh nng bn vng ca Zn < Fe < Sn











Fe Fe (-0,440V)



Cu
Cu (+0,337V)


a- Khi mi tip xc b- Sau thi gian b n mn
Cu + FeSO
4
CuSO
4
+ Fe Khng c

R Lp bo v Sn
2+

- 0,136)
Zn (
2+
-0,763)


Fe (
2+
, -0,440) Fe
2+

- 0,440
a Lp km b n mn b : St (Fe) b n mn nhiu
sau cng n lp Fe khi lp Sn b thng


21
Hnh 2 - 10 S cc lp bo v bng Zn v Sn b n mn
n mn in ho l dng n mn tng i ph bin v a dng i vi cc
thit b cng trnh vt dng c s dng kim loi, n khng nhng xut hin khi
kim loi tip xc vi dung dch in ly, tip xc gia cc kim loi vi nhau m cn
xy ra khi tip xc vi mi trng, kh quyn, t, nc, nc bin, dng in r,
thm ch ngay gia cc cu trc kim loi khng ng nht (tinh gii ht, thin tch
lch...) hoc di tc dng cc ng lc v c hc.
Trong k thut, n mn ni chung l hin tng c hi, cn phi c nhiu
bin php khc phc t s hiu bit v nguyn nhn v bn cht gy g nh ni
trn. S tn tht kim loi do n mn hng ngy, hng gi trong k thut v i
sng l v cng to ln. Ngi ta c tnh rng: C 1A dng in 1 chiu b r
hng nm gy tn tht 90 kg Fe , 11 kg Cu, 37 kg Pb... Lng kim loi tn tht do
n mn chim 10 30% lng kim loi sn xut hin nay.
2.5.6 Bin php chng n mn:
X l cu trc, x l mi trng gy n mn, bo v in ho, phun ph trng,
x l amt - catt, bo v trc mt... S trnh by k hn chng bo v kim
loi.
2.6 Nguyn nhn ca mi mn
2.6.1 Nguyn nhn do vn hnh :
Thiu s tun th cc yu cu v iu kin v k thut khi vn hnh
Bi trn khng m bo, iu kin bi trn khng tt, qu hn thay du
m,
Do cc cht bn tch t, hay do sn phm mi mn ln trong du m gy
nn.
Lp ghp khng chun nn mi ghp khng u gy mt cn bng,...
Do vn hnh trong khi my qu ti;
Khng thng xuyn kim tra bo dng my, khng pht hin cc s c
hng hc my, khng sa cha kp thi.
Do cc hng hc khi vn hnh nh : b va chm, ... trong qu trnh lm
vic.
Qu gii hn thi gian vn hnh cho php m vn tip tc s dng.
2.6.2 Nguyn nhn do ma st
nhm ca b mt tip xc khi lm vic;
Bi ca mi trng dnh bm vo b mt chi tit ni lun tip xc nhau;
Ht mi, cc phn t kim loi b mi mn ri rt li.
2.6.3 - Nguyn nhn do ch ti trng thay i
Do ti trng khi lm vic thay i tnh.
Do ti trng khi lm vic thay i ng.
2.6.4 - Nguyn nhn khc
Nhit ca mi trng bn ngoi v nhit lm vic.
Do nhit t sinh ra, lm bin i c, l, ho tnh ca chi tit;

22
Mc c kh ho, t ng kim tra hiu chnh cc ch lm vic,...
2.7. V d v s mi mn ca mt s b mt in hnh
Mt phng ca bng my;
Hnh tr ca trc, piston, sc mng,
Cp trc - l c chuyn ng quay tng i;
Bnh rng, thanh rng,...
Trc vt me - ai c, cc mi ghp ren;
2.8. Du hiu mi mn
Do nhng m thanh pht ra khi g vo chi tit, ( v d khi kim tra bnh xe
v cc chi tit khc ca xe la,... )
m thanh pht ra khi my chy ( my chy m th tt, my chy c pht ra
m thanh khc thng th cn xem xt.
rung ng, dao ng ca my, r ca cc b phn my; khe h tng,
xut hin cc sn phm b mi mn.
Cc biu hin ra ngoi : nt, cng vnh, ... hnh dng trc b bin dng
Nhit tng khng bnh thng,
Tc dch chuyn ca c cu khng u,
R du, r kh, ...
2.9 Cc yu t chnh ca qu trnh mi mn v nh
hng ca chng n hao mn ca chi tit [11]
Qu trnh mi mn cc b mt xy ra rt phc tp v ph thuc nhiu
yu t theo cc iu kin t hp khc nhau v nhng iu kin c th ca tng
my.
Nm c cc yu t chnh v quy lut mi mn s gip chng ta la
chn hp l cc bin php ngn nga hoc sa cha v phc hi t kt qu tt.
Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh mi mn c th lit k nh sau :
1. p sut trn b mt ma st;
2. cng trn b mt ca chi tit;
3. Cu trc kim loi ni chung v c bit l lp b mt;
4. Cht lng b mt chi tit;
5. Vn tc chuyn ng tng i ca b mt ny so vi b mt khc;
6. Hnh dng v kch thc khe h gia cc b mt tip xc;
p sut : iu kin bnh thng hao mn tng t l thun vi p sut. Khi
c bi trn th hao mn tng khng tuyn tnh; p sut thay i s lm thay i
din tch tip xc ca cc b mt lm vic, lm thay i chiu su lp kim loi
b bin dng,...
cng : Kim loi c cng cao b mi mn chm hn kim loi mm
nhng khng tun theo quy lut tuyn tnh [11].




23


Hnh 2-11 S ph thuc gia chng mi mn ca thp cc
bon khi c ma st trt v cng HB

Cu trc ca vt liu : Thp c cu trc nh ht th c chu mi mn
tt hn; thp ti c kh nng chu mi mn cao; Gang xm c kh nng chng
mi mn, chng mi mn ca gang c th nng cao bng nit ho ln 2 -
2,5 ln so vi gang crm [8].
Cht lng b mt ma st: bao gm cc yu t nhp nh, bng,
tnh cht vt l, cu trc kim loai, s tng tc vi mi trng tip xc,...
Vn tc dch chuyn ca b mt ma st : Lng hao mn ph thuc tc dch
chuyn, loi ma st. Khi tc ln, ma st kh th hao mn ln nhng trong
iu kin ma st t th hao mn nh hn.
Cht lng bi trn : hao mn kim loi ph thuc iu kin lm vic,
cht lng cht bi trn, phng php bi trn.
Hnh dng v kch thc ca khe h gia cc b mt ma
st :
Cc b mt lm vic s b phn cch bi lp cht bi trn. Hnh dng v
khe h gia chng s nh hng n phn b p lc tc dng ln cc b mt v
s gy ra hao mn khng u nu khe h khng u,... (xem hnh 2-12)







Hnh 2 - 12 S v tr cc b mt tip xc vi lp cht bi trn.

2.10 Phng php xc nh hao mn [8]
2.10.1 Xc nh hao mn bng o vi chi tit
chng
mn i, (g)
cng HB
Lp du bi trn
Trc b van

24
nghin cu hao mn chi tit ngi ta tho my hay cm my v o chi tit
nh cc dng c o v tr cn xc nh hao mn hay bin dng. Sau mt thi
gian lm vic nht nh ngi ta li tho my v o chi tit v tr o. Sau
nhiu ln lp li nh vy ta c th v c ng cong hao mn v xc nh
c tnh hao mn ca chng. Phng php ny cho php xc nh c im hao
mn ca tt c hay hng lot cc chi tit. Tuy nhin phng php ny c nhc
im l kh c th o cng mt im, khng th gi n nh nhit v p
sut ln u o nn dn n sai s. Mi ln tho lp my o cng tng thm
hao mn cho chi tit my.
2.10.2 Xc nh hao mn bng o bin dng
S dng dng c o bin dng xc nh tnh trng thay i ca b
mt v xc nh hao mn. Phng php ny s dng cho cc chi tit c hao
mn nh.
2.10.3 Xc nh hao mn bng cn
Cn nh k chi tit v s snh vi khi lng ca chng trc khi lm
vic. Phng php ny c nhc im l khng th pht hin cc vng b hao
mn ca chi tit v c im hao mn.
2.10.4 Xc nh hao mn theo s lng kim loi trong du
bi trn
Ngi ta ly cc mu theo nh k cc mu du bi trn t h thng bi trn
ca ng c hay hp s,... ri xc nh lng kim loi trong . Phng php
ny khng th xc nh mt cch c th hao mn chi tit no.
2.10.5 Xc nh hao mn bng cht ng v phng x
Khi ch to ngi ta khoan l v cho cht phng x vo v m cc phn t ca
cht ng v phng x.
2.10.6 Xc nh hao mn bng vt
Ngi ta to vt ln b mt chi tit bng mi kim cng hay dao kim cng.
o nh k cc ng cho ca vt nh knh lp ngi ta c th xc nh c
kch thc v c im hao mn ca chi tit
2.11 mn gii hn v mn cho php [6, 10, 11]
Tu thuc cc loi my, chi tit v cc yu cu k thut m c cc gi
tr mn gii hn theo cc ch tiu khc nhau. C 3 nhm chnh : mn
bnh thng, mn cho php v mn gii hn.
1. Kch thc v c trng k thut khc ca chi tit tng ng vi
thit k gi l mn bnh thng
2. Kch thc v c trung k thut khc ca chi tit cho php lp vo
my v lm vic bnh thng trong khong gia 2 ln sa cha m
khng cn sa cha gi l mn cho php.
3. Kch thc v c trung k thut khc ca chi tit khng th s dng
c na gi l cc kch thc hay c trng gii hn
V d mn gii hn ca mt s chi tit:
ng trt ca cc my chnh xc cao : < 0,02 - 0,03 mm/1000 mm

25
My chnh xc thng < 0,10 - 0,20 mm/1000mm
Gii hn mn ca rng bnh rng trong b truyn ng (0,1 - 0,2).m
trong m l modun bnh rng, mm.
Lt trc c vt nt, bong lp babit v khe h bi trn khng u th phi
c bac bt li.
Gii hn mn ca ren vt bn xe dao, bn my, con trt ngang phi 10
% chiu dy ban u ca ren khi hnh trnh ch ca ai c 0,25 mm .
mn cho php ln nht theo chiu dy ca rng hp tc phi 15%
chiu dy rng ban u ; trong cc c cu khc ca my ct kim loi phi
20.
mn gii hn ca chiu rng rnh trong l then hoa trong phm vi 0,1 -
0,2 mm. Khi mn qu phi thay.
mn gii hn ca chiu rng rnh then bng trn trc phi 20% kch
thc ban u ca rnh [6].
V d khe h lp rp :
i vi nhm trc [10] :
Khe h lp rp :
S
trc
= 0,0005 d + 0,05 mm
Khe h lp rp gii hn:
S
gii hn
= 0,001 d + 0,1 mm
ellip gii hn ca c trc khuu
E
gh
= S
gh
- S
trc
= 0,0005 d + 0,05 mm
Nhm xy lanh - Piston
Khe h lp rp :
S
Lp rp
= 0,001 D
xilanh
Khe h lp rp gii hn:
S
gii hn
= 3 S
xilanh
= 0,003 D
xilanh
.
xc nh cc gi tr gii hn ta c th da v cc ch tiu sau [11]
1. Ch tiu v kinh t : L ch tiu quan trng nht. nh gi ta
da vo cc du hiu : s gim nng sut ca my, tng chi ph nguyn
nhin vt liu, tng lng du m bi trn,... v cui cng l gi thnh
sn phm tng.
2. Ch tiu k thut : Cho php gi tr hao mn gii hn v nh gi
tnh trng ca mi chi tit ring r trn c s xc nh : bn, c
im ti trng, iu kin ma st, ng sut nhit, tnh cht ca b mt ma
st,...
3. Ch tiu v cht lng : c nh gi da theo du hiu thay
i cht lng lm vic ca my.

26
2. 12. Ma st v bi trn [7, 24, 25]
2.12.1. Cc loi ma st :
Theo c tnh chuyn ng:
a. Ma st tnh : l ma st gia 2 vt th trc khi dch chuyn.
b. Ma st ng : l ma st gia 2 vt th chuyn ng tng i vi nhau.
Ma st ng c th c cc dng sau:
Ma st trt : Ma st do chuyn ng gia 2 vt rn. Khi mt
im ca chi tit ny ln lt tip xc vi nhiu im trn chi tit
khc trong qu trnh chuyn ng. Vn tc ca chng ti cc im
khc nhau v gi tr v hng.
Ma st ln : Ma st do chuyn ng gia 2 vt th rn. Khi mt
im ca chi tit ny tip xc vi mt im cc vng khc nhau
ca chi tit kia. Trong trng hp ny vn tc ca chng ti cc im
tip xc nhau bng nhau.
Trong thc t ma st ny c km theo ma st kia .
V d : ma st ln km theo ma st trt nh ma st gia cc mt rng ca cp
n khp bnh rng.
Theo c tnh bi trn : Tu theo tnh trng b mt trt ca chi tit v
s bi trn c th phn ra cc dng ma st [7, 24, 25]:
Ma st khng bi trn ( ma st kh) : Ch xut hin gia 2 b
mt trt hon ton khng c cht bi trn no ( cht lng hay cht
kh trong tnh trng thm thu ). Thc t dng ma st ny rt kh
thc hin v ch c th xy ra trong chn khng.
Ma st c bi trn : l ma st gia 2 vt th m trn b mt
ca chng c cht bi trn bt k dng no .
a - Ma st kh ( khng c cht bi trn ) :

Hnh 2-6 a

b - Ma st hn ch (cht bi trn c ch ch c mt lp mng
(< 0,1 m))

Cc b mt lm vic

27
c - Ma st t khi gia 2 b mt ma st c lp cht bi trn dy v
bn vng.
H

Hnh 2 - 6 Cc dng ma st [ 24,25 ]

2.12.2 Tc hi ca ma st v mi mn
Tt c cc loi ma st u dn n s mi mn chi tit. S mi mn
c quyt nh bi cc loi ma st.
S mi mn lm thay i tnh cht vt l, ho, c tnh ca vt liu.
Lm thay i hnh dng, kch thc ca chi tit.
Lm gim bn v tin cy ca my;
Lm nh hng n kh nng lm vic ca cc chi tit my hay c cu
my.
2.12.3 Bi trn
a - Tc dng ca bi trn :
Bi trn ng k thut c tc dng, gim lc ma st tc l gim tn tht
cng ny sinh gia cc chi tit chu ma st;
m bo cho my lm vic tt, m, ...
Gim hao mn, gi vng v nng cao bn ( tui th cho my).
Lm cho my chy ng cng sut, s dng ng chc nng ca n.
Bo v chi tit khi b han g;
Bo m tnh kn, kht ca b phn ma st;
Cc b mt lm vic
Lp cht bi trn
Cc b mt lm vic
Lp cht bi trn
Hnh 2-6b
Hnh 2-6c

28
Lin tc lm sch chi tit;
b - Vt liu bi trn :
Yu cu i vi cht bi trn :
Tho mn cc chc nng ca bi trn l gim ma st, gim hao mn,
bo v b mt chi tit, m bo kn kht,...
Khng gy chy n;
Khng gy nh hng c hi n vt liu;
m bo bi trn vi lng du t nht;
Khng thay i tnh cht khi vn chuyn, bo qun, cung cp;
Khng to cc cn b nguy him v c hi;
n nh di tc dng bc x v cc tc dng xm thc ca mi
trng ;
Khng sinh bt, khng to nh;
c - Phn loi cht bi trn :
Theo trng thi vt l th vt liu bi trn c th chia ra lm 4 loi : lng (du
bi trn), c, rn v kh.
Du bi trn,
M bi trn ;
Cc cht rn bi trn nh : x phng, graft , bt mi ca,...
Kh
d - Du bi trn c cc loi :
Du khong ( l loi c dng nhiu nht) c ch to t cc sn phm
ca du m. Du ny dng bi trn v lm mt.
Du ng vt (du xng, du c, ...)
Du thc vt (du gai, du thu du,...
Du ng vt v du thc vt bi trn rt tt, d thc hin ma st t
nhng d bin cht v gi t nn t dng (chi tit my T2, P103).
Ngi ta chia ra cc loi du : du cng nghip dng cho bi trn my, du
ng c, du my nn, du tua bin, du phanh, du thu lc, du bo qun, du
bin th, du my khoan, ...
V d : Du thu lc c chc nng truyn nng lng ti cc b phn cng tc
ng thi cng lm lun nhim v bi trn, lm mt.
c tnh ca du thu lc l: chu nn tt (c th n 35MPA), chu bin
thin v nhit (-60 +50
o
C), c tnh n nh cao, c tc dng bi trn, chng
n mn, nht... Tuy nhin nhit T
o
cao ( > 75
o
C) du thu lc d b xy
ho, chy... Yu cu lng nc khng c >1%, khng c trng n.
Cc k hiu du thu lc ca cng ty Shell: aershell fluid, Vitrea, Tellus,
Donax...ca Lin x (c): AM MPTY 38-1-193-66, AYP, M- 20, M- 30...
Mt s loi du bi trn thng dng trong ch to my.




29

Bng 2-3

Tn du
nht
ng
50
o
C

Tn du
nht
ng
50
o
C
(cSt)
Du cng nghip nh Du tua bin
Du vaz lin 4-5,1 Du tua bin 22 20 - 23
Du phn ly 6,1 - 10,0 Du tua bin 30 28 - 32
Du cng nghip trung bnh: Du tua bin 57 55 - 59
Du CN 12 10-14 Du cng nghip
nng

Du CN 20 17-23 Du xilanh 11 9-13
Du CN 30 27 - 33 Du dng cho my p > 10
Du CN 45 38 - 52 Du dng cho my
cn H-28
26 - 30
Du CN 50 42 - 58
Phm vi s dng :
Du cng nghip 12 dng khi V <= 3 m/s
Du cng nghip 20 dng khi V <= 3 m/s
Du cng nghip 30 dng khi V <= 1000 v/ph
e - M bi trn :
M l cht bi trn do . Thnh phn ca m ni chung cha 80-90% du,
10-20% cht lm c, ngoi ra c th c 10% grafit, 5% nc v nhng tp cht
khc : cht lm ng c l x phng v ccbuahydro rn.
Cc tnh cht ca m : nht, tnh chu mc, kh nng lm mt,
xuyn kim, keo n nh, gii hn bn, khng c hi, khng chy...
Tnh chu nc: L kh nng khng b ph hu khi tip xc vi nc, nc
m, hoc chu nc (sau 10-15pht s b ho tan) .
xuyn kim: L ch s c hc qui c ca m bng chiu su ca mi cn
chun ngp su trong m o bng mm. i lng ny biu hin c ca m v
kh nng chu ti khng b y ra khi trc.
keo n nh ca m: L kh nng khng b tch du ra khi m tnh
theo %.
Gii hn bn: L ng sut trt ti thiu ca m di tc dng ca lc ly tm,
n biu hin kh nng bm trn b mt chi tit di tc dng tc chuyn ng.
Phn loi m:
Theo cng dng ca m : m thng dng v m c bit)
Theo phm vi s dng ngi ta phn loi m thnh 5 nhm: m chng ma
st, m bo qun, m cp, m bo v v m lm kn kht. Mi loi m cc nhiu
mc khc nhau.

30

V d :
M chn khng : l loi m lm kn kh, dnh ging cao su. C kh nng lm
vic nhit 10 - 40
o
C.
M chu xng c dng lm kn cc ch ni ren v van ca ng ng dn
xng. Loi m ny khng ho tan trong xng, du ho, du thu lc khong
hay du my bay.
M cp dng bi trn cp, bo qun, chng ma st, chu nc, mn chc, ...
f - Bi trn kh [7]
Hin nay, trong ngnh ch to my ngi ta s dng cc trt c
bi trn bng kh. Cho php tng tc quay. Cc trt bi trn bng kh
c s dng rng ri trong k ngh nguyn t, ch to my in t, ch to
dng c chnh xc, ch to my cng c, cng ngh dt v nhiu ngnh ngh
khc. u im ca bi trn kh l sc cn ma st thp, nhit to ra nh, cng
hao mn cc trt nh lm cho thi hn s dng tng. Nhc im l kh
khc v cng ngh v kt cu cc kh, hn ch kh nng chu ti trng.
2.12.4 nht : c trng cho du m l nht.
nht l lc ma st bn trong ca cht lng. N l mt c tnh quan trng
ca du nh hng n tn tht ma st v r du trong h thng du p.
nht c phn ra : nht ng lc, nh ng v nht quy c
hay nht Engler :
a. nht ng lc ( )
nht ng lc l ma st trong m lc cn thit tnh bng 1Niutn (1
N) di chuyn lp cht lng c din tch 1 m
2
mt khong cch 1 m vi vn
tc 1 m/s n v l Pouz ( P) th nguyn l Centipuaz Cp .
1p =
1
10
2
Ns m /
1 [N.s/m
2
] = 10 Poaz (10p) = 100 Centypoaz (cp)
F
dV
dl
S =
F - lc ma st trong gia cc lp cht lng ( N).
S - Din tch tip xc (cm
2
)
l - khong cch ( cm)
( dV/dl ) - Gradient tc (cm/s)
- nht ng lc ( Cp ) centypauz )
a. nht ng thng gi l ma st trong - l t s gia nht ng
lc (kg/(m.s) vi kg/cm

3

hoc g/(cm.s) v khi lng ring ca vt liu
( - g/cm
3
)...
=

(m
2
/s)


31
c. nht quy c ( nht Engler hay nht tng i)
L mt t s quy c dng so snh thi gian chy ht 200 cm
3
du qua ng
dn c ng knh 2,8 mm (nht k biu BY) vi thi gian chy ht 200 cm
3

ca nc nguyn cht c cng nhit 20
o
C qua ng dn trn.
E
o
=

B
- nht ca mt cht bit (ca nc ct).
nht ca Engler thng c o khi du nhit 20
o
C, 50
o
C, 100
o
C v k
hiu : E
o
20
, E
o
50
, E
o
100

Ch s nht l c trng s thay i nht khi du thay i nhit .
Thng thng ch s nht c biu th bng thng s nht ng ca du
nhit 50
o
C v 100
o
C c th nguyn l cSt
iv =

50
100

nht ca du tu thuc vo nhit . V vy tu trng hp bi trn m
chn nht ph hp. Tnh bi trn l kh nng to thnh mng du n hi trn
b mt chi tit bi trn nht l trong trng hp khe h gia hai b mt bi trn c
chuyn ng tng i vi nhau. Mng du ny nhit cao hay vng quay
trt ln c th d dng chy v mt i cho nn phi dng bin php bi trn nh
git, bi trn lin tc hoc ngm lun trong du bi trn.
nhit qu cao du bi trn d b oxy ho to thnh lp sn ng l
biu hin nguy him cho cc b truyn, trng hp ny trong thnh phn du cn
cho thm cht ra.
2.12.5 Nguyn tc dng cht bi trn [6,7]
Mi kiu my u c bn bi trn trong c cc ch dn : mark
cht bi trn, mc tiu th, phng php bi trn v ch bi trn.
Th ng my : tra du theo quy nh vn hnh my
Th tra du c nhim v :
Ra v lau sch cc thng du, b cha du, lc du
Tin hnh bi trn cc c cu;
Thay du s dng; tra m vo cc v m;
Chm sc h thng bi trn v g bi trn
Nguyn tc chn cht bi trn :
Xt iu kin lm vic ca b mt bi trn: nhit , lc, p lc, ng lc,
vn tc ln, trt,...
Nguyn tc chung l c cu c vn tc cng nhanh th dng du c
nht thp. Nu dng du c nht cao s tn cng sut ca my v lm
cc b mt trt nng nhiu.
Vn tc chm th dng nht cao hay cht bi trn do (m) . Nu dng
du c nht thp th di p lc ln du s b y ra khi vng tip xc,
ni ta cn bi trn.

32
C cu lm vic nhit cao, chy chm, chu ti trng ln, th dng cht
bi trn th rn nh : bt tan, grafit, bt mica...
Cht bi trn do (m) thng dng bi trn cc b truyn h c vn
tc V < 4 m/s hay cc b truyn khng th dng cht bi trn lng [6].
V d i vi bi dng cht bi trn lng : bi lm vic ti trng
nng v vn tc chm : th dng du c nht cao nh du cng nghip CN
45, 50, du truyn ng.
i vi bi quay nhanh th nn dng du CN 12, 20, 30, du bin
th,...
2.12.6. Cc phng php bi trn :
a. Bi trn ring l ( Dng vt du n bi, ming tra du c np, cc tra du c
bc
b. Bi trn kiu nh git;
c. Bi trn tp trung
Bng vng du,
T bi trn bng sng m, c cu quay nhanh du + kh phun ln ni cn
bi trn bng nhng ht li ti 0,1 - 0,003 mm. T bi trn: Hp gim tc,
hp tc c cu bnh rng, b bnh vt trc vt.
Bi trn bng m c hoc du c nht cao bm c p lc y vo tun
hon cng bc vi bm c lu lng v p sut P xc nh.
Bi trn theo kiu "sng m": Dng cho nhng c cu quay tc nhanh.
Nguyn tc du v kh c phun dng ht nh li ti 0,1 0,003 mm.
Bi trn bng cht do v cht lng chuyn dng: m, bt tan, grafit,
mica...: S dng v bm du dng p lc y vo.
i vi b truyn xch nn c gng bi trn nhiu du tng tui th
cho my [4]
Bi trn bng tay khi V 2 m/s
Bi trn bng nh git V 4 m/g
Ngm trong du V 8 m/g
Bi trn bng cch ti du V 12 m/g
Phun bng bm V 12 m/g
Bi trn chu k V 15 m/g



a)
b)

33



































Hnh 2 - 7 Cc phng php bi trn.
a- Bi trn bng thm du, b- Bi trn bng bc du
c- d- Bi trn kiu nh git e, f - Bi trn kiu dng van bi
g, h - Bi trn bng np du v nt vn
2.12.7 Cc bin php ngn nga h hng v chng hao
mn cho cc chi tit my [6] [7]
chng hao mn cn xc nh dng hao mn hay h hng t chn
phng php ngn nga v km hm
c/ d/
e/
f/
g/
h/

34
a. Bin php kt cu (thit k)
Xc nh kch thc v hnh dng cc b mt lm vic;
Chn loi ma st trong cc ;
La chn hp l cc vt liu ca cc cp ma st (cc b mt tip xc). Hin
nay cc hp kim c gc Fe, Cu, Al, Zn, Sn, Pb, c s dng kh rng ri
trong vic ch to nn cc cp ma st. [7]trang461-462).
Hon thin bin php iu chnh nhit , m bo bi trn v lm mt tt;
Chn h thng bi trn hp l;
B tr cc phng tin hay cc thit b lc khng kh v du bi trn cng
nh cc thit b lm kn; phi c cc bin php ngn chn ht mi v cc tp
cht ri vo vng lm vic.
b. Cc bin php cng ngh :
Tng tui th chi tit bng cc bin php nhit luyn hay x l b mt :
Lm cng ngui b mt, nhit luyn,
S dng cc bin php ho bn (Phng php nhit - Ho) nh : xementt
ho, thm nit (hay ni t ho), thm xyanua, ... Thm Cr, thm baz, thm
nibi, thm vanadi v thm silc... lm cho lp b mt c bn mn cao.
M, hn p, phun p,
c. Cc bin php khi s dng :
Tn dng ti a kh nng chy r cc cp chi tit qua tip xc m
bo n khp tt. Kim tra ng tm, t hp cc chi tit. Cn phi
chy r trc khi vn hnh ri sau tng dn ti trng.
Theo di t m cc hot ng ca cc c cu my v my; khi i khi ch
lm vic phi tt my; khi ht ca lm vic phi tt ng c v a cc tay
gt v v tr khng lm vic.; lau sch bi bn,...
Ty ra nhiu ln chi tit v cm chi tit. m bo v sinh my mc khi
vn hnh.
Kim tra khe h cc chi tit chuyn ng tip xc nhau. Kim tra n
khp cn thit gia cc chi tit;
m bo ch bi trn: Du m phi sch, phi lc sch du khi s dng,
phi thay du ng k hn,... Phi s dng ng loi du m.
m bo nhin liu v cht bi trn, cht lm mt theo yu cu.
Bo v b mt lm vic bng bi trn, sn ph, che y bi, ...
Khng s dng khng kh qu nhit, phi s dng kh sch,...
Kim tra nghim ngt cc cht lm mt: nc, du , m, ...
Kim tra my thng xuyn, pht hin v sa cha my kp thi cc h
hng v sai lch.
Trong thi gian vn hnh khng cho chy qu ti.
d. Cc bin php khc nng cao bn chi tit
Chn vt liu bn thay th; chn quy trnh vn hnh my hp l.
Thng xuyn kim tra, bo qun, bo dng my tt.

35



























35
Chng 3 : Cc phng php kim tra
chi tit my v my. [6, 13, 21, 22, 23, 24]

3.1 Cc phng php kim tra khng ph hu :
3.1.1 Phng php quan st bn ngoi :
Quan st bng mt cc vt nt, l thng, chi tit b bin dng cong, vnh,
xon, ...
Quan st bng cc thit b quang hc nh : knh lp, knh hin vi, ...
Thng dng quan st cc khuyt tt trong rnh then, quan st s n
khp ca cc bnh rng, ...
3.1.2 Phng php o c kch thc. [ 6, 21, 22, 23, 24 ]
ng dng xc nh mn, hao ht v kch thc, ... so vi ban u.
V d :
o khe h gia hai b mt tip xc;
o cng;
o lch tm;
Dng calip, ng h so xc nh kch thc hoc mc sai lch kch
thc.
3.1.3 Kim tra thng ca b mt
Dng dng, mu chun kim tra hnh dng bn ngoi, kim tra cc
profil, cng dy ...
Kim tra bng cc dng theo vt sn trn cc dng gt cn dnh li.
Thc kim v khe h lt nh sng;
Thc kim v thc nht; thc kim v calip o trong;
Theo niv o thng bng (nivaux);
Thc kim v ng h so;
Thit b quang hc gm ng ngm v cc bia ngm ;
Phng php ngm chun trc;
Kim tra bng mt thong ca nc;
Kim tra cc mt cong bng thc cong + dng + thc nht;
3.1.4 Kim tra song song [ 6 ].
o trc tip bng cc dng c o vn nng (thc cp, panme, thc t l,
dng,...
o gin tip hay t hp bng cc thit b vn nng (niv, ng h so,...
3.1.5 Kim tra ng trc gia l v trc
Kim tra ng tm gia l v trc bng dng cong, bng cng dy
di, bng ng ngm, bng ng quay. Kim tra ng tm ca cc b phn
my tin hnh theo b mt u hay theo na khp ni nhm kim tra dch
chuyn dc, dch chuyn ngang v gc.
3.1.6 Kim tra vung gc
36
Kim tra vung gc bng ke, thc nht, bng khung niv hay niv
vn nng.
3.1.7 Kim tra khng tip xc v khe h
Kim tra bng thc nht, vt sn, lt ca nh sng,...
Kim tra st cht bng th khng kh hay nc,...
3.1.8 Kim tra kn [6]
Th bng kh nn;
Th bng du hay bng cc cht lng khc.
Th bng kh nn v cht lng;
Dng du kim tra cc vt nt trn b mt chi tit. Ngm chi tit cn
kim tra trong du khong 15 - 30 pht, sau lu sch v rc ln mt lp
mng bt phn. Ti ch c vt nt bt phn s sm mu li do ht du vo.
3.1.9 Kim tra cht lng chi tit bng chiu , chp tia
Rn gen hay tia gamma.
y l phng php kim tra cht lng bn trong chi tit bng phng
php khng ph hu. Phng php ny c th pht hin vt nt, r kh, hn
khng ngu, ngm x,...
Tia Rngen c kh nng xuyn thu cao nn cho php kim tra vt c chiu
dy ln. Bc sng cng ngn th kh nng xuyn thu cng ln.
3.1.10 Kim tra cht lng chi tit bng phng php
nhim t.
ng dng xc nh cc khuyt tt c su khng ln hn 10 mm. Thc
cht ca phng php ny l do cc khuyt tt bn trong chi tit lm hin
tng cm ng b sai lch, s phn b ca ng sc s b thay i . Ti
nhng v tr c khuyt tt, ng sc phn b khng u hay theo quy lut
khc thng. Ngi ta c th s dng cc ht t . Khi b nhim t chng s
phn b khng u ti nhng ni gn v tr c khuyt tt trn b mt vt
kim tra.
3.1.11 Kim tra khuyt tt bng siu m.
y l phng php c dng kh ph bin hin nay nc ta v n
c thc hin kh n gin, kh nng xuyn thu vo kim loi kh ln. u
d c ni t tip xc vi cc b mt ca chi tit cn kim tra. Kt qu d
siu m c th hin qua mn hnh ca my.
3.1.12 Phng php pht quang
y l phng php dng xc nh s phn b cc vt nt, r xp
trong sn phm. Sn phm c kim tra phi lu sch bi, ngm vo cht lng
pht hunh quang ( 0,25 lt du bin th trong sut, 0,5 lt du la, 0,25 lt du
xng ) sau ra trong nc lnh v lm kh trong khng kh; sau chiu tia
cc tm. Ti ch c vt nt, cht lng pht quang s xut hin theo mu vng b
ng sang mu xanh l cy.
3.1.13 Kim tra bng p lc.
ng dng kim tra kn ca bnh, thng cha,...
ng dng kim tra bn ca cc bnh cha, bnh chu p lc,...

37

3.2 Kim tra bng phng php ph hu
3.2.1 Kim tra c tnh
Kim tra bn (my th ko, nn, ...)
Kim tra dai va p;
Kim tra tnh do;
Kim tra cng;
3.2.2 Kim tra t chc kim tng;
Soi t chc t vi;
Kim tra cc khuyt tt bng knh hin vi.
o cng t vi ca cc mu;
3.3 Kim tra xc nh kh nng lm vic ca my
Da vo cng sut;
Da vo s tiu hao nhin liu;
Da vo cc du hiu khc : nh tc dch chuyn, p lc p,...
3.4 Kim tra mc hng hc v khng hon ho ca
my.
Xc nh theo tng cm ring bit;
Xc nh cho c cm chi tit my;
Da vo cc ch tiu, yu cu k thut nh gi
3.5 Th v vn hnh my
Kim tra my thng qua vic cho chy th vn hnh my thng qua cc
mc ti trng.
Chy r my;
Chy th my khng ti ;
Chy th my khi c cc mc ti khc nhau;
Kim tra cn bng my.

3.6 Mt s dng c o kim tra
(Xem hnh 3-1)












38





Hnh 3 - 1 Cc loi thc kim tra thng bng v cn chnh my
a), b), c) thc niv; d) ng h so, e) Dy di; f) Thc dy di

a/
b
c/
d e/
f/
39





Hnh 3-2 Thc o gc



Hnh 3-3 Cc loi th-c ly du
40

Hnh 3-4 Cc loi com pa o



Hnh 3-5 Thc nht


41
Hnh 3-6 Thc o rng


Hnh 3 - 7 Thc chun o khe h





























42










Hnh 42 Thc cp o mn rng




42
Chng 4 Cc khi nim v sa cha my

4.1 - Cc khi nim chung [6, 21, 22]
4.1.1 Qu trnh sn xut chi tit v my l tng hp tt c cc hot ng
ca con ngi, cng c lao ng cn thit cho x nghip ch to hay sa cha
cc chi tit, tho my, phc hi chi tit, kim tra cht lng, lp rp, vn chuyn
, cung cp v cc hot ng khc.
4.1.2 - Qu trnh sa cha
L qu trnh sn xut ti x nghip theo chng trnh k hoch sa cha
nh hoc khc phc cc s c trong qu trnh sn xut.
4.1.3 - Sa cha chi tit [22]
L tp hp cc nguyn cng khc phc cc khuyt tt; phc hi kh nng
lm vic ca cc chi tit bng cch phc hi li kch thc hoc c tnh ca chi
tit my, ...
4.1.4 - Phc hi chi tit l tng hp cc thao tc, cc nguyn cng nhm
khc phc cc sai lch hay phc hi kh nng lm vic, tr nng, kch thc,
hnh dng, ... ca cc chi tit my. Phc hi cc chi tit my c th thc hin
bng cc phng php : hn p, m, phun p, gia cng p lc, bng gia cng
c kh...
4.1.5 Qu trnh cng ngh l mt phn ca qu trnh sn xut trc tip
lm thay i trng thi v tnh cht ca i tng sn xut. Qu trnh cng ngh
bao gm cc qu trnh : thay i kch thc, tnh cht, tho - lp rp, sa cha,...
Qu trnh cng ngh lp rp : l qu trnh sn xut trc tip lin quan trc tip
ln lt n tng chi tit.
Qu trnh cng ngh sa cha lin quan n s thay i trng thi ca chi tit
(kch thc, hnh dng, cht lng b mt ca chi tit.
Qu trnh cng ngh c thc hin theo cc nguyn cng nht nh hoc
theo cc trnh t nht nh. Trong cc nguyn cng c thc hin ti mt
v tr c nh ch to mt loi hay nhiu loi sn phm. Trong nguyn
cng c th c phn cng ngh chuyn tip : tho , lp, hiu chnh, ...
Cc qu trnh trn lin quan n cc bn v chi tit, s cng ngh, bn v
cc nguyn cng,... Cc ti liu ny c dng chun b cc vt t thit b
cn thit, hch ton cc ch tiu kinh t, phn b k hoch v t chc sn
xut.
Chu k sa cha l thi gian lm vic ca thit b gia 2 ln sa cha ln (
i tu).
Cu trc ca chu k sa cha l th t ln lt cc dng sa cha gia 2 ln
sa cha ln (i tu): i tu () - Bo dng (B) - Nh (N) - B - Trung tu (T)
- i tu ()...

4.2. T chc sa cha v cc dch v sa cha
4.2.1 C s la chn phng n sa cha
Da vo :
Kt cu my, loi my, s lng v khi lng, ...



43
iu kin v kh nng sa cha : c s vt cht, tim nng v k thut, trnh
, i ng k thut v cng nhn lnh ngh, ...
Ngun cung cp vt t v ph tng thay th.
Kh nng hp tc, lin kt vi cc c s khc cng gii quyt cc vn
k thut trong qu trnh sa cha v sn xut yu cu.
Kh nng thit b hin c ti c s sa cha my.
4.2.2 Phn loi cc h thng sa cha [6, 21, 22]
H thng sa cha theo nhu cu (Sa cha t xut).
H thng sa cha thay th cm.
H thng sa cha theo tiu chun.
H thng sa cha xem xt lin hon.
Sa cha theo k hoch d phng ( bo dng, sa cha nh, sa cha va,
sa cha ln (i tu).
a - H thng sa cha theo nhu cu
y l dng sa cha khng c k hoch trc. Do trong qa trnh lm vic
my c s c, hng hc,... yu cu phi kim tra v sa cha ngay nhm
khc phc cc s c l chnh.
Loi sa cha ny khng c yu cu cht ch v cht lng sa cha cng
nh tnh trng my sau khi sa cha.
Nhc im ca loi sa cha ny l k hoch sn xut b ng. cht lng
sa cha, chnh xc, tin cy, hiu sut ca my khng m bo t cc
yu cu k thut ban u.
Dng sa cha ny ph hp vi cc loi thit b n gin, nh, d tho lp, t
cc b truyn ng,... hoc khc phc tm thi cc s c nh trong dy
chuyn sn xut.
b - H thng sa cha thay th cm
L tin hnh thay th tng cm my sau mt thi gian lm vic. Thi gian tin
hnh thay th sa cha nhanh, khng nh hng nhiu n qu trnh sn xut.
H thng sa cha thay th cm thng c p dng cho nhng my c
chnh xc cao, c tin cy ln.
c - H thng sa cha theo tiu chun
Thc cht ca h thng sa cha theo tiu chun l sau mt thi gian lm
vic nht nh theo k hoch sa cha, my c thay th mt s chi tit v c
hiu chnh li theo tiu chun k thut quy nh. y cng c th coi l mt
dng sa cha thay th cm nhng mc thay th thp hn. Khi sa cha my
phi dng lm vic lu thay th v hiu chnh. y l h thng n gin v
mt xy dng k hoch sa cha v b tr cng vic sa cha.
Nhc im l khng trit s dng ht kh nnglm vic ca chi tit my. H
thng ny thng c p dng cho cc my i hi s an ton cao : Nh u
my, my nng h, p dng cc nh my chuyn mn ho c nhiu thit b
cng kiu, ...
d - H thng sa cha xem xt lin hon .
Kim tra xem xt my
Pht hin cc s c, sai lch hay s lm vic khng bnh thng lp k hoch
sa cha.



44
Sa cha theo h thng ny n gin, khc phc c tnh trng h hng
t xut. Ni chung cc h thng sa cha va nu trn l khng kinh t, gy
lng ph chi tit my, v rt b ng v khng d tnh c ton b qu trnh sa
cha mt thit b.
e - H thng sa cha theo k hoch d phng.
L bin php xem xt, bo dng v sa cha thit b c tin hnh theo
chu k thi gian nh trc nhm mc ch m bo cho my lun lm vic
tt.
Nhim v
m bo trng thi lm vic ca thit b.
m bo cng sut.
m bo cht lng;
Ngn nga nhng h hng bt ng .
Gim chi ph cho qu trnh sa cha my tip theo.
C th tng nng sut qua mi ln sa cha, ci tin my.
H thng sa cha nh k theo k hoch d phng: Cn c th lm vic ti
my ; cn c th sa cha; th ngui c th kim tra trong thi gian ngh gia
ca, ngh n tra, tranh th kim tra v hiu chnh my. Th sa cha c th
thng qua m thanh khi lm vic pht ra, hnh trnh my, v.v... chn on tnh
trng k thut ca my.
4.3 Cc hnh thc t chc sa cha [6]
- Sa cha tp trung.
- Sa cha khng tp trung ( phn tn).
- Hnh thc sa cha hn hp.
- V thi gian th c : Sa cha lin tc theo tun t. Sa cha cp tc; sa
cha song song vi cc cng vic ngui c kh v lp rp.
4.4 T chc ni sa cha
- C nh ti phn xng hay nh my sa cha.
- Di ng; (Trn xe chuyn dng, t chc thnh i i sa cha )
- Din tch ni lm vic : nh, rng vi nhng yu cu v khng gian vng
cn t chc sa cha, ...
- iu kin lm vic : kh hu, thit b, vt t, a im : trong nh, trong
phn xng, ngoi cng trng, ...
- Ngoi ra cn lu cc yu cu v an ton lao ng, v sinh mi trng
khi sa cha.
4.5 - Cc phng php sa cha
4.5.1 Bo qun v bo dng my
Bo qun my phi tin hnh thng xuyn trong qu trnh vn hnh,trc
v sau khi kt thc lm vic.
Ni dung cc cng vic khi ba dng my :
Xem xt v kim tra tnh trng lm vic ca cc c cu, cc b phn ca
my.
iu chnh cc khe h cn thit, sit cht cc bu lng, c vt b long ra, vn
chnh cc c cu b r, ...



45
iu chnh cc trc, kim tra iu chnh cc khp ni, cc lin kt, cc
b mt tit xc.
iu chnh cc b truyn : ai, xch, phanh, ...
iu chnh cc c cu l xo, ...
Lu chi v lm sch bn my, cc bng trt, ...
Thay th v sa cha kp thi cc chi tit hng, mn, khng cn tho mn cc
yu cu k thut.
Kim tra v thay du, m.
Che chn bo v m bo my lm vic an ton v bo qun my tt.
4.5.2 Sa cha nh ( tiu tu )
L mt dng sa cha theo k hoch trong ch thay th hay phc hi
mt s lng nh cc chi tit b hng v iu chnh tng b phn m bo cho
my lm vic bnh thng n k sa cha theo k hoch tip theo.
Ni dung :
Tho ri tng b phn ca my;
Tho ri tng chi tit ca 2 - 3 b phn,
Loi b cc chi tit hng nng.
Ra v lu chi cc chi tit tho ra.
Kim tra iu chnh cc khe h gia trc v bc lt, iu chnh cc bi, thay
th bi hng.
Lp chnh cc bnh rng, cn gt tay quay, ...
Kim tra sa cha cc b phn che chn,...
Kim tra h thng bi trn, thay du m, h thng lm mt
Khc phc cc hin tng r r ch ng ni, van b h,
Lp k hoch thay th cc chi tit cho k sa cha tip theo.
Kim tra li chnh xc ca my.
Kim tra ting n, nng khi my vn hnh, ...
Th my khng ti, y ti v cho my vo vn hnh.
4.5.3 Sa cha trung bnh
L mt dng sa cha theo k hoch trong tin hnh tho tng b phn
ca my. Trong qu trnh sa cha tin hnh thay th, phc hi cc chi tit v b
phn b hng, ng thi iu chnh cc to nhm phc hi chnh xc
c quy nh theo tiu chun hay iu kin k thut.
Ni dung :
Tho tng phn ca my, ra v lm sch;
K khai khuyt tt; lp k hoch cho sa cha
Sa cha trc , phc hi trc, thay lt trc, ....
Thay th cc chi tit b h hng; thay th cc bng ch s ca my,...
C ra v lm sch cc rnh trt ( kiu ch T , , ...
Sn bo dng my.
Sau khi sa cha, phi tin hnh kim tra , th my trc khi i vo vn hnh
chnh thc.
4.5.4 Sa cha ln ( i tu )



46
y l dng sa cha phi tho ri ton b my. Cho nn ngoi cc cng
vic nh nu trn cn cn tin hnh tn trang li my . Qu trnh sa cha
c tin hnh mt cch k cng i vi ton b cc cm my v cc chi tit.


46
Chng 5 Quy trnh cng ngh tho v lp rp my
[20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25]

5.1 Cng ngh tho my
5.1.1 Tip nhn thit b my mc vo sa cha.
Lm sch s b;
Kim tra my;
Chn on tnh trng my thng qua ngi vn hnh, phn xng,...

5.1.2 Chun b tho my :
Lm sch my .
Thit lp h s my .
Thit lp k hoch tho my bao gm cc cng vic sau :
a - Thng k ni dung cng vic c th.
b - D kin thi gian k hoch.
c - La chn phng php tho my;
d - D tr v chun b dng c v cc phng tin g cho tho my.

5.2 Mt s dng c v thit b dng cho tho my


Hnh 5-1 Dng c tho vt b gy









47




Hnh 5-2 My p bng tay


Hnh 5-3 My p




48






Hnh 5-4 cc loi cl v tuc n vt-







49






Hnh 5-5 Cl v tuc n vt cc loi


50



Hnh 5- 6 Cc loi palng xch

51


Hnh 5-7 C cu tho bc lt




Hnh 5-8 Cc loi kch

52








Hnh 5-9 S nguyn l v hnh dng mt s loi vam





53
5.3 S tm tt quy trnh cng ngh tho my
[[2, 20, 25]





Cm cc c cu Cm cc c cu Cm cc c cu




Cc c cu Cc c cu Cc c cu Cc c cu Cc c cu





Chi tit Chi tit Chi tit Chi tit Chi tit

Hnh 5 - 8 S tho my

5.4 S tm tt qu trnh sa cha my :
Kim tra s b my


Lau sch bi bm & du m


Tip nhn my vo sa cha


Di chuyn my n ni sa cha


Tho thnh tng cm ( Tho b phn)


Tho ri cc b phn thnh cc c cu & cc chi tit.



Tho my

54

Lm sch cc cm my v chi tit


Kim tra v phn loi chi tit,
k khai cc khuyt tt, thit lp
h s s cha cc cm & chi tit


Chi tit cn Chi tit cn phc hi Chi tit cn Kho chi
dng c v sa cha loi b tit d tr


Sa cha chi tit Chi tit mi


Kim tra cht lng
chi tit sau sa cha

Lp ghp cm ( lp b phn)

Kim tra v th b phn


Sn b phn


Lp chung ton my


Kim tra v hiu chnh


Chy r v th my


Sn my


Bn giao my cho khch hng
hay chuyn my v xng sn xut

Hnh 5 - 9 S tm tt qu trnh sa cha my [6]

55
5.5 Lm sch my v chi tit my
Qu trnh chun b my cho sa cha bao gm cc cng vic :
Lm sch;
Kim tra nh gi s b;
Xc nh trng thi my quyt nh phng php sa cha v mc sa cha.
Thit lp khi lng cng vic cn sa cha;
Lp h s my.
Chuyn my n phn xng sa cha.
Tip nhn thit b;
Lm sch tip trc khi tho my.
Lm sch my v chi tit my: C nhim v ty sch cc cht bn cn dnh
bm trn my, cc sn phm cn b, bi st b mi mn cn dnh bm trn chi tit
my, ...
Th t lm sch : Lm sch bn ngoi n bn trong, cc l, ...
Cc phng php lm sch
Ra bng nc lnh ;
Ra bng nc nng;
Ty sch du m bng nc v cc cht ty .
Lm sch bng kh nn;
Lm sch bng cc phng php c hc ( bn chi st, phun ct, phun bi,...)
Tuy nhin tu theo cc loi chi tit c th m c th chn cc phng php lm
sch kt hp cho ph hp.
V d :
Ty ht bi bng cch phun kh nn sau lau bng khn kh .
Ra sch chi tit khi bi bn, du m c th dng dung dch c thnh
phn sau :
Na
2
CO
3
3 - 5 %
NaNO
3
>= 2 %
Thu tinh lng 0,4 - 0,5 %
Nhit dung dch 70 - 80
o
C
Ty du m bng dung mi :
- Cacbuahydro ( xng, du, benzen,... )
- Hi dung mi
- Hi - phun - hi
- Dung mi nng lng - hi
- Dung mi nng lng si - dung mi hi
Ty du m bng kim :
Kim loi en : dng kim c P
H
= 10,5 - 12
Khng b c ch P
H
= 12,1 - 13,5

56
Kim loi mu : Cu, Zn, Sn, Al, Pb, ... v cc hp kim ca chng cn phi c cht c
ch. Nng ch nn dng mc thp, nhit thp.

Dung dch kim ty du m Gram/lt Bng 5 - 1 [8, 16]
S TT Tn ho cht 1 2 3 4 5
1 Natri hidroxid 30-50 10-20 - 20-30
2 Natri Cacbonat 20-30 20-30 50-60 10-20
3 Natri Photphat 50-70 50-60 50-60 30-50
4 Natri Silicat 5-10 20-30 20-30 5-10
5 Cht hot ng
b mt
- 3-5
6 X phng bt - 13-35
7 Nhit
o
C 80-100 70-90 50-60 80-90
8 Thi gian pht 20 -40 20-40 3-5 20-40
9 Phm vi s dng Thp t
Cacbon
Cu + HK
ca ng
KL
mu
KL
en
Cc chi
tit KL

Ty g thp cc bon Bng 5 - 2
S TT Tn ho
cht
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 H
2
SO
4
150-250
2 HCl 175-200 80-100 150-350 200-
220
100-
200
120-
160

3 Anhydrit
Cromit
180-
200

4 Urt ropin 40-50 40-50
5 Ctapin 3-5 - - 5-7 8-10
6 Sitanon hay
( Sunfanol)

7 H
3
3-5 3-5
8 Kaliiodua 0,8-
1,5

9 NaOH 400-600
10 NaNO
3
100-200
11 Nhit 42-82 27-42 27-57 27 67 67 137
12 Phm vi ng
dng
Thp C +
gang
Thp C +
gang
Dng ty g
khng c bn
cho thp Ccbon
Chocc
chi tit
chn
h xc
gang phn
tn g nu
1,2 khng
hiu qu

Dung dch 5 ty cc chi tit chnh xc cp 1 v 2 cng nh cc chi tit c g khu
vc.


57
5.5.1 Cc phng php ty sch du m
a. Ty du m th cng :
Bng bn chi;
Bng chi lng;
Bng gi lau;
Ty du m trong b du theo quy trnh cng ngh sau :
a - Ty du m trong dung mi;
b - Ra bng nc lnh;
c - Ty du m trong dung dch kim nng.
d - Ra nc lnh;
e - Ty g;
5.5.2 Ty du m bng phng php c hc
Cc phng php lm sch c hc khc : phun ct, phun bi, phun dung dch ra
di p lc ca vi phun...
5.5.3 Ty du m bng in phn
Khi ty du m bng in phn, s c tit nhiu bt kh sinh ra trn in cc.
Cc bt kh ny c tc dng khoy dung dch --> ph hu mng du trn b mt chi
tit lm cho du phn tn vo dung dch dng nh tng. Phng php ny u im
hn phng php ty trong dung dch kim ( Phng php ho hc ) :
- Tc nhanh;
- Hiu sut cao;
- Ty du nhanh;
Cc chi tit kim loi ng vai tr cc in cc trong dung dch kim.
Ty du m ch :
U = 6 - 12 V
I <= 2 A/dm2 ( Din tch b mt cn nh sch )
Chi tit c th ni vi cc dng hoc m ca ngun in
5.5.4 Ty du bng catt
Lng Hydro trn catt ln gp i lng oxy sinh ra trn ant. Bt kh i ln,
khoy dung dch v tch cht bn khi b mt kim loi (lc ny l ca tt (-). Cc chi
tit tch in m y cc ht cht bn tch in m.
Nhc im ca ty catt :
Cc chi tit tch in m s ht cc ion Cu
2+
, Zn
2+
, v cc ion khc trong x
phng, cc cht keo, ti b mt in cc. Cc nguyn t hydr (H
2
) sinh ra trn cc
chi tit kim loi c th bm v hp ph trn b mt kim loi gy nh hng n kt
qu ty b mt chi tit.
Cc kim loi mu thng c ty du catt . l do in tch m ca b
mt ngn cn kh nng ho tan kim loi mu trong mi trng kim, ngn nga hin
tng to mng oxyt trn b mt kim loi mu.
5.5.5 - Ty du m ant
B mt kim loi tch in dng (+) y cc cation cht bn;

58
B mt kim loi khng hp th oxy nn tnh cht kim loi khng gim st.
Kim loi mu khng th ty ant qu vi giy v dng ant (b mt in tch
dng) lm cho kim loi mu d ho tan trong dung dch kim trong qu trnh ty
du, b mt kim loi mu li b o xy ho mnh v b che ph bng mng c.
Cc cht c ch c th ngn cn s oxy ho.
5.5.6 Ty du m bng phng php o chiu dng in theo
chu k. Qu trnh o chiu dng in lin tc lm tng nhanh qu trnh ty cc
cht bn hu c.
5.5.7 - Ty du m bng " Ngm - Dng ant "
Ngm cc chi tit lm t kim loi mu vi pht vo dung dch ty du, sau
nh sch du m trong dung dch ny bng dng ant.
Dung dch ty du in phn ( xem bng 5-3)
Thp : Ty du catt 5 - 7 pht, sau ty du ant 2 - 3 pht.
Nhng chi tit n hi, mng , nn ty du ant, khng ty du catt.
Nhng chi tit d b ho tan Cu, hp kim ca ng, cc chi tit hn thic nn ty du
catt.

Bng 5 - 3
S
TT
Tn ho cht 1 2 3 4
NaOH
Na
2
CO
3

Na
3
PO
4
.12H
2
O
Na
2
SiO
3

Sunfanol
10-15
20-30
50-70
3-5
10-20
20-40
20-40
3-5
-
20-40
20-40
-
0,1-0,3
8-12
8-12
4-6
25-30
T
o
C
J A/dm
2

t pht
70-90
5-10
20-40
60-80
2-10
5-10
60-80
2-10
3-10
60-80
1-2
0,5
Cng dng KL en Thp Cho cc
lp m
Dng ty du ca
tt HK km

5.6 Cng ngh lp rp trong sa cha my

5.6.1 Cc yu t nh hng n qa trnh lp t my [24]
- Kh nng thay th;
- lp ln;
- B truyn chuyn ng;
- Hp bin i chuyn ng;
- C cu iu khin, vn hnh;
- C cu an ton;
- Phng php lp t v cc yu cu khi lp t.


59
Ngoi ra qu trnh lp t my cn ph thuc :
- chnh xc khi ch to ca chi tit. chnh xc khi ch to cng cao th
cng d dng khi lp rp. chnh xc ch to quyt nh cht lng lp rp my.
- Cht lng vt liu, c tnh, cht lng nhit luyn quyt nh bn lu ca
mt chi tit.
Qu trnh lp rp l mt qu trnh lao ng k thut phc tp. Mc phc tp,
cng nh khi lng cng vic khi lp rp c lin quan cht ch ti qu trnh cng
ngh gia cng c v c qu trnh thit k sn xut. Gia cng c cc chi tit my c
chnh xc cao, th lp rp chng cng nhanh, gim c thi gian sa cha hiu chnh.
Mt khc, khi lng lao ng lp rp cng c qu trnh thit k sn phm. Cng
ngh lp rp phi m bo nhng yu cu k thut khi nghim thu do bn thit k
ra, phi t yu cu ca cc mi lp ghp, cc chui kch thc lp rp, t chnh
xc v truyn ng. Bi vy, khi c bn thit k sn phm hp l v kt cu v s
hnh thnh chui kch thc th gim c khi lng lao ng lp rp .
Tm li, khi lng lp rp l khu c bn quyt nh cht lng ca sn
phm. Trong nhiu trng hp, giai on gia cng c chi tit t mi iu kin k
thut nhng cng ngh lp rp sn phm khng hp l th cht lng ca sn phm
khng t c iu kin k thut nghim thu, m cn nh hng ti c tui th ca
sn phm .
V d : khi lp rp trc bnh rng khng song song, lm cho cc bnh rng n khp
khng tt, truyn ng gy ting n, b mi mn khng u, tui th s thp...
V vy , nghin cu, hp l ho cng ngh lp rp phi c qun trit t giai on
thit k sn phm n giai on gia cng c kh, sn xut ra nhng sn phm c
cht lng cao v gi thnh h.

Mt s ch trong lp rp khi sa cha:
1. m bo chnh xc
Nghin cu k yu cu k thut ca sn phm, phn bit chnh xc ca cc mi
lp v c tnh lm vic ca chng trong qu trnh lp d dng, sai lch khng vut
qu gii hn cho php. Nm vng nguyn l hnh thnh chui kch thc lp rp, t
c bin php cng ngh lp, kim tra, iu chnh v co sa nhm tho mn yu
cu k thut ca sn phm . Bi vy ngi th lp rp phi c kin thc tng hp v
cng ngh lp rp v trnh tay ngh nht nh, thc hin nhng ni dung c bn
ca cng ngh lp rp.
Cc mi lp ghp lin tip to thnh nhng kch thc lp sao cho khi lm vic
cc chi tit v b phn my chu lc vn m bo mi quan h ca cc khu vi nhau,
tho mn c tnh nng v n nh ca my.
Trong qu trnh lm vic cc mi lp rp di ng, cc b mt tip xc ca
chi tit v cm s b mi mn lm tng dn khe h, lm thay i v tr ca chi tit v
ca b phn my. Cho nn cng ngh lp rp cn tm cch gim khe h ban u v c
kh nng hiu chnh v tr ca chi tit v b phn khi b mi mn, nng cao thi gian
v hiu qu s dng thit b.

60
2- Tun theo trnh t lp rp nh
Cn thc hin quy trnh cng ngh lp theo mt trnh t hp l, thng qua vic
thit k s lp chn tun t vic lp rp cc chi tit, cc b phn my khc nhau
thc hin qu trnh lp rp tun t hay song song trnh t lp rp khng hp l trong
nhiu trng hp s khng lp c hoc nh hng ti nng sut lp rp.
3. Tho mn cc yu cu khc v v sinh mi trng, an ton lao ng, ...
trnh tay ngh.
4 - iu kin lp rp :
Trnh khoa hc cng ngh;
iu kin lp rp, iu kin lp t my, iu kin vn chuyn, iu kin vn
hnh, ...
g, dng c v cc thit b h tr... Cn nm vng cng ngh lp rp, x l cc
trang b, g cc thit b du p, kh p cc dng c o kim tra, vn chuyn
gim nh lao ng cho cng nhn.
Gii quyt tt cc nhim v ca cng ngh lp rp s gp phn nng cao nng sut,
cht lng sn phm v hiu qu qu trnh sn sut.
Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut v mc t ng ho, iu kin v c kh ho, t
ng ho.
Trnh t chc iu hnh sn xut sa cha m bo nng sut, hiu qu lm
vic;
iu kin v kh nng kinh t, k thut ;
Tnh hin i v thit thc, kp thi;
iu kin sa cha phc hi v thay th.
Cc tnh nng k thut khc : iu kin v k thut chng mi mn, bi trn, khe
h, dung sai; iu kin v bn, tin cy, chc chn, tui th, ,
5.6.2 Quy trnh cng ngh lp rp my
1 - Tp hp cc chi tit v cm chi tit trc khi lp my :
Kim tra v tp hp cc chi tit v vt t cn thit.
Phi c phiu k khai km cc c tnh k thut cn thit hay cc bng ch
dn ca n.
Phi c quy trnh hng dn th t lp t hoc cc hng dn khc tng
ng.
Nghin cu cc yu cu k thut ca tng cm, tng b phn my chun
b lp
2 - Cc dng lin kt ca chi tit v phng php lp rp
a - Mi lp c nh l mi lp ghp m v tr tng i gia cc chi tit khng
i. Mi lp c nh tho c v mi lp c nh khng tho c.
Mi lp c nh tho c nh mi lp ren, chm, cht then.
Mi lp ghp c nh khng tho uc l cc loi mi lp c nh tn hn p
nng, p ngui v dn,...

61
b - Mi lp di ng l cc mi lp m cc chi tit c kh nng chuyn ng
tng i vi nhau . N cng c phn thnh hai loi mi lp di ng tho c v
mi lp di ng khng tho ri c.
Dng chi tit lin kt cng khng th tho ri c nh cc lin kt hn, hn
vy, dn, lp p nng, ... Khi tho ch c th bng phng php ph hu : cht, ct,...
Dng lin kt tho ri c c lp ghp nh cc vt, cht, then, nm, ... Khi
tho lp khng cn phi ph hu.
3 - S qu trnh lp my


Hnh 5 - 10 S lp my theo nguyn l cm my [2]

Lp tng chi tit mt vo mt b phn, lp theo cm, lp rp tng th;(page 221/19740)

5 - Cc phng php lp rp :
a- Phng php lp ln hon ton
L phng php m khi em lp rp vo v tr ca n trong cm hay sn phm lp
khng phi sa cha iu chnh nhng vn m bo mi tnh cht lp rp ca n theo
yu cu thit b. Do chnh xc cc chi tit cao nn khng cn sa cha ph thm
khi lp rp.
Phng php lp ny n gin, cho nng sut lp rp cao, khng i hi trnh
cng nhn cao d dng xy dng nhng nh mc k thut nhanh chng v chnh
xc, k hoch lp n nh, c kh nng t ng ho v c kh ho qu trnh lp. Mt
khc rt thun tin cho qu trnh sa cha thay th sau ny v sn c chi tit v ph
tng thay th.
Chi tit
my
Cm chi
tit my
My hon
chnh

62
b. Phng php lp chn Phng php lp ln hn ch
Phng php ny cho php m rng dung sai ch to ca chi tit lp . Sau
da vo kch thc ca chng chn lp, sao cho t c yu cu ca khu khp
kn. chnh xc khi ch to ca phng php ny km hn mc 1.
c. Phng php lp sa (Phng php lp ln c iu chnh, tc l khi lp rp
cn c s cn chnh, thay i kch thc bng nhng chi tit c bit khc nh vng
m, ng lt, ...)
Nhng phng php lp rp ni trn c p dng tu theo dng sn sut ca
sn phm, tnh cht ca chng v chnh xc m x nghip c kh nng gia cng
c cng nh cc trang thit b v trnh cng nhn phc v cho qu trnh lp rp.
Trong mt n v lp rp c n khu, dung sai ch to ca cc khu l T1, T2, ...
v T

l dung sai ca khu khp kn. gia cng cc chi tit d dng, gim gi
thnh ch to ta tng dung sai cc khu thnh phn, vic m bo dung sai ca khu
khp kn s c thc hin trong qu trnh lp rp, ngha l bt i lng tha mt
khu no trong chui kch thc khu gi l khu bi thng.
Phng php lp ln sa cha kch thc ca mt khu chn trc trong cc
khu thnh phn ca sn phm lp bng cch ly i lng kim loi trn b mt lp
ghp ca n t c yu cu ca mi lp.
5.6.3 - V d lp rp mt s mi ghp in hnh.
1- Lp mi ghp ren [6, 24]
- Cht lng mi ghp ren c xc nh bng vic sit bu lng v ai c ng,
t c mc lp ghp cn thit.
- Mi ghp ren khng b lch, vnh,
- Bu lng , vt cy khng b cong, b lch lm ct cc ren...
- Sit cc bu lng theo trnh t t sit s b cho n sit cht v sit u nhau.
- Lp cc ai c trn np trn th lp i xng v vn u.
V d : Th t sit ai c trn np trn (Sit c i xng)

5
7 3
2 1

4 8
6

Hnh 5 - 11 S th t vn cc ai c trn np trn

Th t sit bu lng khi lp cc np hnh ch nht: sit i xng v
theo th t t gia ra




63











Hnh 5 - 12 Th t sit ai c b tr trn np hnh ch nht

3 - Lp mi ghp then
a - Then vt
Yu cu l lm cho mt trn v mt di ca then tip xc hon ton vi
rnh trn trc v moay, 2 cnh bn thng l c khe h.
- dc ca b mt lm vic ca then v rnh ca l moay phi trng
nhau , nu khng chi tit lp trn trc s b nghing.
- chnh xc ca mi ghp then c kim tra bng thc nht (cn
l) tr hai u moay. Nu then c khe h t mt pha chng t dc ca rnh l
moay v then khng ging nhau. Yu cu phi co sa khi lp rp cho t vi
yu cu k thut.
b . Then bng
- Yu cu phi cht theo hai bn vo ca trc v khe h gia mt trn ca then
vi y rnh moay ca chi tit i tip phi m bo song song i vi ng trc
ca moay ; cn then vt th c dc 1/10.
- Rnh then c th c m rng 10 - 15 % so vi kch thc ban u. Then
phi ch to theo kch thc mi. Lng d 0,1 - 0,15 mm co sa theo rnh then
trn trc v trn chi tit i tip.
c. Lp mi ghp then hoa
+ Mi ghp then hoa c hai loi :
- Di ng khi chi tit bao c th di chuyn dc trc;
- C nh ( cng ) khi chi tit bao lp cht cng trn trc;
Mi ghp then hoa di ng thng lp ghp t lng cp I n lng cp 4 ( theo
T/C c ) tng ng H/h dn H/c ( h thng tiu chun mi ).
+ Mi ghp c nh sau khi lp kim tra theo o, cn mi ghp di dng
kim tra theo lc l.
- Khi lp cc mi ghp then hoa phi ch kim tra thm s tip xc ca cc
b mt i tip theo vt sn.
+ Mi ghp then hoa li chia ra theo phng php nh tm ca ng lt vi
trc.
10
4
2
8 12
6
14
13
9
5 1
3 7 11

64
C 3 phng php nh tm: [6]
- nh tm theo cnh bn ca then;
- nh tm theo ng knh ngoi;
- nh tm theo ng knh trong;
Khi chnh xc nh tm khng c gi tr thc tin v trong mt thi gian
phi m bo bn cn thit ca mi ghp th dng phng php nh tm theo cnh
bn ca then (mi ghp cc ng ca t). Trong tt c cc trng hp, khi c cu
cn thc hin chnh xc ng hc (my cng c, t ...) th dng phng php nh
tm theo ng knh ngai hoc ng knh trong.
nh tm theo ng knh ngoi l kinh t nht c dng i vi cc chi tit
bao nhit luyn khng qua gia cng tinh cng nh trong trng hp chi tit bao sau
khi nhit lun c cng cho php chut dng c.
Nu cng ca chi tit bao khng cho php tin hnh chut th dng phng
php nh tm theo ng knh trong.
Khi nh tm theo ng knh ngoi th gc ln lm chn then trn l, nh
then lm vt cnh hay v trn.
u im ca mi ghp then hoa :
+ Dng cng ngh hin i ch to trc then hoa (nh dao phay trc vt)
+ C kh nng s dng phng php gia cng chnh xc gia cng nh c, mi,
+ Nng cao bn.
+ nh tm cc phn t i tip tt hn & khi chu ti ng lt t nh v trn trc tt
hn.
Hay dng nht l then rng nh tm theo cnh bn. Khi cn chnh xc rt
cao ca chi tit quay lp trn trc then hoa dng phng php nh tm theo ng
knh ngoi.
Trc khi lp mi ghp then hoa cn xem xt chi tit cn thn, lm sch mt
then khi b bi bn, lm cn cc cnh sc, vt mt mt ca trc v moay, bi trn
cc b mt i tip.
4 - Lp ghp mi inh tn Tu theo l gia cng ban u trn chi tit (theo
ng knh hay nh hn so vi thit k) p dng hai phng php chun b l
tn inh :
+ Khot l, nung nong hay khoan tip trn l c ng knh ;
+ Khot l trn l c ng knh , nung nng hay khoan tip trn ng
knh nh hn.
a. G lp cm chi tit tn inh.
+ Dng bu lng kp cht.
+ ng knh bulng nh hn dng knh l (2 - 4) mm tu theo chiu dy v
cp chnh xc ca l c gia cng.
+ Khng c lm nt l inh tn, lp qu cht gy ra ng sut,...
b. Khot v lm sch l trc kh tn.
+ Sau khi sit cng cc bulng kp th tin hnh khot & lm sch l.
+ Khot, xoy, lm sch thng c lm sch trn my khoan

65

c. Qu trnh tn inh
+ i vi inh <= 10 mm th tn ngui
+ Cc trng hp khc thng phi nung inh;
+ t inh tn vo l;
+ Gi v nh v inh tn;
+ Tn u inh
5- Lp cc mi ghp bng phng php p
c im :
+ Cc chi tit lp lun c di
+ Kim tra xem xt cc chi tit trc khi lp ghp;
+ Lm sch bi bm, cht bn nh du m.
+ Bi trn
Lp p nng c s dng khi
- Chi tit c nung trong thng nc nng, du nng hay ch nu chy, c
th dng m hn hi t. Ch yu i vi cc chi tit c ng knh ln hay di
ln hn 0,1 mm hoc trong trng hp khng c my p cng sut.
Lm lnh chi tit b bao
- Dng lp p cc chi tit thnh mng vo chi tit dng khi (v d p ng lt,
vo thn my, ...
6- Cc mi lp ghp khc
+ Lp mi ghp cn, lp cc trt, ln, lp cc khp ni.
* Lp cc b truyn :
+ B truyn bnh rng tr;
+ B truyn bnh rng cn;
+ B truyn trc vt;
+ Lp b truyn ai;
+ Lp b truyn xch;
* Lp piston - xi lanh (yu cu cao v kn, chnh xc)

5.7 Cc phng tin vn chuyn v g tho
lp my.
a - Phng tin vn chuyn
- Cn cu; cu trc, xe nng h, ...
- Palng xch
- Kch
b - Dng c tho lp my (xem cc hnh t 5-1 n 5-9)
- My p
- Cc dng c c kh .
- Cc loi dng c nh ba , km cle, ...

66
c - Cc ch khi s dng cc dng c ngh cho tho lp my
- S dng dng c khng lm h hng chi tit my.
- La chn ba cng hay ba mm;
- Tho vn phi cn thn, khng xc , h hng chi tit my.
- Tho trc di phi dng nhiu gi khng lm bin dng trc.
- Th t tho lp phi hp l.
- Tho, lp v sp xp theo th t.
- Cc hm dng c v hm ng chi tit phi c np y khi b dnh
bi.
Song iu kin thc hin phng php lp ln hon ton ph thuc vo:
chnh xc gia cng ca cc chi tit lp.
S khu trong chui kch thc lp.
m bo dung sai khu khp kn trong chui lp rp.
Nh vy ta thy nu yu cu dung sai ca khu khp kn cao vi s khu trong
chui ln th vic thc hin lp ln hon ton rt kh khn, nhiu khi khng th thc
hin c hoc nu thc hin c th gi thnh sn phm cao v i hi phi ch to
cc chi tit trong sn phm lp c chnh xc rt cao. Trong mt s trng hp
ngi ta phi chu mt t l ph phm nht nh. V th phng php lp ln hon
ton thch hp i vi dng sn xut hng lot ln, hng khi v cc sn phm
c tiu chun ho.
Lp chn c th tin hnh hai phng php:
Chn lp tng bc. Theo phng php ny, ta o kch thc ca mt chi tit, ri
cn c vo yu cu ca mi lp xc nh kch thc ca chi tit cn lp vi n.
T y ta chn chi tit hp vi kch thc xc nh trn. Nhc im ca
phng php chn lp tng chic l mt nhiu thi gian o, tnh ton v la chn
chi tit ph hp vi mi lp, v vy nng sut rt thp, chi ph lp rp tng.
Chn lp theo nhm . Trong qu trnh lp rp ta tin hnh phn nhm tng ng. V
d : khi lp ghp piston vi cc xilanh ca ng c t trong. Vi dung sai kch
thc xilanh ca trc khi lp phi m bo khe h. Nu ta tng dung sai ch to cho
cc chi tit b bao v chi tit bao n ln th sau khi ch to ta phn cc chi tit gia
cng ra n nhm v thc hin qu trnh lp rp cc sn phm theo nhm c thc
hin theo phng php lp ln hon ton. Phng php chn lp theo nhm cho kh
nng nng cao c nng sut ca qu trnh, gim c gi thnh ch to sn
phm.
Tuy vy phng php chn lp theo nhm cn mt s tn ti:
Phi thm chi ph cho vic kim tra v phn nhm chi tit, ng thi phi c bin
php bo qun tt, trnh nhm ln gia cc nhm.
Thng s chi tit trong mi nhm ca chi tit bao v b bao khng bng nhau nn
xy ra hin tng tha v thiu cc chi tit lp ca nhm ny hay nhm khc.
Trong iu kin gia cng vi sn lng ln ta s dng phng php iu chnh
my m bo s phn trng dung sai i xng hay phn b theo lut ging
nhau ng dng nh vy s gim s lng chi tit lp tha ca nhm ny hay ca

67
nhm kia i vi dng sn sut nh, sn lng qu t phng php lp chn c
hiu qu kinh t thp, c lc khng th chp nhn c.
Trong phng php lp theo nhm, s nhm c chia tu thuc vo yu cu
k thut ca mi lp v iu kin lm vic ca thit b bi vy, tu theo c tnh ca
chng m xc nh s nhm cho cc mi lp mt cch hp l. Ngoi vic phn nhm
theo kch thc lp, i vi chi tit c chuyn ng tnh tin kh hi vi tc cao
con trt bin cn phi phn nhm theo trng lng nhm trnh hin tng mt cn
bng trong qu trnh lm vic, gim rung ng, m bo cht lng ca thit b.
Trong thc t , phn loi chi tit thng dng cc lot ln, hng khi thng
dng cc dng c o chuyn dng c th cho nng sut cao v t chnh xc
ti 0,5 micromet.
67
kia i vi dng sn sut nh, sn lng qu t phng php lp chn c hiu qu
kinh t thp, c lc khng th chp nhn c.
Trong phng php lp theo nhm, s nhm c chia tu thuc vo yu
cu k thut ca mi lp v iu kin lm vic ca thit b bi vy, tu theo c
tnh ca chng m xc nh s nhm cho cc mi lp mt cch hp l. Ngoi vic
phn nhm theo kch thc lp, i vi chi tit c chuyn ng tnh tin kh hi
vi tc cao con trt bin cn phi phn nhm theo trng lng nhm trnh
hin tng mt cn bng trong qu trnh lm vic, gim rung ng, m bo cht
lng ca thit b.
Trong thc t, phn loi chi tit thng dng cc lot ln, hng khi
thng dng cc dng c o chuyn dng c th cho nng sut cao v t chnh
xc ti 0,5 micromet.

Chng 6 : Cc phng php sa cha v phc hi
6.1 Khi nim v sa cha - phc hi [6, 14, 24]
Trong thc t c nhiu loi thit b my mc khc nhau vi nhiu chi tit b
h hng, b mi mn do qu trnh vn hnh. Hnh dng, kch thc b thay i
lm cho my khng cn hot ng bnh thng, cht lng v nng sut ca my
suy gim.
Vic sa cha thay th khng phi lc no cng thun li, m n ph thuc
nhiu yu t v iu kin kinh t, k thut. Chnh v l m cng tc phc hi
cc chi tit my c ngha thc t ht sc quan trng, c bit l cc yu cu v
phc hi kch thc lp ghp gia cc chi tit my, phc hi kh nng lm vic ca
chng.
6.1.1. Mc ch v c im ca sa cha - phc hi
Mc ch : phc hi li kh nng lm vic, m bo iu kin lm vic bnh
thng cho my qua s dng.
c im :
1. Trong qu trnh sn xut ra thnh phm - th phm - ph phm u c nhng
yu cu sa cha phc hi nhng mc khc nhau.
2. Trong qu trnh s dng: chi tit my - c cu - cm - nhm chi tit my...
mun duy tr v ko di qu trnh s dng th cn bo dng, sa cha, phc
hi cc mc khc nhau. Bo dng, tiu tu, trung tu, i tu u ng vai
tr rt quan trng.
3. Nhim v ca sa cha phc hi l sa chnh hnh dng, kch thc, phc hi
li cc b mt b h hng,... m bo mi lp ghp tt, vn hnh bnh thng.
4. Do nhng yu cu v k thut, thm m, nng cao kh nng chng mn hoc
phi thay th kim loi him bng kim loi d tm hay tho mn nhng yu cu
vt l - c hc,... th cn phi sa cha.
5. Sa cha- phc hi l cng ngh v khoa hc rt rng v ph bin: c th
nhiu lnh vc ring bit v c tnh c th ring nh: ng c - my n, my
cng c, tu thuyn, hng khng, c - in, my lnh, sinh nhit, cng ngh
c bit...Tuy nhin trong lnh vc sn xut c kh vn c nhng in hnh
68
chung: dng chi tit cng tc, cc b mt tip xc chu mi mn, bi trn, c
im ca cc dng h hng.
6. Mun sa cha - phc hi tt, trc tin cn phi nm qu trnh sn xut v
qu trnh cng ngh ch to, bit phn tch nhng hin tng mi mn h hng
v yu cu ca sn phm, t lp nn cc phng n v chn phng php
sa cha - phc hi cho hp l.
7. Sa cha - phc hi khng phi l cng ngh ch ph i lm li m l cng
vic i hi phi c u c chuyn i, sng to, tm chn c nhng phng
n tt hn v ti u cng tt.
8. Phi t c hiu qu kinh t - k thut. Tch lu nhng kinh nghim, sng
to cho nhng cng ngh v khoa hc ch to tip theo, bit th thut v bit
cnh tranh.
9. Dng phng php sa cha - phc hi hin i c th lm cho mt s chi
tit lm vic tt hn chi tit mi.
10. Gi thnh phc hi thng bng 1546 % gi thnh chi tit mi.
6.1.2. Cht lng b mt v hin tng hao mn h hng
Hao mn, h hng suy cho cng l nhng hin tng xy ra trn nhng b
mt tip xc hoc khng tip xc.
Cht lng b mt: Theo POHKOB: nh gi cht lng b mt t ra
cng c trn 42 ch tiu khc nhau, c th phn thnh 3 nhm:
1. Hnh dng hnh hc.
2. Tnh cht c - l - ho - cng ngh.
3. Cht lng lp mng di b mt ( 1mm) : ng sut d, cng ngui,
thm ti, thiu tch, dn n...
Cc loi b mt trong k thut:
+ B mt hnh hc (danh ngha)
+ B mt k thut (thc t)
6.1.3 Nguyn tc la chn phng n phc hi sa cha
Cn c hnh dng ban u, tnh cht ca chi tit v tm quan trng ca n.
Kh nng cho php phc hi c nhiu ln.
Quy trnh cng ngh phc hi sa cha v kh nng ca nh my v c s vt
cht k thut, kh nng ti chnh, ...
Yu cu v thi hn phc hi sa cha;
Yu cu v cht lng sa cha;
Cc ch tiu v hiu qu kinh t ca vic phc hi sa cha.(gi c, kh nng
lm vic, mua bn, ...
6.2 Phn loi cc phng php chung phc hi, sa cha
Phc hi, sa cha c th chia ra :
1 - Phc hi li kch thc ban u;
2 - Thay i kch thc ban u;
3 - Khc phc cc sai lch
6.2.1 Phng php thay i kch thc ban u ca chi tit
69
Thay i kch thc ban u ca chi tit l sau khi sa cha xong , kch
thc ca chi tit khc vi kch thc ban u ca n. Thng dng 3 phng
php sau y :
a. Phng php kch thc sa cha .
Thc cht ca phng php kch thc sa cha l em gia cng mt chi
tit trong s cc chi tit lp ghp (thng chn chi tit quan trng ) cho t kch
thc sa cha nht nh Cod 1, cod 2, ... , t chnh xc v hnh dng v yu
cu k thut ra. Cc chi tit cn li phi thay mi v c kch thc tng ng
vi chi tit c sa cha. So vi ban u kch thc ca n c thay i nhng
vn m bo c cc yu cu k thut v yu cu v lp ghp ( h, di, ... )
nn kh nng lm vic ca cm chi tit lp ghp c khi phc.
V d :
- Phc hi s lp ghp gia c trc khuu vi gi chnh thng l mi c
trc khuu theo kch thc sa cha nht nh ( cod 1, cod 2, ... ) t yu cu v
lp ghp, sau phi thay cc bc lt ca gi chnh tng ng vi kch thc
c trc mi sa cha.
Do hn ch v c tnh v cc tnh cht khc ca chi tit v mt s yu t
khc nn mt chi tit ch c th c mt vi kch thc sa cha, thm ch ch c
mt kch thc sa cha.
Cc chi tit c kch thc sa cha thng c chia ra 2 loi :
+ Cc chi tit h l : th c kch thc sa cha thu nh ( nh cc trc )
+ Cc chi tit h trc th c kch thc sa cha : Tng ln nh xilanh,
gim i nh cc c trc ca trc khuu .
Phng php kch thc sa cha c th dng sa cha nhng chi tit c
mt lp ghp hnh tr, lp ghp bng ren c, lp ghp bng then.
Hin nay kch thc sa cha c dng rng ri nht v qu trnh cng
ngh sa cha tng i n gin, n khng nhng phc hi c s lp ghp ca
chi tit m cn phc hi hnh dng ban u ca chi tit, do t cht lng kh
cao.
Nhc im ca phng php kch thc sa cha
Hn ch kh nng lp ln ca ph tng; Gy kh khn cho vic cung cp ph tng;
b. Phng php ph thm chi tit
Thc cht ca phng php ph thm chi tit l thm cc chi tit nh ng
lt, vng lt, tm m, ... vo cc cm hay mi ghp phc tp. Cc chi tit cn li
s thay mi c kch thc tng ng hoc gia cng chi tit c cho t kch thc
tng ng. Sau khi gia cng xong kch thc ca chi tit c ph thm bng kch
thc sa cha hoc bng kch thc ban u.
Chi tit ph thm thng c p vi chi tit c bn vi chnh xc cp 2
- 3, hoc cng c th lp ghp bng ren vt.
d dng lp ghp, cc chi tit ph thm nh khi p ng lt vo trong l
thng vt mp u ca ng lt mt gc 30 - 45 . Hoc khi thm ng lt cho
trc th u c trc cng nn vt mt gc khong 30 - 45 .
70
i vi cc chi tit ph thm lm vic trong iu kin nhit cao th nn
chn loi vt liu c cng h s dn n v nhit trnh cc loi ng sut bin
dng khng cn thit.
trnh cho cc chi tit ph khi b lng, ri ra c th dng hn hoc tn
gn cht chng li vi nhau. Thng ngi ta dng phng php p nng .
V d : sau khi xi lanh ca cc loi ng c , t my ko dng phng
php sa cha n ht cod (kch thc gii hn cho php) th ngi ta s dng
phng php ph thm chi tit tng ng knh l ca xi lanh bng cch ch to
s mi t gang xm ri p vo xi lanh .
6.2.2 Phng php thay i mt phn chi tit
Mt s chi tit t c ti my b mt lm vic , cc b mt c mc
mi mn khc nhau. C b mt hay mt phn chi tit b mi mn nhiu, c phn
mn t th ta ct b phn v hn phn mi vo,...
6.2.3 - Khc phc cc sai lch
iu chnh khe h tip xc.
Phc hi li trng thi ban u khi tip xc.
Hiu chnh, iu chnh : nh cc vng bi khi lp vng bi vo trc, lp cc np,
vn ren.
6.2.4 - Phng php phc hi kch thc ban u
Phc hi bng cch gia cng li chi tit cho m bo kch thc.
Phc hi ch lp ghp : phc hi khe h, cng khi lp ghp .
Phc hi bng phng php sa cha : do hnh dng b bin i, b mt b ph
hu, s tip xc , lin kt gia cc b mt b ph hu.
Phc hi cht lng lin kt cc b mt tip xc bng gia cng c m bo
hnh dng,...
6.3 Mt s dng h hng v phng php phc hi
(xem bng 6 - 1 )
Bng 6 - 1
Dng khuyt
tt
Thc cht ca phng php
phc hi
Phng php
khc phc
Mi mn * Phc hi hnh dng
- phc hi bng
- Phc hi v tr lp ln b mt
* Phc hi hnh dng v kch
thc:
- p mt lp kim loi chu mi
mn
- Cc bin php khc
- Gia cng c


- Hn p

- Gia cng p lc, bin dng
do,...
Tnh cht b
thay i

Phc hi c tnh v cc tnh cht
khc
Nhit luyn, bin cng
Chi tit b
xc hay
Ty sch bng phng php c hc,
ho, nhit,...
71
dnh bn
Chi tit b
bin dng v
ph hu
Phc hi hnh dng ban u
Phc hi c tnh v khi lng
ring ca chi tit
Un, gia cng bin dng
nng, ngui
Hn phc hi cc vt nt, t
vng m, cht, ...

6.4 Cc phng php sa cha v phc hi
6.4.1 Nguyn tc chung
T vic phn tch cc yu t c bn v cht lng b mt, cc nguyn nhn
ma st, mi mn, cc dng h hng, r kim loi... Trn c s nm vng cng ngh
ch to v chc nng k thut ta c th tm gii php sa cha v phc hi.
ng nhin c th c nhiu phng n, da vo iu kin thc t v ch tiu kinh
t chn phng n ti u.
6.4. 2 Cc phng php ng dng sa cha phc hi
C nhiu phng php thc hin sa cha phc hi; thng thng ngi ta
phn loi theo lnh vc cng ngh v thit b gia cng:

Hnh 6 - 2 S phn loi cc phng php thc hin sa cha phc hi

6.4.3 c (c mi hoc c li)
c hp kim chng mn, c b phn, c nhiu lp.
c hp kim lt babt.
c hp kim ch.
6.4.4. Gia cng p lc
S dng cc phng php gia cng p lc gia cng . Mc ch nhm thay i c
tnh, thay i kch thc, thay i dng th kim loi,...
Cn, ko, p, rn khun, rn t do, dp th tch hay dp tm.
Gia
cng
c
bit
Cc phng php ng dng
sa cha phc hi
Sa cha phc hi
bng gia cng ct
gt
Hn
phc
hi
M
kim
loi
c
li
Gia
cng
p lc
Phun
p
Nhit
luyn
1. M phc hi
2. M trang tr
3. M bo v b
mt
1. Hn ni
2. Hn p
3. Hn khc phc
cc khuyt tt
72
Gia cng ngui, gia cng tng bn b mt ( lm bin cng )...

6.4.5. Hn
S dng cc phng php hn hn p phc hi, hn khc phc cc chi tit b
nt, gy, hng,...
Hn nng chy : H quang, hn kh, hn p,...
Hn p lc : Tip xc, cao tn, im...
Hn vy

6.4.6 Phun kim loi :
Phun bng ngn la kh,
Phun bng bng h quang in hoc bng cc ngun nhit khc.
Phun p bng dy kim loi, phun p bng bt kim loi,...

6.4.7 M kim loi
M in: Cu, Ni, Cr, Zn, Cd, Fe, Pb, Sn, kim loi qu, ...
M ho hc:
Hu c : Bc cao su, ph nha, sn
V c : Bton, trng men.
M nhng kim loi: Ch, nhm, km, thic...

6.4.8. Nhit luyn v x l nhit b mt
Nhit luyn: , thng ho, ti, ram, nhit luyn, ci tin, ho gi, ...
Ho nhit luyn: Thm cc bon, thm xianua , thm kt hp C v N
2
,
thm N
2
, thm silic (si), thm bo, thm nhm, S , Cr, pht pht...
C - nhit luyn.

6.4.9. Gia cng ct gt
Chuyn chi tit c kch thc ln thnh chi tit c kch thc nh.
M rng l, lm nh trc, thm chi tit m, ng lt,...
Co sa v lp chn theo tng mi ghp,...
Cng ngh ring bit: thay i kch thc, thm bt chi tit, thay th b
phn, xoay-lt i u chi tit li, ...

6.4.10 Gia cng c bit
Gia cng bng tia la in, bng tia laser, siu m, in ho...
Trong cc chng tip theo ta s tm hiu c th mt s phng php gia cng kim
loi c ng dng gia cng trong sa cha phc hi.
73
Chng 7 : m kim loi [5, 8, 12, 16,17,18]

M khng nhng c ng dng trang tr, bo v b mt kim loi, tng
tnh tip xc trong cc mch in, cng tc in m cn c s dng phc hi
cc chi tit my b mi mn.
Mc ch ca m phc hi ch yu l ci thin b mt tip xc ca chi tit,
khi phc cc kch thc lp ghp, phc hi kch thc cc chi tit b mi mn,
tng cng, tng chu mi mn; bo v kim loi khi tc dng ca mi trng
xung quanh.

7.1 Cc khi nim chung v qu trnh m
7.1.1 Cc hng s vt l v ho hc
Nng cht tan trong nc c biu din bng mt trong cc phng
php sau :
S ng lng gam ca cht tan trong 1 lt dung dch (nng ng lng )
N.
Nng cht tan l s gam cht tan ( C ) trong 1 lt dung dch gam/lt (g/l) ;
Nng phn trm ( p ) l s gam cht tan trong 100 gam dung dch , % ;
C = p . . 10
Trong : C - nng cht tan (g/l)
p - Nng %
- T trng dung dch , g/cm
3
.
Tnh nng ng lng N t nng C (g/l) theo cng thc :

M
Z C
N
.
=

C
M N
z
=
.

Trong M - Phn t lng ca cht
z - Ho tr

7.1.2 Cc thng s ca quy trnh m
1. Mt dng in trn catt D
k
hoc trn ant D
a
l nhng thng s ch
yu ca qu trnh in phn. Mt dng in l t s cng dng in trn
din tch in cc , thng c biu din theo n v : ( A/ dm
2
).
2. Qu trnh in phn tun theo nh lut Faraday : lng kim loi kt ta
trn catt hoc ho tan trn ant t l thun vi in lng qua dung dch. in
lng tnh bng cu lng.
3. Lng cht kt ta hoc ho tan trong 1 ampe gi c gi l
ng lng in ho v tnh theo cng thc [16]:
74
a
A
Z
=
. , 286

Trong : A - nguyn t lng ca kim loi;
Z - ho tr
28,6 - s in lng (28,6 ampe . gi= 96.500 cu lng )
4. Lng kim loi kt ta hoc ho tan c tnh theo cng thc :
m = a.I.t.
m - Lng kim loi ( gam , g)
I - Cng dng in ( Ampe, A )
t - Thi gian ( gi , h)
a - ng lng in ho ( gam/ (A.h) ( Cr a = 0,323 ; Fe a = 1,043 )
- H s hu ch ca qu trnh
5. Hiu sut dng in
Trn catt , ngoi ion kim loi kt ta cn c ion hydro. V th kim loi
bm trn catt khng bng lng kim loi tnh theo nh lut Faraday. T s lng
kim loi kt ta trn lng kim loi l thuyt tnh theo nh lut Faraday
gi l hiu sut dng in
=
m
a I t . .
.% 100
6. Tnh dy lp m [ 13]

. S
m
= m - lng kim loi ho tan in ho
S - Din tch, - t trng.

=
D a t
k
. . .
.1000

Trong : - dy trung bnh, mm
- T trng kim loi m g/cm
3
.
- Hiu sut dng in %
t - Thi gian m (gi ) h
a - ng lng in ho g/(A.h)
T cng thc (*) ta tnh c thi gian cn m.
t
D S
k
=
. .
.
1000

I = D
k
. S S - din tch b mt kim loi m (mm
2
)
8. Kim tra tnh cht ca lp m
Kim tra do v bn x rch: Xc nh bn x rch
b
. l t s
lc x rch cc i F
max
(kp) v tit din vt m b b x rch A (mm
2
)

S
F
B
max
= (kp/mm
2
)
75
9. cng : [ 5]

S
F
HV
max
= (kp/mm
2
)
S - Din tch ln (mm
2
)
F
max
- Lc p (kp)

Nu > 100 m , cng c o bng mi kim cng, trn cc my o
thng thng.
Nu < 100 m , o bng mi kim cng c gc m 136
o
.
cng Vicker c o bng cng thc :

2
. 4 , 1854
d
F
HV
m
= d - su ca vt ln (m)
F - Lc tc dng
Bng 7 - 1
Lp m cng Vicker HV, Mpa
Niken nng
Lnh
Ho hc
1400 - 1600
3000 - 5000
6500 - 9000
Crm M crm sa
M crm cng
T dung dch tetracromat
4500 - 6000
7500 - 11000
3500 - 4000
St 4500 - 7000
Vng 400 - 600
Km 400 - 600
Cadimi 350 - 500
Thic 120 - 300

10. bm - c th bng phng php b gy mu, hoc xon.
11. chu mi mn c kim tra bng cch cho th ma st.
12. bng kim tra bng cch so snh nh sng phn chiu.
13. bn n mn th bng phi mu t nhin v phi mu trong hi mui.
Kim tra dung dch m
Gi tr pH cng thp th dung dch cng mang tnh axit, pH cng cao th
dung dch cng mang tnh kim.
Khi mui tc dng vi nc to thnh kim v axit gi l phn ng thu
phn.
Mui axit mnh tc dng vi kim mnh (NaCl) s khng thu phn,
dung dch in ly l trung tnh.
Mui axit yu+ kim mnh s thu phn cho mi trng kim.
Dung dch m c kh nng lm gim mt lng ng k ion H
+
hoc
(OH)
-
ca cc mui axit yu + kim mnh hoc axit mnh + kim yu gi cho gi
76
tr pH khng thay i nhiu khi thm axit hoc kim vo dung dch m axit boric
- mui borat, axit axtic - mui axtat v amniac - mui amn.
14. Nng pH

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Tnh axit mnh axt yu kim yu Kim mnh
Trung tnh


Hnh 7 - 1 Lin h tnh axit, tnh baz v nng pH

pH ca dung dch c nh hng ln n :
+ dn in ca dung dch in ly
+ ho tan v bn vng ca cc cht
+ ho tan v th ng in ho ca ant
+ qu trnh gii phng hydro
+ qu trnh kt ta kim loi tnh cht lp kim loi c kt ta.
+ thu phn cc mui kim loi;
+ kt ta cc hp cht kim.
Khi qu trnh m cn duy tr v n nh pH trong phm vi nht nh.
Nu pH thay i s lm xu cht lng m nh tng dn, gy, r, bong,...
n nh v duy tr pH ca dung dch trong phm vi nht nh, ngi
ta thng cho cc cht ph gia gi l cht m. Cht m c kh nng to ion H
+

khi thiu hay kt hp bt ion tha.
Khi m Ni, cht m thng dng l axit boric (H
3
BO
3
.
in cc kim loi b ho tan l ant (ni vi cc dng ca ngun in )
Kim loi c th tiu chun khc nhau nn lp m c th c in th dng
hn hoc m hn so vi kim loi nn.
Nu kim loi lp m c in th m hn so vi kim loi nn : lp m b ho
tan ant nn c gi l lp m ant.
Hnh 7-2 S n mn ca lp m ant

Nu kim loi lp m c in th dng hn so vi kim loi nn : kim loi nn b
tan nu lp m c r, lp m ny c gi l lp m catt.
Zn c th in cc - 0,76 V
Km b n mn
Fe c th in cc - 0,44 V
Kim loi c bn - st c bo v
Zn
Fe
77

Hnh 7- 3 S n mn ca lp m Katt

7.2 S nguyn l m in
















Hnh 7 - 4 S nguyn l ca m in [24]
1 - Dung dch in phn 2 - Ant (Cc dng);
3 - Katt ( Cc m ); 4 - Ion dng ( cation )
5 - Ion m ( anion ) 6 - Nguyn t trung ho

Katt ( cc m ) ni vi chi tit cn m. Chi tit ny c nhng vo dung
dch in phn (thng l mui hoc a xid c cha kim loi cn m)
Ant ( cc dng) l thanh hay tm kim loi ng cht vi lp cn m ln chi
tit (in cc tan nh Ni, Cr,... ) hoc l in cc khng tan : ch, grafit - in cc.
Ant thng c ch to t kim loi cn m ln chi tit (in cc tan). Thng
thng khi c dng in i vo dung dch in ly th ant b ho tan (in cc tan).
Nhng do mt dng in ant ln hoc thnh phn dung dch khng ng th
ant khng tan m ch c oxy thot ra, ant b en. Qu trnh ho tan ant b km
hm gi l s th ng. chng th ng ngi ta cho vo cc cht hot ng
(active) nh ion : Cl, F, Br,...
A
+ +
1
2
2
3

+

6-12 V
Sn c th in cc - 0,14 V
Fe c th in cc - 0,44 V
St b n mn
Sn
Fe
4
5
6
78
Dung dch in phn l dung dch nc ct vi cc mui kt ta. i khi
ngi ta cn cho thm mt t axit lm tng cht lng m v tng cng qu
trnh m.
Trong k thut m ngi ta s dng rng ri cc dung dch axit, baz, v mui.
Trong dung dch axit, th phn ly thnh H
+
v gc axit .
Trong dung dch kim th phn ly thnh ion kim loi v ion hydroxit OH
--
.
Trong dung dch mui th phn ly thnh ion kim loi v gc axit.
M in l qu trnh in phn khi dng in chy qua dung dch. Sau
khi c dng in chy qua dung dch in phn, ant bt u phn hu (ho tan)
v di chuyn vo dung dch 4 v ng thi c gii phng oxy. Cc ion bt u
chuyn ng theo hai hng : Ion dng s theo chiu dng in chy v catt
nhn in t v b kh; ion m chy v ant b mt in t - b xy ho.
Ti catt ( chi tit): xy ra s lng ng kim loi v gii phng hydro. Ion
dng i v pha catt ; nhng ion kim loi cc dng ho tan trong dung dch
in phn hoc nhng ion dng ca kim loi trong dung dch in phn s bm
ln b mt chi tit cn m ( catt ).
Ti ant : - ion m i v pha ant ;
Khi tip xc vi cc in cc, cc ion s bin thnh cc nguyn t trung
ho lm cho lng cc ion trong dung dch s gim xun nn chng phi thng
xuyn c b sung bng cc ion do ant ho tan vo, hay do b sung dung dch
mi.

7.3 c im ca phng php m phc hi
u im
Lp bm chc;
C l ho tnh tt;
Kim loi c bn khng b nh hng nhiu n tnh cht v c tnh ca kim
loi c bn;
Hnh dng hnh hc t b thay i;
M ch ph hp v vic phc hi cc chi tit c chnh xc cao v lp dy
khng ln;
M c th ng dng ci thin b mt ca chi tit; Cho b mt c cc tnh
cht c bit nh cng cao, chu mi mn;
Bo v kim loi v tng tui th cho chi tit (Chng n mn,...) ;
Nhc im
Thi gian m rt lu, iu kin lm vic kh khn.
Chiu dy lp m b hn ch;
Cht lng lp m ph thuc :
Cht lng chun b b mt;
Nhit m;
axit ca dung dch;
79
Thnh phn ca dung dch;
Mt dng in D ( A/dm
2
);
T l gia din tch S
catt
/ S
ant
.

7.4 Quy trnh m
1. Chun b ;
2. Tin hnh m;
3. Giai on x l sau khi m.
7.4.1 Giai on chun b
Tch ring cc chi tit cn m ra khi cc chi tit khc.
Khc ph cc sai s b mt v hnh dng v kch thc ca chi tit cn m nh
: gia cng c (tin, mi, nh bng, ...)
m bo sch, bng v chnh xc.
Ty sch du m bng cc phng php th cng (gi lau, bn chi st, chi
lng), c hc (siu m), ho hc (ty trong dung dch kim nng, cc dung
mi,...), in ho (ty bng cat tt, ty du m ant), ...
+ Ty du m bng phng php ho hc
Dng nc vi CaO, MgO, nc vi thi khi hn gi ty.
+ Bng phng php in phn
Cho chi tit vo b c cha dung dch kim, cho dng in mt chiu i
qua, chi tit ni vi cc m, tm thp ni vi cc dng, khi c dng in i qua
th b mt chi tit c gii phng H
2
v cc bt kh. Cc bt kh ny c tc dng
khoy dung dch, ph hu mng du trn b mt chi tit lm cho du phn tn vo
dung dch dng nh tng. tng hiu qu ty thnh thong nn i in cc
(chi tit ni vi cc dng (+).
+ Ty sch du m bng siu m s dng dung dch ty [ 5 ]
Dng siu m rung v xo trn dung dch, sau ty ra chi tit bng
nc nng v treo chi tit vo b m.
+ Ty du m bng catt
Khi c dng in i qua, lng hydro sinh ra trn catt ln gp i lng
xy sinh ra trn ant. Bt kh i ln, khoy dung dch v tch cht bn ra khi b
mt kim loi, lc ny kim loi l catt. Cc chi tit tch in m y cc ht cht
bn tch in m.
Nhc im ca ty catt l cc chi tit tch in m s ht cc ion Cu
2+
, Zn
2+
, v
cc ion khc : x phng, cc cht keo ti b mt in cc.
Cc nguyn t hydro sinh ra trn cc chi tit kim loi c th bm v hp th
trn b mt kim loi, gy nh hng n kt ta trn b mt chi tit. Cc kim loi
mu thng c ty du catt, l do in tch m ca b mt ngn cn kh
nng ho tan kim loi mu trong mi trng kim, ngn nga hin tng to mng
oxyt trn b mt kim loi mu.


80
+ Ty du m bng ant
B mt kim loi tch in dng (+) y cc cation cht bn. B mt kim
loi khng hp th xy nn tnh cht kim loi khng gim st. Kim loi mu
khng th ty ant qu vi giy v dng ant (b mt in tch dng) lm cho kim
loi mu d b ho tan trong dung dch kim. Trong qu trnh ty du b mt kim
loi mu li b oxy ho mnh v b che ph bng mng c - cht c ch c th
ngn cn s xy ho.
Ty sch lp oxyd
Ty sch du m ln cui
Chn ngun in cho b m :
+ S dng my pht in, ngun in qua chnh lu,...
+ Dng in mt chiu
+ Dng mt chiu nhng i cc theo nhng chu k nht nh. S dng
dng i cc cho php tng mt dng J ln t 1,5 - 3 ln. Do cho php tng
nng sut, nng cao cht lng t chc m, c tnh lp m; qu trnh m ch yu
cu nhit thp.
+ Dng chu k khng sin (na chu k khi catt (cc m) ni vi chi tit th
gi lu hn so vi na chu k chi tit ni vi cc dng (+). Khi tin hnh o
chiu th thi gian chi tit mang in m (-) nhiu hn 8 - 10 ln khi chi tit mang
in dng (+) [24].
+ in p : 6 - 18 V
7.4.2 Tin hnh qu trnh m
G lp chi tit ln b m (m bo bn, tip xc in tt , c tit din ph hp
dng in...)
7.4.3 Giai on x l sau khi m
Sau khi m c th c cc cng vic cn thc hin nh sau:
Ra sch chi tit;
Thu hi dung dch bm theo chi tit;
Kh ho cht cn dnh li trn chi tit;
Tho chi tit, g cch in v sy kh;
Ngm chi tit trong du bi trn ;
Gia cng ngui nu cn thit;
Doa v nh bng theo tng ct sa cha ca xylanh.

7.5 M Crm. [8, 16]

7.5.1 c im
Theo l thuyt crm d b n mn hn st (Cr - 0,744V; Fe - 0,44V) Nhng
nh lp oxyt Cr
2
O
3
trn b mt kh bn vng trong nhiu mi trng xm thc,
khng b n mn trong kh quyn, Cr bn nhiu trong axid v kim nh: HCl,
HNO
3
, N ch tan trong cc a xid trn nhit cao nn ni chung n c tnh
nng bo v tt.
81
Cr c cng cao ch xp sau kim cng v Corundum ( Al
2
O
3
) cng t
t 310 - 1050 HB ( tng ng mc thp tt nht sau nhit luyn.
Crm chu c mi mn, chu c n mn, khng b hydrsulfua ( H
2
S ) ph
hu;
Lp m Crm c n nh ho hc cao;
Lp m Crm cos bng cao, trong sng p, khng b bin i theo thi
gian ( n nhit 400 - 500
o
C vn khng b i mu) phn x nh sng tt.
Chnh v l m m crm c s dng rt rng ri .
7.5.2 Cng dng v phm vi s dng ca phng php m
crm
Tng c tnh cho b mt chi tit
Lm tng chu mi mn c hc
ng dng m ln cc chi tit my, khun c thu tinh, khun dp nha,
khun p cao su, ...
M cc loi dng c chnh xc lm tng tui th ln khong 5-10 ln;
M cc chi tit lm vic nhit cao nh ng hi, vng gng ca ng c t
trong,...
M phc hi cc chi tit b mi mn v ht thi gian s dng; rt
thch hp vi nhng chi tit cn ti luyn b mt, cc chi tit cn cng cao
(nh trc quay, c qu nn, trc tay li, piston bm cao p . Chiu dy lp m
c th t n trn 500 m
M trang tr ln cc b mt cn p , bn, bng,...
M bo v ln cc b mt chi tit.
Chiu dy lp m bo v bng Ni c th t n trn 0,5 - 1,5 m
Chiu dy lp m bo v bng Cu c th t n trn 6 - 9 m
tng chu mi mn c th t 7 - 60 m

Ch :
Lp m Cr l lp m catt, c nhiu l nn khng bo v c st thp khi
b n mn. V th khng th m trc tip Cr ln st chng r c v ti nhng v
tr h s hnh thnh pin ho hc Cr-Fe , gy nn n mn i vi st khi tip xc vi
khng kh m. Cho nn trc khi m Cr bao gi cng m hai lp lt l Cu v Ni,
khi dy lp Crm m ch cn mng na thi (c micrmt ).
To bng cao tng kh nng phn x trong quang hc. Crm c
th m ln b mt c bng cao, sng, lm gng phn chiu thay v phi dng
bc ( Ag) t.
Tng kh nng bi trn bng m Crm xp c ng dng cho nhng chi
tit cn bi trn v cc l xp c cha cc l rng c kh nng ch du bi
trn.


82
7.5.3 c im ca qu trnh m Crm.
Khi m cc c u c thot bt kh c bit l cc m . Ta c th da vo
tnh trng bt kh nhn bit cc mc c chnh xc hay khng.
a. Cn mt ngun in mnh v phi lm vic vi mt dng in cao.
Mt dng ti thiu kt ta Cr ln hn 5 - 10 ln so vi trng hp m cc
kim loi khc nh Zn, Cd, Fe, Ni, Cu, ...
b. Thnh phn chnh ca dung dch m khng phi l mui kim loi
m l a xid cromic trong dung dch c c mt s anion khc bo m cht
lng lp m nh SO4
- -
Dung dch ny t nhy vi cc ion kim loi, nhng cc
iu kin m nh nhit , mt dng in lm thay i cht lng lp m d
dng hn bt k qu trnh m no khc.
c. in tr ring ca dung dch m Cr cao nn in th m phi
bng 10-12 V.
d. M Crm thng dng ant l ch, khng dng Crm v Crm dn,
tc tan nhanh hn tc m. Nn phi thng xuyn b sung dung dch b
li lng Crm kt ta.
e. Hiu sut dng catt khi m Crm thp do trn b mt ca tt c
Hydr gii phng, cn trn b mt ant khng tan th o xy thot ra mnh. Cc kh
thot ra cun theo mt lng cc cht in phn lm hao ht cc cht in phn.
lm gim lng hao ht ny cn phi b sung mt lng ho cht vo dung
dch " Crmin " ( CrO
2
) lm gim sc cng b mt ca cht in phn. Cng c
th thm vo cc thnh b cc mu hoc cc vin bi ni lm t vt liu tr
(polyetylen, polypropilen, teflon
f. Kh nng m u ca dung dch m Cr thp, nn ch c th m
ln b mt m ng nht m thi nhng lc lp m vn c bng cao m
khng cn cc ph gia lm bng khc.
g. Ant c s dng loi khng tan do vy phi thng xuyn b
sung lng dung dch b li lng Cr kt ta.
h. Phn loi lp m crm
C 3 lp m Cr khc nhau :
*-Lp m Crm xm; loi ny c cng cao nht (72 HRC), nhng
dn, d bong tch khi b mt nn t dng.
*-Lp m Crm trng bng; C cng va phi ( 64-65 HRC)
900 HB c bm v c tnh tt.
*- Lp m Crm trng sa c cng 48-50 HRC c c tnh tt,
chc,
k. Dung dch m crm
* Dung dch long
C nng : 150-200 gam/lt CrO
3
+ (1,5 G/L H
2
SO
4
)
83
Dung dch c nng CrO3 thp dng m crm cng, m phc hi
cc chi tit my; v cng lp m cao, hiu sut dng in cao 16-18 % v c
th s dng mt dng in cao. Dung dch t b tn tht.
* Dung dch long va
C nng : 200-250 gam/lt CrO
3
+ (2,5 G/L H
2
SO
4
)
Kh nng phn b trung bnh, dung dch n nh, lp m tt dng m
phc hi.
* Dung dch c
C nng : 250-500 gam/lt CrO
3
+ (3,5 G/L H
2
SO
4
)
Dung dch ny kh n nh, dn in cao, kh nng phn b tt, nhng
mt dng (J ) cao , lp m mm, dung dch b hao ht nhiu nn ch dng
m trang tr.
Thnh phn dung dch m crm cng xem bng 7-2 dng cho m cc chi
tit nh khun, trc, xilanh, dng c o.
Chiu dy lp m t khong t 20 - 250 m.
Bng 7-2 [16]
Thnh phn
dung dch
n v
tnh
Dung dch
N1

N2

N3

N4
CrO3 G/lt 150-250 150-250 200 - 300 200 - 250
H2SO4 G/lt 1,5 - 2,5 1,5-2,5 2 - 3 10 - 20
Cht cromil
CrO2
G/lt - 3 1 - 3 1 - 3
Nhit
o
C
54 2
45 - 70 50 - 80 57 - 75
D A/dm
2
35 - 50 15 - 100 15 - 35 20 - 40
Hiu sut
dng
% - 12 - 15 13 - 15 20 - 25

7.5.4 Cc phng php m crm

1. Mt s c im ca ch m c in
in p 6 - 8 V
D
a
50 - 80 A/dm
2

T
o
C 50 - 60
o
C
Cn kim tra nng dung dch, pH, nng cc cht pha vo dung dch.
Nhc im kh m bo ng u ca dung dch cng nh cht lng
m.
2. Ch m hin i
C thit b hin i :
Kim tra khng ch quy trnh m.
T ng iu chnh nng dung dch;
Dng dung dch t iu chnh hoc kt hp vi thit b c iu chnh
c thnh phn theo yu cu
84
V d mt loi dung dch khi m crm :
SrSO
4
= 6 g/L
CrO
3
= 200-300 g/L
K
2
SiF
6
= 20 g/l
K
2
CrO
4
= 110 g/L
T iu chnh c v SrSO
4
ho tan dung dch CrO
3
theo t l nht nh
(250 g/l CrO
3
ho tan 2,5 g/l SrSO
4
, phn d ra kt ta lng ng khi Cr
+++

gim dn .
* Nhit c iu chnh nh kt cu l hai lp.
Bn trong l cht do hay Graft
Bn ngoi l v thp
gi hai lp l nc nng hay hi c th iu chnh c nhit b
m. ( Sai s iu chnh 1-2
o
C).
Ch m o cc
tng cng cht lng m ngi ta s dng phng php o cc, v
nu khng th dung dch b long dn gia hai cc; H
+
lm cho b mt lp m tng
cng cn tr qu trnh m.
V d :
- Da = 60 A/dm2
- t (-) = 9 pht
- t (+) = 15 giy
Cht lng lp m tt hn khi khng o cc.
+ u im ca phng php m o cc :
- Nng sut tng gp 3 ln
- Kh nng chng mn tng 30 %
- Sc bn mi tng 25 %
+ B m phi cch in v khng b n mn.

7.5.5 V d quy trnh m xylanh

1. Chun b chi tit cn m ( xy lanh)
Lm sch
2. Chun b b m
Cho CrO
3
vo b;
Cho nc ct vo vi T
o
C = 50
o
C;
Cho dung H
2
SO
4
;
Ni cc + Vi tm ch c pha thm 5 - 10 % Sb (Antimoan)
Cc m (-) vo chi tit ;
3. Ch m c trng
Da 50-80 A/dm
2
.
T 50-60
o
C
85
t 6-8 gi
4. Gia cng x l sau khi m
Ra sch chi tit trong thng nc ct;
Thu hi dung dch bm theo xylanh;
Ra li bng nc thng;
Ngm vo dung dch cha 5-3 % NaCO
3
kh ho cht cn dnh li;
Ra sch bng nc nng;
Tho chi tit, g cch in v sy kh T = 100 - 120
o
C;
Ngm chi tit trong du bi trn T = 160 - 200
o
C t 1-2 gi ;
Gia cng ngui nu cn thit ;
Doa v nh bng theo tng ct sa cha ca xylanh.

7.6 M ni ke
Tnh cht ca ni ken
Ni ken c mu trng bc,
Dn in , dn nhit tt,;
D nh bng v d hn;
Ni ken b th ng v bn trong cc dung dch trung tnh, kim v axt yu.
C bng cao, ng dng trong k thut quang hc;
Chiu dy lp m = 5 - 40 m v c kh nng chng n mn;
tit kim ni ken ngi ta tin hnh m lt ng Cu sau mi m Ni vi
tng chiu dy lp m Ni chim khong (50 - 70) % chiu dy ton b.

7.7 M ng
7.7.1 ng v tnh cht ca n
Mu sng , khi b xy ho trong khng kh s bin mu do to thnh lp
oxyt mng v kn.
ng d tc dng vi axit HNO
3
.
Lp ng m bng phng php xianua v dung dch phot pht c cu trc tinh
th mn, kn bo v tt nn thng dng m lt, m bo v gia lp st m
v lp m Ni hay Cr.
Lp ng m bng dung dch axit c cu trc tinh th th v mm, song dung
dch li cho tc m ln, lp m dy nen c th ng dng cho m khun.
Bng cch cho thm cc cht hu c ngi ta c th bin i tnh cht ca lp
m nh cng, bng,...

7.7.2 Cc phng php m ng
a. M ng bng dung dch sun pht, Floborat, diphotphat;
b. M ng bng dung dch xianua;

86


7.8 M km








86
Chng 8 Sa cha phc hi bng phng php hn
Hn phc hi bao gm cc phng php sau :
1. Hn ni cc chi tit li vi nhau do b gy, b ngn ht so vi yu cu,...
2. Hn p phc hi li kch thc lp ghp hay nhn c b mt
chi tit c c cc tnh cht c bit,...
3. Hn khc phc cc h hng do vn hnh : b nt, b st m, b r,...
8.1 c im chung [3, 20, 24, 25]
Thng thng hay dng phng php hn h quang in (xoay chiu, 1 chiu,
chnh lu ) hn kh, hn trong cc mi trng bo v ( di lp thuc hay CO
2
,
Ar, He,..). Cng ngh n gin, nng sut cao v cht lng m bo song
nhc im: d gy bin dng, nt (th i v t vi ), ng sut nhit v mt s
khuyt tt khc ...
i vi chi tit bng thp: Tnh hn tt, thp hm lng cc bon v nguyn t
hp kim cng cao th cng kh hn.
K thut v cng ngh hn : Tnh ton ng ch hn ( I, chn que hn, kim
loi v hp kim b sung, dy hn, thuc hn, chun b mp hn, k thut hn,
kim tra cht lng...
i vi chi tit bng gang: Vt liu hay kim loi thp c chiu dy < 3mm
thng dng hn kh O
2
-C
2
H
2
ngn la c d C
2
H
2
( kh oxy), dng c thuc
hn gang. Tuy vy hn gang bng in cng hay dng v yu cu kht khe hn
hn thp. Thng thng hn gang u phi nung s b t 250-500
0
c hoc 500-
700
0
c. Trong trng hp kh phi dng thuc hn gang, que hn ng thau
hoc que hn hp kim mnen, c th vt mp mi hn v to vt cy bng cht
thp . Khi hn c th nung hoc hn ngui tu theo phng php chn v cng
ngh hn v loi vt liu hn. Vt hn phi lm ngui t t ( cng vi l, vi
trong ct kh... )
nng sut v cht lng cao dng hn t ng hoc bn t ng di lp
thuc hay trong mi trng kh bo v ( CO
2
, acgong Ar...) Hn trong mi
trng thuc bo v cho php dng dy hn trn, tn tht nhit v tn tht vt
liu hn t, cht lng mi hn tt, ... Hn trong mi trng kh bo v n tc
dng mi trng chung quanh nht l N
2
, c th hn nhng v tr khc nhau,
d c kh ho v t ng ho.
8.2 Khi nim v hn p kim loi
Hn p l mt qu trnh em ph ln b mt chi tit mt lp kim loi bng
cc phng php hn, ...
Hn p c th s dng ch to chi tit mi. Dng hn p to nn
mt lp bimetal vi cc tnh cht c bit hoc to ra mt lp kim loi c nhng
kh nng v chu mi mn, tng ma st,... Hn p cng c th dng phc hi
cc chi tit b mi mn do qua thi gian lm vic nh c trc khuu, bnh xe
la,... S dng hn p phc hi cc chi tit my l mt phng php r tin
m kh nng lm vic ca chi tit khng thua km chi tit mi l my.
Vt liu hn p c th l thp cc bon, thp chu mi mn, thp c tnh
cht c bit nh chu nhit, cng cao, bn nhit, chu axt,...
87
8.3 Hp kim ho mi hn p
1. Hp kim ho mi hn p thng qua dy hn, di kim loi p hoc lp
thuc hn thng.
2. Dng dy hn bt, di kim loi vi thuc hn thng
3. Dng dy hn thng vi thuc hn hp kim
4. Dng dy hn v thuc hn thng nhng cho thm vt liu hp kim
trong qu trnh hn.
8.4 Chn vt liu hn p [1, 20]
Phn loi nhm kim loi p theo trng H quc t hn nh sau :
Thnh phn kim loi lp p ph thuc thnh phn kim loi p
Bng 8-1
Dng
thp
K hiu
C Mn Cr Ni W V Mo Co
HK thp A
0,4
0,5-
0,3
0-3 0-3 - - 0-1 - 40
HK thp B
0,4
0,5-
0,3
0-5 0-3 - - 0-1 - 60
Austenit
Mn cao
C 0,5-
1,2
11-
16
0-1 0-3 - - 0-1 - 50
Austenit
Cr-Ni
D

0,3
1-8 13-
30
5-25 - - - - 40
Thp Cr E 0,2-
2
0,3-
1,5
5-30 0-5 0-0,5 0-0,5 0-1 - 45
Thp gi F 0,6-
1,5
0,5
4-6 - 1,5-18 0-3 0-10 0-15 62
GangCr
cao
G 1,5-
5
0-6 25-
35
0-4 0-5 0-1 0-3 0-5 60
Thp chu
nhit Cr-W
H 0,2-
0,5
1,0
1-5 0-5 1-10 0,15-
1,5
0-4 - 45
Hp kim
Mo
+Cr+W
N 0,7-
3
0,4
25-
33
0-3 3-25 - 0-3 30-
70
40
HK Ni vi
Cr+B
Q
a

1,0
- 8-18 65-
85
- - - 1-
1,5
55
HK Ni vi
Mo
Q
b

0,12
- 0-18 60-
80
0-20 0,2-
0,6
8-35 0-
2,5
200
HK cc bit P
3 2,0
- -
45
- - -
67
HB
C cc nhm chnh sau :
A. Thp cc bon hay thp hp kim thp c thnh phn cc bon < 0,4 %
C < 0,25 % thp cacbon thp
C = 0,25- 0,60 % thp cc bon trung bnh
C > 0,60 % thp cacbon cao
B. Thp hp kim thp c thnh phn cc bon > 0,4 % ;
C, . Thp hp kim nhm mang gan ;
D. Nhm Crm niken Cr-Ni
88
E . Cr - Ni
F. Thp gi
G . Nhm gang crm cao
H. Nhm thp Cr - W chu nhit
N . Nhm Coban + Cr + W
Qa . Nhm hp kim ni ken (Ni) vi Cr v Mo )
Qb . Nhm Ni vi Mo
P . Nhm hp kim cacbt
Tu theo loi vt liu m ta chn cc nhm vt liu v cng ngh hn cho
thch hp.
Mt s c tnh ca cc loi nhm thp theo bng 8-1 [20]
chu mi mn tng i l t s khi lng mu chun b mt mt
trn khi lng kim loi b mi mn ca mu th t kim loi p.
S biu din mi mn tng i ca cc nhm vt liu hn p [20].






A B C,
D
E F G H N Qa P
Dng kim loi p phn loi theo trng H Quc t Hn
Hnh 8-1 S biu din mi mn tng i ca cc nhm vt liu hn p
V d :
hn p cc b mt b mn (do ma st) ca chi tit ngi ta s dng que
hn Lin x dng c thuc bc vi thnh phn hp kim [1].
p cc chi tit khng yu cu cng cao (HB300-400) - dng q/h O3H-300,
O3H-350, O3H 400, Y340,... (P.35)
Cc chi tit yu cu cng cao : EHX-25, O3H-250 c li l CB-08 v
CB-15 vi ng knh que hn D nh sau:
(D=3mm, chiu dy thuc bc : 0,80 - 1,00 mm
D= 4mm, chiu dy thuc bc: 1,25 - 1,35 mm
D= 5mm; chiu dy thuc bc: 1,45 - 1,55 mm)

4

3

2

1
89
8.5 Hn p mt s chi tit in hnh [1, 20].
Hn trc thp rn v trc c t thp C45, C50, C55 v mt s thp hp
kim nh 50Cr2, 60CrMn, 50CrNi,... Thng hn p nhiu ln sau thi
hn s dng.
Hn trc cn rng : Thng s dng dy hn bt, chiu su ca mi hn
khong 5 mm.
Hn p trc cn thp nh hnh vi 2 mc ch phc hi kch thc v
tng thi gian lm vic v kh nng chu mi mn. Nu ch phc hi
kch thc th dng vt liu hn thng, cng loi vt liu vi trc; khi
cn tng chu mi mn hoc thi gian lm vic th cn dng dy hn
p hp kim dng Hn-30XCA Ch hn c th chn nh sau : nung
nng 25-150
o
C trnh trc b nt c loi vt liu cn nung nng n
350-400
o
C. Sau khi hn xong thng phi tin hnh ram nhit
520-540
o
C v lm ngui cng l kh ng sut.
Hn p cnh tuc bin : Do vt liu cnh tuc bin c ch to t thp
hp kim thp nn c th s dng dy hn hay di vt liu 1X18H9T
(1Cr18Ni9Ti) hn di lp thuc dng AH-26 ; trnh b nt trong
thuc hn cho thm 80-85 % Al + 15-20% Fe. (chiu rng di kim loi
p B=70 mm, S= 0,6-0,8 mm, I=700-750 A, U=30-34 V, V
h
= 9,6 m/h)
Hn p trc tu c ng knh khong 200 mm th cn nung nhit
200-300
o
C.
8.6 Tnh hn ca kim loi v hp kim .
Tnh hn ca kim loi l kh nng cho php ni lin cc chi tit tho mn
bn v cc yu cu khc (chng g, n mn ...) bng phng php hn gi l
tnh hn cu km loi hay hp kim. Cc bon v thnh phn ho hc ca cc cht
hp kim c nh hng ln n tnh hn cu hp kim .
nh gi tnh hn ca thp ngi ta a ra khi nim lng cac bon
tng ng C
t
.
C
t
= % C + % Mn /6 + %Cr /5 +%V/ 5+%Mo/4+ %Ni /15 + %Cu/13
+ %P/2

Trong , 2 thnh phn Cu v P ch c tnh ton khi Cu > 0,5%
P > 0,05%
nu C
t
< 0, 45% gi l thp c tnh hn tt
C
t
> 0,45 % th c th c cc loi sau y :

Thp c tnh hn tho mn , tc l khi hn c th t c cht lng mi hn
cao nhng phi tun theo mt s quy trnh cng ngh ph ( v d nung nng s
b, nhit luyn ...) .
Thp c tnh hn hn ch , cn c thm cc qu trnh cng ngh ph nh nung
nng s b , s dng thuc hn c bit, nhit luyn sau khi hn. Cht lng
mi hn bnh thng .
90
Thp c tnh hn km, cht lng mi hn khng th t cht lng cao mc
d phi s dng cc qu trnh cng ngh ph. Ngy nay do nn khoa hc v k
thut hn pht trin mnh nn tt c cc kim loi thp c th hn c m
bo cht lng nhit nung nng s b c th tnh theo cng thc ca
Sefariana ( CEAPAHA) [19].

25 , 0 350
"
=
td nnsb
C T

C
t
=% C
t
+ 0,005.S.C
t
= C
t
( 1 + 0,005 S )

C
t
=%C+ 1/9 (% Mn + %Cr) + %Ni/18 + % Mo/13

8.7 Chn kch thc mi hn v bc hn hp l
Khi Hn di lp thuc
Khi hn di lp thuc cn ch vng hn c th tch ln (kim loi que hn,
vt hn v thuc hn). Vng hn cn b tr nm ngang hoc nghing mt gc
nh trnh kim loi lng chy trn ra ngoi. Phn kim loi c bn chim 2/3
cn kim loi p chim 1/3. t c t l trn cn chn bc hn m hp
l v hn ch cng dng in I
h
(xem hnh 8-2)
Khi hn p cc chi tit ln c th cng lc s dng my c nhiu u hn,
hoc cng lc s dng nhiu my. Bng phng php ny c th tng h s p
ln 20 - 40 %, cn thnh phn kim loi c bn s gim xung 20 - 30 %.





Hnh 8-2 Hnh dng lp hn vi chiu rng B ca mi hn
v bc hn m khc nhau [19] (trang.230)
m - bc hn p, B - Chiu rng mi hn p
a / m = 0,9; h s kim loi c bn trong thnh phn l
o
= 0,65 %
b/ m = 0,4;
o
= 0,45 %
n gin ngi ta cn s dng in cc dng tm mng c chiu rng ln. H
s p s cao hn so vi dng que hn. Chiu su nng chy v lng kim loi c
bn cng thp khi chiu rng ca tm in cc cng ln.
C th s dng que hn ng knh ln v khi hn cn chuyn ng qua li
theo chiu rng mi hn. H s p c th t 16-18 g/(A.h)
Trong thc t ngi ta cn s dng kim loi p dng ht th (D = 0,4 - 4 mm)
hoc c th s dng cc dy hn ct ra tng on 2-3 mm. Kt qu kh quan
B
m
d
nc
o
F Fnc
F
+
=
91
cho thy khi t l kim loi p chim khong 75 - 89 % kim loi nng chy v
h s p t 21 - 25 g/(A.h), nng sut hn t 13 - 25 kg/h. Khi s dng dy
hn nng sut t 15-20 kg/h
Thnh phn kim loi c bn trong kim loi mi hn c xc nh theo cng
thc : (1 -
o
) - Phn kim loi p


Hnh 8-3 S xc nh h s
o

Cc phng php nu trn thng dng cho cc chi tit ln; i vi cc chi tit
nh ngi ta s dng phng php hn rung :
+ Tn s 20 - 60 Hz,
+ Bin 0,5 - 3 mm
+ ng knh dy hn khong 0,8 - 1,2 mm,
+ Dng in I = 50 - 100 A
+ ng knh vt hn D = 20 - 80 mm
Hnh 8-4 Ch hn p di lp thuc mt s chi tit [19]
(D - ng knh chi tit, mm)
Hnh 8-5 in p khi hn p di lp thuc mt s chi tit [19]


nc d
nc
nc idap Phankimloa
inongchay phankimloa
o
F F
F
F F
F
+
=
+
=
F

F
nc
200 400 600 800 D
I,
(A)
600


400


200
V,
(m/h)
60

40


20

10
200 400 600 800 D, (mm)
U,
(V)
40

30
20
0 200 400 600 800 I, A
92
8.8 Hn p bng phng php hn in x
Chiu su ca lp nng chy ph thuc vo nhiu yu t :
Mc nung nng chy ng u ca lp x lng.
S lng in cc hn, loi in cc (dy hn, tm in cc,...)
Phng php chuyn ng dy hn hoc vt hn,
S dch chuyn ca b hn
Ch hn : I <= 4000 A U = 28 - 45 V
D vt hn 200 - 300 mm, L <= 400 mm

Hnh 8-6 S nguyn l hn in x [19] .
1 - Kim loi c bn 2 - Lp kim loi p, 3 - in cc
8.9 Hn p bng h quang in cc khng nng
chy









Hnh 8-7 Hn p bng in cc khng nng chy [5], [9]
1 - Hn hp p 2 - in cc khng nng chy
3- Lp vt liu p; 4, 5 - Tm ng

1
2 3 4
5
1
2
3
93
Phng php ny c th p chiu dy 0,3 mm hoc ln hn. Phng php
ny thng s dng hn hp kim bn nhit, chu mi mn,...

8.10 S hn p bng ma st












Hnh 8 - 8 S nguyn l hn p bng ma st
1 - Chi tit 1 (ng vai tr vt liu hn) quay vi vn tc ln 1500-3000 V/ph.
2- Vt liu bt 3- Vt cn hn p ln u mt.

8.11 Hn p trong mi trng kh bo v.
ng dng hn cc chi tit phc tp, khi cn to mt lp v trn b mt
lp p,... Dy hn cn cho thm cc cht kh xy nh Si, Ti, ... v CO
2
l kh hot
tnh. Nhc im ca phng php ny l s bn to ln. gim s bn to cn
hn vi chiu di h quang nh, kim loi dch chuyn theo dng to nn s ngn
mch [6], [8].
8.12 Hn rung
L phng php c trng cho sa cha - phc hi, phng php ny
nng sut cao, vng nh hng nhit nh do chu k nhit xy ra gin on, sau
khi hn chi tit gn nh khng bin dng. Trong qu trnh hn c dng cht
Na
2
CO
3
lm mt ( 0,3 lt/ph) ( 5-6% Natri ccbont + 0,5- 0,6% du my+ ).
Lm mt u phun 2 - 2,5 l/ph.
S nguyn l lm vic ca my hn rung ( xem hnh )
My thng s k thut ca hn rung
Vt hn thng g trn mi tm v trc my tin, u hn lp trn u
bn xe dao.
in p thp 16 - 24 V; chiu su lp nung t,
Lc hn chi tit quay V 0,2 - 0,4
m
/ph. u hn dch chuyn V
2
= 2-
3
mm
/vng, chiu dy mi lp hn 0,5-3,5mm, dng dng knh que hn
d=1,2-2,5mm, sau hn lp kim loi t cng HRC = 38-56.
Dng ph ln kim loi chu mi mn, chu nhit hoc kim loi c cc
tnh cht khc theo yu cu.
P
1 2
3
P
94















Hnh 8 -9 S nguyn l hn rung
1 Ngun in; 2 - Chi tit; 3 - Bung cung cp dung dch lm mt
4 - Dy kim loi; 5 - C cu to rung

8.13 S hn p phc hi mt s dng chi tit
8.13.1 Hn phc hi chi tit hnh tr
Hnh 8 - 10 S hn p trc hnh tr


Hnh 8 - 11 S hn p tip xc bng di kim loi
1 - in cc p; 2 - Di kim loi p; 3 - Chi tit cn phc hi;
4 - Lp kim loi p.



1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4
P
2
3
5
1
4
95



Hnh 8 -12 S hn p tip xc bng bt kim loi
1 - in cc p; 2 - Bt kim loi; 3 - Chi tit cn phc hi;
4 - Lp kim loi p.

8.13.2 Hn phc hi cc chi tit bng gang
Hn trn cht thp
Hnh 8 - 13 Hn phc hi trn cht thp
1 - chi tit bng gang; 2 - Cht thp


Khc phc vt nt trn chi tit bng gang


Hnh 8 -14 Hn khc phc vt nt
1 - vt hn; 2 - l khoan chn; 3 - Vt nt
Khoan chn vt nt 2 u; Sau tin hnh hn




1
2
2
3
1
2
1
P
96
8.13.3 Mt s ng dng ca hn p bnh rng.
Hnh 8-15 Hn p cc bnh rng b mn










Hnh 8-16Hn ni km mi ghp ren


Hnh 8-17 Hn ni kiu vt




Mi hn
97
Hnh 8- 18 Hn ni kiu vt m dng





Hnh 8 - 19 Hn ni cc mt u





















98









Hnh 8 - 8 Hn ni cc trc b gy, hng






1
2
3
8
4
5
6
98
Chng 9 Phc hi bng phun p [1, 3, 14, 19, 20]
9.1 Khi nim
Phun ph kim loi cn gi l kim loi ho (metallization) hoc l Schoop
(theo tn mt k s ngi Thu S l U.M. Schoop 1910).
Nguyn l chung khi phun Kim loi lng c phun vo b mt
cn phc hi. nung chy kim loi c th s dng h quang in, h quang
Plasma, ngn la hn kh, .... Khi phun kim loi lng c dng kh nn thi lm
phn tn thnh cc lp sng m rt nh, bn ln b mt vt c lm sch.
u phun kim loi gi l pistole.
Nguyn l chung to lc phun kim loi :
Dng hi p c p sut cao thi mnh vo git kim loi lng lm
ph v lc cn bng trn b mt (ln hn sc cng b mt ca git kim loi
lng) v bin thnh cc ht nh theo lung hi hi kh nn p vo b mt
vt cn phc hi, dnh kt ht lp ny n lp khc v to nn lp kim loi
p trn b mt.










Hnh 9-1 S nguyn l u phun kim loi bng h quang in
1- Dy hn; 2 - Khng kh nn 3 - Con ln cp dy hn;
4 - Lp kim loi p 5 - Kim loi nn
Phc hi bng u phun h quang c 2 dy kim loi
vung gc.









Dy hn

1
1
2
3
4
5

H quang
Kh nn
Dy hn
Dy hn
99


Hnh 9-2 S nguyn l u phun kim loi bng 2 dy hn b tr vung gc.



Phc hi bng phun p bt kim loi












Hnh 9 - 3 S phun p bng bt kim loi



Hnh 9-4 S nguyn l phun p bng h quang plasma [19, 20]
1- Ngun in trc tip; 2- Bin tr; 3- Ngun in gin tip
4- Oxilograph (my dao ng) 5- Kh nn 6- M phun;
7- Kh bo v; 8- Ngun cp bt 9- Kh vn chuyn bt vo;


1
2
1 - Dng kh nn c
p sut cao.
2 - Bt kim loi
3 - Lp kim loi p
4 - Kim loi c bn
5 - u phun
3
4
5
1
2
4
5
6
7
8
9
100




Phc hi bng u phun p kh nn vi dy kim loi nng
chy.













Hnh 9 - 4 S phun p bng u phun kh vi dy kim loi nng chy

Hnh 9 - 5 Hnh dng ngai u phun p bng ngn la kh

9.2 ng dng : chng g, phc hi, trang tr v bo v [14, 19]
1. Phc hi cc chi tit my mn
2. Sa cha cc khuyt tt ca vt c
3. Sa cha cc khuyt tt xut hin khi gia cng c kh
4. Bo v chng g mi trng kh quyn
5. Bo v chng g nhit cao
6. Thay th kim loi mu bng kim loi phun
Kh p v kh to ngn
la nung chy kim loi
dy hn
u phun
bng kh chy
Dy kim loi
101
7. Trang tr 65 % bo v chng g
35 % phc hi cc chi tit my b mn
ng dng ca k thut phun ph nhm v km cho cc cng trnh cu
thp, cn cu ln, b cha ln, thit b ct truyn hnh, cng thp ln, v
tu, thit b tu Bin bo ng thu v nhng kt cu thp ln. [3]
Phc hi kch thc v phc hi hnh dng hnh hc.
Phc hi cc b mt b mn m kh hn p nh c trc khuu cam, chi
tit khng yu cu chu mi mn cao, cc b mt lp ghp c nh (l lp
ln,...

9-3 c im ca phun ph vt liu

u im
1. Phun kim loi rt thch hp cho vic phc hi trc khuu, bi, cht,... v sa
cha cc khuyt tt ca c
2. Phun ph c th ph mt lp c cc kim loi nguyn cht, cc hp kim hoc
phi kim ln cc b mt vt liu nh kim loi, s, g, vi, giy,...
3. Bng phun kim loi c th to ra nhng lp dn in trn vt khng dn in;
to cc lp chu nhit,...
4. Kim loi lp phun bng h quang hoc bng ngn la kh c th cho tnh cht
khng khc nhau. V d khi phun nhm bng h quang in s cho kh nng
chng g tt hn so vi cc phng php khc.
5. Kh nng ng dng ca phun kim loi khng b hn ch v kch thc ca vt
cn ph. V thit b phun c th di chuyn d dng, c th xch tay.
6. Lp kim loi p c tnh chu mi mn, bn, cng cao ( tu theo vt liu
lp kim loi p. c bit vt liu ph thng c kh nng chng mi mn :
Thp khng g, ng thau, nhm, hp kim nhm ca Ni,...
7. Phun plasma c ng dng phun vt liu c nhit nng chy cao : W,
Mo, Cr,...
8. Phc hi cc chi tit my bng phun l bin php tch cc s dng cc chi
tit my, my mc thit b b hng hoc mt chnh xc. Nguyn liu dng
cho phc hi rt nh so vi khi lng ton b chi tit; chi ph cho phc hi
cng rt nh. Phc hi c cc trc, b mt cong, phng b mi mn. Khng
ph hoi tnh nguyn vn ca chi tit.
9. Phun phc hi c th m bo cht lng cao, trong mt s trng hp m
bo tnh cht vt liu tt hn vt liu nn.
10. Khng ph hoi kt cu kim tng ca kim loi gc v nhit phun ln
chi tit khng cao.
11. Chiu dy lp phun p kh ln, c th phc hi cc b mt b mn
nhiu.
12. Lp kim loi phun dy v xp nn c kh nng tch lu du bi trn,
gim ma st, tng kh nng chu mi mn
102
13. Cng ngh phun n gin, d thao tc, nng sut cao so vi m khong
tu theo mc mi mn v phc tp b mt cn phc hi 9 - 60% so
vi m.
14. C th phun kim loi mu v hp kim bc bit nn tit kim c kim loi
mu .
15. Khi phun c s dng kh nn. Thit b n gin.
16. Nng sut cao.
17. Cht lng phun p ph thuc : cht lng b mt kim loi, tc
phun, p lc kh nn, lng kim loi nng chy, kch thc kim loi bt,
...
Nhc im [1, 14]
Mi lin kt gia kim loi lp ph v kim loi nn cn thp;
Khng kh nn dng phun kim loi yu cu khng ln du m v hi m. V
hi m i qua vng h quang s b phn hu v xy ho mnh cc ht kim loi
nn lm gim cht lng lp phun. Hi m cn lm gim nhit vng h
quang, lm gim nhit ca cc ht trong qu trnh to sng m. Do lm
gim mc bin dng ca chung khi va p vo b mt. Du m ln trong
khng kh p s to thnh mng du ngn cch gia lp phun vi chi tit, gia
cc ht phun vi nhau lm gim cht lng bm chc ca lp phun vi kim
loi nn. Tn tht kim loi nhiu;
nh hng n sc bn ca chi tit (gim gii hn mi ca chi tit)
B mt phun lun lun yu cu phi lm sch v to nhp nh;
i hi tay ngh cao;
iu kin lm vic nng nhc;
Lp kim loi phun c cng nh v dn hn kim loi dy
Lp kim loi phun c sc bn ko nh.
bm ln kim loi gc rt yu nn khng dng phc hi cc chi tit chu
lc ko, va p, ...

9.4 S hnh thnh lp phun ph
9.4.1 Theo thuyt ca Pospisil -sehyl
Lp phun ph c hnh thnh do cc git kim loi lng b phun bng dng kh
nn vi tc trung bnh 200 m/s. Cc ht ny b ph v thnh rt nhiu ht
nh :
Cc ht m xyt ca n khi phun th lng th lun to thnh cc ht c dng
hnh cu (nh thp,...).
Cc ht kim loi m xyt ca n khi phun th rn s to thnh nhng ht c
dng khng ng u, a cnh. V d nh nhm, km,...
Theo thuyt ny cc phn t kim loi trong thi im va p trn b mt l
th lng
103
9.4.2 Theo thuyt ca Schoop
Kh nn cung cp nng lng kh nn cho cc ht kim loi. Khi va p vo
b mt vt phun c xy ra s thay i nhit. Khi ra khi ming vi phun chng b
ngui dn v ng c rt nhanh do tc dng ca dng kh nn. Trong thi im
va p chng s c s bin dng do, do vy chng lin kt vi nhau thnh nhng
lp lin kt. Nhit ca tia kim loi b gim xung rt thp (50-100
o
C) nn c
th ph ln nhng vt liu d chy m khng xy ra s chy.
9.4.3 Theo thuyt ca Karg, Kasch, Reininger
Cc tc gi ny cho rng cc ht kim loi b ngui v ng c l do tc
dng ca ngun nng lng ng nng kh nn. Khi i ra t vi phun cc ht
trng thi ngui nn khng xy ra s bin dng do.

9.4.4 Theo thuyt ca Schenk :
Nhit ca cc ht phun phi trn nhit chy lng xy ra s hn cht vi
nhau. iu ny khng ph hp vi thc t v nh vy lp kim loi c s cng s
nng chy gn cc phn t li vi nhau.
S hnh thnh lp phun Xy ra theo cc giai on sau :
1. u dy phun nng chy; Thi gian nng chy v phn tn cc ht kim
loi xy ra rt nhanh : 1/10.000 - 1/100.000 giy v sau mi giy c
khong 7.000 git thp.
2. Cc git kim loi c tch ra t u dy;
3. S bay v va p ca cc ht kim loi ln b mt c chun b. Thi
gian ny khong 0,002 - 0,008 giy
4. Qu trnh lin kt gia cc phn t to nn lp phun.
Qa trnh to thnh lp ph kh phc tp. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy cc
phn t kim loi trong thi trong thi im va p ln b mt phun trng thi
lng v b bin dng rt ln. Trong thi im va p lp xyt phi trng thi lng
nen s bin dng ph thuc vo dng ca cc phn t kim loi phun. Kh nng
bin dng ch yu ph thuc lp v bc ca cc phn t v cc phn t sau ph
thuc vo s bin dng ca cc phn t trc n. Khi cc phn t sau va p ln
cc phn t trc th cc phn t trc hy cn trng thi lng hoc st nn gia
chng d dng xy ra s lin kt kim loi vi nhau.

9.5 Phn loi cc phng php phun :
1. Phun p bng ngn la kh (oxy v cc loi kh chy (C
2
H
2
,...)
2. Phun p bng h quang in
3. Phun p bng dng in cao tn (t 50.000 Hz)
4. Phun p bng h quang plassma
5. Phun p bng sng n.
6. Phun p bng nng lng ca chm tia laser
Phng php phun p bng h quang in :
Cho 2 dy hn (mt dy ni vi in cc m v u kia ni vi in
cc dng tin st vo nhau cho n khi xut hin h quang. Ngun nhit h
104
quang s lm nng chy dy hn. Dng kh c p sut ln s thi mnh git
kim loi lng ny lm chng bay i. Lc h quang tt, nhng dy hn
tip tc tin vo nhau cho n khi ngn mch, cng dng in tng ln
t ngt, trong khonh khc dy hn nng chy, git kim loi lng li b
thi i. Qu trnh ny c th tip tc. Nh vy qu trnh phun bng h quang
l qu trnh h quang ngn mch lin tc.
Thi gian chp mch l : 0,005 - 0,02 giy
Thi gian tng khi tc dy hn tng.
Thi gian h quang chy : 0,003 - 0,005 giy
Qu trnh phun xy ra khng lin tc; Kch thc ht kim loi
trong cc thi im khc nhau s khc nhau so vi thi im chp
mch.
Khi phun phn t xy b phn hu thnh nguyn t xy, do vy
kim loi nng chy b xy ho rt mnh.
* Cc bon c th b chy mt 25 - 35 %
* Silic 25 - 45 %
* Mang gan 35 - 38 %
9.6 Cc yu t nh hng n phun p
Nng cao tc lung kh nn cng nh ko di thi gian t chy dy
hn s to kh nng lm sng ho cc ht kim loi phun ra.
Kch thc cc ht kim loi phun ra thay i trong phm vi rng t 0,002
- (0,2-0,4) mm.
Tc , khi lng v ln ca ht kim loi ca lp phun nh hng
rt ln n kt cu v tnh cht.
Do nhit khng u neencos 2 trng thi ht kim loi : lng v hi.
Tc ht kim loi lc u khong 18 m/s sau tng dn v c th t
200 m/s, (theo Nguyn c Hng V = 50 - 250 m/s)sau li gim dn.
c ly 250 mm vo khong 85 m/s
Thi gian chuyn ng ca ht t u phun n b mt chi tit khong
0,003 giy.
Do thi gian ngn tc di chuyn ln nn ht kim loi cha kp ngui
nn khi va p vo b mt n lm bin dng do v bm cht vo b mt
gia cng.
Nhit thay i ph thuc vo khong cch t u sng phun nh sau :
Khong cch L mm 50 100 200
Nhit ca ht kim loi
o
C 100 980 900
Cu trc b mt lp phun p khng ng nht. Thnh phn ho hc ca
lp kim loi phun p khc nhiu so vi kim loi c bn v mt s
nguyn t b chy ( Si = 25-45%, Mn = 35-38%, S 25-26 %.
Mc xy ho ht kim loi v lp phun nh hng n bn ca lp
p.
105
Lp kim loi phun p c nhiu l xp nn mt lp kim loi ny nh
hn kim loi c bn (lp kim loi nn) trung bnh 6,5 g/cm
3
so vi kim
loi nn l 7,7-7,8 g/cm
3
. Mt tng i ca lp kim loi phun p l
85 % v xp 15 %.
Tr s dn in ca lp kim loi phun p nh hn thp t 13 - 20 ln.
9.7 Tnh cht c l ca lp kim loi phun p [1], [14]
9.7.1 Nhn t nh hng n cng lp kim loi phun p
L nh hng ca c ly phun v p sut kh nn. Trong qu trnh phun, cc
ht kim loi b khng kh thi nn ngui nhanh t nhit trn nng chy xung
cn 100-150
o
C v th mt s ht b ti, mt s khc b xy ho nn cng cao.
Nu thp c %C n 0,4 % cng t HB 150-258
Nu thp c %C n 0,8 % cng t HB 400
Bng 9-1
Phun bng h quang in Phun bng kh chy Phun bng in cao tn
%C HB %C HB %C HB
0,12-0,15 197-220 0,10 192 0,12-0,16 230
0,4 258 0,35 208 0,35 330
0,45 285-300 0,44 230 0,45 401-415
0,8 320 0,62 267 0,64-0,66 440-460











Hnh 9-6 nh hng ca c ly phun n cng lp kim loi phun
Vt liu thp 0,45 %C [1](trang66)
1- cng HB lp kim loi b mt
2- cng HB lp kim loi cch b mt 1,5 mm
9.7.2 Tnh cht lp phun ph
a. bn c hc :
Lp kim loi phun p c bn chu nn cao (80-120 KG/mm
2
)
Tr s bn ko ph thuc phng php phun v hm lng cc bon trong
dy phun xem bng [1].
Bng 9-2
Hm lng C bn ko (KG/mm
2
) ng vi phng php phun
% bng h quang in Bng ngn la kh in cao tn
0 25 50 75 100 125 150 mm
cng HB
320

280

240

200
106
0,15 -0,20 10-12 18-20 11-12
0,25 - 24 14-19
0,4-0,46 11-18 - 22-24
0,6-0,8 14-19 19 18-19
Mc du kim loi lp phun c bn ko khng cao nhng n ch b h hng
khi ng sut t ti tr s bin dng do ca kim loi gc.
Tnh nng c hc ca lp kim loi phun km hn gang v gia cc ht kim loi
phun p c nhiu mng xy ho v c tp cht.
Phun bng in cao tn cho lp phun c c tnh cao :
Dy hn bng thp 45 bn t 22,5 KG/mm
2
. Tng ng bn ca
gang. cng t 400-415 HB
bn mi tng thm 9-13,5 %
Phun bng h quang in
Dy hn bng thp 45: bn t 9,36 KG/mm
2
. Tng ng bn ca
gang cng t 250-260 HB
b. bm : Tnh cht c hc ch yu l bm,
bm l thng s quan trng quyt nh cht lng lp phun p. N ph
thuc phng php phun p, nhit , tc ht, c ly phun v chiu dy lp
phun. Sau khi chun b b mt xong phi tin hnh phun ngay. Thi gian ko di
cng lu th b mt s b xy ho lm cho kh nng dnh bm cng gim, lp kim
loi phun bong. Cht lng ca mi lin kt chy hn v bm c hc ca lp
phun ( bm) ph thuc vo cht lng chun b b mt (ph thuc sch b
mt sn phm), vt liu phun, vt liu nn v cht lng ca cc bc tin hnh
phun. Chiu dy lp phun ph ln hn 3 mm cn b mt c nhm ln (Nguyn
c Hng, P.166).
c. chu mi mn
Trong iu kin ma st kh chu mi mn ca kim loi phun rt km do
n xp, dn,... Trong iu kin bi trn y th kh nng chu mi mn tng vi
cc l r xp chim 5-11 % to nn cc hc cha du bi trn nn ma st nh (h
s ma st khong : f = 0,01-0,04 . Nh c lp xp ny m cho php chi tit my
lm vic bnh thng 100-190 gi sau khi ng du bi trn ht.
Tnh cht bo v chng n mn ca lp phun ph nhm hoc km (Nguyn c
Hng, P.171) ph thuc vo chiu dy, bm, xp v bn cht kim loi lp
ph. Lp ph km c bm tt hn song lp lp nhm c bn n mn cao
hn nn ngi ta thng t hp km vi nhm
m bo thi gian lp bo v l 15 nm th chiu dy lp ph phi t gi
tr nht nh theo bng [5]

Bng 9-3

Chiu dy bo v ti thiu, m
Phng php Lp ph Nng thn Thnh
ph
Cng
nghip
Bin
Zn 120 160 200+sn 200
107
Al
ZnAl
120
-
160
40/200
200
40/250
16
40/200
Al
Zn
ZnAl
200
120
-
300
160
40/200
300
200+sn
40/250
250
200
40/200


Kh nng bn n mn ca lp ph Zn v Al c trnh by bng 9.4 v thi hn
bo v ca cc lp ph c chiu dy khc nhau c trnh by bng 9-5 [5]
Bng 9-4
Cc tc nhn nh hng c trong kh quyn.


Lp
ph
SO
2
40
mg/m
2

Cl
-

trong
khng
kh
PH
cng
Nhit

Cl
-
50
mg/lt
trong
nc
Sunfat,
500
mg/lit
trong
nc
Kim loi
nng gy
n mn
trong H
2
O
Amooni
c, axit
humic
Zn n mn
mnh
n
mn
6,5-
12
Khng
bn
<=
50
o
C
n
mn
mnh
Bn Cu, Fe
3+
,
kim loi
qu
n mn
mnh
Al Bn Bn 4-8,5 Bn Bn n
mn l
Bn
KL
qu
Cu, Fe
3+
, Bn


Bng 9-5 [5]
Chiu dy Vng kh hu
Lp ph
m
g/m
2
. Nng
nghip
Bin Cng
nghp
Nhim
c nng
Zn 50
100
150
315
630
945
21
42
63
12,6
25,2
37,8
6
12
18
3,15
6,3
9,45

9.8 Thit b phun
Ngun in, kh nn, u phun, cc g kp chi tit

u phun :
u phun bt kim loi; u phun dy kim loi
u phun bng h quang,
u phun bng dng cao tn
u phun bng h quang plasma;
u phun dng ngn la kh



108







Hnh 9-7 S nguyn l dy chuyn phun p bng dy kim loi nng chy
9-9 Cng ngh phun
9.9.1 Chun b b mt
Khi chiu dy lp phun ph <= 0,6 mm th nhp nh trn b mt ch cn
dng phng php phun ct hoc phun ht kim loi.
9.9.2Chn vt liu phun p
9.10 Ch phun p c trng :
Lm sch b mt cn phun p.
Chn phng php phun
Chn p lc phun
Chn vn tc dy (mm/s) , cng sut phun ( kg/ph )
Chn gc phun ( 45 - 90
o
)
Chn vn tc phun ( 6 - 20 m/ph ).
Chn khong cch gia u phun n vt phun ( 50 - 300 mm) c th n 600,
700mm. Khoang cch cng gn th dnh bm cng tt hn, tn tht nhit
cng t . Tuy nhin cng phi chn khong cch hp l lp p bm tt .
Cc i lng c trng cho ch phun :
ng kinh dy phun D = 0,8 - 3 mm
p sut kh nn P = 5 - 6 at
Tc ht KL V = 100-200 m/s c th t V = 250
m
/s.
109
Dng in nung chy: Thng 1 chiu, cng c th dng xoay chiu. Dng
in c cng I cao (khong 500A ),
C th s dng ngun nhit ca ngn la kh O
2
- C
2
H
2
,
Phun bng h quang plazma ht kim loi phun = 15 - 20m.
Lp phun yu cu thng t 1-2m 10m.
Ngun nhit c th l ngn la kh hay h quang in,...







Hnh 9 - 8 S nguyn l dy chuyn phun p bng h quang plasma






109
Chng 10 Sa cha phc hi bng bin dng do

10.1 Cc loi bin dng
Bin dng n hi
Bin dng do
Bin dng ph hu
Gia cng bin dng do c th thc hin trng thi nng v ngui

10.2 Cc phng php gia cng bin dng phc hi
kch thc
10.2.1 Chn kim loi
a . Lm tng tit din ngang








a/
b/







c/
Hnh 10 - 1 a - chn mt u, b- chn mt phn mt u,
c - tng kch thc phn b mn mt u

b. Lm phng cc mt u phi







110
Hnh 10-2 Lm phng cc mt u bng ba
b. Lm phng cc mt u phi rng hay hp l








a. Lm rng l b. Lm nh l

Hnh 10 - 3 S nguyen l m rng hay lm hp l

10.2.2 p bc lt hoc cc ng lt


Hnh 10 -4 S p bc lt


111

Hnh 10-5 Cc loi vam dng tho lp, p

10.2.3. Phc hi hnh dng bng phng php un , xon


P





M




P






Hnh 10 - 6 Bin dng un, xon



112

10.2.4 Lm bin cng b mt

Lp kim loi b bin cng








Hnh 10 - 7 Bin cng b mt

10.2.5 Mt s ng dng khc


Hnh 10-8 phc hi chiu cao nh rng

113
Hnh 10-9 Tn inh bng ba


Hnh 10-7 Tn inh bng ba

114

Mc lc

Chng Ni dung Trang
Chng 1
Nhng vn chung
1.1 S pht trin ca my mc thit b
1.2 Mt s khi nim v my v chi tit my
1.3 Cc loi chuyn ng
1.4 Cc truyn ng trong my
1.5 Cc loi mi lp
1.6 Phn loi thit b my mc
1.7 Nhu cu v lp t v sa cha my

2
2
3
4
4
4
4
5
Chng 2
Cc trng thi k thut ca my
2.1 Khi nim v sa cha v tho lp my.
2.2 Mt s khi nim v trng thi k thut ca
my
2.3 Cc giai on lm vic ca my
2.4 S h hng ca cc chi tit my
2.5 n mn kim loi
2.6 Nguyn nhn ca mi mn.
2.7 V d v s mi mn cc b mt in hnh.
2.8 Du hiu mi mn.
2.9 Cc yu t chnh ca qu trnh mi mn v nh
hng ca chng n hao mn chi tit.
2.10 Phng php xc nh hao mn
2.11 mn gii hn cho php
2.12 Ma st v bi trn.

6
6
9

8
8
12
21
22
22
22

23
24
26

Chng 3
Cc phng php kim tra chi tit
my v my
3.1Cc phng php kim tra khng ph hu
3.2 Cc phng php kim tra ph hu
3.3 Mt s dng c kim tra

35

35
37
37

Chng 4
Cc phng php sa cha v
nng cao bn ca my
4.1 Cc khi nim chung
4.2 T chc sa cha v cc dch v sa cha
4.3 Cc hnh thc sa cha
4.4 T chc ni sa cha
4.5 Cc phng php sa cha



42
42
44
44
44
44

115
Chng 5
Quy trnh cng ngh tho v lp
my
5.1 Cng ngh tho my
5.2 Mt s dng c v thit b dng cho tho my
5.3 S tm tt quy trnh cng ngh tho my
5.4 S tm tt qu trnh sa cha my
5.5 Lm sch my v chi tit my
5.6 Cng ngh lp rp trong sa cha my
5.7 Cc phng tin vn chuyn v g tho
lp my

46

46
47
53
54
55
58

65
Chng 6
Cc phng php sa cha v phc
hi
6.1 Khi nim v sa cha phc hi.
6.2 Phn loi cc phng php phc hi sa cha
6.3 Mt s dng h hng v phng php phc hi
6.4Cc phng php ng dng sa cha phc hi


67
67

68
70
71
Chng 7
M kim loi
7.1Cc khi nim chung v qu trnh m
7.2 S nguyn l m in
7.3 c im phng php m phc hi
7.4 Quy trnh m
7.5 M crm
7.6 M ni ken
7.7 M ng
73
73
77
78
79
80
85
85
Chng 8
Sa cha phc hi bng phng
php hn
8.1 c im chung
8.2 Khi nim v hn p kim loi
8.3 Hp kim ho mi hn p
8.4 Chn vt liu hn p
8.5 Hn p mt s chi tit in hnh
8.6 Tnh hn ca mt s kim loi v hp kim.
8.7 Chn kch thc mi hn v bc hn hp l khi
hn di lp thuc
8.8 Hn p bng phng php hn in x
8.9 Hn p bng in cc khng nng chy.
8.10 Hn p bng ma st
8.11 Hn p trong mi trng kh bo v
8.12 Hn rung
8.13 Hn p phc hi mt s dng chi tit.


86
86
87
87
89
89
89
90

92
92
93
93
93
94
116



Chng 9
Phc hi bng phun p
9.1 Khi nim
9.2 ng dng
9.3 c im ca phun ph vt liu
9.4 S hnh thnh lp phun ph
9.5 Phn loi cc phng php phun ph
9.6 Cc yu t nh hng n phun p
9.7 Tnh cht c l ca lp kim loi phun p
9.8 Thit b phun
9.9 Cng ngh phun
9.10 Ch phun p c trng

98
98
100
99
102
103
104
105
107
105
108
108
Chng10
Sa cha phc hi bng bin dng do
10.1 Cc loi bin dng kim loi
10.2 Cc phng php gia cng bin dng phc hi
kch thc

109
109
109

Ti liu tham kho 113
Mc lc 114