Chng I

VN CHUYN VT LIU RI

Trong qu trnh sn xut thc phm, thng thng nguyn vt liu phi qua cc cng
on gia cng ch bin bng nhiu my mc thit b khc nhau, do nguyn vt liu cn phi
c chuyn t cng on ny sang cng on khc. Qu trnh ny c thc hin nh cc my
vn chuyn ph hp vi tnh cht ca nguyn vt liu. Thng thng, my vn chuyn lm vic
lin tc, chuyn ch vt liu theo hng nh, c th lm vic trong mt thi gian khng gii
hn, khng dng li khi np v tho liu.
Cc my v thit b vn chuyn lin tc bao gm cc loi chnh nh: gu ti, bng ti,
xch ti, co ti thuc nhm my c b phn ko v vt ti, vn chuyn bng khng kh v thy
lc thuc nhm my khng c b phn ko.
VT TI
Vt ti l my vn chuyn vt liu ri ch yu theo phng nm ngang. Ngoi ra vt ti c
th dng vn chuyn ln cao vi gc nghing c th ln ti 90
o
, tuy nhin gc nghing cng
ln hiu sut vn chuyn cng thp.
Vt ti gm c mt trc vt xon c quay c trong lng mt mng hnh na tr. Trng
hp gc nghing ln, vt ti quay trong ng tr thay cho mng. Mng ca vt ti gm nhiu on
di t 2 m n 4 m, ung knh trong ln hn ng knh cnh vt khong vi mm, c ghp
vi nhau bng bch v bulng. Trc vt lm bng thp ng trn c cnh vt. Cnh vt lm t thp
tm c hn ln trc theo ng xon c to thnh mt ng xon v tn. Trc vt v cnh
quay c nh cc hai u mng. Nu vt qu di th phi lp nhng trc trung gian,
thng l treo, cch nhau khong 3-4 m. Khi trc vt quay s y vt liu chuyn ng tnh
tin trong mng nh cnh vt, tng t nh chuyn ng ca bulng v ai c. Vt liu trt dc
theo y mng v trt theo cnh vt ang quay.
Vt ti ch c th y vt liu di chuyn khi vt liu ri, kh. Nu vt liu m, bm dnh
vo trc s quay theo trc, nn khng c chuyn ng tng i gia trc v vt liu, qu trnh
vn chuyn khng xy ra. c th chuyn c cc nguyn liu dng cc hoc c tnh dnh
bm, cn chn loi cnh vt c dng bng xon hoc dng bi cho, tuy nhin nng sut vn
chuyn b gim ng k.

Hnh I - 1. Cu to vt ti

- 1 -
Chiu di chuyn ca vt liu ph thuc vo chiu xon ca cnh vt v chiu quay ca
trc vt. Nu o chiu quay ca trc vt s lm i chiu chuyn ng ca vt liu. Hai trc vt
c chiu xon ca cnh vt ngc nhau s y vt liu theo hai hng ngc nhau nu quay cng
chiu.
Vt ti thng c truyn ng nh ng c in thng qua hp gim tc. S vng quay
ca trc vt trong khong t 50-250 vng/pht. Chiu di vn chuyn ca vt ti thng khng
di qu 15-20 m.
Nng sut vn chuyn ca vt ti c tnh theo cng thc:
kg/h C Sn
d D
Q , *
4
) (
60
1
2 2


=
trong :
Q: nng sut vn chuyn, kg/h
D: ng knh ngoi ca cnh vt, m
n: s vng quay trc vt, v/pht
: khi lng ring xp ca vt liu, kg/m
3
: h s np y. i vi vt liu dng ht chn = (0,3-0,45); i vi vt liu
nghin nh = 0,45-0,55
S: bc vt, m. vn chuyn ht ri, thng thng S = (0,8-1) D
C
1
: h s xt ti dc ca vt ti so vi mt phng ngang (bng 1.1)

Bng 1.1 H s C1
dc ca vt ti, 15 20 45 60 75
H s C1 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5


Hnh I - 2. Vt ti nghing vn chuyn sn phm dng bt

Vt ti c cc u im sau:
Chng chim ch rt t, vi cng nng sut th din tch tit din ngang ca vt ti nh
hn rt nhiu so vi tit din ngang ca cc my vn chuyn khc.
B phn cng tc ca vt nm trong mng kn, nn c th hn ch c bi khi lm vic
vi nguyn liu sinh nhiu bi.
Gi thnh thp hn so vi nhiu loi my vn chuyn khc.
- 2 -
Nhng nhc im ca vt ti:
Chiu di cng nh nng sut b gii hn, thng thng khng di qu 30 m vi nng
sut ti a khong 100 tn/gi
Ch vn chuyn c vt liu ri, khng vn chuyn c cc vt liu c tnh dnh bm
ln hoc dng si do b bm vo trc.
Trong qu trnh vn chuyn vt liu b o trn mnh v mt phn b nghin nt khe
h gia cnh vt v mng. Ngoi ra nu qung ng vn chuyn di, vt liu c th b phn lp
theo khi lng ring.
Nng lng tiu tn trn n v nguyn liu vn chuyn ln hn so vi cc my khc.
BNG TI
Bng ti l mt my vn chuyn vt liu ri theo phng ngang bng cch cho vt liu
nm trn mt mt bng chuyn ng. Vt liu s c mang t u ny ti u kia ca bng v
c tho ra cui bng.
Bng ti gm mt bng bng cao su hoc vi hoc bng kim loi c mc vo hai puli
hai u. Bn di bng l cc con ln gip cho bng khng b chng khi mang ti. Mt trong
hai puli c ni vi ng c in con puli kia l puli cng bng. Tt c c t trn mt khung
bng thp vng chc. Khi puli dn ng quay ko bng di chuyn theo.
Vt liu cn chuyn c t ln mt u bng v s c bng ti mang n u kia.
Trong nhiu trng hp cn phi tho liu gia chng c th dng cc tm gt hoc xe tho di
ng. Thng thng puli cng l puli v tr np liu, cn puli dn ng pha tho liu v vi
cch b tr nh vy nhnh bng pha trn s l nhnh thng gip mang vt liu i d dng hn.
trnh hin tng trt, gia puli v bng cn c mt lc ma st ln, do bng cn phi
c cng thng nh puli cng c t trn mt khung ring c th ko ra pha sau c.



Hnh I - 3. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca bng ti
- 3 -


Hnh I - 4. Con ln nghing

Bng ti c cc c im nh sau:
Khng lm h hng vt liu do vt liu khng c chuyn ng tng i vi mt bng
C th p dng cho nhiu loi sn phm khc nhau nh cc loi vt liu ri, vt liu n
chic hoc cc loi vt liu khng ng nht.
C kh nng vn chuyn tng i xa.
Chim nhiu din tch v khng gian lp t.
Tiu tn nng lng trn mt n v khi lng vn chuyn tng i cao
Nng sut ca bng ti c th tnh theo cng thc
* 60 * 60 DnA vA Q = = , kg/h

trong Q: nng sut vn chuyn ca bng ti, kg/h
v: vn tc chuyn ng ca bng, m/pht
A: din tch mt ct ngang trung bnh lp vt liu trn bng, m
2
*: khi lng ring xp ca vt liu, kg/m
3
D: ng knh puli truyn ng, m
n: s vng puli truyn ng, v/pht



Hnh I - 5. Bng ti bng thp khng r v bng li


- 4 -
GU TI
Gu ti l thit b vn chuyn vt liu ri theo phng thng ng. Cu to ca gu ti
gm c hai puli t trong mt thn lm bng thp mng. Mt ai dt trn c bt cc gu mc
c mc vo gia hai puli. Puli trn cao c truyn ng quay nh ng c in thng qua
hp gim tc, cn puli di c ni vi b phn cng ai c nhim v gi cho ai c
cng cn thit bo m lc ma st gia ai v puli. Vt liu c mang ln cao nh cc gu
mc di chuyn t di ln.
Gu mc vt liu t pha chn gu i ln pha trn v ra ngoi theo hai phng php
ch yu l nh lc ly tm v nh trng lc. phng php ly tm, gu cha y vt liu khi
i vo phn bn knh cong ca puli trn s xut hin lc ly tm, c phng thay i lin tc theo
v tr ca gu. Hp lc ca trong lc v lc ly tm lm cho vt liu vng ra khi gu v ri xung
ng vo ming ng dn vt liu ra. Lc ly tm sinh ra ph thuc vo vn tc quay ca puli, nu
s vng quay ca puli ln, lc ly tm ln lm vt liu vng ra ngoi sm hn, ri tr li chn
gu. Nu quay chm, lc ly tm nh vt liu ra khi gu chm v khng vng xa c, do vt
liu khng ri ng vo ming ng dn vt liu. S vng quay ca puli phi ph hp mi c th
vt liu ng vo ming ng dn vt liu ra.




Hnh I - 6. Cu to gu ti theo phng php ly tm v phng php trng lc - Cch bt gu ln ai gu
- 5 -

Hnh I - 7. Puli cng dng cnh chng nghin nt vt liu Hnh I - 8. Hnh dng bn ngoi ca gu

Nng sut vn chuyn ca gu c tnh bng cng thc:

kg/h DnmV vmV Q , * 60 * 60 = =


trong Q: nng sut vn chuyn ca gu, kg/h
v: vn tc chuyn ng ca ai gu, m/pht
n: s vng quay puli, v/pht
V: th tch cha ca 1 gu, m
3
*: khi lng ring xp ca vt liu, kg/m
3
D: ng knh puli truyn ng, m
: h s np y

H THNG VN CHUYN BNG KH NG
Vn chuyn vt liu bng khng kh c ng dng u tin vo vn chuyn nhng vt
liu dng si v ht. Nh c nhiu uu im nn hnh thc vn chuyn ny c ng dng rng
ri v trong rt nhiu trng hp c thay th hon ton cho phng php vn chuyn c kh.
Vn chuyn vt liu bng khng kh da trn nguyn l s dng dng kh chuyn ng
trong ng dn vi tc ln mang vt liu t ch ny n ch khc di trng thi l
lng. Theo l thuyt, dng kh c vn tc ln c th vn chuyn vt liu c khi lng ring
v kch thc bt k. Nhng v nng lng vn chuyn v tiu tn tng nhanh rt nhiu ln so
vi trng lc ca ht vt liu, cho nn trong phm vi thc t ng dng ca phng php vn
chuyn bng khng kh thng ch s dng cho cc loi vt liu ht c kch thc tng i nh,
nh .
Vn chuyn bng khng kh c dng nhiu trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc nhau.
Hin nay nng sut ca cc h thng vn chuyn bng khng kh dao ng trong gii hn kh
ln, c th t ti 800 t/h, di vn chuyn c th ti 1800 m v cao c th t ti 100m.
Trong cc nh my ch bin lng thc thc phm, h thng p sut thp v trung bnh
(chnh p gia u ht v y <0,1 at) c s dng rng ri c gii ha cc nguyn cng
vn chuyn trong phn xng v gia cc phn xng vi nhau. Nhng h thng ny lm vic
vi vn tc kh trong ng khong 18-20 m/s, nng hn hp tng i thp (= 5kg vt liu/kg
- 6 -
khng kh), sut tiu tn khng kh kh ln. Trong nhiu trng cho php kt hp vn chuyn
vi mt vi qu trnh cng ngh khc nh lm mt, phn loi, sy, v.v...


Hnh I - 9. H thng vn chuyn ht bng kh ng

Nguyn liu ht c t hoc tu ch ti, vo thng cha ri c ht theo ng dn vo
bung lng ht. Ti y do vn tc dng kh gim, ht lng xung y bung, sau c tho
ra nh b phn tho liu lp y bung. Khng kh c dn vo xycln lng ri vo my lc
ti lm sch bi. T my lc khng kh sch c ht vo qut v ra ngoi tri. c th ly
nguyn liu ti nhiu v tr khc nhau cn c cc on ng mm. Nh h thng ny c th ht
nguyn vt liu t nhiu v tr trong cng mt lc.
m bo cho cc h thng vn chuyn bng khng kh lm vic khng b ngng tr v
ng tin cy, cn chn tc khng kh nh sau:
- Trng hp vn chuyn ht trong cc ng dn thng ng ly v = 22m/s khi nng l
4 kg /kg v v =25m/s khi > 4 kg/kg.
- Trng hp vn chuyn ht trong cc ng dn nm ngang khi = 1- 4 kg/kg v 18 - 22
m/s.


- 7 -
Chng II
MY RA BAO B- NGUYN LIU THC
PHM

1. NGUYN TC CHUNG KHI RA BAO B, NGUYN
LIU
Bao b thc phm thng s dng l hp st, chai thy tinh v cc loi bao b nha. Cc loi hp
st cn phi c ra trc khi s dng v qu trnh gia cng v bo qun khng bo m
sch cn thit. i vi chai l thy tinh, phn ln chai c quay vng s dng nhiu ln nn
trong chai thng cha nhiu loi cn bn, rc, v.v..Bao b thy tinh mi cng khng bo m
sch. V vy chai quay vng v chai mi u cn phi c ra sch trc khi s dng. Cc h
thng my ra c thit k ch yu cho hai loi bao b ny. Cc loi bao b nha l bao b mi
thng ch cn qua sc trng s b trc khi a sn phm thc phm vo
Nguyn liu s dng trong sn xut thc phm u cn ra sch v c th phi x l s b trc
khi ch bin. C th p dng my ra i vi mt s loi nguyn liu s dng trong qu trnh
ch bin quy m ln. Tuy nhin, v nguyn liu c hnh dng phc tp v d h hng, xy xt
nn kh c th p dng c gii cho tt c cc loi nguyn liu.
Qu trnh ra nguyn liu v bao b c th chia lm 2 giai on:
- Giai on ngm: ngm trong nc, nc nng, hoc nc c pha ha cht. Mc ch ca
giai on ny l lm trng nuc, gim lin kt ca cc cn bn, b b ti ra. Thi gian ngm ty
thuc vo loi bao b, nguyn liu v c tnh ca cn bn.
- Giai on ra: Lm sch sau khi ngm bng cch dng lc c hc nh tia nc mnh
hoc chi, bn chi hoc ma st lm tri cn bn. Tu theo cu trc ca nguyn liu, cn phi c
phng php ra thch hp nhm trnh lm xy xt h hng nguyn liu nhng vn t c
hiu qu ti a. i vi nguyn liu, kch thc, hnh dng thng khng ng nht nn qu
trnh ra kh sch ng u, do vy phi ra li bng tay. Vi bao b thy tinh v hp st,
thng cn nng sut ln nn hu ht cc nh my sn xut thc phm s dng h thng ra
bng my.
2. TC DNG CA MI TRNG RA
Nguyn tc lm vic ca my ra sch bao b thc phm l da trn c s gia cng bng dung
dch nng cc ho cht ty ra. Ph bin nht ra chai l l dung dch NaOH c nng 1,5-
3%.Tc dng ca dung dch NaOH l :
- ha tan cc cht bn, dung dch c tc dng ha hc ln cn bn, v d nh x phng ha
cht bo trn thnh chai
- lm n cn kh n trng thi mm, b
- st trng
Nhit c tc dng lm cho cc phn ng ho l xy ra nhanh hn, tc thm t nhanh.
Chai hay l ra sch c l nh c tc dng ha hc v tc dng nhit ca dung dch.
i vi nguyn liu thc phm, vic s dng nhit v ho cht ty ra c nhiu hn ch do lm
nh hng ti cht lng sn phm, v d lng ho cht c th gy nguy c nh hng ti iu
- 8 -
kin an ton v sinh thc phm. V vy khi ra nguyn liu thc phm, ch s dng nhit
ngm khng cao lm, v ch s dng cc loi ho cht an ton mc cho php.
3. MY RA BAO B
3.1 My ra hp st
Hp st thng bm du, bi trong qu trnh gia cng v bo qun, do cn ra sch trc khi
s dng. Do hp trc khi ra hon ton l hp mi nn cc loi cn bn khng nhiu v tng
i d ra.
c tnh cu cc loi bao b st l khng chu c cc loi ho cht mnh, tuy nhin c kh
nng chu nhit tt, do thng thng cc my ra hp s dng nc nng v hi nc bo
ho lm sch hp. Qu trnh ra nhit cao cn c tc dng tiu dit cc vi sinh vt c sn
trong hp, lm gim c hin tng h hng sn phm sau ny.
Nguyn tc lm vic ca cc my ra hp st l phun nc nng c nhit 90 -95
o
C vo trong
hp, lm cho cc ht bi trng n rt nhanh, bong ra khi b mt hp v c mang ra ngoi
nh dng nc. Sau khi ra bng nc nng, hi c nhit cao 105-120
o
C c phun vo bn
trong hp. Mc ch ca vic phun hi l tiu dit tt c cc vi sinh vt cn st li trong hp
trc khi cho thc phm vo, nh tng kh nng bo qun ca hp. cui qu trnh ra,
hp c sy kh bng khng kh nng.
My ra hp st kiu bng chuyn
My ra hp st kiu bng chuyn gm mt h thng bng ti bng thp khng r v cc bung
phun nc lnh, bung phun nc nng, bung phun hi nc, bung sy hp. Bng ti mang
hp nm ngang di chuyn ln lt qua cc bung. Bn trong bung c cc vi phun nc hoc
hi nc c b tr dc hai bn thnh ca bng chuyn. Cc vi phun c b tr thnh hng
lin tip nhau nh hp c phun nhiu ln trong sut thi gian di chuyn trong mi bung.
Hp ln lt c phun nc lnh, nc nng, hi nc v sau sy kh bng khng kh
nng. Bi bn s c mang ra theo dng nc. Trong bung sy kh, mt h thng qut thi
khng kh nng lm kh hp trong khi di chuyn. tit kim nc, thng thng cc my ra
c h thng lc nc s dng, ch b sung thm phn hao ht.

Hnh II- 1. My ra hp st kiu bng chuyn
- 9 -

Hnh II- 2. Phun ra bn trong hp trn bng ti
3.2 My ra chai thy tinh-chai nha
c tnh ca bao b thy tinh l khng chu c s thay i nhit t ngt nhng chu c
cc ha cht mnh. Do , bao b thy tinh c th c ra sch bng cch ngm trong dung
dch kim nng.
My ra chai thy tinh gm c 2 si xch thp chy song song nhau. Cc gi gi chai bng thp
ni gia 2 si xch s lm cho c h thng xch-gi gi chai di chuyn. Xch chy vng trong
my i qua cc thng cha nc v dung dch ho cht theo mt trong hai cch: di chuyn tng
nc: di chuyn-dng-di chuyn hoc di chuyn lin tc vi vn tc khng i.
Trong my ra chuyn ng theo phng php th nht, chu k dng, ti v tr nhn, chai s
c mt h thng tay gt sp xp thng hng a vo gi gi chai. Sau khi nhn, chai c
chuyn dn xung bn di v c ngm trong b cha nc m. Ti y phn ln cc loi cn
bn th s ri ra v lng xung y b ngm. Nhn chai bng giy s tri ra d dng trong giai
on ny. K tip chai c a sang b ngm dung dch kim nng, cc cht bn cn bm trn
b mt s b ti nhanh chng. Thi gian ngm trong dung dich kim phi tt c cc cht
bn mm ra v d dng tch ra, k c mt t nhn cn st li. Sau khi ngm trong dung dch
kim, chai c a ln trn, dc ngc v c phun dung dch ra pha bn trong nh cc vi
phun vn tc cao c b tr ng tm ca chai trong giai on dng ca bng chuyn Bn ngoi
chai cng c phun ra. Sau , chai c trng li nhiu ln bng nc nng ri nc lnh.
Dng nc mnh s cun tri tt c cc bi bn bn trong chai. Chai c gi t th dc
ngc trong mt thi gian ro bt nc trc khi c y khi gi gi chai ra ngoi.
i vi my c chuyn ng lin tc, xch di chuyn vi vn tc khng i, khng dng li khi
nhn chai vo v ly chai ra khi my. B phn a chai vo v ly ra s c chuyn ng cng
tc vi xch, do chai c thao tc m hn. giai on phun nc, vi phun s t ng di
chuyn theo chai bo m tia nc lun lun c phun vo ng ming chai, nh vy chai
c ra sch hon ton. My ny cn phi c chnh xc khi ch to cng nh khi lm vic
cao hn nhiu so vi my chy tng nc.
Nc v dung dch st trong my c lc ti s dng nhm tit kim nc v ho cht.
Nhit c duy tr nh cc ng gia nhit bng hi nc lp pha di y.
- 10 -
Hnh
II- 3. My ra chai thy tinh


Hnh II- 4. Qui trnh my ra chai s dng st 2 ln (Krones CHLB c)

i vi chai nha, thng khng cn phi ra bng cc loi ho cht m ch cn sc trng bng
tia nc mnh, bi v chai nha ch s dng mt ln khng quay vng, nn bn trong chai tng
i sch. My ra loi ny c hai dng: dng my thng v dng bn quay. Dng thng thch hp
cho cc qui trnh nng sut nh, cn dng bn quay p dng cho nng sut ln
4. MY RA NGUYN LIU
C nhiu loi my ra nguyn liu khc nhau v cu to, tuy nhin nguyn tc hot ng gn
nh ging nhau.Cc loi nguyn liu c th ra bng my rt a dng nh rau, c, qu, nguyn
liu thy sn, v.v..
- 11 -
4.1 My ra bng chuyn
My c cu to gm mt bng ti bng thp khng r v thng cha nc ra c th tch
tng i ln. Bng ti c chia lm 3 phn, phn nm ngang ngp trong nc, phn nghing
c cc ng phun nc mnh v mt phn nm ngang pha cao. Bn di bng ti phn ngp
trong nc c b tr cc ng thi kh nhn khng kh t mt qut t bn ngoi.
Trong giai on ngm, nguyn liu trn phn bng nm ngang ngp trong nc, cc cn bn
bm trn ngoi b mt nguyn liu b bong ra. Bng ti di chuyn s mang nguyn liu i dn v
pha phn bng nghing. Hiu qu ca qu trnh ngm c tng cng nh thi kh lm xo
trn nc v nguyn liu trn mt bng, lm tng din tch tip xc ca nguyn liu v nc nn
thi gian ngm c rt ngn. Khi nguyn liu di chuyn n phn nghing ca bng, cc vi
phun nc vi p sut cao n 2-3 at s ra sch cn bn. cui qu trnh ra, nguyn liu di
chuyn n phn nm ngang pha trn c lm ro nc.

Hnh II- 5. My ra bng chuyn

Ty thuc loi nguyn liu v mc bn, c th iu chnh tc di chuyn ca bng chuyn
cho ph hp. Nu nguyn liu qu bn, cho bng chuyn i chm li, lm tng thi gian ra.
Ngc li, nu cn bn bm trn ngoi nguyn liu t, c th cho bng chuyn i nhanh hn
nhm tng nng sut qu trnh. Nc sch t vi phun vo thng ngm s b sung nc cho h
thng, cn cn bn c tho ra lin tc qua van x v nc tha theo mng chy trn ra ngoi.
Tuy nhin, cht lng ra ca my cha cao, do cn kim tra v ra li bng tay khi cn thit.
4.2 My ra thi kh
My ra thi kh gm hai ngn c y hnh phu, ngn th nht ln, ngn th hai nh hn, cha
y nc. Trong ngn th nht c dn ng thi kh mnh lp pha di, ngn cch gia ngn th
nht v th hai c ng li quay, cui ngn th hai c ng li quay th hai. Khi lm vic,
khng kh t dn ng thi kh ni ln lm xo trn rt mnh nc trong ngn th nht. Nguyn
liu ni trong nc nh rau, tri cy nh cho vo u ngn th nht. Nc xo ng mnh lm
cc cht bn nhanh chng ht nc, b ti v tch ra khi b mt nguyn liu.ng quay th nht
a nguyn liu sang ngn th hai, ti y nc khng b xo ng nhiu nn cc cht bn cn
bm trn nguyn liu s tch ra hon ton v lng xung y hnh phu ca ngn. Cui my,
nguyn liu c ng li quay th hai vt ln v chuyn ra ngoi. Nguyn liu cn c phun
nc sch ra ln cui trc khi ri ra khi ng li th hai. Nc t cc ngn c lc v bm
tr li ngn u s dng li. Cn lng ch yu ngn u c x ra ngoi.
My ra thi kh thch hp ra cc loi rau, cc loi tri cy nh. Cc nguyn liu nng, chm
su khng ra c trn my loi ny.
- 12 -

Hnh II- 6. My ra thi kh dng ra rau

4.3 My ra cnh o
My ra cnh o l loi my ra lm vic lin tc, thng c dng ra cc loi c qu
cng. Nguyn tc lm vic ca my l o trn tch cc nguyn liu trong khi ra. Cu to ca
my gm mt mng c l hnh bn tr t nm ngang, bn trong c trc quay. Trn trc c cc
cnh o c b tr theo ng xon c. Bn trn mng l mt h thng ng phun nc p sut
cao. Qu trnh ngm v ra tri c tin hnh ng thi bng cch phun nc ra lin tc trong
khi o trn nguyn liu. Nc ngm v lm mm cc cht bn bm trn b mt, s o trn lm
cc nguyn liu va chm vi nhau lm cht bn ri ra, ng thi dng nc s mang ra ngoi
theo cc l y mng. Thi gian cn thit ra sch c th gim ng k do kch thc
ca my tr nn gn nh hn. Tuy nhin do o trn mnh nn my ch c th lm vic vi cc
loi nguyn liu c qu cng.


Hnh II - 1 . My ra cnh o
- 13 -
4.4 My ra kiu sng
ra cc loi nguyn liu tng i cng, c th dng my ra kiu sng. cu to ca my ra
kiu sng gm c mt sng c l, thng lm bng thp khng r, c ni vi c cu truyn
ng lm cho sng c chuyn ng tnh tin. Pha trn sng c b tr cc vi phun nc ra.
Thng thng sng c t nghing mt gc nguyn liu c th di chuyn t u ny n
u kia ca sng. Nguyn liu ban u c cho vo u cao ca my ra kiu sng. Do
chuyn ng ca sng, nguyn liu s tip xc vi b mt sng ng thi vi nc xi t trn
lm cc cht bn bm trn b mt nguyn liu b thm t v tch ra. Nc bn theo cc l trn
sng ri xung mng hng pha di v c tho ra ngoi. Vi lng nc s dng , thi
gian lu li trn sng cng lu, nguyn liu ra cng sch.

Hnh II - 2. My ra kiu sng

- 14 -
Chng III
MY PHN LOI - LM SCH VT LIU RI

I. KHI NIM CHUNG V PHN LOI - LM SCH
Vt liu ri l cc vt liu dng ht nh ng, bt, ht ng cc, v.v.. Thng thng vt liu ri
bao gm nhiu thnh phn khc nhau v thng khng hon ton ng nht. S phn chia khi
vt liu ri theo mt tnh cht vt l no c gi chung l qu trnh phn loi-lm sch vt
liu ri. Tuy nhin ty theo cng vic c th, cc my phn loi-lm sch c th c gi l my
phn loi hay my lm sch. My phn loi v my lm sch c th c phn bit nh sau:
My lm sch tch phn vt liu c xem l tp cht ra khi khi ht nguyn liu ban u
thu c khi ht c tnh cht cng ngh nh nhau. Th d nh tch cc loi tp cht rm r
ra khi khi ht thc la.
My phn loi chia khi vt liu ban u thnh nhiu loi khc nhau da trn mt s c
im, tnh cht no , th d nh phn chia ht thc thnh loi ht di v ht ngn.
Trong cng ngh thc phm, cc my phn loi c chia thnh hai nhm:
Nhm n gin: Cc my phn loi thuc nhm ny c nhim v phn loi hn hp thnh
hai thnh phn theo mt du hiu ring, th d mt sng vi mt loi l (cng kch thc v hnh
dng l), my chn theo c ht, ng phn loi,...
Nhm phc tp: Cc my phn loi theo nhm ny c cu to gm hai hoc nhiu my n
gin trong mt h thng hon chnh v c th tch mt hn hp thnh ba hoc bn thnh phn
tr ln theo nhng tnh cht ring. Th d sng qut c th phn loi hn hp thnh nhiu thnh
phn theo kch thc khi lng ring v tnh cht kh dng ca cc cu t (cc loi tp cht nh
rc, bi, ht lp c tch ring ra khi khi ht chnh.
Hin nay trong sn sut, qu trnh phn lai c th thc hin trn mt s my theo cc nguyn l
sau:
Phn loi theo kch thc hnh hc ca ht: dng cc loi my sng, my ry v ng phn
loi ht kiu ng tr
Phn loi theo trng thi b mt ca ht: my gn thc khi go lc (my sng Pakis, my
sng kiu khay)
Phn lai theo khi lng ring: dng bng ti nghing, mt xon c, cc lai my gn ,
sng Pakis, sng kiu khay,
Phn loi theo tnh cht kh ng ca ht: dng qut thi hoc ht
Phn lai theo t tnh: dng nam chm vnh cu v nam chm in tch cc tp cht st
Phn loi theo mu sc: dng cc my phn loi bng in t v quang in
I.1 Phn loi theo khi lng ring
Cc tp cht nh t, , si, mnh thy tinh v.v.. rt kh tch ra khi phn loi theo kch thc v
chng rt gn vi kch thc ca ht. Tuy nhin do khi lng ring ca chng khc nhau nn c
th da vo s khc nhau phn loi. Nu cc cu t trong hn hp cn phn loi c s
khc nhau r rt v khi lng ring th cng d phn chia ring ra. Khi lng ring khc
nhau c th dn ti s phn lp ca ht hoc c hng chuyn ng khc nhau do tc ng ca
lc qun tnh. S phn lp xy ra khi khi ht c chuyn ng thch hp s lm cho thnh phn
khi lng ring nh ni ln pha trn cn thnh phn khi lng ring ln nm bn di.
- 15 -
I.2 Phn loi theo t tnh.
Tp cht st c th lm h hng b phn lm vic ca my, c bit l cc my c vn tc lm
vic ln hoc c khe h lm vic nh, v c th bt tia la gy ra ha hon. Cc loi tp cht st,
gang, niken, coban u c th dng nam chm tch ra c, thng dng nam chm vnh cu
hoc nam chm in tch cc tp cht st. i vi nam chm vnh cu phi m bo lc ht
khong 12 kG. Lp ht chy qua nam chm khng c qu dy. m bo vn tc chy ca
dng ht th gc nghing ca ng ng t trt ni t nam chm ch c ln hn gc
nghing t nhin ca ht 3- 6
O
I.3 Phn loi theo tnh cht ca b mt nguyn liu
Cc cu t khc nhau trong khi ht c trng thi b mt khng ging nhau. B mt ca chng
c th x x, r, nhn bng, c v hoc khng v v.v.. Nhng trng thi b mt khc nhau y c
th p dng phn loi trn mt phng nghing. Khi cc
phn t c trng thi b mt khng ging nhau chuyn ng
trn mt phng nghing s chuyn ng vi nhng vn tc
khc nhau. V vy nn c nhng phn t ri xa hn, c
nhng phn t ri gn hn. Nu t trn qu o ri nhng
tm chn th c th phn lai hn hp ra lm nhiu phn
khc nhau theo tnh cht b mt. Cc thit b phn loi c
nh u da vo nguyn tc trn phn lai, trong c
c thit b phn loi ht dng cu v ht dt. Phng php
phn loi da vo s khc nhau v h s ma st c ngha
rt ln trong trng hp phn lai hn hp gm hai hoc
nhiu dng ht c kch thc gn nhau (hnh III-1).
I.4 Phn loi theo nhng tnh cht kh ng hc.
Phng php phn loi ny dng sc gi, da vo tnh cht
kh ng hc phn chia khi ht thnh cc phn khc
nhau. Nhng tnh cht kh ng ph thuc vo hnh dng,
kch thc, khi lng, trng thi b mt v v tr ca phn
t trong dng khng kh cng nh trng thi ca khng kh.
Vi c tnh sc cn khng ging nhau trong khi chuyn
ng trong dng kh lm cho im ri khc nhau, ht c sc
cn ln, khi lng nh s ri xa cn ht c sc cn nh s ri sm hn. Cn c vo v tr ri
ca ht c th phn chia thnh nhiu loi khc nhau


Hnh III -1. Thit b phn loi
ht theo tnh cht b mt
Kh nng phn ring ca hn hp theo mt tnh cht vt l no l c s chn my phn
loi. Cn c vo cc nghin cu thc nghim, c th xc nh c nhng tnh cht no cho
php phn ring hn hp mt cch tt nht
Hnh 2 biu din th phn chia hn hp hai cu t. Trc honh biu din tnh cht c l x ca
ht c dng lm phng php phn loi. Trc y biu din tn sut. Khi phn loi hn hp ny
c 3 trng hp xy ra:
Hai cu t theo tnh cht x khc nhau hon ton. Hn hp ny d phn loi
Hai cu t c chung mt s phn t cng tnh cht x. Hn hp ny kh phn loi
Hai cu t theo tnh cht c l x hon ton ging nhau. Hn hp ny khng th
phn loi c

- 16 -

Hnh III - 2. th phn chia hn hp thnh hai cu t
a- Hai cu t khng c chung phn t cng tnh cht
b- Hai cu t c mt phn phn t cng tnh cht
c- Hai cu t chung nhau hon ton cc phn t cng tnh
cht

II. CC MY-THIT B PHN LOI
II.1 Sng phng
Sng phng l mt loi thit b phn loi-lm sch c s dng t thi c. Sng phng c th l
cng c n gin lm bng cc loi vt liu tre trc hoc c th l mt my sng hin i c kh
nng phn loi chnh xc cc loi vt liu ri theo cc kch thc khc nhau.
Nguyn tc lm vic ca sng phn loi l phn chia khi vt liu theo kch thc nh mt b
mt kim loi c c l hoc li. Vt liu chuyn ng trn mt sng v c phn chia thnh
hai loi:
Phn lt qua sng l nhng ht c kch thc nh hn kch thc l sng
Phn khng qua sng c c ln hn kch thc l sng, do s nm li trn b mt
ca sng
Ty theo yu cu vt liu ri cn phn loi, c th b tr cc h thng sng gm nhiu lp. Th
d, sng 2 lp s phn chia nguyn liu thnh 3 loi kch thc khc nhau, sng 3 lp s phn
chia vt liu thnh 4 c kch thc... Kch ca l sng lp trn ln hn lp sng di.
Qu trnh chuyn ng sng gip cho c qu trnh phn loi-lm sch xy ra tt hn do to c
hi cho ht tip xc vi l sng. Trong trng hp lm vic lin tc, sng c t nghing
mt gc t 2 - 7
o
, ht s c khuynh hng di chuyn xung pha di. Qu trnh di chuyn nh
vy gip cho ht c kch thc nh s chui qua l sng. Phn ht khng qua sng s c hng
pha u thp ca sng.
Ty theo b tr h thng truyn ng, chuyn ng ca sng c th khc nhau lm cho chuyn
ng ca ht trn sng cng khc nhau. Thng thng sng c thit k sao cho ht c c
chuyn ng xung v ln nhng vi khong i xung di hn khong i ln.
Cc yu t nh hng n nng sut ca sng c th k n l:
Din tch b mt sng, l thng s quan trng nht. Din tch cng ln, nng sut cng ln.
Tng din tch l sng cng ng hng trc tip n nng sut sng.
Tc chuyn ng ca sng. Tc cng ln, nng sut cng ln
S vt liu qua l sng. Lng vt liu nh hn l sng cng nhiu, nng sut sng cng
gim do cn nhiu thi gian hn tch phn vt liu ny.
i vi mt sng c sn, din tch mt sng v tc chuyn ng ca sng hu nh khng
iu chnh c, do iu chnh kh nng lm vic ca sng, ngi ta thay i lng nhp
liu.
- 17 -


Hnh III - 3. S cu to sng phng





Hnh III - 4. Hnh dng ca mt s loi sng

II.2 Sng ng quay
Sng ng quay gm c mt ng bng li c truyn ng quay vi s vng quay khong 5-10
v/ph. Nguyn liu cn lm sch i ngang qua ng quay hoc vo bn trong ng. Trng hp
i bn ngoi, vt liu di chuyn ngang qua ng, phn c kch thc nh hn l li s chui qua
li ri xung pha di, phn c kch thc ln khng qua li c i ngang qua ng v c
hng pha sau. Trng hp nguyn liu vo bn trong ng, khi ng quay, phn c kch thc
nh ri qua l li, phn c kch thc ln di chuyn dc theo ng n u kia. Vt liu di
chuyn t u ny n u kia c l nh ng c t nghing mt gc 2-5
o
. Nng sut ca
sng ng quay tu thuc vo kch thc ca ng li quay, ng cng ln nng sut cng cao. u
im ca sng ng quay l cu to n gin, lm vic m, khng gy rung ng mnh nh sng
phng, khng chim nhiu mt bng. Nhc im l khng phn ring c cc hn hp c kch
thc gn bng nhau, t l st cn ln.
- 18 -
Sng ng quay thng dng lm sch cc loi ht nng sn, tch bi, ct v cc tp cht ln,
rm, r,Thng sng ng quay c kt hp nhiu ng v c qut ht lm sch tt hn.

Hnh III - 5. My lm sch ht s dng sng ng quay

Hnh III - 6. Sng ng quay nhp liu trong ng

II.3 ng phn loi
S dng rt hiu qu trong cng nghip xay xt, dng phn loi ht di v ngn, th d nh phn
loi tm ra khi go.
ng phn loi l mt ng hnh tr c truyn ng quay, lm t thp tm mng cun trn li.
B mt bn trong ca ng c to cc hc lm c kch thc chnh xc v bng nhau bng
phng php dp Bn trong v ng trc vi ng c mt vt ti v mng hng c th iu chnh
v tr hng c bng cc quay mng. ng v vt ti c th quay cng s vng quay hoc c th
khc nhau.
Nguyn liu c a vo mt u ca ng. Khi quay, ht s chui vo hc. Cc ht di ri ra
ngay khi hc va c quay ln. Tri li, ht ngn nm su trong hc nn ri ra sau khi ng
quay ln cao. Phn ht ngn s ri vo mng hng v c vt ti y dc theo mng ra ngoi v
ri theo mt ng ring. Sau mt s ln quay, hu ht ht ngn c chuyn ln mng hng,
phn cn li trong ng ch l ht di. Do ng quay t hi dc nn ht di di chuyn dn v u
- 19 -
thp ca ng v ri ra. Ty theo v tr ca mng
hng, kch thc ca cc ht di v ngn c
phn ring s thay i.
Nng sut v cht lng lm vic ca ng phn
loi tng khi ng di hn. Ngoi ra kch thc l
cn chnh xc v ng nht, nu khng rt kh
phn loi.Trong trng hp quay nhanh, lc ly
tm qu ln s lm ht bm cht ln thnh ng
lm gim kh nng phn ring hoc i khi
khng phn ring c.



ng phn loi thng c ch to thnh cm
gm 2 ng lm vic ni tip nhau, ng trn
xung ng di. Nh vy cho php iu chnh 2
ng khc nhau nhm t hiu sut phn ring
cao nht. ng phn loi thng c dng
phn ring go-tm sau khi xay xt, cho php tch hu ht cc ht gy ra khi khi ht t c
th u trn tr li c c hn hp go tm theo ng t l yu cu
Hnh III - 7. ng phn loi ht ngn
II.4 Sng phn loi thc go
II.4.1 Sng phn loi kiu zig- zag (sng Pakis)
y l loi sng cng dng c bit dng cho phn loi hn hp thc go sau khi xay.
Thc sau khi xay gm c go lc ( tch v tru), v tru v thc cha c xay. V tru c
ly ra nh mt h thng qut ht hoc thi. Go lc v thc c a sang sng phn loi
phn ring. Phn go lc tch ra c chuyn sang cng on xt tch v la, phn thc cha
tch v s c hi li cng on xay.
u im ca sng zig- zag l tit kim c s ln sng. Thc v go lc c kch thc
gn nhau, nu s dng sng phn loi bnh thng rt kh, phi qua hn 10 ln sng.

- 20 -

Hnh III - 8. Nguyn l lm vic ca sng zig-zag

Nguyn tc phn loi ca sng zig- zag da theo khi lng ring v nhm b mt. Mt
sng l mt tm kim loi phng v nhn bng, c t hi nghing, gc nghing c th iu
chnh c. Trn mt sng c cc g hnh zig- zag lp song song nhau to thnh mt khe cng
c dng zig-zag. Sng c truyn chuyn ng theo phng vung gc vi cc g vi tn s
trong khong 90-120 ln/pht.
Hn hp thc go c vo gia sng. Khi sng chuyn ng, hn hp thc go do
lc qun tnh b va p mnh ln cc g. Do s khc bit v khi lng ring v nhm, dn
n hin tng phn lp, go c khuynh hng di chuyn xung pha di thp, cn thc c
a ln pha u cao.

Hnh III - 9. Sng zig zag

- 21 -
Mt tng sng c nhiu khe, thng thng t 5 n 20 khe v mi mt my sng c th c
ti 5 tng sng song song nhau. S khe v tng sng cng nhiu, nng sut sng cng ln. iu
chnh phn loi bng cch iu chnh gc nghing ca sng. Gc nghing cng ln, thc cng
c khuynh hng di chuyn xung di v ngc li gc nghing nh s lm go i ln pha trn
cao cng vi thc. Qu trnh iu chnh ny cn tin hnh thng xuyn, thng thng i hi
ngi iu chnh c kinh nghim.
Trong thc t, sng Pakis thng c iu chnh sao cho hon ton khng cn thc theo
go, do s c mt s lng kh ln go theo thc ln pha trn sng quay li. V vy, mt my
xay khc c b tr xay ring cho lng thc-go hi lu. Sau khi xay lng hi lu cng
c a qua cng sng Pakis, nh vy nng sut ca sng theo qui trnh ny phi ln hn, tuy
vy y l qui trnh c hiu qu xay t cao nht.
II.4.2 Sng khay (sng git)
Sng khay cng l sng dng phn ring hn hp thc go sau khi xay. Nguyn l lm vic
ca n da ln s khc bit khi lng ring v hin tng phn lp khi chuyn ng gia thc
v go.
Sng git c cu to gm tm kim loi nhn lng c dp cc hc lm xen k. Kch thc
v hnh dng ca cc hc c thit k sao cho khi sng chuyn ng, hc s tc dng lc ln
khi ht trn mt sng. Sng c t nghing theo hai chiu sao cho c mt gc cao nht v
mt gc thp nht.
Hn hp thc go c a vo gc cao nht. Nh vo chuyn ng ca sng, thc b
phn lp v ni ln trn b mt lp ht. Do c cc hc nn khi sng chuyn ng lp go s c
a ln pha cao ca sng v ly ra mt gc sng. Lp thc nm trn b mt lp go s trt
xung di (trt trn b mt lp go), v s di chuyn xung gc thp nht. Gia gc ly thc
v go l vng hn hp, trong go cn ln thc v s c a tr li pha trc sng. Tn s
chuyn ng ca sng thng l 300 ln/pht. Nng sut ca mt tng sng c th ti 1-1,5 tn/h

Hnh III - 10. ng di chuyn ca thc, go trn mt sng
- 22 -

Hnh III - 11. Nguyn l hot ng ca sng khay v ng i ca thc, go trn mt sng

B mt sng cn phi tht phng bo m qu trnh phn loi xy ra chnh xc. Trng
hp b mt sng b g, lp go mng i, khi sng git c thc cng chy ln theo go v ngc
li mt phn go b trt xung. ch lm, lp go ln dy hn nn mt phn go khng c
y ln v s trt xung theo thc.
* u nhc im ca sng git
Do nng sut mt lp sng nh nn nng sut chung ca c my sng c th t rt nh n
ln.
Cu to nh, gn, d lp t, iu chnh.
Do c nhiu lp sng c b tr chng ln nhau nn kh t ng nht cho tt c cc
lp.


Hnh III - 12. Sng khay vi 3 ca ly go, hn hp v thc

II.5 My phn c kiu cp
Dng phn loi qu theo kch thc. Cu to ca my gm c 2 dy cp mc gia 4 puli (2
puli cho mi si) c lp sao cho khong cch gia 2 dy cp cng lc cng xa hn. Khi cc
puli quay, dy cp s chy ng thi v cng tc . Tri cy cn phn c c t trn khong
- 23 -
h gia hai dy cp, khi cp chuyn ng s di chuyn cng vi cp. Khi khong h gia 2 si
cp tng dn, cc tri c kch c khc nhau s ri xung cc ngn cha c b tr bn di.
My phn c kiu cp ch s dng ch yu
phn c cc loi qu ln, khng phn loi cc
loi qu hoc ht c kch thc nh.
My phn c nguyn liu thy sn (tm)
cng lm vic theo nguyn l tng t: hai trc
hnh cn song song quay ngc chiu nhau vi
s vng quay thp to thnh mt khe h c kch
thc ln dn. Nguyn liu cho vo u khe
h nh. Do c dc nn khi trc quay, nguyn
liu s trt dn xung pha di, n khi khe
h ln hn nguyn liu ri xung bn di. Tu
v tr hng c th phn lm nhiu c khc nhau.
My c thit k c mng dn pha trn vi h
thng phun nc lm sch bo m
II.6 My tch tp cht st
Tp cht st nh bulng, inh, thp, mt
st... thng ln trong cc vt liu ri, ht ng
cc. St th lm h hng my mc sn xut gia
cng ch bin, do cn ch tch st ra nhm
hn ch h hng.
tch tp cht st thng s dng nam chm vnh cu
hoc nam chm in. Nam chn c lp trn ng i ca
nguyn liu, tp cht st s c gi li cn cc vt liu
khc i qua. Phn tp cht ny c ly ra nh k bo m kh nng lm vic ca nam chm.
Hnh III -13. My phn c tri
cy, thy sn








Hnh III - 14. My tch tp cht st
- 24 -

Hnh III - 15. Trng quay tch tp cht st t

II.7 My tch ht mu
Ht ng cc c mu khc khng c trng thng l cc ht khng tt hoc h hng. tch cc
ht c mu khc thng ra khi khi ht, c th dng my tch ht mu. My tch ht mu lm
vic da theo nguyn tc phn bit ht mu bng cm bin mu ca dng ht ang trt trn
rnh. Nu pht hin ht c mu khc l, mt ng thi kh s thi ht mu ra khi rnh v ri
xung mng hng bn di. My c th tch hu ht cc ht c mu sm ra khi khi ht c mu
sng.
i vi go, nng sut my c th t ti 200 kg/h/rnh. Thng thng mi my c th c t 60-
80 rnh lm vic ng thi.




Hnh III - 16. Nguyn l tch ht mu





- 25 -
Chng IV
NH LNG VT LIU RI

Trong sn xut thc phm, qu trnh o lng lng nguyn liu xc nh, nh lng nhng vt
liu b sung v thnh phm c ngha ln. nh lng phi m bo tin hnh ng cc qu
trnh cng ngh, cch pha trn qui nh, phn lng ng v chnh xc thnh phm...
Qu trnh nh lng vt liu ri thng c tin hnh theo 2 cch:
nh lng lin tc: vt liu ri c cung cp lin tc v khng i theo thi gian. C
th xc nh lng cung cp bng cch xc nh th tch hoc khi lng vt liu qua my trong
mt n v thi gian.
nh lng tng m: phn ln l qu trnh cn t ng, khi np lng nh, h
thng t ng s ng ng np liu v tho lng sn phm trong my ra. Lng cung cp
c xc nh bng th tch hoc khi lng vt liu trong mt m cn.

VT NH LNG
Vt nh lng l thit b nh lng vt liu ri vi chnh xc trung bnh. Cu to ca vt
nh lng tng t nh mt vt ti, tuy nhin thng c kch thc tng i nh v khng qu
di. Khi vt nh lng quay vi s vng quay khng i, lng cung cp cng khng thay i
theo thi gian. thay i lng cung cp, tc quay ca vt nh lng c iu chnh nh
mt b bin tc v cp.
Nng sut ca vt cp liu c xc nh theo cng thc :

*
4
1
2 2

= C n S
d D
Q , kg/pht

trong
D: ng knh ngoi vt xon, m
d : ng knh trong vt xon, m
S: bc vt, m, thng thng S = (0,81) D
: h s np y = 0,60,8
n: s vng quay ca vt xon, v/pht
thng thng n = 40-80 v/ph, khi linh ng ca sn phm gim xung th n= 20-40 v/ph.
trnh vt liu tch t trong vt nh lng cn phi m bo t l :
D [4 - 5]d
C
d
C
: kch thc ln nht ca sn phm.
*: khi lng ring xp ca vt liu, kg/m
3

- 26 -

Hnh IV- 1. Vt nh lng

Lng cung cp ca vt nh lng khng hon ton ng u theo thi gian do cu to ca vt
v tnh cht kh chy thnh dng lin tc ca vt liu ri. Trong thc t, lng cung cp thng
xc nh bng o c ti ch.
BNG NH LNG
Cu to ging bng ti vn chuyn nhng ngn hn do ch dng nh lng hn l vn
chuyn. Phu cha nguyn liu c lp pha trn bng gip cho vic cung cp c ng u.
Ca ra ca phu np liu c tm chn iu chnh din tch ca ra thay i lng cung cp.
Dc theo hai bn bng c lp thm tm chn khi mt ct ca lp sn phm trn bng l mt
hnh ch nht, gip cho qu trnh nh lng c chnh xc. Lng cung cp c th xc nh
theo cng thc:
* * = = h k b n D k h b v Q , kg/pht
trong n: s vng quay puli, v/pht
b, h: b rng v chiu dy lp vt liu trn bng, m
v: vn tc chuyn ng ca bng, m/s
D: ng knh puli ch ng, m
: khi lng ring xp ca vt liu, kg/m
3

k: h s trt gia puli v bng
c th t ng ho qu trnh nh lng, mt h thng cm bin thng c lp nhn bit
s thay i trng lng hoc th tch vt liu trn bng. Khi trng lng vt liu trn bng thay
i, h thng cm bin s lm thay i tn s rung ca mt my rung cp liu t ca ra ca
phu np liu lm thay i tng ng lng cung cp hoc lm thay i s vng quay ca puli
bng ti.
Hnh 3 m t mt h thng cm bin nhn bit s thay i chiu rng lp vt liu nh mt chm
tia gamma hp chiu t bn di. Cm bin lp pha trn nhn bit do d thay i cng bc
x gamma khi di xuyn ngang lp vt liu, t c th tnh c khi lng vt liu cung cp.

- 27 -

Hnh IV- 2. Bng nh lng





Hnh IV- 3. Bng nh lng c mng rung

- 28 -



Hnh IV- 4. o lng cung cp bng tia gamma

DA NH LNG
Da hay mm nh lng l mt da quay nm ngang, bn trn l phu cha vt liu. Trn mt
da c thanh gt c nh, ng c in v b gim tc c b tr bn di. Sn phm t phu
chy xung da quay, v phn vt liu tip xc vi thanh gt c ly ra ri xung pha di.
Lng vt liu nh lng c iu chnh bng cch dch chuyn ng tip liu di ng ph bn
ngoi on ng tho ca phu cha hoc thay i v tr thanh gt vo su hay li ra khi da
quay. ng c in lm quay trc thng ng qua c cu truyn ng. Nng sut ca my nh
lng ph thuc vo th tch sn phm trn da, vo chiu cao v v tr t ng iu chnh v s
vng quay ca da. S vng quay ca da trong khong vi vng/pht nhm trnh khng vt
liu b vng ra do lc ly tm.



Hnh IV- 5. Da nh lng Hnh IV- 6. Trng nh lng


- 29 -
TRNG NH LNG
L mt thit b nh lng theo th tch. Cu to gm mt trng hnh tr t nm ngang, trn b
mt trng c hc hoc cc ngn. Trng c truyn ng quay vi s vng quay thp v c th
thay i c. Pha trn trng l phu cha nguyn liu cn nh lng, pha di l ng dn
nguyn liu ra.
Khi trng quay, vt liu trong phu ri vo hc v c mang xung tho ra pha di. Do
kch thc cc hc l bng nhau v s vng quay ca trng l c nh nn lng nguyn liu
tho ra pha di l khng thay i. Ty thuc vo s vng quay ca trng, nguyn liu c
nh lng khc nhau.
Ngoi ra cn c loi trng nh lng c bit:
-Trng trn: S dng nh lng nguyn liu lng nh, nguyn liu c kch thc ht
nh.
- Trng c hc ln: nh lng nguyn liu c s lng ln (vi trm kg/gi)
Tc vng ca trng t 0,025 n 1m/s. Thng thng cc trng nh lng thay i lng
cung cp bng cch thay i s vng quay trng nh cc bin tc v cp hoc thay i s vng
quay ng c bng b bin tn.
Nng sut trng nh lng c th tnh theo
* = V m n Q , kg/pht

trong D: ng knh trng, m
n: s vng quay trng, v/pht
m: s hc trn trng
V: th tch 1 hc, m
3
: khi lng ring xp ca vt liu, kg/m
3

Ngoi ra cn c th tnh nng sut nh lng ca trng bng cng thc
* = k F v Q , kg/pht

trong F : din tch tit din l, m
2
v : tc trung bnh ca sn phm chy ra qua l, m/s
k : h s np y ca l ra
: khi lng ring xp ca sn phm, kg/m
3

tnh ton tc trung bnh ca sn phm chy ra c th ly bng tc vng ca thng. H
s np y ca l ra k ph thuc vo trng lng th tch v thnh phn c ht ca vt liu, trung
bnh ly k = 0,7. Khi lng ring ca sn phm cng ln v thnh phn ca n ng u th i
lng k cng ln.

NH LNG TNG PHN
nh lng tng phn l ly tng phn vt liu ri t khi vt liu ban u, vi th tch hoc
trng lng ca tng phn bng nhau. Thit b nh lng tng phn lm vic gin on theo
chu k, c th iu khin bng tay kt hp vi cc c kh hoc iu khin t ng nh cc h
thng vi x l. Hnh IV-7 m t chu trnh lm vic ca mt my nh lng tng phn c b
phn vi x l. Giai on u l giai on x nhanh, n khi t 97% trong lng yu cu thi ca
- 30 -
x s ng bt li, dng vt liu chy xung chm hn. Khi va trng lng, ca x ng li,
sau ca tho vt liu m ra ton b lng vt liu vo bao b.


Hnh IV- 7. Qui trnh nh lng tng phn c iu khin


- 31 -


Chng V
MY GIA CNG C SN PHM THC
PHM

I. MY XAY
L cc my dng tch lp v cng bn ngoi ca cc loi ht ng cc. Lp v ny thng khng
dnh qu cht vo nhn ht, v cng tng i d v, v vy phn ln cc my xay lm vic theo
nguyn l dch trt hay va p nhm lm tch phn v tru cng ra khi nhn ht bn trong..
I.1 My xay hai da
My xay hai da c th tch v ca nhiu loi ng cc khc nhau, tuy nhin thc t ch s
dng tch v la go, cc loi ht khc t s dng.
My gm hai da bng gang hoc bng thp t nm ngang, trn mt da c p mt lp nhn
to lm bng hn hp bt v xi mng kt dnh cao, c gia cng tht phng v vung gc
vi trc bng cc dng c chuyn dng.Trn mt c th c cc rnh tng kh nng bc v
v vn chuyn ht. Da trn c l nhp liu gia tm, c lp trn 3 im treo c th iu chnh
nng ln h xung c thay i kch thc khe h gia hai mt v iu chnh song
song ca khe h. Da di c truyn ng quay bng ng c in thng qua ai truyn, thng
thng s vng quay n=150300 v/ph. ng knh ca da trong khong 0,61,4 m.
Ht vo l nhp liu ca da trn, i vo khe h gia 2 da . Do kch thc khe h nh hn
ng knh ht nn v tru chu lc nn t 2 pha ca da , ng thi do tc ng quay ca da
lm ht ln trong khe, v vy v tru b v v tch hon ton khi nhn ht. Rnh trn mt
gip ht tch v nhanh hn v di chuyn ra ngoi d dng hn nh tc dng ca lc ly tm. Hn
hp sau khi xay gm c nhn ht, v tru v mt t l nht nh ht (15-20 %) cn cha xay
c. V tru v ht cha xay c s c tch ra, nhn ht a vo ch bin tip.




- 32 -






Hnh V- 1. My xay 2 da
Ty theo c ht em bc v m khe h gia hai da c iu chnh bng cc im treo ca da
trn. Khe h phi tht ng u qu trnh tch v c thc hin trn ton b mt da. Nu
khe h khng u, nguyn liu theo ch rng i ra ngoi, do khng tch v c. Sau mt
thi gian lm vic, b mt lm vic b mn, lm cc ht c th b bong ra, khi cn lm li
b mt . Vic khc phc ny c th tin hnh ngay ni sn xut.
Nng sut my thng t 1 t/h n 4 t/h.
My lm vic n nh, t h hng, d sa cha. Nng sut ln so vi cc my xay khc. Tuy
nhin qu trnh iu chnh khe h lm vic gia 2 da tng i kh, i hi phi c tay ngh,
kinh nghim. Ngoi ra do b mt lm vic cng nn d lm gy nt nhn ht, gim t l ht
nguyn sau khi xay, v c nguy c ln sn trong go v vy hin nay ngy cng t c s
dng.
I.2 My xay 2 trc cao su
My gm c 2 trc bng cao su c li bng gang hoc hp kim nhm c lp ln trc ni vi
b phn truyn ng quay. Hai trc cao su quay ngc chiu nhau, mt trc quay nhanh hn trc
kia t 1,151,25 ln. Tc trc nhanh c th t 700-1300 v/p. Trc cao su c ng knh t
180mm n 225mm v chiu di trc t 180 mm n 250mm. Khe h gia 2 trc c th iu
chnh bng cch dch chnh mt trong 2 trc. Mt trc hoc mng phn phi ht c lp pha
trn nhn ht t phu cha ri u vo khe h gia 2 trc
Khi cho ht i vo khe h gia 2 trc, na v ht tip xc trc quay chm, na v kia tip xc
trc quay nhanh, lm sinh ra mt lc dch trt x rch v tru v tch ri khi nhn ht. Qu
trnh tch v ny xy ra rt nhanh trong khe h nh ma st ln gia ht v b mt cao su gip
gim c hin tng trt. Nh s bin dng ca cao su nn nhng ht c kch thc ln c th
c tch v m vn khng b gy.
Hiu sut bc v v gy nt ph thuc vo cc thng s ca my nh tc trc nhanh, trc
chm, kch thc khe h, iu kin cp liu, v c l tnh ca lp cao su. Lp cao su cn c
cng ng u v va tch v ht, nhng khng lm gy v nhn, cn c do v dai
to c lc ma st cn thit nhng li lu mn v mn u trn sut chiu di trc. Sau mt




- 33 -





thi gian lm vic, lp cao su mn lm b rng khe h ln dn, dn n gim hiu qu tch v
ht, khi cn phi iu chnh gim bt khe h gia hai mt trc. Vi thc khe h c khng
ch t 0,4mm n 0,75mm. Khi i trc cao su mn ti gii hn nht nh th thay c cp
trc.
Vic tip liu cho cp trc bc v rt quan trng. Lp ht t trong hc cha liu chy xung
hoc qua mng cp liu hoc qua trc ri liu phi c to thnh lp mng v u di sut
chiu di trc. Nu lp liu dn vo gia hoc ra hai u trc th mt trc cao su s mn
nhanh hn, to khe h khng u trn chiu di trc, dn n c ch bc v khng trit , ch
ht b chn gy nhiu, lm gim hiu sut tch v v nng sut my. ng thi trc mau chng
phi thay v b mn khng u.
My xay 2 trc cao su thng c lp kt hp vi qut ht v tru, ng thi gim c
lng bi thot ra ngoi.
y l mt trong nhng lai my dng thch hp vi thc, c hiu sut bc v cao, t l gy nt
thp. Nng sut my trong khong 0,5 t/h n 2,5 t/h. Qu trnh vn hnh, iu chnh d dng,
khng i hi nhiu k nng, tuy nhin b mt cao su nhanh mn khi lm vic vi cc ht c b
mt nhm, cn phi thay sau mt thi gian lm vic nht nh.


Hnh V- 2. My xay 2 trc cao su



II. MY XT
Tip theo qu trnh tch v tru ca la cn bc tip lp v la mng ca go, ch yu l cellul.
Qu trnh xt ch yu da vo ma st nn c nhiu kiu my xt khc nhau; cht lng my
c nh gi da vo mc tch cm, nng sut v t l gy v.




- 34 -





Thng thng, cc lp v la bm rt chc vo trong phi nh, qu trnh tch v la rt kh so
vi tch v tru. Cc my xt thng s dng nguyn l lm mn bng cch cho cc khi ht
chuyn ng, ht ma st vi thnh my hoc ma st vi nhau, lp v la mn dn v bong ra
khi ht.
II.1 My xt trc cn
Gm mt rto hnh nn ct c y ln pha trn, y nh pha di (cng c th ngc li)
c bao bc bng mt lp nhm. Rto c lp trn trc thng ng v truyn ng quay.
Bao bc xung quanh trc l lp li xt to ra mt khoang trng gia rto v li, gi l khoang
xt. Li gm nhiu phn ghp, gia hai phn li l mt thanh bng cao su (gm 6 thanh),
khong cch gia cc thanh cao su vi mt nhm ca rto nh hn so vi li. Pha di
khoang xt l ca thot ht xt c lp cn iu chnh m ca ca thot. Bn ngoi li l
khoang cha cm gn vi qut ht ht cm ra ngoi ng thi lm ngui ht. iu chnh
khe h gia trc v li, c th iu chnh nng trc ln hoc h xung c nh tay quay iu
chnh, qua lm tng hoc gim khe h xt gia rto v li. Thanh cao su cng c th iu
chnh ra vo c.

Hnh V- 3. My xt trc cn (trc quay ln) Hnh V- 4. My xt trc cn (quay xung)

Ht c a vo my t pha trn, vo khong trng gia rto v li xt.Trc rto quay lm
lp ht tip xc vi b mt nhm b mi mn. Khi ht i qua khe h gia thanh cao su v b
mt trc, s mi mn din ra tch cc hn do ht chu lc n hi ca thanh cao su p mnh v
pha mt nhm. Ngoi ra s chuyn ng ca c khi ht lm tng s c xt cng lm lp v
la b mn nhanh chng. Nh vy, do ma st gia v la v trc cn, gia cc ht vi nhau, v
la mn v bong ra. Lp v la b mi mn gi l cm go c kch thc tng i mn. Qut
ht cm, ht khng kh ngang lp ht, xuyn qua li mang theo cm go, v lm ngui khi ht
xt. Do trc xt t thng ng, ht c khuynh hng di chuyn xung pha di v thot ra
ngoi theo ca thot. thay i trng ht sau khi xt, ngi ta thay i din tch ca thot




- 35 -





tng thi gian lu li trong my ca ht. Tuy nhin khi tng trng lm gim nng sut lm
vic ca my.
S vng quay trc t n= 400 600 v/p. nng sut thay i theo ging la, thng t 2,5 t/h n 8
t/h, ty theo kch c my v theo trng go xt.
II.2 My xt nhiu da c thi gi
My xt nhiu da c thi gi gm mt trc quay trn c lp nhiu da hnh tr ngn,
gi cc da l vng cch c ng knh nh hn, v c nhiu l thi gi. Tng t nh my xt
trc cn, bao quanh trc c da l li xt thot cm v 4 thanh cao su. Khong cch gia
li, cc thanh cao su v da c th iu chnh c bng cch dch chuyn li v thanh cao
su. Ht ra ngoi theo ca thot lp bn di. Din tch thot ca ca thot cng c iu chnh
nh mt cn iu chnh.


Hnh V- 5. My xt nhiu da

Ht c cho vo khoang xt gia li v da . Da quay lm khi ht chuyn ng. Khi
qua ngang khong h nh gia thanh cao su, ht tip xc mnh vi b mt lp nhm, lm
mn lp v la bn ngoi ht. Ngoi ra tc ng t mi mn khi ma st gia ht vi ht cng c
tc ng ng k ti qu trnh xt trng ht.

Hnh V- 6. My xt trc vt Hnh V- 7. My xt nhiu da loi ng





- 36 -





II.3 My xt trc vt
My xt trc vt gm c mt trc xt c 2 on: on u c cnh dng vt, on sau c cnh
thng, c truyn ng quay nh ng c in qua b truyn ai thang. Bao bc xung quanh
trc xt l bao li hnh lc gic hoc bt gic c ghp t nhiu tm ring r. Li lm t thp
tm, c l gia cng nghing mt gc so vi cnh ca tm li, c dng di, chiu rng nh hn
kch thc ht xt Phu np liu c c cu rung cp liu c lp pha on trc cnh vt, cn
pha cui on trc cnh thng l ca thot sn phm xt. Mt tm chn ng kn ca thot ht
xt nh cc khi i trng lp pha ngoi. Trong nhiu trng hp, trc quay c l rng dn
khng kh nn hay nc a vo khi ht.
Khi lm vic, ht t phu np liu i vo trong khoang xt. Do tc ng cnh vt, khi ht s
c y vo trong to mt p sut ln khi ht. Bn trong, on trc cnh thng quay lm khi
ht quay theo, ma st vi l li v ma st vi nhau lm cho lp v la b mn, bong ra. p sut
ca khi ht cng ln, ma st cng ln. Do lp bao li quanh trc xt c hnh lc gic hoc bt
gic nn c s xo trn mnh lm cho qu trnh xt xy ra ng u vi c khi ht. i khi gia
2 tm li c lp thm mt thanh chn nh vo pha trong dc theo sut chiu di my, lm
chuyn hng dng ht ang di chuyn lm tng ng k xo trn ca khi ht. Tm chn
ca thot c tc dng iu chnh p sut trong khoang xt, t iu chnh trng ca ht xt.
Khi p sut trong khoang xt ln s y tm chn lm ht thot ra, cn khi p sut gim, i
trng s tc ng lm tm chn ng lm gim ca thot ht.



Hnh V- 8. My xt trc vt

My xt trc vt cn c th dng nh bng ht. Khi mt lng nh nc c a vo
khi ht gip cho b mt ht bng p hn sau khi xt. Khng kh cng c thi vo lm khi
ht ngui hn ng thi gip thot cm nhanh chng cng gp phn lm sch, bng b mt ht.

III. MY NGHIN
Trong cc dy chuyn sn xut ca nhiu ngnh cng nghip cn c nguyn liu dng ht nh
cung cp cho cc cng on ch bin. My nghin l cc my lm nh kch thc vt liu ban
u.







- 37 -





Bng 0-1. Kch thc ht bt sau khi nghin
ng knh trung bnh, mm
Mc nghin
Nguyn liu, D Sn phm nghin, d
T s mc
nghin,
d
D
i =
Nghin bt
To 5-1 0,01-0,04 500-400
Va 0,2-0,04 0,015-0,005 13-8
Mn 0,1-0,04 0,005-0,001 20-40
rt mn 0,1-0,04 0,001 100-400

Cc loi my nghin u nghin nh vt liu bng mt hoc vi dng tc dng c hc. Cc
phng php tc dng bao gm: 1. va p, 2. nn p, 3. mi mn, 4. ct. Ty theo yu cu v
tnh cht c l ca vt liu m chn phng php nghin thch hp.
Trong qu trnh nghin, nguyn liu chu tc dng lc s b bin dng n hi, sau , khi vut
qu bin dng n hi, nguyn liu s b ph hy thnh nhiu thnh phn mi c kch thc nh
hn. Nh vy cng cn thit cho qu trnh nghin bao gm cng lm bin dng vt liu v cng
lm nh kch thc vt liu. Cng bin dng ph thuc vo tnh cht c l ca vt liu, cn
cng bin dng ph thuc vo mc nghin, mc nghin cng ln, cng tiu tn cng
nhiu.S ht mi sinh ra t l theo cp s nhn vi mc nghin. Gi s mt ht hnh lp
phng kch thc cnh l D sau khi nghin cn kch thc D/2s sinh ra 8 ht mi, cn nu l
D/4 s l 8 x 8 = 64 ht, D/8 s l 64 x 8 = 512 ht, v.v.. Nh vy do s ht mi sinh ra cng
nhiu, thi gian nghin s cng ln nu nghin cng mn.
III.1 My nghin ba
Ty theo kch c vt liu em nghin, kch thc yu cu ca sn phm v cn c vo cng
vt liu, vo yu cu thot v vn chuyn sn phm v.v.. chn lai my nghin thch hp, sao
cho t nng sut m chi ph nng lng li thp. Do nhiu loi my nghin c kt cu khc
nhau t n gin n phc tp c ch to.

Hnh V- 9. Cu to my nghin ba vi cnh ba c nh





- 38 -





Cu to my nghin ba gm mt roto, trn roto c cc cnh ba. Cnh ba c th c nhiu dng
khc nhau tu theo yu cu nghin v c l tnh ca nguyn vt liu. Roto quay trn mt v my
c lm bng gang c, c ch lp li hoc ton b xung quanh l li.
Loi c bng gang bn trong thng lp g.
Loi bao xung quanh l li bn trong c g hoc khng.
Nguyn liu cn nghin cho vo bn trong my qua ca np liu. Do s va p ca vt liu vi
cc cnh ba ang quay v vi thnh trong ca my, vt liu s bin dng ri v ra thnh cc
thnh phn c kch thc nh hn. Ngoi ra khi nguyn liu ban u c kch thc ln, cn c
thm s ch xt ca vt liu vi thnh trong ca my. Do b va p nhiu ln gia cnh ba v
v my, nguyn liu gim kch thc n khi nh hn l li, ht s theo l li ra ngoi.Cc
ht vt liu nh lt qua li t thot ra ngoi hoc c qut ht ra khi my, cn cc ht vt
liu to cha lt qua li li c cc ba tip tc nghin nh. nghin c, ng nng ca
ba khi quay phi ln hn cng lm bin dng ph v vt liu. Do vy, khi nghin vt liu ln
cn c trng lng ba ln, cn khi nghin vt liu nh cn ba nh hn. Trong trng hp vt
liu nghin kch thc khng u hoc qu cng, ngi ta dng loi c cnh ba xp. u im
ca cnh ba loi ny l c th xp c khi qua ti hoc vt cng; khi vt qua ti hay vt cng
ny, cnh ba s m ra nh lc ly tm.
Nguyn liu c th c a vo my theo hng tm trc hay c th nhp liu theo phng tip
tuyn vi r to. Phng php ny khng c thun li lm do nguyn liu c th b vng ln
theo ng nhp liu. Trong qu trnh nghin, nu l li b bt, vt liu khng thot ra c,
nng sut s gim rt nhiu hoc bng 0. V vy my hot ng tt th vt liu nghin khng
c lm bt l li. My nghin ba thng khng lm vic c cc loi vt liu m, do,
hoc bm dnh.

Hnh V- 10. My nghin ba np liu hng tm

Cc my nghin ba c s ba t, trng lng ca mi ba G=200-700 N, rto quay chm vi tc
vng khong 15-25 m/s th thng dng nghin th v va c ht sn phm c kch
thc d>20mm. Cc my nghin ba c trng lng mi ba G=30-50 N vn tc vng khong
25-60 m/s dng nghin nh c sn phm c kch thc d<1-5mm. Vi my nghin c
nhiu ba trng lng mi ba G=5-10 N v vn tc rt ln ti 100 m/s dng nghin mn ht
sn phm t kch thc d= 10-100 m.




- 39 -





My nghin ba khi hot ng to ra lung khng kh rt ln, gip ht sau khi nghin qua l li
d dng. Tuy nhin, sau khi ra khi my cn phi c h thng lng thu hi sn phm.Vi cc
sn phm nghin thng dng cyclon lng v ti thu hi bng vi. Vi h thng lng bng
xyclon thng s dng mt xyclon ln dng lng cc ht c kch thc ln v mt cyclon nh
lng bi trc khi cho khng kh thi ra ngoi.
Ht sau khi nghin c kch thc trung bnh nh hn nhiu so vi kch thc l li. Khi cn
thay i mn ca sn phm nghin, c th thay li c kch thc l thch hp.
III.2 My nghin rng
Nguyn l tng t my nghin ba, s dng ng nng ang quay ca cc rng lp trn da
p nguyn liu. V cu to, bao xung quanh rto l li, do din tch li ca my nghin
rng ln hn rt nhiu so vi my nghin ba.
Rto l mt da phng c gia cng cc rng sp xp theo ng trn ng tm cc v tr khc
nhau sao cho khi ng np my li hng rng c nh trn np my nm gia 2 hng rng quay
trn rto. Rng trn rto s quay theo khe gia 2 hng rng c nh. Rng gn trn rto bng
cch c lin hay bt bng cc vt cy pha sau. u rng v np my cng gn (khe h hp)
nghin cng mn.
Nguyn liu c cho vo gia tm my, b rng quay p nhiu ln. Nguyn liu p vo hng
rng quay th nht, sau p qua hng rng c nh i ra ngoi v p vo hng rng quay k
tip... C tip tc cho n khi no kch thc nh hn kch thc l li (thng ra khi hng
rng cui cng) s theo l li ra ngoi. Nu kch thc sau khi ra khi cc hng rng vn cn
ln hn kch thc l li, ht s tip tc b p nh hng rng cui.
S vng quay ca rto rt ln: 3000 - 6000 vng/pht, do ng nng va p rt ln, kh nng
nghin mn tng.
My nghin rng cng c thi kh nhng t hn my nghin ba nn nng sut cao hn (thi kh
t, lng bi nhanh).Tuy nhin, my nghin rng ch nghin ht c kch thc nh, ng u trong
khi my nghin ba c th nghin ht c kch thc nh, ln ng thi.





- 40 -





Hnh V- 11. My nghin rng
III.3 My nghin da
My nghin da nghin bt vi mc nghin va v mn. My gm c hai da nghin c
lp trong v my, gia hai da l khe nghin c th iu chnh c bng cch dch chuyn mt
trong hai da. Vt liu c cho vo khe nghin qua l np liu tm da v b nghin nh khi di
chuyn trong khe nghin t tm ra n pha chu vi ca da.
Cc da nghin thng c ch to bng kim loi hoc bng hn hp v c cng. Do lc lin
kt ca cc da km hn da kim lai nn phi lm thm ai thp v thng cho da lm
vic vi vn tc vng l 10m/s i vi trc quay thng ng, ti 18m/s i vi trc quay nm
ngang. Da gang c th vn tc vng c th ti 28m/s cn da thp c t ti 68m/s.
Da nghin m bo cc yu cu b mt nghin cn c cng cao, nhm ln, c tnh ng
u trn ton b b mt da nghin khi lm vic th mn u, khng b st m. Loi da
nghin bng thng c ch to t hn hp cc loi bt oxt kim loi cng.
tng kh nng nghin ca da, tng kh nng vn chuyn bt ra khi khe nghin v tng iu
kin thng gi vv... ngi ta thng gia cng mt da thnh cc vnh, cc rnh chm c prfin
hnh tam gic trn hai mt da.


III.4 My nghin trc
Nguyn l lm vic ca my nghin trc l cho sn phm cn
nghin i qua khe h gia 2 trc nghin. Hai trc nghin hnh tr,
t nm ngang, c b mt rt cng, trn b mt c th trn hoc
c gia cng ty theo nguyn liu c nghin.
i vi sn phm nghin th, trn b mt trc c x rnh a
nguyn liu vo d hn. Trng hp cn nghin tht mn, b mt
trc thng trn.
Nguyn liu khi i qua khe h gia 2 trc s b p, kch thc
nh li. i vi qu trnh nghin tht mn, nhiu khi nguyn
liu cn nghin ut. m bo kch thc ht sau khi nghin, c th nghin nhiu ln bng
cch hi lu li sn phm nghin hay nghin qua nhiu my lin tc.
Hnh VI - 12. Da nghin bng gang
B phn thot ti l h thng l xo p 2 trc nghin vi nhau. Khi vt cng qua khe h my
nghin hay khi vt liu qua qu nhiu,b phn thot ti lm vic, khi h thng l xo b p li,
khe h ln ra v vt cng i qua d dng m khng lm h my.
i vi cc my nghin mn khng c b phn thot ti (ch c nghin th v trung bnh).
IV. MY P
IV.1 My p trc vt
Dng p du ra khi cc ht c du. Nguyn tc lm vic ca my p trc vt l s dng 1 vt
p nguyn liu. Vt c hnh dng c bit, lng p cng c thit k c hnh dng c bit sao
cho th tch rng gia lng p v trc p cng v sau cng nh. Lng p l mt ng hnh tr ghp
li bng nhiu thanh ri gi l thanh cn, ngay gia 2 thanh cn l khe h nh du c th
chy ra c. Nguyn liu cho vo my p b nn dn v pha cui my, cng v sau th tch




- 41 -





khoang p cng nh, p sut s tng, du s thot ra khi nguyn liu theo khe h thanh cn chy
ra ngoi pha di, b s thot ra cui lng p. Cui lng p c b phn hnh cn iu chnh
khe h ra (cn iu chnh). Nu khe h ln, p sut p nh v ngc li.
Nguyn liu trc khi p thng c chun b trc: nghin s b, sau tin hnh chng sy
bng phng php nhit m a nguyn liu c du n nhit , m thch hp cho qu trnh
p, trch ly.
Qu trnh p thng gp phi hin tng nguyn liu dnh vo trc v quay theo trc (bm y
vo khong trng xung quanh trc vt), khi trc vt p khng cn tc dng p na v phi
dng my lm sch trc vt p.

Hnh V- 13. My p trc vt (dng p du)


Hnh V- 14. My p tch nc (sn phm c xay, u h)

V. MY NG HA
Dng to h nh tng t 2 cht lng khng tan vo nhau th d nh pha du b vo sa
trong cng nghip lm sa bt, hay to h huyn ph t huyn ph th ban u c c
huyn ph c kch thc ht tng i nh v ng nht, th d lm mn nc p tri cy trnh
hin tng phn lp trong hp.




- 42 -





Nguyn tc lm vic ca my ng ho l tng p sut cht lng (nguyn liu ban u) n 150-
500 atm, sau cho cht lng thot qua mt khe h hp. Khi , do gim p sut t ngt nn
tc ca cht lng rt ln, cc cht lng khuch tn vo nhau to h nh tng. Trng hp
lm mn huyn ph, cng do s gim p sut t ngt lm cho tht qu b x nh. Sau khi i qua
my ng ho, ta thu c sn phm ng nht.

Hnh V- 15. Cu to cc b phn chnh ca my ng ho 1 cp
1.Van ng ha 2.Vng va p 3. van 4. S h thng

My ng ho bao gm mt bm cht lng, cc van mt chiu, van v van ng ho, l xo p
van ng ha. Thng thng van ng ha p cht ln van nh l xo. Khi cht lng c
bm ln p sut cao thng lc l xo, van ng ha c nng ln khi van to ra mt khe
h hp gia van v van, cht lng s thot ra khi khe h. Khi mt lng cht lng thot
ra, p sut s gim, l xo y van ng ha h xung, t cht vo van. Chu k c lp li
lin tc.
Van ng ha v van phi tht phng v kn c th chu p sut ln n 150- 500 atm
m khng b r r.
Trng hp cc h nh tng kh phn tn hoc h huyn ph kh lm mn cn s dng my
ng ho hai cp, trong nguyn liu c ng ho hai ln lin tc nhau trong my.


Hnh V- 16. Nguyn l lm vic ca my ng ho





- 43 -






VI. GHP NP HP ST
Hu ht hp st s dng mi ghp 5 lp, sau khi ghp xong mi ghp c 5 lp kim loi. Mi
ghp phi bo m kn cn thit khng cho khng kh v vi sinh vt t bn ngoi xm nhp
vo trong hp.
to c mi ghp kn, thn v np hp s c mc li vi nhau v p cht. Pha trong np
c trng mt lp cht do, khi ghp c tc dng nh mt m lm kn. Nu kim loi c n
hi thch hp, v lc p , phn kim loi ca mi ghp s p cht vo nhau gia l lp cht do
m, do bo m c kn cho hp.

Np c to hnh trc, ming thn hp cng c b cong
ra pha ngoi trong qu trnh gia cng hp. Thng thng
qu trnh ghp c tin hnh qua 2 giai on:
Ghp s b: mi ghp c nh hnh nhng cha kn.
to mi ghp s b dng mt con ln ghp s b chy quanh
ming hp. Trong khi ln, do hnh dng ming rnh trn con
ln lm np hp b b cong vo pha trong, mc vo thn
hp, nh dng cho mi ghp.



Ghp kn: Sau khi ghp s b, s dng con ln khc
c dng rnh khc ghp kn.
Do mi ghp nh hnh, con ln ghp kn ch p
cht cc lp li vi nhau.
Hp c t trn b nng, cc con ln lc u pha ngoi,
sau con ln va quay trn quanh hp v tin gn hp. Khi tip xc np hp th cc con ln
tin hnh ghp s b sau ghp kn. Sau khi ghp kn, b nng h xung v hp c ly ra
khi my ghp. Qu trnh con ln chy vo v ra do h thng iu khin t ng. C hai phng
php ghp: con ln quay, hp ng yn hoc hp quay, con ln ng yn.
Hnh V - 17. Mi ghp 5 lp hon chnh

Hnh V- 18. Mi ghp s b bnh thng, mi ghp qu cht v mi ghp lng


Thng thng, ngi ta b tr h thng con ln ghp u nhau quay quanh hp, c th gm c
con ln ghp s b v ghp kn.
Nu np lm bng kim loi qu dy, con ln khng c kh nng p cht, mi ghp s khng kn.
Nu kim loi mng qu, b mt np b nhn li do kim loi dn, mi ghp h ra, mi ghp s
khng kn

- 44 -






Hnh V - 19. Np, thn hp v tr trn my ghp (lc cha ghp) v qu trnh ghp s b

Mt s trng hp c bit, qu trnh ghp c tin hnh trong bung kn vi mi trng kh
N
2
hoc CO
2
ui khng kh ra. Thng thng, cc trng hp ghp np c bi kh s dng
hi nc ui khng kh.

Hnh V - 20.Qu trnh ghp kn

Hnh V - 21. Mt ct ngang mi ghp Hnh V - 22. cht ca mi ghp kp
Bng V- 1. Kch thc hp v mi ghp

Tn kch thc
ng knh danh
ngha hp , (mm)
Kch thc,
mm
h1
202
(52)
1,90 0.20





- 45 -





207.5 - 401
(60 - 99)
2,03 0.20

404 - 603
(105 - 153)
2,08 0.25

202 - 211
(52 - 65)
1,65 min.
300 - 401
(74 - 99)
1,78 min. c
404 - 603
(105 - 153)
1,90 min.
202
(52)
0,89 min.
207.5 - 303
(60 - 78)
1,02 min.
307 - 404
(83 - 105)
1,14 min.
g
502 - 603
(127 - 153)
1,27 min.
202 - 401
(52 - 99)
70 - 100%
404 -502
(105 - 127)
80 - 100% cht
603
(153)
90 - 100%













- 46 -



Chng VI
MY NH LNG - CHIT RT SN PHM
LNG

I. QU TRNH NH LUNG-CHIT RT SN
PHM LNG
nh lng sn phm lng l chit mt th tch nht nh sn phm lng v rt vo trong chai,
bnh, l, v.v.. nh lng sn phm lng bng my c s dng rng ri trong nhiu ngnh sn
xut thc phm. Khi nh lng bng my th ci thin c iu kin v sinh, m bo c
nng sut cao v nh lng sn phm mt cch chnh xc.
My nh lng chit rt sn phm lng thng c p dng cho nhng trng hp yu cu
nng sut cao, hoc cc yu cu nghim ngt v v sinh thc phm. Ty theo tnh cht ca cht
lng, cc my chit rt s khc nhau cc b phn lm vic chnh, cc c cu rt.
Trong cng nghip thc phm, my nh lng-chit rt sn phm lng c p dng cho nc
gii kht, nuc tri cy, bia, ru, nc gii kht c ga, sa, mt, cc loi dung dch thc phm
c c, v.v..
Cc phng php nh lng ch yu gm c:
- nh lng bng bnh nh mc: cht lng c nh lng chnh xc nh bnh nh
mc trc khi rt vo chai.
- nh lng bng chit ti mc c nh: cht lng c chit ti mc c nh trong chai
bng cch chit y, sau ly khi th tch b tr ra khi chai; khi mc lng trong chai s
st xung mt khong nh nhau bt k th tch ca cc chai c bng nhau hay khng. Ngoi ra
cn s dng ng thng hi, cht lng oc chit ti khi ngp ming ng thng hi s dng li.
Phng php ny c chnh xc khng cao, tu thuc ng u ca chai.
- nh lng bng cch chit theo thi gian: cho cht lng chy vo chai trong khong
thi gian xc nh, c th xem nh th tch cht lng chy l khng i. phng php ny ch p
dng cho cc sn phm c gi tri thp, khng yu cu chnh xc nh lng.
Trong ba phng php nh lng c bn: theo bnh nh mc, nh lng theo mc v nh
lng theo thi gian chy th ph bin nht i vi sn phm lng l hai phng php u.
C 3 phng php chit sn phm:
- Phng php rt p sut thng: cht lng t chy vo trong chai do chnh lch v
cao thy tnh. Tc chy chm nn ch thch hp vi cc cht lng t nht.
- Phng php rt chn khng: Ni chai vi mt h thng ht chn khng, cht lng s
chy vo trong chai do chnh p gia thng cha v p sut trong chai. Lng cht lng chy
vo chai thng thng cng c p dng phng php b tr hoc chit y chai.
- Phng php rt ng p: Phng php ny c p dng cho cc sn phm c gas nh
bia, nc ngt.Trong khi rt, p sut trong chai ln hn p sut kh quyn nhm trnh khng cho
ga (kh CO
2
) thot khi cht lng. Vi phng php rt ng p thng thng, ngi ta np kh
CO
2
vo trong chai cho n khi p sut trong chai bng p sut trong bnh cha, sau cho sn
phm t bnh cha chy vo trong chai nh chnh lch cao.
- 48 -
My nh lng-chit rt sn phm lng gm nhiu c cu rt, mi c cu rt c b tr chit
cho 1 chai. Cc c cu rt c th c b tr thng hng, lm vic cng lc (my chit c c cu
chit thng) hoc b tr trn bn quay, lm vic tun t (my chit bn quay)
II. CC C CU CA MY CHIT RT
II.1 C cu rt kiu van
C cu rt kiu van l mt trong cc c cu n gin nht, n gm c bnh lng c chia vch,
van ba ng, ng thng hi c th dch chuyn ln xung c, ng ni np y bnh lng v
ng rt th tch inh lng vo bao b cha.
Th tch cht lng i vo trong bnh lng ph thuc vo v tr u bn di ca ng thng
.
Hnh VI - 1. C cu rt kiu van

v tr np, nt van ba ng xoay ni ng dn cht lng trong bnh cha chy vo bnh lng,
y khng kh trong bnh ra qua ng thng hi. Khi u di ca ng ngp di mc cht lng
th khng kh khng thot ra c na, cht lng dng ln cao hn ming ng mt on nh, ri
dng li. Khong dng cao hn ming ng thng hi ph thuc vo mc cht lng trong thng
cha. Khi p sut khng kh trong bnh b nn ti p sut bng vi p sut cht lng c su
tnh t mt thong trong thng cha v mt thong trong bnh lng, cht lng khng chy vo
bnh lng c na. Cht lng trong ng thng hi s dng ln v theo quy tc bnh thng nhau
n bng mc cht lng trong thng cha.
tho cht lng vo bao b cha, xoay van ba ng ti v tr tho. Cht lng trong bnh nh
lng s theo ng dn chy xung bao b cha bn di.
Th tch cht lng trong bnh c th iu chnh bng cch nng hoc h ng thng hi
xung.Ty theo cch quay van m nhng my dng c cu rt ny thuc loi quay tay, bn t
ng v t ng. Cht lng chy ra cng nhanh th nng sut my cng ln
- 49 -
II.2 C cu rt ti mc nh trc


Hnh VI - 2. C cu rt ti mc nh trc: giai on chun b, ang rt v hon tt rt


II.3 C cu rt c bnh lng v van trt
C cu rt c bnh lng v van trt c dng trong ngnh sa, ru, ru vang, v trong
nhiu lnh vc cng nghip thc phm khc rt sn phm thc phm lng t nht.
Trong thng rt c bnh lng, y bnh vn cht vi van trt. Phn bn trn ca van trt rng
cn phn bn di c. Bn phn rng ca van trt c l. Van trt di chuyn ln xung c
bn trong mt ng lt lp c nh di y thng. ng lt c l ni vi ng dn sn phm vo
bao b.
Mt l xo lp y bnh cha lun lun gi cho van trt v tr thp nht. Khi ming ca
bnh lng nm bn di mt thong cht lng trong bnh cha. Khi nng van trt ln mt
khong (chu k rt) th bnh lng cha cht lng c a ln cao hn mt thong trong bnh
cha, ng thi xy ra s trng kht cc l ca van trt v ng lt, nh cht lng trong
bnh lng chy vo vo bao b cha. Sau khi chy ht cht lng th bnh lng c h xung,
cht lng li chy vo y bnh lng v chu trnh lm vic s lp li.
Lng cht lng chy vo trong bao b bng th tch ca bnh lng, do khi cn thay i nh
lng phi thay i bnh lng khc c th tch thch hp.

- 50 -

Hnh VI - 3. C cu rt chnh xc c bnh lng-van trt

II.4 C cu rt ng p rt cht lng c np kh

trnh tn tht khi rt cht lng c np ga CO
2
ngi ta s dng loi c cu rt ng p. Chu
trnh lm vic ca c cu rt ng p gm:
np y kh vo bao b, p sut ca
kh bng p sut ca cht lng np kh;
m l np cht lng;
cht lng chy vo bao b cha
khng c chnh lch p sut mt thong,
ch chy nh chnh lch ct p;
np vo y bao b n mc cht
lng nh trc hoc theo thi gian
(thng thng th khng c thit b nh
lng );
ng l np cht lng.




Hnh VI - 4. C cu rt ng p

Vi qui trnh np nh vy, sn phm
trong chai cn gi c hm lng kh
CO
2
cn thit. Thng thng qu trnh rt ng p c tin hnh nhit thp gim thiu
s thot CO
2
ra khi sn phm lng.
- 51 -
II.5 C cu rt chn khng
Trong c cu rt chn khng hin nay dng van bi hoc van trt. Trong thn ca c cu rt c
hai rnh. Mt trong hai rnh c ni vi bm chn khng, rnh cn li ni vi bnh cha sn
phm.
v tr ng, van trt (hoc van bi) ng c hai ng thng vi bm chn khng v sn
phm. Khi c chai a vo, van c nng ln v qu trnh rt bt u. Khng kh trong chai
c bm chn khng ht lm p sut gim. Khi sn phm t bnh cha s chy vo trong
chai. Qu trnh din ra lin tc n khi chai c np y sn phm. Khi ng ng ht kh
s b ngt khi bm chn khng, bn trong chai c thng p v sn phm ngng chy vo
trong chai. Tuy nhin s c mt lng nh sn phm b ht theo khng kh, phn sn phm ny
s c tch ra bnh tch lng t trc my ht chn khng. Thng thng ngi ta iu
chnh lng sn phm trong chai bng cch s dng ng thng p c th dch chuyn c hoc
thay i thi gian ht chn khng
C cu rt chn khng c dng rt cc sn phm d h hng hoc gim cht lng khi tip
xc vi khng kh, hoc c s dng trong cc trng hp cc sn phm d rt v yu cu nng
sut rt ln, thi gian rt cho mt chai nhanh.


Hnh VI - 5. My chit dng bng chuyn thng Hnh VI - 6. My chit chai kiu bn quay




- 52 -
Chng VII
MY LY TM - PHN LY

I. QU TRNH LC LY TM - LNG LY TM
Qu trnh phn ly da vo trng lc ly tm phn ring hn hp hai pha rn- lng hoc lng-
lng thnh cc cu t ring bit gi l qu trnh ly tm. My thc hin qu trnh gi l my
ly tm.
Trong qu trnh ly tm lng v lc, nguyn liu chuyn ng quay cng vi rto ca my. Lc ly
tm s lm cho cc cu t c khi lng ring khc nhau phn lp theo hng ca gia tc trng
lc. Thnh phn c khi lng ring ln nht s tp trung vng xa tm nht, cn phn c khi
lng ring nh nht tp trung tm ca rto.
Ty theo cu to b mt rto m qu trnh ly tm tin hnh theo nguyn tc lc ly tm hay lng
ly tm. Do cng c hai loi my ly tm: my ly tm lng v my ly tm lc
I.1 Lng ly tm

Hnh VII- 1. Nguyn l lm vic ca my ly tm lng.

- 53 -

Hnh VII- 2. Qu trnh lng ly tm: Lng trong huyn ph v phn ring nh tng

Rto ca my ly tm lng c dng hnh tr, kn, thnh ca rto khng c c l. Khi rto quay
di tc dng ca lc ly tm, huyn ph hay nh tng c phn thnh cc lp ring bit ty
theo khi lng ring ca n. Lp khi lng ring ln st thnh rto, lp c khi lng ring
nh pha trongLy tm lng gm hai qu trnh: qu trnh lng pha rn tin hnh theo nhng quy
lut ca thy ng lc hc; qu trnh nn b tin hnh theo nhng qui lut c hc.
Qu trnh lng trong my ly tm khc qu trnh lng trong trng trng lc. Lng trong trng
trng lc, vn tc lng coi nh bng nhau cc v tr khc nhau v gia tc trng trng khng
ph thuc vo ta ri - ht lng theo phng song song vi nhau. Trong trng lc ly tm
vn tc lng v gia tc ly tm thay i ph thuc vo vn tc gc v bn knh quay r (a=
2
r),
ht lng theo phng ng knh rto
I.2 Lc ly tm
My ly tm lc dng phn ring huyn ph c kch thc pha rn tng i ln. Trn thnh
rto ca my ly tm hc khoan nhiu l hoc lm bng li. ng knh l trn thnh rto
thng trong gii hn 3-8 mm. Bn trong thnh rto c li c kch thc nh lc c ht
cc huyn ph.
Nu ng knh cc ht rn 1-2 mm, th vch ngn lm bng thp tm mng v c khoan cc
l nh c ng knh khong 1- 1,5 mm. Nu cc ht rn nh hn na th phi dng li kim
loi c l hnh vung vi kch thc l li 0,1-0,5 mm. Nu kch thc ht rn nh hn dng
lp vi bng si bng, si gai hoc len v.v..


Hnh VII- 3. Qu trnh lc ly tm bng li lc (vch ngn lc)

II. PHN LOI MY LY TM
C th phn loi my ly tm theo du hiu khc nhau:
Theo qu trnh phn ly: my ly tm lng; my ly tm lc
Theo phng thc lm vic: my ly tm lm vic gin on, my ly tm lm vic lin tc
v my ly tm t ng
Theo kt cu ca b phn tho b: my ly tm tho b bng dao; my ly tm tho b bng
vt xon; my ly tm tho b bng pittng
Theo gi tr yu t phn ly phn ra my ly tm thng v my ly tm siu tc
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Theo kt cu trc v phn ra: my ly tm ba chn v my ly tm treo
III. MY LY TM LC
III.1 Cc my ly tm lm vic gin on
III.1.1 My ly tm ba chn
y l loi my lm vic gin on, c th tho b bng tay, bng dao hoc bng kh ng,
thng dng ly tm huyn ph cha cc ht rn nh, trung bnh hoc lm kh b lc.
My gm c rto c bao bc bi v. Thn my gn vi v c t trn 3 l xo cnh nhau
120
O
. ng c lp trn thn my ni vi bnh ai pha di ri truyn sang trc my lm quay
rto. u im ca my l c th lm vic vi ti trng lch tm tng i ln nh c cc l xo
gim chn. im treo ca kt cu nm trn trng tm phn treo nn khi lm vic my rt n
nh. Trc my ngn nn my gn, chc chn, tin li cho vic tho b bng tay.
Nhc dim ca my l trc v b phn truyn ng t di nn d b n mn ho hc




Hnh VII- 4. My ly tm lm vic gin on tho b bng dao

III.1.2 My ly tm kiu treo
Loi my ny dng phn ring huyn ph mn v trung bnh, do n thng c dng
trong cc nh my ng, nh my ho cht, thc phm v.v..
My gm c rto ghp vi u di ca trc quay. Khe h gia cc nan hoa chnh l cc l tho
b.
Khi my ang lm vic th chp s y kn y rto. Khi tho b th dng my v nng chp ln,
ng thi dng dao co b xung di qua cc l gia cc nan hoa.
u im ca loi my ny l trc v b phn truyn ng khng b cht lng n mn, vic tho
b tng i nh nhng v nhanh hn loi trn.
V cc my ly tm lm vic vi s vng quay rt ln nn d ngt in, trc quay vn cn quay
do qun tnh rt lu. nhanh chng dng my ta phi dng c cu phanh hm. i vi cc my
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ly tm treo, trc c th o xung quanh phng thng ng khi phanh, do c cu phanh
phi cu to sao cho khi phanh p lc gy ra hai pha ca phanh phi u nhau.
khc phc nhc im tho b bng tay nng nhc, nng sut thp ngi ta ch to loi my
ly tm treo tho b t ng. Loi my ny ch khc my ly tm treo bnh thng l phn di c
dng hnh nn vi gc nghing ln hn gc ri t nhin ca b. Khi rto dng li th b t trt
xung theo thnh nn v ra khi rto.
III.1.3 My ly tm nm ngang tho b bng dao
Cc loi my ly tm trn y, lc tho b u phi hm my, do mt thi gian v tiu hao
nng lng v ch. Loi my ly tm nm ngang tho b bng dao cng lm vic gin on nhng
tt c cc giai on u c t ng ho nn thi gian ca mt chu k ngn hn loi tho b
bng tay

Hnh VII- 5. My ly tm tho b bng dao c ca tho y

Sau khi m my cho rto quay th cho huyn ph vo rt theo ng tip liu (trn ng c lp mt
van c bit). Sau khi huyn ph vo lng yu cu th van ng li v xy ra qu trnh ly
tm. Lp b trong rto ngy cng dy ln v khi m bo chiu dy quy nh th xy lanh lc h
pittng xung ko theo dao co b, co thnh lp mng ri xung mng hng pha di. Nh
vy dao ly b ra mt cch gin on v chuyn ng xoay ca dao l nh chuyn ng tnh tin
ca pittng.
III.2 Cc my ly tm lm vic lin tc
Trong cc my ly tm lm vic lin tc, huyn ph (hay nh tng) lin tc c cho vo, cn
nc trong v b lin tc c ly ra. Loi ny gm c cc loi my ly tm khc nhau.
III.2.1 My ly tm nm ngang lm vic lin tc, tho b bng pittng
u im ch yu ca loi my ny l lm vic lin tc nn nng sut cao. So vi my ly tm
tho bng dao th c kt cu gn, chc hn, nng lng tiu th trn mt n v sn phm nh
hn. Tuy nhin my cn c mt s nhc im nh kt cu phc tp, tiu tn nng lng khng
u theo thi gian, li lc chng mn do b ma st vi pittng y b.
Loi my ly tm ny dng ly tm huyn ph c (50% pha rn tr ln), kch thc ht
khong 0,04-0,12mm. Thng dng ly tm cc huyn ph m pha rn dng tinh th nh
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
, NaCl, CaSO
4
,v.v..
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My gm c mt pittng chnh lp cht ln mt u ca cn y, cn u kia ca cn y th lp
pittng ca xylanh lc iu khin bng du hoc kh nn. Cn y nm trong trc rng, mt u
trc rng lp cht rto, u kia lp bnh ai chuyn ng. Cn y cng quay vi trc rng
phn phi u huyn ph, ng thi chuyn ng tnh tin qua li 12-16 ln/gi y b ra
khi roto.


Hnh VII- 6. S nguyn l my ly tm lc lm vic lin tc c piston y pha rn

III.2.2 My ly tm tho b bng lc ly tm
My ly tm tho b bng lc ly tm gm c roto lc hnh cn, lp cng-xn trn trc thng ng,
trc quay trn cc . c t trn cc b gim chn bng cao su. Rto quay c nh
ng c qua b phn truyn ng ai.
Nguyn liu lin tc chy thnh dng vo trong rto hnh cn. Do tc dng ca lc ly tm, huyn
ph di chuyn dc theo li lc ca roto. Cht lng c tch ra qua l li ca rto, cn b
c ra sch v lm kh. Thnh phn lng i vo b phn cha hnh vnh khn, phn b rn
chuyn ng ln trn vng ra khi rto v c a vo thng cha.
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Hnh VII- 7. My ly tm lin tc r to hnh nn t tho b

Gc nghing ca rto lc phi bo m cho huyn ph chuyn ng ln pha trn, di tc ng
ca p sut phn nguyn liu mi a vo. L ca li lc ca roto lc hnh cn dng khe c
chiu rng khong 0,04-0,15mm. V th m sc cn ca li lc rt ln, tng ng vi sc
cn ca b (c chiu dy khong vi milimet).
IV. MY LY TM LNG
IV.1. My ly tm lng nm ngang tho b bng vt xon
Loi ny dng phn ly huyn ph mn c nng trung bnh v ln. Trong cng nghip thc
phm loi my ny dng tch tinh bt ra khi nc qu, trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc
dng phn ring pha rn v pha lng.
My gm c hai rto. Rto ngoi c dng hnh nn hoc tr-nn, rto trong c dng hnh tr m
mt ngoi ca n c gn vt ti. Rto trong v rto ngoi quay cng chiu nhng rto trong quay
chm hn rto ngoi 1,5-2 % (khong 20-100vg/ph) nh hp gim tc vi sai. Rto trong c c
cc l dn huyn ph nhp liu. Gc nghing phn hnh nn ca rto khong 9-10
O
. Qu
trnh lng xy ra trong khong khng gian gia hai rto, b bm vo mt trong ca rto ngoi v
c vt ti y v pha ca tho b. Nc trong i v pha ngc li, chy qua cc ca trn
y ri i ra ngoi. Trong phn rto khng b ngp nc, b va c a ra khi rto va c
lm kh.

Hnh VII- 8. My ly tm lng lin tc tho b bng vt xon

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C th iu chnh ch lm vic ca my bng cch thay s vng quay hoc thay chiu
di lng khi ta xoay cc ca chy trn. L chy trn cng gn trc quay th lp nc cng su,
chiu di lng cng di, lng c cc ht c kch thc nh.
u im ca my ny l phn ly c huyn ph mn, nng sut ln.
Nhc im l tn nhiu nng lng tho b, tn tht trong hp gim tc vi sai ln, b b vn
nt, nc trong cn ln nhiu ht rn; my lm vic nng n, n o.
IV.2 My phn ly siu tc loi da
My phn ly siu tc loi da c nhiu loi: loi h, loi kn, loi na kn, loi tho b bng tay
v bng ly tm. y l nhm c nhiu my nht trong cc loi my ly tm siu tc. My ly tm
siu tc loi da dng phn li huyn ph c hm lng pha rn nh hoc phn ly nh tng
kh phn ly. My ly tm siu tc loi da dng tch b trong sa, tinh luyn du thc vt v
lng trong cc cht bo.
B phn ch yu ca my l rto gm cc da chng ln nhau vi mt khong cch thch hp.
Nu phn li nh tng trn cc da u c khoan l, da gia cc l phi nm trn ng thng
thng ng, qua sn phm ban u i vo khe h gia cc da. Khong cch gia cc da 0,4-
1,5mm. Da trn c gi nh cc gn trn mt ngoi ca da di. nghing ca da nn cn
m bo ht vt liu trt xung t do (thng gc na nh nn t 30-50
0
)


Hnh VII- 9. My ly tm lng phn ly nh tng kiu da

My c th lm vic gin on hoc lin tc. My lm vic gin on trong trng hp tho b
bng tay. Do dung tch khong khng gian ca lp bn phn li khng ln nn my ly tm tho b
bng tay s dng hiu qu khi thnh phn ht l lng n 0,05% th tch.
u im ca loi ny l mc phn ly cao, th tch roto ln. Nhc im l cu to v lp rp
kh, nht l vi mi trng n mn.

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Hnh VII- 10. My ly tm lng lm trong huyn ph

IV.3 My ly tm siu tc loi ngn
My ly tm siu tc loi ngn thng dng phn ring huyn ph c hm lng pha rn t, kch
thc pha rn nh, nh. Khng dng phn li nh tng. Trong cng nghip thc phm, my
phn li siu tc loi ngn thng c dng lm trong nc qu, lm trong ru, bia, tch cc
tp cht trong du thc vt, trong xng, sn v du bi trn.
My gm c roto lp trn trc quay thng ng. Pha trong ca roto t cc vch ngn hnh tr
ng tm.Huyn ph cho vo ng nhp liu ln lt qua khng gian gia cc ngn trong roto.
Di tc dng ca lc ly tm, pha rn lng cc thnh trong ca cc ngn v c tho ra ngoi
khi dng my. Nc trong c dn ra ngoi qua rnh b tr ngn ngoi cng.
Loi ny ch dng phn ring cc huyn ph mn (khng phn ring nh tng), th d nh tch
cc tp cht trong du, xng, cc loi sn, nc qu v.v..
My thng quay vi s vng quay 5000-10000 vg/ph, vi s ngn t 5-10. My ny m bo
c c hai nguyn tc: tng chiu di lng v gim chiu dy lp cht lng nn gim c
lng ht rn i theo nc trong. My lm vic lin tc v khi cc vch ngn cha y b th
dng my v tho b bng tay.
IV.4 My ly tm siu tc loi ng
y l loi my c roto nh v di phn ring cc huyn ph v nh tng. ng knh ca
roto vo khong 200 mm, t l gia chiu di roto vi ng knh ca n khong 5-7. Nu my
dng phn ring huyn ph th u trn ca roto (np roto) ch c mt l nc trong i ra,
cn b c gi li trong thnh roto v c tho ra bng tay. Nu my dng phn ring nh
tng th np rto c hai l thot: l gn trc thot pha nh, l kia thot pha nng. Nh
tng a vo rto di p sut 0,25-0,3 at qua da phn phi v i ra khong khng gian gia
roto v cc tm chn (c gn dc theo chiu di ca roto, gm ba tm cch nhau 120
o
).
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Khi phn ly nh tng cho pha nng v pha nh khng trn ln nhau th dng tm tch sao cho
bn knh lp phn chia phi nm trong vnh khn ca tm tch.

Hnh VII- 11. My ly tm siu tc loi ng

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