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I HC HU

TRNG I HC S PHM

TRN NGC C TON
MT S TNH CHT CA HM LI
V NG DNG
Chuyn ngnh: Gii tch
KHO LUN TT NGHIP
Cn b hng dn
TS. TRNG VN THNG
Hu, thng 5 nm 2011
i
LI CM N
Kha lun ny c hon thnh di s hng dn nhit tnh, chu
o ca TS Trng Vn Thng. Ti xin php c gi n Thy s knh
trng v lng bit n su sc v s tn tm ca Thy i vi bn thn ti
khng nhng trong thi gian lm kha lun m cn trong sut qu trnh
hc tp.
Ti cng xin php c gi li cm n chn thnh n qu Thy c
ging dy lp Ton B trng HSP Hu cng nh ton th qu thy
c Khoa Ton trng HSP Hu, nhng ngi cho ti kin thc, quan
tm ng vin, nhit tnh gip ti trong sut qu trnh hc tp cng
nh trong thi gian thc hin ti.
Cui cng, ti xin php c gi li cm n n nhng ngi thn,
bn b quan tm ng vin gip ti trong sut qung ng hc
tp va qua.
Hu, thng 5 nm 2011
Trn Ngc c Ton
ii
MC LC
Trang ph ba i
Li cm n ii
MC LC 1
M U 2
1 KIN THC M U - HM LI V HM LOGA-LI. 4
1.1 Kin thc m u. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Hm li v hm loga-li. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2 MT S TNH CHT C BN V CC BT NG THC LIN QUAN
N HM LI. 13
2.1 Mt s tnh cht c bn ca hm li. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 Cc bt ng thc lin quan n hm li. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
3 MT VI NG DNG CA HM LI V HM LOGA-LI 39
3.1 Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.2 Tng quan v lp cc hm loga-li . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.3 Hm gamma v bt ng thc v hm gamma . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.4 Hm zeta v bt ng thc v hm zeta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.5 Tch phn elliptic - Tch phn elliptic hon chnh dng th nht R
K
-
Cc bt ng thc lin quan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
KT LUN 54
TI LIU THAM KHO 55
1
M U
L thuyt v cc tp li v hm li c mt v tr quan trng trong ton hc,
n lin quan n hu ht cc ngnh ca ton hc nh gii tch hm, hnh hc, ton
kinh t, gii tch li, ti u phi tuyn. . . Mt cch tng qut, c hai tnh cht c bn
ca cc hm li lm cho chng c s dng rng ri trong ton hc l thuyt v
ton ng dng, l: tnh cht t gi tr ln nht trn bin v bt k cc tiu a
phng no cng l cc tiu trn tp xc nh. Hn na, mt hm li thc s th
im cc tiu nu c l duy nht.
C s tc ng qua li gia gii tch v hnh hc trong vic nghin cu cc hm
li. Hin nay, ngi ta cn nghin cu mt s lp hm lin quan nh hm loga-li,
hm li nhn tnh, hm siu iu ha v cc hm li theo ngha nhm con ca nhm
tuyn tnh.
C th ni, nghin cu v tp li v cc hm li l mt ti th v, nhn
c s quan tm ca nhiu nh ton hc. Cc vn lin quan n hm li khng
ngng ny sinh v c nhiu kt qu p, nhiu kt qu ca hm li c ng dng
trong ton hc v trong thc t. Kha lun hng n vic trnh by mt s vn
l thuyt lin quan n hm li, kho st cc ng dng ca hm li trong vic tm
gi tr ln nht v nh nht, tm hiu mt s kt qu mi v mt s hm li c bit
nh hm gamma, hm zeta Riemann v tch phn elliptic, t lm r thm v
ti th v ny.
Ni dung ca kha lun chia lm ba chng:
Chng mt a ra mt s thut ng v k hiu s c dng trong sut kha
lun, nhc li mt s kin thc m u c gi c th theo di d dng hn trong
phn sau. nh ngha v tnh cht ca tp li, nh ngha ca hm li, hm loga-li
v ngha hnh hc ca tnh li cng c gii thiu.
Chng hai trnh by mt s vn l thuyt lin quan n hm li, t cc
php ton i vi cc hm li n tnh lin tc, kh vi cp mt v cp hai, gi tr
nh nht v ln nht ca hm li. Phn cui ca chng c dnh ni v cc bt
ng thc lin quan n hm li, ng thi gii thiu mt s bt ng thc mi v
cc hm li.
Chng ba kho st mt s ng dng ca hm li nh vic tm gi tr nh nht
2
- ln nht, kho st lp hm loga-li. Thng qua vic tm hiu cc hm loga-li c
bit, ta cng s tm hiu v thit lp mt vi bt ng thc lin quan n lp hm
ny.
3
Chng 1
KIN THC M U - HM LI V
HM LOGA-LI.
Trong chng ny, chng ti nu ra mt s k hiu s c dng trong kha lun, trnh
by ngn gn cc vn l thuyt lm c s cho cc vn trnh by hai chng sau. Cc vn
v s tng ng gia hai khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun, hm s lin tc, hm s kh
vi, gi tr ln nht - nh nht v cc bt ng thc lin quan n tch phn, nh l gii hn
di du tch phn cng c nhc li. Ta cng s tm hiu s qua nh ngha v cc tnh cht
ca tp li. Phn cui chng mt chng ti tp trung m t cc nh ngha v hm li trn mt
tp, hm loga-li cng nh cp n ngha hnh hc v tnh li ca mt hm trn mt khong
ca tp s thc.
1.1 Kin thc m u.
Trong mc 1.1 ny, tc gi ch xin a ra mt s thut ng, khi nim, tnh cht
s c s dng trong sut kha lun. Cc khi nim khng gian tuyn tnh, chun,
s hi t, nh x tuyn tnh, nh x song tuyn tnh, s chiu, khng gian Banach, s
ng phi, khng gian topo, o. . . c gi c th tm thy trong [2] v [1] hoc
trong bt k gio trnh gii tch hm no.
Trong kha lun ny, ta s k hiu X, Y l khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun thc.
Chun ca mt phn t x X s c k hiu l x.
Ta cng s k hiu I R l mt khong ca tp s thc, B(x
0
, ) l hnh cu m
tm x
0
bn knh , L(X, Y ) l tp hp tt c cc nh x tuyn tnh lin tc t X
vo Y .
4
Cc tp s cng c k hiu nh thng l:
N : Tp hp cc s t nhin.
N

: Tp hp cc s nguyn dng.
Z : Tp hp cc s nguyn.
Q : Tp hp cc s hu t.
R : Tp hp cc s thc.
R
+
: Tp hp cc s thc khng m.
R
>
: Tp hp cc s thc dng.
C : Tp hp cc s phc.
ngi c theo di kha lun mt cch thun tin, ti xin a ra mt s khi
nim, nh l v tnh cht sau. Bn c c th d dng tm thy hoc xem chng
minh mt cch y trong nhiu ti liu gii tch hin nay.
1.1.1. S ng phi gia cc khng gian nh chun.
nh ngha 1.1.1. [2] Cho X v Y l hai khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun. Mt nh
x A: X Y c gi l mt php ng phi tuyn tnh t X ln Y nu A l song
nh tuyn tnh, A lin tc v ton t ngc A
1
cng lin tc.
Khi ngi ta ni hai khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun X v Y l ng phi tuyn
tnh vi nhau.
nh ngha 1.1.2. [2] Cho (X, .
1
) v (X, .
2
) l hai khng gian tuyn tnh nh
chun. Ta gi hai chun ny l tng ng nu nh x ng nht id: (X, .
1
)
(X, .
2
) l php ng phi tuyn tnh.
Ta c nh l:
nh l 1.1.1. [2] Tt c cc khng gian nh chun n-chiu u ng phi tuyn
tnh vi nhau. Do , tt c cc khng gian nh chun n-chiu u ng phi tuyn
tnh vi R
n
.
1.1.2. nh x lin tc.
nh ngha 1.1.3. Cho X, Y l hai khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun, U l mt tp
m trong X v nh x f : U Y .
Khi , f c gi l lin tc ti x
0
nu vi mi > 0, tn ti > 0 sao cho vi mi
x U, x x
0
< th f(x) f(x
0
) < .
Nu f lin tc ti mi x
0
U th ta ni nh x f lin tc trn U.
5
nh ngha 1.1.4. [6] Cho U X l mt tp m trong khng gian tuyn tnh nh
chun X. Mt hm f : U R c gi l Lipschitz a phng nu vi mi x U,
c mt ln cn B(x, ) ca x v mt s K
x
bt ng thc
|f(y) f(z)| K
x
y z (1.1.1)
ng vi mi y, z B(x, ). Nu bt ng thc (1.1.1) ng vi mi phn t ca tp
V U v K c lp vi x, ta ni f Lipschitz trn V .
Nhn xt 1.1.2. T (1.1.1) ta suy ra f Lipschitz a phng trn U th hm f lin
tc trn U.
1.1.3. nh x kh vi.
nh ngha 1.1.5. [6] Cho X, Y l hai khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun, U l tp m
trong X v nh x f : U Y . Khi f c gi l kh vi ti x
0
nu c mt nh x
tuyn tnh A: X Y sao cho vi h gn im 0 ta c
f(x
0
+ h) = f(x
0
) + Ah +h (x
0
, h),
trong (x
0
, h) 0 khi h 0.
nh x tuyn tnh A c gi l o hm ca nh x f ti im x
0
v c k hiu
l f

(x
0
).
Nu nh x f kh vi ti mi x U th ta ni hm f kh vi trn U.
Nhn xt 1.1.3. T nh ngha 1.1.5 ta rt ra cc nhn xt sau:
1. f

(x
0
) l mt nh x tuyn tnh.
2. Mt cch tng ng, f kh vi ti x
0
nu tn ti nh x tuyn tnh A sao cho
lim
h0
f(x
0
+h) f(x
0
) Ah
h
= 0.
nh ngha 1.1.6. [6] Cho X, Y l hai khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun, U l tp m
trong X v nh x f : U Y . Khi f c gi l c o hm ti x
0
theo hng h
nu tn ti gii hn
lim
t0
f(x
0
+ th) f(x
0
)
t
.
o hm ca hm f ti x
0
theo hng h c k hiu l Df(x
0
, h).
Nhn xt 1.1.4. Cho f : U R l hm kh vi trn mt tp m U ca khng gian
tuyn tnh nh chun X. Khi , vi mi x U ta lun c Df(x, h) = f

(x)(h).
6
Tht vy, c nh h X, h = 0. Do f kh vi ti x U nn ta c
f(x + th) f(x) = f

(x)(th) +(||th||),
trong (||th||) 0 khi ||th|| 0.
Do
f(x +th) f(x)
t
= f

(x)(h) +
(||th||)
t
.
Chuyn qua gii hn, cho t 0 ta c Df(x, h) = f

(x)(h).
c bit, khi X R
n
v h trng vi vect n v e
i
= (0, . . . , 1 . . . , 0) th
Df(x
0
, e
i
) c gi l o hm ring th i ca nh x f v ta vit
f
x
i
(x
0
) = f

i
(x
0
) = Df(x
0
, e
i
).
Ta c nh l
nh l 1.1.5. [6] Cho U l tp m ca khng gian nh chun R
n
. Nu nh x
f : U R
m
(x
1
, . . . , x
n
) (f
1
(x
1
, . . . , x
n
), . . . , f
m
(x
1
, . . . , x
n
))
kh vi ti x U th tt c cc o hm ring ca hm f u tn ti v
[f

(x)] =
_

_
f
1
x
1
(x) . . .
f
1
x
n
(x)
.
.
.
.
.
.
f
m
x
1
(x) . . .
f
m
x
n
(x)
_

_
nh l 1.1.6. [6] Cho U l mt tp m ca khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun R
n
.
nh x f : U R
m
c cc o hm ring theo hng lin tc trn U. Khi f

(x)
tn ti v c xc nh nh trong nh l 1.1.5.
By gi, cho U l tp m trong khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun thc X. Nu
hm f : U R c o hm trn U th ta c nh x o hm f

.
Nu nh x o hm f

c o hm ti x U th ta cng ni hm f c o hm cp
hai ti x v k hiu l f

(x).
Vi h X ta c f

(x)(h) l nh x tuyn tnh i t X R. Ta suy ra [f

(x)(h)](k)
l mt phn t ca R (k X). Ta c [f

(x)(h)](k) tuyn tnh theo c h v k. V


vy, ta xem f

(x) l mt nh x song tuyn tnh t X X vo R v [f

(x)(h)](k)
s c k hiu l f

(x)(h, k) (h, k X).


7
nh ngha 1.1.7. [6] Cho X l mt khng gian tuyn tnh thc.
Mt nh x song tuyn tnh B : X X R c gi l i xng nu B(h, k) =
B(k, h) h, k X.
B c gi l xc nh khng m (xc nh dng) nu vi mi h X khc 0, ta c
B(h, h) 0 (B(h, h) > 0).
Ta c nh l
nh l 1.1.7. [6] Cho X, Y l hai khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun v U l mt
tp m trong X, f : X Y l nh x kh vi lin tc trn U. Khi f

(x) l i xng
ti nhng im m f

tn ti.
thun tin trong chng minh chng sau, trong phn ny ta cng s gii thiu
khai trin Taylor vi phn d Lagrange th hin trong nh l di y:
nh l 1.1.8. [5] Gi s f : [a; b] R c o hm lin tc ti cp n trn [a; b] v
c o hm cp n + 1 trn (a; b). Khi tn ti c (a; b) sao cho
f(b) =
n

k=0
f
(k)
(a)
k!
(b a)
k
+
f
(n+1)
(c)
(n + 1)!
(b a)
n+1
.
1.1.4. Gi tr cc i v gi tr cc tiu.
nh ngha 1.1.8. Cho U l mt tp con ca khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun X.
Hm f : U R c gi l t cc i (cc tiu) a phng ti x
0
U nu c mt
hnh cu m B(x
0
, ) U f(x) f(x
0
) (f(x) f(x
0
)) vi mi x B(x
0
, ).
Nu f(x) f(x
0
) (f(x) f(x
0
)) vi mi x U th f c gi l t cc i (cc
tiu) trn U.
1.1.5. Bt ng thc H older - gii hn di du tch phn.
nh l 1.1.9. [2] (Bt ng thc H older).
Cho E l mt tp khc trng v (E, F, ) l mt khng gian o. Gi s f, g l cc
hm s thc o c trn E. Khi
_
E
|f.g|d
__
E
|f|
p
d
_
1/p
__
E
|g|
q
d
_
1/q
vi p, q R
>
, 1/p + 1/q = 1.
By gi, nu f v g l cc hm s thc dng, vi (0, 1), p dng bt ng
thc H older ta c
_
E
f

.g
1
d
__
E
fd
_

__
E
gd
_
1
.
8
Nu {0, 1} v
_
E
fd > 0,
_
E
gd > 0 th bt ng thc trn vn ng. Ta c h
qu:
H qu 1.1.10. Cho E l mt tp khc trng v (E, F, ) l mt khng gian o.
Gi s f, g l cc hm s thc dng o c trn E,
_
E
fd > 0,
_
E
gd > 0. Khi
vi [0; 1] ta c
_
E
f

.g
1
d
__
E
fd
_

__
E
gd
_
1
.
H qu trn vn ng nu f, g l cc hm s thc dng hu khp ni trn E.
nh l 1.1.11. [1] (Levi)
Cho E l mt tp khc trng v (E, F, ) l mt khng gian o. Nu dy hm (f
n
)
trong 0 f
n
l cc hm s thc o c trn E n iu tng v dn v hm f
th
lim
n
_
E
f
n
d =
_
E
fd.
T nh l 1.1.11 ta c h qu sau:
H qu 1.1.12. [1] Cho E l mt tp khc trng v (E, F, ) l mt khng gian
o. Nu f
n
l cc hm s thc khng m o c trn E vi mi n N

th
_
E

n=1
f
n
d =

n=1
_
E
f
n
d.
1.1.6. Tp li v cc tnh cht ca tp li.
nh ngha 1.1.9. [6] Mt tp U ca mt khng gian tuyn tnh thc X c gi l
tp li nu n cha mi on thng
[x, y] = {x + (1 )y| [0, 1]}
ni bt k hai im x, y U.
c bit, nu X R th tp li l mt khong, mt on nay na khong.
Nu
1
, . . . ,
n
l cc s thc khng m,
n

i=1

i
x
i
= 1 th
x =
n

i=1

i
x
i
c gi l mt t hp li ca x
1
, . . . , x
n
.
nh l 1.1.13. [6] Mt tp U X l tp li nu v ch nu mi t hp li ca cc
im ca U u nm trong U.
9
nh l 1.1.14. [6] Nu {U
i
}, i J l mt h cc tp li th U =
iJ
U
i
l mt tp
li.
nh ngha 1.1.10. Cho U l mt tp con ca X. Khi , bao li ca U k hiu l
co(U), l giao ca tt c cc tp li cha U.
Bao li ca U l mt tp li.
nh l 1.1.15. [6] Cho U l mt tp con ca X. Khi bao li ca U l tp tt
c cc t hp li ca cc phn t ca U.
nh ngha 1.1.11. [6] Mt im x
0
ca tp li U c gi l im cc bin nu x
0
khng l im trong ca bt c on thng no nm trong U. Tc l khng tn ti
hai im x
1
, x
2
U v (0; 1) x
0
= x
1
+ (1 )x
2
.
Ta c nh l:
nh l 1.1.16. [6] Cho U R
n
l mt tp li, compact. Khi U l bao li ca
tt c cc im cc bin ca n.
1.2 Hm li v hm loga-li.
Cc hm li c nh ngha trn cc tp li.
nh ngha 1.2.1. [9] Cho I l mt khong cha trong R v hm f : I R.
1. f c gi l hm li nu
f(x + (1 )y) f(x) + (1 )f(y) (1.2.1)
vi mi x, y I v vi mi [0; 1].
2. f c gi l hm li thc s (cht) nu (1.2.1) l bt ng thc ngt vi cc
im x, y phn bit v (0; 1).
3. Nu f l hm li (li thc s) th ta ni f l hm lm (lm thc s).
4. Nu f va l hm li va l hm lm th ta ni f l hm affine.
Thc ra, ti = 0 v = 1 th (1.2.1) lun ng nn cho tin, i khi ta ch
cn xt (0; 1).
Trong trng hp tng qut, vi U l mt tp li trong khng gian tuyn tnh nh
chun thc X. Mt hm f : U R c gi l li nu
f(x + (1 )y) f(x) + (1 )f(y)
10
vi mi x, y U v vi mi [0; 1].
Cc khi nim hm li thc s, hm lm, lm thc s cng c nh ngha tng
t nh trong nh ngha 1.2.1.
nh ngha 1.2.2. Cho I l mt khong ca tp s thc v f : I (0, ). Khi
1. f c gi l hm loga-li nu lnf l hm li. Ni cch khc
f(x + (1 )y) f(x)

f(y)
1
x, y I, [0, 1].
2. f c gi l hm loga-lm nu lnf l hm lm. Ni cch khc
f(x + (1 )y) f(x)

f(y)
1
x, y I, [0, 1].
Trong phn cui ca chng 2 ta s ch ra rng hm loga-li cng l mt hm li.
V d 1.2.1. Cc hm sau y l hm li:
1. f : R R, f(x) = ax + b vi a, b l cc s thc bt k.
Tht vy, vi bt k a, b R, x, y R, [0, 1], ta c
f(x + (1 )y) = a(x + (1 )y) + b = (ax + b) + (1 )(ay + b)
tha mn nh ngha ca hm li.
2. nh x chun . : X R vi X l mt khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun
thc.
Tht vy, vi x, y X, [0; 1] ta c
x + (1 y) x +(1 )y x + (1 ) y
tha mn nh ngha ca hm li.
3. Hm khong cch d
U
: R
n
R, d
U
(x) = d(x, U) = inf
zU
x z vi U l tp li
khng rng ca R
n
.
Tht vy, d
U
l hm li do vi x, y R
n
, [0; 1] ta c
d
U
(x + (1 )y) = inf
zU
x + (1 )y z
= inf
zU
(x z) + (1 )(y z)
inf
zU
(x z) + inf
zU
(1 )(y z)
inf
zU
x z + (1 ) inf
zU
y z
= d
U
(x) + (1 )d
u
(y).
11
Cc tnh cht ca hm li v tiu chun o hm cp hai trong chng 2 s cho
ta nhiu cng c hn chng minh mt hm no l hm li.
By gi, cho f : I R l mt hm li trn mt
khong I R. Vi u, v I phn bit v x [u; v].
Khi tn ti mt s [0; 1]
x = u + (1 )v.
Ta c
x u
v u
=
u + (1 )v u
v u
=
(1 )(v u)
v u
= 1 . (1.2.2)
(u,f(u))
(v,f(v))
x O
y
(x,f(x))
Do ,
f(x) f(u) + (1 )f(v)
= f(u) + (1 )(f(v) f(u))
= f(u) +
f(v) f(u)
v u
(x u) (theo (1.2.2)).
Ta c f(u) +
f(v) f(u)
v u
(xu) = 0 chnh l ng thng i qua hai im (u, f(u))
v (v, f(v)).
Ni cch khc, cc im trn th ca hm f|
[u;v]
nm di dy cung ni hai im
(u, f(u)) v (v, f(v)), vi mi u, v I, u < v. y chnh l ngha hnh hc v tnh
li ca hm f.
12
Chng 2
MT S TNH CHT C BN V CC
BT NG THC LIN QUAN N
HM LI.
Trong chng ny, chng ta s bt u vi mt s tnh cht c trng c bn ca hm li.
u tin l cc php ton lin quan n hm li nh tng ca hai hm li, tch ca hm s vi
mt s thc dng, cc php ton ly gii hn cng nh hp ca hai hm li. Tip n, ta s tm
hiu mt s tnh cht c bit ca hm li nh tnh lin tc, tnh kh vi v cc nh l lin quan
n gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm li. Phn cui ca chng ny c dnh ni
v mt s bt ng thc ca hm li cng nh thit lp mt vi bt ng thc mi v ch ny.
2.1 Mt s tnh cht c bn ca hm li.
nh l 2.1.1. (Cc php ton vi cc hm li)
Cho U l mt tp li trong khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun thc X. Khi
1. Nu f v g l cc hm li trn U th f +g cng l hm li trn U. Nu f hoc
g l hm li thc s th tng f + g cng l hm li thc s.
2. Nu f l hm li (li thc s) trn U v l mt s thc dng th f l mt
hm li (li thc s) trn U.
3. Nu f l mt hm li (li thc s) trn U v V l tp con li ca U. Khi
hn ch f|
V
ca hm f ln V cng l mt hm li (li thc s) trn V .
Chng minh nh l ny kh n gin. Ta s khng chng minh nh l ny.
Nhn xt 2.1.2. T nh l 2.1.1 ta c nhn xt sau:
13
1. Cho l hm li (li thc s) trn R th hm f(x
1
, . . . , x
n
) =
n

k=1
(x
k
) l hm
li (li thc s) trn R
n
.
2. Mt hm nhiu bin c th l hm li theo mi bin khi c nh cc bin cn li
nhng khng phi l hm li. Chng hn nh hm f(x, y) = xy, (x, y) R
2
.
nh l 2.1.3. [9] Cho I, J R l cc tp li. Nu f l mt hm li (li thc s)
trn I v g l mt hm li khng gim (hm li tng) trn tp li J, f(I) J th
g f l mt hm li (li thc s).
Chng minh. Vi x, y I, [0; 1] ta c
g(f(x + (1 )y)) g(f(x) + (1 )f(y)) (do g l hm li khng gim)
g(f(x)) + (1 )g(f(y))
= (g f)(x) + (1 )(g f)(y).
hay g f l hm li.
Nu f l hm li thc s, g l hm li tng th vi x = y, (0; 1), thc hin nh
trn ta thu c bt ng thc ngt, hay g f l hm li thc s.
nh l 2.1.4. [9] Cho hm f : U R xc nh trn tp li U ca khng gian tuyn
tnh nh chun X. Khi , f l hm li (li thc s) trn U nu v ch nu cc hm

x,y
: [0, 1] R,
x,y
(t) := f(tx + (1 t)y) vi x, y U, t [0, 1]
l hm li (li thc s).
Chng minh. ) Gi s f l hm li thc s trn U.
Vi x, y U cho trc, vi mi u, v [0; 1] v [0; 1] ta c

x,y
(u + (1 )v) = f( (u + (1 )v)x + (1 [u + (1 )v])y )
= f( [ux + (1 u)y] + (1 )[vx + (1 v)y] )
f(ux + (1 u)y) + (1 )f(vx + (1 v)y)
=
x,y
(u) + (1 )
x,y
(v),
hay
x,y
l hm li.
Nu f l hm li thc s th theo trn, vi u = v v (0; 1) ta thu c bt ng
thc ngt,
x,y
l hm li thc s.
14
) Gi s cc hm
x

,y
l cc hm li (x

, y

U).
Vi mi x, y U, vi mi [0; 1] ta c
f(x + (1 )y) =
x,y
() =
x,y
(.1 + (1 )0)

x,y
(1) + (1 )
x,y
(0) (do
x,y
l hm li)
= f(x) + (1 )f(y).
Vy, f l hm li.
Nu
x,y
l cc hm li thc s th theo trn, vi x = y v (0; 1) ta thu c bt
ng thc ngt, hay f l hm li thc s.
nh l 2.1.5. Cho U l mt tp li trong khn gian tuyn tnh nh chun thc X.
Nu dy (f
n
) (trong f
n
: U R) l mt dy hm li hi t im hu hn n mt
hm f trn U th f l hm li.
Chng minh. Vi x, y U, [0; 1], vi mi n N

ta c
f
n
(x + (1 )y) f
n
(x) + (1 )f
n
(y).
Chuyn qua gii hn ta c
f(x + (1 )y) f(x) + (1 )f(y).
Vy, f l hm li.
V tnh lin tc ca hm li, ta c cc tnh cht sau:
B 2.1.6. Cho X l mt khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun, B(x
0
, ) l hnh cu
m tm x
0
bn knh . Khi :
1. B(x
0
, ) = {x|x B(x
0
, )} l hnh cu m B(x
0
, ) vi l s thc
dng.
2. B(x
0
, ) + y = {x + y|x B(x
0
, )} l hnh cu m B(x
0
+ y, ) vi y l mt
im bt k ca X.
3. Tn ti mt s > 1 sao cho z = x
0
B(x
0
, ).
Chng minh. 1. Ly z = x B(x
0
, ) (x B(x
0
, )). Ta c
z x
0
= x x
0
= x x
0
< ,
15
hay z B(x
0
, ).
Do , B(x
0
, ) B(x
0
, ).
Ngc li, vi z

B(x
0
, ) ta c
_
_
z

x
0
_
_
=
_
_
_
_

_
z

x
0
__
_
_
_
<
hay
_
_
_
_
z

x
0
_
_
_
_
< .
Suy ra z

/ B(x
0
, ) hay z

B(x
0
, ).
Do , B(x
0
, ) B(x
0
, ).
Vy, B(x
0
, ) = B(x
0
, ).
2. Ly z = x + y B(x
0
, ) + y (x B(x
0
, )). Ta chng minh z B(x
0
+ y, ).
Ta c
z (x
0
+ y) = x + y (x
0
+y) = x x
0
< .
Suy ra z B(x
0
+y, ).
Do , B(x
0
, ) +y B(x
0
+ y, ).
Ngc li, vi z

B(x
0
+y, ) ta c
_
_
z

(x
0
+ y)
_
_
<
hay
_
_
(z

y) x
0
_
_
< .
Suy ra z

y B(x
0
, ) hay z

B(x
0
, ) + y.
Do , B(x
0
+y, ) B(x
0
, ) + y.
Vy, B(x
0
, ) + y = B(x
0
+ y, ).
3. Vi z = x
0
ta c z x
0
= x
0
x
0
= ( 1)x
0
.
Chn > 1 sao cho 1 nh, ta c z x
0
= ( 1) x
0
< hay
z B(x
0
, ).
B c chng minh.
By gi, cho f l hm li trn mt tp li m U ca khng gian tuyn tnh nh
chun X v x
0
U.
t V = {x X : (x +x
0
) U}. Suy ra 0 V .
Khi , vi mi x, y V , vi mi [0; 1] ta c x +x
0
, y + x
0
U v
x + (1 )y + x
0
= (x + x
0
) + (1 )(y +x
0
). (2.1.1)
16
Do x + x
0
v y + y
0
thuc U, U li nn t (2.1.1) ta suy ra x + (1 )y V hay
V l tp li.
Vi mi x V , ta c x + x
0
U. Do U l tp li m nn tn ti mt ln cn
B(x +x
0
, ) ca x +x
0
nm trong U. Khi B(x, ) = B(x +x
0
, ) x
0
l mt ln
cn ca x. R rng B(x, ) V .
Mi im x trong V u tn ti mt ln cn B(x, ) nm trong V nn V l tp m.
Vy, V l tp li m trong X.
Ta xt hm g : V R xc nh bi g(x) = f(x+x
0
). Ta c g l mt hm li trn V .
Tht vy, vi mi x, y V , vi mi [0; 1] ta c
g(x + (1 )y) = f(x + (1 )y +x
0
)
= f((x + x
0
) + (1 )(y + x
0
))
f(x + x
0
) + (1 )f(y + x
0
)
= g(x) + (1 )g(y).
Nhn xt 2.1.7. Vi hm f v hm g xc nh nh trn, ta c cc nhn xt sau:
1. Hm f b chn trn trong hnh cu m B(x
0
, ) U tng ng vi hm g b
chn trn trong hnh cu m B(0, ) V .
Tht vy, f b chn trn trong B(x
0
, ) khi v ch khi tn ti s M sao cho
f(x) M, x B(x
0
, ).
V B(x
0
, ) = B(0, ) +x
0
nn vi mi y B(0, ) ta c y + x
0
B(x
0
, ) v
g(y) = f(y +x
0
) M,
hay g b chn trn trong B(0, ).
Ngc li, gi s g b chn trn trong B(0, ) tc tn ti M
f(y) M, y B(0, ).
V B(0, ) = B(x
0
, ) x
0
nn vi mi x B(x
0
, ) ta c x x
0
B(0, ) v
f(x) = g(x x
0
) M,
hay f b chn trn trong B(x
0
, ).
2. Nu hm f b chn di ta cng c kt qu tng t.
Ta suy ra hm f b chn trong hnh cu m B(x
0
, ) U tng ng vi hm
g b chn trong hnh cu B(0, ) V .
17
3. Tng t, hm f lin tc ti x
0
U tng ng vi hm g lin tc ti 0.
Tht vy, gi s hm f lin tc ti x
0
. Khi vi mi > 0, tn ti > 0 sao
cho vi mi x U, x x
0
< ta suy ra f(x) f(x
0
) < .
Suy ra
g(x x
0
) g(0) = f(x) f(x
0
) < vi mi x U, x x
0
< .
(2.1.2)
t y = x x
0
. V x U nn y = x x
0
V , (2.1.2) tr thnh
g(y) g(0) < vi mi y V, y < .
Suy ra hm g lin tc ti im 0.
Ngc li, gi s g lin tc ti 0. Khi vi mi > 0, tn ti > 0 sao cho
vi mi x V, x < ta suy ra g(x) g(0) < .
Suy ra
f(x + x
0
) f(x
0
) = g(x) g(0) < vi mi x V, x < . (2.1.3)
t y = x +x
0
. V x V nn y = x + x
0
U, (2.1.3) tr thnh
f(y) f(x
0
) < vi mi y U, y x
0
< .
Hay f lin tc ti x
0
.
4. Ta cng c th chng minh hm f kh vi ti im x
0
tng ng hm g kh
vi ti im 0.
Gi s f l hm li xc nh trn tp li U. Theo Nhn xt 2.1.7, nu f b chn trn
(b chn) trong mt hnh cu m B(x
0
, ) U th khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c
th gi s 0 U v f b chn trn (b chn) trong hnh cu B(0, ).
Tng t, f lin tc (kh vi) ti im x
0
U, khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c th
gi s 0 U v hm f lin tc (kh vi) ti im 0.
nh l 2.1.8. [6] Cho f l hm li trn mt tp li m U ca khng gian tuyn
tnh nh chun X. Nu f b chn trn trong mt ln cn ca im x
0
U th f b
chn a phng, tc l mi x U c mt ln cn m trn f b chn.
Chng minh. nh l c chng minh theo hai bc:
Bc 1: Gi s f b chn trn trong mt ln cn ca im x
0
U. Ta chng minh f
b chn trong ln cn .
18
Theo Nhn xt 2.1.7, ta c th xem 0 U v f b chn trn ti im 0.
Khi tn ti mt hnh cu m B(0, ) U v mt s N sao cho
f(x) N, x B(0, ).
By gi, ta chng minh f b chn trong B(0, ).
Vi x B(0, ), v 0 =
1
2
x +
1
2
(x) nn ta c
f(0)
1
2
f(x) +
1
2
f(x)).
Do ,
f(x) 2f(0) f(x)).
V x B(0, ) nn || x|| < , do f(x) N hay f(x) 2f(0) N.
Vy, f b chn di trong B(0, ) hay f b chn trong B(0, ) bi
M = max{|N|, |2f(0) N|}.
Bc 2: Ta chng minh f b chn a phng trong U (0 U), tc l vi y U bt
k, ta s chng minh f b chn trong mt ln cn no ca y.
Trng hp y = 0 c xt bc 1, ta xt y = 0.
Do U m, y U nn y thuc mt hnh cu m B(y,

) tm y bn knh

cha trong
U. Theo B 2.1.6, tn ti > 1 sao cho z = y B(y,

) U. t = 1/. Suy
ra 0 < < 1. Khi , theo B 2.1.6 th tp
A = {v X : v = (1 )x + z, x B(0, )}
l mt hnh cu m tm y = z vi bn knh (1 ).
Vi v A ta c
f(v) (1 )f(x) +f(z) (1 )M + |f(z)| M +|f(z)|.
Hay f b chn trn trong A, theo bc 1 ta suy ra f b chn trong A.
Vy, vi mi y U u tn ti mt ln cn f b chn trong ln cn . Ni cch
khc, f b chn a phng trong U.
nh l 2.1.9. [6] Cho f l mt hm li trn tp li m U X. Nu f b chn trn
trong mt ln cn ca mt im thuc U, th f l Lipschitz a phng trn U.
Chng minh. Theo nh l 2.1.8 ta suy ra f b chn a phng trong U.
Do , vi x
0
U ta c th tm c mt ln cn B(x
0
, 2) U v mt s M > 0
sao cho
|f(x)| M, x B(x
0
, 2).
19
Gi s f khng tha mn iu kin Lipschitz trn B(x
0
, ).
Khi tn ti x
1
, x
2
B(x
0
, ), x
1
= x
2

f(x
2
) f(x
1
) >
2M

x
2
x
1
.
hay
f(x
2
) f(x
1
)
x
2
x
1

>
2M

(2.1.4)
V x
1
= x
2
nn x
1
x
2
> 0, ta chn > 0 sao cho (x
1
x
2
) = v t
x
3
= x
2
+(x
2
x
1
).
Suy ra
x
3
x
2
= (x
2
x
1
) = (2.1.5)
v
x
3
x
0
= x
2
x
0
+(x
2
x
1
) x
2
x
0
+(x
2
x
1
) < + = 2.
Hay x
3
B(x
0
, 2).
Cng t x
3
= x
2
+ (x
2
x
1
) ta c
x
2
=

1 +
x
1
+
1
1 +
x
3
.
Do f l hm li nn
f(x
2
)

1 +
f(x
1
) +
1
1 +
f(x
3
) hay (1 +)f(x
2
) f(x
1
) + f(x
3
).
Suy ra
f(x
3
) f(x
2
) (f(x
2
) f(x
1
)). (2.1.6)
T (2.1.4), (2.1.5) v (2.1.6) ta c
f(x
3
) f(x
2
)
x
3
x
2

=
f(x
3
) f(x
2
)
(x
2
x
1
)

(f(x
2
) f(x
1
))
(x
2
x
1
)
=
f(x
2
) f(x
1
)
x
2
x
1

>
2M

.
V x
3
x
2
= (theo (2.1.5)) nn f(x
3
) f(x
2
) > 2M, mu thun vi |f| M
trn B(x
0
, 2). nh l c chng minh.
nh l 2.1.10. [6] Cho f l mt hm li trn mt tp li m U X. Nu f b
chn trn trong mt ln cn ca mt im ca U th f lin tc trn U.
Chng minh. T nh l 2.1.9 ta suy ra f Lipschitz a phng trn U. Do f lin
tc trn U theo Nhn xt 1.1.2.
20
c bit, nu U R
n
ta c nh l sau:
nh l 2.1.11. [6] Cho f l mt hm li trn mt tp li m U R
n
. Khi f
lin tc trn U.
Chng minh. Theo Nhn xt 2.1.7 ta c th gi s 0 U. Chn > 0 nh bao
li
V = co({0, e
1
, ..., e
n
}) U.
Trc ht ta chng minh V c phn trong

V khc rng.
Tht vy, ly mt phn t x V bt k. Khi x c biu din di dng
x =
0
.0 +
1
.e
1
+. . . +
n
.e
n
(
0
+
1
+ . . . +
n
= 1) (2.1.7)
t x
0
=
0 + e
1
+ . . . + e
n
n + 1
.
Khi x
0
co({0, e
1
, ..., e
n
}).
Do cc
i
(i = 0, n) trong biu din ca x
0
u bng
1
n+1
> 0 v vic gii cc phng
trnh (2.1.7) tm
0
,
1
, . . . ,
n
quy v vic gii mt h phng trnh tuyn tnh
vi cc
i
(i = 0, n) ph thuc lin tc vo cc thnh phn ta ca x nn tn ti
s > 0 sao cho nu x B(x
0
, ) th cc
i
> 0 i = 0, n.
Suy ra B(x
0
, ) co({0, e
1
, ..., e
n
}) l mt ln cn ca x
0
.
Vy,

V = .
Vi x V bt k ta c biu din
x =
0
0 +
1
(e
1
) + ... +
n
(e
n
)
trong
i
0 i = 0, n,
n

i=0

i
= 1. Khi :
f(x)
0
f(0) +
n

i=1

i
f(e
i
) max{f(0), f(e
1
), ..., f(e
n
)}.
Do f b chn trn trong tp m

V khc rng.
Theo nh l 2.1.10 ta c iu phi chng minh.
V tnh kh vi ca hm li, ta c cc tnh cht sau:
nh l 2.1.12. [6] Gi s hm f xc nh trn mt tp li m U X. Nu f l
hm li trn U v kh vi ti x
0
, th vi x U, ta c
f(x) f(x
0
) f

(x
0
)(x x
0
) (2.1.8)
Nu f kh vi trn U, th f l hm li nu v ch nu f tha (2.1.8) vi mi x, x
0
U.
Hn na, f li thc s nu v ch nu bt ng thc (2.1.8) l bt ng thc ngt.
21
Chng minh. Nu f l hm li th vi mi t (0; 1),
f(x
0
+ t(x x
0
)) = f((1 t)x
0
+ tx) (1 t)f(x
0
) + tf(x)
t h = x x
0
ta c
f(x
0
+th) f(x
0
) t[f(x
0
+h) f(x
0
)] (2.1.9)
Tr f

(x
0
)(th) vo hai v ca (2.1.9) ri chia cho t vi ch
f

(x
0
)(th)
t
= f

(x
0
)(h)
(do f

(x
0
) l nh x tuyn tnh) ta c
f(x
0
+ th) f(x
0
) f

(x
0
)(th)
t
f(x
0
+h) f(x
0
) f

(x
0
)(h)
Cho t 0, v tri ca biu thc trn dn n 0, v phi c lp vi t vn khng i.
Ta suy ra (2.1.8) ng.
Nu f li thc s, (2.1.9) l bt ng thc ngt, kt hp vi (2.1.8) trong x = x
0
+th
ta c
t[f(x
0
+h) f(x
0
)] > f(x
0
+th) f(x
0
) f

(x
0
)(th)
Chia hai v cho t ta c f(x
0
+ h) f(x
0
) > f

(x
0
)(h), (2.1.8) tr thnh bt ng
thc ngt.
Ngc li, gi s f kh vi v tha mn (2.1.8) trn U. Vi x
1
, x
2
U, t (0; 1), ta
t
x
0
= tx
1
+ (1 t)x
2
.
Ta c t(x
1
x
0
) + (1 t)(x
2
x
0
) = tx
1
+ (1 t)x
2
x
0
= x
0
x
0
= 0.
Khi
f(x
0
) = f(x
0
) + f

(x
0
)[t(x
1
x
0
) + (1 t)(x
2
x
0
)]
= t[f(x
0
) + f

(x
0
)(x
1
x
0
)] + (1 t)[f(x
0
) + f

(x
0
)(x
2
x
0
)].
Bt ng thc (2.1.8) ng vi x = x
1
v x = x
2
, v vy
f(x
0
) tf(x
1
) + (1 t)f(x
2
) (2.1.10)
iu ny chng t f l hm li trn U.
Nu (2.1.8) l bt ng thc ngt th (2.1.10) l bt ng thc ngt, f l hm li
thc s trn U.
nh ngha 2.1.1. [6] Cho I R l mt khong v hm f : I R l hm kh vi trn
I. Khi , f

(x) c gi l n iu tng nu
(f

(x) f

(y))(x y) 0, x, y I.
22
Nu vi mi x, y I, x = y, (f

(x) f

(y))(xy) > 0 th f

(x) c gi l n iu
tng thc s.
Xem f

l nh x tuyn tnh, ta c nh ngha tng qut hn:


nh ngha 2.1.2. [6] Cho U X l mt tp m v f : U R l hm kh vi trn U.
Khi , f

(x) c gi l hm n iu tng nu
(f

(x) f

(y))(x y) 0, x, y U.
Nu bt ng thc trn l bt ng thc ngt khi x = y th f

c gi l n iu
tng thc s trn U.
nh l 2.1.13. [4] Nu f(x) l hm s kh vi trn khong I R th f(x) l hm
li trn I khi v ch khi f

(x) l hm n iu tng trn I.


Chng minh. Gi s f(x) l hm li trn I. khi vi x
1
< x < x
2
(x, x
1
, x
2
I),
ta c
x
2
x
x
2
x
1
> 0,
x x
1
x
2
x
1
> 0,
x
2
x
x
2
x
1
+
x x
1
x
2
x
1
= 1
v do
f(x)
x
2
x
x
2
x
1
f(x
1
) +
x x
1
x
2
x
1
f(x
2
) (2.1.11)

_
x
2
x
x
2
x
1
+
x x
1
x
2
x
1
_
f(x)
x
2
x
x
2
x
1
f(x
1
) +
x x
1
x
2
x
1
f(x
2
)

f(x) f(x
1
)
x x
1

f(x
2
) f(x)
x
2
x
. (2.1.12)
Trong (2.1.12), cho x x
1
ta thu c
f

(x
1
)
f(x
2
) f(x
1
)
x
2
x
1
. (2.1.13)
Tng t, trong (2.1.12), cho x x
2
ta thu c
f(x
2
) f(x
1
)
x
2
x
1
f

(x
2
). (2.1.14)
T (2.1.13) v (2.1.14) ta nhn c f

(x
1
) f

(x
2
) tc f

(x) l hm n iu tng.
Ngc li, gi s f

(x) l hm s n iu tng v x
1
< x < x
2
(x, x
1
, x
2
I). Theo
nh l Lagrange, tn ti x
3
, x
4
vi x
1
< x
3
< x < x
4
< x
2
sao cho
f(x) f(x
1
)
x x
1
= f

(x
3
),
f(x
2
) f(x)
x
2
x
= f

(x
4
).
V f

(x) l hm n iu tng nn f

(x
3
) f

(x
4
), ta suy ra
f(x) f(x
1
)
x x
1

f(x
2
) f(x)
x
2
x
, (2.1.15)
23
tc l ta c (2.1.12), (2.1.11).
Bt ng thc (2.1.11) chng t f l hm li trn I.
Nhn xt 2.1.14. Trong nh l 2.1.13, nu f

l hm n iu tng thc s th
(2.1.15) l bt ng thc ngt, ta suy ra (2.1.11) l bt ng thc ngt. Hay f l
hm li thc s trn I.
Tng qut hn, ta c nh l:
nh l 2.1.15. [6] Cho f : U R kh vi trn mt tp li m U X. Khi f l
hm li (li thc s) nu v ch nu f

n iu tng (n iu tng thc s) trn U.


Chng minh. i vi mt hm li kh vi trn U, nh l 2.1.12 cho ta
f(x) f(y) f

(y)(x y)
f(y) f(x) f

(x)(y x)
Cng v theo v ta c
0 (f

(y) f

(x))(x y)
hay
(f

(y) f

(x))(y x) 0
Suy ra f

l hm tng. Nu f li thc s th cc bt ng thc trn l cc bt ng


thc ngt, ta suy ra f

tng thc s.
By gi gi s f

l n iu tng. Vi x, y U, t
x,y
: [0, 1] R xc nh bi

x,y
() = f(x + (1 )y).
Vi 0
1
<
2
1, t u
1
=
1
x + (1
1
)y v u
2
=
2
x + (1
2
)y.
Theo Nhn xt 1.1.4 v nh ngha hm
x,y
ta c

x,y
(
1
) = lim
t0

x,y
(
1
+ t)
x,y
(
1
)
t
= lim
t0
f((
1
+ t)x + (1
1
t)y) f(
1
x + (1
1
)y)
t
= lim
t0
f(u
1
+ t(x y)) f(u
1
)
t
= f

(u
1
)(x y).
Tng t,

x,y
(
2
) = f

(u
2
)(x y).
Ta c u
2
u
1
= (
2

1
)(x y) v f

l n iu tng nn ta suy ra
0 (f

(u
2
) f

(u
1
))(u
2
u
1
) = (
2

1
)(f

(u
2
) f

(u
1
))(x y).
24
Suy ra f

(u
1
)(x y) f

(u
2
)(x y).
Ta c

x,y
(
1
) = f

(u
1
)(x y) f

(u
2
)(x y) =

x,y
(
2
) (2.1.16)
Suy ra cc hm
x,y
l cc hm li theo nh l 2.1.13.
Vy, f l hm li theo nh l 2.1.4.
Nu f

n iu tng thc s th bt ng thc (2.1.16) trn tr thnh bt ng


thc ngt,
x,y
l hm li thc s theo Nhn xt 2.1.14. Ni cch khc, f l hm li
thc s.
B 2.1.16. [6] Cho f : U R l hm kh vi lin tc trn mt tp m U ca khng
gian tuyn tnh nh chun X v f

(x) tn ti trn U. Khi vi bt k x, x


0
U,
tn ti s (0, 1)
f(x) = f(x
0
) +f

(x
0
)(h) +
1
2
f

(x
0
+ sh)(h, h)
trong h = x x
0
.
Chng minh. Vi x, x
0
U cho trc, xt hm : (a, b) R trn khong (a, b) cha
[0, 1] trong (t) = f(x
0
+ th). Theo Nhn xt 1.1.4 v nh ngha hm ta c

(t) = lim
v0
(t + v) (t)
v
= lim
v0
f(x
0
+ th + v.h) f(x
0
+ th)
v
= f

(x
0
+th)(h).
Tng t vi hm (t) = f

(x
0
+ th)(h) ta cng c

(t) =

(t) = f

(x
0
+ th)(h, h)
Vi t > 0, theo nh l 1.1.8, tn ti s (0, t)
(t) = (0) +

(0)t +
1
2

(s)t
2
hay
f(x
0
+ th) = f(x
0
) + f

(x
0
)(th) +
1
2
f

(x
0
+ sh)(th, th)
Vi t = 1 ta c:
f(x) = f(x
0
) + f

(x
0
)(h) +
1
2
f

(x
0
+ sh)(h, h).
B c chng minh.
nh l 2.1.17. [6] Cho I R l mt khong v f : I R l hm s c o hm
cp hai f

tn ti trn I. Khi f l hm li (li thc s) khi v ch khi f

(x) 0
(f

(x) > 0) vi mi x I.
25
Chng minh. Theo tnh cht ca hm mt bin thc, f

tng (tng thc s) nu v


ch nu f

l khng m (dng). Kt hp vi nh l 2.1.15 ta c iu phi chng


minh.
V d 2.1.18. T nh l 2.1.17 ta suy ra cc hm sau l hm li:
f(x) = e
x
, trong R.
f(x) = x
p
nu x > 0, trong 1 p hoc p 0.
f(x) = x
p
nu x > 0, trong 0 p 1.
f(x) = lnx nu x > 0.
Trong trng hp tng qut, ta c nh l:
nh l 2.1.19. [6] Cho f l hm kh vi lin tc v c o hm cp hai trn tp li
m U X. Khi f l hm li (li thc s) trn U nu v ch nu f

(x) xc nh
khng m (xc nh dng) vi mi x U.
Chng minh. ) Theo B 2.1.16 vi bt k x, x
0
U, ta c
f(x) = f(x
0
) +f

(x
0
)(h) +
1
2
f

(x
0
+ sh)(h, h)
trong s (0, 1) v h = xx
0
. Gi s rng f

(x) l xc nh khng m. Ta suy ra


f(x) f(x
0
) + f

(x
0
)(x x
0
)
hay
f(x) f(x
0
) f

(x
0
)(x x
0
). (2.1.17)
Theo nh l 2.1.12 ta suy ra f l hm li.
Nu f

(x
0
) l xc nh dng th bt ng thc (2.1.17) tr thnh bt ng thc
ngt, theo nh l 2.1.12 ta suy ra f l hm li thc s.
) Ngc li, gi s f l hm li. Vi x U v h X, t g(t) = f(x + th).
D thy g l hm li trn mt ln cn ca im 0. Ta c
g

(t) = f

(x + th)(h)
g

(t) = f

(x + th)(h, h).
Do g l hm li nn vi mi t thuc tp xc nh, theo nh l 2.1.17, g

(t) 0.
Ta suy ra g

(0) 0, hay f

(x)(h, h) 0.
V h l bt k nn f

(x) l xc nh khng m.
26
Nu f l hm li thc s th g l hm li thc s, theo nh l 2.1.17 ta c g

(0) > 0.
Ta suy ra f

(x)(h, h) > 0. Do h bt k nn f

(x) l xc nh dng.
Vy, nh l c chng minh.
Trong khng gian R
n
, vi mt hm nhiu bin m tt c cc o hm ring u
tn ti, ta lun c th xc nh nh x tuyn tnh vi ma trn
f(x
0
) =
_
f
x
1
(x
0
) . . .
f
x
n
(x
0
)
_
= [f
1
(x
0
) . . . f
n
(x
0
)]
c gi l gradient ca f.
Vic tn ti gradient f(x
0
) khng suy ra c s tn ti f

(x
0
) nhng i vi hm
li ta c nh l sau:
nh l 2.1.20. [6] Nu f l mt hm li trn tp li m U R
n
v tt c cc o
hm ring tn ti ti x
0
U th f

(x
0
) tn ti.
Chng minh. Theo Nhn xt 2.1.7, ta c th gi s 0 U.
V U l tp m nn tn ti mt hnh cu m B(0, ) sao cho n.B(0, ) U. Khi
h B(0, ) th n.h U.
Gi T = [f
1
(x
0
) . . . f
n
(x
0
)] l nh x tuyn tnh xc nh bi tt c cc o hm
ring ti x
0
.
Ta chng minh T l o hm ca hm f ti x
0
, tc l chng minh
f(x
0
+ h) = f(x
0
) +T(h) +h .(x
0
, h)
trong (x
0
, h) 0 khi h 0.
iu ny tng ng vi vic chng minh
(h) =
1
h
[f(x
0
+h) f(x
0
) T(h)] 0 khi h 0.
Trn B(0, ) t
(h) = h .(h) = f(x
0
+h) f(x
0
) T(h).
D thy l hm li v vi h = h
1
e
1
+... +h
n
e
n
l t hp ca n vect n v trong
R
n
, ta c
(h) =
_
n

i=1
1
n
h
i
ne
i
_

1
n
n

i=1
(h
i
ne
i
), (2.1.18)
trong
(h
i
ne
i
) = f(x
0
+ h
i
ne
i
) f(x
0
) f
i
(x
0
)h
i
n
27
T nh ngha ca o hm ring v theo trn ta c
lim
h
i
0
(h
i
ne
i
)
h
i
n
= 0
T bt ng thc Cauchy-Bunhiacopski, ta suy ra vi hai vect u, v R
n
,
n

i=1
u
i
v
i
u . v u
n

i=1
|v
i
|.
T (2.1.18) v bt ng thc trn, ly tng theo i vi cc h
i
= 0 ta c
(h)
1
n
n

i=1
(h
i
ne
i
) =

h
i
(h
i
ne
i
)
h
i
n
h

(h
i
ne
i
)
h
i
n

Tng t,
(h) h

(h
i
ne
i
)
h
i
n

Do l hm li v t nh ngha ca n ta c
0 =
_
h + (h)
2
_

1
2
[(h) + (h)]
hay
(h) (h).
Do
h

(h
i
ne
i
)
h
i
n

(h) (h) h

(h
i
ne
i
)
h
i
n

Suy ra
lim
h0
(h) = lim
h0
(h)
h
= 0.
nh l c chng minh.
M rng nh l 2.1.20 theo nh l 2.1.12 v nh l 2.1.15 trong trng hp
X = R
n
ta c nh l sau:
nh l 2.1.21. [6] Gi s f xc nh trn mt tp li m U R
n
. Nu f li trn
U v gradient f(x
0
) tn ti, th vi x U,
f(x) f(x
0
) f(x
0
)(x x
0
)
Nu f li (li thc s) v f(x) tn ti trn U, th f n iu tng (n iu tng
thc s) trn U.
Ngc li, nu cc o hm ring ca f tn ti v lin tc trn U v f n iu
tng (n iu tng thc s) th f l hm li (li thc s).
28
Tnh lin tc ca cc o hm ring cp hai bo m cho s tn ti ca f

(x).Ta
c nh l sau:
nh l 2.1.22. [6] Cho f l mt hm c cc o hm ring cp hai
2
f/x
i
x
j
= f
ij
lin tc trn mt tp li m U R
n
. Khi f l hm li (li thc s) trn U nu
v ch nu ma trn Hessian
A =
_

_
f
11
(x) . . . f
1n
(x)
.
.
.
.
.
.
f
n1
(x) . . . f
nn
(x)
_

_
l xc nh khng m (xc nh dng) vi mi x U.
Mt trong nhng tnh cht hay ca hm li l gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht
ca n. Ta c cc nh l sau:
nh l 2.1.23. [6] Cho f : U R l mt hm li trn tp li U X. Khi :
Nu hm f t cc tiu a phng ti x
0
U th f(x
0
) cng l cc tiu ca
hm f trn U.
Tp V gm tt c cc im x U m f(x) t cc tiu ti x l tp li.
Nu f l hm li thc s trn mt ln cn ca im cc tiu x
0
th x
0
l im
cc tiu duy nht ca hm f.
Chng minh. Gi s f t cc tiu a phng ti x
0
U tc l tn ti mt ln cn
B(x
0
, ) sao cho
f(x
0
) f(x) x B(x
0
, ).
Khi vi x U v > 0 nh (1 )x
0
+ x B(x
0
, ) ta c
f(x
0
) f((1 )x
0
+ x) (1 )f(x
0
) + f(x). (2.1.19)
Suy ra
0 [f(x) f(x
0
)] hay f(x) f(x
0
) (2.1.20)
tc l f(x
0
) l cc tiu ca hm f trn U.
Nu f t gi tr nh nht l m ti x
1
, x
2
V , th vi (0, 1),
m f((1 )x
1
+ x
2
) (1 )m+ .m = m
Vy, nu hm f t cc tiu ti x
1
, x
2
th hm f cng t cc tiu ti cc im
(1 )x
1
+ x
2
( [0; 1]). Ta suy ra V l tp li.
29
Nu f l hm li thc s trn mt ln cn ca mt im cc tiu x
0
, th (2.1.19) tr
thnh bt ng thc ngt.
Khi , (2.1.20) tr thnh f(x) > f(x
0
) vi mi x U, x = x
0
.
Ni cch khc, V = {x
0
} l im cc tiu duy nht ca hm f. nh l c chng
minh.
nh l sau s cp n s tn ti gi tr cc tiu:
nh l 2.1.24. [6] Cho f : U R l mt hm li trn tp U X. Khi :
Nu f

(x
0
) = 0 ti x
0

U th f(x
0
) l cc tiu ca hm f.
Nu f kh vi lin tc trn mt ln cn V ca im cc tiu x
0
, f

(x) tn ti
v xc nh dng trn V th x
0
l im cc tiu duy nht ca f trn U.
Chng minh. Theo nh l 2.1.12 ta c
f(x) f(x
0
) f

(x
0
)(x x
0
) = 0
ta suy ra f(x) f(x
0
) hay f(x
0
) l gi tr nh nht ca f trn U.
Nu f kh vi lin tc trn mt ln cn V ca x
0
v f

(x) tn ti, xc nh dng


trn V th theo nh l 2.1.19, f li thc s trn V . Do , theo nh l 2.1.23 ta
suy ra x
0
l im cc tiu duy nht ca hm f.
Cc nh l lin quan n gi tr cc i:
nh l 2.1.25. [6] Nu f l hm li trn tp li U X v t gi tr cc i ti
x
0

U th f l hm hng trn U.
Chng minh. Gi s f khng phi l hm hng trn U. Khi tn ti y U
f(y) < f(x
0
).
Ta chn > 1 z = y + (x
0
y) U. Suy ra:
x
0
=
1

z +
1

y
Do f l hm li nn ta c
f(x
0
)
1

f(z) +
1

f(y) <
1

f(x
0
) +
1

f(x
0
) = f(x
0
)
Suy ra mu thun. nh l c chng minh.
nh l 2.1.26. [6] Nu f l hm li v lin tc trn tp li, compact K trong khng
gian tuyn tnh nh chun hu hn chiu L
n
, th f t gi tr ln nht ti mt im
cc bin ca K.
30
Chng minh. Gi s f t gi tr ln nht ti im x
0
.
Ta c L
n
ng cu tp vi R
n
nn ta c th xem K l mt tp con ca R
n
.
Mt khc, mt tp li, compact trong R
n
l l bao li ca cc im cc bin ca n.
Ta suy ra x
0
=
m

i=1

i
v
i
(
i
0 i = 1, n,
n

i=1

i
= 1) trong v
1
, . . . , v
m
l cc im
cc bin ca K.
Khi
f(x
0
)
m

i=1

i
f(v
i
) max
1im
f(v
i
)
Nhng f(x
0
) max
1im
f(v
i
), v vy f phi t gi tr f(x
0
) ti mt s im v
i
no
. nh l c chng minh.
H qu 2.1.27. Nu f : [a; b] R l mt hm li th n t gi tr ln nht ti a
hoc b, tc l
f(x) max{f(a), f(b)}, x [a; b].
H qu 2.1.28. Cho K = [a
1
; b
1
]. . .[a
n
; b
n
] (a
i
, b
i
R, i = 1, n) v f(x
1
, . . . , x
n
)
l hm li theo mi bin x
i
(i = 1, n) khi c nh cc bin cn li trn K. Khi , f
t gi tr ln nht ti mt im x {a
1
; b
1
} . . . {a
n
; b
n
}.
Chng minh. C nh x
2
, . . . , x
n
, hm f(x
1
, . . . , x
n
) l hm li theo bin x
1
.
Theo H qu 2.1.27 ta c
f(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) max
t
1
{a
1
;b
1
}
f(t
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) x
i
[a
i
; b
i
]. (2.1.21)
Tng t, c nh x
1
, x
3
, . . . , x
n
, hm f(x
1
, . . . , x
n
) l hm li theo bin x
2
, ta c
f(t
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) max
t
2
{a
2
;b
2
}
f(t
1
, t
2
, x
3
, . . . , x
n
) t
1
{ a
1
, b
1
}, x
i
[a
i
; b
i
], i = 2, n.
(2.1.22)
T (2.1.21) v (2.1.22) ta suy ra
f(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) max
t
i
{a
i
;b
i
}
i=1,2
f(t
1
, t
2
, x
3
, . . . , x
n
) x
i
[a
i
; b
i
], i = 1, n.
Tip tc qu trnh trn ta suy ra iu phi chng minh.
2.2 Cc bt ng thc lin quan n hm li.
nh l 2.2.1. (Bt ng thc Jensen)
Cho U l mt tp li ca X, hm f : U R xc nh trn U. Khi f l hm li nu
31
v ch nu vi mi x
1
, . . . , x
n
thuc U v vi mi
1
, . . . ,
n
thuc [0; 1],
n

i=1

i
= 1
ta lun c bt ng thc
f(
n

i=1

i
x
i
)
n

i=1

i
f(x
i
). (2.2.1)
Bt ng thc trn l bt ng thc ngt nu v ch nu f l hm li thc s v cc
x
i
phn bit,
i
dng.
Chng minh. ) Gi s f l hm li, ta chng minh (2.2.1) bng quy np.
Vi n = 2 th (2.2.1) ng theo nh ngha ca hm li.
Gi s (2.2.1) ng vi n = k tc l bt ng thc
f(
k

i=1

i
x
i
)
k

i=1

i
f(x
i
)
lun ng vi x
1
, . . . , x
k
U, vi
i
0 i = 1, k,
k

i=1

i
= 1.
Vi n = k + 1:
Nu
k+1
= 0 th (2.2.1) hin nhin ng.
Nu
k+1
> 0, ta lun c

1
+. . . +
k1
+ (
k
+
k+1
)
_

k

k
+
k+1
+

k+1

k
+
k+1
_
= 1.
Do
f
_
k+1

i=1

i
x
i
_
= f
_

1
x
1
+. . . +
k1
x
k1
+ (
k
+
k+1
)
_

k

k
+
k+1
x
k
+

k+1

k
+
k+1
x
k+1
__

1
f(x
1
) + . . . +
k1
f(x
k1
)
+ (
k
+
k+1
)f
_

k

k
+
k+1
x
k
+

k+1

k
+
k+1
x
k+1
_

1
f(x
1
) + . . . +
k1
f(x
k1
) +
k
f(x
k
) +
k+1
f(x
k+1
)
=
k+1

i=1

i
f(x
i
).
Vy (2.2.1) ng vi n = k + 1.
Nu f l hm li thc s, cc x
i
phn bit v cc
i
> 0 th lp lun tng t nh
trn ta suy ra
f(
n

i=1

i
x
i
) <
n

i=1

i
f(x
i
).
32
Ta thu c bt ng thc ngt.
) Nu f tha mn bt ng thc Jensen th vi n = 2 ta suy ra
f(
1
x
1
+
2
x
2
)
1
f(x
1
) +
2
f(x
2
) vi
1
,
2
> 0,
1
+
2
= 1 (2.2.2)
hay f l hm li.
Vi x
1
, x
2
phn bit v
1
,
2
> 0, nu (2.2.1) l bt ng thc ngt th (2.2.2) l
bt ng thc ngt, f l hm li thc s.
nh ngha 2.2.1. [9] Mt hm f : [a, b] R c gi l hm li theo ngha Jensen
hay J-li trn [a, b] nu bt ng thc
f
_
x +y
2
_

f(x) + f(y)
2
tha vi mi im x, y [a, b].
nh l 2.2.2. [9] (J.L.W.V.Jensen) Cho I l mt khong ca tp s thc v f :
I R l mt hm lin tc. Khi f l hm li nu v ch nu f tha mn
f
_
x + y
2
_

f(x) +f(y)
2
vi mi x, y I. (2.2.3)
Chng minh. ) Gi s f l hm li, khi (2.2.3) l hin nhin theo tnh cht ca
hm li.
) Gi s ta c (2.2.3). Nu f khng phi l hm li trn I th tn ti mt on
[a; b] I th ca hm f|
[a;b]
khng nm di dy cung ni (a, f(a)) v (b, f(b)).
Dy cung ni (a, f(a)) v (b, f(b)) l
f(b) f(a)
b a
(x a) + f(a).
(xem ngha hnh hc ca hm li cui chng 1).
Khi hm
(x) = f(x)
f(b) f(a)
b a
(x a) f(a), x [a; b].
c = sup{(x) | x [a; b]} > 0.
Ta c cng l hm J-li. Tht vy, do f l hm J-li nn ta c

_
x + y
2
_
= f
_
x + y
2
_

f(b) f(a)
b a
_
x + y
2
a
_
f(a)

f(x)
2

f(b) f(a)
b a
_
x a
2
_

f(a)
2
+
f(y)
2

f(b) f(a)
b a
_
y a
2
_

f(a)
2
=
(x)
2
+
(y)
2
33
Do f(x) lin tc trn [a; b] nn ta c (x) lin tc trn [a; b] v do tn ti x [a; b]
(x) = .
t c = inf{x [a; b] | (x) = }. Ta suy ta (c) = v c (a; b) v (a) = (b) =
0.
Khi vi h > 0 sao cho c h (a; b) ta c
(c h) < (c) v (c +h) (c)
hay
(c) >
(c h) +(c + h)
2
,
mu thun vi l J-li.
nh l c chng minh.
H qu 2.2.3. [9] Cho f : I R l mt hm lin tc. Khi f li nu v ch nu
f(x + h) +f(x h) 2f(x) 0
vi mi x I v vi mi h > 0 x +h v x h nm trong I.
V d 2.2.4. Cho hm e
x
. Xt biu thc
e
x+h
+ e
xh
2e
x
vi x R v h > 0.
Theo bt ng thc Cauchy, suy ra
e
x+h
+ e
xh
2e
x
> 0.
Do , p dng H qu 2.2.3 ta c hm e
x
l hm li.
nh l 2.2.5. [9] (Bt ng thc Popoviciu) Cho I l mt khong ca tp s thc
v f : I R l mt hm li trn I. Khi bt ng thc
f(x
1
) + f(x
2
) + f(x
3
)
3
+ f
_
x
1
+ x
2
+x
3
3
_

2
3
_
f
_
x
1
+ x
2
2
_
+ f
_
x
2
+ x
3
2
_
+ f
_
x
3
+ x
1
2
__
(2.2.4)
tha vi mi x
1
, x
2
, x
3
I.
Nu f li thc s th bt ng thc trn l bt ng thc ngt tr khi x
1
= x
2
= x
3
.
34
Chng minh. Khng mt tnh tng qut, ta c th gi s x
1
x
2
x
3
.
Nu
x
2

x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
3
x
2

x
1
+ x
3
2
th ta c
x
1
+x
2
+ x
3
3

x
1
+
x
1
+ x
3
2
+x
3
3
=
x
1
+ x
3
2
x
3
v
x
1
+x
2
+ x
3
3

x
2
+ x
3
2
x
3
.
Lc , tn ti hai s s, t [0, 1]
x
1
+x
3
2
= s.
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
3
+ (1 s)x
3
(2.2.5)
x
2
+ x
3
2
= t.
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
3
+ (1 t)x
3
(2.2.6)
Cng v theo v hai biu thc trn ta c
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
2
+
x
3
2
=
(s + t)(x
1
+ x
2
+x
3
)
3
+ (2 s t).x
3

_
s +t
3

1
2
_
(x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
) +
_
3
2
s t
_
.x
3
= 0

_
s +t
3
2
_
(x
1
+ x
2
2x
3
) = 0.
Nu x
1
+ x
2
2x
3
= 0 th x
1
+ x
2
= 2x
3
, kt hp vi x
1
x
2
x
3
ta suy ra
x
1
= x
2
= x
3
, bt ng thc (2.2.4) l hin nhin.
Nu s + t =
3
2
, do f l hm li v theo (2.2.5), (2.2.6), ta c cc bt ng thc
f
_
x
1
+ x
3
2
_
s.f
_
x
1
+ x
2
+x
3
3
_
+ (1 s).f(x
3
) (2.2.7)
f
_
x
2
+ x
3
2
_
t.f
_
x
1
+x
3
+ x
3
3
_
+ (1 t).f(x
3
) (2.2.8)
f
_
x
1
+ x
2
2
_

1
2
f(x
1
) +
1
2
f(x
2
). (2.2.9)
Cng v theo v (2.2.7), (2.2.8), (2.2.9) ta c
f
_
x
1
+x
2
2
_
+f
_
x
2
+x
3
2
_
+ f
_
x
3
+ x
1
2
_
(s + t)f
_
x
1
+ x
2
+x
3
3
_
+ (2 s t)f(x
3
) +
1
2
f(x
1
) +
1
2
f(x
2
).
V s +t = 3/2, bt ng thc trn tr thnh bt ng thc (2.2.4).
Nu (x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
)/3 < x
2
, l lun tng t nh trng hp x
2
(x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
)/3
ta cng suy ra c (2.2.4) ng. nh l c chng minh.
35
Mt h qu ca bt ng thc Popoviciu l bt ng thc sau:
nh l 2.2.6. [16] (Via Titu Andreescu)
Nu f : I R l hm li v x
1
, x
2
, x
3
nm trong tp xc nh ca n th
f(x
1
)+f(x
2
)+f(x
3
)+f
_
x
1
+ x
2
+x
3
3
_

4
3
_
f
_
x
1
+ x
2
2
_
+ f
_
x
2
+ x
3
2
_
+ f
_
x
3
+ x
1
2
__
.
Chng minh. Do f l hm li nn ta c
f
_
x
1
+ x
2
2
_

1
2
(f(x
1
) +f(x
2
)),
f
_
x
2
+ x
3
2
_

1
2
(f(x
2
) +f(x
3
)),
f
_
x
3
+ x
1
2
_

1
2
(f(x
3
) +f(x
1
)).
Cng v theo v ca ba bt ng thc trn ri nhn vi 2 ta c
2[f(x
1
) + f(x
2
) + f(x
3
)] 2
_
f
_
x
1
+ x
2
2
_
+ f
_
x
2
+ x
3
2
_
+ f
_
x
3
+ x
1
2
__
.
(2.2.10)
T bt ng thc Popoviciu ta cng c
f(x
1
)+f(x
2
)+f(x
3
)+3f
_
x
1
+x
2
+ x
3
3
_
2
_
f
_
x
1
+x
2
2
_
+f
_
x
2
+x
3
2
_
+f
_
x
3
+ x
1
2
__
.
(2.2.11)
Cng v theo v hai bt ng thc (2.2.10) v (2.2.11) ta c
3[f(x
1
) + f(x
2
) + f(x
3
)] + 3f
_
x
1
+ x
2
+ x
3
3
_
4
_
f
_
x
1
+ x
2
2
_
+ f
_
x
2
+ x
3
2
_
+ f
_
x
3
+ x
1
2
__
.
Chia c hai v bt ng thc trn cho 3 ta suy ra iu phi chng minh.
nh l 2.2.7. [16] Nu f l hm li trn mt khong I v x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
(n 2)
nm trong tp xc nh ca n, th
n

i=1
f(x
i
) f
_
x
1
+. . . +x
n
n
_

n 1
n
_
f
_
x
1
+x
2
2
_
+. . . + f
_
x
n1
+ x
n
2
_
+ f
_
x
n
+ x
1
2
__
. (2.2.12)
Chng minh. Do f l hm li nn
f
_
x
1
+ x
2
2
_
+ . . . +f
_
x
n1
+ x
n
2
_
+f
_
x
n
+x
1
2
_
f(x
1
) +f(x
2
) +. . . +f(x
n
).
(2.2.13)
36
Ta biu din
n

i=1
f(x
i
) =
n
n 1
n

i=1
f(x
i
)
1
n 1
n

i=1
f(x
i
),
hay
n

i=1
f(x
i
) =
n
n 1
_
n

i=1
f(x
i
)
n

i=1
1
n
f(x
i
)
_
. (2.2.14)
T (2.2.13) v (2.2.14) ta c
f
_
x
1
+x
2
2
_
+. . . +f
_
x
n1
+ x
n
2
_
+ f
_
x
n
+ x
1
2
_

n
n 1
_
n

i=1
f(x
i
)
n

i=1
1
n
f(x
i
)
_
. (2.2.15)
p dng bt ng thc Jensen cho v phi ca (2.2.15) ta c
f
_
x
1
+ x
2
2
_
+. . .+f
_
x
n1
+ x
n
2
_
+f
_
x
n
+ x
1
2
_

n
n 1
_
n

i=1
f(x
i
) f
_
n
i=1
x
i
n
_
_
.
T ta suy ra (2.2.12). nh l c chng minh.
nh l 2.2.8. [16] Nu f l hm li trn mt khong I v a
1
, . . . , a
n
(n 2) nm
trong tp xc nh ca n th
(n 1)[f(b
1
+ . . . +b
n
)] n[f(a
1
) + . . . + f(a
n
) f(a)],
trong a =
a
1
+ . . . + a
n
n
v b
i
=
na a
i
n 1
, i = 1, . . . , n.
Chng minh. Theo bt ng thc Jensen ta c
f(b
1
) = f
_
a
1
+ . . . + a
n
a
1
n 1
_
= f
_
a
2
n 1
+. . . +
a
n
n 1
_

f(a
2
)
n 1
+. . . +
f(a
n
)
n 1
.
Ta lm tng t vi f(b
2
), . . . , f(b
n
) ri cng v theo v ta c
f(b
1
) + . . . + f(b
n
) f(a
1
) + . . . +f(a
n
).
Do ,
f(b
1
) + . . . +f(b
n
)
n
n 1
[f(a
1
) + . . . + f(a
n
)]
1
n 1
[f(a
1
) + . . . + f(a
n
)],
hay
f(b
1
) + . . . +f(b
n
)
n
n 1
[f(a
1
) + . . . + f(a
n
)]
n
n 1
_
1
n
f(a
1
) + . . . +
1
n
f(a
n
)
_
.
37
hay
f(b
1
) + . . . +f(b
n
)
n
n 1
_
f(a
1
+ . . . +f(a
n
)
_
1
n
f(a
1
) +. . . +
1
n
f(a
n
)
__
.
(2.2.16)
p dng bt ng thc Jensen cho v phi ca (2.2.16) ta nhn c
f(b
1
+ . . . +f(b
n
)
n
n 1
_
f(a
1
) + . . . + f(a
n
) f
_
a
1
+ . . . + a
n
n
__
.
Ta suy ra iu phi chng minh.
nh l 2.2.9. [3] (Bt ng thc gia trung bnh cng v trung bnh nhn c trng
s) Cho x
1
, . . . , x
n
(0, +) v
1
, . . . ,
n
(0, 1),
n

k=1

k
= 1. Khi

1
x
1
+
2
x
2
+. . . +
n
x
n
x

1
1
. . . x
n
n
. (2.2.17)
Du = xy ra khi v ch khi x
1
= x
2
= . . . = x
n
.
Chng minh. Theo V d 2.1.18 ta c lnx l hm li trn (0, ) nn theo bt ng
thc Jensen ta suy ra
ln(
1
x
1
+ . . . +
n
x
n
)
1
lnx
1
. . .
n
lnx
n
, (2.2.18)
hay
ln(
1
x
1
+ . . . +
n
x
n
)
1
lnx
1
+ . . . +
n
lnx
n
(2.2.19)
Ta c (2.2.19) tng ng vi
ln(
1
x
1
+ . . . +
n
x
n
) ln(x

1
1
. . . x
n
n
).
V lnx l hm tng thc s nn ta c

1
x
1
+
2
x
2
+. . . +
n
x
n
x

1
1
...x
n
n
v du = xy ra khi v ch khi (2.2.18) xy ra du = theo bt ng thc
Jensen.
Tc l lnx
1
= . . . = lnx
n
hay x
1
= . . . = x
n
. nh l c chng minh.
Nhn xt 2.2.10. Theo bt ng thc gia trung bnh cng v trung bnh nhn c
trng s, nu f l hm loga-li, vi mi x, y I, (0; 1) ta c
f((1 )x + y) f(x)
1
f(y)

(1 )f(x) + f(y),
nn cc hm loga-li l cc hm li.
iu ngc li ni chung l khng ng. V d, hm e
x
1 l hm li nhng khng
phi l hm loga-li.
38
Chng 3
MT VI NG DNG CA HM LI
V HM LOGA-LI
Trong chng ny, chng ta s bt u vi bi ton tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca
hm li. Tip n, ta s tm hiu tng qut v lp cc hm loga-li. Phn cui ca chng xin
ni v mt s hm loga-li c bit v thit lp mt s bt ng thc i vi cc hm ny. Cc
hm loga-li c bit l hm gamma, hm zeta, tch phn elliptic hon chnh dng 1 (dng
th nht) R
K
. L thuyt v tch phn elliptic kh di, do trong phn tch phn elliptic ta ch
a ra cc nh ngha va , gii thiu mt s kt qu c chng minh gip cho vic kho
st hm R
K
mt cch thun tin. Chi tit hn v tch phn elliptic, c gi c th xem trong [7].
3.1 Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca hm s.
Bi ton 3.1.1. [3] Cho a > 0 l mt s dng. Hy tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc
A = (a x
1
)(a x
2
) . . . (a x
n
),
trong x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
l nhng bin c lp trn on [0; a].
Gii: Xt hm
f(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) = (a x
1
)(a x
2
) . . . (a x
n
).
Ta suy ra f(x
1
, x
2
, . . . , x
n
) l mt hm li theo bin x
i
(i = 1, n) khi c nh cc bin
cn li.
p dng H qu 2.1.28 ta suy ra hm f t gi tr ln nht ti
(x
1
, . . . , x
n
) {0, a} . . . {0, a}.
Nu tt c x
i
, (i = 1, n) u bng 0 th f(0, . . . , 0) = a
n
.
Nu tn ti t nht mt x
i
= a, (i = 1, n) th f(x
1
, . . . , x
n
) = 0 < a
n
.
Vy, gi tr ln nht ca biu thc cho l a
n
khi x
1
= . . . = x
n
= 0.
39
Bi ton 3.1.2. [9] Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm
f(x, y) = x
2
+y
2
6x 4y
trn min U = {(x, y) R
2
, x 0, y 0, x
2
+y
2
1}
Gii.
Ta c
f

(x, y) =
_
2x 6 2y 4
_
f

(x, y) =
_
2 0
0 2
_
V f

(x, y) l xc nh khng m nn f(x, y) l hm


li trn R
2
.
Gi tr nh nht ca hm f c th t c trn

U
hoc trn bin U.
O
A
B
1
1
y
x
Trn

U, f

(x, y) = 0 ti im (3, 2) khng thuc



U nn f(x, y) khng t cc tiu
trn

U.
By gi ta tm gi tr nh nht ca hm f trn U.
Trong mt phng ta , U gm on thng OA = {0 x 1, y = 0}, on thng
OB = {x = 0, 0 y 1} v cung trn

AB= {(x, y) R
2
, x 0, y 0, x
2
+y
2
= 1}.
Trn on OA, hm f tr thnh f(x, 0) = g
1
(x) = x
2
6x l hm li trn [0; 1].
Kho st hm g
1
, lp bng bin thin, ta suy ra gi tr nh nht ca f(x, 0) = g
1
(x)
l 5 ti im (1, 0).
Trn on OB, hm f tr thnh f(0, y) = g
2
(y) = y
2
4y l hm li trn [0; 1].
Kho st hm g
2
, lp bng bin thin, ta suy ra gi tr nh nht ca f(0, y) = g
2
(y)
l 3 ti im (0, 1).
Trn cung trn

AB ta c x
2
+ y
2
= 1 v y =

1 x
2
nn
f|

AB
= g
3
(x) = 1 6x 4
_
1 x
2
.
Do , trn (0; 1) ta c g

3
(x) = 6 +
4x

1 x
2
Suy ra g

3
(x) = 0 x =
3

13
13
. Ta c bng bin thin
x
0 1
3

13
13
0
g

3
(x)
g
3
(x)
- +
1 2

13
-3 -5
40
Suy ra
min f|

AB
= 1 2

13 v max f|

AB
= 3.
Vy, minf|
D
= min{5, 3, 1 2

13} = 1 2

13 ti im
_
3

13
13
,
2

13
13
_
.
Do U R
2
l tp compact, f(x, y) l hm li v lin tc trn U nn tn ti gi tr
ln nht ca hm f trn U. Theo nh l 2.1.26 th f t gi tr ln nht ti mt
im cc bin ca U (tt nhin, im cc bin nm trn U).
Trn on OA, theo H qu 2.1.27, maxf(x, 0) = max{g
1
(0), g
1
(1)} = 0.
Trn on OB, theo H qu 2.1.27, maxf(0, y) = max{g
2
(0), g
2
(1)} = 0.
Ta c
maxf(x, y)|
U
= max f(x, y)|
U
= max{0, 3} = 0
ti im O(0, 0).
3.2 Tng quan v lp cc hm loga-li
Nh gii thiu chng 1, vi I R l mt khong ca tp s thc, mt hm
f : I R
>
l hm loga-li nu
f(x + (1 )y) f(x)

f(y)
1
x, y I, [0; 1].
Theo Nhn xt 2.2.10, cc hm loga-li cng l cc hm li nn lp cc hm loga-li
c y tnh cht ca mt hm li. Ngoi ra, ta cn c nh l sau.
nh l 3.2.1. [6] Lp cc hm loga-li trn mt khong I ng kn i vi php
cng, php nhn, v php ly gii hn min l gii hn tn ti v dng.
Chng minh. Trc ht, gi s a, b, c, d, , l cc s dng vi + = 1.
Theo nh l 2.2.9 ta c a

.b

a + b.
Do , ta suy ra
a

.b

+ c

.d

(a + c)

(b + d)

=
_
a
a +c
_

_
b
b +d
_

+
_
c
a +c
_

_
d
b +d
_


_
a
a + c
_
+
_
b
b + d
_
+
_
c
a +c
_
+
_
d
b + d
_
= + = 1.
Suy ra
a

.b

+ c

.d

(a + c)

.(b +d)

. (3.2.1)
41
Vi x, y I, f, g l cc hm loga-li, theo nh ngha ca hm loga-li v theo (3.2.1)
ta c
f(x +y) +g(x + y) f(x)

f(y)

+g(x)

g(y)

[f(x) + g(x)]

.[f(y) +g(y)]

.
Vy, f + g l hm loga-li.
Nu f, g l cc hm loga-li th lnf + lng l hm li theo nh l 2.1.1. Do
ln(f.g) = lnf + lng l hm li hay f.g l hm loga-li.
Vi dy hm loga-li (f
n
) hi t v hm f dng th lnf
n
l cc hm li vi mi
n N

.
Theo nh l 2.1.5 v tnh cht ca hm logarit ta c
lnf = ln( lim
n
f
n
) = lim
n
(lnf
n
)
l mt hm li hay f l hm loga-li. nh l c chng minh.
i vi cc hm loga-li, ta c nh l sau:
nh l 3.2.2. [11] Cho f : R
+
R
>
l mt hm loga-li kh vi, a 1. Khi
hm
g(x) =
[f(x)]
a
f(ax)
(3.2.2)
gim trn tp xc nh ca n. C th, nu 0 x y, th ta lun c bt ng thc
[f(y)]
a
f(ay)

[f(x)]
a
f(ax)
[f(0)]
a1
. (3.2.3)
Nu 0 < a 1 th g l hm tng trn R
+
v cc bt ng thc trong (3.2.3) i chiu.
Chng minh. Vi a 1, v f l hm loga-li nn o hm loga ca n (x) =
(lnf)

=
f

(x)
f(x)
l mt hm tng trn R
+
. Do ,
(x) (ax) (3.2.4)
Ly logarit hai v ca (3.2.2) ri o hm, ta c
g

(x)
g(x)
= (a lnf(x) lnf(ax))

= a
_
f

(x)
f(x)

f

(ax)
f(ax)
_
= a[x (ax)]. (3.2.5)
V g(x) > 0 vi mi x R
+
, t (3.2.4) v (3.2.5) ta suy ra g

(x) 0. Vy, g n iu
gim trn tp xc nh ca n.
Do , nu 0 x y th g(y) g(x) g(0), cc bt ng thc trong (3.2.3) ng.
Nu 0 < a 1 th bt ng thc (3.2.4) i chiu. T (3.2.5) ta suy ra g

(x) 0 hay
g l hm tng, cc bt ng thc trong (3.2.3) i chiu.
Trong phn cn li ca kha lun, ta lun gi s a 1.
42
3.3 Hm gamma v bt ng thc v hm gamma
nh ngha 3.3.1. [9] Hm Gamma l hm c dng:
:(0, ) R
(x) =

_
0
t
x1
e
t
dt vi x > 0.
nh l 3.3.1. [9] Hm Gamma c cc tnh cht sau:
1. (x + 1) = x(x) vi mi x > 0.
2. (1) = 1.
3. l hm loga-li.
Chng minh. 1. Ta c (x + 1) =

_
0
t
x
e
t
dt.
Tch phn tng phn, t u = t
x
, dv = e
t
dt ta suy ra
du = xt
x1
dt, v = e
t
.
Ta c:
(x + 1) =
_
t
x
e
t

t=0
+ x

_
0
t
x1
e
t
dt = x(x).
vi mi x > 0.
2. Ta c (1) =

_
0
e
t
dt = e
t

0
= 1.
3. Vi x, y > 0 v , 0, + = 1. Khi theo bt ng thc H older, ta c:
(x + y) =
_

0
t
x+y1
e
t
dt =

_
0
(t
x1
e
t
)

(t
y1
e
t
)

dt

_
_

_
0
t
x1
e
t
dt
_
_

_
_

_
0
t
y1
e
t
dt
_
_

(x)

(y).
Vy, l hm loga-li.
nh l c chng minh
T tnh cht 1 v 2, bng quy np ta c h qu sau:
H qu 3.3.2. [9] (n + 1) = n! vi mi n N

.
43
T tnh cht 1, ta suy ra lim
x0
+
x(x) = lim
x0
+
(x + 1) = 1, ta c h qu:
H qu 3.3.3. [9] Hm Gamma l hm li v x(x) 1 khi x 0
+
.
nh l tip theo s chng t hm Gamma l m rng loga-li duy nht ca hm
giai tha:
nh l 3.3.4. [9] (H.Bohr v J.Mollerup) Gi s hm f : (0, ) R tha ba iu
kin:
1. f(x + 1) = xf(x) vi mi x > 0.
2. f(1) = 1.
3. f l hm loga-li.
Khi f = .
Chng minh. T gi thit 1 v 2 ta c
f(1) = 1, f(2) = 1.f(1) = 1!, f(3) = 2.f(2) = 2!, . . .
Bng quy np, ta d dng chng minh c f(n + 1) = n! vi mi n N

.
By gi vi x (0; 1], n N, theo gi thit 1 v 3 ta c
f(n + 1 + x) = f((1 x)(n + 1) +x(n + 2))
[f(n + 1)]
1x
.[f(n + 2)]
x
= [f(n + 1)]
1x
.(n + 1)
x
.[f(n + 1)]
x
= (n + 1)
x
.f(n + 1)
= (n + 1)
x
.n! (3.3.1)
Ta cng c
n! = f(n + 1) = f( x(n + x) + (1 x)(n + 1 + x) )
[f(n +x)]
x
.[f(n + 1 + x)]
1x
= (n + x)
x
.[f(n + 1 + x)]
x
.[f(n + 1 +x)]
1x
= (n + x)
x
.f(n + 1 + x).
hay
(n + x)
x

f(n + 1 +x)
n!
. (3.3.2)
44
T f(n + 1 + x) = (n + x)(n 1 +x) . . . xf(x), kt hp vi (3.3.1) v (3.3.2) ta c
_
1 +
x
n
_
x
=
(n +x)
x
n
x

f(n + 1 +x)
n
x
n!
=
(n + x)(n 1 + x) . . . xf(x)
n
x
n!

(n + 1)
x
.n!
n
x
n!
=
_
1 +
1
n
_
x
.
Chuyn qua gii hn ta c
lim
n
(n +x)(n 1 + x) . . . xf(x)
n
x
n!
= 1
hay
f(x) = lim
n
n
x
n!
(n + x)(n 1 +x) . . . x
x (0; 1]. (3.3.3)
By gi, gi s x > 0, ta chn s nguyn m sao cho x m (0; 1].
Theo gi thit 1 v theo (3.3.3), vi n ln ta c
f(x) = (x 1) . . . (x m)f(x m)
= (x 1) . . . (x m). lim
n
n
xm
n!
(n + x m)(n 1 + x m) . . . (x m)
= lim
n
(x 1) . . . (x m).n
xm
n!
(n + x m)(n 1 +x m) . . . x(x 1) . . . (x m)
= lim
n
_
(n +x)(n + x 1) . . . (n +x (m1))
(n +x)(n + x 1) . . . (n +x (m1))
.
n
xm
n!
(n + x m)(n 1 + x m) . . . x
_
= lim
n
_
n
x
n!
(n +x)(n 1 + x) . . . x
.
(n + x)(n + x 1) . . . (n + x (m1))
n
m
_
= lim
n
_
n
x
n!
(n +x)(n 1 + x) . . . x
_
1 +
x
n
_
_
1 +
x 1
n
_
. . .
_
1 +
x (m1)
n
__
= lim
n
n
x
n!
(n + x)(n 1 + x) . . . x
Nu c hm g tha mn ba iu kin ca nh l th vi x > 0 ta c
f(x) = lim
n
n
x
n!
(n + x)(n 1 +x) . . . x
= g(x).
Tc f l hm duy nht tha mn ba iu kin ca nh l. T cc tnh cht ca hm
Gamma ta suy ra f = . nh l c chng minh.
i vi hm Gamma, ta c bt ng thc th hin trong nh l sau:
nh l 3.3.5. [15] Vi mi a 1 v vi mi x [0; 1] ta c
1
(1 + a)

[(x + 1)]
a
(ax + 1)
1. (3.3.4)
45
Chng minh. Vi x 0 ta t f(x) = (1 +x).
Theo nh l 3.3.1 ta c f l hm loga-li kh vi, p dng nh l 3.2.2, suy ra hm
[(1 +x)]
a
(1 + ax)
gim vi mi x 0 v bt ng thc
[f(y)]
a
f(ay)

[f(x)]
a
f(ax)
[f(0)]
a1
(3.3.5)
nghim ng vi 0 x y.
Vi y = 1, (3.3.5) tr thnh
[(2)]
a
(1 +a)

[(x + 1)]
a
(ax + 1)
[(1)]
a1
,
V (1) = 1, (2) = 1, ta suy ta iu phi chng minh.
By gi, trong (3.3.4), nu thay a = n l s nguyn dng vi ch (1 +n) = n!
ta c
1
n!

[(1 + x)]
n
(1 +nx)
1.
Ta c h qu:
H qu 3.3.6. [8] Vi n N

v vi x [0; 1] ta c
1
n!

[(1 + x)]
n
(1 +nx)
1.
3.4 Hm zeta v bt ng thc v hm zeta
Hm Riemann zeta hay hm zeta c nh ngha nh sau
nh ngha 3.4.1. Vi s C v Res > 1, hm zeta c xc nh bi chui
(s) =

n=1
1
n
s
.
Riemann chng minh hm zeta xc nh nh trn l gii tch trn tp xc nh
ca n.
Euler chng minh c
(2) =

2
6
, (4) =

4
90
, (6) =

6
945
, (26) =
1315862.
26
11094481976030578125
, . . .
nh l sau y s cho ta mt cng thc p gia hm gamma v hm zeta:
46
nh l 3.4.1. [11] Vi x > 1 l s thc, ta c
(x)(x) =

_
0
t
x1
e
t
1
dt.
Chng minh. Vi n l s nguyn dng, xt tch phn

_
0
e
nt
t
x1
dt.
i bin, t y = nt, ta suy ra
dt =
dy
n
, t
x1
=
y
x1
n
x1
, t = 0 th y = 0, t th y .
Khi

_
0
e
nt
t
x1
dt =

_
0
e
y
y
x1
n
x1
dy
n
=

_
0
e
y
y
x1
n
x
dy =
1
n
x

_
0
e
y
y
x1
dy =
1
n
x
(x).
(3.4.1)
Ly tng hai v ca (3.4.1) theo tt c cc s t nhin n 1 ta c
(x)(x) =

n=1
1
n
x
(x)
=

n=1

_
0
e
nt
t
x1
dt
=

_
0
_

n=1
e
nt
_
t
x1
dt
V

n=1
e
nt
=

n=1
(e
t
)
n
l tng ca mt cp s nhn c s hn u bng e
t
, cng
bi bng e
t
nn ta c
(x)(x) =

_
0
e
t
1
1 e
t
t
x1
dt
=

_
0
1
e
t
1
t
x1
dt.
nh l c chng minh.
nh l 3.4.2. [11] Hm F(x) = (1 +x)(1 +x) l hm loga-li vi mi x R
>
.
47
Chng minh. Theo nh l 3.4.1 ta c
F(x) = (1 + x)(1 +x) =

_
0
t
x
e
t
1
dt.
Theo tnh cht ca tch phn ta c th b qua gi tr t = 0 v xt hm f(x, t) =
t
x
e
t
1
vi x, t l cc s dng.
Vi t > 0 c nh, lnf(x, t) = lnt.xln(e
t
1) l hm li nn f(x, t) l hm loga-li
theo bin x khi t c nh.
Do , vi t > 0 c nh, vi x, y > 0, (0; 1) ta c
f(x + (1 )y, t) [f(x, t)]

[f(y, t]
1
.
V f l hm dng thc s, nn F cng vy. Vi x, y > 0, (0; 1), ta c
F(x + (1 )y) =

_
0
f(x + (1 )y, t)dt

_
0
[f(x, t)]

[f(y, t)]
1
dt
p dng bt ng thc H older v tch phn ta c
F(x + (1 )y)
_
_

_
0
f(x, t)dt
_
_

_
_

_
0
f(y, t)dt
_
_
1
.
hay
F(x + (1 )y) [F(x)]

[F(y)]
1
Vy, F l hm loga-li.
nh l 3.4.3. [11] Vi a 1 v vi 0 < x y ta c
[(1 + y)(1 + y)]
a
(1 +ay)(1 +ay)

[(1 + x)]
a
(1 +ax)
. (3.4.2)
Chng minh. Vi 0 < x y, p dng bt ng thc (3.2.3) trong nh l 3.2.2 ta c
[(1 + y)(1 +y)]
a
(1 + ay)(1 + ay)

[(1 + x)(1 + x)]
a
(1 + ax)(1 +ax)
. (3.4.3)
p dng bt ng thc (3.3.4) i vi v phi ca (3.4.3) ta c
[(1 + y)(1 + y)]
a
(1 +ay)(1 +ay)

[(1 + x)]
a
(1 +ax)
.
nh l c chng minh.
48
By gi, nu thay y = 1, 0 < x 1 vo (3.4.2) vi ch (2) = 1 v (2) =

2
6
ta c
_

2
6
_
a
1
(1 + a)(1 +a)

[(1 + x)]
a
(1 + ax)
hay
_

2
6
_
a
1
(1 +a)

[(1 + x)]
a
(1 + a)
(1 +ax)
.
Ta c h qu
H qu 3.4.4. [11] Vi a 1 v vi 0 < x 1 ta lun c bt ng thc
_

2
6
_
a
1
(1 + a)

[(1 +x)]
a
(1 + a)
(1 + ax)
.
3.5 Tch phn elliptic - Tch phn elliptic hon chnh
dng th nht R
K
- Cc bt ng thc lin quan
Gi l tch phn elliptic v n xut pht t mt bi ton c: tm di mt cung
ca mt ellipse. Vic tm di cung ny dn n mt tch phn ca mt hm hu t
theo hai bin x, y (thng ca hai a thc theo x v y), trong y l cn bc hai ca
mt a thc theo x. Nhiu bi ton khc nh tm di cung ca ng hyperbol
hay ng lemniscate, tnh din tch mt ca mt ellipsoid v nhiu bi ton khc
ca ton hc ng dng cng nh ton hc thun ty cng dn n cc tch phn
tng t.
Ta c nh ngha
nh ngha 3.5.1. [7] Cho (x, y) R
2
. Khi , tch phn
_
r(x, y)dx,
trong r l bt k hm hu t no ca x v y, y l cn bc hai ca mt a thc
bc nht hoc a thc bc hai theo x c gi l tch phn elliptic.
Cc tnh cht quan trng u tin ca tch phn elliptic l cc nh l v php
cng c Euler a ra trong nhng nm 1752 - 1761, v nh l c hon thin
nhiu mt trong lun n ca Legendre vo nhng nm 1825 - 1826. Trong sut nhng
nm 1827 - 1830, Abel v Jacobi khm ph ra mt tnh cht kh quan trng ca
tch phn elliptic: cc hm elliptic l hm ngc ca cc tch phn elliptic.
49
nh ngha 3.5.2. [11] Cho b = (b
1
, b
2
) R
2
+
. Khi

b
(t) =
(b
1
+ b
2
)
(b
1
)(b
2
)
t
b
1
1
(1 t)
b
2
1
c gi l o Dirichlet trn [0; 1].
Ngi ta chng minh c rng
1
_
0

b
(t)dt = 1.
Ni cch khc,
b
l o xc sut trn [0; 1].
hiu thm v o Dirichlet, c gi c th xem trong ([7], trang 64 - 68).
nh ngha 3.5.3. [10] Cho im X = (x, y) R
2
>
, hm R-siu bi R
p
(b; X) (p R)
l hm c xc nh bi cng thc
R
p
(b; X) =
1
_
0
(u.X)
p

b
(t)dt, (3.5.1)
trong u = (t, 1 t) v u.X = tx + (1 t)y.
Vi p R, b = (b
1
, b
2
) R
2
+
, X = (x, y) R
2
>
, ta cng s k hiu
R
p
(b; X) = R
p
(b
1
, b
2
; x, y).
Vic kho st tch phn elliptic a n vic kho st mt s tch phn c bn trong
c tch phn elliptic hon chnh dng th nht
R
K
(x, y) = R
1/2
_
1
2
,
1
2
; x, y
_
.
Ta s chng minh R
K
(x, y) l hm loga-li theo cc bin v thit lp mt vi bt
ng thc lin quan n hm ny.
nh l 3.5.1. [10] Cho p < 0, b R
2
+
v X, Y R
2
>
. Khi bt ng thc
R
p
(b; X + (1 )Y ) [R
p
(b; X)]

[R
p
(b; Y )]
1
ng vi mi 0 1.
Chng minh. Theo V d 2.1.18, hm x x
p
(x > 0) l hm loga-li khi p < 0. Do
bt ng thc
(x + (1 )y)
p
(x
p
)

(y
p
)
1
(3.5.2)
50
ng vi mi s dng x, y.
Theo (3.5.1), (3.5.2) v p dng bt ng thc H older trong tch phn ta c
R
p
(b; X + (1 )Y ) =
1
_
0
[u.(X + (1 )Y ]
p

b
(t)dt
=
1
_
0
[(u.X) + (1 )(u.Y )]
p

b
(t)dt

_
1
0
[(u.X)
p

b
(t)]

[(u.Y )
p

b
(t)]
1
dt

_
_
1
_
0
(u.X)
p

b
(t)dt
_
_

_
_
1
_
0
(u.Y )
p

b
(t)dt
_
_
1
= [R
p
(b; X)]

[R
p
(b; Y )]
1
.
nh l c chng minh.
Cng theo nh l 3.5.1 v do (x
1
+ (1 )x
2
, y) = (x
1
, y) + (1 )(x
2
, y)
nn R
p
(b
1
, b
2
; x, y) l hm loga-li theo bin x. Thc hin tng t ta cng suy ra
R
p
(b
1
, b
2
; x, y) l hm loga-li theo bin y.
Ta c h qu:
H qu 3.5.2. [11] Hm R
K
(x, y) l hm loga-li theo mt bin khi c nh bin cn
li.
By gi, theo H qu 3.5.2 vi z > 0, a 1, t f(x) = R
K
(x, z) (x > 0). p
dng bt ng thc (3.2.3) trong nh l 3.2.2 ta c
[R
K
(y, z)]
a
R
K
(ay, z)

[R
K
(x, z)]
a
R
K
(ax, z)
hay
_
R
K
(y, z)
R
K
(x, z)
_
a

R
K
(ay, z)
R
K
(ax, z)
(0 < x y) (3.5.3)
Ngi ta chng minh c R
K
l hm lin tc theo cc bin ca n v
R
K
(x
2
, y
2
) = R
K
_
_
x +y
2
_
2
, xy
_
, (x, y R
>
). (3.5.4)
Ni cch khc, R
K
bt bin qua php thay x, y bi trung bnh cng v trung bnh
nhn ca x, y.
51
Khi , gii hn ca hai dy xc nh bi
x
0
= x, y
0
= y,
x
1
=
1
2
(x +y) y
1
= (x.y)
1/2
.
.
.
.
.
.
x
n+1
=
1
2
(x
n
+ y
n
), y
n+1
= (x
n
y
n
)
1/2
, n N
c gi l trung bnh cng - trung bnh nhn Gauss ca x v y,
M = M(x, y) = limx
n
= limy
n
.
Theo nh ngha ca dy (x
n
), (y
n
) v (3.5.4), ta thy R
K
(x
2
, y
2
) = R
K
(x
2
1
, y
2
1
). Bng
quy np ta nhn c
R
K
(x
2
, y
2
) = R
K
(x
2
1
, y
2
1
) = . . . = R
K
(x
2
n
, y
2
n
) = . . . . (3.5.5)
T , p dng tnh cht lin tc theo cc bin ca R
K
(x, y) v theo (3.5.5) ngi
ta suy ra
R
K
(x
2
, y
2
) = R
K
(x
2
n
, y
2
n
) = lim
n
R
K
(x
2
n
, y
2
n
) = R
K
(M
2
, M
2
) =
1
M(x, y)
.
Nm 1799, Gauss tm ra cng thc nghch o ca M(x, y) v i n cng thc
R
K
(x
2
, y
2
) =
2

2
_
0
(x
2
sin
2
+ y
2
cos
2
)
1/2
d.
hay
R
K
(x, y) =
2

2
_
0
(xsin
2
+ y cos
2
)
1/2
d (x, y R
>
).
Ngi ta cng nh ngha
nh ngha 3.5.4. [11] Dng Legendre ca tch phn hon chnh dng 1, k hiu bi
K(k) c cho bi cng thc
K(k) =
/2
_
0
(1 k
2
sin
2
)
1/2
d.
Ta ch lm vic vi k (0; 1).
52
Theo nh ngha ca K(k) ta c
K(k) =
/2
_
0
((1 k
2
) sin
2
+ cos
2
)
1/2
d =

2
R
K
(1 k
2
, 1).
By gi, gi s 0 < l k < 1. Ta c
K(k) =

2
R
K
(1 k
2
, 1),
K(l) =

2
R
K
(1 l
2
, 1).
p dng (3.5.3) v theo trn ta c
_
K(l)
K(k)
_
a
=
_
R
K
(1 l
2
, 1)
R
K
(1 k
2
, 1)
_
a

R
K
(a(1 l
2
), 1)
R
K
(a(1 k
2
), 1)
=

2
R
K
(1 (1 a + al
2
), 1)

2
R
K
(1 (1 a + ak
2
), 1)
=
K(m)
K(r)
,
nu 0 < m = 1 a + al
2
< 1, 0 < r = 1 a + ak
2
< 1.
Ta c nh l
nh l 3.5.3. [11] Vi 0 < l k < 1, nu 0 < m = 1 a + al
2
< 1, 0 < r =
1 a + ak
2
< 1 th ta c
_
K(l)
K(k)
_
a

K(m)
K(r)
53
KT LUN
Kha lun gii quyt nhiu vn v l thuyt cng nh ng dng ca hm
li, tp trung vo nhng ni dung sau:
H thng ha cc kin thc bit v khng gian tuyn tnh nh chun, s
lin tc, kh vi, gi tr cc i v gi tr cc tiu, cc bt ng thc v chuyn gii
hn di du tch phn, tp li - hm li v hm loga-li,. . . Cc kin thc ny l cn
thit cho vic theo di kha lun.
Trnh by mt s vn l thuyt ca hm li nh cc php ton lin quan n
hm li, tnh lin tc, kh vi, cc nh l lin quan n gi tr cc i v cc tiu. i
su tm hiu v cc bt ng thc lin quan n hm li.
Kho st mt s ng dng ca hm li v hm loga-li. l cc vn lin
quan n vic tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm li, kho st lp hm
loga-li v mt s hm c bit cng nh thit lp cc bt ng thc lin quan n
chng.
Chng ti c gng hon thnh lun vn mt cch tt nht c th; i su
phn tch, chng minh nhm gip ngi c c ci nhn tng qut v vn ang
nghin cu. Tuy nhin, c th do hn ch ca bn thn v thi gian c hn, chc
chn khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st. Chng ti rt mong nhn c s nhn
xt v gp chn thnh t qu thy c cng nh c gi kha lun hon thin
hn. Xin chn thnh cm n!
54
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[1] Nguyn nh v Nguyn Hong, Hm s bin s thc (c s gii tch hin i),
NXB Gio Dc - 2007.
[2] Nguyn Hong v L Vn Hp, Gio trnh gii tch hm, NXB Gio Dc - 2006.
[3] Nguyn Hu in, Gii ton bng phng php i lng cc bin, NXB Gio
Dc 2005, trang 183218.
[4] Nguyn Vn Mu, Bt ng thc, nh l v p dng, NXB Gio Dc 2006.
[5] Phm Ngc Thao, Gio trnh ton i cng (Phn II: Gii tch tp I), NXB
i hc quc gia H Ni 1998.
[6] A. Wayne Robert v Dale E. Varberg, Convex functions, Academic Press - 1973.
[7] B. C. Carlson, Special functions of applied mathematics, Academic Press, New
York, 1977.
[8] C. Alsina and M. S Toms, A geometrical proof of a new inequal-
ity for the gamma function, Journal of Inequalities in Pure and Ap-
plied Mathematics, volume 6. issue 2. 2005, Article 48 [ONLINE:
http://jipam.vu.edu.au/article.php?sid=517].
[9] Constantin P. Niculescu and Lars - Erik Persson, Convex functions and their
applications, Springer Science + Business Media, 2006.
[10] Edward Neuman and Jzsef Sndor, On the schwab-borchardt mean II, Mathe-
matica Pannonica, 17(1)(2006).
[11] Edward Neuman, inequalities involving a logarithmically convex functions and
their applications to special functions, Journal of Inequalities in Pure and Applied
Mathematics, volume 7. issue 1. 2006, Article 16 [ONLINE: http://jipam. vu.
edu.au/].
55
[12] H. G. Eggleston, Convexity, the Syndics of the Cambridge University Press, 1958,
pages 116.
[13] Jeffrey Stopple, A primer of analytic number theory from Pythagoras to Riemann,
Cambridge University Press, 2003, pages 193212.
[14] John Derbyshire, Prime obsession - Bernhard Riemann and the greatest unsolved
problem in mathematics, Joseph Henry Press - Washington D.C, 2003, pages 63
81.
[15] Jzsef Sndor, A note on certain inequalities for the gamma function, Journal of
Inequalities in Pure and Applied Mathematics, volume 6. issue 3. 2005, Article
61 [ONLINE: http://jipam.vu.edu.au/article.php?sid=534].
[16] Lazhar Bougoffa, New inequalities about convex functions, Journal of Inequalities
in Pure and Applied Mathematics, volume 7. issue 4. 2006, Article 148 [ONLINE:
http://jipam.vu.edu.au/].
56

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