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Chitosan
TH HAI, 27 THNG 2 2012 05:38
Phn I. CHITOSAN V CC TNH CHT.
V mt lch s, chitin c Braconnot pht hin u tin vo nm 1821, trong
cndch chit t mt loi nm. ng t tn cho cht ny l Fungine ghi nh
ngun gcca n. Nm 1823 Odier phn lp c mt cht t b cnh cng m
ng gi l chitinhay chiton, ting Hy lp c ngha l v gip, nhng ng khng pht
hin ra s c mtca nit trong . Cui cng c Odier v Braconnot u i n kt
lun chitin c dngcng thc ging vi xellulose.
Trong ng vt, chitin l mt thnh phn cu trc quan trng ca cc v mt sng
vt khng xng sng nh: cn trng, nhuyn th, gip xc v giun trn.
Trongng vt bc cao monome ca chitin l mt thnh phn ch yu trong m da
n gip chos ti to v gn lin cc vt thng da. Trong thc vt chitin c
thnh t bo nm hzygenmyctes, cc sinh khi nm mc, mt s loi to...
Chitin c cu trc thuc h polysaccharide, hnh thi t nhin dng rn.Do , cc
phng php nhn dng chitin,xc nh tnh cht, v phng php ho hc bin
tnh chitin cng nh vic s dng vla chn cc ng dng ca chitin gp nhiu
kh khn.
Cn chitosan chnh l sn phm bin tnh ca chitin, l mt cht rn, xp, nh,
hnhvy, c th xay nh thnh cc kch c khc nhau. Chitosan c xem l
polymer t nhinquan trng nht. Vi c tnh c th ho tan tt trong mi trng
acid, chitosan c ngdng trong nhiu lnh vc nh thc phm, m phm, dc
phm ...
Ging nh cellulose, chitosan l cht x, khng ging cht x thc vt, chitosan
ckh nng to mng, c cc tnh cht ca cu trc quang hcChitosan c kh
nng tchin dng do n c kh nng kt hp vi nhng cht tch in m
nh cht bo, lipidv acid mt.
Chitosan l polymer khng c, c kh nng phn hy sinh hc v c tnh
tngthch v mt sinh hc. Trong nhiu nm qua, cc polymer c ngun gc t
chitin c bitl chitosan c ch c bit nh l mt loi vt liu mi c ng
dng c bit trongcng nghip dc ,y hc, x l nc thi v trong cng nghip
thc phm nh l tcnhn kt hp, gel ha, hay tc nhn n nh
Trong cc loi thy sn c bit l trong v tm, cua, gh, hm lng,chitin
-chitosan chim kh cao ao ng t 14 - 35% so vi trng lng kh. V vy v
tm,cua, gh l ngun nguyn liu chnh sn xut chitin - chitosan.
*. Cu trc ca chitosan:
Chitosan l polymer sinh hc c khi lng phn t ln v rt ging cellulose
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Tin tc mi
tnh cht v mt s ng
dng ca Chitosan
CNG TY TNHH
HNG TIN
" i iu v chitin v
chitosan "
Tm s vn l i
tng ch lc ca
ngnh tm
Li ra cho c tra
Chn Ngn ng
c h tr bi Dch
i tc
Li nhun tch cc l iu Cty mong mun cho c t
chc, i tc, khch hng v c cng ng x hi
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1.Chitin 2. Chitosan 3. Cellulose
Nh hnh v trn, th s khc bit duy nht gia chitosan v cellulose l nhm
amin(-NH2) v tr C2 ca tritosan thay th nhm hydroxyl (-OH) cellulose.
Chitosan tchin dng do n c kh nng lin kt ha hc vi nhng cht tch
in m nh cht bo, lipid, cholesterol, protein v cc i phn t.
Chitin v chitosan rt c li ch v mtthng mi cng nh l mt ngun vt cht
t nhin do tnh cht c bit ca chng nh tnh tng thch v mt sinh hc, kh
nng hp th, kh nng to mng v gi cc ionkim loi.
Mu ca v gip xc hnh thnh t hp cht ca chitin ( dn xut ca4-xeton v
4,4di xeton--carotene ). Bt chitosan c dng hi st trong t nhin v mu sc
ca n bini t vng nht n trng trong khi tinh bt v cellulose li c cu trc
mn v mutrng.
I. Cc tnh cht ca chitosan.
1. Mc deacetyl ha:
Qu trnh deacetyl ha bao gm qu trnh loi nhm acetyl khi chui phn t
chitinv hnh thnh phn t chitosan vi nhm amin hot ng ha hc cao. Mc
acetyl hal mt c tnh quan trng ca qu trnh sn xut chitosan bi v n nh
hng n tnhcht ha l v kh nng ng dng ca chitosan sau ny. Mc
acetyl ha ca chitosanvo khong 56%-99% (nhn chung l 80%) ph thuc vo
loi gip xc v phng phps dng. Chitin c mc acetyl ha khong 75% tr
ln thng c gi l chitosan.C rt nhiu phng php xc nh mc
acetyl ha ca chitosan bao gm thninhydrin, chun theo in th, quang ph
hng ngoi, chun bng HIPhng php s dng quang ph hng ngoi
thng c s dng thit lp ccgi tr mc acetyl ha ca chitosan.
Phng php ny rt nhanh v khng ging nhng phng php quang ph khc
n khng i hi mu phi tinh ch, v khng cn ha tanmu vo dung dch. Tuy
nhin phng php ny s dng ng chun do cch xydng ng chun
c th nh hng n kt qu. Ngoi ra, khi chun b mu, dng c sdng v cc
iu kin c th nh hng n vic phn tch mu. Khi mc acetyl ha thp,
chitosan c kh nng ht m ln hn khi mc ny cao do trc khi phn
tchchitosan cn phi sy.
2. Trng lng phn t:
Chitosan l polymer sinh hc c khi lng phn t cao. Ging nh cu to,
khilng ngun nguyn liu v phng php ch bin. Khi lng chitin thng
ln hn 1triu Dalton trong khi cc sn phm chitosan thng phm c khi lng
khong100,000-1,200,000 Dalton, ph thuc qu trnh ch bin v loi sn phm.
Thng thng,nhit cao, s c mt ca oxy v sc ko c th dn n phn hy
chitosan. Gii hn nhit l 280C, s phn hy do nhit c th xy ra v mch
polymer nhanh chng b ph v, do khi lng phn t gim. Nguyn nhn qu
trnh depolymer l s dngnhit cao v acid c nh HCl, H2SO4 dn n thay
i khi lng phn t.
*. Bng so snh s thay i khi lng phn t v mc decaetyl ha khi thay i
th t sn xut chitosan:
- :khng xc nh .
DCMPA: kh mu, kh khong, kh protein, deacetyl.
DMCPA: kh khong, kh mu, kh protein, deacetyl.
DMPCA: kh khong, kh protein, kh mu, deacetyl.
DMPAC: kh khong, kh protein, deacetyl, kh mu.
Vanson 75, Sigma 91: hai sn phm thng mi.
Khi lng phn t chitosan c th xc nh bng phng php sck, phn tn
nh sng hoc o nht.
3. nht.
nht l mt nhn t quan trng xc nh khi lng phn t ca
chitosan.Chitosan phn t lng cao thng lm cho dung dch c nht cao,
iu ny c thkhng mong mun trong ng gi cng nghip. Nhng chitosan c
nht cao thu ct ph phm ca cc loi gip xc th rt thun tin cho ng
gi.
Mt s nhn t trong qu trnh sn xut nh mc deacetyl ha, khi
lngnguyn t, nng dung dch, mnh ca lc ion, pH v nhit nh
hng n sn xut chitosan v tnh cht ca n.
V d, nht ca chitosan tng khi thi gian khkhong tng. nht ca
chitosan trong dung dch acid acetic tng khi pH ca dung dchny gim, tuy nhin
n li gim khi pH ca dung dch HCl gim, vic tng ny a nnh ngha v
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nht bn trong ca chitosan, y l mt hm ph thuc vo mc ionha cng
nh lc ion.
Qu trnh loi protein trong dung dch NaOH 3% v s kh trongqu trnh kh
khong lm gim nht ca dung dch chitosan thnh phm. Tng tnh vy,
nht ca chitosan b nh hng ng k bi cc bin php x l vt l(nghin,
gia nhit, hp kh trng, siu m) v ha hc (s l bng ozon), tr qu trnhlm
lnh th n s gim khi thi gian v nhit x l tng. Dung dch chitosan bo
qun 4C c cho l n nh nht.
4. Tnh tan.
Chitin tan trong hu ht cc dung mi hu c, trong khi chitosan tan trong
ccdung dch acid pH di 6.0 . Cc acid hu c nh acetic, formic v lactic
thng c sdng ha tan chitosan. Thng s dng nht l dung dch
chitosan 1% ti pH 4.0.Chitosan cng tan trong dung dch HCl 1% nhng khng tan
trong H2SO4 v H3PO4.Dung dch acid acetic nng cao ti nhit cao c th
dn n depolymer hachitosan. pH cao, c th xy ra hin tng kt ta hoc
ng t nguyn nhn l do hnhthnh hn hp poly_ion vi cht keo anion.
T l nng gia chitosan v acid rt quan trng. nng dung mi hu c
caohn 50%, chitosan vn hot ng nh l mt cht gy nht gip cho dung dch
mn. Cmt vi nhn t nh hng n dung dch chitosan bao gm nhit v thi
gian qutrnh deacetyl ha, nng cc cht kim, vic x l s b, kch thc ca
cc phn t.Tuy nhin tnh tan ca dung dch cn b nh hng ca mc acetyl
ha, mc deacetyl ha trn 85% t c tnh tan mong mun.
5. T trng:
T trng ca chitin t tm v cua thng l 0.06 v 0.17 g/ml, iu ny cho
thychitin t tm xp hn t cua. Chitin t nhuyn th xp hn t cua 2.6 ln.
Trong mtnghin cu v dn nhit cho thy t trng ca chitin v tritosan t gip
xc rt cao(0.39g/cm3). S so snh gia t trng ca gip xc v chitin, chitosan
thng phm cng ch ra mt vi s khc bit, iu ny c th do loi gip xc
hoc phng php ch bin,ngoi ra, mc deacetyl ha cng lm tng t trng
ca chng.
6. Kh nng kt hp vi nc (WBC) v kh nng kt hp vi cht bo (FBC).
S hp th nc ca chitosan ln hn rt nhiu so vi cellulose hay chitin.
Thngthng, kh nng hp th ca chitosan khong 581-1150% (trung bnh l
702%), v sthay i trong th t sn xut nh qu trnh kh khong v kh
protein cng nh hngng k n kh nng gi nc v gi cht bo. S kh
protein sau qu trnh kh khongs lm kh nng gi nc tng. Bn cnh qu
trnh kh mu cng l nguyn nhn lmgim kh nng ny ca chitosan hn l
chitosan t gip xc khng kh trng.
*. Kh nng g nc, cht bo ph thuc th t tin hnh:
Kh nng hp th cht bo ca chitin v chitosan trong khong 315-170%,chitosan
c kh nng thp hn rt nhiu chitin. Trong mt nghin cu ch ra rng khnng
gi cht bo trung bnh ca chitosan t gip xc v chitosan thng phm t cua
lnlt l 706% v 587%. Bc ty trng trong qu trnh sn xut lm gim kh
nng nycng nh ng hng n nht ca chitosan.
Cc bc tin hnh theo th t: khkhong , kh protein, deacetyl ha s lm tng
kh nng ny hn l theo th t kh protein, kh khong, deacetyl ha.
7. Kh nng to mng.
Chitosan c kh nng to mng s dng trong bo qun thc phm nhm hn
chcc tc nhn gy bnh tm thn trong cc sn phm ng gi trong p sut thay
i catht, c ti hay qua ch bin.
*. Khi dng mng chitosan, d dng iu chnh m, thong khng kh cho
thc phm. Nu dng bao gi bng PE th mc cung cp oxy b hn ch, nc s b
ngngng to mi trng cho nm mc pht trin.
*. Mng chitosan cng kh dai, kh x rch, c bn tng ngvi mt s cht
do vn c dng lm bao gi.
*. Mng chitosan lm chm li qu trnh b thm ca rau qu. Rau qu sau khi thu
hochs dn dn b thm, lm gim cht lng v gi tr. Rau qu b thm l do qu
trnh lnmen to ra cc sn phm polyme ha ca oquinon. Nh bao gi bng mng
chitosan m c ch c hot tnh oxy ha ca cc polyphenol, lm thnh phn
ca anthocyamin,flavonoid v tng lng cc hp cht phenol t bin i, gi cho
rau qu ti lu hn.To c ph mng chitosan c th gi ti trong 6 thng, n
cng lm chm qu trnh chnchui hn 30 ngy, chui c mu vng nht khc hn
vi mu thm nh bo qun thngthng.
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Cch to mng bc chitosan
:*.Chitosan c nghin nh bng my gia tng b mt tip xc.
*.Pha dung dch chitosan 3% trong dung dch axit axetic 1.5%.
*. Sau b sung cht ph gia PEG - EG 10% (t l 1:1) vo v trnu, yn
mt lc loi bt kh.
*. Sau em hn hp thu c qut u ln mt ng inox cnung nng
nhit 64-65C (ng inox c nng nhit bng hi nc).
*. kh mng trong vng 35 pht ri tch mng.
*. Lc ny ngi ta thu c mt v bng c mu vng ng, khngmi v, l lp
mng chitosan c nhng tnh nng mi u vit.ng dng ca chitosan:
*.Trong thc t ngi ta dng mng chitosan ng v bo quncc loi rau
qu nh o, da chut, u, qu kiwi v.v...
*. ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc nh: y hc, x l nc thi, cngnghip nhum,
giy, m phm, thc phm...u im ca mng chitosan:
- Phn hu sinh hc
- V tm ph liu l ngun nguyn liu t nhin rt di do, r tin, csn quanh
nm, nn rt thun tin cho vic cung cp chitin v chitosan.
-Tn dng ph thi trong ch bin thy sn bo qun thc phm nc ta.
Thnh cng ny cn gp phn rt ln trong vic gii quyt tnh trng nhim mi
trng do cc chtthi t v tm gy ra.
II. Tnh khng khun ca chitosan.
Gn y nhng nghin cu v tnh khng khun ca chitosan ch ra rng
chitosanc kh nng c ch s pht trin ca vi khun.Trong mt nghin cu kh
rng v tnh khng khun ca chitosan t tm chng li E.coli, ngi ta tm ra
rng nhit cao v pH acid ca thc n lm tng nh hngca chitosan n vi
khun. N cng ch ra c ch c ch vi khun ca chitosan l do linkt gia chui
polymer ca chitosan vi cc ion kim loi trn b mt vi khun lm thayi tnh thm
ca mng t bo. Khi b sung chitosan vo mi trng, t bo vi khun schuyn
t tch in m sang tch in dng. Quan st trn knh hin vi hunh quang
chothy rng chitosan khng trc tip hot ng c ch vi khun E.coli do m l do
s kt lica cc t bo v s tch in dng mng ca vi khun. Chitosan
N-carboxybutyl, mt polycation t nhin, c th tng tc v hnh thnh
polyelectrolyte vi polymer acid tnhc trn b mt vi khun, do lm dnh kt mt
lng vi khun vi nhau.
Cng t th nghim ny ngi ta thy rng c rt nhiu ion kim loi c th
nhhng n c tnh khng khun ca chitosan nh K+, Na+,Mg2+ v Ca2+.
Nng lncc ion kim loi c th khin mt tnh cht ny, ngoi tr nh hng
ca Na+ i vihot ng khng Staphylococcus aureus. Ngi ta cng thy rng
chitosan c th lm yui chc nng bo v ca thnh t bo nhiu vi khun. Khi
s dng chitosan, th mt lngln cc ion K+ vi ATP b r r vi khun
Staphylococcus aureus v nm candidaalbicans. C chitosan phn t lng 50kDa
v 5kDa u khng tt hai loi trn nhngchitosan phn t lng 50kDa lm mt
nhiu gp 2-4 ln ion K+ vi ATP chitosan 5kDa.iu ny th hin c ch khng
khun khc nhau chitosan khi lng phn t thp vcao. Hot ng khng
khun ca chitosan phn t lng khc nhau c nghin cutrn 6 loi vi
khun. V c ch khng khun ny c chng minh a trn vic otnh thm
ca mng t bo vi khun v quan st s nguyn vn ca t bo. Kt qu ch
rarng kh nng ny gim khi khi lng nguyn t tng. V n tng cao nng
pH thp,gim r rt khi c mt ion Ca2+, Mg2+ . Nng c ch thp nht khong
0.03-0.25%,thay i ty tng loi vi khun v khi kng phn t ca chitosan.
Chitosan cng lnguyn nhn lm thot cc cht trong t bo v ph hy thnh t
bo.
Tnh khng khun ny ph thuc vo khi lng phn t v loi vi khun. i vivi
khun Gram dng, chitosan 470 KDalton c nh hng n hu ht cc loi
trlactobacillus sp. , trong khi vi vi khun Gram m chitosan c khi lng 1106
KDaltonmi c nh hng. Nhn chung, chitosan nng 0.1% c nh hng
mnh hn n vikhun Gram dng nh Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus
megaterium, B.cereus,Staphylococcus aureus, lactobacillus plantarum, L. brevis v
L. bulgaris hn l vi khunGram m nh E. coli, Psedomonas fluorescens,
Salmonella typmurium v Vibrio parahaemolyticus.
Nghin cu trn vt th nghim cho thy chitin v chitosan c hot ng c ch
vikhun v nm. Mt trong cc ng phn ca chitosan l N- carboxybutyl chitosan
c tcdng km hm v tiu dit 298 loi vi sinh vt gy bnh. Khi c chitosan v
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chitin trn bmt cc tc nhn gy bnh thc vt, chng c ch s pht trin ca
nhng loi ny. nng 0.1% v pH 5.6 chng khng cc loi nm: Fusarium,
Alternaria, Rhizopus Vhot ng khng ny s gim nhng vi sinh vt m trn
thnh t bo c cha chitin,chitosan hoc chitin--glucan.
Ngc li, s c ch v lm ngng hot ng ca nm men, nm mc li ph
thucvo nng chitosan, pH, v nhit . Hot ng c ch vi khun ca
chitosan chu nhhng ca cc nhn t bn trong cng nh bn ngoi v d loi
chitosan, mc polymer ha, c im dinh dng ca vt ch, cc cht ha hc
thnh phn dinh dng v cciu kin ca mi trng nh hot ca nc
*. Chitosan v kh nng c ch cc vi sinh vt.
Chitosan c cho php lm cht ph gia thc phm Nht v Hn Quc
lnlt t nm 1983 v 1995. Chnh hot ng c ch vi khun cao ca chitosan
pH thpnn khi thm chitosan vo nhng thc phm c tnh acid th n c chc
nng tng cnghot ng khng khun nh l mt cht bo qun t nhin. pH
5.5, vi nng 0.5-1%chitosan c tc dng c ch n cc loi S. aureus, E. coli,
Yersinia enterocolitica,Listeria monocytogenes. pH 6.5 ch c S. aureus b c ch
nng trong khi ccloi khc vn pht trin nng 2.5% (nng cao
nht c nghin cu). Chitosan phn t nh c tnh khng cc tc nhn gy
bnh trn thc vt mnh hn rt nhiu cccht phn t ln.
*. Bng so snh chitosan vi cc cht c ch khc.
Ngoi ra cc hp cht chitosan lactate v chitosan hydroglutamate cng c
sdng nh l tc nhn c ch E.coli, S. aureus v Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Nng chitosan lactate trong nc ct c nh hng mnh nht n E. coli. Cha
n 1h, slng vi khun ny gim khong 10^4, cn S. aureus gim n 10^6. i
vi nm men,chng hon ton ngng hot ng nng 1mg/ml chitosan lactate
sau cha n17 pht.
Phn 2: NG DNG CA CHITOSAN
I.NG DNG CA CHITOSAN TRONG CNG NGH THC PHM
1. Cht lm trong - ng dng trong cng nghip sn xut nc qu.
Trong sn xut nc qu, vic lm trong l yu cu bt buc . Thc t hin
nayang s dng cc cht lm trong nh : genatin, bentonite, kali caseinat, tannin,
polyvinyl pirovinyl..Chitosan l tc nhn tt loi b i c , gip iu chnh acid trong
nc qu .i vi dch qu to, nho ,chanh, cam khng cn qua x l pectin, s
dng chitosan lm trong. .c bit nc to, c c th gim ti thiu ch
mc x l vi 0.8 kg/m3 m khng h gy nh hng xu ti ch tiu cht lng
ca n .
Nghin cu ch rarng chitosan c i lc ln i vi hp cht pholyphenol chng
hn : catechin, proanthocianydin, acid cinamic, dn xut ca chng; Nhng cht m
c th bin munc qu bng phn ng oxy ha.
2. S dng trong thc phm chc nng.
Chitosan c kh nng lm gim hm lng cholesterol trong mu. Nu s dng
thc phm chc nng c b sung 4% chitosan th lng cholesterol trong mu gim
i ng kch sau 2 tun . Ngoi ra chitosan cn xem l cht chng ng t mu.
Nguyn nhn vicgim cholesterol trong huyt v chng ng t mu c bit l
khng cho to cc mixen. iu ch l , pH = 6- 6.5 chitosan bt u b kt ta ,
ton b chui polysacchrite bkt lng v gi li ton b lng mixen trong .
Chnh nh c im quan trng nychitosan ng dng trong sn phm thc phm
chc nng.
3. Thu hi protein.
Whey coi l cht thi ca trong cng nghip sn xut format , n c cha lng
lnlactose v protein dng ha tan. Nu thi trc tip ra ngoi n gy nhim
mi trng ,cn nu x l nc thi th tn km trong vn hnh h thng m hiu
qu kinh t khngcao.Vic thu hi protein trong whey c xem l bin php lm
tng hiu qu kinh t casx format. Whey protein khi thu hi c b xung vo
ung, tht bm, v cc loi thc phm khc. a ra nhiu phng php khc
nhau nhm thu hi ht protein ny vchitosan c coi mang li nhiu hiu sut
tch cao nht. T l chitosan kt bng cc ht l lng l 2,15% ( 30mg / lit );
c thp nht pH 6.0.
Nghin cu v protein thuc bng phng php ny : Khng h c s khc bit
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v gi tr gia protein c chachitosan v protein thu c bng ng t casein
hoc whey protein. Ngoi thu hi protein t whey, ngi ta s dng chitosan trong
thu hi cc axit- amintrong nc ca sn xut hp , tht, c
4. Phn tch ru- nc.
Chitosan c x l c bit to ra dng mng rng. Vi vic iu chnh
tc thm thu ( lng cht lng i qua mng khong 1 m2 / 1h ). Mng ny c
s dngtrong h thng phn ng i hi khng dng nhit khng qu cao. Vic
phn tch nych loi i nc, kt qu l , hm lng ethanol c th nn n 80 %.
II. NG DNG TRONG CC NGNH CNG NGHIP KHC.
1. Trong y dc.
T Chitosan v cua, v tm c th sn xut Glucosamin, mt dc cht qu dng
cha khp ang phi nhp khu nc ta.Ch phu thut t hoi.Chito-
olygosaccarit.Da nhn to.Kem chng kh da.Kem dng da ngn chn tia cc tm
ph hoi da.Dng lm thuc cha bnh vim lot d dy t trng.Dng bo ch
dc phm.Thuc gim bo.
2. Trong cng nghip.
Vi col dng cho may mc.Vi chu nhit, chng thm.Vi Chitosan dng cho may
qun o dit khun trong y t.Lm tng bn ca giy.Dng lm thu knh tip
xc.Gp phn tng tnh bn ca hoa vi.S dng trong sn xut sn chng mc v
chng thm.
3. Trong nng nghip.
Bo qun qu, ht ging mang li hiu qu cao.Dng nh mt thnh chnh trong
thuc tr nm bnh (o n, kh vn.).Dng lm thuc kch thch sinh trng cy
trng cho la, cy cng nghip, cy nqu, cy cnh..Trong phim nh.Phim
Chitosan c nt cao.Khng tan trong nc.Tan trong acid long nh acid acetic
4. Trong cng ngh in n
Dng lm mc in cao cp trong cng ngh in.Tng cng bm dnh ca mc
in.Trong cng ngh mi trngX l nc thi cng nghip rt hiu qu.X l nc
thi trong cng nghip nhum vi.X l nc trong cng nghip nui tm, c.
5. Trong cng ngh sinh hc
Cht mang c nh enzyme v c nh t bo.
6. Trong cng ngh thc phm
Sn xut ra mng mng bao gi thc phm.Thay th cho PE.Mng Chitosan d
phn hy trong mi trng t nhin.
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