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Hiu ng phi tuyn trong si quang

Contents
Tng quan
1
Cc hiu ng phi tuyn trong si quang
2
Mt s bin php gim thiu
3
Tng quan
Hiu ng phi tuyn trong si quang xy ra do
s thay i h s khc x trong si v hin
tng tn x khng n hi.

Hiu ng quang c gi l phi tuyn nu cc
tham s ca n ph thuc vo cng nh
sng (cng sut)


Phn loi
- Pht sinh do tc ng
qua li gia cc sng nh
sng vi cc phonon
(rung ng phn t) trong
mi trng silica
- Tn x Rayleigh: tn x
do kch thch Brillouin
(SBS) v tn x do kch
thch Raman (SRS).

Hiu ng
phi tuyn
- Sinh ra do s ph thuc ca chit
sut vo cng in trng hot
ng, t l vi bnh phng bin
in trng(Kerr).
- Hiu ng t iu pha (SPM - Self-
Phase Modulation), hiu ng iu ch
xuyn pha (CPM - Cross- Phase
Modulation) v hiu ng trn 4 bc
sng (FWM - Four-Wave Mixing).
Phn loi
Cc thng s lin quan
Chiu di hiu dng L
eff

Din tch hiu dng A
eff

Cng hiu dng Ieff
Chiu di hiu dng

Hu ht cc hiu ng phi tuyn xy ra ngay trong khong
u ca si quang v gim i khi tn hiu lan truyn.
Gi s:
Pin: cng sut truyn trong si quang
=> P(z) = Pin exp(z) l cng sut ti im z trn tuyn,
vi l h s suy hao. L c k hiu l chiu di thc
ca tuyn. Chiu di hiu dng ca tuyn c k hiu l
Leff c nh ngha nh sau:

Trong h thng vi b khuch i quang:
l: amplifiers spaced distance
}
=
=
L
z
eff in
dz z P L P
0
) (
o
oL
eff
e
L

=
1
l
L e
L
z
eff
o
o

=
1
Din tch hiu dng
- Din tch vng li hiu dng A
eff
( gim nh hng ca cc
hiu ng phi tuyn th phi tng din tch hiu dng ca si)




I(r, ): intensity
r, : polar coordinates

- Cng thc rt gn: A
eff
w
0
2
W0: bn knh trng mt
} }
} }
=
r
r
eff
r I d rdr
r I d rdr
A
u
u
u u
u u
) , (
) , (
2
I
eff
= P/A
eff

- P: cng sut xung
- Din tch hiu dng ca SMF khong 85 m
2
v ca DSF
khong 50 m2.
(Cc si quang b tn sc c din tch hiu dng nh hn v do
c nh hng phi tuyn ln hn.)

Cng hiu dng
Phn 2:
Cc loi hiu ng phi tuyn trong si quang
Nhm hiu ng tn x khng n hi:
Tn x do kch thch Raman- SRS
Tn x do kch thch Brillouin- SBS
Nhm hiu ng khc x phi tuyn:
Hiu ng t iu pha SPM
Hiu ng iu ch xuyn pha CPM
Hiu ng trn bn bc sng FWM
Phn loi
Nhm hiu ng tn x
khng n hi
c trng bi:
H s li g (m/w)
rng ph f (i vi li tng ng)
Cng sut ngng Pth ca nh sng ti
(mc cng sut m ti suy hao do tn x
l 3 dB, tc l mt na cng sut trn ton b
di si quang)
2.1. Tn x do kch thch
Raman- SRS
Hin tng:
Photon ca nh sng ti chuyn mt phn
nng lng ca mnh cho dao ng c hc
ca cc phn t cu thnh mi trng truyn
dn .
Phn cn li c pht x thnh nh sng c
bc sng ca nh sng ti (nh sng Stoke)
Khi tn hiu trong si quang c cng ln,
qu trnh ny tr thnh qu trnh kch thch
Raman.

2.1. Tn x do kch thch
Raman- SRS
Tnh cht:
SRS sinh ra bi s chuyn ng ca cc
phn t do mt nng lng cao trong si
quang.
nh sng tn x c pht ra tn s thp
(bc sng di) hn tn hiu ti.

2.1. Tn x do kch thch
Raman- SRS
nh hng:
SRS sinh ra nng lng chuyn i nhng knh c bc sng
ngn thnh cc knh c bc sng di hn to ra ph
nghing
S suy hao nng lng trong cc knh c bc sng nh hn
lm gim hiu sut truyn ca chng
Tuy nhin h s khuch i Raman nh c th c b bng
cch s dng k thut cn bng ph hp
EDFA
f f
2.1. Tn x do kch thch
Raman- SRS
Cc c trng:
- H s li SRS l hm ca khong cch knh vi nh
g
R
~ 6x10
-14
m/W bc sng 1550 nm.

2.1. Tn x do kch thch
Raman- SRS
Cng sut ngng cho SRS:
P
thSRS
= 16A
eff
/g
R
L
eff
=(16A
eff
)/g
R

VD: g
R
1x10
-13
m/W ti = 1550nm.
Ly = 0.046 1/km = 0.2dB/Km v A
eff
= 55 m
2

Tnh c P
thSRS
= 405mW

2.2. Tn x do kch thch
Brillouin- SBS
Hin tng:
- Xy ra khi c s hnh thnh bc sng Stoke di hn
bc sng ca nh sng ti (c lin quan n cc
phonon m hc).

- Mt phn nh sng b tn x do cc phonon m hc v
lm cho phn nh sng b tn x ny dch ti bc sng
di hn.

2.2. Tn x do kch thch
Brillouin- SBS
Phonon quang hc v m hc:
Trong vt l hc, mt phonon l mt gi ht c c
tnh lng t ca mode dao ng trn cu trc tinh
th tun hon v n hi ca cc cht rn.

Khi cc t bo n v c nhiu hn mt nguyn t,
cc tinh th s bao gm hai loi phonon: m hc v
quang hc.
Phonon quang hc d dng b kch thch bng
cch nh sng, cc ion m v dng dao ng
ngc chiu.
Phonon m thanh ion dng v m dao ng
ngc chiu.

2.2. Tn x do kch thch
Brillouin- SBS
Phonon quang hc v m hc:
2.2. Tn x do kch thch
Brillouin- SBS
Tnh cht:
Xy ra trn di tn hp f = 20MHz bc
sng 1550nm
>Khng gy ra bt k tc ng qua li no
gia cc bc sng khc nhau khi khong
cch bc sng > 20MHz
To ra li theo hng ngc li vi
hng lan truyn tn hiu (hng v ngun)
lm suy gim tn hiu mnh
2.2. Tn x do kch thch
Brillouin- SBS
nh hng:
Lm suy yu nng lng tn hiu ti, nng
lng ny lm gim khong cch khu si
quang cho php.
2.2. Tn x do kch thch
Brillouin- SBS
H s li: g
B
~ 4x10-11 m/W, khng ph thuc
vo bc sng.
Cng sut ngng cho SBS
PthSBS=21A
eff
/g
B
L
eff
Nhm hiu ng khc x
phi tuyn

SPM
CPM
FWM
Nhm hiu ng khc x
phi tuyn

Xy ra do s ph thuc ca cm vo
cng trng E ca xung quang
Biu thc vector phn cc:

Tuy nhin trong mi trng phi tuyn:



y:
0
- hng s in mi,
(i)
cm bc i
ca mi trng

E P _ c
0
=
...
3 ) 3 (
0
2 ) 2 (
0
) 1 (
0
+ + + = E E E P _ c _ c _ c
Nhm hiu ng khc x
phi tuyn

H thng n knh
vi : tn s gc, k: h s lan truyn
Vector phn cc:



cm in:

eff
: cm hiu dng
n
l
: thnh phn tuyn tnh
ca chit sut mi trng
C: vn tc nh sng
I : cng sng
) cos(
0
kz t E E = e
Nhm hiu ng khc x
phi tuyn

Do



n
eff
: chit sut hiu dng ca mi trng
2.3. Hiu ng t iu pha
SPM
Hin tng:
Chit sut ca mi trng
truyn dn thay i theo
cng nh sng truyn
S dch tn phi tuyn lm
cho sn trc ca xung
dch n tn s <
0
v
sn sau ca xung dch
n tn s >
0
ph
ca tn hiu b co dn
trong qu trnh truyn
2.3. Hiu ng t iu pha
SPM
dch pha:
(L: chiu di truyn sng)

Nng lng truyn cao:




2.3. Hiu ng t iu pha
SPM
Thnh phn phi tuyn gy ra dch tn:



dI/dt > 0 :

dI/dt < 0 :
Hin tng chirp: s thay i tn sc
gy ra s mo dng v thay i mt
ca xung



2.3. Hiu ng t iu pha
SPM
Tnh cht:
Nu D l h s tn sc ca si quang th
Vi D < 0 : thnh phn tn s cao ( >
0
) s lan
truyn nhanh hn thnh phn tn s thp -> xung
dn ra
Vi D > 0 : thnh phn tn s cao >
0
lan
truyn chm hn thnh phn tn s thp - > xung
co li
2.3 Hiu ng t iu pha
SPM
nh hng:
dn n s giao thoa gy nhiu gia cc
knh
( c bit khi khong cch gia cc knh gn
nhau)
Tuy nhin:
SPM dng to ra cc xung cc ngn vi t l
lp cao
c s dng trong chuyn mch quang nhanh

2.4 Hiu ng iu ch
xuyn pha CPM
Hin tng:
Xy ra khi c nhiu knh trn mt ng
truyn.
S ph thuc ca dch pha ca mt knh
vo cng ( cng sut) ca cc knh
kia
2.4 Hiu ng iu ch
xuyn pha CPM
Tnh cht:
Lin quan hin tng chirp tng t nh
SPM. Do s tng tc ln nhau ca cc xung
mc chirp tng
Cc xung chng cho nhau gy ra s tng
cc b v mt nng lng, thay i ch s
khc x lm tng nh hng ca SPM
2.4 Hiu ng iu ch
xuyn pha CPM
Tnh cht:
H s lan truyn:
dch pha: (do hiu ng phi tuyn)


do


2.4 Hiu ng iu ch
xuyn pha CPM
Tnh cht:
Vi h thng N knh truyn:



P
i
: cng sut vo ca knh i
V d:
2 knh:
2.4 Hiu ng iu ch
xuyn pha CPM
nhhng
nhhngnchtlngtruyndnthng
quacchgingnhSPM:tnschirpingv
tnsc
CPMcthnhhngnhthngmnh
hndocthmcchsmisinhra
PhnknhtrongccknhtruynOTDM
(truynknhphnchiatheothigian)
ChuynibcsngtrongWDM
Nnxungphituyn

2.5Hiungtrn
bnbcsngFWM
Hin tng:
H thng WDM s dng nhiu tn s sng
1

,
2
, ...,
n

Cc nhm hai hoc ba tn s tng tc vi
nhau to ra cc thnh phn tn s mi
Tng tc ny c th xut hin
gia cc bc sng ca tn hiu trong h thng
WDM
gia bc sng tn hiu vi tp m ASE cua cc
b khuch i quang
gia cc node chnh v cc mode bn ca mt
knh tn hiu.
2.5 Hiu ng trn
bn bc sng FWM
Tnh cht
Hiu ng phi tuyn bc ba

Bo ton nng lng

Bo ton mmen hp pha

( ) 3 3
0
E P
NL
_ c =
3 2 1 4
e e e e + =
3 2 1 4
| | | | + =
2.5 Hiu ng trn
bn bc sng FWM
Tnhcht:
Khngphthucvotcbit,phthuc
khongcchgiaccknhvtnhtnsc
casi
Quan im c lng t: s ph hy photon
mt s bc sng v to ra mt s photon
cc bc sng mi sao cho vn bo ton
v nng lng v ng lng

2.5 Hiu ng trn


bn bc sng FWM
a knh:



Phn tch thnh cc thnh phn c tn s
gc: 2
p
-
q
, 2
p
+
q
, 2
p
+
q
+
r
,

p

q

r

2.5 Hiu ng trn
bn bc sng FWM
nh hng:
Lm gim cng sut
ca cc knh tn hiu
trong h thng WDM.
Nu khong cch
gia cc knh l bng
nhau -> nhng tn s
mi c to ra c
th ri vo cc knh
tn hiu -> gy nhiu
( ) products! mixing 1
2
1

channels N
2

+ =
N N
f f f f
k j i ijk
2.5 Hiu ng trn
bn bc sng FWM
nh hng
Lm gim cht lng BER (t l li bit) ca h
thng
Khong cch gia cc knh trong h thng
cng nh, nh hng cng ln (cng nh khi
khong cch truyn dn ln v cng sut cc
knh l ln)
hn ch dung lng v c ly truyn dn
Phn 3. Mt s phng php gim nh
hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn

1. XPM
2. FWM
Hiu ng XPM khng ch gy ra cc nh hng
ti tn sc ca h thng m cn gy ra s gin rng ph
ca knh quang khng nhng lm mo cng ca
knh m cn c th nh hng ti cc knh ln cn nu
khong cch gia cc knh khng c m bo.

gii quyt vn nh hng gin rng ph
ca hiu ng XPM ti cc knh ln cn th cch tt nht
l m bo khong cc knh an ton. m bo khong
cch knh an ton cng c ngha l gim rng ph
ca cc ngun pht quang trong h thng WDM, tc l
s dng cc ngun pht quang c rng ph hp hn

GIM NH HNG CA
HIU NG XPM

GIM NH HNG CA
HIU NG XPM

Bng vic phn tch ph lan truyn ca tn hiu biu din di
dng phng trnh Schoedinger phi tuyn v p dng phng php
hm chuyn i chui Voltera bin i Bo Xu a ra kt qu nh
sau:
Mo cng ca mt knh bt k do hiu ng XPM ca
knh th k l :

Trng lan truyn ca knh th k ti di L l:



Mo cng ca knh bt k do hiu ng XPM ca knh th k l :


Nh vy ta phi b cng sut ca hiu ng XPM ca knh th k l:


Trong M l s b khuch i ca mt tuyn, N l s knh ca tuyn.



GIM NH HNG CA
HIU NG XPM

GIM NH HNG CA
HIU NG FWM

Hiu ng FWM c kh nng gy ra suy gim cng sut ca tn hiu
quang v gy ra xuyn nhiu cho cc knh ca hthng WDM. Cc
si c tn sc thng c nh hng ca FWM nh. Khi tn hao
cng sut knh do hiu ng FWM cho cc knh l khng ng k
th hiu ng FWM c th c coi nh ch c nh hng xuyn
nhiu ti cc knh ca h thng.Thc t th ch c si dch chuyn
tn sc DSF l c FWM ln n mc c th gy ra suy gim cng
sut ca cc knh do n to ra iu kin kt hp pha.

Hiu ng FWM vi s tng tc ca 3 knh f1, f2, f3 l c nh
hng ln ti h thng s dng WDM v EDFA v n c th to ra
cc bc sng mi nm trong bng tn ca ca cc knh trong h
thng.


Gim nh hng ca
hiu ng FWM
GIM NH HNG CA
HIU NG FWM

Cng sut b nh hng l :



Trong :
P
i
, P
j
, P
k
: l cc cng sut nh sng u vo vi cc tn s
f 1 , f 2 , f 3 .
: Bc sng.

c : vn tc nh sng.
: l cm phi tuyn bc ba.
A
e1
, A
e2
: l vng hiu dng tng ng ca si L1 , L2 .
ijk: l h s FWM.



Si quang G.655
y l hiu ng c nh hng ln vi h
thng WDM ,c quan h mt thit vi tn
sc ca si quang. khc phc nh
hng ca hiu ng FWM ta c th s
dng si quang G.655 ( NZ-DFS) .

Si quang G.655
Si quang ang c s dng rng ri hin nay trong
cc h thng hin nay l si n mode SMF-28, G.652
Cc ng cong m t tn sc v suy hao ca si n
mode cho thy rng suy hao ca si t gi tr nh nht
vng bc sng 1500 nm nhng tn sc c gi tr thp
nht (bng khng) li bc sng 1300 nm.
Si quang dch chuyn tn sc (DSF, G.653) c tn bng
tng bng khng ti bc sng gn 1550 nm
iu ny dn n s pht trin ca cc loi si dch
chuyn tn sc khc khng (NZ - DSF). Cc loi si ny
c tn sc mu khong t 1 n 6 ps/nm.km hoc l -1
n -6 ps/nm.km ca s 1550 nm. iu ny ct gim
nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn trong khi vn gia
nguyn cc u im ca si DSF
Si quang G.655
Thch hp cho h thng
DWDM, lm tng dung
lng truyn dn
Thch hp cho h thng
truyn dn ng di
WDM dung lng cao.
tn sc dng ca
si G655 trnh vic trn
ln bn bc sng
quang
Vng hiu dng cao ca
si G655 (vn nh hn
si SMF) lm gim thiu
cc hiu ng phi tuyn

ng dng ca cc
hiu ng phi tuyn
FWM

FWM c th ng dng khuch i tn hiu
yu.Hm li gain c th c tng ln n 20
dB
Nng lng xung bm c chuyn sang tn hiu
qua FWM
Dng trong vic chia knh trong OTDM
S lin hp pha to bi FWM
o ngc hng lan truyn v pha ca chm sng.
Chyn i bc sng trong knh WDM
FWM c th chuyn d liu n bc sng khc
Chm bm CW c phng vo si quang cng vi
knh tn hiu
FWM truyn d li t tn hiu n chm idler mt
bc sng mi
XPM
Nn xung phi tuyn
Chuyn knh quang siu nhanh(<1 ps)
Passive mode locking
To cc xung nh sng cc ngn(ps,fs)
thng qua bung cng hng
Chia knh trong h thng OTDM
Chuyn i bc sng trong WDM

SRS

B khuch i Raman l mt li ch cho
h thng WDM
C th dng trong ton b di 1300-1650
nm
B khuch i si quang pha b gii hn
~40nm
Bn cht phn tn ca b khuch i lm
gim nhiu
C kh nng m ra mt bng tn mi
SBS
Lin hp pha to bi SBS
Nn xung to bi SBS
SBS tng cng FWM
nh sng chm to bi SBS
Supercontinuum
generation
FWM kt hp vi SPM,XPM v SBS s c th to ra
mt ph siu rng c th ln n 200nm
Phng php
ct ph c
th s dng
to ra 1000 knh
t ph ny

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