6.

002 Fall 2000 Lecture

1
20
6.002
CIRCUITS AND
ELECTRONICS
Operational Amplifier Circuits
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
2
20
Operational amplifier abstraction
Building block for analog systems
We will see these examples:
Digital-to-analog converters
Filters
Clock generators
Amplifiers
Adders
Integrators & Differentiators
Reading: Chapter 15.5 & 15.6 of A & L.
+

Review
input resistance
0 output resistance
Gain A very large
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
3
20
Consider this circuit:

+
=
v
R R
R
v v
2 1
2
1
1
2
R
v v
i

=
2
iR v v
OUT
=

2
1
2
R
R
v v
v

1
2
2
1
2
1
R
R
v
R
R
v

+ =

1
2
2
1
2 1
2 1
2
1
R
R
v
R
R R
R R
R
v
+

+
=
( )
2 1
1
2
v v
R
R
=
subtracts!
+

2
R
+

1
R
+

1
R
2
R
+
v

v
i
i
OUT
v
+

1
v
2
v
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
4
20
Another way of solving
use superposition
1
2 1
1
R
R R
v v
OUT
+
=
+
1
2 1
2 1
2 1
R
R R
R R
R v +

=
1
2
1
R
R
v =
2
1
2
2
v
R
R
v
OUT
=
+

2 1
|| R R
+

1
R
2
R
2
OUT
v
2
v
+

1
R
2
R
1
OUT
v
1
v
2
R
+
v
1
R
2 1
OUT OUT OUT
v v v + =
( )
2 1
1
2
v v
R
R
=
0
1
v 0
2
v
Still subtracts!
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
5
20
Lets build an intergrator
dt i
C
1
v
t
O


=
Lets start with the following insight:
v
O
is related to dt i

I
v
+

O
v
+

dt
i
+

i
+

O
v
C
But we need to somehow convert
voltage v
I
to current.
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
6
20
But, v
O
must be very small compared
to v
R
, or else
R
v
i
I

When is v
O
small compared to v
R
?
First try use resistor
i
R
v
I

O
O
v
dt
dv
RC >> when
I
O
v
dt
dv
RC
dt v
RC
1
v
t
I O


or
I O
O
v v
dt
dv
RC = +
R
v
larger the RC,
smaller the v
O
for good
integrator
RC >> 1
I
v
+

i
+

O
v
C
R
v
+

R
Demo
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
7
20
Theres a better way
R
v
i
I
=
so,
+

R
I
v
+

R
R
v
I
I
v
C
v
+

+

O
v
i
i
under negative feedback V 0 v

Notice
C O
v v =
dt
R
v
C
1
v
t
I
O


=
We have our integrator.
+

6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture

8
20
Now, lets build a differentiator
I
v
+

O
v
+

dt
d
But we need to somehow convert current
to voltage.
i is related to
dt
dv
I
Lets start with the following insights:
dt
dv
C i
I
=
+

I
v
i
C
6.002 Fall 2000 Lecture
9
20
Demo
C I
v v =
dt
dv
C i
I
=
dt
dv
RC v
I
O
=
Recall
+

i
i
current
to
voltage
iR v
O
=
V 0
+

R
I
v +

O
v
C
C
v
i
Differentiator
+

i
+

R
v
O