Phuong Phap Giai Nhanh Hoa Hoc

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10 PHNG PHP GII NHANH BI TP TRC NGHIM HA HC

Phng php 1
P DNG NH LUT BO TON KHI LNG
Nguyn tc ca phng php ny kh n gin, da vo nh lut bo ton khi lng: Tng
khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng bng tng khi lng cc cht to thnh trong phn ng.
Cn lu l: khng tnh khi lng ca phn khng tham gia phn ng cng nh phn cht c sn, v
d nc c sn trong dung dch.
Khi c cn dung dch th khi lng mui thu c bng tng khi lng cc cation kim loi v
anion gc axit.
V d 1: Hn hp X gm Fe, FeO v Fe
2
O
3
. Cho mt lung CO i qua ng s ng m gam hn hp
X nung nng. Sau khi kt thc th nghim thu c 64 gam cht rn A trong ng s v 11,2
lt kh B (ktc) c t khi so vi H
2
l 20,4. Tnh gi tr m.
A. 105,6 gam. B. 35,2 gam. C. 70,4 gam. D. 140,8 gam.
Hng dn gii
Cc phn ng kh st oxit c th c:
3Fe
2
O
3
+ CO
o
t
2Fe
3
O
4
+ CO
2
(1)
Fe
3
O
4
+ CO
o
t
3FeO + CO
2
(2)
FeO + CO
o
t
Fe + CO
2
(3)
Nh vy cht rn A c th gm 3 cht Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
hoc t hn, iu khng quan trng v
vic cn bng cc phng trnh trn cng khng cn thit, quan trng l s mol CO phn ng bao gi
cng bng s mol CO
2
to thnh.

B
11,2
n 0,5
22,5
= = mol.
Gi x l s mol ca CO
2
ta c phng trnh v khi lng ca B:
44x + 28(0,5 x) = 0,5 20,4 2 = 20,4
nhn c x = 0,4 mol v cng chnh l s mol CO tham gia phn ng.
Theo LBTKL ta c:
m
X
+ m
CO
= m
A
+
2
CO
m
m = 64 + 0,4 44 0,4 28 = 70,4 gam. (p n C)
V d 2: un 132,8 gam hn hp 3 ru no, n chc vi H
2
SO
4
c 140
o
C thu c hn hp cc
ete c s mol bng nhau v c khi lng l 111,2 gam. S mol ca mi ete trong hn hp
l bao nhiu?
A. 0,1 mol. B. 0,15 mol. C. 0,4 mol. D. 0,2 mol.
Hng dn gii
Ta bit rng c 3 loi ru tch nc iu kin H
2
SO
4
c, 140
o
C th to thnh 6 loi ete v
tch ra 6 phn t H
2
O.
Theo LBTKL ta c

2
H O ete
m m m 132,8 11,2 21,6 = = =
ru
gam

2
H O
21,6
n 1, 2
18
= = mol.
Mt khc c hai phn t ru th to ra mt phn t ete v mt phn t H
2
O do s mol H
2
O
lun bng s mol ete, suy ra s mol mi ete l
1,2
0, 2
6
= mol. (p n D)
Nhn xt: Chng ta khng cn vit 6 phng trnh phn ng t ru tch nc to thnh 6 ete,
cng khng cn tm CTPT ca cc ru v cc ete trn. Nu cc bn xa vo vic vit phng trnh
phn ng v t n s mol cc ete tnh ton th khng nhng khng gii c m cn tn qu
nhiu thi gian.
V d 3: Cho 12 gam hn hp hai kim loi Fe, Cu tc dng va vi dung dch HNO
3
63%. Sau
phn ng thu c dung dch A v 11,2 lt kh NO
2
duy nht (ktc). Tnh nng % cc
cht c trong dung dch A.
A. 36,66% v 28,48%. B. 27,19% v 21,12%.
C. 27,19% v 72,81%. D. 78,88% v 21,12%.
Hng dn gii
Fe + 6HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO
2
+ 3H
2
O
Cu + 4HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO
2
+ 2H
2
O

2
NO
n 0,5 = mol
3 2
HNO NO
n 2n 1 = = mol.
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c:

2
2
3
NO
d HNO
m m m m
1 63 100
12 46 0,5 89 gam.
63
= +

= + =
2 2
d mui h k.loi

t n
Fe
= x mol, n
Cu
= y mol ta c:

56x 64y 12
3x 2y 0,5
+ =
+ =

x 0,1
y 0,1
=

3 3
Fe( NO )
0,1 242 100
%m 27,19%
89

= =

3 2
Cu( NO )
0,1 188 100
%m 21,12%.
89

= = (p n B)
V d 4: Ho tan hon ton 23,8 gam hn hp mt mui cacbonat ca cc kim loi ho tr (I) v mui
cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr (II) trong dung dch HCl. Sau phn ng thu c 4,48 lt kh
(ktc). em c cn dung dch thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
A. 13 gam. B. 15 gam. C. 26 gam. D. 30 gam.
Hng dn gii
M
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2MCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O
R
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2MCl
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O

2
CO
4,88
n 0,2
22,4
= = mol
Tng n
HCl
= 0,4 mol v
2
H O
n 0,2 mol. =
23,8 + 0,436,5 = m
mui
+ 0,244 + 0,218
m
mui
= 26 gam. (p n C)
V d 5: Hn hp A gm KClO
3
, Ca(ClO
2
)
2
, Ca(ClO
3
)
2
, CaCl
2
v KCl nng 83,68 gam. Nhit phn
hon ton A ta thu c cht rn B gm CaCl
2
, KCl v 17,472 lt kh ( ktc). Cho cht rn
B tc dng vi 360 ml dung dch K
2
CO
3
0,5M (va ) thu c kt ta C v dung dch D.
Lng KCl trong dung dch D nhiu gp 22/3 ln lng KCl c trong A. % khi lng
KClO
3
c trong A l
A. 47,83%. B. 56,72%. C. 54,67%. D. 58,55%.
Hng dn gii

o
o
o
2
t
3 2
t
3 2 2 2
t
2 2 2 2
2 2
(A) ( A)
h B
3
KClO KCl O (1)
2
Ca(ClO ) CaCl 3O (2)
83,68 gam A Ca(ClO ) CaCl 2O (3)
CaCl CaCl
KCl KCl

2
O
n 0,78 mol. =
m
A
= m
B
+
2
O
m
m
B
= 83,68 320,78 = 58,72 gam.
Cho cht rn B tc dng vi 0,18 mol K
2
CO
3

Hn hp B
2 2 3 3
( B) ( B)
CaCl K CO CaCO 2KCl (4)
0,18 0,18 0,36 mol
KCl KCl
+
+ +

`

)
hn hp D

( B) 2
KCl B CaCl ( B)
m m m
58,72 0,18 111 38,74 gam
=
= =

( D)
KCl KCl ( B) KCl ( pt 4)
m m m
38,74 0,36 74,5 65,56 gam
= +
= + =


( A) ( D)
KCl KCl
3 3
m m 65,56 8,94 gam
22 22
= = =

(B) (A)
KCl pt (1) KCl KCl
m = m m 38,74 8,94 29,8 gam. = =
Theo phn ng (1):

3
KClO
29,8
m 122,5 49 gam.
74,5
= =

3
KClO (A)
49 100
%m 58,55%.
83,68
= = (p n D)
V d 6: t chy hon ton 1,88 gam cht hu c A (cha C, H, O) cn 1,904 lt O
2
(ktc) thu c
CO
2
v hi nc theo t l th tch 4:3. Hy xc nh cng thc phn t ca A. Bit t khi
ca A so vi khng kh nh hn 7.
A. C
8
H
12
O
5
.

B. C
4
H
8
O
2
.

C. C
8
H
12
O
3
.

D. C
6
H
12
O
6
.
Hng dn gii
1,88 gam A + 0,085 mol O
2
4a mol CO
2
+ 3a mol H
2
O.

2 2
CO H O
m m 1,88 0,085 32 46 gam + = + =
Ta c: 444a + 183a = 46 a = 0,02 mol.
Trong cht A c:
n
C
= 4a = 0,08 mol
n
H
= 3a2 = 0,12 mol
n
O
= 4a2 + 3a 0,0852 = 0,05 mol
n
C
: n
H
: n
o
= 0,08 : 0,12 : 0,05 = 8 : 12 : 5
Vy cng thc ca cht hu c A l C
8
H
12
O
5
c M
A
< 203. (p n A)
V d 7: Cho 0,1 mol este to bi 2 ln axit v ru mt ln ru tc dng hon ton vi NaOH thu
c 6,4 gam ru v mt lng mi c khi lng nhiu hn lng este l 13,56% (so
vi lng este). Xc nh cng thc cu to ca este.
A. CH
3
COO CH
3
.
B. CH
3
OCOCOOCH
3
.
C. CH
3
COOCOOCH
3
.
D. CH
3
COOCH
2
COOCH
3
.
Hng dn gii
R(COOR')
2
+ 2NaOH R(COONa)
2
+ 2R'OH
0,1 0,2 0,1 0,2 mol

R OH
6,4
M 32
0,2
'
= = Ru CH
3
OH.
m
este
+ m
NaOH
= m
mui
+ m
ru

m
mui
m
este
= 0,240 64 = 1,6 gam.
m m
mui
m
este
=
13,56
100
m
este
m
este
=
1,6 100
11,8 gam
13,56
= M
este
= 118 vC
R + (44 + 15)2 = 118 R = 0.
Vy cng thc cu to ca este l CH
3
OCOCOOCH
3
. (p n B)
V d 8: Thu phn hon ton 11,44 gam hn hp 2 este n chc l ng phn ca nhau bng dung
dch NaOH thu c 11,08 gam hn hp mui v 5,56 gam hn hp ru. Xc nh cng
thc cu to ca 2 este.
A. HCOOCH
3
v C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
,
B. C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
v

CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
.
C. HCOOC
3
H
7
v C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
.
D. C B, C u ng.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc trung bnh tng qut ca hai este n chc ng phn l RCOOR' .
RCOOR' + NaOH RCOONa + R'OH
11,44 11,08 5,56 gam
M
NaOH
= 11,08 + 5,56 11,44 = 5,2 gam

NaOH
5,2
n 0,13 mol
40
= =

RCOONa
11,08
M 85,23
0,13
= = R 18, 23 =

R OH
5,56
M 42,77
0,13
'
= = R 25,77 ' =

RCOOR
11,44
M 88
0,13
'
= =
CTPT ca este l C
4
H
8
O
2

Vy cng thc cu to 2 este ng phn l:
HCOOC
3
H
7
v C
2
H
5
COOCH
3

hoc C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
v

CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
. (p n D)
V d 9: Chia hn hp gm hai anehit no n chc lm hai phn bng nhau:
Phn 1: em t chy hon ton thu c 1,08 gam H
2
O.
Phn 2: Tc dng vi H
2
d (Ni, t
o
) th thu c hn hp A. em t chy hon ton th
th tch kh CO
2
(ktc) thu c l
A. 1,434 lt. B. 1,443 lt. C. 1,344 lt. D. 0,672 lt.
Hng dn gii
Phn 1: V anehit no n chc nn
2 2
CO H O
n n = = 0,06 mol.

2
CO C
n n 0,06
(phn 2) (phn 2)
= = mol.
Theo bo ton nguyn t v bo ton khi lng ta c:

C C ( A)
n n 0,06
(phn 2)
= = mol.

2
CO (A)
n = 0,06 mol

2
CO
V = 22,40,06 = 1,344 lt. (p n C)
V d 10: Cho mt lung CO i qua ng s ng 0,04 mol hn hp A gm FeO v Fe
2
O
3
t nng.
Sau khi kt thc th nghim thu c B gm 4 cht nng 4,784 gam. Kh i ra khi ng s
cho hp th vo dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d th thu c 9,062 gam kt ta. Phn trm khi
lng Fe
2
O
3
trong hn hp A l
A. 86,96%. B. 16,04%. C. 13,04%. D.6,01%.
Hng dn gii
0,04 mol hn hp A (FeO v Fe
2
O
3
) + CO 4,784 gam hn hp B + CO
2
.
CO
2
+ Ba(OH)
2 d
BaCO
3 +
+ H
2
O

2 3
CO BaCO
n n 0,046 mol = =
v
2
CO( ) CO
n n 0,046 mol
p.
= =
m
A
+ m
CO
= m
B
+
2
CO
m
m
A
= 4,784 + 0,04644 0,04628 = 5,52 gam.
t n
FeO
= x mol,
2
Fe O
3
n y mol = trong hn hp B ta c:

x y 0,04
72x 160y 5,52
+ =
+ =

x 0,01 mol
y 0,03 mol
=

%m
FeO
=
0,01 72 101
13,04%
5,52

=
%Fe
2
O
3
= 86,96%. (p n A)

MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEO PHNG PHP S DNG NH
LUT BO TON KHI LNG
01. Ha tan 9,14 gam hp kim Cu, Mg, Al bng mt lng va dung dch HCl thu c 7,84 lt
kh X (ktc) v 2,54 gam cht rn Y v dung dch Z. Lc b cht rn Y, c cn cn thn dung dch
Z thu c lng mui khan l
02. Cho 15 gam hn hp 3 amin n chc, bc mt tc dng va vi dung dch HCl 1,2 M th thu
c 18,504 gam mui. Th tch dung dch HCl phi dng l
A. 0,8 lt. B. 0,08 lt. C. 0,4 lt. D. 0,04 lt.
03. Trn 8,1 gam bt Al vi 48 gam bt Fe
2
O
3
ri cho tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm trong iu kin
khng c khng kh, kt thc th nghim lng cht rn thu c l
04. Ha tan hon ton 10,0 gam hn hp X gm hai kim loi (ng trc H trong dy in ha) bng
dung dch HCl d thu c 2,24 lt kh H
2
(ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c lng
mui khan l
05. Nhit phn hon ton m gam hn hp X gm CaCO
3
v Na
2
CO
3
thu c 11,6 gam cht rn v
2,24 lt kh (ktc). Hm lng % CaCO
3
trong X l
A. 6,25%. B. 8,62%. C. 50,2%. D. 62,5%.
06. Cho 4,4 gam hn hp hai kim loi nhm I
A
hai chu k lin tip tc dng vi dung dch HCl d
thu c 4,48 lt H
2
(ktc) v dung dch cha m gam mui tan. Tn hai kim loi v khi lng m
l
A. 11 gam; Li v Na. B. 18,6 gam; Li v Na.
C. 18,6 gam; Na v K. D. 12,7 gam; Na v K.
07. t chy hon ton 18 gam FeS
2
v cho ton b lng SO
2
vo 2 lt dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,125M.
Khi lng mui to thnh l
A. 57,40 gam. B. 56,35 gam. C. 59,17 gam. D.58,35 gam.
08. Ha tan 33,75 gam mt kim loi M trong dung dch HNO
3
long, d thu c 16,8 lt kh X (ktc)
gm hai kh khng mu ha nu trong khng kh c t khi hi so vi hiro bng 17,8.
a) Kim loi l
A. Cu. B. Zn. C. Fe. D. Al.
b) Nu dng dung dch HNO
3
2M v ly d 25% th th tch dung dch cn ly l
A. 3,15 lt. B. 3,00 lt. C. 3,35 lt. D. 3,45 lt.
09. Ho tan hon ton 15,9 gam hn hp gm 3 kim loi Al, Mg v Cu bng dung dch HNO
3
thu
c 6,72 lt kh NO v dung dch X. em c cn dung dch X thu c bao nhiu gam mui
khan?
10. Ha tan hon ton 2,81 gam hn hp gm Fe
2
O
3
, MgO, ZnO trong 500 ml axit H
2
SO
4
0,1M (va
). Sau phn ng, hn hp mui sunfat khan thu c khi c cn dung dch c khi lng l
p n cc bi tp vn dng:
1. A 2. B 3. B 4. B 5. D
6. B 7. D 8. aD, bB 9. B 10. A
Phng php 2
BO TON MOL NGUYN T
C rt nhiu phng php gii ton ha hc khc nhau nhng phng php bo ton nguyn t
v phng php bo ton s mol electron cho php chng ta gp nhiu phng trnh phn ng li lm
mt, qui gn vic tnh ton v nhm nhanh p s. Rt ph hp vi vic gii cc dng bi ton ha hc
trc nghim. Cch thc gp nhng phng trnh lm mt v cch lp phng trnh theo phng php
bo ton nguyn t s c gii thiu trong mt s v d sau y.
V d 1: kh hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
cn 0,05 mol H
2
. Mt khc
ha tan hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
c thu c th tch kh SO
2

(sn phm kh duy nht) iu kin tiu chun l
A. 448 ml. B. 224 ml. C. 336 ml. D. 112 ml.
Hng dn gii
Thc cht phn ng kh cc oxit trn l
H
2
+ O H
2
O
0,05 0,05 mol
t s mol hn hp X gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
ln lt l x, y, z. Ta c:
n
O
= x + 4y + 3z = 0,05 mol (1)

Fe
3,04 0,05 16
n 0,04 mol
56

= =
x + 3y + 2z = 0,04 mol (2)
Nhn hai v ca (2) vi 3 ri tr (1) ta c:
x + y = 0,02 mol.
Mt khc:
2FeO + 4H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
+ 4H
2
O
x x/2
2Fe
3
O
4
+ 10H
2
SO
4
3Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
+ 10H
2
O
y y/2
tng:
SO2
x y 0,2
n 0,01 mol
2 2
+
= = =
Vy:
2
SO
V 224 ml. = (p n B)
V d 2: Thi t t V lt hn hp kh (ktc) gm CO v H
2
i qua mt ng ng 16,8 gam hn hp 3
oxit: CuO, Fe
3
O
4
, Al
2
O
3
nung nng, phn ng hon ton. Sau phn ng thu c m gam
cht rn v mt hn hp kh v hi nng hn khi lng ca hn hp V l 0,32 gam. Tnh V
v m.
A. 0,224 lt v 14,48 gam. B. 0,448 lt v 18,46 gam.
C. 0,112 lt v 12,28 gam. D. 0,448 lt v 16,48 gam.
Hng dn gii
Thc cht phn ng kh cc oxit trn l
CO + O CO
2

H
2
+ O H
2
O.
Khi lng hn hp kh to thnh nng hn hn hp kh ban u chnh l khi lng ca nguyn
t Oxi trong cc oxit tham gia phn ng. Do vy:
m
O
= 0,32 gam.

O
0,32
n 0,02 mol
16
= =

( )
2
CO H
n n 0,02 mol + = .
m
oxit
= m
cht rn
+ 0,32
16,8 = m + 0,32
m = 16,48 gam.

2
hh (CO H )
V 0,02 22, 4 0,448
+
= = lt. (p n D)
V d 3: Thi rt chm 2,24 lt (ktc) mt hn hp kh gm CO v H
2
qua mt ng s ng hn hp
Al
2
O
3
, CuO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
c khi lng l 24 gam d ang c un nng. Sau khi kt
thc phn ng khi lng cht rn cn li trong ng s l
Hng dn gii

2
hh (CO H )
2, 24
n 0,1 mol
22, 4
+
= =
Thc cht phn ng kh cc oxit l:
CO + O CO
2

H
2
+ O H
2
O.
Vy:
2
O CO H
n n n 0,1 mol = + = .
m
O
= 1,6 gam.
Khi lng cht rn cn li trong ng s l: 24 1,6 = 22,4 gam. (p n A)
V d 4: Cho m gam mt ancol (ru) no, n chc X qua bnh ng CuO (d), nung nng. Sau khi
phn ng hon ton, khi lng cht rn trong bnh gim 0,32 gam. Hn hp hi thu c
c t khi i vi hiro l 15,5. Gi tr ca m l
Hng dn gii
C
n
H
2n+1
CH
2
OH + CuO
o
t
C
n
H
2n+1
CHO + Cu
+
+ H
2
O
Khi lng cht rn trong bnh gim chnh l s gam nguyn t O trong CuO phn ng. Do
nhn c:
m
O
= 0,32 gam
O
0,32
n 0,02 mol
16
= =
Hn hp hi gm:
n 2n 1
2
C H CHO : 0,02 mol
H O : 0,02 mol.
+

Vy hn hp hi c tng s mol l 0,04 mol.
C M= 31
m
hh hi
= 31 0,04 = 1,24 gam.
m
ancol
+ 0,32 = m
hh hi

m
ancol
= 1,24 0,32 = 0,92 gam. (p n A)
Ch : Vi ru bc (I) hoc ru bc (II) u tha mn u bi.
V d 5: t chy hon ton 4,04 gam mt hn hp bt kim loi gm Al, Fe, Cu trong khng kh thu
c 5,96 gam hn hp 3 oxit. Ha tan ht hn hp 3 oxit bng dung dch HCl 2M. Tnh th
tch dung dch HCl cn dng.
A. 0,5 lt. B. 0,7 lt. C. 0,12 lt. D. 1 lt.
Hng dn gii
m
O
= m
oxit
m
kl
= 5,96 4,04 = 1,92 gam.

O
1,92
n 0,12 mol
16
= = .
Ha tan ht hn hp ba oxit bng dung dch HCl to thnh H
2
O nh sau:
2H
+
+ O
2
H
2
O
0,24 0,12 mol

HCl
0, 24
V 0,12
2
= = lt. (p n C)
V d 6: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol mt axit cacbonxylic n chc cn va V lt O
2
( ktc), thu
c 0,3 mol CO
2
v 0,2 mol H
2
O. Gi tr ca V l
A. 8,96 lt. B. 11,2 lt. C. 6,72 lt. D. 4,48 lt.
Hng dn gii
Axit cacbonxylic n chc c 2 nguyn t Oxi nn c th t l RO
2
. Vy:
2 2 2 2
O ( RO ) O (CO ) O (CO ) O ( H O)
n n n n + = +
0,12 + n
O (p.)
= 0,32 + 0,21
n
O (p.)
= 0,6 mol

2
O
n 0,3 mol =

2
O
V 6,72 = lt. (p n C)
V d 7: (Cu 46 - M 231 - TSC Khi A 2007)
Cho 4,48 lt CO ( ktc) t t i qua ng s nung nng ng 8 gam mt oxit st n khi
phn ng xy ra hon ton. Kh thu c sau phn ng c t khi so vi hiro bng 20. Cng
thc ca oxit st v phn trm th tch ca kh CO
2
trong hn hp kh sau phn ng l
A. FeO; 75%. B. Fe
2
O
3
; 75%.
C. Fe
2
O
3
; 65%. D. Fe
3
O
4
; 65%.
Hng dn gii
Fe
x
O
y
+ yCO xFe + yCO
2

Kh thu c c M 40 = gm 2 kh CO
2
v CO d

2
CO
CO
n
3
n 1
=
2
CO
%V 75% = .
Mt khc:
2
CO ( ) CO
75
n n 0, 2 0,15
100
p.
= = = mol n
CO d
= 0,05 mol.
Thc cht phn ng kh oxit st l do
CO + O
(trong oxit st)
CO
2

n
CO
= n
O
= 0,15 mol m
O
= 0,1516 = 2,4 gam
m
Fe
= 8 2,4 = 5,6 gam n
Fe
= 0,1 mol.
Theo phng trnh phn ng ta c:

2
Fe
CO
n x 0,1 2
n y 0,15 3
= = = Fe
2
O
3
. (p n B)
V d 8: Cho hn hp A gm Al, Zn, Mg. em oxi ho hon ton 28,6 gam A bng oxi d thu c
44,6 gam hn hp oxit B. Ho tan ht B trong dung dch HCl thu c dung dch D. C cn
dung dch D c hn hp mui khan l
A. 99,6 gam. B. 49,8 gam.
C. 74,7 gam. D. 100,8 gam.
Hng dn gii
Gi M l kim loi i din cho ba kim loi trn vi ho tr l n.
M +
n
2
O
2
M
2
O
n
(1)
M
2
O
n
+ 2nHCl 2MCl
n
+ nH
2
O (2)
Theo phng trnh (1) (2)
2
HCl O
n 4.n = .
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng
2
O
m 44,6 28,6 16 = = gam

2
O
n 0,5 = mol n
HCl
= 40,5 = 2 mol

Cl
n 2 mol
=
m
mui
= m
hhkl
+
Cl
m

= 28,6 + 235,5 = 99,6 gam. (p n A)
V d 9: Cho mt lung kh CO i qua ng ng 0,01 mol FeO v 0,03 mol Fe
2
O
3
(hn hp A) t
nng. Sau khi kt thc th nghim thu c 4,784 gam cht rn B gm 4 cht. Ho tan cht
2
CO
CO
n 44 12
40
n 28 4
rn B bng dung dch HCl d thy thot ra 0,6272 lt H
2
( ktc). Tnh s mol oxit st t
trong hn hp B. Bit rng trong B s mol oxit st t bng 1/3 tng s mol st (II) oxit v
st (III) oxit.
A. 0,006. B. 0,008. C. 0,01. D. 0,012.
Hng dn gii
Hn hp A
2 3
FeO : 0,01 mol
Fe O : 0,03 mol
+ CO 4,784 gam B (Fe, Fe

2
O
3
, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
) tng ng vi
s mol l: a, b, c, d (mol).
Ho tan B bng dung dch HCl d thu c
2
H
n 0,028 = mol.
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2

a = 0,028 mol. (1)
Theo u bi:
( )
3 4 2 3
Fe O FeO Fe O
1
n n n
3
= + ( )
1
d b c
3
= + (2)
Tng m
B
l: (56.a + 160.b + 72.c + 232.d) = 4,78 gam. (3)
S mol nguyn t Fe trong hn hp A bng s mol nguyn t Fe trong hn hp B. Ta c:
n
Fe (A)
= 0,01 + 0,032 = 0,07 mol
n
Fe (B)
= a + 2b + c + 3d
a + 2b + c + 3d = 0,07 (4)
T (1, 2, 3, 4) b = 0,006 mol
c = 0,012 mol
d = 0,006 mol. (p n A)
V d 10: Kh hon ton 24 gam hn hp CuO v Fe
x
O
y
bng H
2
d nhit cao thu c 17,6 gam
hn hp 2 kim loi. Khi lng H
2
O to thnh l
Hng dn gii
m
O (trong oxit)
= m
oxit
m
kloi
= 24 17,6 = 6,4 gam.

( )
2
O H O
m 6, 4 = gam ;
2
H O
6, 4
n 0,4
16
= = mol.

2
H O
m 0, 4 18 7,2 = = gam. (p n C)
V d 11: Kh ht m gam Fe
3
O
4
bng CO thu c hn hp A gm FeO v Fe. A tan va trong
0,3 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
1M cho ra 4,48 lt kh (ktc). Tnh m?
Hng dn gii
Fe
3
O
4
(FeO, Fe) 3Fe
2+

n mol

( )
2
4
4
Fe trong FeSO
SO
n n 0,3
= = mol
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t Fe:

( ) ( )
4 3 4
Fe FeSO Fe Fe O
n n =
3n = 0,3 n = 0,1

3 4
Fe O
m 23, 2 = gam (p n A)
V d 12: un hai ru n chc vi H
2
SO
4
c, 140
o
C c hn hp ba ete. Ly 0,72 gam mt
trong ba ete em t chy hon ton thu c 1,76 gam CO
2
v 0,72 gam H
2
O. Hai ru
l
A. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH. B. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH.
C. C
2
H
5
OH v C
4
H
9
OH. D. CH
3
OH v C
3
H
5
OH.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc tng qut ca mt trong ba ete l C
x
H
y
O, ta c:

C
0,72
m 12 0, 48
44
= = gam ;
H
0,72
m 2 0,08
18
= = gam
m
O
= 0,72 0,48 0,08 = 0,16 gam.

0, 48 0,08 0,16
x : y :1 : :
12 1 16
= = 4 : 8 : 1.
Cng thc phn t ca mt trong ba ete l C
4
H
8
O.
Cng thc cu to l CH
3
OCH
2
CH=CH
2
.
Vy hai ancol l CH
3
OH v CH
2
=CHCH
2
OH. (p n D)

MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEO PHNG PHP BO TON MOL
NGUYN T
01. Ha tan hon ton hn hp X gm 0,4 mol FeO v 0,1mol Fe
2
O
3
vo dung dch HNO
3
long, d
thu c dung dch A v kh B khng mu, ha nu trong khng kh. Dung dch A cho tc dng
vi dung dch NaOH d thu c kt ta. Ly ton b kt ta nung trong khng kh n khi
lng khng i thu c cht rn c khi lng l
02. Cho kh CO i qua ng s cha 16 gam Fe
2
O
3
un nng, sau phn ng thu c hn hp rn X
gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
. Ha tan hon ton X bng H
2
SO
4
c, nng thu c dung dch Y.
C cn dung dch Y, lng mui khan thu c l
03. Kh hon ton 17,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
cn 2,24 lt CO ( ktc). Khi lng st
thu c l
04. t chy hn hp hirocacbon X thu c 2,24 lt CO
2
(ktc) v 2,7 gam H
2
O. Th tch O
2

tham gia phn ng chy (ktc) l
A. 5,6 lt. B. 2,8 lt. C. 4,48 lt. D. 3,92 lt.
05. Ho tan hon ton a gam hn hp X gm Fe v Fe
2
O
3
trong dung dch HCl thu c 2,24 lt kh
H
2
ktc v dung dch B. Cho dung dch B tc dng dung dch NaOH d, lc ly kt ta, nung
trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c 24 gam cht rn. Gi tr ca a l
06. Hn hp X gm Mg v Al
2
O
3
. Cho 3 gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d gii phng V lt kh
(ktc). Dung dch thu c cho tc dng vi dung dch NH
3
d, lc v nung kt ta c 4,12
gam bt oxit. V c gi tr l:
A. 1,12 lt. B. 1,344 lt. C. 1,568 lt. D. 2,016 lt.
07. Hn hp A gm Mg, Al, Fe, Zn. Cho 2 gam A tc dng vi dung dch HCl d gii phng 0,1 gam
kh. Cho 2 gam A tc dng vi kh clo d thu c 5,763 gam hn hp mui. Phn trm khi
lng ca Fe trong A l
A. 8,4%. B. 16,8%. C. 19,2%. D. 22,4%.
08. (Cu 2 - M 231 - TSC - Khi A 2007)
t chy hon ton mt th tch kh thin nhin gm metan, etan, propan bng oxi khng kh
(trong khng kh Oxi chim 20% th tch), thu c 7,84 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) v 9,9 gam H
2
O. Th
tch khng kh (ktc) nh nht cn dng t chy hon ton lng kh thin nhin trn l
A. 70,0 lt. B. 78,4 lt. C. 84,0 lt. D. 56,0 lt.
09. Ho tan hon ton 5 gam hn hp 2 kim loi X v Y bng dung dch HCl thu c dung dch A v kh
H
2
. C cn dung dch A thu c 5,71 gam mui khan. Hy tnh th tch kh H
2
thu c ktc.
A. 0,56 lt. B. 0,112 lt. C. 0,224 lt D. 0,448 lt
10. t chy hon ton m gam hn hp Y gm C
2
H
6
, C
3
H
4
v C
4
H
8
th thu c 12,98 gam CO
2
v
5,76 gam H
2
O. Vy m c gi tr l
1. D 2. C 3. C 4. D 5. C
6. C 7. B 8. A 9. C 10. C

Phng php 3
BO TON MOL ELECTRON
Trc ht cn nhn mnh y khng phi l phng php cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh, mc
d phng php thng bng electron dng cn bng phn ng oxi ha kh cng da trn s bo
ton electron.
Nguyn tc ca phng php nh sau: khi c nhiu cht oxi ha, cht kh trong mt hn hp
phn ng (nhiu phn ng hoc phn ng qua nhiu giai on) th tng s electron ca cc cht kh
cho phi bng tng s electron m cc cht oxi ha nhn. Ta ch cn nhn nh ng trng thi u v
trng thi cui ca cc cht oxi ha hoc cht kh, thm ch khng cn quan tm n vic cn bng
cc phng trnh phn ng. Phng php ny c bit l th i vi cc bi ton cn phi bin lun
nhiu trng hp c th xy ra.
Sau y l mt s v d in hnh.
V d 1: Oxi ha hon ton 0,728 gam bt Fe ta thu c 1,016 gam hn hp hai oxit st (hn hp
A).
1. Ha tan hn hp A bng dung dch axit nitric long d. Tnh th tch kh NO duy nht bay ra (
ktc).
A. 2,24 ml. B. 22,4 ml. C. 33,6 ml. D. 44,8 ml.
2. Cng hn hp A trn trn vi 5,4 gam bt Al ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm (hiu sut
100%). Ha tan hn hp thu c sau phn ng bng dung dch HCl d. Tnh th tch bay ra (
ktc).
A. 6,608 lt. B. 0,6608 lt. C. 3,304 lt. D. 33,04. lt
Hng dn gii
1. Cc phn ng c th c:
2Fe + O
2

o
t
2FeO (1)
2Fe + 1,5O
2

o
t
Fe
2
O
3
(2)
3Fe + 2O
2

o
t
Fe
3
O
4
(3)
Cc phn ng ha tan c th c:
3FeO + 10HNO
3
3Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
|
+ 5H
2
O (4)
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HNO
3
2Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O (5)
3Fe
3
O
4
+ 28HNO
3
9Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
|
+ 14H
2
O (6)
Ta nhn thy tt c Fe t Fe
0
b oxi ha thnh Fe
+3
, cn N
+5
b kh thnh N
+2
, O
2
0
b kh thnh
2O
2
nn phng trnh bo ton electron l:

0,728
3n 0,009 4 3 0,039
56
+ = = mol.
trong , n l s mol NO thot ra. Ta d dng rt ra
n = 0,001 mol;
V
NO
= 0,00122,4 = 0,0224 lt = 22,4 ml. (p n B)
2. Cc phn ng c th c:
2Al + 3FeO
o
t
3Fe + Al
2
O
3
(7)
2Al + Fe
2
O
3

o
t
2Fe + Al
2
O
3
(8)
8Al + 3Fe
3
O
4

o
t
9Fe + 4Al
2
O
3
(9)
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
|
(10)
2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
|
(11)
Xt cc phn ng (1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) ta thy Fe
0
cui cng thnh Fe
+2
, Al
0
thnh Al
+3
, O
2
0

thnh 2O
2
v 2H
+
thnh H
2
nn ta c phng trnh bo ton electron nh sau:

5,4 3
0,013 2 0,009 4 n 2
27
+ = +
Fe
0
Fe
+2
Al
0
Al
+3
O
2
0
2O
2
2H
+
H
2

n = 0,295 mol

2
H
V 0, 295 22, 4 6,608 = = lt. (p n A)
Nhn xt: Trong bi ton trn cc bn khng cn phi bn khon l to thnh hai oxit st (hn
hp A) gm nhng oxit no v cng khng cn phi cn bng 11 phng trnh nh trn m ch cn
quan tm ti trng thi u v trng thi cui ca cc cht oxi ha v cht kh ri p dng lut bo
ton electron tnh lc bt c cc giai on trung gian ta s tnh nhm nhanh c bi ton.
V d 2: Trn 0,81 gam bt nhm vi bt Fe
2
O
3
v CuO ri t nng tin hnh phn ng nhit
nhm thu c hn hp A. Ho tan hon ton A trong dung dch HNO
3
un nng thu c
V lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht) ktc. Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,224 lt. B. 0,672 lt. C. 2,24 lt. D. 6,72 lt.
Hng dn gii
Tm tt theo s :
o
2 3 t
NO
Fe O
0,81 gam Al V ?
CuO
3
ha tan hon ton
dung dch HNO
hn hp A
+ =

Thc cht trong bi ton ny ch c qu trnh cho v nhn electron ca nguyn t Al v N.
Al Al
+3
+ 3e

0,81
27
0,09 mol
v N
+5
+ 3e N
+2

0,09 mol 0,03 mol
V
NO
= 0,0322,4 = 0,672 lt. (p n D)
Nhn xt: Phn ng nhit nhm cha bit l hon ton hay khng hon ton do hn hp A
khng xc nh c chnh xc gm nhng cht no nn vic vit phng trnh ha hc v cn bng
phng trnh phc tp. Khi ha tan hon ton hn hp A trong axit HNO
3
th Al
0
to thnh Al
+3
,
nguyn t Fe v Cu c bo ton ha tr.
C bn s thc mc lng kh NO cn c to bi kim loi Fe v Cu trong hn hp A. Thc
cht lng Al phn ng b li lng Fe v Cu to thnh.
V d 3: Cho 8,3 gam hn hp X gm Al, Fe (n
Al
= n
Fe
) vo 100 ml dung dch Y gm Cu(NO
3
)
2
v
AgNO
3
. Sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c cht rn A gm 3 kim loi. Ha tan hon ton
cht rn A vo dung dch HCl d thy c 1,12 lt kh thot ra (ktc) v cn li 28 gam cht
rn khng tan B. Nng C
M
ca Cu(NO
3
)
2
v ca AgNO
3
ln lt l
A. 2M v 1M. B. 1M v 2M.
C. 0,2M v 0,1M. D. kt qu khc.
Tm tt s :
Al Fe
8,3 gam hn hp X
(n = n )
Al
Fe
+ 100 ml dung dch Y

3
3 2
AgNO : x mol
Cu(NO ) :y mol

Cht rn A
(3 kim loi)

2
HCl d
1,12 lt H
2,8 gam cht rn khng tan B
+

Hng dn gii
Ta c: n
Al
= n
Fe
=
8,3
0,1 mol.
83
=
t
3
AgNO
n x mol = v
3 2
Cu( NO )
n y mol =
X + Y Cht rn A gm 3 kim loi.
Al ht, Fe cha phn ng hoc cn d. Hn hp hai mui ht.
Qu trnh oxi ha:
Al Al
3+
+ 3e Fe Fe
2+
+ 2e
0,1 0,3 0,1 0,2
Tng s mol e nhng bng 0,5 mol.
Qu trnh kh:
Ag
+
+ 1e Ag Cu
2+
+ 2e Cu 2H
+
+ 2e H
2

x x x y 2y y 0,1 0,05
Tng s e mol nhn bng (x + 2y + 0,1).
Theo nh lut bo ton electron, ta c phng trnh:
x + 2y + 0,1 = 0,5 hay x + 2y = 0,4 (1)
Mt khc, cht rn B khng tan l: Ag: x mol ; Cu: y mol.
108x + 64y = 28 (2)
Gii h (1), (2) ta c:
x = 0,2 mol ; y = 0,1 mol.

3
MAgNO
0,2
C
0,1
= = 2M;
3 2
MCu( NO )
0,1
C
0,1
= = 1M. (p n B)
V d 4: Ha tan 15 gam hn hp X gm hai kim loi Mg v Al vo dung dch Y gm HNO
3
v
H
2
SO
4
c thu c 0,1 mol mi kh SO
2
, NO, NO
2
, N
2
O. Phn trm khi lng ca Al v
Mg trong X ln lt l
A. 63% v 37%. B. 36% v 64%.
C. 50% v 50%. D. 46% v 54%.
Hng dn gii
t n
Mg
= x mol ; n
Al
= y mol. Ta c:
24x + 27y = 15. (1)
Qu trnh oxi ha:
Mg Mg
2+
+ 2e Al Al
3+
+ 3e
x 2x y 3y
Tng s mol e nhng bng (2x + 3y).
Qu trnh kh:
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
2N
+5
+ 24e 2N
+1

0,3 0,1 0,8 0,2
N
+5
+ 1e N
+4
S
+6
+ 2e S
+4

0,1 0,1 0,2 0,1
Tng s mol e nhn bng 1,4 mol.
Theo nh lut bo ton electron:
2x + 3y = 1,4 (2)
Gii h (1), (2) ta c: x = 0,4 mol ; y = 0,2 mol.

27 0,2
%Al 100% 36%.
15
= =
%Mg = 100% 36% = 64%. (p n B)
V d 5: Trn 60 gam bt Fe vi 30 gam bt lu hunh ri un nng (khng c khng kh) thu c
cht rn A. Ho tan A bng dung dch axit HCl d c dung dch B v kh C. t chy C
cn V lt O
2
(ktc). Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. V c gi tr l
A. 11,2 lt. B. 21 lt. C. 33 lt. D. 49 lt.
Hng dn gii
V
Fe S
30
n n
32
> = nn Fe d v S ht.
Kh C l hn hp H
2
S v H
2
. t C thu c SO
2
v H
2
O. Kt qu cui cng ca qu trnh phn
ng l Fe v S nhng e, cn O
2
thu e.
Nhng e: Fe Fe
2+
+ 2e

60
mol
56

60
2
56
mol
S S
+4
+ 4e

30
mol
32

30
4
32
mol
Thu e: Gi s mol O
2
l x mol.
O
2
+ 4e 2O
2

x mol 4x
Ta c:
60 30
4x 2 4
56 32
= + gii ra x = 1,4732 mol.

2
O
V 22,4 1,4732 33 = = lt. (p n C)
V d 6: Hn hp A gm 2 kim loi R
1
, R
2
c ho tr x, y khng i (R
1
, R
2
khng tc dng vi nc
v ng trc Cu trong dy hot ng ha hc ca kim loi). Cho hn hp A phn ng hon
ton vi dung dch HNO
3
d thu c 1,12 lt kh NO duy nht ktc.
Nu cho lng hn hp A trn phn ng hon ton vi dung dch HNO
3
th thu c bao
nhiu lt N
2
. Cc th tch kh o ktc.
A. 0,224 lt. B. 0,336 lt. C. 0,448 lt. D. 0,672 lt.
Hng dn gii
Trong bi ton ny c 2 th nghim:
TN1: R
1
v R
2
nhng e cho Cu
2+
chuyn thnh Cu sau Cu li nhng e cho
5
N
+
thnh
2
N
+
(NO). S mol e do R
1
v R
2
nhng ra l

5
N
+
+ 3e
2
N
+

0,15 05 , 0
4 , 22
12 , 1
=
TN2: R
1
v R
2
trc tip nhng e cho
5
N
+
to ra N
2
. Gi x l s mol N
2
, th s mol e thu vo l
2
5
N
+
+ 10e
0
2
N
10x x mol
Ta c: 10x = 0,15 x = 0,015

2
N
V = 22,4.0,015 = 0,336 lt. (p n B)
V d 7: Cho 1,35 gam hn hp gm Cu, Mg, Al tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO
3
thu c hn hp
kh gm 0,01 mol NO v 0,04 mol NO
2
. Tnh khi lng mui to ra trong dung dch.
Hng dn gii
Cch 1: t x, y, z ln lt l s mol Cu, Mg, Al.
Nhng e: Cu =
2
Cu
+
+ 2e Mg =
2
Mg
+
+ 2e Al =
3
Al
+
+ 3e
x x 2x y y 2y z z 3z
Thu e:
5
N
+
+ 3e =
2
N
+
(NO)
5
N
+
+ 1e =
4
N
+
(NO
2
)
0,03 0,01 0,04 0,04
Ta c: 2x + 2y + 3z = 0,03 + 0,04 = 0,07
v 0,07 cng chnh l s mol NO
3

Khi lng mui nitrat l:
1,35 + 620,07 = 5,69 gam. (p n C)
Cch 2:
Nhn nh mi: Khi cho kim loi hoc hn hp kim loi tc dng vi dung dch axit HNO
3
to
hn hp 2 kh NO v NO
2
th

3 2
HNO NO NO
n 2n 4n = +

3
HNO
n 2 0,04 4 0,01 0,12 = + = mol

2
H O
n 0,06 = mol
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng:

3 2 2
KL HNO mui NO NO H O
m m m m m m + = + + +
1,35 + 0,1263 = m
mui
+ 0,0130 + 0,0446 + 0,0618
m
mui
= 5,69 gam.
V d 8: (Cu 19 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH - 2007)
Ha tan hon ton 12 gam hn hp Fe, Cu (t l mol 1:1) bng axit HNO
3
, thu c V lt (
ktc) hn hp kh X (gm NO v NO
2
) v dung dch Y (ch cha hai mui v axit d). T
khi ca X i vi H
2
bng 19. Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,24 lt. B. 4,48 lt. C. 5,60 lt. D. 3,36 lt.
Hng dn gii
t n
Fe
= n
Cu
= a mol 56a + 64a = 12 a = 0,1 mol.
Cho e: Fe Fe
3+
+ 3e Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e
0,1 0,3 0,1 0,2
Nhn e: N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
N
+5
+ 1e N
+4

3x x y y
Tng n
e
cho bng tng n
e
nhn.
3x + y = 0,5
Mt khc: 30x + 46y = 192(x + y).
x = 0,125 ; y = 0,125.
V
hh kh (ktc)
= 0,125222,4 = 5,6 lt. (p n C)
V d 9: Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ha tan ht hn hp X
trong dung dch HNO
3
(d), thot ra 0,56 lt ( ktc) NO (l sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr
ca m l
Hng dn gii
m gam Fe + O
2
3 gam hn hp cht rn X
3
HNO d
0,56 lt NO.
Thc cht cc qu trnh oxi ha kh trn l:
Cho e: Fe Fe
3+
+ 3e

m
56

3m
56
mol e
Nhn e: O
2
+ 4e 2O
2
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2

3 m
32

4(3 m)
32
mol e 0,075 mol 0,025 mol

3m
56
=
4(3 m)
32
+ 0,075
m = 2,52 gam. (p n A)
V d 10: Hn hp X gm hai kim loi A v B ng trc H trong dy in ha v c ha tr khng
i trong cc hp cht. Chia m gam X thnh hai phn bng nhau:
Phn 1: Ha tan hon ton trong dung dch cha axit HCl v H
2
SO
4
long to ra 3,36 lt
kh H
2
.
Phn 2: Tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO
3
thu c V lt kh NO (sn phm kh
duy nht).
Bit cc th tch kh o iu kin tiu chun. Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,24 lt. B. 3,36 lt. C. 4,48 lt. D. 6,72 lt.
Hng dn gii
t hai kim loi A, B l M.
Phn 1: M + nH
+
M
n+
+
2
n
H
2
(1)
Phn 2: 3M + 4nH
+
+ nNO
3
3M
n+
+ nNO + 2nH
2
O (2)
Theo (1): S mol e ca M cho bng s mol e ca 2H
+
nhn;
Theo (2): S mol e ca M cho bng s mol e ca N
+5
nhn.
Vy s mol e nhn ca 2H
+
bng s mol e nhn ca N
+5
.
2H
+
+ 2e H
2
v N
+5
+ 3e N
+2

0,3 0,15 mol 0,3 0,1 mol
V
NO
= 0,122,4 = 2,24 lt. (p n A)
V d 11: Cho m gam bt Fe vo dung dch HNO
3
ly d, ta c hn hp gm hai kh NO
2
v NO
c V
X
= 8,96 lt (ktc) v t khi i vi O
2
bng 1,3125. Xc nh %NO v %NO
2
theo
th tch trong hn hp X v khi lng m ca Fe dng?
A. 25% v 75%; 1,12 gam. B. 25% v 75%; 11,2 gam.
C. 35% v 65%; 11,2 gam. D. 45% v 55%; 1,12 gam.
Hng dn gii
Ta c: n
X
= 0,4 mol; M
X
= 42.
S ng cho:

2
2
NO NO
NO NO
n : n 12: 4 3
n n 0,4 mol
= =
+ =

2
NO
NO
n 0,1 mol
n 0,3 mol
=

2
NO
NO
%V 25%
%V 75%
=

v Fe 3e Fe
3+
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
N
+5
+ 1e N
+4
3x x 0,3 0,1 0,3 0,3
Theo nh lut bo ton electron:
3x = 0,6 mol x = 0,2 mol
m
Fe
= 0,256 = 11,2 gam. (p p B).
V d 12: Cho 3 kim loi Al, Fe, Cu vo 2 lt dung dch HNO
3
phn ng va thu c 1,792 lt kh
X (ktc) gm N
2
v NO
2
c t khi hi so vi He bng 9,25. Nng mol/lt HNO
3
trong
dung dch u l
A. 0,28M. B. 1,4M. C. 1,7M. D. 1,2M.
Hng dn gii
Ta c:
( )
2 2
N NO
X
M M
M 9, 25 4 37
2
+
= = =
l trung bnh cng khi lng phn t ca hai kh N
2
v NO
2
nn:

2 2
X
N NO
n
n n 0,04 mol
2
= = =
v NO
3
+ 10e N
2
NO
3
+ 1e NO
2

0,08 0,4 0,04 mol 0,04 0,04 0,04 mol
M M
n+
+ n.e
0,04 mol

3
HNO (b kh)
n 0,12 mol. =
Nhn nh mi: Kim loi nhng bao nhiu electron th cng nhn by nhiu gc NO
3
to
mui.

3
HNO ( ) ( ) ( )
n n.e n.e 0,04 0, 4 0,44 mol.
to mui nhng nhn
= = = + =
Do :
3
HNO ( )
n 0,44 0,12 0,56 mol
phn ng
= + =
2
NO : 46 42 30 12
42
NO : 30 46 42 4
=
=
| |
3
0,56
HNO 0, 28M.
2
= = (p n A)
V d 13: Khi cho 9,6 gam Mg tc dng ht vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
m c, thy c 49 gam H
2
SO
4

tham gia phn ng, to mui MgSO
4
, H
2
O v sn phm kh X. X l
A. SO
2
B. S C. H
2
S D. SO
2
, H
2
S
Hng dn gii
Dung dch H
2
SO
4
m c va l cht oxi ha va l mi trng.
Gi a l s oxi ha ca S trong X.
Mg Mg
2+
+ 2e S
+6
+ (6a)e S
a
0,4 mol 0,8 mol 0,1 mol 0,1(6a) mol
Tng s mol H
2
SO
4
dng l :
49
0,5
98
= (mol)
S mol H
2
SO
4
dng to mui bng s mol Mg = 9,6 : 24 = 0,4 mol.
S mol H
2
SO
4
dng oxi ha Mg l:
0,5 0,4 = 0,1 mol.
Ta c: 0,1(6 a) = 0,8 x = 2. Vy X l H
2
S. (p n C)
V d 14: a gam bt st ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian s chuyn thnh hn hp A c khi
lng l 75,2 gam gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
. Cho hn hp A phn ng ht vi dung
dch H
2
SO
4
m c, nng thu c 6,72 lt kh SO
2
(ktc). Khi lng a gam l:
A. 56 gam. B. 11,2 gam. C. 22,4 gam. D. 25,3 gam.
Hng dn gii
S mol Fe ban u trong a gam:
Fe
a
n
56
= mol.
S mol O
2
tham gia phn ng:
2
O
75, 2 a
n
32
= mol.
Qu trnh oxi ha:
3
Fe Fe 3e
a 3a
mol mol
56 56
+
+ (1)
S mol e nhng:
e
3a
n mol
56
=
Qu trnh kh: O
2
+ 4e 2O
2
(2)
SO
4
2
+ 4H
+
+ 2e SO
2
+ 2H
2
O (3)
T (2), (3)
cho 2 2
e O SO
n 4n 2n = +

75, 2 a 3a
4 2 0,3
32 56
= + =
a = 56 gam. (p n A)
V d 15: Cho 1,35 gam hn hp A gm Cu, Mg, Al tc dng vi HNO
3
d c 1,12 lt NO v NO
2
(ktc) c khi lng mol trung bnh l 42,8. Tng khi lng mui nitrat sinh ra l:
A. 9,65 gam B. 7,28 gam C. 4,24 gam D. 5,69 gam
Hng dn gii
Da vo s ng cho tnh c s mol NO v NO
2
ln lt l 0,01 v 0,04 mol. Ta c cc
bn phn ng:
NO
3
+ 4H
+
+ 3e NO + 2H
2
O
NO
3
+ 2H
+
+ 1e NO
2
+ H
2
O
Nh vy, tng electron nhn l 0,07 mol.
Gi x, y, z ln lt l s mol Cu, Mg, Al c trong 1,35 gam hn hp kim loi. Ta c cc bn
phn ng:
Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e Mg Mg
2+
+ 2e Al Al
3+
+ 3e
2x + 2y + 3z = 0,07.
Khi lng mui nitrat sinh ra l:
m =
3 2
Cu( NO )
m +
3 2
Mg( NO )
m +
3 3
Al( NO )
m
= 1,35 + 62(2x + 2y + 3z)
= 1,35 + 62 0,07 = 5,69 gam.

MT S BI TP VN DNG GIAI THEO PHNG PHP BO TOM MOL
ELECTRON
01. Ho tan hon ton m gam Al vo dung dch HNO
3
rt long th thu c hn hp gm 0,015 mol
kh N
2
O v 0,01mol kh NO (phn ng khng to NH
4
NO
3
). Gi tr ca m l
02. Cho mt lung CO i qua ng s ng 0,04 mol hn hp A gm FeO v Fe
2
O
3
t nng. Sau khi
kt thc th nghim thu c cht rn B gm 4 cht nng 4,784 gam. Kh i ra khi ng s hp th
vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d, th thu c 4,6 gam kt ta. Phn trm khi lng FeO trong hn
hp A l
A. 68,03%. B. 13,03%. C. 31,03%. D. 68,97%.
03. Mt hn hp gm hai bt kim loi Mg v Al c chia thnh hai phn bng nhau:
Phn 1: cho tc dng vi HCl d thu c 3,36 lt H
2
.
Phn 2: ho tan ht trong HNO
3
long d thu c V lt mt kh khng mu, ho nu trong
khng kh (cc th tch kh u o ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,24 lt. B. 3,36 lt. C. 4,48 lt. D. 5,6 lt.
04. Dung dch X gm AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
c cng nng . Ly mt lng hn hp gm 0,03 mol Al;
0,05 mol Fe cho vo 100 ml dung dch X cho ti kh phn ng kt thc thu c cht rn Y cha 3
kim loi.Cho Y vo HCl d gii phng 0,07 gam kh. Nng ca hai mui l
A. 0,3M. B. 0,4M. C. 0,42M. D. 0,45M.
05. Cho 1,35 gam hn hp Cu, Mg, Al tc dng vi HNO
3
d c 896 ml hn hp gm NO v NO
2
c
M 42 = . Tnh tng khi lng mui nitrat sinh ra (kh ktc).
06. Ha tan ht 4,43 gam hn hp Al v Mg trong HNO
3
long thu c dung dch A v 1,568 lt
(ktc) hn hp hai kh (u khng mu) c khi lng 2,59 gam trong c mt kh b ha thnh
mu nu trong khng kh. Tnh s mol HNO
3
phn ng.
A. 0,51 mol. B. A. 0,45 mol. C. 0,55 mol. D. 0,49 mol.
07. Ha tan hon ton m gam hn hp gm ba kim loi bng dung dch HNO
3
thu c 1,12 lt hn hp
kh D (ktc) gm NO
2
v NO. T khi hi ca D so vi hiro bng 18,2. Tnh th tch ti thiu dung
dch HNO
3
37,8% (d = 1,242g/ml) cn dng.
A. 20,18 ml. B. 11,12 ml. C. 21,47 ml. D. 36,7 ml.
08. Ha tan 6,25 gam hn hp Zn v Al vo 275 ml dung dch HNO
3
thu c dung dch A, cht rn B
gm cc kim loi cha tan ht cn nng 2,516 gam v 1,12 lt hn hp kh D ( ktc) gm NO v
NO
2
. T khi ca hn hp D so vi H
2
l 16,75. Tnh nng mol/l ca HNO
3
v tnh khi lng
mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch sau phn ng.
A. 0,65M v 11,794 gam. B. 0,65M v 12,35 gam.
C. 0,75M v 11,794 gam. D. 0,55M v 12.35 gam.
09. t chy 5,6 gam bt Fe trong bnh ng O
2
thu c 7,36 gam hn hp A gm Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
v
Fe. Ha tan hon ton lng hn hp A bng dung dch HNO
3
thu c V lt hn hp kh B gm
NO v NO
2
. T khi ca B so vi H
2
bng 19. Th tch V ktc l
A. 672 ml. B. 336 ml. C. 448 ml. D. 896 ml.
10. Cho a gam hn hp A gm oxit FeO, CuO, Fe
2
O
3
c s mol bng nhau tc dng hon ton vi lng
va l 250 ml dung dch HNO
3
khi un nng nh, thu c dung dch B v 3,136 lt (ktc) hn hp
kh C gm NO
2
v NO c t khi so vi hiro l 20,143. Tnh a.
p n cc bi tp vn dng
1. B 2. B 3. A 4. B 5. C
6. D 7. C 8. A 9. D 10. A
Phng php 4
S DNG PHNG TRNH ION - ELETRON
lm tt cc bi ton bng phng php ion iu u tin cc bn phi nm chc phng trnh
phn ng di dng cc phn t t suy ra cc phng trnh ion, i khi c mt s bi tp khng
th gii theo cc phng trnh phn t c m phi gii da theo phng trnh ion. Vic gii bi
ton ha hc bng phng php ion gip chng ta hiu k hn v bn cht ca cc phng trnh ha
hc. T mt phng trnh ion c th ng vi rt nhiu phng trnh phn t. V d phn ng gia
hn hp dung dch axit vi dung dch baz u c chung mt phng trnh ion l
H
+
+ OH
H
2
O
hoc phn ng ca Cu kim loi vi hn hp dung dch NaNO
3
v dung dch H
2
SO
4
l
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO
|
+ 4H
2
O...
Sau y l mt s v d:
V d 1: Hn hp X gm (Fe, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, FeO) vi s mol mi cht l 0,1 mol, ha tan ht vo
dung dch Y gm (HCl v H
2
SO
4
long) d thu c dung dch Z. Nh t t dung dch
Cu(NO
3
)
2
1M vo dung dch Z cho ti khi ngng thot kh NO. Th tch dung dch
Cu(NO
3
)
2
cn dng v th tch kh thot ra ktc thuc phng n no?
A. 25 ml; 1,12 lt. B. 0,5 lt; 22,4 lt.
C. 50 ml; 2,24 lt. D. 50 ml; 1,12 lt.
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp 0,1 mol Fe
2
O
3
v 0,1 mol FeO thnh 0,1 mol Fe
3
O
4
.
Hn hp X gm: (Fe
3
O
4
0,2 mol; Fe 0,1 mol) tc dng vi dung dch Y
Fe
3
O
4
+ 8H
+
Fe
2+
+ 2Fe
3+
+ 4H
2
O
0,2 0,2 0,4 mol
Fe + 2H
+
Fe
2+
+ H
2
|

0,1 0,1 mol
Dung dch Z: (Fe
2+
: 0,3 mol; Fe
3+
: 0,4 mol) + Cu(NO
3
)
2
:
3Fe
2+
+ NO
3
+ 4H
+
3Fe
3+
+ NO
|
+ 2H
2
O
0,3 0,1 0,1 mol
V
NO
= 0,122,4 = 2,24 lt.

3 2
3
Cu( NO )
NO
1
n n 0,05
2

= = mol

3 2
dd Cu( NO )
0,05
V 0,05
1
= = lt (hay 50 ml). (p n C)
V d 2: Ha tan 0,1 mol Cu kim loi trong 120 ml dung dch X gm HNO
3
1M v H
2
SO
4
0,5M. Sau
khi phn ng kt thc thu c V lt kh NO duy nht (ktc).
Gi tr ca V l
A. 1,344 lt. B. 1,49 lt. C. 0,672 lt. D. 1,12 lt.
Hng dn gii

3
HNO
n 0,12 = mol ;
2 4
H SO
n 0,06 = mol
Tng:
H
n 0,24
+
= mol v
3
NO
n 0,12
= mol.
Phng trnh ion:
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO
|
+ 4H
2
O
Ban u: 0,1 0,24 0,12 mol
Phn ng: 0,09 0,24 0,06 0,06 mol
Sau phn ng: 0,01 (d) (ht) 0,06 (d)
V
NO
= 0,0622,4 = 1,344 lt. (p n A)
V d 3: Dung dch X cha dung dch NaOH 0,2M v dung dch Ca(OH)
2
0,1M. Sc 7,84 lt kh CO
2

(ktc) vo 1 lt dung dch X th lng kt ta thu c l
Hng dn gii

2
CO
n = 0,35 mol ; n
NaOH
= 0,2 mol;
2
Ca(OH)
n = 0,1 mol.
Tng:
OH
n

= 0,2 + 0,12 = 0,4 mol v
2
Ca
n
+
= 0,1 mol.
Phng trnh ion rt gn:
CO
2
+ 2OH
CO
3
2
+ H
2
O
0,35 0,4
0,2 0,4 0,2 mol

2
CO ( )
n
d
= 0,35 0,2 = 0,15 mol
tip tc xy ra phn ng:
CO
3
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O 2HCO
3

Ban u: 0,2 0,15 mol
Phn ng: 0,15 0,15 mol

2
3
CO
n

cn li bng 0,15 mol

3
CaCO
n
+
= 0,05 mol

3
CaCO
m = 0,05100 = 5 gam. (p n B)
V d 4: Ha tan ht hn hp gm mt kim loi kim v mt kim loi kim th trong nc c dung
dch A v c 1,12 lt H
2
bay ra ( ktc). Cho dung dch cha 0,03 mol AlCl
3
vo dung dch A.
khi lng kt ta thu c l
Hng dn gii
Phn ng ca kim loi kim v kim loi kim th vi H
2
O:
M + nH
2
O M(OH)
n
+
2
n
H
2

T phng trnh ta c:

2
H
OH
n 2n
= = 0,1mol.
Dung dch A tc dng vi 0,03 mol dung dch AlCl
3
:
Al
3+
+ 3OH
Al(OH)
3+

Ban u: 0,03 0,1 mol
Phn ng: 0,03 0,09 0,03 mol

OH ( )
n
d
= 0,01mol
tip tc ha tan kt ta theo phng trnh:
Al(OH)
3
+ OH
AlO
2
+ 2H
2
O
0,01 0,01 mol
Vy:
3
Al(OH)
m = 780,02 = 1,56 gam. (p n B)
V d 5: Dung dch A cha 0,01 mol Fe(NO
3
)
3
v 0,15 mol HCl c kh nng ha tan ti a bao nhiu
gam Cu kim loi? (Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht)
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh ion:
Cu + 2Fe
3+
2Fe
2+
+ Cu
2+

0,005 0,01 mol
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO
|
+ 4H
2
O
Ban u: 0,15 0,03 mol H
+
d
Phn ng: 0,045 0,12 0,03 mol
m
Cu ti a
= (0,045 + 0,005) 64 = 3,2 gam. (p n C)
V d 6: Cho hn hp gm NaCl v NaBr tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
d thu c kt ta c khi
lng ng bng khi lng AgNO
3
phn ng. Tnh phn trm khi lng NaCl trong
hn hp u.
A. 23,3% B. 27,84%. C. 43,23%. D. 31,3%.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh ion:
Ag
+
+ Cl
AgCl
+

Ag
+
+ Br
AgBr
+

t: n
NaCl
= x mol ; n
NaBr
= y mol
m
AgCl
+ m
AgBr
=
3( )
AgNO
m
p.

3
Cl Br NO
m m m

+ =
35,5x + 80y = 62(x + y)
x : y = 36 : 53
Chn x = 36, y = 53
NaCl
58,5 36 100
%m
58,5 36 103 53

=
+
= 27,84%. (p n B)
V d 7: Trn 100 ml dung dch A (gm KHCO
3
1M v K
2
CO
3
1M) vo 100 ml dung dch B (gm
NaHCO
3
1M v Na
2
CO
3
1M) thu c dung dch C.
Nh t t 100 ml dung dch D (gm H
2
SO
4
1M v HCl 1M) vo dung dch C thu c V lt
CO
2
(ktc) v dung dch E. Cho dung dch Ba(OH)
2
ti d vo dung dch E th thu c m
gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m v V ln lt l
A. 82,4 gam v 2,24 lt. B. 4,3 gam v 1,12 lt.
C. 43 gam v 2,24 lt. D. 3,4 gam v 5,6 lt.
Hng dn gii
Dung dch C cha: HCO
3
: 0,2 mol ; CO
3
2
: 0,2 mol.
Dung dch D c tng:
H
n
+
= 0,3 mol.
Nh t t dung dch C v dung dch D:
CO
3
2
+ H
+
HCO
3

0,2 0,2 0,2 mol
HCO
3
+ H
+
H
2
O + CO
2

Ban u: 0,4 0,1 mol
Phn ng: 0,1 0,1 0,1 mol

D: 0,3 mol
Tip tc cho dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d vo dung dch E:
Ba
2+
+ HCO
3
+ OH
BaCO
3+
+ H
2
O
0,3 0,3 mol
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2
BaSO
4

0,1 0,1 mol

2
CO
V = 0,122,4 = 2,24 lt.
Tng khi lng kt ta:
m = 0,3197 + 0,1233 = 82,4 gam. (p n A)
V d 8: Ha tan hon ton 7,74 gam mt hn hp gm Mg, Al bng 500 ml dung dch gm H
2
SO
4

0,28M v HCl 1M thu c 8,736 lt H
2
(ktc) v dung dch X.
Thm V lt dung dch cha ng thi NaOH 1M v Ba(OH)
2
0,5M vo dung dch X thu
c lng kt ta ln nht.
a) S gam mui thu c trong dung dch X l
A. 38,93 gam. B. 38,95 gam.
C. 38,97 gam. D. 38,91 gam.
b) Th tch V l
A. 0,39 lt. B. 0,4 lt.
C. 0,41 lt. D. 0,42 lt.
c) Lng kt ta l
A. 54,02 gam. B. 53,98 gam.
C. 53,62 gam.D. 53,94 gam.
Hng dn gii
a) Xc nh khi lng mui thu c trong dung dch X:

2 4
H SO
n = 0,280,5 = 0,14 mol

2
4
SO
n

= 0,14 mol v
H
n
+
= 0,28 mol.
n
HCl
= 0,5 mol

H
n
+
= 0,5 mol v
Cl
n

= 0,5 mol.
Vy tng
H
n
+
= 0,28 + 0,5 = 0,78 mol.
M
2
H
n = 0,39 mol. Theo phng trnh ion rt gn:
Mg
0
+ 2H
+
Mg
2+
+ H
2
|
(1)
Al + 3H
+
Al
3+
+
3
2
H
2
|
(2)
Ta thy
2
H
H ( p)
n 2n
+
= H
+
ht.
m
hh mui
= m
hh k.loi
+
2
4
SO Cl
m m

+
= 7,74 + 0,1496 + 0,535,5 = 38,93gam. (p n A)
b) Xc nh th tch V:

2
NaOH
Ba(OH)
n 1V mol
n 0, 5V mol
=
`
=

)

Tng
OH
n

= 2V mol v
2
Ba
n
+
= 0,5V mol.
Phng trnh to kt ta:
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2
BaSO
4+
(3)
0,5V mol 0,14 mol
Mg
2+
+ 2OH
Mg(OH)
2+
(4)
Al
3+
+ 3OH
Al(OH)
3+
(5)
kt ta t ln nht th s mol OH
kt ta ht cc ion Mg
2+
v Al
3+
. Theo cc phng trnh
phn ng (1), (2), (4), (5) ta c:

H
n
+
=
OH
n

= 0,78 mol
2V = 0,78 V = 0,39 lt. (p n A)
c) Xc nh lng kt ta:

2
Ba
n
+
= 0,5V = 0,50,39 = 0,195 mol > 0,14 mol Ba
2+
d.

4
BaSO
m = 0,14233 = 32,62 gam.
Vy m
kt ta
=
4
BaSO
m + m
2 k.loi
+
OH
m

= 32,62 + 7,74 + 0,78 17 = 53,62 gam. (p n C)
V d 9: (Cu 40 - M 182 - TS i Hc - Khi A 2007)
Cho m gam hn hp Mg, Al vo 250 ml dung dch X cha hn hp axit HCl 1M v axit
H
2
SO
4
0,5M, thu c 5,32 lt H
2
( ktc) v dung dch Y (coi th tch dung dch khng
i). Dung dch Y c pH l
A. 1. B. 6. C. 7. D. 2.
Hng dn gii
n
HCl
= 0,25 mol ;
2 4
H SO
n = 0,125.
Tng:
H
n
+
= 0,5 mol ;

2
H ( )
n
to thnh
= 0,2375 mol.
Bit rng: c 2 mol ion H
+
1 mol H
2

vy 0,475 mol H
+
0,2375 mol H
2

H ( )
n
d
+
= 0,5 0,475 = 0,025 mol

0,025
H
0,25
+
( =

= 0,1 = 10
1
M pH = 1. (p n A)
V d 10: (Cu 40 - M 285 - Khi B - TSH 2007)
Thc hin hai th nghim:
1) Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch HNO
3
1M thot ra V
1
lt NO.
2) Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch cha HNO
3
1M v H
2
SO
4
0,5 M thot
ra V
2
lt NO.
Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht, cc th tch kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia V
1

v V
2
l
A. V
2
= V
1
. B. V
2
= 2V
1
. C. V
2
= 2,5V
1
. D. V
2
= 1,5V
1
.
Hng dn gii
TN1:
3
Cu
HNO
3,84
n 0,06 mol
64
n 0,08 mol
= =

3
H
NO
n 0,08 mol
n 0,08 mol
+

3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO
|
+ 4H
2
O
Ban u: 0,06 0,08 0,08 mol H
+
phn ng ht
Phn ng: 0,03 0,08 0,02 0,02 mol
V
1
tng ng vi 0,02 mol NO.
TN2: n
Cu
= 0,06 mol ;
3
HNO
n = 0,08 mol ;
2 4
H SO
n = 0,04 mol.
Tng:
H
n
+
= 0,16 mol ;

3
NO
n

= 0,08 mol.
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO
|
+ 4H
2
O
Ban u: 0,06 0,16 0,08 mol Cu v H
+
phn ng ht
Phn ng: 0,06 0,16 0,04 0,04 mol
V
2
Nh vy V
2
= 2V
1
. (p n B)
V d 11: (Cu 33 - M 285 - Khi B - TSH 2007)
Trn 100 ml dung dch (gm Ba(OH)
2
0,1M v NaOH 0,1M) vi 400 ml dung dch (gm
H
2
SO
4
0,0375M v HCl 0,0125M), thu c dung dch X. Gi tr pH ca dung dch X l
A. 7. B. 2. C. 1. D. 6.
Hng dn gii

2
Ba(OH)
NaOH
n 0,01 mol
n 0,01 mol
=

`
=
)
Tng
OH
n

= 0,03 mol.

2 4
H SO
HCl
n 0,015 mol
n 0,005 mol
=

`
=
)
Tng
H
n
+
= 0,035 mol.
Khi trn hn hp dung dch baz vi hn hp dung dch axit ta c phng trnh ion rt gn:
H
+
+ OH
H
2
O
Bt u 0,035 0,03 mol
Phn ng: 0,03 0,03
Sau phn ng:
H ( )
n
d
+
= 0,035 0,03 = 0,005 mol.
Tng: V
dd (sau trn)
= 500 ml (0,5 lt).

0,005
H
0,5
+
( =

= 0,01 = 10
2
pH = 2. (p n B)
V d 12: (Cu 18 - M 231 - TS Cao ng - Khi A 2007)
Cho mt mu hp kim NaBa tc dng vi nc (d), thu c dung dch X v 3,36 lt H
2

( ktc). Th tch dung dch axit H
2
SO
4
2M cn dng trung ho dung dch X l
A. 150 ml. B. 75 ml. C. 60 ml. D. 30 ml.
Hng dn gii
Na + H
2
O NaOH +
1
2
H
2

Ba + 2H
2
O Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2

2
H
n = 0,15 mol, theo phng trnh tng s
2
2
H
OH (d X)
n 2n
= = 0,3 mol.
Phng trnh ion rt gn ca dung dch axit vi dung dch baz l
H
+
+ OH
H
2
O

H
n
+
=
OH
n

= 0,3 mol
2 4
H SO
n = 0,15 mol

2 4
H SO
0,15
V
2
= = 0,075 lt (75 ml). (p n B)
V d 13: Ha tan hn hp X gm hai kim loi A v B trong dung dch HNO
3
long. Kt thc phn
ng thu c hn hp kh Y (gm 0,1 mol NO, 0,15 mol NO
2
v 0,05 mol N
2
O). Bit rng
khng c phn ng to mui NH
4
NO
3
. S mol HNO
3
phn ng l:
Hng dn gii
Ta c bn phn ng:
NO
3
+ 2H
+
+ 1e NO
2
+ H
2
O (1)
2 0,15 0,15
NO
3
+ 4H
+
+ 3e NO + 2H
2
O (2)
4 0,1 0,1
2NO
3
+ 10H
+
+ 8e N
2
O + 5H
2
O (3)
10 0,05 0,05
T (1), (2), (3) nhn c:

3
HNO
H
n n
p
+
=
= 2 0,15 4 0,1 10 0,05 + + = 1,2 mol. (p n D)

V d 14: Cho 12,9 gam hn hp Al v Mg phn ng vi dung dch hn hp hai axit HNO
3
v H
2
SO
4

(c nng) thu c 0,1 mol mi kh SO
2
, NO, NO
2
. C cn dung dch sau phn ng khi
lng mui khan thu c l:
Hng dn gii
Ta c bn phn ng:
2NO
3
+ 2H
+
+ 1e NO
2
+ H
2
O + NO
3
(1)
0,1 0,1
4NO
3
+ 4H
+
+ 3e NO + 2H
2
O + 3NO
3
(2)
0,1 3 0,1
2SO
4
2
+ 4H
+
+ 2e SO
2
+ H
2
O + SO
4
2
(3)
0,1 0,1
T (1), (2), (3) s mol NO
3
to mui bng 0,1 + 3 0,1 = 0,4 mol;

s mol SO
4
2
to mui bng 0,1 mol.
m
mui
= m
k.loi
+
3
NO
m

+
2
4
SO
m

= 12,9 + 62 0,4 + 96 0,1 = 47,3. (p n C)
V d 15: Ha tan 10,71 gam hn hp gm Al, Zn, Fe trong 4 lt dung dch HNO
3
aM va thu
c dung dch A v 1,792 lt hn hp kh gm N
2
v N
2
O c t l mol 1:1. C cn dung
dch A thu c m (gam.) mui khan. gi tr ca m, a l:
A. 55,35 gam. v 2,2M B. 55,35 gam. v 0,22M
C. 53,55 gam. v 2,2M D. 53,55 gam. v 0,22M
Hng dn gii

2 2
N O N
1,792
n n 0,04
2 22,4
= = =
mol.
Ta c bn phn ng:
2NO
3
+ 12H
+
+ 10e N
2
+ 6H
2
O
0,08 0,48 0,04
2NO
3
+ 10H
+
+ 8e N
2
O + 5H
2
O
0,08 0,4 0,04

3
HNO
H
n n 0,88
+
= = mol.

0,88
a 0,22
4
= = M.
S mol NO
3
to mui bng 0,88 (0,08 + 0,08) = 0,72 mol.

Khi lng mui bng 10,71 + 0,72 62 = 55,35 gam. (p n B)
V d 16: Ha tan 5,95 gam hn hp Zn, Al c t l mol l 1:2 bng dung dch HNO
3
long d thu
c 0,896 lt mt sn shm kh X duy nht cha nit. X l:
A. N
2
O B. N
2
C. NO D. NH
4
+

Hng dn gii
Ta c: n
Zn
= 0,05 mol; n
Al
= 0,1 mol.
Gi a l s mol ca N
x
O
y
, ta c:
Zn Zn
2+
+ 2e Al Al
3+
+ 3e
0,05 0,1 0,1 0,3
xNO
3
+ (6x 2y)H
+
+ (5x 2y)e N
x
O
y
+ (3x 2y)H
2
O
0,04(5x 2y) 0,04
0,04(5x 2y) = 0,4 5x 2y = 10
Vy X l N
2
. (p n B)
V d 17: Cho hn hp gm 0,15 mol CuFeS
2
v 0,09 mol Cu
2
FeS
2
tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
d
thu c dung dch X v hn hp kh Y gm NO v NO
2.
Thm BaCl
2
d vo dung dch X
thu c m gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu thm Ba(OH)
2
d vo dung dch X, ly kt ta
nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c a gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m v
a l:
A. 111,84g v 157,44g B. 111,84g v 167,44g
C. 112,84g v 157,44g A. 112,84g v 167,44g
Hng dn gii
Ta c bn phn ng:
CuFeS
2
+ 8H
2
O 17e Cu
2+
+ Fe
3+
+ 2SO
4
2
+ 16
+

0,15 0,15 0,15 0,3
Cu
2
FeS
2
+ 8H
2
O 19e 2Cu
2+
+ Fe
3+
+ 2SO
4
2
+ 16
+

0,09 0,18 0,09 0,18

2
4
SO
n 0, 48
= mol;
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2
BaSO
4

0,48 0,48
m = 0,48 233 = 111,84 gam.
n
Cu
= 0,33 mol; n
Fe
= 0,24 mol.
Cu CuO 2Fe Fe
2
O
3

0,33 0,33 0,24 0,12
a = 0,33 80 + 0,12 160 + 111,84 = 157,44 gam. (p n A).
V d 18: Ha tan 4,76 gam hn hp Zn, Al c t l mol 1:2 trong 400ml dung dch HNO
3
1M va
, dc dung dch X cha m gam mui khan v thy c kh thot ra. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 25.8 gam. B. 26,9 gam. C. 27,8 gam. D. 28,8 gam.
Hng dn gii
n
Zn
= 0,04 mol; n
Al
= 0,08 mol.
Do phn ng khng to kh nn trong dung dch to NH
4
NO
3
. Trong dung dch c:
0,04 mol Zn(NO
3
)
2
v 0,08 mol Al(NO
3
)
3
Vy s mol NO
3
cn li to NH
4
NO
3
l:
0,4 0,04 2 0,08 3 = 0,08 mol
Do trong dung dch to 0,04 mol NH
4
NO
3

m = 0,04 189 + 0,08 213 + 0,04 80 = 27,8 gam. (p n C)

Phng php 5
S DNG CC GI TR TRUNG BNH
y l mt trong mt s phng php hin i nht cho php gii nhanh chng v n gin nhiu
bi ton ha hc v hn hp cc cht rn, lng cng nh kh.
Nguyn tc ca phng php nh sau: Khi lng phn t trung bnh (KLPTTB) (k hiu M)
cng nh khi lng nguyn t trung bnh (KLNTTB) chnh l khi lng ca mt mol hn hp, nn
n c tnh theo cng thc:
M =
tng khi lng hn hp (tnh theo gam)
tng s mol cc cht trong hn hp
.

i i
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3 i
M n
M n M n M n ...
M
n n n ... n
+ + +
= =
+ + +

(1)
trong M
1
, M
2
,... l KLPT (hoc KLNT) ca cc cht trong hn hp; n
1
, n
2
,... l s mol tng ng
ca cc cht.
Cng thc (1) c th vit thnh:

1 2 3
1 2 3
i i i
n n n
M M . M . M . ...
n n n
= + + +

1 1 2 2 3 3
M M x M x M x ... = + + + (2)
trong x
1
, x
2
,... l % s mol tng ng (cng chnh l % khi lng) ca cc cht. c bit i vi
cht kh th x
1
, x
2
, ... cng chnh l % th tch nn cng thc (2) c th vit thnh:

i i
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3 i
M V
M V M V M V ...
M
V V V ... V
+ + +
= =
+ + +

(3)
trong V
1
, V
2
,... l th tch ca cc cht kh. Nu hn hp ch c 2 cht th cc cng thc (1), (2), (3)
tng ng tr thnh (1), (2), (3) nh sau:

1 1 2 1
M n M (n n )
M
n
+
= (1)
trong n l tng s s mol ca cc cht trong hn hp,

1 1 2 1
M M x M (1 x ) = + (2)
trong con s 1 ng vi 100% v

1 1 2 1
M V M (V V )
M
V
+
= (3)
trong V
1
l th tch kh th nht v V l tng th tch hn hp.
T cng thc tnh KLPTTB ta suy ra cc cng thc tnh KLNTTB.
Vi cc cng thc:

x y z 1
x y z 2
C H O ; n mol
C H O ; n mol
' ' '

ta c:
Nguyn t cacbon trung bnh:

1 1 2 2
1 2
x n x n ...
x
n n ...
+ +
=
+ +

Nguyn t hiro trung bnh:

1 1 2 2
1 2
y n y n ...
y
n n ...
+ +
=
+ +

v i khi tnh c c s lin kt t, s nhm chc trung bnh theo cng thc trn.
V d 1: Ha tan hon ton 2,84 gam hn hp hai mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi phn nhm II
A
v
thuc hai chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon bng dung dch HCl ta thu c dung dch X
v 672 ml CO
2
( ktc).
1. Hy xc nh tn cc kim loi.
A. Be, Mg. B. Mg, Ca. C. Ca, Ba. D. Ca, Sr.
2. C cn dung dch X th thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
A. 2 gam. B. 2,54 gam. C. 3,17 gam. D. 2,95 gam.
Hng dn gii
1. Gi A, B l cc kim loi cn tm. Cc phng trnh phn ng l
ACO
3
+ 2HCl ACl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
|
(1)
BCO
3
+ 2HCl BCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
|
(2)
(C th gi M l kim loi i din cho 2 kim loi A, B lc ch cn vit
mt phng trnh phn ng).
Theo cc phn ng (1), (2) tng s mol cc mui cacbonat bng:

2
CO
0,672
n 0,03
22,4
= = mol.
Vy KLPTTB ca cc mui cacbonat l

2,84
M 94,67
0,03
= = v A,B M 94,67 60 34,67 = =
V thuc 2 chu k lin tip nn hai kim loi l Mg (M = 24) v Ca (M = 40). (p n B)
2. KLPTTB ca cc mui clorua:
M 34,67 71 105,67 = + =
mui clorua
.
Khi lng mui clorua khan l 105,670,03 = 3,17 gam. (p n C)
V d 2: Trong t nhin, ng (Cu) tn ti di hai dng ng v
63
29
Cu v
65
29
Cu . KLNT (xp x khi
lng trung bnh) ca Cu l 63,55. Tnh % v khi lng ca mi loi ng v.
A.
65
Cu: 27,5% ;
63
Cu: 72,5%.
B.
65
Cu: 70% ;
63
Cu: 30%.
C.
65
Cu: 72,5% ;
63
Cu: 27,5%.
D.
65
Cu: 30% ;
63
Cu: 70%.
Hng dn gii
Gi x l % ca ng v
65
29
Cu ta c phng trnh:
M = 63,55 = 65.x + 63(1 x)
x = 0,275
Vy: ng v
65
Cu chim 27,5% v ng v
63
Cu chim 72,5%. (p n C)
V d 3: Hn hp kh SO
2
v O
2
c t khi so vi CH
4
bng 3. Cn thm bao nhiu lt O
2
vo 20 lt
hn hp kh cho t khi so vi CH
4
gim i 1/6, tc bng 2,5. Cc hn hp kh cng
iu kin nhit v p sut.
A. 10 lt. B. 20 lt. C. 30 lt. D. 40 lt.
Hng dn gii
Cch 1: Gi x l % th tch ca SO
2
trong hn hp ban u, ta c:
M = 163 = 48 = 64.x + 32(1 x)
x = 0,5
Vy: mi kh chim 50%. Nh vy trong 20 lt, mi kh chim 10 lt.
Gi V l s lt O
2
cn thm vo, ta c:

64 10 32(10 V)
M 2,5 16 40
20 V
+ +
' = = =
+
.
Gii ra c V = 20 lt. (p n B)
Cch 2:
Ghi ch: C th coi hn hp kh nh mt kh c KLPT chnh bng KLPT trung bnh ca hn
hp, v d, c th xem khng kh nh mt kh vi KLPT l 29.
Hn hp kh ban u coi nh kh th nht (20 lt c M = 163 = 48), cn O
2
thm vo coi nh
kh th hai, ta c phng trnh:

48 20 32V
M 2,5 16 40
20 V
+
= = =
+
,
Rt ra V = 20 lt. (p n B)
V d 4: C 100 gam dung dch 23% ca mt axit n chc (dung dch A). Thm 30 gam mt axit
ng ng lin tip vo dung dch ta c dung dch B. Trung ha 1/10 dung dch B bng
500 ml dung dch NaOH 0,2M (va ) ta c dung dch C.
1. Hy xc nh CTPT ca cc axit.
A. HCOOH v CH
3
COOH.
B. CH
3
COOH v C
2
H
5
COOH.
C. C
2
H
5
COOH v C
3
H
7
COOH.
D. C
3
H
7
COOH v C
4
H
9
COOH.
2. C cn dung dch C th thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
Hng dn gii
1. Theo phng php KLPTTB:

RCOOH
1 23
m 2,3
10 10
= = gam,

2
RCH COOH
1 30
m 3
10 10
= = gam.

2,3 3
M 53
0,1
+
= = .
Axit duy nht c KLPT < 53 l HCOOH (M = 46) v axit ng ng lin tip phi l CH
3
COOH
(M = 60). (p n A)
2. Theo phng php KLPTTB:
V M
axit
= 53 nn M = 53+23 1 75 =
mui
. V s mol mui bng s mol axit bng 0,1 nn tng
khi lng mui bng 750,1 = 7,5 gam. (p n B)
V d 5: C V lt kh A gm H
2
v hai olefin l ng ng lin tip, trong H
2
chim 60% v th
tch. Dn hn hp A qua bt Ni nung nng c hn hp kh B. t chy hon ton kh B
c 19,8 gam CO
2
v 13,5 gam H
2
O. Cng thc ca hai olefin l
A. C
2
H
4
v C
3
H
6
. B. C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
8
.
C. C
4
H
8
v C
5
H
10
. D. C
5
H
10
v C
6
H
12
.
Hng dn gii
t CTTB ca hai olefin l
n 2n
C H .
cng iu kin nhit v p sut th th tch t l vi s mol kh.
Hn hp kh A c:

n 2n
2
C H
H
n
0,4 2
n 0,6 3
= = .
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng v nh lut bo ton nguyn t t chy hn hp
kh B cng chnh l t chy hn hp kh A. Ta c:

n 2n
C H +
2
3n
O
2
n CO
2
+ n H
2
O (1)
2H
2
+ O
2
2H
2
O (2)
Theo phng trnh (1) ta c:

2 2
CO H O
n n = = 0,45 mol.

n 2n
C H
0,45
n
n
= mol.
Tng:
2
H O
13,5
n
18
= = 0,75 mol

2
H O ( pt 2)
n = 0,75 0,45 = 0,3 mol

2
H
n = 0,3 mol.
Ta c:
n 2n
2
C H
H
n
0,45 2
n 0,3 n 3
= =

n = 2,25
Hai olefin ng ng lin tip l C
2
H
4
v C
3
H
6
. (p n B)
V d 6: t chy hon ton a gam hn hp hai ru no, n chc lin tip trong dy ng ng thu
c 3,584 lt CO
2
ktc v 3,96 gam H
2
O. Tnh a v xc nh CTPT ca cc ru.
A. 3,32 gam ; CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH.
B. 4,32 gam ; C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH.
C. 2,32 gam ; C
3
H
7
OH v C
4
H
9
OH.
D. 3,32 gam ; C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH.
Hng dn gii
Gi n l s nguyn t C trung bnh v x l tng s mol ca hai ru.
C
n
H
2n+1
OH +
2
3n
O
2

2
nCO
|
+
2
(n 1) H O +
x mol n x mol (n 1) + x mol

2
CO
3,584
n n.x 0,16
22, 4
= = = mol (1)

2
H O
3,96
n (n 1)x 0, 22
18
= + = = mol (2)
T (1) v (2) gii ra x = 0,06 v n = 2,67.
Ta c: a = (14n + 18).x = (142,67) + 180,06 = 3,32 gam.
n = 2,67
2 5
3 7
C H OH
C H OH
(p n D)
V d 7: Hn hp 3 ru n chc A, B, C c tng s mol l 0,08 v khi lng l 3,38 gam. Xc
nh CTPT ca ru B, bit rng B v C c cng s nguyn t cacbon v s mol ru A
bng 5 3 tng s mol ca ru B v C, M
B
> M
C
.
A. CH
3
OH. B. C
2
H
5
OH. C. C
3
H
7
OH. D. C
4
H
9
OH.
Hng dn gii
Gi M l nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ba ru A, B, C. Ta c:

3,38
M 42, 2
0,08
= =
Nh vy phi c t nht mt ru c M < 42,25. Ch c CH
3
OH c (M = 32)
Ta c:
A
0,08 5
n 0,05
5 3
= =
+
;
m
A
= 320,05 = 1,6 gam.
m
B + C
= 3,38 1,6 = 1,78 gam;

B C
0,08 3
n 0,03
5 3
+

= =
+
mol ;

B C
1,78
M 59,33
0.03
+
= = .
Gi y l s nguyn t H trung bnh trong phn t hai ru B v C. Ta c:

x y
C H OH 59,33 = hay 12x + y + 17 = 59,33
12x + y = 42,33
Bin lun:
x 1 2 3 4
y
30,33 18,33 6,33 < 0
Ch c nghim khi x = 3. B, C phi c mt ru c s nguyn t H < 6,33 v mt ru c s
nguyn t H > 6,33.
Vy ru B l C
3
H
7
OH.
C 2 cp nghim: C
3
H
5
OH (CH
2
=CHCH
2
OH) v C
3
H
7
OH
C
3
H
3
OH (CHCCH
2
OH) v C
3
H
7
OH (p n C)
V d 8: Cho 2,84 gam hn hp 2 ru n chc l ng ng lin tip nhau tc dng vi mt lng
Na va to ra 4,6 gam cht rn v V lt kh H
2
ktc. Tnh V.
A. 0,896 lt. B. 0,672 lt. C. 0,448 lt. D. 0,336 lt.
Hng dn gii
t R l gc hirocacbon trung bnh v x l tng s mol ca 2 ru.
ROH + Na RONa +
2
1
H
2

x mol x
x
2
.
Ta c:
( )
( )
R 17 x 2,84
R 39 x 4,6
+ =
+ =
Gii ra c x = 0,08.
Vy :
2
H
0,08
V 22,4 0,896
2
= = lt. (p n A)
V d 9: (Cu 1 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH nm 2007)
Cho 4,48 lt hn hp X ( ktc) gm 2 hirocacbon mch h li t t qua bnh cha 1,4 lt
dung dch Br
2
0,5M. Sau khi phn ng hon ton, s mol Br
2
gim i mt na v khi lng
bnh tng thm 6,7 gam. Cng thc phn t ca 2 hirocacbon l
A. C
2
H
2
v C
4
H
6
. B. C
2
H
2
v C
4
H
8
.
C. C
3
H
4
v C
4
H
8
. D. C
2
H
2
v C
3
H
8
.
Hng dn gii

hh X
4, 48
n 0,2
22, 4
= = mol
n 1,4 0,5 0,7
2
Br ban u
= = mol

0,7
n
2
2
Br p.ng
= = 0,35 mol.
Khi lng bnh Br
2
tng 6,7 gam l s gam ca hirocabon khng no. t CTTB ca hai
hirocacbon mch h l
n 2n 2 2a
C H
+
( a l s lin kt t trung bnh).
Phng trnh phn ng:

n 2n 2 2a
C H
+
+
2
aBr
n 2n 2 2a 2a
C H Br
+

0,2 mol 0,35 mol

0,35
a
0, 2
= = 1,75

6,7
14n 2 2a
0,2
+ = n = 2,5.
Do hai hirocacbon mch h phn ng hon ton vi dung dch Br
2
nn chng u l
hirocacbon khng no. Vy hai hirocacbon l C
2
H
2
v C
4
H
8
. (p n B)
V d 10: Tch nc hon ton t hn hp X gm 2 ancol A v B ta c hn hp Y gm cc olefin.
Nu t chy hon ton X th thu c 1,76 gam CO
2
. Khi t chy hon ton Y th tng
khi lng H
2
O v CO
2
to ra l
Hng dn gii
Hn hp X gm hai ancol A v B tch nc c olefin (Y) hai ancol l ru no, n chc.
t CTTB ca hai ancol A, B l
n 2n 1
C H OH
+
ta c cc phng trnh phn ng sau:

n 2n 1
C H OH
+
+
2
3n
O
2

2
nCO +
2
(n 1)H O +

n 2n 1
C H OH
+

2
o
H SO
170 C
4

n 2n
C H + H
2
O
(Y)

n 2n
C H +
2
3n
O
2

2
nCO +
2
n H O
Nhn xt:
Khi t chy X v t chy Y cng cho s mol CO
2
nh nhau.
t chy Y cho
2 2
CO H O
n n = .
Vy t chy Y cho tng

( )
2 2
CO H O
m m 0,04 (44 18) 2,48 + = + = gam. (p n B)
MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEP PHNG PHP TRUNG
BNH
01. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp hai axit cacboxylic l ng ng k tip thu c 3,36 lt
CO
2
(ktc) v 2,7 gam H
2
O. S mol ca mi axit ln lt l
A. 0,05 mol v 0,05 mol. B. 0,045 mol v 0,055 mol.
C. 0,04 mol v 0,06 mol. D. 0,06 mol v 0,04 mol.
02. C 3 ancol bn khng phi l ng phn ca nhau. t chy mi cht u c s mol CO
2
bng
0,75 ln s mol H
2
O. 3 ancol l
A. C
2
H
6
O; C
3
H
8
O; C
4
H
10
O. B. C
3
H
8
O; C
3
H
6
O
2
; C
4
H
10
O.
C. C
3
H
8
O; C
3
H
8
O
2
; C
3
H
8
O
3
. D. C
3
H
8
O; C
3
H
6
O; C
3
H
8
O
2
.
03. Cho axit oxalic HOOCCOOH tc dng vi hn hp hai ancol no, n chc, ng ng lin tip
thu c 5,28 gam hn hp 3 este trung tnh. Thy phn lng este trn bng dung dch NaOH
thu c 5,36 gam mui. Hai ru c cng thc
A. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH. B. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH.
C. C
3
H
7
OH v C
4
H
9
OH. D. C
4
H
9
OH v C
5
H
11
OH.
04. Nitro ha benzen c 14,1 gam hn hp hai cht nitro c khi lng phn t hn km nhau 45
vC. t chy hon ton hn hp hai cht nitro ny c 0,07 mol N
2
. Hai cht nitro l
A. C
6
H
5
NO
2
v C
6
H
4
(NO
2
)
2
.
B. C
6
H
4
(NO
2
)
2
v C
6
H
3
(NO
2
)
3
.
C. C
6
H
3
(NO
2
)
3
v C
6
H
2
(NO
2
)
4
.
D. C
6
H
2
(NO
2
)
4
v C
6
H(NO
2
)
5
.
05. Mt hn hp X gm 2 ancol thuc cng dy ng ng c khi lng 30,4 gam. Chia X thnh hai
phn bng nhau.
Phn 1: cho tc dng vi Na d, kt thc phn ng thu c 3,36 lt H
2
(ktc).
Phn 2: tch nc hon ton 180
o
C, xc tc H
2
SO
4
c thu c mt anken cho hp th vo
bnh ng dung dch Brom d thy c 32 gam Br
2
b mt mu. CTPT hai ancol trn l
A. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH. B. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH.
C. CH
3
OH v C
3
H
7
OH. D. C
2
H
5
OH v C
4
H
9
OH.
06. Chia hn hp gm 2 anehit no n chc lm hai phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: em t chy hon ton thu c 1,08 gam nc.
- Phn 2: tc dng vi H
2
d (Ni, t
o
) th thu c hn hp A. em A t chy hon ton th th
tch kh CO
2
(ktc) thu c l
A. 1,434 lt. B. 1,443 lt. C. 1,344 lt. D. 1,444 lt.
07. Tch nc hon ton t hn hp Y gm hai ru A, B ta c hn hp X gm cc olefin. Nu t
chy hon ton Y th thu c 0,66 gam CO
2
. Vy khi t chy hon ton X th tng khi lng
H
2
O v CO
2
to ra l
08. Cho 9,85 gam hn hp 2 amin n chc no bc 1 tc dng va vi dung dch HCl th thu c
18,975 gam mui. Vy khi lng HCl phi dng l
09. Cho 4,2 gam hn hp gm ru etylic, phenol, axit fomic tc dng va vi Na thy thot ra
0,672 lt kh (ktc) v mt dung dch. C cn dung dch thu c hn hp X. Khi lng ca X l
10. Hn hp X gm 2 este A, B ng phn vi nhau v u c to thnh t axit n chc v ru
n chc. Cho 2,2 gam hn hp X bay hi 136,5
o
C v 1 atm th thu c 840 ml hi este. Mt
khc em thu phn hon ton 26,4 gam hn hp X bng 100 ml dung dch NaOH 20% (d = 1,2
g/ml) ri em c cn th thu c 33,8 gam cht rn khan. Vy cng thc phn t ca este l
A. C
2
H
4
O
2
. B. C
3
H
6
O
2
. C. C
4
H
8
O
2
. D. C
5
H
10
O
2
.
p n cc bi tp trc nghim vn dng:
1. A 2. C 3. A 4. A 5. C
6. C 7. D 8. B 9. B 10. C

Phng php 6
TNG GIM KHI LNG
Nguyn tc ca phng php l xem khi chuyn t cht A thnh cht B (khng nht thit trc
tip, c th b qua nhiu giai on trung gian) khi lng tng hay gim bao nhiu gam thng tnh
theo 1 mol) v da vo khi lng thay i ta d dng tnh c s mol cht tham gia phn ng
hoc ngc li. V d trong phn ng:
MCO
3
+ 2HCl MCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
|

Ta thy rng khi chuyn 1 mol MCO
3
thnh MCl
2
th khi lng tng
(M + 235,5) (M + 60) = 11 gam
v c 1 mol CO
2
bay ra. Nh vy khi bit lng mui tng, ta c th tnh lng CO
2
bay ra.
Trong phn ng este ha:
CH
3
COOH + R'OH CH
3
COOR' + H
2
O
th t 1 mol ROH chuyn thnh 1 mol este khi lng tng
(R' + 59) (R' + 17) = 42 gam.
Nh vy nu bit khi lng ca ru v khi lng ca este ta d dng tnh c s mol ru
hoc ngc li.
Vi bi tp cho kim loi A y kim loi B ra khi dung dch mui di dng t do:
Khi lng kim loi tng bng
m
B (bm)
m
A (tan)
.
Khi lng kim loi gim bng
m
A (tan)
m
B (bm)
.
Sau y l cc v d in hnh:
V d 1: C 1 lt dung dch hn hp Na
2
CO
3
0,1 mol/l v (NH
4
)
2
CO
3
0,25 mol/l. Cho 43 gam hn
hp BaCl
2
v CaCl
2
vo dung dch . Sau khi cc phn ng kt thc ta thu c 39,7 gam
kt ta A v dung dch B.
Tnh % khi lng cc cht trong A.
A.
3
BaCO
%m = 50%,
3
CaCO
%m = 50%.
B.
3
BaCO
%m = 50,38%,
3
CaCO
%m = 49,62%.
C.
3
BaCO
%m = 49,62%,
3
CaCO
%m = 50,38%.
D. Khng xc nh c.
Hng dn gii
Trong dung dch:
Na
2
CO
3
2Na
+
+ CO
3
2

(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
2NH
4
+
+ CO
3
2

BaCl
2
Ba
2+
+ 2Cl

CaCl
2
Ca
2+
+ 2Cl

Cc phn ng:
Ba
2+
+ CO
3
2
BaCO
3+
(1)
Ca
2+
+ CO
3
2
CaCO
3+
(2)
Theo (1) v (2) c 1 mol BaCl
2
, hoc CaCl
2
bin thnh BaCO
3
hoc CaCO
3
th khi lng mui
gim (71 60) = 11 gam. Do tng s mol hai mui BaCO
3
v CaCO
3
bng:

43 39,7
11
= 0,3 mol
m tng s mol CO
3
2
= 0,1 + 0,25 = 0,35, iu chng t d CO
3
2
.
Gi x, y l s mol BaCO
3
v CaCO
3
trong A ta c:

x y 0,3
197x 100y 39,7
+ =
+ =

x = 0,1 mol ; y = 0,2 mol.
Thnh phn ca A:

3
BaCO
0,1 197
%m 100
39,7
= = 49,62%;

3
CaCO
%m = 100 49,6 = 50,38%. (p n C)
V d 2: Ho tan hon ton 23,8 gam hn hp mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr (I) v mt
mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr (II) bng dung dch HCl thy thot ra 4,48 lt kh CO
2

(ktc). C cn dung dch thu c sau phn ng th khi lng mui khan thu c l bao
nhiu?
Hng dn gii
C 1 mol mui cacbonat to thnh 1 mol mui clorua cho nn khi lng mui khan tng (71
60) = 11 gam, m

2
CO
n = n
mui cacbonat
= 0,2 mol.
Suy ra khi lng mui khan tng sau phn ng l 0,211 = 2,2 gam.
Vy tng khi lng mui khan thu c l 23,8 + 2,2 = 26 gam. (p n A)
V d 3: Cho 3,0 gam mt axit no, n chc A tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH. C cn dung
dch sau phn ng thu c 4,1 gam mui khan. CTPT ca A l
A. HCOOH B. C
3
H
7
COOH
C. CH
3
COOH D. C
2
H
5
COOH.
Hng dn gii
C 1 mol axit n chc to thnh 1 mol mui th khi lng tng (23 1) = 22 gam, m theo
u bi khi lng mui tng (4,1 3) = 1,1 gam nn s mol axit l
n
axit
=
1,1
22
= 0,05 mol. M
axit
=
3
0,05
= 60 gam.
t CTTQ ca axit no, n chc A l C
n
H
2n+1
COOH nn ta c:
14n + 46 = 60 n = 1.
Vy CTPT ca A l CH
3
COOH. (p n C)
V d 4: Cho dung dch AgNO
3
d tc dng vi dung dch hn hp c ha tan 6,25 gam hai mui
KCl v KBr thu c 10,39 gam hn hp AgCl v AgBr. Hy xc nh s mol hn hp u.
Hng dn gii
C 1 mol mui halogen to thnh 1 mol kt ta
khi lng tng: 108 39 = 69 gam;
0,06 mol khi lng tng: 10,39 6,25 = 4,14 gam.
Vy tng s mol hn hp u l 0,06 mol. (p n B)
V d 5: Nhng mt thanh graphit c ph mt lp kim loi ha tr (II) vo dung dch CuSO
4
d.
Sau phn ng khi lng ca thanh graphit gim i 0,24 gam. Cng thanh graphit ny nu
c nhng vo dung dch AgNO
3
th khi phn ng xong thy khi lng thanh graphit tng
ln 0,52 gam. Kim loi ha tr (II) l kim loi no sau y?
A. Pb. B. Cd. C. Al. D. Sn.
Hng dn gii
t kim loi ha tr (II) l M vi s gam l x (gam).
M + CuSO
4 d
MSO
4
+ Cu
C M gam kim loi tan ra th s c 64 gam Cu bm vo. Vy khi lng kim loi gim (M 64)
gam;
Vy: x (gam) =
0, 24. M
M 64
khi lng kim loi gim 0,24 gam.
Mt khc: M + 2AgNO
3
M(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag
C M gam kim loi tan ra th s c 216 gam Ag bm vo. Vy khi lng kim loi tng (216
M) gam;
Vy: x (gam) =
0,52. M
216 M
khi lng kim loi tng 0,52 gam.
Ta c:
0, 24. M
M 64
=
0,52. M
216 M
M = 112 (kim loi Cd). (p n B)
V d 6: Ho tan hon ton 104,25 gam hn hp X gm NaCl v NaI vo nc c dung dch A.
Sc kh Cl
2
d vo dung dch A. Kt thc th nghim, c cn dung dch thu c 58,5 gam
mui khan. Khi lng NaCl c trong hn hp X l
A. 29,25 gam. B. 58,5 gam.
C. 17,55 gam. D. 23,4 gam.
Hng dn gii
Kh Cl
2
d ch kh c mui NaI theo phng trnh
2NaI + Cl
2
2NaCl + I
2

C 1 mol NaI to thnh 1 mol NaCl
Khi lng mui gim 127 35,5 = 91,5 gam.
Vy: 0,5 mol Khi lng mui gim 104,25 58,5 = 45,75 gam.
m
NaI
= 1500,5 = 75 gam
m
NaCl
= 104,25 75 = 29,25 gam. (p n A)
V d 7: Ngm mt vt bng ng c khi lng 15 gam trong 340 gam dung dch AgNO
3
6%. Sau
mt thi gian ly vt ra thy khi lng AgNO
3
trong dung dch gim 25%. Khi lng ca
vt sau phn ng l
Hng dn gii

3
AgNO ( )
340 6
n =
170 100
ban u
= 0,12 mol;

3
AgNO ( )
25
n = 0,12
100
ph.ng
= 0,03 mol.
Cu + 2AgNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag
+

0,015 0,03 0,03 mol
m
vt sau phn ng
= m
vt ban u
+ m
Ag (bm)
m
Cu (tan)

= 15 + (1080,03) (640,015) = 17,28 gam.
(p n C)
V d 8: Nhng mt thanh km v mt thanh st vo cng mt dung dch CuSO
4
. Sau mt thi gian
ly hai thanh kim loi ra thy trong dung dch cn li c nng mol ZnSO
4
bng 2,5 ln
nng mol FeSO
4
. Mt khc, khi lng dung dch gim 2,2 gam.
Khi lng ng bm ln thanh km v bm ln thanh st ln lt l
A. 12,8 gam; 32 gam. B. 64 gam; 25,6 gam.
C. 32 gam; 12,8 gam. D. 25,6 gam; 64 gam.
Hng dn gii
V trong cng dung dch cn li (cng th tch) nn:
[ZnSO
4
] = 2,5 [FeSO
4
]

4 4
ZnSO FeSO
n 2,5n =
Zn + CuSO
4
ZnSO
4
+ Cu
+
(1)
2,5x 2,5x 2,5x mol
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu
+
(2)
x x x x mol
T (1), (2) nhn c gim khi lng ca dung dch l
m
Cu (bm)
m
Zn (tan)
m
Fe (tan)

2,2 = 64(2,5x + x) 652,5x 56x
x = 0,4 mol.
Vy: m
Cu (bm ln thanh km)
= 642,50,4 = 64 gam;
m
Cu (bm ln thanh st)
= 640,4 = 25,6 gam. (p n B)
V d 9: (Cu 15 - M 231 - TSC - Khi A 2007)
Cho 5,76 gam axit hu c X n chc, mch h tc dng ht vi CaCO
3
thu c 7,28 gam
mui ca axit hu c. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l
A. CH
2
=CHCOOH. B. CH
3
COOH.
C. HCCCOOH. D. CH
3
CH
2
COOH.
Hng dn gii
t CTTQ ca axit hu c X n chc l RCOOH.
2RCOOH + CaCO
3
(RCOO)
2
Ca + CO
2
|
+ H
2
O
C 2 mol axit phn ng to mui th khi lng tng (40 2) = 38 gam.
x mol axit (7,28 5,76) = 1,52 gam.
x = 0,08 mol
RCOOH
5,76
M 72
0,08
= = R = 27
Axit X: CH
2
=CHCOOH. (p n A)
V d 10: Nhng thanh km vo dung dch cha 8,32 gam CdSO
4
. Sau khi kh hon ton ion Cd
2+

khi lng thanh km tng 2,35% so vi ban u. Hi khi lng thanh km ban u.
Hng dn gii
Gi khi lng thanh km ban u l a gam th khi lng tng thm l
2,35a
100
gam.
Zn + CdSO
4
ZnSO
4
+ Cd
65 1 mol 112, tng (112 65) = 47 gam

8,32
208
(=0,04 mol)
2,35a
100
gam
Ta c t l:
1 47
2,35a
0,04
100
= a = 80 gam. (p n C)
V d 11: Nhng thanh kim loi M ho tr 2 vo dung dch CuSO
4
, sau mt thi gian ly thanh kim
loi ra thy khi lng gim 0,05%. Mt khc nhng thanh kim loi trn vo dung dch
Pb(NO
3
)
2
, sau mt thi gian thy khi lng tng 7,1%. Xc nh M, bit rng s mol
CuSO
4
v Pb(NO
3
)
2
tham gia 2 trng hp nh nhau.
A. Al. B. Zn. C. Mg. D. Fe.
Hng dn gii
Gi m l khi lng thanh kim loi, M l nguyn t khi ca kim loi, x l s mol mui phn
ng.
M + CuSO
4
MSO
4
+ Cu+
M (gam) 1 mol 64 gam, gim (M 64)gam.
x mol gim
0,05. m
100
gam.
x =
0,05.m
100
M 64
(1)
M + Pb(NO
3
)
2
M(NO
3
)
2
+ Pb+
M (gam) 1 mol 207, tng (207 M) gam
x mol tng
7,1.m
100
gam
x =
7,1. m
100
207 M
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c:
0,05.m
100
M 64
=
7,1. m
100
207 M
(3)
T (3) gii ra M = 65. Vy kim loi M l km. (p n B)
V d 12: Cho 3,78 gam bt Al phn ng va vi dung dch mui XCl
3
to thnh dung dch Y.
Khi lng cht tan trong dung dch Y gim 4,06 gam so vi dung dch XCl
3
. xc nh
cng thc ca mui XCl
3
.
A. FeCl
3
. B. AlCl
3
. C. CrCl
3
. D. Khng xc nh.
Hng dn gii
Gi A l nguyn t khi ca kim loi X.
Al + XCl
3
AlCl
3
+ X

3,78
27
= (0,14 mol) 0,14 0,14 mol.
Ta c : (A + 35,53)0,14 (133,50,14) = 4,06
Gii ra c: A = 56. Vy kim loi X l Fe v mui FeCl
3
. (p n A)
V d 13: Nung 100 gam hn hp gm Na
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3
cho n khi khi lng hn hp khng i
c 69 gam cht rn. Xc nh phn trm khi lng ca mi cht tng ng trong hn hp
ban u.
A. 15,4% v 84,6%. B. 22,4% v 77,6%.
C. 16% v 84%. D. 24% v 76%.
Hng dn gii
Ch c NaHCO
3
b phn hy. t x l s gam NaHCO
3
.
2NaHCO
3

o
t
Na
2
CO
3
+ CO
2
|
+ H
2
O
C nung 168 gam khi lng gim: 44 + 18 = 62 gam
x khi lng gim: 100 69 = 31 gam
Ta c:
168 62
x 31
= x = 84 gam.
Vy NaHCO
3
chim 84% v Na
2
CO
3
chim 16%. (p n C)
V d 14: Ha tan 3,28 gam hn hp mui CuCl
2
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
vo nc c dung dch A. Nhng
Mg vo dung dch A cho n khi mt mu xanh ca dung dch. Ly thanh Mg ra cn li
thy tng thm 0,8 gam. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c m gam mui khan. Tnh
m?
A. 1.28 gam. B. 2,48 gam. C. 3,1 gam. D. 0,48 gam.
Hng dn gii
Ta c:
m
tng
= m
Cu
m
Mg phn ng
=
( ) 2 2 2
Cu Mg Mg
m m 3, 28 m m 0,8
gc axit
+ + +
= + =
m = 3,28 0,8 = 2,48 gam. (p n B)
V d 15: Ha tan 3,28 gam hn hp mui MgCl
2
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
vo nc c dung dch A. Nhng
vo dung dch A mt thanh st. Sau mt khong thi gian ly thanh st ra cn li thy tng
thm 0,8 gam. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr m l
Hng dn gii
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng: Sau mt khong thi gian tng khi lng ca thanh
Fe bng gim khi lng ca dung dch mui. Do :
m = 3,28 0,8 = 2,48 gam. (p n B)

MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEO PHNG PHP TNG GIM
KHI LNG
01. Cho 115 gam hn hp gm ACO
3
, B
2
CO
3
, R
2
CO
3
tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl thy thot ra
22,4 lt CO
2
(ktc). Khi lng mui clorua to ra trong dung dch l
02. Ngm mt l st trong dung dch CuSO
4
. Nu bit khi lng ng bm trn l st l 9,6 gam th
khi lng l st sau ngm tng thm bao nhiu gam so vi ban u?
03. Cho hai thanh st c khi lng bng nhau.
Thanh 1 nhng vo dung dch c cha a mol AgNO
3
.
Thanh 2 nhng vo dung dch c cha a mol Cu(NO
3
)
2
.
Sau phn ng, ly thanh st ra, sy kh v cn li thy s cho kt qu no sau y?
A. Khi lng hai thanh sau nhng vn bng nhau nhng khc ban u.
B. Khi lng thanh 2 sau nhng nh hn khi lng thanh 1 sau nhng.
C. Khi lng thanh 1 sau nhng nh hn khi lng thanh 2 sau nhng.
D. Khi lng hai thanh khng i vn nh trc khi nhng.
04. Cho V lt dung dch A cha ng thi FeCl
3
1M v Fe
2
(SO4)
3
0,5M tc dng vi dung dch
Na
2
CO
3
c d, phn ng kt thc thy khi lng dung dch sau phn ng gim 69,2 gam so vi
tng khi lng ca cc dung dch ban u. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 0,2 lt. B. 0,24 lt. C. 0,237 lt. D.0,336 lt.
05. Cho lung kh CO i qua 16 gam oxit st nguyn cht c nung nng trong mt ci ng. Khi
phn ng thc hin hon ton v kt thc, thy khi lng ng gim 4,8 gam.
Xc nh cng thc v tn oxit st em dng.
06. Dng CO kh 40 gam oxit Fe
2
O
3
thu c 33,92 gam cht rn B gm Fe
2
O
3
, FeO v Fe. Cho
1
B
2
tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
long d, thu c 2,24 lt kh H
2
(ktc).
Xc nh thnh phn theo s mol cht rn B, th tch kh CO (ktc) ti thiu c c kt qu
ny.
07. Nhng mt thanh st nng 12,2 gam vo 200 ml dung dch CuSO
4
0,5M. Sau mt thi gian ly thanh
kim loi ra, c cn dung dch c 15,52 gam cht rn khan.
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra, tm khi lng tng cht c trong 15,52 gam cht rn khan.
b) Tnh khi lng thanh kim loi sau phn ng. Ha tan hon ton thanh kim loi ny trong
dung dch HNO
3
c nng, d thu c kh NO
2
duy nht, th tch V lt (o 27,3
o
C, 0,55
atm). Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra. Tnh V.
08. Ngm mt thanh ng c khi lng 140,8 gam vo dung dch AgNO
3
sau mt thi gian ly
thanh ng em cn li thy nng 171,2 gam. Tnh thnh phn khi lng ca thanh ng sau
phn ng.
09. Ngm mt l km nh trong mt dung dch c cha 2,24 gam ion kim loi c in tch 2+. Phn
ng xong, khi lng l km tng thm 0,94 gam.
Hy xc nh tn ca ion kim loi trong dung dch.
10. C hai l kim loi cng cht, cng khi lng, c kh nng to ra hp cht c s oxi ha +2. Mt l
c ngm trong dung dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
cn l kia c ngm trong dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
.
Sau mt thi gian ngi ta ly l kim loi ra khi dung dch, ra nh. Nhn thy khi lng l
kim loi c ngm trong mui ch tng thm 19%, khi lng l kim loi kia gim 9,6%. Bit
rng, trong hai phn ng trn, khi lng cc kim loi b ha tan nh nhau.
Hy xc nh tn ca hai l kim loi ang dng.

01. B 02. D. 03. B. 04. A.
05. Fe
2
O
3
. 06. V
CO
= 8,512 lt ; %n
Fe
= 46,51% ; %n
FeO
= 37,21% ;
2 3
Fe O
%n 16,28%. =
07. a) 6,4 gam CuSO
4
v 9,12 gam FeSO
4
.
b) m
KL
= 12,68 gam ;
2
NO
V 26,88 = lt.
08. Thanh Cu sau phn ng c m
Ag (bm)
= 43,2 gam v m
Cu (cn li)
= 128 gam.
09. Cd
2+

10. Cd

Phng php 7
QUI I HN HP NHIU CHT V S LNG CHT T HN
Mt s bi ton ha hc c th gii nhanh bng cc phng php bo ton electron, bo ton
nguyn t, bo ton khi lng song phng php quy i cng tm ra p s rt nhanh v l
phng php tng i u vit, c th vn dng vo cc bi tp trc nghim phn loi hc sinh.
Cc ch khi p dng phng php quy i:
1. Khi quy i hn hp nhiu cht (hn hp X) (t ba cht tr ln) thnh hn hp hai cht hay
ch cn mt cht ta phi bo ton s mol nguyn t v bo ton khi lng hn hp.
2. C th quy i hn hp X v bt k cp cht no, thm ch quy i v mt cht. Tuy nhin ta nn
chn cp cht no n gin c t phn ng oxi ha kh nht n gin vic tnh ton.
3. Trong qu trnh tnh ton theo phng php quy i i khi ta gp s m l do s b tr
khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp. Trong trng hp ny ta vn tnh ton bnh thng v kt qu
cui cng vn tha mn.
4. Khi quy i hn hp X v mt cht l Fe
x
O
y
th oxit Fe
x
O
y
tm c ch l oxit gi nh khng
c thc.
V d 1: Nung 8,4 gam Fe trong khng kh, sau phn ng thu c m gam cht rn X gm Fe,
Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, FeO. Ha tan m gam hn hp X vo dung dch HNO
3
d thu c 2,24 lt kh
NO
2
(ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Gi tr ca m l
Hng dn gii
- Quy hn hp X v hai cht Fe v Fe
2
O
3
:
Ha tan hn hp X vo dung dch HNO
3
d ta c
Fe + 6HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO
2
+ 3H
2
O

0,1
3
0,1 mol
S mol ca nguyn t Fe to oxit Fe
2
O
3
l

Fe
8,4 0,1 0,35
n
56 3 3
= =
2 3
Fe O
0,35
n
3 2
=

Vy:
2 3
X Fe Fe O
m m m = +

X
0,1 0,35
m 56 160
3 3
= + = 11,2 gam.
- Quy hn hp X v hai cht FeO v Fe
2
O
3
:
FeO + 4HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
0,1 0,1 mol
ta c:
2
2 2 3
2Fe O 2FeO
0,1 0,1 mol
0,15 mol
4Fe 3O 2Fe O
0,05 0,025 mol
+

2
h X
m = 0,172 + 0,025160 = 11,2 gam. (p n A)
Ch : Vn c th quy hn hp X v hai cht (FeO v Fe
3
O
4
) hoc (Fe v FeO), hoc (Fe v
Fe
3
O
4
) nhng vic gii tr nn phc tp hn (c th l ta phi t n s mol mi cht, lp h phng
trnh, gii h phng trnh hai n s).
- Quy hn hp X v mt cht l Fe
x
O
y
:
Fe
x
O
y
+ (6x2y)HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ (3x2y) NO
2
+ (3xy)H
2
O

0,1
3x 2y
mol 0,1 mol.

Fe
8,4 0,1.x
n
56 3x 2y
= =

x 6
y 7
= mol.
Vy cng thc quy i l Fe
6
O
7
(M = 448) v

6 7
Fe O
0,1
n
3 6 2 7
=

= 0,025 mol.
m
X
= 0,025448 = 11,2 gam.
Nhn xt: Quy i hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
v hn hp hai cht l FeO, Fe
2
O
3
l
n gin nht.
V d 2: Ha tan ht m gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
bng HNO
3
c nng thu c 4,48
lt kh NO
2
(ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 145,2 gam mui khan gi tr ca
m l
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp X v hn hp hai cht FeO v Fe
2
O
3
ta c
FeO + 4HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
0,2 mol 0,2 mol 0,2 mol
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HNO
3
2Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O
0,2 mol 0,4 mol

3 3
Fe( NO )
145, 2
n
242
= = 0,6 mol.
m
X
= 0,2(72 + 160) = 46,4 gam. (p n B)
V d 3: Ha tan hon ton 49,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
bng H
2
SO
4
c nng
thu c dung dch Y v 8,96 lt kh SO
2
(ktc).
a) Tnh phn trm khi lng oxi trong hn hp X.
A. 40,24%. B. 30,7%. C. 20,97%. D. 37,5%.
b) Tnh khi lng mui trong dung dch Y.
A. 160 gam. B.140 gam. C. 120 gam. D. 100 gam.
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp X v hai cht FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, ta c:

2 4 2 4 3 2 2
2 3 2 4 2 4 3 2
2FeO 4H SO Fe (SO ) SO 4H O
0,8 0,4 0,4 mol
49,6 gam
Fe O 3H SO Fe (SO ) 3H O
0,05 0,05 mol
+ + +
+ +

2 3
Fe O
m = 49,6 0,872 = 8 gam (0,05 mol)
n
O (X)
= 0,8 + 3(0,05) = 0,65 mol.
Vy: a)
O
0,65 16 100
%m
49,9

= = 20,97%. (p n C)
b)
2 4 3
Fe (SO )
m = [0,4 + (0,05)]400 = 140 gam. (p n B)
V d 4: kh hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
th cn 0,05 mol H
2
. Mt
khc ha tan hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng th thu c
th tch kh SO
2
(sn phm kh duy nht ktc) l.
A. 224 ml. B. 448 ml. C. 336 ml. D. 112 ml.
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp X v hn hp hai cht FeO v Fe
2
O
3
vi s mol l x, y, ta c:
FeO + H
2

o
t
Fe + H
2
O
x y
Fe
2
O
3
+ 3H
2

o
t
2Fe + 3H
2
O
x 3y

x 3y 0,05
72x 160y 3,04
+ =
+ =

x 0,02 mol
y 0,01 mol
=

2FeO + 4H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
+ 4H
2
O
0,02 0,01 mol
Vy:
2
SO
V = 0,0122,4 = 0,224 lt (hay 224 ml). (p n A)
V d 5: Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ha tan ht hn hp X
trong dung dch HNO
3
(d) thot ra 0,56 lt NO ( ktc) (l sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr
ca m l
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp cht rn X v hai cht Fe, Fe
2
O
3
:
Fe + 4HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
0,025 0,025 0,025 mol

2 3
Fe O
m = 3 560,025 = 1,6 gam

2 3
Fe ( trong Fe O )
1,6
m 2
160
= = 0,02 mol
m
Fe
= 56(0,025 + 0,02) = 2,52 gam. (p n A)
V d 6: Hn hp X gm (Fe, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, FeO) vi s mol mi cht l 0,1 mol, ha tan ht vo
dung dch Y gm (HCl v H
2
SO
4
long) d thu c dung dch Z. Nh t t dung dch
Cu(NO
3
)
2
1M vo dung dch Z cho ti khi ngng thot kh NO. Th tch dung dch
Cu(NO
3
)
2
cn dng v th tch kh thot ra ktc thuc phng n no?
A. 25 ml; 1,12 lt. B. 0,5 lt; 22,4 lt.
C. 50 ml; 2,24 lt. D. 50 ml; 1,12 lt.
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp 0,1 mol Fe
2
O
3
v 0,1 mol FeO thnh 0,1 mol Fe
3
O
4
.
Hn hp X gm: Fe
3
O
4
0,2 mol; Fe 0,1 mol + dung dch Y
Fe
3
O
4
+ 8H
+
Fe
2+
+ 2Fe
3+
+ 4H
2
O
0,2 0,2 0,4 mol
Fe + 2H
+
Fe
2+
+ H
2
|

0,1 0,1 mol
Dung dch Z: (Fe
2+
: 0,3 mol; Fe
3+
: 0,4 mol) + Cu(NO
3
)
2
:
3Fe
2+
+ NO
3
+ 4H
+
3Fe
3+
+ NO
|
+ 2H
2
O
0,3 0,1 0,1 mol
V
NO
= 0,122,4 = 2,24 lt.

3 2
3
Cu( NO )
NO
1
n n
2

= = 0,05 mol.

2
3 2
d Cu( NO )
0,05
V
1
= = 0,05 lt (hay 50 ml). (p n C)
V d 7: Nung 8,96 gam Fe trong khng kh c hn hp A gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
. A ha tan va
vn trong dung dch cha 0,5 mol HNO
3
, bay ra kh NO l sn phm kh duy nht. S mol
NO bay ra l.
A. 0,01. B. 0,04. C. 0,03. D. 0,02.
Hng dn gii

Fe
8, 96
n 0,16
56
= = mol
Quy hn hp A gm (FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
) thnh hn hp (FeO, Fe
2
O
3
) ta c phng trnh:
2Fe + O
2
2FeO
x x
4Fe + 3O
2
2Fe
2
O
3

y y/2
3FeO + 10HNO
3
3Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
x 10x/3 x/3
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HNO
3
2Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O
y/2 3y
H phng trnh:

x y 0,16
10x
3y 0,5
3
+ =
+ =

x 0,06 mol
y 0,1 mol
=

NO
0,06
n 0,02
3
= = mol. (p n D)

Phng php 8
S NG CHO
Bi ton trn ln cc cht vi nhau l mt dng bi tp hay gp trong chng trnh ha hc ph
thng cng nh trong cc thi kim tra v thi tuyn sinh i hc, cao ng. Ta c th gii bi tp
dng ny theo nhiu cch khc nhau, song vic gii loi dng bi tp ny theo phng php s
ng cho theo tc gi l tt nht.
Nguyn tc: Trn ln hai dung dch:
Dung dch 1: c khi lng m
1
, th tch V
1
, nng C
1
(nng phn trm hoc nng mol),
khi lng ring d
1
.
Dung dch 2: c khi lng m
2
, th tch V
2
, nng C
2
(C
2
> C
1
), khi lng ring d
2
.
Dung dch thu c: c khi lng m = m
1
+ m
2
, th tch V = V
1
+ V
2
, nng C (C
1
< C < C
2
)
v khi lng ring d.
S ng cho v cng thc tng ng vi mi trng hp l:
a. i vi nng % v khi lng:

2 1
2 1
C C m
m C C
(1)
b. i vi nng mol/lt:

2 1
2 1
C C V
V C C
(2)
c. i vi khi lng ring:
C
1
C
2
C
| C
2
C |
| C
1
C |
C
| C
2
C |
| C
1
C |
`
C
M1
C
M2

2 1
2 1
C C V
V C C
(3)
Khi s dng s ng cho cn ch :
- Cht rn coi nh dung dch c C = 100%
- Dung mi coi nh dung dch c C = 0%
- Khi lng ring ca H
2
O l d = 1g/ml.
Sau y l mt s v d s dng phng php s ng cho trong tnh ton cc bi tp.
V d 1: thu c dung dch HCl 25% cn ly m
1
gam dung dch HCl 45% pha vi m
2
gam dung
dch HCl 15%. T l m
1
/m
2
l
A. 1:2. B. 1:3. C. 2:1. D. 3:1.
Hng dn gii
p dng cng thc (1):

1
2
45 25 m 20 2
m 15 25 10 1
= = =
. (p n C)
V d 2: pha c 500 ml dung dch nc mui sinh l (C = 0,9%) cn ly V ml dung dch NaCl
3% pha vi nc ct. Gi tr ca V l
A. 150 ml. B. 214,3 ml. C. 285,7 ml. D. 350 ml.
Hng dn gii
Ta c s :

V
1
=
0,9
500
2,1 0,9
+
= 150 ml. (p n A)
V d 3: Ha tan 200 gam SO
3
vo m
2
gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
49% ta c dung dch H
2
SO
4
78,4%.
Gi tr ca m
2
l
A. 133,3 gam. B. 146,9 gam. C. 272,2 gam. D. 300 gam.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng:
SO
3
+ H
2
O H
2
SO
4

100 gam SO
3

98 100
80
= 122,5 gam H
2
SO
4
.
Nng dung dch H
2
SO
4
tng ng 122,5%.
Gi m
1
, m
2
ln lt l khi lng ca SO
3
v dung dch H
2
SO
4
49% cn ly. Theo (1) ta c:

1
2
49 78,4 m 29, 4
m 122,5 78,4 44,1
= =

d
1
d
2
| d
2
d |
| d
1
d |
d
V
1
(NaCl)
V
2
(H
2
O)
0,9
3
0
| 0,9 0 |
| 3 0,9 |

2
44,1
m 200
29, 4
= = 300 gam. (p n D)
V d 4: Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca brom l 79,319. Brom c hai ng v bn:
79
35
Br v
81
35
Br .
Thnh phn % s nguyn t ca
81
35
Br l
A. 84,05. B. 81,02. C. 18,98. D. 15,95.
Hng dn gii
Ta c s ng cho:

81
35
79
35
% Br 0,319
% Br 1,681
=

81
35
0,319
% Br
1,681 0,319
=
+
100% = 15,95%. (p n D)
V d 5: Mt hn hp gm O
2
, O
3
iu kin tiu chun c t khi hi vi hiro l 18. Thnh phn %
v th tch ca O
3
trong hn hp l
A. 15%. B. 25%. C. 35%. D. 45%.
Hng dn gii
p dng s ng cho:

3
2
O
O
V
4 1
V 12 3
= =

3
O
1
%V
3 1
=
+
100% = 25%. (p n B)
V d 6: Cn trn hai th tch metan vi mt th tch ng ng X ca metan thu c hn hp kh
c t khi hi so vi hiro bng 15. X l
A. C
3
H
8
. B. C
4
H
10
. C. C
5
H
12
. D. C
6
H
14
.
Hng dn gii
p dng s ng cho:

81
35
79
35
Br (M 81) 79, 319 79 0, 319
A 79, 319
Br (M 79) 81 79, 319 1, 681
= =
=
= =
3
2
O
O
V M 48 32 36
M 18 2 36
V M 32 48 36
=
= =
=
4
2
CH 2
M 2
V M 16 M 30
M 15 2 30
V M M 16 30
=
= =
=

4
2
CH 2
M
V M 30 2
V 14 1
= = M
2
30 = 28
M
2
= 58 14n + 2 = 58 n = 4.
Vy: X l C
4
H
10
. (p n B)
V d 7: Thm 250 ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo 200 ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
1,5M. Mui to thnh v
khi lng tng ng l
A. 14,2 gam Na
2
HPO
4
; 32,8 gam Na
3
PO
4
.
B. 28,4 gam Na
2
HPO
4
; 16,4 gam Na
3
PO
4
.
C. 12 gam NaH
2
PO
4
; 28,4 gam Na
2
HPO
4
.
D. 24 gam NaH
2
PO
4
; 14,2 gam Na
2
HPO
4
.
Hng dn gii
C:
3 4
NaOH
H PO
n 0,25 2 5
1 2
n 0, 2 1,5 3
< = = <

to ra hn hp 2 mui: NaH
2
PO
4
, Na
2
HPO
4
.
S ng cho:

2 4
2 4
Na HPO
NaH PO
n
2
n 1
=
2 4 2 4
Na HPO NaH PO
n 2n =
M:
2 4 2 4 3 4
Na HPO NaH PO H PO
n n n 0,3 + = = mol

2 4
2 4
Na HPO
NaH PO
n 0,2 mol
n 0,1 mol
=

2 4
2 4
Na HPO
NaH PO
m 0,2 142 28,4 gam
n 0,1 120 12 gam
= =
= =
(p n C)
V d 8: Ha tan 3,164 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO
3
v BaCO
3
bng dung dch HCl d, thu c 448
ml kh CO
2
(ktc). Thnh phn % s mol ca BaCO
3
trong hn hp l
A. 50%. B. 55%. C. 60%. D. 65%.
Hng dn gii

2
CO
0,488
n
22, 4
= = 0,02 mol
3,164
M
0,02
= = 158,2.
p dng s ng cho:
2 4 1
2 4 2
5 2
Na HPO n 2 1
3 3
5
n
3
5 1
NaH PO n 1 2
3 3
= =
=
= =

3
BaCO
58,2
%n
58,2 38,8
=
+
100% = 60%. (p n C)
V d 9: Cn ly bao nhiu gam tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O v bao nhiu gam dung dch CuSO
4
8% pha
thnh 280 gam dung dch CuSO
4
16%?
A. 180 gam v 100 gam. B. 330 gam v 250 gam.
C. 60 gam v 220 gam. D. 40 gam v 240 gam.
Hng dn gii
4 2
160
250
CuSO .5H O
Ta coi CuSO
4
.5H
2
O nh l dung dch CuSO
4
c:
C% =
160 100
250
=64%.
Gi m
1
l khi lng ca CuSO
4
.5H
2
O v m
2
l khi lng ca dung dch CuSO
4
8%.
Theo s ng cho:

1
2
m 8 1
m 48 6
= = .
Mt khc m
1
+ m
2
= 280 gam.
Vy khi lng CuSO
4
.5H
2
O l:
m
1
=
280
1
1 6

+
= 40 gam
v khi lng dung dch CuSO
4
8% l:
m
2
= 280 40 = 240 gam. (p n D)
V d 10: Cn bao nhiu lt axit H
2
SO
4
(D = 1,84) v bao nhiu lt nc ct pha thnh 9 lt dung
dch H
2
SO
4
c D = 1,28 gam/ml?
A. 2 lt v 7 lt. B. 3 lt v 6 lt.
C. 4 lt v 5 lt. D. 6 lt v 3 lt.
Hng dn gii
Ta c s ng cho:

3 1
3 2
BaCO (M 197) 100 158,2 58,2
M 158,2
CaCO (M 100) 197 158,2 38,8
= =
=
= =
1
2
(m ) 64 8 16 8
16
(m ) 8 64 16 48
=
=
2
2 4
H O: 1 |1,84 1,28| 0,56
1,28
HSO : 1,84 |1,28 1| 0,28
=
=

2
2 4
H O
H SO
V
0,56 2
V 0, 28 1
= = .
Cn phi ly
1
9 3
1 2
=
+
lt H
2
SO
4
(d = 1,84 g/ml) v 6 lt H
2
O. (p n B)
MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEO PHNG PHP S NG
CHO
01. Ha tan hon ton m gam Na
2
O nguyn cht vo 40 gam dung dch NaOH 12% thu c dung
dch NaOH 51%. Gi tr ca m (gam) l
A. 11,3. B. 20,0. C. 31,8. D. 40,0.
02. Th tch nc nguyn cht cn thm vo 1 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
98% (d = 1,84 g/ml) c dung
dch mi c nng 10% l
A. 14,192 ml. B. 15,192 ml. C. 16,192 ml. D. 17,192 ml.
03. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng 63,54. ng c hai ng v bn:
63
29
Cu v
65
29
Cu Thnh phn
% s nguyn t ca
65
29
Cu l
A. 73,0%. B. 34,2%. C.32,3%. D. 27,0%.
04. Cn ly V
1
lt CO
2
v V
2
lt CO c c 24 lt hn hp CO
2
v CO c t khi hi i vi metan
bng 2. Gi tr ca V
1
(lt) l
A. 2. B. 4. C. 6. D. 8.
05. Thm 150 ml dung dch KOH 2M vo 120 ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
1M. Khi lng cc mui thu
c trong dung dch l
A. 10,44 gam KH
2
PO
4
; 8,5 gam K
3
PO
4
.
B. 10,44 gam K
2
HPO
4
; 12,72 gam K
3
PO
4
.
C. 10,44 gam K
2
HPO
4
; 13,5 gam KH
2
PO
4
.
D. 13,5 gam KH
2
PO
4
; 14,2 gam K
3
PO
4
.
06. Ha tan 2,84 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO
3
v MgCO
3
bng dung dch HCl (d) thu c 0,672 lt
kh iu kin tiu chun. Thnh phn % s mol ca MgCO
3
trong hn hp l
A. 33,33%. B. 45,55%. C. 54,45%. D. 66,67%.
07. Lng SO
3
cn thm vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
10% c 100 gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
20% l
08. Dung dch ru etylic 13,8
o
c d (g/ml) =?. Bit
2 5
C H OH(ng.cht)
d = 0,8 g/ml ;
2
H O
d 1 g ml = .
A. 0,805. B. 0,8 55. C. 0,972. D. 0,915.
09. Ha tan m gam Al bng dung dch HNO
3
long thu c hn hp kh NO v N
2
O c t khi so
vi H
2
bng 16,75. T l th tch kh trong hn hp l
A. 2 : 3. B. 1 : 2. C. 1 : 3. D. 3 : 1.
10. T 1 tn qung hematit A iu ch c 420 kg Fe. T 1 tn qung manhetit B iu ch c
504 kg Fe. Hi phi trn hai qung trn vi t l khi lng (m
A
: m
B
) l bao nhiu c 1 tn
qung hn hp m t 1 tn qung hn hp ny iu ch c 480 kg Fe.
A. 1 : 3. B. 2 : 5. C. 2 : 3. D. 1 : 1.
p n cc s bi tp vn dng:
1. B 2. C 3. D 4. C 5. B
6. A 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. B

Phng php 9
CC I LNG DNG KHI QUT
Trong cc kim tra v thi tuyn sinh theo phng php trc nghim chng ta thy rng s
lng cu hi v bi tp kh nhiu v a dng bao trm ton b chng trnh ha hc ph thng. Rt
nhiu cc phng php, cc dng bi c bn c bit n. Sau y l mt s v d v dng bi
tm mi lin h khi qut gia cc i lng thng xut hin trong trong cc thi tuyn sinh i
hc.
V d 1: (Cu 11 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
Cho t t dung dch cha a mol HCl vo dung dch cha b mol Na
2
CO
3
ng thi khuy
u, thu c V lt kh ( ktc) v dung dch X. Khi cho d nc vi trong vo dung dch X
thy c xut hin kt ta. Biu thc lin h gia V vi a, b l
A. V = 22,4(a b). B. V = 11,2(a b).
C. V = 11,2(a + b). D. V = 22,4(a + b).
Hng dn gii
Cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch Na
2
CO
3
ta c phng trnh:
HCl + Na
2
CO
3
NaHCO
3
+ NaCl (1)
b b b mol
HCl + NaHCO
3
NaCl + CO
2
|
+ H
2
O (2)
(a b) (a b) mol
Dung dch X cha NaHCO
3
d do HCl tham gia phn ng ht,
NaHCO
3
+ Ca(OH)
2 d
CaCO
3+
+ NaOH + H
2
O
Vy: V = 22,4(a b). (p n A)
V d 2: (Cu 13 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
Clo ho PVC thu c mt polime cha 63,96% clo v khi lng, trung bnh 1 phn t clo
phn ng vi k mt xch trong mch PVC. Gi tr ca k l
A. 3. B. 6. C. 4. D. 5.
Hng dn gii
Mt phn t Clo phn ng vi k mt xch trong mch PVC theo phng trnh:
2
n
CH CH
|
Cl
| |
|
|
\ .
+ kCl
2

o
xt
t

2
k n k
CH CH CH CH
| | |
Cl Cl Cl
| | | |
| |
| |
\ . \ .

Do: %m
Cl
= 63,96%
%m
C,H cn li
= 36,04%.
Vy
35,5 (n k) 35,5 2 k
27 (n k) 26 k
+
+
=
63,96
36,04

n
k
= 3. (p n A).
V d 3: (Cu 21 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
Trn dung dch cha a mol AlCl
3
vi dung dch cha b mol NaOH. thu c kt ta th
cn c t l
A. a : b = 1 : 4. B. a : b < 1 : 4.
C. a : b = 1 : 5. D. a : b > 1 : 4.
Hng dn gii
Trn a mol AlCl
3
vi b mol NaOH thu c kt ta th

3
3 2 2
3
2 2
Al3 3OH Al(OH)
Al(OH) OH AlO 2H O
Al 4OH AlO 2H O
a 4 mol
+
+

+
+
+ +
+ +

kt ta tan hon ton th

3
OH
Al
n
n

+
> 4
b
a
> 4.
Vy c kt ta th
b
a
< 4
a : b > 1 : 4. (p n D)
V d 4: (Cu 37 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
t chy hon ton a mol axit hu c Y c 2a mol CO
2
. Mt khc, trung ha a mol Y
cn va 2a mol NaOH. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca Y l
A. HOOCCH
2
CH
2
COOH. B. C
2
H
5
COOH.
C. CH
3
COOH. D. HOOCCOOH.
Hng dn gii
t a mol axit hu c Y c 2a mol CO
2
axit hu c Y c hai nguyn t C trong phn t.
Trung ha a mol axit hu c Y cn dng 2a mol NaOH axit hu c Y c 2 nhm chc
cacboxyl (COOH).
Cng thc cu to thu gn ca Y l HOOCCOOH. (p n D)
V d 5: (Cu 39 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
Dung dch HCl v dung dch CH
3
COOH c cng nng mol/l, pH ca hai dung dch
tng ng l x v y. Quan h gia x v y l (gi thit, c 100 phn t CH
3
COOH th c 1
phn t in li)
A. y = 100x. B. y = 2x. C. y = x 2. D. y = x + 2.
Hng dn gii
pH
HCl
= x [H
+
]
HCl
= 10
x

3
CH COOH
pH y =
3
y
CH COOH
[H ] 10
+
=
Ta c: HCl H
+
+ Cl

10
x
10
x
(M)
CH
3
COOH
H
+
+ CH
3
COO

100.10
y
10
y
(M).
Mt khc: [HCl] = [CH
3
COOH]
10
x
= 100.10
y
y = x + 2. (p n D)
V d 6: (Cu 53 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
thu ly Ag tinh khit t hn hp X (gm a mol Al
2
O
3
, b mol CuO, c mol Ag
2
O), ngi ta
ho tan X bi dung dch cha (6a + 2b + 2c) mol HNO
3
c dung dch Y, sau thm (gi
thit hiu sut cc phn ng u l 100%)
A. c mol bt Al vo Y. B. c mol bt Cu vo Y.
C. 2c mol bt Al vo Y. D. 2c mol bt Cu vo Y.
Hng dn gii
Ha tan hn hp X trong dung dch HNO
3

Al
2
O
3
+ 6HNO
3
2Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O
a 6a 2a mol
CuO + 2HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O
b 2b b mol
Ag
2
O + 2HNO
3
2AgNO
3
+ H
2
O
c 2c 2c mol
Dung dch HNO
3
va . Dung dch Y gm 2a mol Al(NO
3
)
3
, b mol Cu(NO
3
)
2
, 2c mol AgNO
3
.
thu Ag tinh khit cn cho thm kim loi Cu vo phng trnh
Cu + 2AgNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag
c mol 2c
Vy cn c mol bt Cu vo dung dch Y. (p n B)
V d 7: (Cu 32 - M 285 - Khi B - TSH 2007)
in phn dung dch cha a mol CuSO
4
v b mol NaCl (vi in cc tr, c mng ngn
xp). dung dch sau in phn lm phenolphtalein chuyn sang mu hng th iu kin
ca a v b l (bit ion SO
4
2
khng b in phn trong dung dch)
A. b > 2a. B. b = 2a. C. b < 2a. D. 2b = a.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh in phn dung dch
CuSO
4
+ 2NaCl
pdd
Cu
+
+ Cl
2
|
+ Na
2
SO
4
(1)
a 2a mol
Dung dch sau in phn lm phenolphtalein chuyn sang mu hng sau phn ng (1) th
dung dch NaCl cn d v tip tc b in phn theo phng trnh
2NaCl + 2H
2
O
pdd
mng ngn
2NaOH + H
2
+ Cl
2
(2)
Vy: b > 2a. (p n A)
Ch : Tng t cng cu hi trn chng ta c th hi:
+ dung dch sau in phn c mi trng axit th iu kin ca a v b l.
A. b > 2a. B. b = 2a. C. b < 2a. D. a = 2b.
+ dung dch sau in phn c kh nng ha tan kt ta Al(OH)
3
th iu kin ca a, b l
A. b > 2a. B. b < 2a. C. b = 2a. D. b > 2a.
V d 8: t chy hon ton a mol mt anehit X (mch h) to ra b mol CO
2
v c mol H
2
O (bit b =
a + c). Trong phn ng trng gng, mt phn t X ch cho 2 electron. X thuc dy ng
ng anehit
A. no, n chc.
B. khng no c hai ni i, n chc.
C. khng no c mt ni i, n chc.
D. no, hai chc.
Hng dn gii
Trong phn ng trng gng mt anehit X ch cho 2e X l anehit n chc bi v:

1
RCHO
+

3
4
RCOONH
+

trong : C
+1
2e C
+3
.
t cng thc phn t ca anehit n chc X l C
x
H
y
O ta c phng trnh
C
x
H
y
O +
2
y 1
x O
4 2
| |
+
|
\ .
xCO
2
+
y
2
H
2
O
a a.x
a.y
2
mol
(b mol) (c mol)
Ta c: b = a + c ax = a +
a.y
2
y = 2x 2.
Cng thc tng qut ca anehit n chc X l C
x
H
2x2
O c dng C
x1
H
2(x1)1
CHO l anehit
khng no c mt lin kt i, n chc. (p n C)
V d 9: Cng thc phn t ca mt ancol A l C
n
H
m
O
x
. cho A l ancol no th m phi c gi tr
A. m = 2n. B. m = 2n + 2.
C. m = 2n 1. D. m = 2n + 1.
Hng dn gii
Theo phng php ng nht h s: Cng thc tng qut ca ancol no l C
n
H
2n+2x
(OH)
x
hay
C
n
H
2n+2
O
x
. Vy m = 2n+2. (p n B)
V d 10: Hi t l th tch CO
2
v hi nc (T) bin i trong khong no khi t chy hon ton
cc ankin.
A. 1 < T s 2. B. 1 s T < 1,5.
C. 0,5 < T s 1. D. 1 < T < 1,5.
Hng dn gii
C
n
H
2n2
nCO
2
+ (n 1)H
2
O
iu kin: n > 2 v n e N.
T =
2
2
CO
H O
n
n
=
n 1
.
1
n 1
1
n
=

Vi mi n > 2 T > 1; mt khc n tng T gim.
n = 2 T = 2 l gi tr ln nht.
Vy: 1 < T s 2. (p n A)
V d 11: t chy 1 mol aminoaxit NH
2
(CH
2
)
n
COOH phi cn s mol O
2
l
A.
2n 3
.
2
+
B.
6n 3
.
2
+
C.
6n 3
.
4
+
D.
2n 3
.
4
+

Hng dn gii
Phng trnh t chy amino axit l
H
2
N(CH
2
)
n
COOH +
6n 3
4
+
O
2
(n + 1)CO
2
+
2n 3
2
+
H
2
O
(p n C)
V d 12: Mt dung dch hn hp cha a mol NaAlO
2
v a mol NaOH tc dng vi mt dung dch
cha b mol HCl. iu kin thu c kt ta sau phn ng l
A. a = b. B. a = 2b. C. b = 5a. D. a < b < 5a.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh phn ng:
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H
2
O (1)
a mol a mol
NaAlO
2
+ HCl + H
2
O Al(OH)
3+
+ NaCl (2)
Al(OH)
3
+ 3HCl AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
O (3)
NaAlO
2
+ 4HCl AlCl
3
+ NaCl + 2H
2
O (4)
a mol 4a mol
iu kin khng c kt ta khi n
HCl
>
2
NaAlO
4n + n
NaOH
= 5a. Vy suy ra iu kin c kt
ta:
n
NaOH
< n
HCl
<
2
NaAlO
4n + n
NaOH

a < b < 5a. (p n D)
V d 13: Dung dch cha a mol NaOH tc dng vi dung dch cha b mol H
3
PO
4
sinh ra hn hp
Na
2
HPO
4
+ Na
3
PO
4
. T s
a
b
l
A. 1 <
a
b
< 2. B.
a
b
> 3.
C. 2 <
a
b
< 3. D.
a
b
> 1.
Hng dn gii
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
NaOH + H
3
PO
4
NaH
2
PO
4
+ H
2
O (1)
2NaOH + H
3
PO
4
Na
2
HPO
4
+ 2H
2
O (2)
3NaOH + H
3
PO
4
Na
3
PO
4
+ 3H
2
O (3)
Ta c: n
NaOH
= a mol ;
3 4
H PO
n = b mol.
thu c hn hp mui Na
2
HPO
4
+ Na
3
PO
4
th phn ng xy ra c hai phng trnh (2 v
3), do :
2 <
3 4
NaOH
H PO
n
n
< 3, tc l 2 <
a
b
< 3. (p n C)
V d 14: Hn hp X gm Na v Al.
Th nghim 1: Nu cho m gam X tc dng vi H
2
O d th thu c V
1
lt H
2
.
Th nghim 2: nu cho m gam X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d th thu c V
2
lt H
2
.
Cc kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia V
1
v V
2
l
A. V
1
= V
2
. B. V
1
> V
2
. C. V
1
< V
2
. D. V
1
s V
2
.
Hng dn gii
Cc phng trnh phn ng khi ha tan hn hp Na v Al vi H
2
O v vi dung dch NaOH d:
Na + H
2
O NaOH +
1
2
H
2
(1)
2Al + 6H
2
O + 2NaOH Na[Al(OH)
4
] + 3H
2
(2)
t s mol Na v Al ban u ln lt l x v y (mol).
TN1: x > y n
NaOH
va hoc d khi ha tan Al c hai th nghim cng to thnh
x 3x
2 2
| |
+
|
\ .
mol H
2
.
V
1
= V
2
.
TN2: x < y trong TN1 (1) Al d, TN2 (2) Al tan ht
2 2
H (TN2) H (TN2)
n n . >
V
2
> V
1
.
Nh vy (x,y > 0) th V
2
> V
1
. (p n D)
V d 15: Mt bnh kn cha V lt NH
3
v V'

lt O
2
cng iu kin. Nung nng bnh c xc tc NH
3

chuyn ht thnh NO, sau NO chuyn ht thnh NO
2
. NO
2
v lng O
2
cn li trong
bnh hp th va vn ht trong nc thnh dung dch HNO
3
. T s
V
V
'
l
A. 1. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4.
Hng dn gii
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
4NH
3
+ 5O
2

o
xt
t
4NO + 6H
2
O
V 5V/4 V
2NO + O
2

2NO
2

V V/2 V
4NO
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4HNO
3

V
5V V
V
4 2
| |
'
|
\ .

V = 4
5V V
V
4 2
| |
'
|
\ .

V
V
'
= 2. (p n B)
V d 16: Cht X c khi lng phn t l M. Mt dung dch cht X c nng a mol/l, khi lng
ring d gam/ml. Nng C% ca dung dch X l
A.
a.M
10d
. B.
d.M
10a
. C.
10a
M.d
. D.
a.M
1000d
.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 lt dung dch cht X:
n
X
= a mol m
X
= a.M
m
dd X
=
a.M.100
C%
= 1000d
C% =
a.M
10d
. (p n A)
V d 17: Hn hp X c mt s ankan. t chy 0,05 mol hn hp X thu c a mol CO
2
v b mol
H
2
O. Kt lun no sau y l ng?
A. a = b. B. a = b 0,02.
C. a = b 0,05. D. a = b 0,07.
Hng dn gii
t cng thc tng qut ca 1 s ankan l
x 2x 2
C H
+

x 2x 2
C H
+
+
2
3x 1
O
2
+
x CO
2
+ (x 1) + H
2
O
0,5 0,05x 0,05(x 1) + mol

0,05x a
0,05(x 1) b
=
+ =
a = b 0,05. (p n C)
V d 18: (Cu 40 - M 285 - Khi B - TSH 2007)
Thc hin hai th nghim:
1) Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch HNO
3
1M thot ra V
1
lt NO.
2) Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch cha HNO
3
1M v H
2
SO
4
0,5 M thot
ra V
2
lt NO.
Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht, cc th tch kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia V
1

v V
2
l
A. V
2
= V
1
. B. V
2
= 2V
1
. C. V
2
= 2,5V
1
. D. V
2
= 1,5V
1
.
Hng dn gii
TN1:
3
Cu
HNO
3,84
n 0,06 mol
64
n 0,08 mol
= =

3
H
NO
n 0,08 mol
n 0,08 mol
+

3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO
|
+ 4H
2
O
u bi: 0,06 0,08 0,08 H
+
phn ng ht
Phn ng: 0,03 0,08 0,02 0,02 mol
V
1
TN2: n
Cu
= 0,06 mol ;
3
HNO
n 0,08 mol = ;
2 4
H SO
n 0,04 mol. =
Tng
H
n
+
= 0,16 mol ;
3
NO
n

= 0,08 mol.
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO
|
+ 4H
2
O
u bi: 0,06 0,16 0,08 Cu v H
+
phn ng ht
Phn ng: 0,06 0,16 0,04 0,04 mol
V
2
Nh vy V
2
= 2V
1
. (p n B)
MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEO PHNG PHP CC I LNG
DNG TNG QUT
01. Dung dch A c a mol NH
4
+
, b mol Mg
2+
, c mol SO
4
2
v d mol HCO
3
. Biu thc no biu th s

lin quan gia a, b, c, d sau y l ng?
A. a + 2b = c + d. B. a + 2b = 2c + d.
C. a + b = 2c + d. D. a + b = c+ d.
02. Cho a mol Fe vo dung dch cha b mol dung dch AgNO
3
. a v b c quan h nh th no thu
c dung dch Fe(NO
3
)
3
duy nht sau phn ng?
A. b =2a. B. b>a. C. b=3a. D. b >a.
03. Dung dch A cha cc ion Na
+
: a mol; HCO
3
: b mol; CO
3
2
: c mol; SO
4
2
: d mol. to ra kt
ta ln nht ngi ta dng 100 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
nng x mol/l. Lp biu thc tnh x theo a
v b.
A. x = a + b. B. x = a b. C. x =
a b
0,2
+
. D. x =
a b
0,1
+
.
04. Dung dch X cha a mol NaAlO
2
. Khi thm vo dung dch X b mol hoc 2b mol dung dch HCl th
lng kt ta sinh ra u nh nhau. T s
a
b
c gi tr bng
A. 1. B. 1,25. C. 1,5. D. 1,75.
05. Oxi ha mt lng Fe thnh hn hp X gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
cn a mol Oxi. Kh hon ton
hn hp X thnh Fe cn b mol Al. T s
a
b
c gi tr bng
A. 0,75. B. 1. C. 1,25. D. 1,5.
06. C mt lng anehit HCHO c chia lm 2 phn bng nhau, mi phn cha a mol HCHO.
Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
thu c m gam Ag.
Phn 2: Oxi ha bng Oxi thnh HCOOH vi hiu sut 40% thu c dung dch A. Cho A tc
dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
thu c m' gam Ag. T s
m
m
'
c gi tr bng
A. 0,2. B. 0,4. C. 0,6. D. 0,8.
07. A l axit cha ba nguyn t cacbon trong phn t. Cho 0,015 mol A tc dng vi dung dch cha
a mol Ba(OH)
2
thu c dung dch B. Ngi ta nhn thy:
Nu a = 0,01 mol th dung dch B lm qu tm.
Nu a = 0,02 mol th dung dch B lm xanh qu tm. B c cng thc cu to:
A. CH
3
CH
2
COOH. B. CH
2
=CHCOOH.
C. CHCCOOH. D. HOOCCH
2
COOH.
08. C 2 axit hu c no: (A) l axit n chc v (B) l axit a chc. Hn hp (X) cha x mol (A) v y
mol (B). t chy hon ton (X) th thu c 11,2 lt CO
2
(ktc). Cho x + y = 0,3 v M
A
< M
B
.
Vy cng thc phn t ca (A) l:
A. CH
3
COOH. B. C
2
H
5
COOH.
C. HCOOH. D. C
3
H
7
COOH.
09. Hn hp A gm Al v Fe
2
O
3
c khi lng trung bnh l
A
M . Tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm,
sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp B c khi lng phn t trung bnh l
B
M . Quan h gia
A
M v
B
M l
A.
A
M =
B
M . B.
A
M >
B
M .
C.
A
M <
B
M . D.
A
M >
B
M .
10. Kh hon ton mt lng oxit st cn V lt H
2
. ha tan hon ton lng st sinh ra trn trong
dung dch HCl thy to ra V' lt H
2
. Bit V > V' (cc kh o cng iu kin). Cng thc oxit st
l
A. Fe
2
O
3
. B. FeO.
C. Fe
3
O
4
. D. Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
.
1. B 2. C 3. C 4. B 5. A
6. D 7. D 8. C 9. A 10. D


Phng php 10
T CHN LNG CHT
Trong mt s cu hi v bi tp trc nghim chng ta c th gp mt s trng hp c bit sau:
C mt s bi ton tng nh thiu d kin gy b tc cho vic tnh ton.
C mt s bi ton ngi ta cho di dng gi tr tng qut nh a gam, V lt, n mol hoc cho
t l th tch hoc t l s mol cc cht...
Nh vy kt qu gii bi ton khng ph thuc vo cht cho. Trong cc trng hp trn tt
nht ta t chn mt gi tr nh th no cho vic gii bi ton tr thnh n gin nht.
Cch 1: Chn mt mol nguyn t, phn t hoc mt mol hn hp cc cht phn ng.
Cch 2: Chn ng t l lng cht trong u bi cho.
Cch 3: Chn cho thng s mt gi tr ph hp chuyn phn s phc tp v s n gin
tnh ton.
Sau y l mt s v d in hnh:

Cch 1: CHN 1 MOL CHT HOC HN HP CHT PHN NG
V d 1: Ho tan mt mui cacbonat kim loi M ha tr n bng mt lng va dung dch H
2
SO
4

9,8% ta thu c dung dch mui sunfat 14,18%. M l kim loi g?
A. Cu. B. Fe. C. Al. D. Zn.
Hng dn gii
Chn 1 mol mui M
2
(CO
3
)
n
.
M
2
(CO
3
)
n
+ nH
2
SO
4
M
2
(SO
4
)
n
+ nCO
2
|
+ nH
2
O
C (2M + 60n) gam 98n gam (2M + 96n) gam

2 4
dd H SO
98n 100
m 1000n gam
9,8
= =

2 3 n 2 4 2
M (CO ) dd H SO CO
m m m m = +
dd mui

= 2M + 60n + 1000.n 44.n = (2M + 1016.n) gam.

( ) +
= =
+
dd mui
2M 96 100
C% 14,18
2M 1016n

M = 28.n n = 2 ; M = 56 l ph hp vy M l Fe. (p n B)
V d 2: Cho dung dch axit axetic c nng x% tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH 10% th thu
c dung dch mui c nng 10,25%. Vy x c gi tr no sau y?
A. 20%. B. 16%. C. 15%. D.13%.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol CH
3
COOH:
CH
3
COOH + NaOH CH
3
COONa + H
2
O
60 gam 40 gam 82 gam

3
dd CH COOH
60 100
m gam
x
=

ddNaOH
40 100
m 400 gam
10
= =

60 100 82 100
m 400
x 10,25

= + =
dd mui
gam.
x = 15%. (p n C).
V d 3: (Cu 1 - M 231 - Khi A - TSC 2007)
Khi ha tan hiroxit kim loi M(OH)
2
bng mt lng va dung dch H
2
SO
4
20% thu
c dung dch mui trung ho c nng 27,21%. Kim loi M l
A. Cu. B. Zn. C. Fe. D. Mg.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol M(OH)
2
tham gia phn ng
M(OH)
2
+ H
2
SO
4
MSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
C (M + 34) gam 98 gam (M + 96) gam

2 4
dd H SO
98 100
m 490 gam
20
= =
( )
( )
4
dd MSO
M 96 100
m M 34 490
27, 21
+
= + + =
M = 64 M l Cu. (p n A)
V d 4: Hn hp X gm N
2
v c H
2
c t khi hi so vi H
2
bng 3,6. Sau khi tin hnh phn ng
tng hp c hn hp Y c t khi hi so vi H
2
bng 4. Hiu sut phn ng tng hp l
A. 10%. B. 15%. C. 20%. D. 25%.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol hn hp X, ta c:
m
x
=
X
M = 7,2 gam.
t
2
N
n a mol = , ta c:
28a + 2(1 a) = 7,2
a = 0,2

2
N
n 0, 2 mol = v
2
H
n 0,8 mol = H
2
d.
N
2
+ 3H
2

o
xt, t
p
2NH
3

Ban u: 0,2 0,8
Phn ng: x 3x 2x
Sau phn ng: (0,2 x) (0,8 3x) 2x
n
Y
= (1 2x) mol
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c m
X
= m
Y

Y
Y
Y
m
n
M
=
( )
7, 2
1 2x
8
= x = 0,05.
Hiu sut phn ng tnh theo N
2
l
0,05 100
25%
0,2
= . (p n D)
V d 5: Hn hp A gm mt Anken v hiro c t khi so vi H
2
bng 6,4. Cho A i qua niken nung
nng c hn hp B c t khi so vi H
2
bng 8 (gi thit hiu sut phn ng xy ra l
100%). Cng thc phn t ca anken l
A. C
2
H
4
.

B. C
3
H
6
. C. C
4
H
8
.

D. C
5
H
10
.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol hn hp A gm (a mol C
n
H
2n
v (1a) mol H
2
)
Ta c: 14.n.a + 2(1 a) = 12,8 (1)
Hn hp B c M 16 14n = < (vi n > 2) trong hn hp B c H
2
d
C
n
H
2n
+ H
2

o
Ni , t
C
n
H
2n+2

Ban u: a mol (1a) mol
Phn ng: a a a mol
Sau phn ng hn hp B gm (1 2a) mol H
2
d v a mol C
n
H
2n+2
. tng n
B
= 1 2a.
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c m
A
= m
B

B
B
B
m
n
M
= ( )
12,8
1 2a
16
= a = 0,2 mol.
Thay a = 0,2 vo (1) ta c 140,2n + 2(1 0,2) = 12,8
n = 4 anken l C
4
H
8
. (p n C)
V d 6: Oxi ha C
2
H
5
OH bng CuO nung nng, thu c hn hp cht lng gm CH
3
CHO,
C
2
H
5
OH d v H
2
O c M = 40 vC. Hiu sut phn ng oxi ha l
A. 25%. B. 35%. C. 45%. D. 55%.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol C
2
H
5
OH. t a mol C
2
H
5
OH b oxi ha. Vy a l hiu sut ca phn ng oxi ha
ru.
C
2
H
5
OH + CuO
o
t
CH
3
CHO + H
2
O + Cu
+

Ban u: 1 mol
Oxi ha: a mol a mol a mol
Sau phn ng: (1 a) mol C
2
H
5
OH d a mol a mol

46(1 a) 44a 18a
M 40
1 a
+ +
= =
+

a = 0,25 hay hiu sut l 25%. (p n A)
V d 7: Hn hp X gm N
2
v H
2
c
X
M 12,4 = . Dn X i qua bnh ng bt Fe ri nung nng bit
rng hiu sut tng hp NH
3
t 40% th thu c hn hp Y.
Y
M c gi tr l
A. 15,12. B. 18,23. C. 14,76. D. 13,48.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol hn hp X m
X
= 12,4 gam gm a mol N
2
v (1 a) mol H
2
.
28a + 2(1 a) = 12,4 a = 0,4 mol
2
H
n 0,6 mol =
N
2
+ 3H
2

o
xt, t
p
2NH
3
(vi hiu sut 40%)
Ban u: 0,4 0,6
Phn ng: 0,08 0,60,4 0,16 mol
Sau phn ng: 0,32 0,36 0,16 mol
Tng: n
Y
= 0,32 + 0,36 + 0,16 = 0,84 mol;
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c: m
X
= m
Y
.

Y
12,4
M 14,76 gam
0,84
= = . (p n C)
V d 8: Phng in qua O
2
c hn hp kh O
2
, O
3
c M 33 = gam. Hiu sut phn ng l
A. 7,09%. B. 9,09%. C. 11,09%. D.13,09%.
Hng dn gii
3O
2

TL
2O
3
Chn 1 mol hn hp O
2
, O
3
ta c:

2
O
n a mol = ( )
3
O
n 1 a mol = .
( ) 32a 48 1 a 33 + =
2
15
a mol O
16
=

3
O
15 1
n 1 mol
16 16
= =

2
O
1 3 3
n
16 2 32
= =
b oxi ho
mol
Hiu sut phn ng l:
3
100
32
9,09%
3 15
32 16
=
+
. (p n B)
V d 9: Ho tan hon ton mt lng kim loi R ha tr n bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
long ri c cn
dung dch sau phn ng thu c mt lng mui khan c khi lng gp 5 ln khi lng
kim loi R ban u em ho tan. Kim loi R l
A. Al. B. Ba. C. Zn. D. Mg.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol kim loi ng vi R (gam) tham gia phn ng.
2R + nH
2
SO
4
R
2
(SO
4
)
n
+ nH
2

C R (gam)
2R 96n
gam mui
2
+ | |
|
\ .

( ) 2R 96n
5R
2
+
= R = 12n tha mn vi n = 2.
Vy: R = 24 (Mg). (p n D)

Cch 2: CHN NG T L LNG CHT TRONG U BI CHO
V d 10: (Cu 48 - M 182 - khi A - TSH 2007)
Hn hp gm hirocacbon X v oxi c t l s mol tng ng l 1:10. t chy hon ton
hn hp trn thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y qua dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, thu c hn hp
kh Z c t khi i vi hiro bng 19. Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C
3
H
8
. B. C
3
H
6
. C. C
4
H
8
. D. C
3
H
4
.
Hng dn gii
t hn hp gm hirocacbon X gm C
x
H
y
(1 mol) v O
2
(10 mol ).
C
x
H
y
+
y
x
4
| |
+
|
\ .
O
2
xCO
2
+
y
2
H
2
O
1 mol
y
x
4
| |
+
|
\ .
mol x mol
y
2
mol
Hn hp kh Z gm x mol CO
2
v
y
10 x
4
( | |
+
|
(
\ .
mol O
2
d.

Z
M 19 2 38 = =

2
2
co
o
n
1
n 1
=
Vy:
y
x 10 x
4
= 8x = 40 y.
x = 4, y = 8 tho mn p n C.
V d 11: A l hn hp gm mt s hirocacbon th kh, B l khng kh. Trn A vi B cng nhit
p sut theo t l th tch (1:15) c hn hp kh D. Cho D vo bnh kn dung tch
2
2
CO
O
( n ) 44 6
38
( n ) 32 6
khng i V. Nhit v p sut trong bnh l t
o
C v p atm. Sau khi t chy A trong bnh
ch c N
2
, CO
2
v hi nc vi
2 2
CO H O
V : V 7 : 4 = a bnh v t
o
C.
p sut trong bnh sau khi t l p
1
c gi tr l
A.
1
47
p p.
48
= B. p
1
= p.
C.
1
16
p p.
17
= D.
1
3
p p.
5
=
Hng dn gii
t A: C
x
H
y
+
2
y
x O
4
| |
+
|
\ .
xCO
2
+
2
y
H O
2

V phn ng ch c N
2
, H
2
O, CO
2
cc hirocacbon b chy ht v O
2
va .
Chn
x y
C H
n 1 = n
B
= 15 mol
2
O
y 15
n x 3
4 5
= + = =
p.
mol.

2 2
N O
n 4n 12 mol = =

y
x 3
4
x : y 2 7 : 4
+ =
x =
7
3
; y =
8
3

V nhit v th tch khng i nn p sut t l vi s mol kh, ta c:

1
p 7 3 4 3 12 47
p 1 15 48
+ +
= =
+

1
47
p p.
48
= (p n A)

Cch 3: CHN GI TR CHO THNG S
V d 12: t chy hon ton a gam hn hp X hai hirocacbon A, B thu c
132.a
41
gam CO
2
v
2
45a
gam H O
41
. Nu thm vo hn hp X mt na lng A c trong hn hp X ri t
chy hon ton th thu c
2
165a
gam CO
41
v
2
60,75a
gam H O
41
. Bit A, B khng lm
mt mu nc Br
2
.
a) Cng thc phn t ca A l
A. C
2
H
2
.

B. C
2
H
6
. C. C
6
H
12
. D. C
6
H
14
.
b) Cng thc phn t ca B l
A. C
2
H
2
.

B. C
6
H
6
. C. C
4
H
4
.

D. C
8
H
8
.
c) Phn trm s mol ca A, B trong hn hp X l.
A. 60%; 40%. B. 25%; 75%.
C. 50%; 50%. D. 30%; 70%.
Hng dn gii
a) Chn a = 41 gam.
t X
2
CO
132
n 3 mol
44
= = v
2
H O
45
n 2,5 mol
18
= = .
t
1
X A
2
| |
+
|
\ .

2
CO
165
n 3,75 mol
44
= = v
2
H O
60,75
n 3,375 mol
18
= = .
t
1
A
2
thu c (3,75 3) = 0,75 mol CO
2
v (3,375 2,5) = 0,875 mol H
2
O.
t chy A thu c
2
CO
n 1,5 mol = v
2
H O
n 1,75 mol = .
v
2 2
H O CO
n n > A thuc loi ankan, do :
( )
n 2n 2 2 2 2
3n 1
C H O nCO n 1 H O
2
+
+
+ + +

2
2
CO
H O
n
n 1,5
n n 1 1,75
= =
+
n = 6 A l C
6
H
14
. (p n D)
b) t B thu c (3 1,5) = 1,5 mol CO
2
v (2,5 1,75) = 0,75 mol H
2
O
Nh vy
C
H
n 1,5 1
n 0,75 2 1
= =
cng thc tng qut ca B l (CH)

n
v X khng lm mt mu
nc Brom nn B thuc aren B l C
6
H
6
. (p n B)
c) V A, B c cng s nguyn t C (6C) m lng CO
2
do A, B to ra bng nhau (1,5 mol) n
A
= n
B
.
%n
A
= %n
B
= 50%. (p n C)
V d 13: Trn a gam hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon C
6
H
14
v C
6
H
6
theo t l s mol (1:1) vi m gam
mt hirocacbon D ri t chy hon ton th thu c
2
275a
gam CO
82
v
94,5a
82
gam
H
2
O.
a) D thuc loi hirocacbon no
A. C
n
H
2n+2
.

B. C
m
H
2m2
. C. C
n
H
2n
.

D. C
n
H
n
.
b) Gi tr m l
A. 2,75 gam. B. 3,75 gam. C. 5 gam. D. 3,5 gam.
Hng dn gii
a) Chn a = 82 gam
t X v m gam D (C
x
H
y
) ta c:

2
2
CO
H O
275
n 6, 25 mol
44
94,5
n 5,25 mol
18
= =
= =

C
6
H
14
+
19
2
O
2
6CO
2
+ 7H
2
O
C
6
H
6
+
15
2
O
2
6CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
t D:
x y 2 2 2
y y
C H x O xCO H O
4 2
| |
+ + +
|
\ .

t
6 14 6 6
C H C H
n n b mol = = ta c:
86b + 78b = 82
b = 0,5 mol.
t 82 gam hn hp X thu c:
( )
2
CO
n 0,5 6 6 6 mol = + =
( )
2
H O
n 0,5 7 3 5 mol = + =
t chy m gam D thu c:

2
CO
n 6,25 6 0,25 mol = =

2
H O
n 5,25 5 0, 25 mol = =
Do
2 2
CO H O
n n = D thuc C
n
H
2n
. (p n C)
b) m
D
= m
C
+ m
H
= 0,25(12 + 2) = 3,5 gam. (p n D)
V d 14: X l hp kim gm (Fe, C, Fe
3
C), trong hm lng tng cng ca Fe l 96%, hm lng
C n cht l 3,1%, hm lng Fe
3
C l a%. Gi tr a l
A. 10,5. B. 13,5. C. 14,5. D. 16.
Hng dn gii
Xt 100 gam hn hp X ta c m
C
= 3,1 gam,
3
Fe C
m = a gam v s gam Fe tng cng l 96 gam.

( )
3
C trong Fe C
12a
m 100 96 3,1
180
= =
a = 13,5. (p n B)
V d 15: Nung m gam X cha 80% khi lng gam CaCO
3
(phn cn li l tp cht tr) mt thi
gian thu c cht rn Y cha 45,65 % CaO. Tnh hiu sut phn hy CaCO
3
.
A. 50%. B. 75%. C. 80%. D. 70%.
Hng dn gii
Chn m
X
= 100 gam
3
CaCO
m 80 gam = v khi lng tp cht bng 20 gam.
CaCO
3

o
t
CaO + CO
2
(hiu sut = h)
Phng trnh: 100 gam 56 gam 44 gam
Phn ng: 80 gam
56.80
.h
100

44.80
. h
100

Khi lng cht rn cn li sau khi nung l

2
X CO
44.80.h
m m 100
100
= .

56 80 45,65 44 80 h
h 100
100 100 100

| |
=
|
\ .

h = 0,75 hiu sut phn ng bng 75%. (p n B)

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10 PHNG PHP GII NHANH BI TP TRC NGHIM HA HC

+ CO 4,784 gam B (Fe, Fe

+ 100 ml dung dch Y

mol e 0,075 mol 0,025 mol

= 2 0,15 4 0,1 10 0,05 + + = 1,2 mol. (p n D)

to mui bng 0,1 + 3 0,1 = 0,4 mol;

to mui bng 0,88 (0,08 + 0,08) = 0,72 mol.

. Biu thc no biu th s

cng thc tng qut ca B l (CH)

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