Luyn thi i hc KIT-3: Mn Vt l ( Thy ng Vit Hng)

i cng v dao ng iu ho.

I CNG V DAO NG IU HO
(TI LIU BI GING)
GIO VIN: NG VIT HNG
y l ti liu tm lc cc kin thc i km theo bi ging i cng v dao ng iu ho thuc kha hc LTH
KIT-3 : Mn Vt l(Thy ng Vit Hng) ti website Hocmai.vn. c th nm vng kin thc phn i cng v dao
ng iu ho, Bn cn kt hp theo di bi ging vi ti liu ny.

I. TRNG TM KIN THC

1) Cc phng trnh dao ng iu ha c bn
Phng trnh li dao ng:
+) Dng sin: x Asin(t )
+) Dng cosin: x Acos(t )

2
sin a cos a ; sin
cos
2

+ )Cc chuyn i dng phng trnh:

2
cos a sin a ;cos
sin
2

sin a sin(a ) cos a

2

cos a cos(a ) sin a

2

Phng trnh vn tc:

+) Dng sin: x Asin(t ) v x ' A cos(t ) Asin t

2

+) Dng cosin: x Acos(t ) v x ' Asin(t ) A cos t

2

+) Quan h v pha: vn tc nhanh pha hn li gc /2

+) Vn tc l i lng vc t, v > 0 khi vt chuyn ng theo chiu dng, v < 0 khi vt chuyn ng theo chiu m.
ln ca vn tc c gi l tc .
+) Ti bin th v = 0; ti v tr cn bng th tc cc i, vmax = A.
+) Khi vt i t bin v v tr cn bng th vt chuyn ng nhanh dn, i t v tr cn bng ra bin th chuyn ng
chm dn.
Phng trnh gia tc:

+) Dng sin: x Asin(t ) v x ' A cos(t ) a v' x '' 2 x

+) Dng cosin: x Acos(t ) v x ' Asin(t ) a v' x '' 2 x
Vy ta lun c a 2 x
+) Quan h v pha: gia tc nhanh pha (hay ngc pha) vi li gc , suy ra nhanh pha hn vn tc gc /2.
+) Gia tc l i lng vc t, a > 0 khi vt c ta m, a < 0 khi vt c ta dng.
+) Ti bin th gia tc c ln cc i, amax = 2A; ti v tr cn bng th a = 0.
a max

v
v max A
max

T ta c kt qu:
2
v
a max A
A max

2) H thc c lp vi thi gian

Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit

Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12

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Luyn thi i hc KIT-3: Mn Vt l ( Thy ng Vit Hng)

i cng v dao ng iu ho.

H thc lin h ca x, v:
2

x v
x2
v2
Do x v v vung pha vi nhau nn ta lun c

1 (1)

A 2 2 A 2
x max vmax
Nhn xt:
+) T h thc (1) ta thy th ca x, v l ng elip nhn cc bn trc l A v A
2

v
A x 2
+) Khai trin (1) ta c mt s h thc thng dng

2
2
v A x
+) Ti hai thi im t1; t2 vt c li , tc tng ng l x1; v1 v x2; v2 th ta c

x12
v12
x 22
v22
x12 x 22 v22 v12
v22 v12

A2 2 A2 A2 2 A2
A2
2 A2
x12 x 22
H thc lin h ca a, v:
2

v a
v2
a2
Do a v v vung pha vi nhau nn ta lun c

1 (2)

2 A 2 4 A 2
vmax a max
T h thc (2) ta thy th ca x, v l ng elip nhn cc bn trc l A v 2A.
Ch :
+) Thng thng trn bi thi ta khng hay s dng trc tip cng thc (2) v n khng d nh. lm tt trc nghim
2

v
A x 2
2
2

A a v
cc em nn bin i theo hng sau:
4 2

a
x 2

+) Ti hai thi im t1; t2 vt c gia tc, tc tng ng l a1; v1 v a2; v2 th ta c cng thc 2

a 22 a12
v12 v 22

3) Cch lp PT dao ng iu ha
Gi s cn lp phng trnh dao ng iu ha c dng x = Acos(t + ). vit phng trnh dao ng chng ta cn
tm ba i lng A, , .
Xc nh A
Xc nh
Xc nh
2
chie
u da
i quyao
x o A cos

2f
A
Ti t = 0 :
T
2
v o A sin
v
v2
Gii h phng trnh trn ta thu c

A x2 2
2
2
A x
gi tr ca gc .

v max

v max
A
a max
v max

Ch :
Vi th loi bi ton lp phng trnh th chng ta cn xc nh gc thi gian (t = 0), nu bi khng yu cu th
cho n gin ha bi ton chng ta chn gc thi gian lc vt qua v tr cn bng theo chiu dng.
Khi th nh vt dao ng iu ha th ta hiu l vn tc ban u vo = 0, cn nu cho vn tc ban u vo 0 th
chng ta p dng h thc lin h tm cc thng s khc.
Vi con lc l xo th chng ta lp PT dao ng theo quy trnh:

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Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12

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Luyn thi i hc KIT-3: Mn Vt l ( Thy ng Vit Hng)

+) Tm tn s gc :

i cng v dao ng iu ho.

v
a
k 2

2f max max
m T
A
v max
2

L v
v
+) Tm bin : A x 2 max
2

x 0 A cos

+) Tm pha ban u: da vo t = 0 ta c
v 0 A sin

Lu : Vi bi ton con lc l xo dao ng thng ng (m thng gp l treo vt nng vo l xo), khi ko vt nng
xung di lm l xo dn mt on ri th nh th khi A 0 ; nu ko xung ri truyn cho vt mt tc
2

v
v th khi x 0 v bin c tnh bi A x 2

II. V D MINH HA
V d 1: Mt vt dao ng iu ha trn trc Ox c phng trnh:
x a 3 cost a sin t

Bin v pha ban u ca dao ng ln lt l:

A. a v 0
B. a 3 v
C. 2a v
D. a v
6
2
3
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
V d 2: Mt vt dao ng iu ha trn trc Ox c phng trnh:
x 8a cos4 t 8a sin 4 t 6a
Bin v tn s ca dao ng l:
A. 8a v
B. 6a v
C. 4a v 2
D. 2a v 4
.......................................................................................................................................................................
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.......................................................................................................................................................................
V d 3: Mt vt dao ng iu ha trn trc Ox c phng trnh:
x 16a cos6 t 16a sin 6 t 10a
Vn tc cc i ca vt l:
A. 8a
B. 16a
C. 24a
D. 32a
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
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V d 4: Mt vt dao ng iu ha trn trc Ox vi phng trnh:
x 32cos3 t 24cos t . Gia tc cc i ca vt l
2

A. 12
B. 16
C. 722
D. 48 .
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
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V d 5: Phng trnh no di y l phng trnh dao ng ca mt cht im dao ng iu ha c tn
s dao ng l 1Hz. Bit rng ti thi im ban u vt qua li x0 = 5cm theo chiu dng vi vn tc v0
= 10 cm/s.

Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit

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Luyn thi i hc KIT-3: Mn Vt l ( Thy ng Vit Hng)

A. x 3 2cos t cm

i cng v dao ng iu ho.

B. x 2cos 4 t cm

C. x 5 2cos 2 t cm
D. x 6cos 3 t cm
4
3

.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
V d 6: Mt con lc l xo c b tr theo phng nm ngang gm 1 qu nng nh khi lng 400 g v
mt l xo cng 40 N/m. Ko qu nng ra khi v tr cn bng mt on 8 cm v th nh cho n dao ng
iu ha. Chn h trc Ox nm ngang, gc O l v tr cn bng, chiu dng l chiu ko vt. Gc thi gian
l lc bung vt. phng trnh dao ng ca vt l
A. x 6cos 10t cm

B. x 8cos 10t cm

C. x 4cos10t cm

D. x 5cos 8t cm

.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
V d 7: Mt vt khi lng m = 1 kg dao ng iu ho theo phng ngang vi chu k T = 2s. N i qua v
tr cn bng vi vn tc v0 = 31,4 cm/s. Chn t = 0 lc vt qua v tr cn bng theo chiu dng. Phng
trnh dao ng iu ho ca vt l:

A. x 10 cos t cm
2

B. x 7cos 3 t cm

C. x 8cos 2 t cm
D. x 6 cos 5 t cm
4
3

.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
V d 8: Chn gc O ca h trc ti v tr cn bng. Vt nng trong con lc l xo dao ng iu ha dc
theo trc Ox, vn tc khi qua VTCB l 20 cm/s. Gia tc cc i 2 m/s2. Gc thi gian c chn lc vt
qua im M0 c x0 10 2 cm hng v v tr cn bng. Coi 2 = 10. Phng trnh dao ng ca vt l
phng trnh no sau y?
10
A. x 10 cos t cm
3

B. x 15cos t
cm
4

10 3

C. x 20 cos t
D. x 3cos t cm
cm
4
4

.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
V d 9: Mt vt c khi lng m = 100g c treo vo u di ca l xo nh c cng k = 25N/m. u
trn gn vo mt im c nh M. Ban u gi cho l xo khng bin dng, bung nh cho vt dao ng t
do theo trc ca l xo. Cho g = 10m/s2 = 2 m / s 2 . Chn gc thi gian lc bung vt, gc ti v tr cn bng,
chiu dng hng xung. Khi phng trnh no sau y m t chuyn ng ca vt?
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Luyn thi i hc KIT-3: Mn Vt l ( Thy ng Vit Hng)

A. x

cos 3 t cm
4
2

i cng v dao ng iu ho.

B. x 4cos 5 t cm

C. x 4 2cos t cm
D. x 2cos 6 t cm
3

.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
x2
v2

1 , trong x (cm), v (m/s).

V d 10: Mt vt dao ng iu ho vi phng trnh lin h v, x dng
48 0, 768
Vit phng trnh dao ng ca vt bit ti t = 0 vt qua li 2 3 cm v ang i v VTCB.

A. x 4cos 4t cm
6

B. x 4 3 cos 4t cm
6

C. x 4 3 cos 4t cm
6

D. x 4 3 cos 4t cm
3

.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................................................
V d 11: Lp phng trnh dao ng ca mt vt iu ha trong cc trng hp sau:
a) Thi im ban u vt c li x o 2 cm , vn tc vo 2 cm/s v gia tc a 2 2 cm/s2
b) Chu k dao ng T = 1 (s). Thi im ban u vt c li x o 5 2 cm , vn tc vo 10 2 cm/s .
.......................................................................................................................................................................
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III. MT S CC V D GII MU

V d 1: Mt vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh x 4 cos 17t cm. Ngi ta chn mc thi

3

gian l lc vt c:
A. Ta 2 cm v ang i theo chiu m
C. Ta +2 cm v ang i theo chiu dng

B. Ta 2 cm v ang i theo chiu dng

D. Ta +2 cm v ang i theo chiu m
Li gii:

x 0 4 cos 17.0 3 2(cm)

Ta c, ti t = 0 th
v 4.17.sin 17.0 34 3(cm / s) 0

0
3

Chn: D
V d 2: Mt vt dao ng iu ha phi mt 0,025 s i t im c vn tc bng khng ti im tip theo
cng c vn tc bng khng, hai im y cch nhau 10 cm. Chon p n ng?
A. chu k dao ng l 0,025 s
B. tn s dao ng l 10 Hz
C. bin dao ng l 10 cm
D. vn tc cc i ca vt l 2 cm/s
Li gii:
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Luyn thi i hc KIT-3: Mn Vt l ( Thy ng Vit Hng)

i cng v dao ng iu ho.

Vt c vn tc bng 0 ti cc v tr bin nn theo bi ta c

T
T 0, 05(s)
2
0, 025

v max A
.A 200(cm / s) 2(m / s)
2
T
L 10 2A A 5(cm)
So snh gia cc p n ta c p n ng l D. Chn: D
V d 3: Mt cht im dao ng iu ha trn trc Ox. Khong thi gian ngn nht gia hai ln vn tc
ca vt c ln cc i l 0,5 (s). Khi vn tc ca cht im l v = 12 (cm/s) th gia tc ca n l 320
(cm/s2). Ly 2 = 10. Bin dao ng ca cht im l
A. 10 cm.
B. 8 cm.
C. 12 cm.
D. 9 cm.
Li gii:
T
+) 0,5 T 1(s) 2(rad / s)
2
a 2 v 2 3202 12 2

100 A 10(cm)
+) p dng h thc lin h ta c A 4 2
16 4 22
Chn: A
V d 4: Mt cht im dao ng iu ha trn trc Ox. Khi cht im i qua v tr cn bng th tc ca
n l 20 (cm/s). Khi cht im c tc l 12 (cm/s) th li ca n c ln l 4 cm. Bin ca cht
im l
A. 6 cm.
B. 5 cm.
C. 8 cm.
D. 10 cm.
Li gii:
+) Vt qua v tr cn bng nn t tc cc i vmax = 20 cm/s
+) p dng h thc lin h ta c
2

x v
x 12

1 1 x 0,8A 4 A 5(cm)
A 20
x max v max
Chn: B
V d 5: Tm bin dao ng ca mt vt dao ng iu ha bit
a) T = 1 s. Khi vt c tc 8 cm/s th ln gia tc ca vt l a = 120 cm/s2.
2

b) f = 2 Hz. Khi vt c tc 24 cm/s th ln gia tc ca vt l 3, 2 3 m/s2.

Li gii:
a) Vi T = 1 (s) suy ra 2(rad / s)
2

a 2 v 1202
p dng h thc ta c A 4
82 100 A 10(cm)
4
16
b) Vi f = 2 Hz suy ra 2f 4(rad / s)
2

2
320 3
a2 v
2
Khi ta c A 4
62 48 A 4 3(cm)

256 4
V d 6: (H 2011). Vt dao ng iu ha. Khi vt qua v tr cn bng c tc 20 cm/s. Khi vt c tc

10 cm/s th ln gia tc ca vt l 40 3 cm/s2. Tm bin dao ng A?

Li gii:
+) Vt qua v tr cn bng nn v max 20(cm / s) A
2

2
v a
10 40 3
2
+) Li c
1 a max 80(cm / s )

1
20 a max
v max a max

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Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12

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Luyn thi i hc KIT-3: Mn Vt l ( Thy ng Vit Hng)

i cng v dao ng iu ho.

A 20
4(rad / s)
T suy ra 2
. Vy A = 5 cm.

A 80 A 5(cm)
V d 7: Mt vt dao ng iu ha vi bin 10 cm. Trong khong thi gian 90 giy, vt thc hin c
180 dao ng. Ly 2 = 10.
a) Tnh chu k, tn s dao ng ca vt.
b) Tnh tc cc i v gia tc cc i ca vt.
Li gii:
t 90
a) Ta c t N.T
T

0,5 (s).
N 180
T ta c tn s dao ng l f = 1/T = 2 (Hz).
2 2

4 (rad/s).
b) Tn s gc dao ng ca vt l
T 0,5

v max A 40 (cm/s).
Tc cc i, gia tc cc i ca vt:
2
2
2
2

a max A 16 160 (cm/s ) 1, 6 (m/s ).

V d 8: Mt vt dao ng iu ha c v max 16 (cm/s); a max 6, 4 (m/s 2 ). Ly 2 = 10.

a) Tnh chu k, tn s dao ng ca vt.
b) Tnh di qu o chuyn ng ca vt.
c) Tnh tc ca vt khi vt qua cc li x

A
A 3
;x
.
2
2
Li gii:

a
640 40
v max 16 (cm/s)

max

4 (rad/s).
a) Ta c
2
2
v
16

6,
4
(m
/
s
)

640
(cm/s
)

max
max
2

T 0,5 (s)
T ta c chu k v tn s dao ng l
f 2 (Hz)

vmax 16

4 (cm). di qu o chuyn ng l 2A = 8 (cm).

4
c) p dng cng thc tnh tc ca vt ta c:
b) Bin dao ng A: A

khi x

A
A2 4.A 3

v A2 x 2 4 A2

8 3 (cm/s).
2
4
2

A 3
3A2 4.A
2
2
2
khi x

v A x 4 A

8 (cm/s).
2
4
2
V d 9: Vt dao ng iu ha vi tn s f = 0,5 Hz. Ti t = 0, vt c li x = 4 cm v vn tc v = +12,56 cm/s. Vit
phng trnh dao ng ca vt.
Li gii:
Phng trnh dao ng iu ha ca vt c dng: x Acos t
Phng trnh vn tc: v Asin t
Tm = ?
Ta c: 2f 2.0,5 rad/s
Chn t = 0 lc x = 4 cm v v = +12,56 cm/s, khi :
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Luyn thi i hc KIT-3: Mn Vt l ( Thy ng Vit Hng)

i cng v dao ng iu ho.

4 Acos
Acos 4

4
A sin 12,56
A sin 4

T (1), ta suy ra: A

4
4

4 2 cm

2
cos
2
4

Vy phng trnh dao ng iu ha: x 4 2cos t (cm)

4

V d 10: Mt vt dao ng iu ha thc hin 10 dao ng trong 5 s, khi vt qua v tr cn bng n c vn tc 20

cm/s. Chn chiu dng l chiu lch ca vt, gc thi gian lc vt qua v tr c li x 2,5 3 cm v ang chuyn
ng v v tr cn bng. Vit phng trnh dao ng ca vt.
Li gii:
Phng trnh dao ng ca vt c dng: x Acos t
Phng trnh vn tc ca vt: v A sin t

t 5
0,5 s
n 10
2 2

4 rad/s
Tn s gc ca vt:
T 0,5
Chu k dao ng ca vt: T

Khi vt qua v tr cn bng th vn tc ca vt cc i nn: vmax A A

vmax

20
5 cm
4

V chiu dng l chiu lch ca vt nn lc t = 0 vt qua v tr x 2,5 3 cm th v < 0.

3
2,5 3 5cos

cos

Khi :

2
6
A sin 0
sin 0

Vy phng trnh dao ng ca vt l: x 5cos 4t (cm)

6

Gio vin: ng Vit Hng

Ngun

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