Phn 2: BIOSENSOR

2.5. ng dng
2.5.1. ng dng trong Y hc
in cc enzym c rt nhiu ng dng trong vic pht hin v chn on bnh tt.
Ngy nay n cn l cng c hu hiu chm sc sc khe ti nh vi rt nhiu tnh
nng tt.
a. o nng glucose:

Hnh 2.1. Blood Glucose Biosensor
Cu to:
- Hai plates song song (Two parallel plates)
- Khe hp (Small Gap)
- in cc (Electrodes)
- Cht phn ng (Reagents): GOD, ferricyanide
Mu i vo bi cc tc dng mao dn.
Reagents + glucose ferrocyanide
Ferrocyanide ferricyanide glucose

Hnh 2.2. Thit b Blood Glucose Biosensor

Hnh 2.3. Mn hnh ca Blood Glucose Biosensor
b. o hm lng cholesterol
Biosensor o cholesterol ng dng trong lnh vc lin quan n iu tr bnh
tim mch. Trong ch to Biosensor s dng cc yu t cm bin l oxidase (ChOx) v
esterase cholesterol (chet) (Hnh 2.4).

Hnh 2.4. Pathway of cholesterol oxidase enzyme reaction (Arya et al., 2008).
u d in c s dng hiu qu cho vic c lng cholesterol trong h
thng (Charpentier & Murr, 1995; Singh v cng s, 2006; Zhou v cng s, 2006; Arya
v cng s, 2007). Da trn s lng v tin cy ca phng php quang hc, mt lot
cc u d quang hc c s dng cho cm bin cholesterol, c th l theo di: pht
quang, thay i mu sc ca thuc nhum, hunh quang v nhng ngi khc (Arya v
cng s, 2008).
Chn on sm v chnh xc bnh tim mch l rt quan trng cu sng nhiu
ngi, c bit i vi cc bnh nhn b cc cn au tim. Biosensor nh lng chnh xc
v nhanh chng du hiu bnh tim cho php chn on chnh xc v d on bnh
iu tr kp thi cho bnh nhn.
R rng l t l mc phi cn bnh ny ngy cng tng trong x hi ng thi
iu ny cn thit phi c cc Biosensor xc nh chnh xc cc du hiu ca bnh. Tuy
nhin, ch mt s t c ch to thnh cng v a ra th trng. Mt trong nhng l
do cn ti u ha cc thng s quan trng, chng hn nh n nh enzyme, kim sot
cht lng v thit k thit b o c. Nhng n lc hng ti s pht trin ca Biosensor
xc nh bnh tim mch dn n vic thng mi ha ca mt vi Biosensor
cholesterol. Mt hiu tt hn v bioreagents c nh v tin b cng ngh vi in t c
kh nng y mnh tc thng mi ha cc cm bin sinh hc rt cn thit i vi cc
bnh tim mch.
2.5.2. ng dng trong cng ngh thc phm
Trong ngnh thc phm, vic kim tra cht lng thc phm da trn cc phng
php truyn thng thng mt nhiu thi gian t vi gi n vi ngy. Nhng vi k
thut dng biosensor mang li cho ngnh cng nghip thc phm mt thit b theo di
v o lng nhanh, nhy cao, s dng thun li hn so vi nhng phng php truyn
thng
a. o nng glutamin v nng glutamat
Glutamat trong thc phm khng ch nh hng n mi v ca thc phm m cn
lin quan n kha cnh an ton v sinh thc phm. Cc loi hp tht c, hp nc
xp, du gim, nc st c b sung mt lng mononatriglutamat c tc dng tng
mi v, nhng mt lng ln glutamat c th gy ra nhng du hiu bnh l nghim
trng nh hng sc khe con ngi nh: tim p nhanh, au d dy.
nh lng glutamat, s dng in cc o dng in c gn mng enzym c
nh glutamat oxydase. Glutamat oxydase cng c th c ng c nh vi
glutaminase o nng glutamin da trn phn ng:

b. o nng cholin:
Trong c th, cholin l thnh phn ca phospholipid cu to nn mng t bo v
mng ca nhiu bo quan trong t bo, mt khc cholin cn l tin cht tng hp nn
acetylcholin, cht c vai tr chuyn s kch thch thn kinh, ng thi cng l ngun cc
nhm methyl trong c th. Cholin thng c b sung vo thc n cho tr em v cc
sn phm dinh dng cho ngi ln.
Vic xc nh nng cholin c th thc hin bng phng php theo di s pht
trin ca vi sinh vt trn mi trng c cht, bng phng php quang ph hay sc k.
Tuy nhin, cc phng php ny thng t chnh xc, thi gian di v gi thnh cao. Vi
s s dng in cc enzym c gn cholin oxydase c ch to da trn c s phn ng
oxy ha s cho thi gian nhanh, chnh xc hn rt nhiu.
Phn ng oxy ha xy ra trong in cc:

c. o hm lng cn:
Hm lng cn c xc nh bng cch s dng alcohol oxydase:

Tuy nhin mt hn ch ca in cc ny l tnh khng bn ca alcohol oxydase
dng kh, do cn c bin php bo qun thch hp n nh hot tnh enzym.
d. Pht hin s c mt ca vi khun c mt trong thc phm:
Dng in cc sinh hc pht quang pht hin s c mt ca vi khun trong thc
phm khi vi khun ny tc dng c hiu vi ATP v D-luciferin gii phng ra nh
sng pht quang nh tc dng xc tc ca enzym luciferase:
e. in cc min dch o hm lng albumin, insulin:
in cc min dch kt hp vi in cc o dng in xc nh insulin,
albumin:
in cc min dch kt hp vi in cc o quang:
f. Kim tra hm lng cloramphenicol trong sn phm thy sn
g. Xc nh hm lng mycotoxin trong ng cc v thc phm
2.5.3. ng dng trong mi trng
Cc in cc enzym s dng trong phn tch mi trng c th chia thnh ba
nhm da vo c im ca mt phn ng enzym:
- Nhm th nht: cc cht c nh lng l c cht ca phn ng enzym.
- Nhm th hai: cc cht c nh lng l cc cht km hm hot tnh xc tc
ca enzym. V d, cc hp cht c phospho v cacbonat.
- Nhm th ba: nng cc ion kim loi dc pht hin nh vo vic chng lin
kt vi phn apoenzym do phc hi hot tnh ca enzym.
a. nh lng cc cht c
c t l mt nhm rt khng ng nht v kh nng nh hng n qu trnh
sinh ha khc nhau bao gm c chc nng mng, vn chuyn ion, truyn tn hiu, tng
hp DNA v protein. Trong nhiu trng hp, chi tit c th v v tr v phng thc
hot ng ca c t cp phn t vn cha c bit n. Rt nhiu n lc thc
hin pht hin c t trong cc mu mi trng v lm sng s dng cc cm bin th
th. S cm ng ca reporter genes bi mt promoter, p ng mt lot cc hp cht c,
c th s dng sn xut cm bin sinh hc hu ch nh nhng cht ch th u tin v
s hin din ca cht gy nhim trong mi trng. Khi cc t bo tip xc vi cc cht
c hi, c th c hoc gim (tn hiu m tnh) hoc kch hot (tch cc) trong sn xut
protein reporter. Mt cm bin sinh hc pht hin khng c hiu ca cht c, nhng
khng phi cho mt c t c th.
b. Vi sinh vt
Vi khun, virus, vi sinh vt khc c tm thy rng ri cc vng nc b
nhim, khng c x l l mt vn y t cng ng trn ton th gii. Trong trng
hp ca cc h thng nc khng qua x l, coliforms phn c th xm nhp vo sng
sui qua nc thi nng nghip v thng qua nc thi sinh hot. Cc hp cht gy bnh
c th ln n con ngi bng nhiu cch khc nhau, chng hn nh vic s dng cc
vng bin gii tr hoc th thao, ti tiu cho tri cy v rau qu.
Do , nc b mt c th ng mt vai tr quan trng trong vic truyn cc mm
bnh. Phng php hin nay pht hin virus gy bnh, vi khun, ng vt nguyn
sinh, v giun sn c phn khng chnh xc, tn thi gian, v tn km. Phng php ch
yu da vo s n v khun lc (CFU).
Biosensor c kh nng pht hin cc mm bnh nhanh chng v s l phng php
ch yu trong vic pht hin cc mm bnh trong tng lai gn vi nhy ln hn
100CFU/ml. Cc hng ang nghin cu pht trin v sn xut biosensor ni ting nh:
Caliper Technologies, Cepheid, Nanogen, ACLARA BioSciences, MICROGEN Systems,
and Lawrence Livermore Laboratories
c. nh lng ion kim loi nng
nh lng cc kim loi nng nh: Cu, Cd, Hg, v Zn l rt quan trng bi v cc
t tnh ca chng, hm lng cu chng ngy cng tng trong mi trng do cc qu
trnh cng nghip. Phng php thng dng l sc k ion, sc k kh Tuy nhin nhng
phng php ny khng phn bit gia mi nguy tim nng v mi nguy khng tim
nng. Mt thun li l ton b t bo sensor l kh nng phn ng vi cc mu kim loi
c trong mu. Qu trnh hin nay l pht trin nhng biosensor da vo vic xem xt cc
t bo vi khun c b nh hng khng xc nh ion kim loi. Mt khc, kim loi nng
c bit n l ngn cn hot ng ca enzyme v ng dng nhng hin tng ny
xc nh nhng yu t c t nguy him dn n s n gin v nhy cm ca phng
php xc nh ion kim loi bng Biosensor.
d. nh lng phosphat, nitrit
Phosphat v c, nitrat c tm thy trong ngun nc b mt, chng rt c
quan tm v chng gy hi n mi trng nc. Phng php truyn thng xc nh
cc ch tiu ny l sc k, chun th tch hoc o nh ph V vy, hin nay, ngi ta
nghin cu hng n pht trin phng php xc nh chng mt cc n gin v nhanh
chng bng Biosensor.
2.5.4. ng dng trong nng nghip
Nng nghip bao gm trng trt v chn nui nhiu sn phm c s dng trong
i sng hng ngy. Nhng yu t ny thng d b thit hi bi s hnh thnh su bnh
v dch bnh nh hng n li nhun. V vy, mt trong nhng cch nng cao li
nhun lm gin s mt ma v chn nui bi cc s e da t thin nhin. Trong nhiu
trng hp vi sinh vt nh virus, vi khun gy bnh ly truyn trong vt nui ri gy
bnh cho ngi. Ngoi ra, nhu cu an ton sinh hc trong sn xut nng nghip xut
khu ra th trng th gii. Biosensor c th ng vai tr quan trng trong lnh vc ny v
chng cung cp phng php nhanh v c hiu trong pht hin mm bnh so vi cng
ngh trc y.
a. Pht hin nm
Biosensor c ng dng pht hin nm Phakopsora pachyrhizi nguyn
nhn gy bnh m nu cho cy u nnh s dng k thut SPR. Biosensor c khong
phn ng 3.5-28mg/ml.
b. Pht hin aflatoxin
Biosensor cn c dng pht hin aflatoxin trong du oliu, nh gi ph phm
nng nghip, o mc thuc tr su v thuc dit c v kim loi nng trong t v
nc.
c. Chn on v d on iu kin t ai
Biosensor cng c dng d on dch bnh c th xut hin trong t, ci m
cc k thut hin ti xc nh khng kh thi. Biosensor a n k thut hin i chn
on iu kin t ai khng nhng da trn kinh nghim m cn d liu phn tch.

TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Cibele Marli Cao Paiva Gouva, Biosensors for Health Applications, Universidade
Federal de Alfenas Brazil
2. Jose I. Reyes De Corcuera Ralph P. Cavalieri, Biosensors, Washington State
University, Pullman, Washington, U.S.A.
3. Sara Rodriguez-Mozaz, Biosensors for environmental applications: Future
development trend, Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 76, No. 4, pp. 723752, 2004
4. Vishal L. Bagde, Dipali B. Borkar, Biosensor: Use in Agriculture, International
Journal of Scientific Reasearch, Volume : 2 | Issue : 10 | October 2013 ISSN No 2277 -
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