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TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP THC PHM TP.

HCM
KHOA CNG NGH HA HC
B MN HA C S



N TT NGHIP
PHN TCH CC CH TIU

2
NO
,

3
NO
,
+
4
NH
TRONG NC THI V BC U TM HIU
PHNG PHP X L



GVHD: GVC.THS ON TH MINH PHNG
LP: 02DHLHH
SVTH: MSSV:
Nguyn Hoi Lc 2204115073
Nguyn Th Ngc Phng 2204115027
V Th Qunh 2204115065










TPHCM, 01/2014
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

i

LI CM N
------
Qua khong thi gian hc ti trng i Hc Cng nghip thc phm Tp.HCM,
chng ti mun gi li cm n su sc n tt c cc thy c trong nh trng
truyn t cho chng ti nhng kin thc b ch v khoa hc cng ngh, k thut v x
hi.
Chng ti xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trong khoa Cng ngh Ha Hc
truyn t cho chng ti nhng kin thc chuyn mn, cc kinh nghim trong cc bui
hc trong sut thi gian qua.
c bit, chng ti xin gi li cm n chn thnh n ThS.on Th Minh Phng,
l ngi tn tnh trc tip hng dn chng ti tng bc mt v lun khuyn
khch ng vin chng ti trong sut thi gian lm n tt nghip.
Cui cng, li cm n xin c gi ti gia nh v bn b thn yu, l ngun ng
vin tch cc, lun chia s v h tr chng ti hon thnh nny.
Mt ln na chng ti xin chn thnh cm n!
Tp.HCM, ngy thng nm
Nguyn Hoi Lc
Nguyn Th Ngc Phng
V Th Qunh

Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

ii

NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN
















Tp.HCM, ngy thng nm





Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

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NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN
















Tp.HCM, ngy thng nm










Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

iv

MC LC

LI CM N ...................................................................................................................... i
DANH MC BNG .......................................................................................................... vi
LI M U ..................................................................................................................... 1
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN .............................................................................................. 2
1.1. Tng quan v amoni ...................................................................................................... 2
1.1.1. Tnh cht chung ca amoni ...................................................................................... 2
1.1.2. Ngun pht thi v nh hng t amoni ................................................................. 2
1.1.3. Phng php xc nh amoni .................................................................................. 3
1.2. Tng quan v nitrat ........................................................................................................ 4
1.2.1. Tnh cht chung ca nitrat ....................................................................................... 4
1.2.2. Ngun pht thi v nh hng t nitrat ................................................................... 4
1.2.3. Phng php xc nh nitrat .................................................................................... 5
1.3. Tng quan v nitrit ........................................................................................................ 5
1.3.1. Tnh cht chung ca nitrit ........................................................................................ 5
1.3.2. Ngun pht thi v nh hng t nitrit .................................................................... 5
1.3.3. Phng php xc nh nitrit ..................................................................................... 5
CHNG 2: NI DUNG PHN TCH........................................................................... 6
2.1. Cch ly mu v bo qun ............................................................................................. 6
2.1.1. Cch ly mu ........................................................................................................... 6
2.1.2. Bo qun mu .......................................................................................................... 6
2.2. Mt s phng php xc nh cc ch tiu amoni, nitrat, nitrit trong nc thi ........... 6
2.2.1. Xc nh amoni trong nc thi .............................................................................. 6
2.2.2. Xc nh nitrat trong nc thi .............................................................................. 13
2.2.3. Xc nh nitrit trong nc thi .............................................................................. 17
CHNG 3: PHNG PHP X L ......................................................................... 22
3.1. Phng php kh ion amoni ........................................................................................ 22
3.1.1. Phng php Clo ha nc n im t bin...................................................... 22
3.1.2. Phng php lm thong ....................................................................................... 22
3.1.3. Phng php trao i ion ....................................................................................... 22
3.1.4. Phng php Ozon ho vi xc tc BromuaBr
-
) ................................................. 23
3.1.5. Phng php sinh hc x l amoni ....................................................................... 23
3.2. Kh nitrate NO
3
-
.......................................................................................................... 28
3.3. nh gi ....................................................................................................................... 29
KT LUN ....................................................................................................................... 31
TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................................... 32
PH LC .......................................................................................................................... 33





Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

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DANH MC HNH
STT HNH TRANG
1 Hnh2.1. H thng chng ct 12
2 Hnh 3.1 Vi khun NitrosomonasII (Yuichi
Suwa) v Vi khun Nitrobacter
35
3 Hnh 3.2 Vi khun Bacillus 37
4 Hnh 3.3 C ch sinh ho gi thit ca phn ng
Anammox
41
5 Hnh 3.4 Vi khun Anammox Candidatus
Brocadia (John Fuerst/Rick Webb)
42


Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

vi

DANH MC BNG
STT HNH TRANG
1 Bng 1.1 Tiu chun cho php thi vi ch tiu tng Nit 4
2 Bng 1.2 Gi tr gii hn cc thng s v nng cc
cht nhim trong nc thi cng nghip vo vng nc
bin ven b dng cho mc ch th thao v gii tr
4
3 Bng 1.3 Gi tr gii hn cc thng s v nng cc
cht nhim trong nc thi cng nghip
4
4 Bng 1.4 Gi tr cc thng s nhim lm c s tnh ton
gi tr ti a cho php trong nc thi sinh hot
5
5 Bng 1.5 Gi tr cc thng s nhim lm c s tnh ton
gi tr ti a cho php trong nc thi sinh hot
7
6 Bng 2.1. Th tch mu ly xc nh hm lng amoni 11
7 Bng 2.2 Chiu di ng quang ca cuvet ng vi th
tch NO
2
-
1 ppm (mL)
31
8 Bng 3.1 Cc phng php x l nit trong nc thi 43

Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

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LI M U
------
Nc - mt thnh phn quan trng trong cuc sng. N cn thit trong mi lnh
vc kinh t x hi nh: sinh hot, sn xut, cng ngh, cng nghip, nng
nghip,Trong nhng nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin ca nn cng nghip nc
ta, cuc sng ngi dn dn c ci thin r rt, ng thi tnh hnh nhim mi
trng cng gia tng n mc bo ng.
Do c th ca nn cng nghip mi pht trin, cha c s quy hoch tng th v
cn nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau nh: iu kin kinh t ca nhiu x nghip cn kh
khn, hoc do chi ph x l nh hng n li nhun nn hu nh cht thi cng
nghip ca nhiu nh my cha c x l m thi thng ra mi trng. Mt khc
nc ta l mt nc ng dn, c mt dn c cao, nhng trnh nhn thc ca
con ngi v mi trng cn cha cao, nn lng cht thi sinh hot cng b thi ra
mi trng ngy cng nhiu. iu dn ti s nhim trm trng ca mi trng
sng, nh hng n s pht trin ton din ca t nc, sc khe, i sng ca nhn
dn cng nh v m quan ca khu vc, trong , nhim ngun nc l mt trong
nhng thc trng ng ngi nht ca s hy hoi mi trng t nhin do nn vn minh
ng thi. i vi mi trng sng ni chung, vn bo v v cung cp nc sch
l v cng quan trng. ng thi vi vic bo v v cung cp nc sch, vic thi v
x l nc thi trc khi vo ngun l mt vn bc xc i vi ton th loi
ngi.
Ngy nay vn x l nc v cung cp nc sch ang l mt mi quan tm ln
ca nhiu quc gia, nhiu t chc x hi v chnh bn thn mi cng ng dn c.V
y cng l mt vn cp bch cn gii quyt ca nc ta trong qu trnh cng
nghip ha, hin i ha t nc.
Nhm mc ch tm hiu gp phn vo vic bo v mi trng sng ca con ngi,
chng ti chn ti PHN TCH CC CH TIU

2
NO ,

3
NO ,
+
4
NH TRONG
NC THI V BC U TM HIU PHNG PHP X L. Qua , chng
ti trnh by mt cch c ng nhng hiu bit v thc trng nhim ngun nc, mt
s phng php x l nc hin nay.Hy vng vi nhng thng tin trong ti ca
chng ti s gip mi ngi hiu r hn v thc trng nhim ca cc ch tiu v t
ra bin php x l.
Vi s c gng thc s khi nghin cu mt vn nhng khng th trnh khi
nhng thiu st, chng ti rt mong c s hng dn v ng gp kin qu bu
ca qu Thy C v cc bn.












Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

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CHNG 1: TNG QUAN
1.1. Tng quan v amoni
1.1.1. Tnh cht chung ca amoni

D tan trong nc. Cc mui amoni trong nc in ly gn nh hon ton thnh
ion (khi dng mui amoni gm cation amoni NH
4
+
v amoni gc acid).
Hng s phn ly acid (pK
a
) ca NH
4
+
l 9,25.
Ion NH
4
+
trong nc khi tc dng dung dch kim s to kh NH
3
bay ra.
NH
4
+
+ OH
-
NH
3
+ H
2
O
Ion NH
4
+
nhng H
+
vy ion NH
4
+
c tnh acid.
Theo chu trnh Nit, khi c tc dng nhit mui amoni trong nc s tham gia cc
phn ng sau
NH
4
Cl NH
3
+ HCl
(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
NH
4
+ NH
4
HCO
3

NH
4
HCO
3
NH
3
+ H
2
O + CO
2

NH
4
NO
3
N
2
+ 2H
2
O
NH
4
NO
2
N
2
O + 2H
2
O
1.1.2. Ngun pht thi v nh hng t amoni
1.1.2.1. Ngun pht thi
Amoini c mt trong mi trng t cc qu trnh chuyn ha, nng nghip, cng
nghip v t s kh trng nc bng cloramin.
nhim amoni ngy cng tng do:Chn nui gia sc qui m ln, s dng phn
bn hu c, thuc bo v thc vt.
1.1.2.2. nh hng t amoni
Nhng nguyn nhn trn gy nh hng nghim trng n ngun nc.
i vi con ngi: Amoni khng gy nh hng nhiu n sc khe, tc hi ca
amoni xut hin khi tip xc vi liu lng khong trn 200 mg/Kg th trng. Tuy
nhin amoni gy hi khi chuyn thnh cc dng nitrat (1.2.2.2), nitrit (1.3.2.2).
i vi mi trng: Lm mt m quan mi trng, to mi kh chu.
1.1.2.3. Tiu chun hm lng amoni trong nc
Bng 1.1 Tiu chun cho php thi vi ch tiu tng Nit (*)
Khu vc Tiu chun thi tng Nit mg/L)
Khu vc tinh khit < 30
Khu vc A < 60
Khu vc B < 60
Khu vc c bit < 60
(*) Trch bng 1.3 phn ph lc
Bng 1.2 Gi tr gii hn cc thng s v nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi cng
nghip vo vng nc bin ven b dng cho mc ch th thao v gii tr (**).
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

3

Thng s
Mc
F1 F2 F3
Nit tng s, mg/L 20 15 10
Ch thch
F l thi lng, m
3
/ngy (24 gi)
F1 t 50 m
3
/ngy n di 500 m
3
/ngy
F2 t 500 m
3
/ngy n di 5000 m
3
/ngy
F3 bng hoc ln hn 5000 m
3
/ngy
(**) Trch bng 1.4 - phn ph lc
Bng 1.3 Gi tr gii hn cc thng s v nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi cng
nghip (***).
STT Thng s
n
v
TCVN 5945: 1995
D tho TCVN 5945:
2005
Ga tr gii hn Ga tr gii hn
A B C A B C
1 Amoniac (tnh
theo Nit)
mg/L
0.1 1 1 1 2 10
2 Tng Nit mg/L 30 60 60 15 30 60
(***) Trch bng 1.5 phn ph lc
Bng 1.4 Gi tr cc thng s nhim lm c s tnh ton gi tr ti a cho php trong
nc thi sinh hot.C
max
= C x K (****)
Thng s n v
Gi tr C
A B
Amoni (tnh theo N) mg/L 5 10
(****) Trch bng 1.6 phn ph lc
Gi tr h s K ng vi loi hnh c s dch v, c s cng cng v chung c Bng
7.1 phn ph lc).
1.1.3. Phng php xc nh amoni
Vic xc nh amoni c nhiu phng php.Ty vo hm lng ca amoni c
trong mu, nh hng ca cc cu t nhiu cng nh k nng v iu kin phng th
nghim m ta la chn phng php xc nh hp l.Vic xc nh trc tip ch p
dng i vi trng hp amoni tng i thp vi cc loi nc ung, nc b mt
sch v nc thi c x l s b. Trong cc trng hp khc, khi nh hng ca
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

4

cc cu t nhiu l ng k th mu cn c chng ct li trc khi tin hnh phn
tch.
C th xc nh amoni bng phng php chng ct chun , trc quang vi
thuc th nessler, phng php in cc chn lc,phng php trc quang indophenol
blue, phng php phenat hoc phng php sc k lng.
1.2. Tng quan v nitrat
1.2.1. Tnh chtchung ca nitrat

Tan tt trong nc. Cc mui nitrat trong nc in ly gn nh hon ton thnh
ion.
Phn ng nhit phn to ion NO
2
-
v kh oxi v vy nitrat c tnh oxi ha trong mi
trng acid.
NO
3
-
NO
2
-
+ O
2

Trong nc nitrat l sn phm cui cng ca s phn hy cc cht cha nit c
trong cht thi Chu trnh Nit).Cc phn ng trong chu trnh nit bao gm:
N
2
NH
3
NH
4
+
NO
2
-
NO
3
-
1.2.2. Ngun pht thi v nh hng t nitrat
1.2.2.1. Ngun pht thi
Ngun pht sinh nitrat ch yu t vic mi trng nhim lu ngy hoc qua vic
s dng d tha cc loi phn bn NPK trong nng nghip.
Cc ngun thi t mt s ngnh cng nghip ho cht, cng nghip thc phm
cha acid nitric ho tan trong nc ma to HNO
3
) cng a vo nc mt lng kh
ln NO
3
-
ri ngm dn vo ngun nc ngm.
Do cc qu trnh bin i trong chu trnh nit:
Qu trnh nitrat ha: Oxi ha tt c cc dng nit v c thnh ion nitrat.
Qu trnh kh nitrat: Chuyn ha li thnh dng nit.
Qu trnh c nh nit: Qu trnh nit trong khng kh c c nh vo h sinh
hc thng qua dng amoni. Cn nng lng chuyn ha nit khng kh thnh dng
amon.
1.2.2.2. nh hng t nitrat
Cc ion nitrat trong nc thi chy ra sng v bin hm lng ln, kch thch s
pht trin ng vt thy sinh v lm nhim khi chng cht.
Nitrat to chng thiu vitamin, gy ung th ngi cao tui, gy kch ng i vi
tr em. Thc n vo c th di tc dng vi khun ng rut chuyn nitrat thnh
nitrit, nitrit s tranh oxy vi hng cu lm Hemoglobin khng ly c oxy dn n
tnh trng thiu mu, da xanh
2HbFe
2
+(O
2
) + NO
2
-
+ H
2
O 2HbFe
3
+
+ 2OH
-
+ NO
3
-
+ O
2

1.2.2.3. Tiu chun hm lng nitrat trong nc
Bng 1.5 Gi tr cc thng s nhim lm c s tnh ton gi tr ti a cho php trong
nc thi sinh hot.C
max
= C x K (*****)
Thng s n v Gi tr C
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

5

A B
Nitrat (NO
3
-
) (tnh theo N) mg/L 30 50
(*****)Trch bng 1.6 phn ph lc
1.2.3. Phng php xc nh nitrat
Xc nh nitrat kh khn hn v qu trnh tin hnh tng i phc tp v kh
nng b nh hng bi nhiu cao. Thng s dng phng php trc quang xc
nh nitrat vi cc thuc th nh 2,4 disunfophenic, acid salisilic, dimethylphenol, 4-
fluorophenol, thuc th brucine.
1.3. Tng quan v nitrit
1.3.1. Tnh chtchung ca nitrit

Tan tt trong nc. Cc mui nitrit trong nc in ly gn nh hon ton thnh ion.
a s cc mui nitrit khng mu.
Trong mi trng acid, mui nitrit c tnh oxi ho v tnh kh nh acid nitr. Acid
nitr cng nh mui NaNO
2
c dng rng ri trong cng nghip ho hc, nht l
cng nghip phm nhum azo.
Nh c cp electron t do nit m ion NO
2
-
c kh nng to lin kt cho nhn
vi ion kim loi. Mt phc cht thng gp l natricobantinitrit Na
3
[Co(NO
2
)
6
], y l
thuc th dng pht hin ion K
+
nh to thnh kt ta K
3
[Co(NO
2
)
6
] mu vng.
Nitrit kim loi kim bn vi nhit, chng khng phn hy khi nng chy m ch
phn hy trn 500C. Nitrit ca kim loi khc km bn hn b phn hy khi un nng
nh AgNO
2
phn hy 140C.
1.3.2. Ngun pht thi v nh hng t nitrit
1.3.2.1. Ngun pht thi
T nc thi ca cc nh my sn xut phn bn, ha cht, nc thi sinh hot
Do cc qu trnh bin i trong chu trnh nit.
1.3.2.2. nh hng t nitrit
L sn phm trung gian trong qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c nn cc vt nitrit
c dng nh gi s nhim hu c.Trong nc NO
2
-
thng chuyn thnh NO
3
-

.
Gy tn thng t bo, sinh khi u trong gan, phi, vm hng
Gin tip gy n tnh trng thiu mu, da xanh c ch nh hng 1.2.2.2).
Ion nitrit nguy him hn nitrat.Acid nit c hnh thnh t nitrit trong dung dch acid,
c th phn ng vi cc amin th cp (RR'NH) hnh thnh cht nitrosamine (RR'N -
NO).Chng gy hi n sc khe con ngi do to hp cht gy ung th.
1.3.3. Phng php xc nh nitrit
Nitrit c xc nh bng nhiu phng php nh: Phng php trc quang vi
thuc th Griss, phng php vi thuc th sulfuanilamide v N-(1-naphthyl)-
ethylenediamine dihydrochloride, phng php chun vi thuc th KMnO
4
,
phng php ng hc xc tc trc quang, phng php sc k. Ty theo hm
lng mu, phm vi p dng ca phng php, cng nhiu yu t khc m la chn
phng php s dng.

Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

6

CHNG 2: NI DUNG PHN TCH
2.1.Cch ly mu v bo qun
Trong qu trnh phn tch, ly mu l khu quan trng u tin.Nu ly mu khng
ng quy cch th s dn n kt qu phn tch sai lch lm nh hng n vic nh
gi cht lng nc thi. Do , trnh c iu ny i hi ngi phn tch tun
th y k thut ly mu.
2.1.1.Cch ly mu
Trc khi ly mu dng c ly mu phi sch v c trng ra k bng nc ct.
Khi ly mu cn trng ra bnh ly mu 2 n 3 ln bng dung dch mu. Ty thuc v
tr mu ly m c cch ly mu khc nhau:
Ly mu trn ng ng dn: M vi nc chy mnh 5 10 pht, sau m nt
dng c cho ming dng c vo u vi nc v chy trn 2 3 pht. Vn nt bnh
mu li.
Ly mu ni ao, h, ging, rung: Ly mu cc im khc nhau vi nng su
khc nhau. C th ly mu trc tip hoc bng dng c ly mu ring theo ch nng
su su c th t mc 0,5m; 1m; 1,5m; 2m) nu l nc b mt th ly im gia,
xung quanh v nhng im bt k.
2.1.2. Bo qun mu
Ly mu xong cn phi a ngay v phng th nghim.
Sp xp mu sao cho cc chai, l, bnh trnh va chm vo nhau trnh dao ng
mu. Nu thi gian vn chuyn qu 2 gi th mu phi c bo qun ni thong mt,
trnh nhit trc tip.Vn chuyn mu khng qu 24 gi.
2.2. Mt s phng php xc nh cc ch tiu amoni, nitrat, nitrit trong nc
thi
2.2.1. Xc nh amoni trong nc thi
2.2.1.1. Phng php chng ct chun (Phng php Kjeldahl)
a. Nguyn tc
Phn gii amoni trong mt th tch chnh xc mu bng dung dch NaOH, lng
amoni sinh ra s c hp thu vo dung dch acid d HCl, H
2
SO
4
hoc H
3
BO
3
).
Chun li lng acid d bng dung dch chun NaOH (nu dung dch hp thu l HCl
hay H
2
SO
4
) hoc HCl (hay H
2
SO
4
nu dung dch hp thu l H
3
BO
3
).
Xc nh im tng ng:
Nu dung dch hp thu l HCl hay H
2
SO
4
: Lng acid HCl d hay H
2
SO
4
d c
xc nh thng qua vic chun bng NaOH vi ch th Phenolphtalein hoc Tashiro
cho n khi dung dch chuyn t hng sang mu xanh.
Nu dung dch hp thu l H
3
BO
3
: Mui to thnh (NH
4
H
2
BO
3
) do H
3
BO
3
tc dng
vi amoni c xc nh thng qua vic chun bng HCl hay H
2
SO
4
vi ch th
Tashiro cho n khi dung dch chuyn t xm bn sang mu hng tm.
Phng trnh phn ng khi s dng HCl hay H
2
SO
4
l dung dch hp thu:
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH = Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O + 2NH
3

2NH
3
+ H
2
SO
4
= (NH
4
)
2
SO
4

H
+
+ OH
-
=H
2
O
Phng trnh phn ng khi s dng H
3
BO
3
l dung dch hp thu:
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
+ 2NaOH = Na
2
SO
4
+ H
2
O + 2NH
3
H
3
BO
3
+ NH
4
OH NH
4
H
2
BO
3
+ 2H
2
O
2

NH
4
H
2
BO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
2H
3
BO
3
+ (NH
4
)
2
SO
4

Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

7

b. Yu t nh hng
Cht gy cn tr cho php phn tch l ure v ure cng b chng ct di dng
amoniac trong iu kin tng t lm hm lng xc nh tng cao. Cc amin d bay
hi cng b chng ct v phn ng vi acid trong qu trnh chun s lm sai kt qu.
Nu trong mu cha clo cn phi loi tr bng cch cho vi git Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,1N v
khi phn gii clo s bay hi theo v vo dung dch hp thu. Cho Na
2
S
2
O
3
vo
chuyn clo t do thnh Cl
-
gim s bay hi ca clo.
Trong qu trnh chng ct, ngun cung cp nhit phi n nh trnh dung dch
trong bnh ct khng b ht tr li vo bnh phn gii.
c. Dng c - Thit b
Cc dng c thy tinh thng thng: Phc v qu trnh phn tch.
H thng chng ct: Phn gii amoni.
Bp in: Gia nhit, tng vn tc phn gii.
d. Ha cht
Dung dch chun HCl hay H
2
SO
4
: L dung dch hp thu v l dung dch chun ha
khi dng dung dch hp thu l H
3
BO
3
.
Dung dch NaOH 40%: Dung dch phn gii amoni. Dng nng cao gip cho
vic hn ch s mL dung dch vo bnh chng ct. Nu dung dch pha long hn th s
tn th tch nhiu hn gy si tro. Bo qun trong chai nha do NaOH n mn thy
tinh.
Ch th Phenolphthalein (PP) 1%:Nhn bitim tng ng trong qu trnh hp
thu v chun .
Cch pha ch: Cn 1 g phenolphtalein vo cc cha 100 mL cn, khuy u. Bo
qun trong chai mu ti.
Ch th Tashiro:Nhn bitim tng ng trong qu trnh hp thu v chun .
Cch pha ch: L s kt hp ca ch th metyl red (MR) v metyl blue (MB).
Metyl red (MR): Cho ch th vo cc cha cn 60
o
, khuy cho tan hon ton. Bo
qun trong chai mu ti.
Metyl blue (MB): Ha tan 0,1 g MB v 50 g NaH
2
PO
4
vi 41 mL H
2
SO
4
6N thm
nc thnh 1 lt.
e. Quy trnh xc nh
Ly mu, bo qun mu.
V tr ly mu: Ti ni cn xc nh amoni.
Th tch mu ly: Ty vo hm lng Amoni c trong mu v phng php s
dng.Ly th tch mu theo bng 2.1
Bng 2.1. Th tch mu ly xc nh hm lng amoni
Hm lng Amoni trong mu (mg/L) Th tch mu (mL)
5 - 10
10 - 20
20 - 50
50 - 100
250
100
50
25
Dng c ly mu: C th ly mu bng bnh thy tinh hay bnh nha.
Bo qun mu: bo qun mu lu (khong 24 gi) th ta cn acid ha mu (pH
< 3) bng acid H
2
SO
4
v lm lnh 2 - 5
o
C. Vic acid ha mu gip cho NH
3
khng
bay hi, khng b tht thot cho n khi tin hnh phn tch.Do NH
3
hoc NH
4
+
c
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

8

trong nc cng vi photphat s thc y qu trnh ph dng ca nc nn cn lm
lnh xung 2 - 5
o
Ckhi khng c iu kin phn tch ngay.
Lp rp, ra sch v kim tra h thng chng ct.
Lp rp h thng.



















Hnh2.1. H thng chng ct
1. Bnh hng 2. Bnh ct 3.6.9. Kha
4. Phu 5. Bp in 7. Bnh phn gii
8. Bnh ra 10. ng sinh hn
Kim tra nc hon lu v chy mu trng trc khi chng ct.
- H thng chng ct phi kn.
- Trong bnh ct cho vo vi ht bt si u.
Bnh hp thu:
u ng sinh hn phi ngp trong dung dch hp thu. Gia tng hiu qu hp thu.
Chun b trc hoc ng thi vi bnh chng ct khi cho NaOH vo bnh
chng ct th amoni bay ra s c hp thu ngay.
Ch mu sc dung dch hp thu: Do dung dch hp thu c nng nht nh cn
mu nc ta khng bit hm lng amoni nhiu hay t. Trng hp hm lng amoni
trong mu nhiu m nng dung dch hp thu khng th s gy tht thot lm qu
trnh tnh ton khng cn chnh xc.
Dung dch hp thu: Cho dung dch hp thu vi th tch chnh xc vo bnh tam gic,
cho thm vi git ch th tashiro. Ch mu dung dch hp thu trong qu trnh chng
ct.
Nhng u ng sinh hn ca b chng ct ngp hn trong dung dch ca bnh hp
thu.
M nc vo ng sinh hn.
Cho mu v dung dch NaOH vo bnh phn gii, cho thm vi vin bt
dung dch si u.
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

9

Tin hnh chng ct.
Nhn mu dung dch hp thu: Thng qua ch th Tashiro.
- Dung dch hp thu l HCl hay H
2
SO
4
: Trong qu trnh hp thu dung dch gi
nguyn mu hng. Nu dung dch chuyn sang xanh th cn b sung mt lng chnh
xc acid hp thu.
- Dung dch hp thu l H
3
BO
3
: Trong qu trnh hp thu dung dch phi c mu xm
bn. Nu dung dch chuyn sang mu xanh th cn b sung H
3
BO
3
vo bnh hp thu.
Kim tra kt thc qu trnh hp thu: Nng u ng sinh hn ln khi mt dung dch
trong bnh hng (bnh tam gic cha dung dch sau hp thu), dng bnh tia ra u ng
sinh hn, kim tra git nc chy ra u ng bng giy qu nu khng lm i mu
giy qu th kt thc qu trnh hp thu.
Chun :
Dung dch hp thu l HCl hay H
2
SO
4
: Dung dch c chun li bng dung dch
NaOH tiu chun vi ch th phenolphtalein hoc tashiro. im tng ng nhn
c khi dung dch chuyn t hng sang xanh.
Dung dch hp thu l H
3
BO
3
: Dung dch c chun li bng dung dch chun HCl
hay H
2
SO
4
vi ch th tashiro. im tng ng nhn c khi dung dch chuyn t
xm bn sang hng tm.
f. Tnh ton kt qu
Khi dng dung dch hp thu l HCl hay H
2
SO
4
.
( ) ( ) | |
m
H OH NH
3
V
f 1000 NV NV m
NH mg/L
3
- - -
=
+

Trong

1000
17
m
3
NH
=


+
H
N
,
+
H
V
: l nng ng lng (N), th tch dung dch acid H
2
SO
4
em i hp
thu (mL).

OH
N
,

OH
V
: l nng ng lng N), th tch NaOH tiu tn cho vic chun
lng H
2
SO
4
d sau khi hp th NH
3
(mL).
f: h s pha long (mL).
Khi dng dung dch hp thu l H
3
BO
3
.
( ) ( ) | |
m
OH H NH
3
V
f 1000 NV NV m
NH mg/L
3
- - -
=
+ +

Trong

1000
17
m
3
NH
=


+
H
N
,
+
H
V
: l nng ng lng (N), th tch dung dch acid H
3
BO
3
em i hp
thu (mL).

OH
N
,

OH
V
: l nng ng lng N), th tch NaOH em phn gii (mL).
f: h s pha long (mL).
2.2.1.2. Phng php so mu vi thuc th Nessler
a. Nguyn tc
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

10

Amoni trong mt th tch chnh xc mu nc tc dng vi thuc th Nessler
(K
2
HgI
4
) trong mi trng kim to phc c mu vng n nu sm, cng mu
ph thuc vo hm lng amoni c trong nc.
2K
2
HgI
4
+ NH
3
+ KOH NH
2
Hg
2
I
3
+ 5KI + H
2
O
Hay
2K
2
HgI
4
+ NH
4
OH + 3NaOH OHg
2
NH
2
I + 4KI + 3H
2
O + 3NaI
Mu vng c c khi hm lng amoni tng i thp (0,4 5,0 mg/L) c th o
bc sng 400 450 nm. Vi nng amoni cao hn vo khong 10 mg/L) dung
dch c mu nu, c th o cng mu o bc sng 450 500 nm.
b. Yu t nh hng
c v mu ca nc s nh hng n qu trnh o quang v lm nhiu tn
hiu o. khc phc th phi lc mu qua than hot tnh loi b mu.
Loi b cc ion Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, Mn
2+
, Fe
3+
v cc hp cht hu c v chng s to ta,
to mu trong mi trng kim. C th loi bng k thut che vi dung dch
Seinhephay dung dch complexon hoc loi cc ion di dng kt ta hydroxit
bng NaOH, cc hydroxit ny s hp ph cc huyn ph hu c trong nc sau ly
tm tch ta ra khi mu, tc ly tm l 2500 vng/pht.
Clo d trong nc c loi tr bng dung dch natrithiosunfat 5%
Sulfur gy kt ta vi thuc th nessler nn cn loi b bng cacbonat ch.
c. Dng c - Thit b
Cc dng c thy tinh dng trong phn tch.
Cuvet.
My o quang v cc dng c thy tinh thng thng trong phn tch trc quang.
d. Ha cht
Dung dch NH
4
+
tiu chun:
Dung dch chun lu tr (dung dch A): Ha tan 0,2965g NH
4
Cl tinh khit sy
kh n khi lng khng i 105-110
o
C trong 2 gi bng nc ct 2 ln trong bnh
nh mc dung tch 100 mL, thm 1mL cloroform bo v) v thm nc ct n
vch.
Dung dch chun NH
4
+
10 ppm: Ly 10 mL dung dch A cho vo bnh nh mc
dung tch 1000 mLv thm nc ct n vch.
Dung dch mui Seinhep: Ha tan 50 g KNaC
4
H
4
O
6
.4H
2
O trong nc ct v thm
n 100 mL. Dung dch cn lc, sau thm 5 mL dung dch NaOH 5% v un nng
mt thi gian ui NH
3
, th tch dung dch sau khi un cn khong 100 mL.
Dung dch Nessler: Ha tan 80 g KI + 115 g HgI
2
bng 500 mL nc ct 2 ln
(khng c NH
3
) vo cc 1L, sau trn u v thm 500 mL dung dch NaOH 6N.
lng ta vi ngy trong ch ti, gn ly phn dung dch trong sut vo l c nt cao su,
ch ti.Thuc th c mu vng yu, ta lng xung khng lm h thuc th. Khi
phn tch th nn ly phn dung dch trong pha trn mt hoc c th lc qua giy lc
s dng.
Bo qun dung dch trong chai thy tinh mu nu v trnh nh sng (nu s dng
thi gian ngn) hoc chai nha nu lu.
Thuc th Nessler phi pha ng cch v bo qun thch hp nu khng thuc th
s b h v cho mu vi amoni khng tuyn tnh.
Lu trong qu trnh pha ch cc mui thy ngn rt c.
Dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
: Ha tan 3,5 g Na
2
S
2
O
3
.5H
2
O trong nc ct 2 ln n 1L.
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

11

Dung dch ZnSO
4
.7H
2
O: Pha thnh dung dch 10% tinh khit.
Dung dch NaOH 6N: to mi trng kim khi pha thuc th Nessler.
Cch pha ch: Cn 24 g NaOH khan ha tan trong 100 mL nc ct, khuy u
bo qun trong bnh c np y, dn nhn .
Dung dch ZnSO
4
1%: Cn10g ZnSO
4
ha tan trong 100 mL nc ct, khuy u
bo qun trong chai c np y, dn nhn .
e. Qui trnh xc nh:
Ly mu, bo qun mu.
Mu ly phn tch amoni phi phn tch ngay. Nu khng phi c nh mu bng 2
4 mL CHCl
3
(trnh tc dng ca vi sinh vt) cho 100 mL mu nc v bo qun
4
o
C nhng khng c qu mt tun hoc c th acid ha mu bng H
2
SO
4
n pH < 3,
lm lnh t 2 5
o
C.
Th tch mu phn tch khng c nh hn 250 mL.
Ra, trng cc dng c thy tinh.
Xy dng ng chun: Chun b ln lt 6 bnh nh mc loi 50mL, nh s th
t t 1 - 6 ri tin hnh cho ln lt vo bnh nh mc cc ha cht: Dung dch chun
amoni 10 ppm theo th tch tng dn, cho tip 2 mL dung dch thuc th Nessler, nh
mc nc ct n vch.
Mu ca amoni vi thuc th Nessler ph thuc vo kim, nhit , thi gian
v cch pha cng nh thi gian v bo qun Nessler. V th phi ng nht gia qu
trnh xc nh mu vi vic xy dng ng chun.
Khi nng N > 5 ppm, phi pha mu nhiu ln v phc NH
2
Hg
2
OI s tng cao v
to ta gy c dung dch v khng o c.
Chun b mu o: Th tch mu em phn tch ty hm lng amoni c trong mu.
Thng thng nu hm lng mu t th s tin hnh ly 50 mL mu v tin hnh c
cn mu ri thc hin cng iu kin vi chun nhng thm 1mL dung dch Seinhep.
y np bnh nh mc lc trn u yn khong 10 pht tin hnh o hp thu
ca dy chun v mu trn my quang ph bc sng 425 nm ta c gi tr mt
quang l Y.
f. Tnh ton
Tm phng trnh hi quy tuyn tnh t ng chun c dng:
Y = BX + A (r > 95%)
Y: Biu din gi tr ca mt quang A ABS) trn th
X: Biu din gi tr nng NH
4
+
trn th
A, B: gi tr c c khi thit lp phng trnh hi quy.
Da trn th ta suy ra mg/L NH
4
+
=
m
V
B
A Y
= (mg/L)
- V
m
: Th tch mu ly i phn tch.
2.2.1.3. Phng php Indophenol
Phng php ny c p dng cho phn tch mu nc thi vi cng tng cng
nh hn 400 mg/L v nng nitrit nh hn 5 mg/L.
a. Nguyn tc:
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

12

Amoni phn ng vi hypocloric trong mi trng kim to thnh monochloramine.
Khi c mt phenol v mt lng d Hypocloric cho phc Indophenol mu xanh vi
xc tc nitropruside.
Trong mi trng kim NH
4
+
bin thnh NH
3
s phn ng vi hypocloric.
NH
3
+ Clo
-
NH
2
Cl + OH
-


Cng mu ty thuc vo nng hin din ca amoni v natri nitroprusside c
thm vo lm tng cng hin mu trong dung dch v c o bc sng 630
640 nm.
b. Yu t nh hng
Nu mu c th phi lc mu, nu mu nc c mu th phi lc qua than hot
tnh loi mu.
Loi b cc ion: Ca
2+
, Mg
2+
, Mn
2+
, Fe
3+
v cc hp cht hu c v chng s to ta,
to mu trong mi trng kim. C th loi bng k thut che vi dung dch Seinhep
hay dung dch complexon .
Clo d trong nc c loi tr bng Na
2
S
2
O
3
hay NaAsO
3
.
c. Dng c - Thit b
Cc dng c thy tinh dng trong phn tch.
Cuvet.
My o quang v cc dng c thy tinh thng thng trong phn tch trc quang.
d. Ha cht
Thuc th mix I, phenol nitropurside: Cn 5 g phenol v 0,025 g nitropurside
Na
2
[Fe(CN)
5
NO].2H
2
O, ha tan trong 100 mL nc ct 2 ln. Bo qun trong ti 2
tun.
Thuc th mix II, Alkali Hypochlorite (NaOCl): Cn 2,5 g NaOH v 0,21 g
Clo(khong 6 mL dung dch Sodium hypochlorite thng mi trong 100 mL nc ct
2 ln). Bo qun trong 2 thng.
Dung dch gc amoni 100 mg/L: Sy kh NH
4
Cl 100
0
C trong 1 gi sau lm
ngui trong bnh ht m. Cn chnh xc 0,3819 g NH
4
Cl vo bnh nh mc 1000 mL.
Ha tan trong khong 300 mL nc ct ri nh mc ti vch. Bo qun trong 1 nm.
Dung dch chun amoni 1 mg/L: Dng micropipetly 0,5 mL dung dch gc amoni
100 mg/L vo bnh nh mc 50 mL, nh mc bng nc ct. Chun b hng ngy khi
tin hnh phn tch.
e. Quy trnh xc nh
Ly mu, bo qun mu: Mu ly phn tch ammoni phi phn tch ngay. Nu
khng phi c nh mu bng 2 4 mL CHCl
3
(trnh tc dng ca vi sinh vt) cho 100
mL mu nc v bo qun 4
0
C nhng khng c qu 1 tun hoc c th axit ha
mu bng H
2
SO
4
n pH<3, lm lnh t 2 5
0
C. Th tch mu phn tch khng c
nh hn 250 mL.
Ra, trng cc dng c thy tinh.
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

13

Tt c dung dch c chun b trong bnh nh mc 25 mL v nh mc bng
nc ct.
Dng ng chun: Cho dung dch chun amoni 1 mg/L, tip n cho dung dch
thuc th mix I (ty th tch dung dch chun nhiu hay t m lng thuc th cho vo
ph hp) k tip cho thuc th mix II. nh mc n vch.
Chun b mu o: Dng pipet ly mt th tch mu ph hp cho vo bnh nh mc
25 mL thm cc thuc th nh i vi ng chun, nh mc n vch.
Tin hnh o hp thu: Cc mu sau khi chun b, trong ti 24 gi, em o
trn my so mu bc sng 635 nm, cuvet 1 cm. Dung dch so snh l nc ct.
f. Cng thc tnh
S dng phn mm AAS tnh theo cng thc ng chun hay cng thc:
) A (A
A B
C
t c
m

=

Trong :
A
m
: hp thu ca mu.
A
c
: hp thu ca chun.
A
t
: hp thu ca mu trng.
B: Lng amoni tnh theo N trong dung dch chun thng l 10 g).
C: Nng amoni tnh theo N c trong mu, mg.
2.2.2. Xc nh nitrat trong nc thi
2.2.2.1. Phng php so mu vi thuc th phenoldisunfonic
Phng php ny n gin v cho nhy kh cao (0,05 ppm).
Phng php n gin d thc hin v r tin.
a. Nguyn tc
Xc nh hm lng nitrat bng phng php trc quang, da trn phn ng ion
nitrat vi acid phenol 2,4 disunfonic to thnh hp cht khng mu
nitrophenoldisunfonic. Trong mi trng kim, hp cht ny c mu vng v c o
bng my o quang ti bc sng 410 nm. Cng mu t l vi nng nitrat c
trong mu phn tch. Hm lng nitrat ti a pht hin c theo phng trnh ny l
10 mg/L.

b. Cc yu t nh hng
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

14

Khi trong mu c cht hu c c mu c th loi tr bng cch oxy ha vi H
2
O
2

trc khi lm kh mu.
Trong mi trng acid c to bi H
2
SO
4
, nu c mt Cl
-
(nng Cl
-
> 10 ppm )
c th kh nitrat thnh oxyt nit d bay hi. C th loi tr nh hng ny bng cch
pha long dung dch hoc dng Ag
2
SO
4
to ta AgCl vi liu lng thch hp.
Nitrit cng gy nh hng n kt qu phn tch. C th loi b nh hng ny
bng cch thm vo natri nitrua NaN
3
) hoc xc nh nitrit c trong mu, sau
oxy ha chuyn ton b sang dng nitrat vi H
2
O
2
, xc nh lng nitrat tng v
suy ra lng nitrat c trong mu.
Mui to thnh bn trong mi trng kim. V vy dung dch d b vn c lm
nh hng n kt qu o quang do s hnh thnh kt ta cc mui canxi v magie,
trnh skt ta dng dung dch EDTANa (Dinatri dihidro etylendinitrilotetraaxetat).
c. Dng c - Thit b
Cc thit b phng th nghim thng thng.
My quang ph k
Ni cch thy
d. Ha cht
Dung dch chun gc c pha t KNO
3
(hoc NaNO
3
) rn tinh khit, bo qun
trong chai thu tinh, thm vo CHCl
3
hn ch nh hng ca vi sinh vt. Thi
gian bo qun khng qu 2 thng. Dung dch chun s dng l 10ppm.
Cch pha ch: Ha tan 0,722 g KNO
3
tinh khit sy kh ti khi lng khng
i 105 110
0
C trong 2 gi bng nc ct trong bnh nh mc dung tch 1 L thm
nc ct n vch. Trn u dung dch, thu c dung dch tiu chun c nng 100
mg/L (100 ppm), pha long tip 10 ln c dung dch tiu chun nitrat 10 ppm.
Thuc th phenol 2,4 disunfophenic dng tinh th, d b chy ra, d phn hy
nhit 100
o
C. Tan trong nc, ru etylic, khng tan trong ete. Thuc th ny c
to thnh bng cch sunfo ha phenol khng loi H
2
SO
4
d sau phn ng. c bo
qun trong l thy tinh ti, ng nt k.
Dung dch acid phenoldisunfonic (C
6
H
6
O
7
S
2
): Ho tan 3 g phenol tinh khit vo 20
mL H
2
SO
4
c, bo qun trong l mu ti.
Dung dch H
2
SO
4
: chnh mi trng.
Dung dchCa(OH)
2
bo ha: chnh mi trng.
Dung dch Ag
2
SO
4
0,01M: loi b ion Cl
-

Dung dch amoniac c 25%): chnh pH.
e. Quy trnh xc nh
Mu xc nh nitrat c ly vo chai thu tinh v tin hnh phn tch cng sm
cng tt ngay sau khi ly mu. C th bo qun mu nhit 2-5
0
C trong vng 1
ngy. Khng bo qun mu bng acid v khng th xc nh ring phn nitrat v nitric
v NO
2
-
s chuyn thnh NO
3
-
kt qu sai.
Nitrat kt hp vi thuc th dng kh nn cn phi c cn mu nc trc khi
thc hin cc giai on tip theo.
Mu phi c a v pH= 7- 8,5 c nh ton b nitrat. Nu pH thp qu th
nitrat s bay hi, cn pH cao th s to thnh mui. iu chnh pH c th s dng
H
2
SO
4
long (0,05 M) hoc dung dch Ca(OH)
2
bo ha.
Cc mu th nghim cha cht l lng phi c lng hoc lc qua giy lc si
thy tinh trc khi ly phn mu th.
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

15

Mu xc nh: Ly 5mL mu cho vo cc, un cn. Thm 0,5 mL acid
phenoldisunfonic, lc u. Thm khong 10 mL nc ct, lc u. Chuyn tt c sang
bnh nh mc 25 mL v nh mc ti vch. Sau yn10 pht v em o mt
quang bc sng 410 nm.
Dng dy chun
Chun b 6 bnh chun vi cc th tch chun (dung dch NO
3
-
10 ppm) ln lt l: 0
mL; 0,1 mL; 0,2 mL; 0,3 mL; 0,4 mL; 0,5 mL. Thm 0,5mL acid phenoldisunfonic,
lc u.Sau cho 5 mL amoniac, yn 10 pht ri em o quang bc sng 410
nm.
f. Tnh ton kt qu


Trong :
C: hm lng nitrat theo ng chun, mg
V: th tch nc ly phn tch, mL
2.2.2.2. Phng php so mu vi thuc th acid sunfosalixylic
Phng php s dng n gin v c nhy cao.
a. Nguyn tc
Trong mi trng acid, nitrat phn ng vi natrisalixylat to thnh hp cht c
mu ca mui nitrosalixylic. mi trng baz mnh hp cht ny c mu vng v
c o bng my o quang ti bc sng = 410 nm. Cng mu t l vi nng
ion NO
3
-
c trong mu phn tch.Phng php ny c th xc nh hm lng nitrat
t 0,1 20 ppm.

b. Cc yu t nh hng
Nhng cht hu c dng keo v c mu trong nc thng gy cn tr cho vic
xc nh. C th loi b bng cch to ta vi huyn ph nhm.
Trong mi trng acid c to bi H
2
SO
4
, nu c mt Cl
-
(nng Cl
-
> 10 ppm )
c th kh nitrat thnh oxyt nit d bay hi. C th loi tr nh hng ny bng cch
pha long dung dch hoc dng Ag
2
SO
4
to ta AgCl vi liu lng thch hp.
Nitrit cng gy nh hng n kt qu phn tch cn loi b nh hng ny bng
cch thm vo natri nitrua NaN
3
) hoc xc nh nitrit c trong mu, sau oxy ha
chuyn ton b sang dng nitrat vi H
2
O
2
, xc nh lng nitrat tng v suy ra
lng nitrat c trong mu.
Mui to thnh bn trong mi trng kim. V vy dung dch d b vn c lm
nh hng n kt qu o quang do s hnh thnh kt ta cc mui canxi v magie,
trnh s kt ta dng dung dch EDTANa (Dinatri dihidro etylendinitrilotetraaxetat).
c. Dng c - Thit b
My o quang v cc dng c thy tinh thng thng.
d. Ho cht
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

16

Dung dch chun gc c pha t KNO
3
(hoc NaNO
3
) rn tinh khit, bo qun
trong chai thu tinh, thm vo CHCl
3
hn ch nh hng ca vi sinh vt. Thi
gian bo qun khng qu 2 thng. Dung dch chun s dng l 10ppm.
Cch pha ch: Ha tan 0,722 g KNO
3
tinh khit sy kh ti khi lng khng
i 105 110
0
C trong 2 gi bng nc ct trong bnh nh mc dung tch 1 L thm
nc ct n vch. Trn u dung dch, thu c dung dch tiu chun c nng 100
mg/L (100 ppm), pha long tip 10 ln c dung dch tiu chun nitrat 10 ppm.
Thuc th natri salixylat rn dng tinh th mu trng, d ht m, hay kt tinh
thnh khi, d tan trong nc, ru, ete.
Cch pha ch: Ha tan 1 g 0,1 g natrisalixylat (HO-C
6
H
4
-COONa) trong 100mL
1mL nc. Bo qun trong chai thu tinh hoc chai polyetylen. Chun b dung dch
mi trong ngy lm th nghim.
Dung dch NaOH: loi b nh hng cc mui canxi v magie
Cch pha ch: Ha tan cn thn 200 g natri hidroxit dng ht trong 800 mL nc.
Thm 50 g dinatri dihidro etylendinitrilotetraaxetat ngm 2 phn t nc (EDTANa)
v ha tan. ngui n nhit phng v thm nc ti 1 lt. Bo qun trong chai
polyetylen. Thuc th ny c th bn trong thi gian di.
Huyn ph nhm Al(OH)
3
: Loi b cht hu c dng keo v c mu trong nc
Cch pha ch: Cn 12,5 g AlNH
4
(SO
4
)
2
.12H
2
O ha tan trong 1000 mL nc, un
nng n 60
o
C. Thm vo 5,5 mL dung dch NH
4
OH m c, lc u. yn 45
pht, ra gn vi nc ct cho n tht sch ion Cl
-
.
Dung dch natri nitrua: Loi b nh hng ca nitrit
Cch pha ch: Ha tan cn thn 0,05 g natri nitrua vo khong 100 mL. Bo qun
trong chai thy tinh. Thuc th ny c th bn trong thi gian di.
e. Quy trnh xc nh
Mu xc nh nitrat c ly vo chai thu tinh v tin hnh phn tch cng sm
cng tt ngay sau khi ly mu. C th bo qun mu nhit 2-5
0
C trong vng 1
ngy.
Cc mu th nghim cha cht l lng phi c lng hoc lc qua giy lc si
thy tinh trc khi ly phn mu th.
V nitrat kt hp vi thuc th dng kh nn cn phi c cn mu nc trc khi
thc hin cc giai on tip theo.
Mu phi c a v pH= 7- 8,5 c nh ton b nitrat. Nu pH thp qu th
nitrat s bay hi, cn pH cao th s to thnh mui. iu chnh pH c th s dng
H
2
SO
4
long (0,05 M) hoc dung dch Ca(OH)
2
bo ha. Nu bo qun mu bng acid
th khng th xc nh ring phn nitrat v nitric v NO
2
-
s chuyn thnh NO
3
-
kt
qu sai.
Khi trong mu c cht hu c c mu c th loi tr bng cch oxy ha vi H
2
O
2

trc khi lm kh mu.
Mu xc nh: Dng pipet ly 10 mL mu cho vo cc (mu c chnh v mi
trng trung tnh). Thm 0,5 mL dung dch natri nitrua v 0,2 mL acid axetic. Sau
bay hi hn hp cho n kh trong ni cch thu ang si. Thm 1 mL dung dch
natri salixylat, trn u v cho bay hi hn hp n kh ln na. Ly cc ra khi ni
cch thu v ngui cc n nhit phng.
Thm 1 mL acid sunfuric c v ho tan cn trn cc bng cch lc nh. hn
hp lng trong 10 pht. Sau thm 10 mL nc, tip theo l 10 mL dung dch kim.
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

17

Chuyn hn hp sang bnh nh mc dung tch 25 mL v nh mc ti vch bng
nc ct. Sau 15 pht em o hp thu cng vi dy chun = 410 nm.
Dng dy chun: Chun b 6 bnh tam gic chun vi cc th tch chun (dung
dch NO
3
-
10 ppm) ln lt l 0 mL; 0,1 mL; 0,2 mL; 0,3 mL; 0,4 mL; 0,5 mL. Cc
bc tip theo tin hnh tng t nh mu phn tch.
f. Tnh ton kt qu


Trong :
C: hm lng nitrat theo ng chun, mg
V: th tch nc ly phn tch, mL
2.2.3. Xc nh nitrit trong nc thi
2.2.3.1. Phng php trc quang vi thuc th sunfanilic v naphthylamin
Nitrit trong nc c xc nh, nu hon ton khng c cht cn tr th nng
pht hin ti thiu ca phng php l 10 g/L NO
2
-
, ty thuc vo thit b s dng
trong qu trnh phn tch. Thng thng h mu tun theo nh lut Beer khi nng
nitrit >180 g/L. i vi mu c nng cao th cn phi pha long mu.
a. Nguyn tc
Nitrit trong mt th tch chnh xc mu nc tham gia vo phn ng diazo ha vi
sunfanilic v naphthylamin to thnh phm mu hng tm azo ti pH t 2 2.5,
hp thu cc i bc song 520 nm. Tin hnh o hp thu ca mu v dy chun
c dng trong cng iu kin t xc nh c hm lng nitrit c trong mu.
Phng trnh phn ng:
SO
3
H-C
6
H
4
-NH
2
+ NO
2
-
+ 2H
+
HO
3
S-C
6
H
4
-N
+
N + 2H
2
O
HO
3
S-C
6
H
4
-N
+
N + -C
10
H
7
NH
2
HO
3
S-C
6
H
4
-N=N- C
10
H
6
NH
2
+ H
+


b. Cc yu t nh hng
Phng php ny c chn lc rt cao, ch khi c mt lng rt ln thng gp
100 ln) ca cloramin, clo, thiosunfat, natripolyphotphat v Sb, Fe
3+
, Pb
2
, Hg
2+
, Ag
+

th mi gy ra sai s khong 10%, loi b nh hng ca chng bng cch pha long.
Nhng ch vi mt lng nh cht l lng cng lm sai lch kt qu. Do , trc khi
phn tch cn thit phi lc. Nc cha nhng cht keo, phi lm trong bng alumin
hydroxit.
c. Dng c - thit b
Pipet cc loi, bnh nh mc 25 mL, my quang ph.
d. Ha cht
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

18

Dung dch NO
2
-
250 ppm: Ha tan 1,232g NaNO
2
tinh khit trong 1000 mL. chun
li nng bng dung dch KMnO
4
0.05N (KMnO
4
0,05N: cn 1,6g KMnO
4
+ nc
ct = 1lt).
Dung dch NO
2
-
10 ppm: Pha long dung dch NO
2
-
250 ppm. (Dung dch chun
c pha t NaNO
2
rn tinh khit. khi pha dung dch chun gc cn cho thm
CHCl
3
trnh nh hng ca vi sinh vt. Nng s dng 10 ppm. Nitrit rt d b
chuyn ha thnh nitrat nn ch pha v s dng ngay trong ngy.)
Dung dch acid sunfanilic 1% (Griess A): Ha tan 5 g acid sunfanilic trong 32,5
mL HCl m c v nc ct n 500 mL.Acid sunfanilic l cht rn, b phn hy khi
trong khng kh, mt nc 100C. ha tan trong 100g nc: 0,8g (10C); 1 g
(20C); 1,45 g (30C); 1,99 g (40C); 6,6g (100C). Hu nh khng tan trong ru
etylic, ete, benzen. Ha tan trong dung dch cacbonat v kim. Tc dng vi nitrit to
thnh acid diazosunfanilic, acid ny c s dng rng ri tm amin, amoniac,
phenol v naphtol.
Thuc th -naphthylamin (Griess B): Ha tan 0,6g -naphthylamin trong 100 mL
CH3COOH 6M trong chai nu ni thong mt.Thuc th -naphthylamin (1-
aminonaphtalen) dng hnh kim nh, mu trng, c mi kh chu. Trong khng kh
c mu nht, rt d thng hoa. ha tan trong 100g nc l 0,17g. D tan trong
ru etylic, ete v acid clohydric long, d b sm mu do oxy ha.
Lu : thuc th Griess A v Griess Bc pha ring trong mi trng acid v bo
qun trong chai kn, ti mu.
Dung dch CH
3
COOH 5N.
e. Quy trnh xc nh
Mu xc nh nitrit c th c ly v cha trong bnh nha hoc bnh thy tinh,
khng cn cho thm cht bo qun, ch cn lm lnh 2-5C hoc ng lnh -20C
hn ch hot ng ca vi sinh vt chuyn nitrit thnh nitrat hoc amoni) nu khng
c iu kin phn tch ngay. Thi gian bo qun khng qu 1 ngy.Lng mu ly
phn tch khng nh hn 200 mL.
Nu mu b c, c cht rn l lng, c th lc mu, sau ly th tch chnh xc
ln mu cng dy chun c dng trong bnh nh mc 25 mL.
Mu phn tch: Ly mt th tch mu thch hp, thm 1 mL dung dch CH
3
COOH
5N. Thm 0,5 mL Griess A, yn 5 pht. Thm 0,5 mL Griess B. Thm nc ct 2
ln n vch. yn 10 pht, sau em o bc sng 520 nm.
Mu chun: chun b 5 bnh chun vi cc th tch chun (dung dch NO
2
-
10 ppm)
ln lt l 0 mL; 0,1 mL; 0,2 mL; 0,5 mL; 1 mL. Cc bc tip theo tin hnh tng
t nh mu phn tch.
f. Tnh ton kt qu
Lp th chun trong h ta A C. T suy ra hm lng ca NO
2
-
trong
mu.


Trong :
C: hm lng nitrit theo ng chun, mg
V: th tch nc ly phn tch, mL
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

19

2.2.3.2. Phng php trc quang vi thuc th 4-aminobenzen sufonamid v N-
(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride trong mi trng acid
octhophosphoric.
Phng php ny p dng xc nh nitrit trong nc sinh hot, nc thi v
nc th.
Nng nit dng nitrit
N
ti 0,25 mg/L c th xc nh c khi s dng th tch
mu th ti a 40 mL.
Khi s dng cc cuvet c chiu di ng quang 40 mm v lng mu th 40 mL,
gii hn pht hin c xc nh nm khong gia
N
= 0,001 0,002 mg/L.
S dng 40 mL lng mu th v cuvet c chiu di ng quang 40 mm, nng
nitrit 0,062 mg/L s cho hp thu vo khong 0.66 n v.
S dng 40 mL lng mu th v cuvet c chiu di ng quang 10 mm, nng
nitrit 0,25 mg/L s cho hp thu vo khong 0,67 n v.
a. Nguyn tc
Phn ng ca nitrit trong mu th vi thuc th 4 -aminobenzen sufonamid vi s
c mt ca acid octhophosphoric pH = 1,9 to mui diazo, mui ny s to thuc
nhum mu hng vi N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride c thm
vo bng thuc th 4 - aminobenzen sufonamid). o hp thu 540 nm.
Phng trnh phn ng:

b. Cc yu t nh hng
Nu kim ca mu cao lm pH khng t 1,9 0,1 sau khi x l phn mu
th v pha long ti 40 mL, dung dch acid octhophosphoric b sung s c thm vo
trc khi pha long.
S c mt ca cloramin, clo, thiosunfat, natripolyphotphat v st (III) gy nhiu
mt cch ng k.
c. Dng c - thit b
Tt c cc dng c thy tinh phi c lm sch cn thn bng acid clohidric 2
mol/Lv sau trng k vi nc.
Cc thit b phng th nghim thng thngv quang ph k thch hp cho vic o
bc sng 540 nm, cng vi cc cuvet c chiu di ng quang trong khong t 10
mm n 50 mm.
d. Ha cht
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

20

Trong qu trnh phn tch, ch dng thuc th thuc loi phn tch v ch dung
nc ct hoc nc c tinh khit tng ng.
Acid octhophosphoric, dung dch 15 mol/L (1,70 g/mL).
Acid octhophosphoric, dung dch 1,5 mol/L: dng pipet ly 25 mL acid
octhophosphoric 15 mol/L vo 150 mL 25 mL nc. Khuy u v lm ngui ti
nhit phng. Chuyn dung dch sang bnh nh mc dung tch 250 mL v pha long
ti vch. Bo qun trong bnh thy tinh ti mu, dung dch bn t nht trong vng 6
thng.
Thuc th mu: Ha tan 40,0 g 0,5 g 4-aminobenzen sufonamid trong hn hp
ca 100 mL 1 mL acid octophotphoric 15 mol/L v 500 mL 50 mL nc trong cc
thy tinh c m. Ha tan 2,00 g 0,02 g N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine
dihydrochloride trong dung dch to thnh. Chuyn dung dch sang bnh nh mc
1000 mL v pha long n vch. Lc u.
Thuc th mu 4-aminobenzen sufonamid v N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylenediamine
dihydrochloride trong mi trng acid c bo qun trong l thy tinh ti mu, dung
dch bn trong 1 thng nu gi nhit t 25C.
Thuc th ny l cht c. Trnh tip xc vi da hoc nut phi cc thuc th
thnh phn ca n.
Dung dch NO
2
-
100 ppm: Ha tan 0,4922 g 0,0002 g natri nitric (sy kh nhit
105C trong thi gian t nht 2 gi) trong khong 750 mL nc. Chuyn ton b
dung dch sang bnh nh mc dung tch 1000 mL v pha long ti vch.
Dung dch NO
2
-
1 ppm: Dng pipet chuyn 10 mL dung dch nitrit 100 ppm sang
bnh nh mc dung tch 1000 mL v pha long vi nc ti vch. Chun b dung dch
ny khi s dng v loi b sau khi s dng.
e. Quy trnh xc nh
Mu phng th nghim c ng trong bnh thy tinh v phi c phn tch
cng sm cng tt trong vng 24 gi sau khi ly mu. C th bo qun ngn hn t 1
n 2 ngy nhit -20C hoc bo qun 4C.
Th tch phn mu th ln nht l 40 mL. Lng mu ny thch hp cho vic xc
nh nng nitrit ti 0,25 mg/L. Phn mu th nh hn c th s dng xc nh
nitrit c nng cao hn. Nu mu th nghim c cha cc cht l lng, th phi
lng hoc phi lc qua bng thy tinh trc khi ly phn mu th.
Mu phn tch: Dng pipet chuyn phn mu th c ly vo bnh nh mc 50
mL, v nu cn thit pha long vi nc ti 40 mL 2mL. iu thit yu l phi iu
chnh th tch ti 40 mL 2 mL m bo chnh xc t c (sau khi thm
thuc th) cho phn ng.
Dng pipet thm 1 mL thuc th mu. Lc u v pha long vi nc ti vch.
Lc v yn. pH trong giai on ny phi t 1,9 0,1. Nu mu th c tnh
kim cao, lm pH khng t sau khi x l v pha long ti 40 mL, th b sung dung
dch acid octhophosphoric 1,5 mol/L trc khi pha long, nh vy s t c pH
quy nh.
o hp thu ca dung dch (sau khi thm thuc th t nht 20 pht) bc sng
540 nm, trong cuvet c chiu di ng quang thch hp, s dng nc lm dung dch
i chiu.
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

21

Nu mu ca mu th ban u c th lm nhiu vic o hp thu th x l 2 mu
song song nh trn nhng thay thuc th mu bng 1 mL dung dch acid
octhophosphoric 1,5 mol/L.
Mu trng: Tin hnh mu trng tng t nh mu phn tch nhng thay phn mu
th bng 40 mL 2mL nc.
Mu chun: Tin hnh dy chun gm 9 bnh nh mc dung tch 50 mL nh
bng 2.2). Pha long dung dch cha trong mi bnh vi nc cho th tch ca dung
dch t ti 40 mL 2mL v tin hnh cc bc tip theo nh mu phn tch, s dng
cc cuvet c chiu di ng quang quy nh trong bng sau:
Bng 2.2 Chiu di ng quang ca cuvet ng vi th tch NO
2
-
1 ppm (mL)
Dung dch NO
2
-
1 ppm (mL) Chiu di ng quang ca cuvet (mm)
0,00 10 v 40 hoc 50
0,50 40
1,00 10 v 40
1,50 40
2,00 40
2,50 10 v 40
5,00 10
7,50 10
10,00 10
V th ca hp thu tng ng vi hm lng nitrit i vi tng chiu di
ng quang, th phi tuyn tnh v phi i qua gc ta .
f. Tnh ton kt qu


Trong :
C: hm lng nitrit theo ng chun, mg
V: th tch nc ly phn tch, mL












Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

22

CHNG 3: PHNG PHP X L
3.1. Phng php kh ion amoni
3.1.1. Phng php Clo ha nc n im t bin
Khi cho Clo vo nc, trong nc to ra acid hypoclorit
Cl
2
+ H
2
O HCl + HOCl
Acid hypoclorit kt hp vi NH
4
+
to thnh Cloramin. Khi nhit nc 20C,
pH 7 phn ng din ra nh sau:
OH
-
+ NH
4
+
NH
4
OH NH
3
+ H
2
O
NH
3
+ HOCl NH
2
Cl + H
2
O monocloramin
NH
2
Cl + HOCl NHCl
2
+ H
2
O dicloramin
NHCl
2
+ HOCl NCl
3
+ H
2
O tricloramin
Qu trnh kt thc sau 3 pht khuy trn nh. Ti im oxy ha ht cloramin v
trong nc xut hin clo t do gi l im t bin. Sau khi kh ht NH
4
+
trong nc
cn li lng clo d ln, phi kh clo d trc khi cp cho ngi tiu th:
Kh clo d trong nc sau khi lc bng natrisunfit (Na
2
SO
3
)
Na
2
SO
3
+ Cl
2
+ H
2
O 2HCl + Na
2
SO
4

Kh clo d trong nc sau khi lc bng trionatrisunfit (Na
2
S
2
O
3
)
4Cl
2
+ Na
2
S
2
O
3
+ 5H
2
O 2NaCl+ 6HCl + 2H
2
SO
4

Qu trnh din ra hon chnh sau 15 pht khuy trn u ha cht v nc.
Nhng nghin cu trc y cho thy tc phn ng ca clo vi cc hp cht
hu c bng mt na so vi phn ng vi amoni.Khi amoni phn ng gn ht, clo d
s phn ng vi cc hp cht hu c c trong nc hnh thnh nhiu hp cht clo
c mi c trng kh chu. Trong khong 15% l cc hp cht nhm THM-
trihalometan v HAA-acid axetic halogen u l cc cht c kh nng gy ung th v
b hn ch nng nghim ngt.
Ngoi ra vi lng clo cn dng rt ln, vn an ton tr nn kh gii quyt i
vi cc nh my ln. y l nhng l do khin phng php clo ho mc d n gin
v mt thit b, r v mt kinh t v xy dng c bn nhng rt kh p dng.
3.1.2. Phng php lm thong
Mun kh NH
4
+
ra khi nc bng phng php lm thong, phi a pH ca
nc ngun ln 10,5 11,0 bin 99% NH
4
+
thnh kh NH
3
ha tan trong nc.
Nng pH ca nc th: nng pH ca nc th ln 10,5 11,0 thng dng vi
hoc xt. Sau b lc phaacid vo nc a pH t 10,5 11,0 xung cn 7,5.
Thp lm thong kh kh amoniac NH
3
thng c thit k kh kh amoniac
c hm lng u vo 20 40 mg/L, u ra khi gin hm lng cn li 1 2mg/L,
nh vy hiu qu kh kh ca thp phi t 90 95%. Hiu qu kh kh NH
3
ca thp
lm thong khi pH 11 ph thuc nhiu nhit ca nc.Khi nhit nc tng, tc
v s lng ion NH
4
+
chuyn ha thnh NH
3
tng nhanh.
3.1.3. Phng php trao i ion
kh NH
4
+
ra khi nc c th p dng phng php lc qua b lc cationit.
Qua b lc cationit, lp lc s gi li ion NH
4
+
ha tan trong nc trn b mt ht v
cho vo nc ion Na
+
. kh NH
4
+
phi gi pH ca nc ngun ln hn 4 v nh
hn 8.V khi pH 4, ht lc cationit s gi li c ion H
+
lm gim hiu qu kh NH
4
+
.
Khi pH > 8 mt phn ion NH
4
+
chuyn thnh NH
3
dng kh ha tan khng c tc dng
vi ht cationit.
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

23

3.1.4. Phng php Ozon ho vi xuc tc Bromua(Br
-
)
khc phc nhc im ca phng php clo ho im t bin ngi ta c th
thay th mt s tc nhn oxi ho khc l ozon vi s c mt ca Br
-
. V c bn x
lNH
4
+
bng O
3
vi s c mt ca Br
-
cng din ra theo c ch ging nh phng php
x l dng clo. Di tc dng ca O
3
, Br
-
b oxi ho thnh BrO
-
theo phn ng sau y:
Br
-
+ O
3
+ H
+
= HBrO + O
2

Phn ng oxy ho NH
4
+
c thc hin bi ion BrO
-
ging nh ca ion Cl
-

NH
3
+ HBrO =NH
2
Br + H
2
O
NH
2
Br + HBrO = NHBr
2
+ H
2
O
NH
2
Br + NHBr
2
= N
2
+ 3Br
-
+ H
+

y chnh l im tng ng ca hai phng php clo ho v Ozon ho xc tc
Br
-
.
3.1.5. Phng php sinh hc x l amoni
3.1.5.1 Phng php sinh hc truyn thng x l amoni
Qu trnh nitrat ha ng vai tr quan trng trong h sinh thi trn tri t, c bit
l vi chu trnh ca nit. y l phng php truyn thng x l amoni, l qu trnh
chuyn ha sinh ha cc hp cht hu c ca nit c tnh kh thnh cc hp cht v
c c tnh oxi ha. Amoni c loi b qua 2 giai on: Giai on nitrat ha v
nitrat ha.
a. Qu trnh nitrat ha
Vi khun nitrat ha:
Cc loi sinh vt tham gia vo qu trnh nitrat ha gm nitrosomonas v nitrobacter.
Cc vi sinh vt ny l loi t dng bi v chng tip nhn nng lng cho s sinh
trng v tng hp t bo t s oxi ha cc hp cht v c hoc CO
2
hn l t cc hp
cht hu c. C hai loi vi sinh vt ny u c yu cu v mi trng ring bit cho s
sinh trng nh pH, nhit , oxi ha tan. Thm vo , chng ti sinh chm hn
nhiu so vi vi sinh vt d dng. Nhiu loi kim loi nng hoc cc hp cht hu c
c th c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt nitrat ha. Nitrosomonas ch c th oxi ha
amoni thnh nitrit cng nh nitrobacter ch oxi ha nitrit thnh nitrat.

Hnh 3.1 Vi khun NitrosomonasII (Yuichi Suwa) v Vi khun Nitrobacter
iu kin ti u cho s pht trin ca 2 loi vi khun trn:
Nhit : Khong nhit t 25 30
o
C l thch hp cho vic nitrat ha, trong
ti nhit xung quanh 30
o
C tc nitrat ha l cao nht.
pH: Thng thng, s chuyn ha ca amoni thnh nitrat thng qua nitrit bi vi
sinh vt nitrat ha t dng c coi l xy ra trong mi trng pH t trung tnh n
kim, trong khi qu trnh nitrat ha pH acid c coi nh kt qu do hot ng ca
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

24

vi sinh vt d dng. Kt lun ny thu c t s quan st tc pht trin ca vi
khun nitrat ha trong h thng gin on, ngi ta thy rng pH ti u cho
nitrosomonas v nitrobacter tng ng nm trong khong 7,5 9,0 v 7,0 9,3. S
oxi ha nitrit b gim ti pH kim do s c ch cnh tranh gia NO
2
-
v OH
-
. S oxi
ha nitrit b gim ti pH thp, ph thuc vo s to thnh acid nitric t do.

Phng trnh t lng:S oxi ha ca NH
4
+
v NO
3
-
xy ra theo 2 bc nh sau:
Bc 1: Amoni c oxi ha thnh nitrit
NH
4
+
+ 3/2O
2
Nitrosomonas
NO
2
-
+ 2H
+
+ H
2
O
Vi khun thc hin qu trnh ny thy vc nc ngt c tn l nitrosomonas
europara v trong thy vc nc l c tn l nitrosococcus.

Bc 2: Oxi ha NO
2
-
thnh NO
3
-
NO
2
-
+ 1/2 O
2
nitrobacter
NO
3
-

Phng trnh tng cng c th vit nh sau:



NH
4
+
+ 2O
2
NO
3
-
+2H
+
+H
2
O (1)
cho phn ng xy ra hon ton mun oxi ha 1g NH
4
+
cn 4,57 g O
2.
Phn ng to sinh khi cng xy ra ng thi vi qu trnh nitrat ha theo phng
trnh:
NH
4
+
+ HCO
3
-
+ 4CO
2
+ H
2
O C
5
H
7
O
2
N + 5O
2
(2)
Trong C
5
H
7
O
2
N l cng thc tng trng cho t bo vi khun
Kt hp 1) v 2), phng trnh tng cng ca qu trnh oxi ha v to sinh khi l:
22NH
4
+
+ 37O
2
+ HCO
3
-
+ 4CO
2
C
5
H
7
O
2
N + 21NO
3
-
+ 20H
2
O + 42H
+

T phng trnh trn ta thy rng tnh kim s gim dn trong sut qu trnh nitrat ha.
Hiu qu ca qu trnh nitrat ha:
Vn tc qu trnh nitrat ha ph thuc vo tui th bn (mng vi sinh vt), nhit ,
pH ca mi trng, nng vi sinh vt hm lng amoni, oxi ha tan, vt liu lc,
nhit cao th qu trnh din ra thun li hn.
Qu trnh nitrat ha din ra c hiu qu khi hm lng oxi ha tan ln hn 4mg/L.
Vi hm lng oxi ha tan 2mg/L, hiu sut ca qu trnh gim i 50%. Cc vi khun
nitrat ha c kh nng kt t thp, do vy vic la chn vt liu lc ni cc mng vi
sinh vt bm dnh cng c nh hng quan trng ti hiu sut lm sch v s tng
quan sn phm ca phn ng sinh ha.
b. Qu trnh nitrat ha
nitrat ha l qu trnh trong mt s loi vi khun nht nh trong iu kin
k kh kh NO
3
-
thnh sn phm kh nh N
2
, NO, N
2
O l nhng cht c nh hng
khng ng k ti mi trng.
Vi khun nitrat ha:
Khng ging nh vi khun nitrat ha t dng trong giai on nitrat ha, vi khun
nitrat ha l vi khun d dng.Cc loi ph bin l Bacillus. Micrococcus,
Pseudomonas, Achromobacter






Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

25



Hnh 3.2 Vi khun Bacillus
Trong mi trng k kh, cc vi khun ny s dng NO
3
-
hay NO
2
-
l cht nhn
in t cui cng v s dng cc hp cht hu c to nng lng. Cc cht hu c
bao gm methanol, axetat, glucozo, etanol v mt s hp cht khc, metanol (CH
3
OH)
khng t, v vy n thng c s dng rng ri hn c.
Phng trnh t lng:
nitrat ha l qu trnh gm hai bc, s dng metanol l cht cho in t c th
c biu din theo phng trnh sau:
CH
3
OH + 3NO
3
-
3NO
2
-
+ CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
CH
3
OH + 2NO
2
-
CO
2
+ N
2
+ H
2
O +2OH
-

Phng trnh tng cng:
5CH
3
OH + 6NO
3
-
5CO
2
+ 3N
2
+7H
2
O + 6OH
-

Bi v s tng hp t bo xy ra ng thi vi s kh nitrat nn phng trnh tng
hp bao gm c hai qu trnh trn c vit li nh sau:
58NO
3
-
+ 80CH
3
OH + 98H
+
30CO
2
+ 24N
2
+10C
5
H
7
O
2
N + 174H
2
O
Nu trong nc c oxi ha tan, s lm gim hiu sut ca qu trnh kh nitrat ha,
do cc vi khun s s dng O
2
thay cho NO
3
-
hay NO
2
-
nh cht nhn in t t phn
ng kh nitrat, bng cch b sung thm mt lng methanol vo nc:
3O
2
+ 2CH
3
OH 2CO
2
+ 4H
2
O
3.1.5.2 Qu trnh Sharon
a. nh ngha
Qu trnh Sharon (Single reactor system for High Ammonium Removal Over
Nitrite) l mt qu trnh mi trong qu trnh nitrat ho. Qu trnh ny lin quan n
qu trnh nitrat ho bn phn amoni thnh nitrit v iu kin ny gp phn lm gim
chi ph cho qu trnh hiu kh. Qu trnh Sharon rt l tng cho vic loi b nit t
dng nc thi c nng amoni cao (>0,5 g NH
4
+
/L). V t c nhng thnh
cng bc u trong qu trnh nitrat ho/ nitrat ho vi nitrit ng vai tr l cht
trung gian di nhng iu kin n nh. Qu trnh Sharon c thc hin m khng
c bt k s lu gi sinh khi no. iu ny c ngha l tui ca bn (SRT) cn bng
vi thi gian lu thu lc (HRT). Trong nhiu h thng nng u ra ch ph thuc
vo tc sinh trng (1/SRT) ca vi khun lin quan m khng ph thuc vo nng
u vo. Trong qu trnh Sharon lun tin hnh nhit 25
o
C s din ra s sinh
trng nhanh chng ca cc vi khun oxi ho amoni chn lc. Tuy nhin cc sinh vt
ny c i lc thp vi amoni (hng s i lc ny l 20 40 mg NH
4
+
/L). iu ny s
a n trong thc t l cc dng ra ca qu trnh Sharon s c nng amoni kh cao
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

26

(50-100 mgNNH
4
+
/L). V vy qu trnh Sharon thng thch hp x l nc thi
c nng amoni cao (>500 mgN-NH
4
+
/L) .
t c qu trnh nitrat bn phn n nh, cc thng s c th thay i trong
qu trnh tin hnh nh nhit , pH, HRT, nng cht nn, DO cn iu khin trong
qu trnh phn ng. Nhng c mt s hn ch l vic iu khin cc thng s ny c
th gp kh khn trong qu trnh tin hnh vi cc thit b ln.
b. u im ca qu trnh Sharon
So vi cc qu trnh khc, qu trnh Sharon xem ra l kh thi nht trong vic gim
cn bn nng amoni trong nc thi c nng amoni cao. Hiu sut loi b nit
c th t c n 90%. Qu trnh ny i hi u t ban u kh nh bi ch cn
mt thit b thng phn ng n gin c khuy trn tt vi kch c va phi m
khng c s lu gi bn l . Qu trnh ny khng to ra bn ha hc v to ra kh t
bn sinh hc. N cng cn kh t oxi do qu trnh oxi ha ch n giai on nitrit, iu
ny gp phn tit kim nng lng v vic phi a thm ngun cacbon vo. So vi
qu trnh nitrat ha v nitrat ha truyn thng theo con ng nitrat, qu trnh
Sharon cn t hn 25% nng lng v 40% cacbon thm vo.
NH
4
+
+ HCO
3
-
+ 0.75 O
2
0.5 NH
4
+
+ 0.5 NO
2
-
+ CO
2
+1.5 H
2
O
c. ng dng qu trnh Sharon
Qu trnh Sharon c ng dng x l nc loi ra t qu trnh phn hy bn
i vo thit b phn ng chnh ni m dng nc ny s c quay vng. Theo l
thuyt, u vo trong qu trnh Sharon cha mt lng cn bng v s mol gia amoni
v bicacbonat. iu ny ph hp vi nc thi ca qu trnh phn hy bn. Trong u
ra ca qu trnh Sharon s cha mt t l amoni: nitrit cn thit l 1:1. iu ny cn
cho dng vo ca qu trnh anammox. Qu trnh Sharon ng dng thc hin vi u ra
ca qu trnh phn hy bn c tin hnh nhit 30-40
o
C trong mt thit b phn
ng c iu nhit m khng c bt k s lu gi sinh khi no.
Trong thit b phn ng Sharon c s dng a vo qu trnh Anammox ch
c 50% amoni cn c chuyn thnh nitrit:
NH
4
+
+ HCO
3
-
+ 0,75 O
2
0,5 NH
4
+
+ 0,5 NO
2
-
+ CO
2
+1,5 H
2
O
T phng trnh phn ng ny ta c th thy rng vic a thm baz vo l khng
cn thit, v trong nc bn t qu trnh phn hy ym kh thng c tnh kim (
dng bicacbonat) b li cho vic to thnh sn phm acid nu nh ch 50% amoni b
oxi ha. Kh nng to ra mt hn hp 50:50 ca amoni v nitrit vi qu trnh
Sharon c nh gi rng ri trong h thng qui m phng th nghim vi dng
vo l nc bn. Kt qu cho thy c th t c s n nh trong vic chuyn ha.
53% Amoni c oxi ha thnh nitrit tc a vo l 1,2 kg N/m
3
/ngy m khng
cn iu khin pH. Vi khun oxi ha amoni c kh nng chu ng c nng nitrit
cao (0,5 g NO
2
-
/L) pH=7.
Qu trnh Sharon cng c ng dng x l nc thi bi chn lp. Nc thi
bi chn lp l mt hn hp phc tp ca nc v cc cht gy nhim v c v hu
c c nng cao, c th c kim loi nng c sinh ra trong qu trnh phn hy cc
cht thi c chn lp v c b sung thm vo do nc ma chy thm qua cc
cht thi.
Nc thi ca qu trnh phn hy ym kh m phn ni trn (phn nc thi loi)
l mt mu in hnh v nng amoni cao (800 - 1000mg NH
4
+
/L) vi tc dng
thp. Nc thi loi cng c t l kim/amoni thp s thch hp cho qu trnh nitrat ha
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

27

bn phn. V vy qu trnh Sharon cng c ng dng cho x l nc thi loi ca
qu trnh phn hy ym kh.
3.1.5.3. Qu trnh Anammox
a. nh ngha
Qu trnh Anammox l qu trnh oxi ha amoni ym kh (Anaerobic ammonium
oxidation-Anammox) trong amoni v nitrit c oxi ha mt cch trc tip thnh
kh N
2
, vi amoni l cht cho in t, cn nitrit l cht nhn in t to thnh kh
N
2
. y l mt phng php c hiu qu v kinh t hn so vi qu trnh loi b amoni
thng thng t trong nc thi c cha nhiu amoni. u im ca phng php ny
so vi phng php nitrat ha v nitrat ha thng thng l ch i hi nhu cu
v oxi t hn v khng cn ngun cacbon hu c t bn ngoi. Bc nitrat ha bn
phn trc phi c tin hnh chuyn ch mt na amoni thnh nitrit. Sn phm
chnh ca qu trnh Anammox l N
2
, tuy nhin khong 10% ca nit a vo amoni
v nitrit) c chuyn thnh nitrat.
Phng trnh phn ng: Da trn cn bng khi qua qu trnh nui cy lm giu
Anammox phng trnh ca qu trnh Anammox c a ra nh sau:
NH
4
+
+ 1,3 NO
2
-
+ 0,066 HCO
3
-
+ 0,13H
+
1,2N
2
+ 0,26NO
3
-
+
+ 0,066 CH
2
O
0,5
N
0,15
+ 2,03 H
2
O
C ch sinh ho: C ch chuyn ho ni bo ca phn ng Anammox n nay vn
cha c lm sng t hon ton. S dng phng php ng v nh du (
15
N), c
ch sinh ho ca phn ng Anammox c ngh. u tin vi khun Anammox kh
nitrit (NO
2
-
) thnh hydroxilamin (NH
2
OH), sau hydroxilamin v amoni ngng t
thnh hydrazine (N
2
H
4
) v nc. Cui cng hydrazin b oxi ho thnh N
2
v electron
li c ti s dng cho qu trnh kh nitrit tip theo.



Hnh 3.3 C ch sinh ho gi thit ca phn ng Anammox
Anammox l mt cng ngh mi c pht trin trong nhng nm gn y. N
khng cn bt k mt ngun cacbon hu c no loi b nit, v vy n em li li
ch v kinh t v mang li nhiu tim nng cho x l nc thi c cha amoni nhng
hm lng cacbon hu c thp. Trong qu trnh Anammox t l hm lng gia nitrit
v amoni u vo l khong 1,3 v cn ngun cacbon v c, v vy phi b xung
HCO
3
-
.
S kt hp hai qu trnh nitrat ha bn phn v qu trnh Anammox, th trn thc
t nitrit l hp cht trung gian trong c hai qu trnh. V vy nitrat ha bn phn rt
N
-III
H
4
+
N
-I
H
2
OH N
+III
O
2
-
N
-III
H
4
+

N
-II
2
H
4

N
0
2

e
-

e
-

Sinh
khi
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

28

thun tin v kinh t v theo sau l qu trnh Anammox m bo loi b ton b
nit thng qua mt qu trnh hon ton t dng.
Tuy nhin qu trnh Anammox kh p dng cho vic x l nc thi thc t. Mt
tr ngi chnh ng dng qu trnh Anammox l i hi mt giai on bt u lu
di, ch yu l do tc sinh trng chm ca vi khun anammox (thi gian nhn i
l khong 11 ngy). Thm vo , vi khun anammox l vi khun ym kh v t
dng hon ton nn chng kh nui cy. V vy chng cha c phn lp trong
mi trng nui cy sch. Do vic am hiu v sinh l hc v ng lc hc ca vi
khun anammox em li mt ngha ln.


Hnh 3.4 Vi khun Anammox Candidatus Brocadia (John Fuerst/Rick Webb)
b. ng dng qu trnh anammox
Cng ngh oxi ha amoni k kh (anammox) l mt cng ngh c tim nng v
hiu qu kinh t cao hn cho vic loi b amoni c trong nc thi bi chn lp, ni c
cha mt hm lng cao amoni v cc cht hu c kh phn hy. cho qu trnh
anammox xy ra hon ton cn mt bc nitrat bn phn trc to thnh t l thch
hp gia NO
2
-
/NH
4
+
.
Ngi ta cng ng dng qu trnh anammox vo x l dng thi ca cng
nghip c hp.Dng thi ny c mn tng t nh nc bin, hm lng cht hu
c, protein cao. Qu trnh phn hy ym kh dng thi ny loi c khong t 70-
90% v cng dn n to thnh mt lng ln amoni (5000mg/L) do s phn hy ca
protein, v vy lm cho dng thi c mt t l C/N thp. iu ny ph hp dng
phng php anammox kt hp vi sharon x l.
Nc thi cha hm lng cao ca amoni v t cht hu c nh dng ra ca thit b
phn hy bn cng c x l bng phng php ny. Tuy nhin cc iu kin v trao i
cht nghim ngt v tc sinh trng cc chm ca vi khun anammox hn ch vic
ng dng vo nhng thit b phn ng qui m ln. Mc d vy cng c mt vi thnh
cng trong vic ng dng anammox vo nc thi cng nghip thc t.
3.2. Kh nitrate NO
3
-

kh nitrat dng lc thm thu ngc RO, in phn, trao i ion trong cc b
lc ionit.
iu kin p dng phng php trao i ion: Nc c hm lng cn <
1mg/L.Tng hm lng ion NO
3
-
v SO
4
2-
v Cl
-
c sn trong nc phi nh hn 250
mg/L l hm lng ion Cl
-
ln nht cho php c trong nc n ung. V khi lc qua b
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

29

lc anionit cc ion SO
4
2-
, NO
3
-
c gi li, thay bng ion Cl
-
khi hon nguyn b lc
anionit bng dung dch mui n.
3.3. nh gi
c nhiu phng php nhiu cng trnh x l nit trong nc thi c nghin
cu v a vo vn hnh trong c c cc phng php ho hc, sinh hc, vt l ...
Nhng phn ln chng u cha a ra c mt m hnh x l nit chun c th
p dng trn mt phm vi rng. Di y l bng phn tch mt cch tng quan nht
v dng v hiu sut lm vic ca cc phng php x l nit trong nc thi c
nghin cu v ng dng.
Bng 3.1 Cc phng php x l nit trong nc thi
Cc phng php
x l
Hiu sut x l nit % )
Hiu sut
x l % Nit dng hu
c
NH
3
-
NH
4
+

NO
3
-

X l thng thng
Bc I 10-20% 0 0 5-10%
Bc II 15-50% < 10%
Hiu sut
thp
10-30%
X l bng phng php sinh hc
Vi khun hp th
nit
0 40-70%
Hiu sut
thp
30-70%
Qu trnh kh
nitrat
0 0 80-90% 70-95%
Thu hoch to
Ch yu
chuyn ho
thnh NH
3
-
NH
4
+

Thu hoch
sinh khi
Thu hoch
sinh khi
50-80%
Qu trnh nitrat ho
X l c gii
hn
Chuyn ho
thnh nitrat
0 5-20%
H oxy ha
Ch yu
chuyn ho
thnh NH
3
-
NH
4
+

X l bi qu
trnh lm
thong
Tch bng
cc qu
trnh nitrat
v kh
nitrat
20-90%
Cc phng php ho hc
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

30

Chm clo Km n nh 90-100% 0 80-95%
ng t ho hc 50-70%
Hiu sut
thp
Hiu sut
thp
20-30%
Cacbon dnh bm 30-50%
Hiu sut
thp
Hiu sut
thp
10-20%
Trao i ion c
chn lc vi amoni
Hiu sut thp,
km n nh
80-97% 0 70-95%
Trao i ion c
chn lc vi nitrat
Hiu sut thp
Hiu sut
thp
75-90% 70-90%
Cc phng php vt l
Lc
30-95% N dng
cn hu c
Hiu sut
thp
Hiu sut
thp
20-40%
Lm thong 0 60-95% 0 50-90%
Kt ta bng in
cc
100% N dng
cn hu c
30-50% 30-50% 40-50%
Thm thu ngc 60-90% 60-90% 60-90% 80-90%
Qua bng phn tch v nh gi hiu qu x l nit, ta thy vic x l nit bng
phng php sinh hc cho hiu qu rt cao. Cng vi vic ng dng phng php sinh
hc kh nit trong nc thi, ta cn lu n cc phng php khc nh: ha hc
(chm clo), vt l (thi kh), trao i ion...Theo thng k cc nh my ng dng cc
cng ngh x l nit th chi c 6/1200 nh my l s dng bin php thi kh,
8/1200 nh my s dng bin php chm clo v duy nht c 1 nh my l s dng bin
php trao i ion. S d nhng bin php ny t c dng l do chi ph u t ln,
thm vo l s phc tp trong qu trnh vn hnh v bo dng.





Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

31

KT LUN
Qua qu trnh tm hiu v ti PHN TCH CC CH TIU

2
NO ,

3
NO ,
+
4
NH TRONG NC THI V BC U TM HIU PHNG PHP X L
gip chng em cng c thm kin thc c hc v bit thm nhiu phng
php phn tch cc ch tiu trong nc thi.
Bn cnh chng em cng bit c nhng nguyn nhn gy nn hin trng
nhim hin nay cng nh mc nh hng ca cc hp cht nit n h sinh thi,
con ngi. Do , ngoi vic tm hiu nhng phng php x l phn no m ra
phn no cch khc phc tnh trng nhim mi trng nc hin nay .
Tuy nhin do thi gian tm hiu cn hn hp, s tm hiu c th cha thu o v
cc vn nn chng em mong s ng gp ca Thy C v cc bn.

Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

32

TI LIU THAM KHO
TING VIT
[1] PGS.TS Nguyn Vn Phc. X l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc.
[2] PGS.TS Trnh L Hng. Kha lun Nghin cu x l amoni bng phng php sinh hc s
dng cc vi khun t dng.Trng i hc Khoa Hc T Nhin i hoc Quc Gia H Ni.
[3] S: 47/2011/TT-BTNMT. Quy nh quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng.
[4] Cng Ty Mi Trng Tm Nhn Xanh.Ti liu k thut K thut x l nc ngm.
http://www.gree-vn.com/tailieu.htm
[5] TCVN 4561-88. Xc nh hm lng Nitrit trong nc.
[6] TCVN 4562-88. Xc nh hm lng Nitrat trong nc.
[7] TCVN 4563-88. Xc nh hm lng Nitit trong nc.
[8] TCVN 5988-1995 (ISO 5664-1984). Cht lng nc - Xc nh amoni - Phng php
chng ct v chun .
[9]TCVN 6178: 1996 (ISO 6777: 1984 E).Cht lng nc Xc nh nitrit phng php trc
ph hp th phn t.
[10] TCVN 6180-1996 (ISO 7890-3-1988). Cht lng nc Xc nh nitrat - Phng php
trc ph dng acid sunfosalixylic.
[11] TCVN 6987: 2001. Tiu chun nc thi cng nghip thi vo vng nc bin ven b dng
cho mc ch th thao v gii tr.
[12] TCVN 5945: 2005. Nc thi cng nghip Tiu chun thi.
[13] ThS. on Th Minh Phng Bi ging phn tch nc thi - trng H Cng Nghip
Thc Phm TP H Ch Minh.
TING ANH
[14] American Public Health Association, American Water Works Association, Water
Environment Federation, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,
copyright 1999.
[15] Edited by Jamie Bartram and Richard Balance: Water Quality Monitoring - A Practical
Guide to the Design and Implementation of Freshwater Quality Studies and Monitoring
Programmes - Published on behalf of United Nations Environment Programme and the World
Health Organization 1996 UNEP/WHO.
[16] EPA Method 352.1: Nitrate by Colorimetry. Official Name: Nitrogen, Nitrate (Colorimetric,
Brucine).













Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

33

PH LC
Tiu chun ca EPA (U.S Enviromental protection Agency-c quan bo v mi
trng Hoa K) i vi NO
2
-
trong nc cp ung trc tip khng vt qu 1mg/L .
Theo tiu chun Chu u, trong nc cp ung trc tip NH
4
+
khng vt qu
0,5mg/L.
Theo tiu chun ca WHO v EPA i vi nc cp ung trc tip hm lng
NO
3
-
khng vt qu 10 mg/L.
Bng 1.1 Quy nh v hm lng nitrat v nitrit trong nc ung ca mt s quc gia,
t chc.
STT T chc/ Quc gia Hm lng Nitrat mg/L) Hm lng Nitrit mg/L)
1 WHO 45 ...
2 TCVN 5501-91 50 0.1
3 Canada 10 1
4 EEC 50 0.1
5 CHLB c 50 0.1
Vit Nam
Bng 1.2 Gii hn nng cc hp cht ca Nit trong nc ung do B Y t ban
hnh.
Amoni c xp vo nhm cc ch tiu cm quan c nh du bng ch a trong
tiu chun theo quyt nh 1329/2002/BYT-Q ca B Y t).
STT Ch tiu
Gii hn ti
a
n
v
1 Hm lng Amoni tnh theo NH
4
+
1.5 mg/L
2 Hm lng nitrat 50 mg/L
3 Hm lng nitrit 3 mg/L
Theo quyt nh ca b trng B Y t v vic ban hnh ch tiu v sinh n ung
s1329/2002/BYT/Q.
Tiu chun thi
Bng 1.3 Tiu chun cho php thi vi ch tiu tng Nit
Khu vc Tiu chun thi tng Nit mg/L)
Khu vc tinh khit < 30
Khu vc A < 60
Khu vc B < 60
Khu vc c bit < 60
Ngun: Tiu chun cho php thi cht gy nhim ngun nc (Tiu chun p dng
ngy 01/01/2008)
Bng 1.4 Gi tr gii hn cc thng s v nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi
cng nghip vo vng nc bin ven b dng cho mc ch th thao v gii tr.
Phn Nit
Thng s
Mc
F1 F2 F3
1. Nhit ,
o
C 50 50 50
2. Mi, cm quan
Khng kh
chu
Khng kh
chu
Khng kh
chu
3. Mu, Pt-Co vi pH = 7 30 30 30
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

34

4. Cht rn l lng, mg/L 100 80 60
5. pH 5.5 8.5 5.5 8.5 5.5 8.5
6. BOD
5
(20
o
C), mg/L 50 40 30
7. COD, mg/L 100 80 50
8. Asen, As, mg/L 1 0.5 0.1
9. Ch, Pb, mg/L 0.5 0.4 0.4
10. Crom VI, Cr, mg/L 1 0.5 0.1
11. Florua, F-, mg/L 25 25 15
12. Thy ngn, Hg, mg/L 0.005 0.004 0.004
13.Sunfua, mg/L 1 0.5 0.5
14. Nit tng s, mg/L 20 15 10
15.Photpho tng s, mg/L 6 5 4
16. Du m khong, mg/L 5 5 5
17.Du m ng thc vt, mg/L 10 10 10
18.Cht hot ng b mt, mg/L 10 5 5
19.Coliform, MPN/100 mL 3000 3000 3000
Ch thch
F l thi lng, m
3
/ngy (24 gi)
F1 t 50 m
3
/ngy n di 500 m
3
/ngy
F2 t 500 m
3
/ngy n di 5000 m
3
/ngy
F3 bng hoc ln hn 5000 m
3
/ngy
Ngun: Tiu chun nc thi cng nghip thi vo vng nc bin ven b dng cho
mc ch th thao v gii tr (TCVN 6987: 2001)
Bng 1.5 Gi tr gii hn cc thng s v nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi
cng nghip.
TT Thng s n v
TCVN 5945: 1995 D tho TCVN 5945: 2005
Ga tr gii hn Ga tr gii hn
A B C A B C
1 Nhit
o
C 40 40 45 40 40 45
2 pH - 6 - 9 5.5 - 9 5 - 9 6 - 9 5.5 - 9 5 - 9
3 Mi mg/L - - -
Khng
kh chu
Khng
kh chu
-
4 BOD5 (20
o
C) mg/L 20 50 100 30 50 100
5 COD mg/L 50 100 400 50 80 400
6
Cht rn l
lng
mg/L 50 100 200 50 100 200
Kim loi nng
7 Asen mg/L 0.05 0.1 0.5 0.05 0.1 0.5
8 Thy ngn mg/L 0.005 0.005 0.01 0.005 0.01 0.01
9 Ch mg/L 0.1 0.5 1 0.1 0.5 1
10 Cadmi mg/L 0.01 0.02 0.5 0.001 0.01 0.5
11 Crom (VI) mg/L 0.05 0.1 0.5 0.05 0.1 0.5
12 Crom (III) mg/L 0.2 1 2 0.2 1 2
13 ng mg/L 0.2 1 5 0.2 1 5
14 Km mg/L 1 2 5 1 2 5
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

35

15 Nikel mg/L 0.2 1 2 0.2 0.5 2
16 Mangan mg/L 0.2 1 5 0.2 1 5
17 St mg/L 1 5 10 1 5 10
18 Thic mg/L 0.2 1 5 0.2 1 5
19 Xianua mg/L 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.05 0.1 0.2
20 Phenol mg/L 0.001 0.05 1 0.1 0.4 1
21 Du m khong mg/L KPH 1 5 5 5 10
22
Du ng thc
vt
mg/L 5 10 30 10 20 30
23 Clo d mg/L 1 2 2 1 2 2
24 PCB mg/L - - - 0.003 0.01 0.05
25
Tng ha cht
bo v thc vt

Ln hu c mg/L 0.2 0.5 1 0.3 1 1
Clo hu c mg/L - - - 0.05 0.1 0.1
26 Sunfua mg/L 0.2 0.5 1 0.2 0.5 1
27 Florua mg/L 1 2 5 1 2 5
28 Clorua mg/L - - - 500 600 1000
29
Amoniac (tnh
theo Nit)
mg/L 0.1 1 1 1 2 10
30 Tng Nit mg/L 30 60 60 15 30 60
31 Tng Photpho
MPL/
100mL
5000 10000 - 3000 5000 -
32 Colifrom
33
Th sinh hc
(Biotest)

90% c sng st sau
96 gi trong 100%
nc thi

34
Tng hot
phng x
Bq/L 0.1 0.1 - 0.1 0.1 -
35
Tng hot
phng x
Bq/L 1 1 - 1 1 -
Ngun: Nc thi cng nghip Tiu chun thi (TCVN 5945: 2005)
Bng 1.6 Gi tr cc thng s nhim lm c s tnh ton gi tr ti a cho php trong
nc thi sinh hot. C
max
= C x K
Thng s n v
Gi tr C
A B
Amoni (tnh theo N) mg/L 5 10
Nitrat (NO
3
-
) (tnh theo N) mg/L 30 50
Bng 1.7 Gi tr h s K ng vi loi hnh c s dch v, c s cng cng v chung c.
Loi hnh c s Quy m, din tch s dng ca c
s
Gi tr h
s K
1. Khch sn, nh ngh T 50 phng hoc khch sn c
xp hng 3 sao tr ln
1
Di 50 phng 1,2
2. Tr s c quan, vn phng, Ln hn hoc bng 10.000m
2
1,0
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

36

trng hc, c s nghin cu Di 10.000m
2
1,2
3. Ca hng bch ha, siu th Ln hn hoc bng 5.000m
2
1,0
Di 5.000m
2
1,2
4. Ch Ln hn hoc bng 1.500m
2
1,0
Di 1.500m
2
1,2
5. Nh hng n ung, ca hng thc
phm
Ln hn hoc bng 500m
2
1,0
Di 500m
2
1,2
6. C s sn xut, doanh tri lc
lng v trang
T 500 ngi tr ln 1,0
Di 500 ngi 1,2
7. Khu chung c, khu dn c T 50 cn h tr ln 1,0
Di 50 cn h 1,2
Bng 1.8 Gi tr cc thng s nhim lm c s tnh ton gi tr ti a cho php trong
nc thi cng nghip. C
max
= C x K
q
x K
f

TT Thng s n v
Gi tr C
A B
1 Nhit oC 40 40
2 Mu Pt/Co 50 150
3 pH - 6 - 9 5,5 - 9
4 BOD
5
(20
o
C) mg/L 30 50
5 COD mg/L 75 150
6 Cht rn l lng mg/L 50 100
7 Asen mg/L 0,05 0,1
8 Thu ngn mg/L 0,005 0,01
9 Ch mg/L 0,1 0,5
10 Cadimi mg/L 0,05 0,1
11 Crom (VI) mg/L 0,05 0,1
12 Crom (III) mg/L 0,2 1
13 ng mg/L 2 2
14 Km mg/L 3 3
15 Niken mg/L 0,2 0,5
16 Mangan mg/L 0,5 1
17 St mg/L 1 5
18 Tng xianua mg/L 0,07 0,1
19 Tng phenol mg/L 0,1 0,5
20 Tng du m khong mg/L 5 10
21 Sunfua mg/L 0,2 0,5
22 Florua mg/L 5 10
23 Amoni (tnh theo N) mg/L 5 10
24 Tng nit mg/L 20 40
25
Tng photpho (tnh theo
P )
mg/L 4 6
26
Clorua
(khng p dng khi x vo
ngun nc mn, nc l)
mg/L 500 1000
Khoa Cng Ngh Ha Hc - Chuyn ngnh K thut phn tch v qun l cht lng

37

27 Clo d mg/L 1 2
28
Tng ho cht bo v thc
vt clo hu c
mg/L 0,05 0,1
29
Tng ho cht bo v thc
vt pht pho hu c
mg/L 0,3 1
30 Tng PCB mg/L 0,003 0,01
31 Coliform vi khun/100mL 3000 5000
32 Tng hot phng x Bq/L 0,1 0,1
33 Tng hot phng x Bq/L 1,0 1,0
Ngun: Quy nh quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng. S: 47/2011/TT-
BTNMT
Bng 1.9 H s Kq ng vi l u lng dng chy ca ngun tip nhn n c thi
Lu lng dng chy ca ngun tip nhn n c
thi Q). n v tnh: mt khi/giy (m
3
/s)
H s Kq
Q 50 0,9
50 < Q 200 1
200 < Q 500 1,1
Q > 500 1,2
Ngun: Quy nh quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng. S: 47/2011/TT-
BTNMT
Bng 1.10 H s Kq ng vidung tch ca ngun tip nhn nc thi
Dung tch ngun tip nhn n c thi (V)
n v tnh: mt khi (m
3
)
H s Kq
V 10 x 106 0,6
10 x 106 < V 100 x 106 0,8
V > 100 x 106 1,0
Ngun: Quy nh quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng. S: 47/2011/TT-
BTNMT
Bng 1.11 H s lu lng ngun thi K
f

Lu lng ngun thi (F )
n v tnh: mt khi/ng y m m3/24h)
H s K
f

F 50 1,2
50 < F 500 1,1
500 < F 5.000 1,0
F > 5.000 0,9
Ngun: Quy nh quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng. S: 47/2011/TT-
BTNMT

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