You are on page 1of 132

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

MC LC
CHNG 1 M U.....................................................................................................7

1.1.Tnh cp thit ca ti.......................................................................................7


1.2. Mc ch nghin cu..........................................................................................8
1.3.Phm vi nghin cu.............................................................................................8
1.4.Ni dung nghin cu...........................................................................................8
1.5.Phng php nghin cu.....................................................................................9
CHNG 2 .......................................................................................................................10
TNG QUAN V NGNH CNG NGHIP SN XUT BIA V KH NNG
GY NHIM CA NC THI BIA.......................................................................10

2.1.Gii Thiu V Ngnh Sn Xut Bia..................................................................10


2.1.1.Tnh hnh pht trin ngnh cng nghip sn xu t bia. .......................................................10

2.2.Qui trnh cng ngh tng qut ca ngnh sn xut Bia......................................11


2.2.1.c tnh nguyn liu........................................................................................................... 11

2.3.Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut bia......................................................................14


2.3.1.Dy chuyn cng ngh khu nu v ng ha................................................................16
2.3.2.Ln men dch ng........................................................................................................... 18
2.3.3.Giai on Lc bia............................................................................................................... 19

2.4.Cc ngun pht sinh cht thi............................................................................20


2.4.1.V nc thi....................................................................................................................... 20
2.4.2.Kh thi............................................................................................................................... 21
2.4.3.Tc nhn nhit.................................................................................................................... 21
2.4.4.Cht thi rn....................................................................................................................... 22
2.4.5.Ting n, rung .............................................................................................................. 22

CHNG 3........................................................................................................................23
TNG QUAN V CNG TY TNHH SABMIILER VIT NAM.................................23

3.1.Gii thiu tng quan cng ty.............................................................................23


3.1.1.iu kin t nhin.............................................................................................................. 23
3.1.2.iu kin kh hu............................................................................................................... 24
3.1.3.Hin trng cht lng nc ngm.....................................................................................24

3.2.Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut bia ca Nh My................................................25


3.2.1.Cc loi nguyn liu v ha cht s dng.........................................................................25
3.2.2.Quy trnh cng ngh .......................................................................................................... 27

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 1

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

3.3.An ton lao ng ,phng chy cha chy v cc s c mi trng...................28


i.Phng chy, cha chy v cc s c mi trng......................................................................28
ii.Cc bin php phng chng s c r r du............................................................................29
iii.Cc bin php h tr............................................................................................................... 29

3.4.Hin trng mi trng ti cng ty TNHH Sabmiiler Vit Nam ........................30


3.4.1.Ngun gc pht sinh v tnh cht nc thi.......................................................................30
3.4.2.c tnh nc thi.............................................................................................................. 31
3.4.3.V Kh Thi......................................................................................................................... 31
3.4.4.Cht thi rn ...................................................................................................................... 33

4.1.Tng quan v nc thi ngnh sn xut bia.......................................................35


4.1.1.Thnh phn , tnh cht ca nc thi sn xut bia............................................................35
4.1.2.Tc ng n mi trng ca nc thi nghnh bia.........................................................36

4.2.Cc phng php x l nc thi ngnh sn xut bia.......................................40


4.2.1.phng php c hc.......................................................................................................... 40
4.2.2.Phng php ha l........................................................................................................... 43
4.2.3.Phng php hp th......................................................................................................... 46
4.2.4.Phng Php Sinh Hc...................................................................................................... 46
4.2.5.Phng php k kh............................................................................................................ 50

4.3.X L cn: ........................................................................................................56


CHNG 5........................................................................................................................58
CC PHNG N XUT V TNH TON THIT K CC CNG TRNH
N V...............................................................................................................................58

5.1.C S La Chn Cng Ngh.............................................................................58


5.1.1.PHNG N 1.................................................................................................................. 61
5.1.2.PHNG N 2.................................................................................................................. 63

5.2.So snh v la chn phng n.........................................................................65


5.3.TNH TON THIT K CC CNG TRNH N V..................................67
5.3.1.Cc Thng S Tnh Ton................................................................................................... 67
5.3.2.Lu Lng Tnh Ton......................................................................................................... 67
5.3.3.Tnh ton song chn rc:.................................................................................................... 68
5.3.4.H thu nc thi................................................................................................................. 73
5.3.5.B iu Ha....................................................................................................................... 74
Lu lng v cht lng nc thi t cng thu gom chy v trm x l n c th i, c bit i
vi dng thi cng nghip v dng nc ma thng xuyn dao ng theo th i gian trong ngy.
Khi h s khng iu ha k 1,4 th nn xy dng b iu ha m b o cho cng trnh x l
lm vic n nh v t c gi tr kinh t................................................................................74
5.3.6.B UASB............................................................................................................................ 76
Khng thy DO u vo? V ra................................................................................................... 93
5.3.7.B TRUNG GIAN. .............................................................................................................. 94
5.3.8.B AEROTANK.................................................................................................................. 95
5.3.9.B LNG ......................................................................................................................... 105

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 2

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

5.3.10.Tnh ton b tip xc, kh trng ....................................................................................112


5.3.11.B cha bn................................................................................................................... 116
5.3.12.Tnh ton my p bn lc ep dy ai..............................................................................121

CHNG 6 TNH TON KINH T CHO D N.................................................122

6.1.Tnh ton vn u t........................................................................................122


6.1.1.Vn u t xy dng........................................................................................................ 122
6.1.2.Vn u t trang thit b................................................................................................... 123

6.2.Tng chi ph u t cho h thng ...................................................................124


CHNG 7. KT LUN V KIN NGH................................................................128
TI LIU THAM KHO...............................................................................................131

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 3

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

DANH MC BNG
BNG 2.1 CC CH S CHT LNG CA MALT VNG..................................13
BNG 3.1. CHT LNG NC NGM .................................................................25
BNG 3.2. NHU CU HNG NM V CC LOI NGUYN PH LIU CA
CNG TY ..........................................................................................................................25
BNG3.3. NHU CU V IN, NC, NHIN LIU.............................................26
BNG 3.4. C TNH NC THI CA CNG TY TNHH SABMIILER VIT
NAM....................................................................................................................................31
BNG 3.5. KT QU PHN TCH CC CH TIU MI TRNG......................32
BNG3.6.KT QU PHN TCH CHT LNG MI TRNG KHNG KH
XUNG QUANH QUANH V MI TRNG LAO NG........................................32
BNG 3.7. KHI LNG CHT THI TRUNG BNH PHT SINH TRONG
QU I/2011.........................................................................................................................33
BNG 3.8. KHI LNG CHT THI NGUY HI PHT SINH TRONG QU
I/2011:..................................................................................................................................34
BNG 4.1. : TNH CHT C TRNG CA NC THI NGNH SN XUT
BIA.......................................................................................................................................36
BNG 4.2. TIU CHUN PHN LOI MC NHIM..................................38
BNG 4.3. CC HA CHT THNG DNG IU CHNH PH...................44
BNG 5.1. C TRNG NC THI CNG TY TNHH SABMILLER VIT
NAM....................................................................................................................................60
BNG 5.2. GI TR C CA CC THNG S NHIM TRONG NC THI
CNG NGHIP.................................................................................................................61
BNG 5.3. THNG K CC THNG S THIT K SCR......................................72
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 4

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

BNG 5.6. CC THNG S THIT K B IU HO...........................................76


BNG 5.9 : CC THNG S THIT K B UASB...................................................92
BNG.5.10. TM TT THNG S THIT K B TRUNG GIAN.........................95
BNG 5.11. CNG SUT HA TAN OXY VO NC CA THIT B PHN
PHI BT NH GIT V MN..................................................................................101
BNG 5.12. TM TT THNG S THIT K B AEROTEN.............................104
BNG 5.5:CC THNG S C BN THIT K CHO B LNG.......................106
BNG 5.6: TNG HP TNH TON B LNG ......................................................111
BNG 5.14. TM TT KCH THC B KH TRNG....................................116
BNG 5.15. THNG K THNG S THIT K B NN BN............................120
BNG 6.1. TNH TN GI THNH XY DNG ...................................................122
BNG 6.2. VN U T TRANG THIT B............................................................123

DANH MC HNH

HNH 2.1. S CNG NGH SN XUT BIA.......................................................15


HNH 3.1. S DY CHUYN CNG NGH TI NH MY............................28
HNH 4.9 : B AEROTEN THNG THNG........................................................49
HNH 5.1. DY CHUYN CNG NGH X L NC THI PHNG N 1. .62
HNH 5.2. DY CHUYN CNG NGH X L NC THI PHNG N 2. .65

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 5

N TT NGHIP

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

TRANG 6

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

CHNG 1 M U

1.1.
Tnh cp thit ca ti.
Hin nay, Bia l mt loi thc ung rt c a chung trn th gii. cc
nc phng Ty, bia dc xem l nc gii kht. Trn th gii c mt s loi bia
ni ting nh Ale, Lager, Pilsener, Ring sn phm trong nc th ng u vn l
nhn hiu bia Si Gn, bia i vit
Theo thng k ca B K hoch - u t, bn thng u nm 2011 cc doanh
nghip trong nc sn xut 714,6 triu lt bia cc loi, tng 9,2% so vi cng k
nm ngoi. Tc tng trng ngnh bia ti VN, theo thng k ca cc cng ty
nghin cu th trng, c t 15%/nm. Song song vi pht trin kinh t th ngnh
cng nghip sn xut bia cng ang l mi quan tm ln trong vn nhim mi
trng c bit l nc thi. Cc loi nc thi ny cha hm lng ln cc cht l
lng, COD v BOD d gy nhim mi trng. V vy, cc loi nc thi ny cn
phi x l trc khi x vo ngun tip nhn.
Cng ty TNHH Sabmiiler Vit Nam ti KCN M Phc tnh Bnh Dng
vi ngnh ngh kinh doanh sn xut nc gii kht ln men (bia). Hot ng ca
Cng ty gp phn vo s pht trin kinh t ca Tnh .Tuy nhin, cc hot ng
ca sn xut ca cng ty khng trnh khi nhng tc ng n mi trng xung
quanh do vic pht sinh cc cht thi c kh nng gy nhim mi trng, c bit
l nc thi.
ti Thit k h thng x l nc thi sn xut bia ti cng ty TNHH
Sabmiller Vit Nam - khu cng nghip M Phc II H. Bn ct Tnh Bnh
Dng, cng sut 2400m3/ngy m, c thc hin nhm gii quyt vn ang
tn ti cng ty l vic x l nc thi sn xut trc khi thi vo mi trng.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 7

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

1.2.
Mc ch nghin cu.
- Tm hiu thnh phn, tnh cht c trng ca nc thi ngnh bia ni chung
v ca Cng ty TNHH Sabmiiler Vit Nam ni ring.
-

Tm hiu tnh hnh hot ng, cng ngh sn xut bia ca Cng ty TNHH
Sabmiiler Vit Nam

T , xut cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp vi iu kin thc t ca


Cng ty TNHH Sabmiiler Vit Nam t tiu chun u ra , v tnh ton chi
tit cc cng trnh n v.

1.3.
Phm vi nghin cu.
- Gii hn v mt khng gian: i tng nghin cu ca ti l nc thi
sn xut bia ca Cng ty TNHH Sabmiiler Vit Nam.
-

Gii hn v mt thi gian: ti c thc hin trong thi gian t ngy


1/4/2011 n ngy 12/7/2011.

Gii hn v mt ni dung: xut cng ngh x l ph hp v tnh ton


thit k cc cng trnh n v.

1.4.
Ni dung nghin cu.
- Thu thp ti liu tng quan v ngnh sn xut bia.
-

Tm hiu v cc thnh phn, tnh cht c trng ca nc thi ngnh bia v


cc phng php x l nc thi nghnh bia v mt s cng ngh x l
nc thi in hnh ca ngnh bia hin nay.

Thu thp mt s thng tin v tnh hnh sn xut, cng ngh sn xut ca
Cng ty TNHH Sabmiiler Vit Nam.

Nghin cu la chn cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp cho Cng ty


TNHH Sabmiiler Vit Nam. Tnh ton, thit k h thng x l nc thi
xut v d ton kinh t.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 8

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

1.5.
Phng php nghin cu.
- Tng hp v nghin cu cc ti liu c lin quan nc thi Cng ty TNHH
Sabmiiler Vit Nam.
-

xut cng ngh x l nc thi khc nhau v so snh la chn tm ra


phng n ti u cho Cng ty TNHH Sabmiiler Vit Nam.

Trao i kin vi chuyn gia.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 9

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

CHNG 2
TNG QUAN V NGNH CNG NGHIP SN XUT BIA V KH
NNG GY NHIM CA NC THI BIA.
2.1. Gii Thiu V Ngnh Sn Xut Bia.
2.1.1.
Tnh hnh pht trin ngnh cng nghip sn xut bia.
2.1.1.1. Trn th gii.
Ngnh cng nghip sn xut bia c ngun gc t cc nc chu u nh c,
Anh , Php vi nhu cu tiu th ngy cng ln nh hin nay th ngnh sn xut
Bia ang chim mt v tr quan trng trong ngnh pht trin cng nghip trn th
gii.
Theo thng k Nm 2007 da trn kt qu ca vin nghin cu thuc hng
sn xut nc ngt hng u Nht Bn Kirin Breweries th sn lng bia ton cu
trong nm 2007 t 180 triu kilolit. Sn lng bia tng 5,9%, t mc tng cao
nht k t khi vin nghin cu ny bt u cng vic thng k vo nm 1974.
Trung Quc gi v tr l nh sn xut bia hng u trn th gii trong sut 6
nm tr li y, chim n 22% tng sn lng bia trn ton th gii,theo sau l
Nga vi mc tng sn lng t mc hai con s v ng th 3 l c. D kin
vi mc tng trng kinh t nh hin nay, mc sng ca ngi dn trn th gii
ngy cng cao th ngnh cng nghip sn xut bia s pht trin mnh trong nhng
nm ti.
2.1.1.2. Ti vit nam.
Bia c a vo Vit Nam t nm 1890 cng vi s xut hin ca Nh my
bia Si Gn v Nh my bia H Ni, nh vy bia Vit Nam c lch s trn 120
nm. Hin nay do nhu cu ca th trng, ch trong mt thi gian ngn, ngnh sn
xut bia c nhng bc pht trin mnh m thng qua vic u t v m rng cc
nh my bia c t trc v xy dng cc nh my bia mi thuc Trung ng v a

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 10

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

phng qun l, cc nh my lin doanh vi cc hng bia nc ngoi. Cng nghip


sn xut bia pht trin ko theo s pht trin cc ngnh sn xut khc nh: V lon
nhm, kt nha, v chai thy tinh, cc loi nt chai v bao b khc.
Theo thng k hin nay, c nc c khong trn 320 nh my bia v cc c
s sn xut bia vi tng nng lc sn xut t trn 800 triu lt/nm. Bia a phng
311 c s, chim 97,18% s c s nhng sn lng ch chim 37,41% sn
lng bia c nc (t 231 triu lt) v t 60,73% cng sut thit k.
Hin nay theo thng k mi nht ca B K hoch - u t, bn thng u
nm 2011 cc doanh nghip trong nc sn xut 714,6 triu lt bia cc loi, tng
9,2% so vi cng k nm ngoi. Tc tng trng ngnh bia ti VN, theo thng
k ca cc cng ty nghin cu th trng, c t 15%/nm. VN c khong 350 c
s sn xut bia c tr s hu khp cc tnh thnh trn c nc v tip tc tng v
s lng. Trong s ny, c hn 20 nh my t cng sut trn 20 triu lt/nm, 15
nh my c cng sut ln hn 15 triu lt/nm, v c ti 268 c s c nng lc sn
xut di 1 triu lt/nm.
2.2. Qui trnh cng ngh tng qut ca ngnh sn xut Bia.
2.2.1.
c tnh nguyn liu.
Bia c sn xut t cc nguyn liu chnh l malt i Mch, hoa houblon
v nc. tit kim ngun malt i Mch hoc sn xut mt vi loi bia thch
hp, vi th hiu ca ngi tiu dng bn cnh i Mch, ngi ta cn dng thm
cc nguyn liu ph nh bt m, go, bt ng, thm ch c bt u tng tch
bo.
2.2.1.1. Nc
i vi bia, nc l mt nguyn liu khng th thay th c. Thnh phn
ha hc ca nc nh hng n c im, tnh cht sau cng ca bia do n tc
ng trong sut cc qu trnh ch bin ca cng ngh sn xut bia.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 11

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Trn dy chuyn cng ngh chnh, nc c dng trong qu trnh nu, pha long
dung dch ng ln men, nh vy nc tr thnh thnh phn chnh ca sn
phm. Ngoi ra, nc cn c dng nhng qu trnh khc nh lm lnh, lm
nng, ra dng c, thit b, v sinh khu vc sn xut.
2.2.1.2. i mch
i mch l nguyn liu ch yu dng sn xut bia, mun c vy, i
mch phi tri qua qu trnh ny mm nhn to sau dng li bng cch sy kh.
Thnh phn ha hc ca i mch.
Carbohydrate chung
Cc cht v c

: 70-85%.
: 10,5-11,5%

Cht bo

: 1,5 -2%

Cc cht khc

: 1-2

m bnh qun thay i t 14 -14,5%, m c th thay i t 12% trong


iu kin thu hoch kh ro v trn 20% trong iu kin m t.
Tinh bt
C cng thc l (C6H10O5)n, c c chuyn ha d dng thnh ng
glocose di tc dng ca acid v thnh dextrine v maltose di tc dng ca
amylase. Tinh bt l mt thnh phn quan trng v mt s lng trong i mch t
55-65%. Khi nu, di tc dng ca cc men amylase c chuyn ha thnh thnh
dextrine v ng maltose v sau s c chuyn ha thnh cn v CO 2 trong
qu trnh ln men.
Protin
Sn phm thy phn ca protin c chia ra lm nhiu nhm khc nhau v
gi mt vai tr ht sc quan trng trong sn xut malt v bia. Nhng nhm km
phc tp s l cht dinh dng cho nm men trong qu trnh ln men, nhng nu
trong dch ng c qa nhiu loi ny nm men khng s dng ht, phn tn ti
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 12

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

trong bia s l dinh dng cho cc vi sinh vt lm hng bia trong qu trnh bo
qun.
Bng 2.1 Cc ch s cht lng ca Malt vng
Th

Cc ch s cht lng

Gi tr trung

t
1

Khi lng hectolit, kg

bnh
55 -58

Khi lng 1000 ht khng la chn,g

32-35

di l mm, % s ht c chiu di 2/3-3/4 ht

70-75

S ht trng c, %

90-96

Hm m, %

3.8-5.0

Thi gian ng ha, pht

10-15

Cng mu, ml 0,1NI2 / 100ml dch ng

Lng cht chit ha tan, % theo cht kh.

Hiu s chit ly (nghin mn, nghin th)

2-3.5

10

Hm lng ng maltoza, % theo cht chit

65-82

11

ng: dextrin

12

pH

13

chua nh phn ml 0,1N NaOH/100g cht kh

14-17.5

14

m tng, %N

1.5-1.7

15

m tng, % theo cht kh ( N x 6,25)

9.5-10.5

16

m formol, %

0.19-0.21

17

ln men biu kin cui cng, %

0.16-0.25
78-80.5

0.4-0.55
4.5-6

75-78

18 Hot lc amylaza, 0WK


220-280
Ngun. PGS.TS. HONG NH HA, Cng ngh sn xut Malt v bia, 2000
2.2.1.3.Chng Nm Men
Nm men ng vai tr quyt nh trong sn xut bia v qu trnh trao i cht
ca t bo nm men bia chnh l qu trnh chuyn ha nguyn liu thnh sn phm.
Qu trnh chuyn ha ny li gn lin vi s tham gia ca h ezyme trong t bo
nm men, do vic phi nui cy nm men to iu kin cho s hnh thnh v
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 13

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

hot ng ca h ezyme l mt khu k thut rt quan trng khng th tin hnh


mt cch ty tin.
Nm men c s dng cho sn xut bia l loi vi sinh vt n bo thuc
ging Saccaromyces.
2.3. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut bia
Qu trnh sn xut bia gm 3 giai on chnh sau:
Nu v ng ha.
Ln men chnh, ln men ph v tng tr.
Lc bia v chit bia.
Chng ta c th m t cng on sn xut bia theo s sau :

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 14

N TT NGHIP
Nc cp
ra sn,thit
b

Nc
mm

Hi
nc
Enzim

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG


Mal
Go
t
Chun b nguyn
liu
Nu ng ha

Lc dch ng
Hoa
hublon
Hi nc

B malt

Nu hoa

Tch b

B malt

Lm lnh
Glicol hay nc

Men
ging
Hot ha v
dng li men
Cht tr lc

Hi

Xt

Ra chai

Sc kh
Ln men chnh, ph

Nn CO2
Lc bia

B lc

Bo ha CO2
Bia hi
Chit chai, lon

Nc thi

ng np

Hi nc

Thanh trng
Kim tra, dn nhn, nhp
kho
Sn phm

Hnh 2.1. S cng ngh sn xut Bia.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

B men

TRANG 15

Nc thi

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

2.3.1. Dy chuyn cng ngh khu nu v ng ha.

Nghin nguyn liu


Mc ch ca qu trnh nghin l nhm to ra nhng iu kin thun li cho
s tin trin ca cc bin i l sinh ha trong qu trnh ng ha, nhm lm th
no thu c lng cht ha tan ln nht. Thit lp c mt iu kin thch hp v
mi lin h gia nc v cc thnh phn ca bt malt l mt iu kin rt quan
trng, c nh vy mi gip cho qu trnh ln men xy ra tt v qu trnh hnh thnh
cc cht ha tan hiu qu nht.

Trn nguyn liu vi nc


Qu trnh ng ha c bt u bng vic pha trn bt malt, go vi nc.
Nhm trnh cho bt malt, go b vn cc gy tr ngi cho vic thy phn tinh bt,
ngi ta s dng mt thit b pha da theo nguyn l Ventury hoc bng c hc
gm mt vt xon nh ti bt trong nc, ph thuc vo yu cu k thut nu hoc
pha long, thng ngi ta p dng l: 3,5 - 4 lt nc cho 1kg go v 3 - 3,5 lt
nc cho 1kg malt.

Nu v ng ha nguyn liu
Mc ch l nhm chuyn v dng ha tan tt c cc cht c phn t lng
cao nm di dng khng ho tan trong bt malt. Chng s cng vi nhng cht
ha tan c sn to thnh cht chit chung.
Qu trnh thy phn cc cht hu c phc tp trn l kt qu ca s tc dng
ca h thng enzyme c sn trong malt.

Thy phn tinh bt


Thnh phn quan trng nht ca bia l cn c sinh ra trong qu trnh ln
men t dch ng. V vy s thy phn tinh bt thnh maltose rt quan trng.
Thm vo cc sn phm trung gian khng ln men c nh dextrine cng c
hnh thnh.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 16

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

S thy phn tinh bt c tin hnh thnh 3 giai on khng thay i nhng ha
ln vi nhau nh sau:

H ha dch ha ng ha
-

H ha: tinh bt khng ha tan trong nc l, khng ha tan trong dung mi

hu c trung tnh. Khi trong nc l bnh thng chng ht nc v trng n ra.


V th, khi gia nhit th tch ca khi bt tng ln, cc ht tinh bt b nn cht sau
cng chng b v ra v to thnh mt dung dch nht. nht ca dung dch ph
thuc vo lng nc pha v ty theo cu trc ca tng loi tinh bt.
-

Dch ha: di tc dng ca - amylase, cc chui di amylo v

amylopectin s nhanh chng ct t thnh nhng chui nh hn, v th nn nht


trong m nu gim rt nhanh. - amylase ch c th ct t t vo cui mch ca
amylo v cui mch nhnh ca amylopectin v c ct 2 gc mt nh vy.
Dch ha c ngha l gim nht trong dung dch tinh bt h ha bi amylase.
-ng ha: - amylase tun t phn ct cc chui ca amylo v amylopectin
thnh dextrin c t 7 -12 gc glucose cn li, - amylase tch 2 gc t ui cn li
ca - amylase ct hnh thnh cc chui nh hn, cc loi ng khc nhau
nh maltotriose v glucose c di cc chui khc nhau cng c hnh thnh.
Lc dch ng v ra b
Cho malt sau khi ng ha xong gm 2 phn: phn c v phn long.
Phn c bao gm tt c nhng phn t nh khng ha tan ca bt malt. Phn long
th dung dch nc cha tt c cht ha tan trong m nu gi l dch ng.
Mc ch ca qu trnh lc l nhm phn tch phn long ring ra khi phn
c. c trng ca cho malt l trong c rt nhiu phn t rn. Trong qu trnh
lc, nhng phn t rn ny s to thnh mt lp nguyn liu lc ph. iu ny c
ngha kh ln trong khi lc.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 17

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

un si dch ng cng vi hoa houblon


Mc ch ca qu trnh un si dch ng vi hoa houblon l nhm n nh
thnh phn v to cho bia c mi thm, v ng c trng ca hoa houblon.
Bia l mt loi gii kht c mi thm v v ng rt c trng, mi thm v
ng c trng ny gy nn bi hoa houblon. ng thi hoa houblon cn gip cho
bia thm phn bn vng sinh hc v kh nng to bt tt. Mt trong nhng phng
php thng dng nhm chit cht ng v du thm ca hoa houblon l un si trc
tip dch ng vi hoa.
Lm lnh v lng trong dch ng
Mc ch ca qu trnh lm lnh v lng trong l gim nhit nc nha
xung, a oxy t khng kh vo dch th v kt lng cc cht bn.
Thng thng lm lnh v lng trong nc nha tin hnh qua 2 bc:
-

Bc 1.
Gim nhit xung 60-700C v gi nhit ny khong 2 gi v cn t

nht 2 gi cc cn b mi lng ht. Sau , bm phn trong ca nc nha (loi b


phn cn y thng) sang thit b lm lnh nhanh.
-

Bc 2:
Lm gim nhanh nhit xung tng ng vi nhit ln men (khong 7-

100C). n giai on ny, s cn cn li tuy khng nhiu nhng l nhng cn rt


nh, ng knh ca chng thng khng qu 0,5m v ln vn trong dung dch
dng huyn ph, rt kh lng, thm ch khng lng. Phi loi b cc kt ta ny
bng ly tm hoc c khi s dng bt tr lc iatomit sau mi a nc nha vo
thng ln men.
2.3.2.

Ln men dch ng

Sn xut bia thuc lnh vc ln men c in ( nh ln men ru, mt s axit


hu c, mt s dung mi hu c). l mt qu trnh ha sinh, vi sinh tng i
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 18

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

n gin so vi cc ngnh ln men thuc lnh vc ln men hin i nh sinh tng


hp cc axit amin, cc enzym
Trong sn xut bia, qu trnh ln men c hai dng: ln men ni v ln men
chm. Hai dng ln men ny khc nhau ch yu ch s dng hai loi nm men
khc nhau. Nm men chm th ln men chnh 6-9 0C, cn nm men ni thng c
nhit ln men chnh cao hn. Ti nh my p dng phng php ln men chm.
2.3.2.1.

Cc giai on ln men

Giai on bt u .
Xut hin bt trng mn v bm vo thnh thng v t t ph kn b mt bia
non. Bt ny c xut hin t 8 n 16 gi sau khi cy men. Nu thi gian ny b
ko di hn th nn b sung nm men hoc tng nhit ln men, thng thng
nhit ln men ca nm men bt u t 6-70.
Nu cc bin php trn khng hiu qu th cn kim tra li hm lng O 2, v
hm lng O2 thng thng 6mg/l.
Giai on tip theo gi l giai on Krausen collapsing.
Mc ln men t mnh m hn, lp bt dn dn b xp xung v cui cng
to nn mt lp bao ph mu nu c v ng l do s oxy ha ca nha hoa houblon
v tannin.
Giai on cui cng gi l collapsed foam.
Do tc ln men tip tc gim, bt tip tc v ra v cui cng ch cn mt
lp bt mu nu xp bn, lp bt ny cn loi b trc khi chuyn bia khi lm
bn nm men thu hi.
2.3.3. Giai on Lc bia
Sau khi ln men v hon tt qu trnh lm chn bia c y cc thnh phn
ha hc, cng nh hng v c trng ring bit ca tng loi bia nhng bia vn
cn m c nn cn phi lc tr nn trong sut v ng nh.
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 19

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Lc bia da trn c s ca 2 qu trnh:

Qu trnh c hc: nhm gi li cc phn t rn c kch thc to hn cc l


hoc khe ca li lc.
Qu trnh hp thu: i vi cc phn t c kch thc rt b nh cc cht keo
ha tan di dng phn t, cc nm men v vi sinh vt, Ngoi cc cht gy c
bia, qu trnh hp thu cng lm gim bt mt phn cc cht protein, cht nha
houblon, cht mu, cn bc cao v ester,V vy bia c trong chnh l nh qu
trnh ny.
Bia lc xong phi m bo v mt cht lng nh: n nh vi sinh, n
nh keo, n nh mi v.
Bia lc c a vo tank cha c p lc, thi gian cha t 2-3 ngy
nhit t 0-20C. Tank cha bia trong thc cht l tank cha trung gian my lc v
my chit, n c trang b cc ph kin an ton p lc v m bo cc yu cu
nh:
m bo v sinh hon ton sch bi h thng lc.
Qu trnh v sinh phi c kim tra cn thn.
B mt bn trong phi nhn, lng.
Tank phi c h thng dn p lc CO2 v m bo khng r r gi vo.
Phi c h thng kim tra nhit t ng.
2.4. Cc ngun pht sinh cht thi.
Ngnh cng nghip sn xut bia cng nh cc ngnh cng nghip khc u
c s pht sinh cht thi trong qu trnh sn xut v nh hng n mi trng c
th l cht thi rn, kh thi v c bit l nc thi sn xut. C th nh sau :
2.4.1.

V nc thi.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 20

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Bia cha ch yu l nc (>90%), cn li l cn (3 6%), CO 2 v cc ha


cht ha tan khc. V vy sn xut bia l mt trong nhng ngnh cng nghip i
hi tiu tn rt nhiu nc do s thi ra mi trng mt lng rt ln nc thi.
Nc thi ca nh my bia thng gm nhng loi sau:
Nc lm ngui, nc ngng t. Loi nc ny khng thuc loi nc gy
nhim nn c th x l s b v ti s dng li.
Nc v sinh thit b nh ra thng nu, ra b cha, ra sn nh sn xut. Loi
nc ny cha nhiu cht hu c, cn phi c tin hnh x l lm sch
mi trng v ti s dng li.
Nc v sinh v cc thit b ln men, thng cha ng ng, sn nh ln men.
Loi nc thi ny cha nhiu xc nm men, xc nm men rt d t phn hy,
gy ra tnh trng nhim nghim trng. Loi nc ny cn c bin php x l
c bit gim nguy c nhim.
Nc ra chai ng bia. Loi nc thi ny cng gy nhim nghim trng,
nc ny khng ch cha cc cht hu c m cn cha rt nhiu cc hp cht
mu t mc in nhn, kim loi ( c bit l Zn v Cu)
2.4.2.

Kh thi.

Hi pht sinh t qu trnh nu, hi kh nn b r r, bi t qu trnh chun b


nguyn liu . . .
Ngun Bi pht sinh ch yu trong nh my bao gm trong qu trnh chun
b nguyn liu, qu trnh tip liu, qu trnh xay malt, qu trnh nghin go Tuy
nhin ti lng bi y rt kh c tnh ph thuc nhiu vo cc yu t nh loi
nguyn liu, m ca nguyn liu, tnh trng / tnh nng ca thit b my mc
2.4.3.

Tc nhn nhit.

Nhit ta t l nu, l hi (ngun nhit rt nng) v t h thng lm lnh


(ngun nhit lnh) v ting n do thit b sn xut (my bm, my lnh, bng

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 21

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

chuyn,) nh hng trc tip n sc khe ca cng nhn v mi trng xung


quanh
2.4.4.

Cht thi rn.

Cht thi c pht sinh ch yu t cng on : lc dch ng, tch b, ln


men chnh ph , bao gm b thi la mch go, x l nu, b men bia, ngoi ra
cn c cht thi rn sinh hot t vn phng v bp n.
2.4.5.

Ting n, rung .

Ch yu c pht sinh t qu trnh hot ng ca cc my mc thit b nh


my nghin, my ng chai, thit b lm lnh, bng chuyn . .

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 22

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

CHNG 3
TNG QUAN V CNG TY TNHH SABMIILER VIT NAM.

3.1. Gii thiu tng quan cng ty.


Tn cng ty: Cng ty TNHH Lin Doanh Sabmiller Vit Nam
a ch: L A, KCN M Phc 2, Huyn Bn Ct, Tnh Bnh Dng
Cng ty TTNH SABMiller Vit Nam nm trong khu cng nghip M Phc,
huyn Bn Ct, tnh Bnh Dng. Mt tin pha Bc khu t gip ng giao
thng ni b ca khu cng nghip. Khu dn c gn nht nm cch cng ty
khong 700m.
C s h tng nh cp thot nc, giao thng, cung cp in v thng tin
lin lc rt y . Cng ty nm trong vng kinh t trng im pha nam,
ng thi nm gn cc trung tm th ln nn thun li cho vic vn
chuyn v tiu th sn phm. ng thi cng ty nm trong khu vc c ngun
nhn lc di do thun li cho vic tuyn chn lao ng.
Sn phm chnh: Sn phm ca cng ty l bia v nc gii kht t malt
khng cn . Tng cng sut sn phm l 675.520 hl/nm.( 1 hectolit ~ 1.000
lt)
3.1.1.

iu kin t nhin

Cng ty TTNH SABMiller Vit Nam nm trong khu cng nghip M Phc,
huyn Bn Ct, tnh Bnh Dng. Mt tin pha Bc khu t gip ng giao thng
ni b ca khu cng nghip. Khu dn c gn nht nm cch cng ty khong 700m.
C s h tng nh cp thot nc, giao thng, cung cp in v thng tin
lin lc rt y . Cng ty nm trong vng kinh t trng im pha nam, ng thi
nm gn cc trung tm th ln nn thun li cho vic vn chuyn v tiu th sn
phm. ng thi cng ty nm trong khu vc c ngun nhn lc di do thun li
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 23

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

cho vic tuyn chn lao ng.


3.1.2.

iu kin kh hu

Khu vc ca cng ty nm trong vng kh hu mang tnh cht c trng ca


vng kh hu cn xch o vi 2 ma r rt l ma ma bt u t thng 4 n thng
11 v ma kh bt u t thng 12 n thng 4 nm sau.
Nhit khng kh trung bnh hng nm cao v n nh quanh nm v thng. Bin
thin nhit gia thng nng nht v thng lnh nht khong 4,6 oC. Tuy nhin,
bin thin nhit ngy th kh cao khong 10oC.
Nhit khng kh trung bnh nm: 26,7oC
Nhit khng kh ti a: 28,7 oC
Nhit khng kh ti thiu: 25,5 oC
Nhit ti cao tuyt i: 39,5 oC
Nhit ti thp tuyt i: 16,5 oC
Nhit khng kh thng nng nht (thng 5): 29,5 oC
Nhit khng kh thng lnh nht (thng 2): 24,9 oC
3.1.3.

Hin trng cht lng nc ngm

Khu vc ca cng ty nhn chung c tr lng nc ngm kh di do. Hin


ti nhn dn quanh vng c th khai thc v s dng ngun nc ny bng cc
ging khoan. Cht lng nc ging khoang su 30m ly ti h dn cch cng ty
700m c trnh by bng sau:

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 24

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Bng 3.1. Cht Lng Nc Ngm .


STT Cc ch tiu
pH
ClNO3
St
SO4 2 cng

1
2
3
4
5
6

n v
Mg/l
Mg/l
Mg/l
Mg/l
Mg/l
Mg CaCO3

Kt
qu
8.04
29.11
4.56
0.26
<0.1
80

TCVN 5944 1995


6.5 8.5
200 - 600
45
15
200 400
300 - 500

Ngun : cng ty TNHH Sabmiler Vit Nam.


Kt qu phn tch cho thy cht lng ngun nc ngm ti khu vc ny cn
kh tt, hu ht cc ch tiu u t tiu chun cho php. Ngun nc c th s
dng cho sinh hot v sn xut nu c x l k.
3.2. Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut bia ca Nh My.
3.2.1.

Cc loi nguyn liu v ha cht s dng.

Nguyn liu chnh sn xut bia l malt, go v nc. Ngoi ra, cng ty
cn s dng mt s ph liu khc gm men bia, hoa houblon v cc ph gia to
hng v c trng.
Bng 3.2. Nhu cu hng nm v cc loi nguyn ph liu ca cng ty .
STT

Nguyn vt liu

n v

S lng

1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Malt
Go
Hoa Houblon (dng vin v c c)
Acide Ascorbic
Collupulin
Caramel
Ezim

Tn/nm
Tn/nm
Tn/nm
Kg/nm
Kg/nm
Kg/nm
lit/nm

6.919
2.312
21
1.5
1.5
2.5
1.5

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 25

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Bng3.3. Nhu cu v in, nc, nhin liu


STT

Nguyn nhin liu

n v

S lng

1
2

Du DO
in

Tn/nm
Kw/h.

2000
1600

Nc

m3/ngy.

1348

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 26

N TT NGHIP

3.2.2.
Nc

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Quy trnh cng ngh


Mait, go

H thng l hi
Nc thi

Lm sch v xay
X l st

Nc thi
Nu bia
B lc

Lc ct,

Lc hm

Nc thi
Nc thi

Nu si vi Houblo
H cha
Lng, lc trong
Lc tinh 30
Mc

Cn

Nc thi

Nc thi

Lm lnh, np kh

Nc thi

Ln men
B lc
Lc

Bn tr, Bo ha CO2

Nc thi

Nc thi

Nc thi
Bia hi

Thanh trng

Chit vo chai, thng


Chit chai

Dn nhn v kt

Bo qun lnh

Nhp kho thnh phm

Nhp kho thnh phm

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 27

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Hnh 3.1. S dy chuyn cng ngh ti nh my


3.2.2.1. Thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh.
Dy chuyn sn xut bia ca cng ty l mt dy chuyn khp kn v c th
chia lm 3 giai on nh sau : giai on nu, giai on len men, giai on chit.
Giai on nu.
Nguyn liu (Malt, go) c vn chuyn v v cha trong cc kho ca cng
ty, ti y nguyn liu c bo qun cn thn sau a vo cc bn ca phn
xng nu ng ha.
Trong giai on ny Malt , go c xay cn nguyn v v nghin nt c
a vo trong ni nu ( ni ng ha). Sau khi nguyn liu c nu mt thi
gian nht nh s t ng lc b k v cho ra dch ng. ng ny s c
chuyn n b phn ln men.
Giai on ln men v lc.
Ti y b phn ln men tip nhn dch ng ca b phn nu trn chung
vi hoa Houlon v m s ph hia khc ln men , sau khi tri qua hai qu trnh ln
men chnh v ln men ph . Qu trnh ln men chnh s to ra bia bn thnh phm
( bia cha lc). Bia cha lc ny se c tri qua qu trnh lc lc cc tp cht
ng thi lm trong nc bia v chuyn n phn xng chit.
Giai on chit.
Ti u Keg inox 30 lt s c sc, hp, lm lnh nhm tit trng vi khun,
lm kh ro sau chit bia v ng nt, ri c chuyn n cc kho c trang b
h thng lm lnh v cc thit b khc m bo bia ti sn xut ra.
3.3. An ton lao ng ,phng chy cha chy v cc s c mi trng.
i.

Phng chy, cha chy v cc s c mi trng

Cng ty lp t chc PCCC trong ton cng ty v trang b y cc


phng tin cu ha nh bnh CO2, thang, xng , ng nc, bm nc, b cha nc
PCC
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 28

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Cc loi nhin liu c t tr ti khu vc cch ly v thng thong.

Cng ty lp t cc h thng chng st cho cc bn cha du, cch ly cc


bng in, t in iu khin.ng thi cho tip t cc thit b.

Cc my mc, thit b c l lch km theo v c o c, theo di thng


xuyn cc thng s k thut; c bit l cc thit b chu pcao nh my nn
kh, ni hi v h thng thu hi kh CO2 c kim nh theo qui nh.

Cng nhn vn hnh c hun luyn v thc hnh thao tc ng cch khi c
s c v lun c mt ti v tr ca mn, thao tc kim tra vn hnh ng k
thut.

Kt hp vi lc lng phng chy cha chy a phng xy dng k hoch


phng chy cha chy cho d n.

Pht hin, sa cha hoc thay th kp thi cc thit b c nguy c hng hc


hoc s c. Tin hnh kim tra, bo dng v sa cha cc my mc thit b
theo nh k.

ii.

Cc bin php phng chng s c r r du

Cc bn cha du c t trn nn b tng chu lc khng c mi che, xung


quanh nn c xy g cao 1 m ngn chn nguy c trn du ra khu vc xung quanh.
Trong khu vc ny c mt h cha du cn vi dung tch khong 1 m 3 thu gom
du cn trong qu trnh s dng. Cc loi du cn trong h gom s c ht v cha
trong thng phuy 20L, nh k s c thu cc cng ty c chc nng n thu gom
v x l du cn ny theo quy nh.
iii.

Cc bin php h tr

Gio dc thc v sinh mi trng v v sinh cng nghip cho cn b cng


nhn vin trong cng ty.
Hun luyn cn b v qun l khoa hc gim ti a vic tht thot nguyn
vt liu trong qu trnh sn xut.
Thc hin vic kim sot v cn i nguyn liu, vt t kim sot ngun
pht sinh cht thi.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 29

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Tham gia thc hin cc k hoch hn ch nhim, bo v mi trng theo cc


quy nh v hng dn chung ca cc cp chuyn mn v thm quyn ca tnh Bnh
Dng.
n c v gio dc cc cn b cng nhn vin trong d n thc hin cc quy
nh v an ton lao ng, phng chng chy n. Thc hin vic kim tra sc
khe,kim tra y t nh k.
3.4. Hin trng mi trng ti cng ty TNHH Sabmiiler Vit Nam
3.4.1.

Ngun gc pht sinh v tnh cht nc thi.

Nu ng ha: Nc thi ca cc cng on ny giu cc cht


hydroccacbon, xenluloz, hemixenluloz, pentoz trong v tru, cc mnh ht
v bt, cc cc vncng vi xc hoa, mt t tanin, cc cht ng, cht mu.
Cng on ln men chnh v ln men ph: Nc thi ca cng on ny rt
giu xc men ch yu l protein, cc cht khong, vitamin cng vi bia cn.
Giai on thnh phm: Lc, bo ha CO2, chit bock, ng chai, hp chai.
Nc thi y cha bt tr lc ln xc men, ln bia chy trn ra ngoi
Nc thi t quy trnh sn xut bao gm:
- Nc ln b malt v bt sau khi ly dch ng. b trn sn li, nc s
tch ra khi b.
- Nc ra thit b lc, ni nu, thng nhn ging, ln men v cc loi thit b
khc.
- Nc ra chai v kt cha.
- Nc ra sn, phng ln men, phng tng tr.
- Nc thi t ni hi
- Nc v sinh sinh hot.
- Nc thi t h thng lm lnh c cha hm lng clorit cao (ti 500 mg/l),
cacbonat thp.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 30

N TT NGHIP

3.4.2.

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

c tnh nc thi.

Kt qu phn tch cc ch tiu ha l v ha sinh ca nc thi c a ra


trong bng sau:
Bng 3.4. c tnh nc thi ca cng ty TNHH Sabmiiler Vit Nam.
Thng S

n V

Hm Lung

Hm lng BOD5

mg/l

768

Hm lng COD

mg/l

1280

Cht rn l lng SS

mg/l

80

Tng N
tng P
mu
ph

mg/l
mpPO43-/l
Pt-co

85
35
208
6.67

Ngun : cng ty TNHH Sabmiiler Vit Nam.


3.4.3.

V Kh Thi

3.4.3.1. i vi kh thi t l hi
Hin ti, cng ty ang s dng 2 l hi t cng ngh ca c, vi cng sut
10 tn/h/l v 6 tn/h/l, s dng nhin liu l du FO. L hi 6 tn hot ng lin
tc cn l hi 10 tn ch hot ng d phng .

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 31

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Bng 3.5. Kt qu phn tch cc ch tiu mi trng


Stt

V tr o c v ly
mu

Bi
(mg/Nm3)

NOx tnh
theo NO2
(mg/Nm3)

SO2
(mg/Nm3)

CO
(mg/Nm3)

140

416

1330

230

Ct A

400

1000

1500

1000

Ct B

200

850

500

1000

Trong lng ct kh thi


l hi 6T/h sau h
thng x l

Quy chun k
thut quc gia v
kh thi cng
nghip i vi bi
v cc cht v c
(QCVN 19 :
2009/BTNMT)

Cc ch tiu phn tch

3.4.3.2. nhim kh thi t nh my pht in v cc mi trng lm vic


Trong qu trnh sn xut khi c s c mt in, nh my cn phi s dng du
DO vn hnh my pht in. Qu trnh t du DO vn hnh my pht in s
to ra cc kh thi c cha cht nhim nh: SO 2, NOx, CO2 v VOC gy nhim mi
trng khng kh.
i vi ngun nhim ny cng ty p dng phng php lc bi kiu t
(thng ra kh rng) gim nng cc cht nhim trong kh thi. Khi thi t
my pht in theo ng dn n thit b lc bi kiu t. Nc c phun t trn
xung di v dng kh thi c dn ngc chiu t di ln trn. Lng nc dung
ra kh s c dn n trm x l nc thi tp trung x l trc khi ra ngoi
mi trng
Bng3.6.Kt qu phn tch cht lng mi trng khng kh xung quanh quanh v
mi trng lao ng
V tr

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

Ch tiu o c v phn tch

TRANG 32

N TT NGHIP

o c

NO2
(mg/m3)

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Bi l
lng

SO2
(mg/m3)

CO
(mg/m3)

(mg/m3)

Nhit

T/
gi

nh
sng

(0C)

(%)

(m/s

(lux)

(K1)

0,078

0,19

0,084

1,82

(K2)

0,072

0,10

0,079

1,79

31,2

64,1

0,1

180

(K3)

0,075

0,10

0,083

1,80

32,6

64,0

0,1

210

TC1

20

34

80

TC2

0,2

0,3

0,35

30

500

Ngun : cng ty TNHH Sabmiller Vit Nam.

3.4.4.

Cht thi rn

3.4.4.1. Cht thi rn sinh hot


Cht thi rn sinh hot l cc cht thi sinh ra t nh n, t khu vc vn phng,
t vn cy, bi c, v t cc hot ng sinh hot hng ngy ca cc nhn vin v
cng nhn trong Cng ty. Thnh phn cht thi rn sinh hot ch yu l v hp, giy
vn, bao b nylon, thc n d tha, rc ng vi s lng khong 3.390
kg/thng.
Ton b cht thi rn sinh hot c thu gom hng ngy a v im thi tp
trung trong khun vin Cng ty, sau hp ng vi cng ty TNHH B Pht thu
gom v x l.
3.3.4.2. Cht thi rn sn xut khng nguy hi
Cht thi rn sn xut thng thng sinh ra trong qu trnh hot ng ca Cng
ty ch yu l b hm v xc men, ngoi ra cn c bao dy nilon, thng carton, lon
nhm Khi lng cc loi cht thi rn c trnh by c th trong bng sau:

Bng 3.7. Khi lng cht thi trung bnh pht sinh trong qu I/2011

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 33

N TT NGHIP

STT

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Tn cht thi

Trng thi tn
ti
Rn
Rn

1
2

Bao nylon, dy nylon


Thng carton v cc loi
giy khc
3
St thp, inox t sn xut
Rn
4
B hm
Bn
5
Tru
Rn
6
Bt b lc v b men
Lng
7
Ming chai cc loi
Rn
Ngun: Cng ty TNHH Sabmiller Vit Nam.

S
lng(kg)
6.9
47.98
0
480
645
240
100

3.3.4.3. Cht thi nguy hi


Khi lng CTNH pht sinh c trnh by chi tit trong bng sau:
Bng 3.8. Khi lng cht thi nguy hi pht sinh trong qu I/2011:
STT

Tn cht thi

Trng thi
tn ti

S lng
(kg)

M CTNH

Bng n hunh quang thi

Rn

160106

Pin, c quy ch thi

Rn

190601

Gi lau v bao tay dnh du nht,


ha cht thi

Rn

30

180201

Can thng, bao b ng du nht,


ha cht, cn thi

Rn

180101

Du nht thi

Lng

550

170204

Hn hp methanol, thy ngn thi

Lng

020402

Ngun: Cng ty TNHH Sabmiller Vit Nam


Hin ti cng ty ang lu gi v v bo qun lng cht thi nguy hi pht sinh
trong iu kin an ton: Khu vc cha cht thi nguy hi ring, c mi che v cch ly
vi cc loi cht thi khc.
Cng ty qun l cht thi nguy hi theo ng Thng t s 12/2006/TTBTNMT v Quyt nh s 23/2006/Q-BTNMT.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 34

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Cng ty ng k S ch ngun thi cht thi nguy hi vi S Ti nguyn v Mi


trng tnh Bnh Dng v lng cht thi pht sinh s c hp ng vi x
nghip x l cht thi Cng ty TNHH B Pht thu gom v x l cht thi nguy hi
theo ng quy nh.

CHNG 4
TNG QUAN V CC PHNG PHP X L NC THI NGNH
SN XUT BIA.
4.1. Tng quan v nc thi ngnh sn xut bia.
4.1.1. Thnh phn , tnh cht ca nc thi sn xut bia.
c tnh nc thi ca cng ngh sn xut bia l cha hm lng cht hu
c cao trng thi ha tan v trng thi l lng ,trong ch yu l hydratcacbon,
protein v axit hu c. y l cc cht c kh nng phn hy sinh hc cao, Nguyn
nhn chnh ch yu :
+ Hm lng BOD cao l do: b nu, b hm, men, hm lng, bia d r r vo
nc thi.
+ pH dao ng ln do: cn xt, axit tho x ca cc h thng ra ni, my ra
chai, ra kt, nc trng, ra thit b, nc ra v sinh sn nh, trm x l nc..
+ nh hng ti nng N, P : do men thi, cc tc nhn trong qu trnh lm
sch tht tht.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 35

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

+ Anh hng ti hm lng cht rn l lng: do ra my lc, ra chai, cht


thi rn (giy nhn, ba..).
Tuy nhin mi nh my bia th lng nc cp v lng nc thi rt khc
nhau. S khc nhau ny nhn chung ph thuc ch yu vo qui trnh cng ngh v
trnh qun l ca tng nh my. Mt khc, mc nhim cc loi nc thi
ca nhng nh my bia cng khc nhau, ta c th c tnh trung bnh cho cc thng
s trn nh sau :
Lng nc cp cho 1000 lt bia : 4 - 8 m3
Nc thi tnh t sn xut 1000 lt bia : 2.5 - 6 m3.
Ti trng BOD5 : 3 6 kg/1000 lt bia.
T l BOD5 / COD : 0.55 0.7
Hm lng cc cht gy nhim trong nc thi bng sau :
Bng 4.1. : Tnh cht c trng ca nc thi ngnh sn xut Bia
Ch tiu

n v

Gi tr

COD

mg/l

600 2400

BOD

mg/l

310 1400

Tng cht rn l lng

mg/l

70 600

Tng s Phtpho

mg/l

50

Tng s Nito

mg/l

90

Nhit

35 55

(Ngun: PGS.TS Lng c Phm, Cng ngh x l nc thi, NXB Gio dc

4.1.2. Tc ng n mi trng ca nc thi nghnh bia.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 36

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Hot ng sn xut bia c mc nhim kh ln. S nhim ny ch yu


l do cc cht c ngun gc hu c ha tan trong cc dng thi, km theo l
nc thi chung c mu v c cao, hm lng cht rn l lng cao v vi
sinh vt, nm men, nm mc.
S hin din ca cc cht c hi trong nc thi s gy nh hng trc tip
ti h ng vt di nc v h sinh thi thy vc. Chng khng nhng lm
cht cc loi thy sinh m cn lm mt kh nng t lm sch ca ngun nc
ni tip nhn.
Hm lng cht hu c cao s lm tng cc cht dinh dng c trong ngun
nc, to hin tng ph dng ha knh rch, thc y s pht trin bng
n ca cc loi rong to..
Hm lng cht rn cao s d dn n hin tng tc nght cc ng cng
thot nc chung ca a phng. Sau thi gian tch t lu ngy v di
nhng iu kin ym kh, chng c th b phn hy bi cc vi sinh vt hoi
sinh. Kt qu ca qu trnh ny l sn sinh ra cc kh CH 4, CO2, H2S, trong
hydrosulfua l cht kh gy ra mi thi c trng.
Ngoi ra trong qu trnh xc ra chai, cng to ra mt lng kim loi nng
v cc cht c hi khc trong cc nhn chai. Do , gim lng kim loi nng
v cc cht c hi khc trong nc cn trnh in n bao b bng cc cht c cha
kim loi nng.
4.1.2.1.

Lng nc thi.

Nhu cu s dng nc ca nh my Bia Ru Nc gii kht thng ln


nn hu ht phi khai thc nc ngm phc v cho sn xut v sinh hot ca nh
my. Vic khai thc nc ngm c nguy c gy nn s cn kit ngun nc ngm
vo ma kh, dn c trong khu vc c nguy c khng nc dng .
i vi vn thot nc, hot ng ca nh my bia c th lm gia tng
mc chu ti ca h thng thot nc tp trung hoc lm tng thm lu lng dng

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 37

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

chy, lm nhim cc ngun tip nhn nc thi. V vy cn phi xem xt v nh


gi thc t v kh nng tiu tht nc ca khu vc d n, kh nng xy ra tnh trng
ngp lt.
4.1.2.2.

Nhit .

Nc thi t phn xng ln men c nhit t 10 140C


Nc thi t phn xng nu c nhit t 46 55 0C, cao hn rt nhiu tiu
chun cho php i vi nc thi cng nghip TCVN 5945 2005. Do vy n
nh hng n mi trng nh sau:
+ Nhit nc tng cao gy nh hng xu n i sng cc lai thy sinh v
qu trnh t lm sch ca nc.
+ Nhit tng lm gim nng xy ha tan dn n tnh trng mt cn bng
ca xy trong nc, qu trnh phn hy cht hu c s din ra trong iu kin phn
hy k kh, iu ny lm cho c v cc lai thy sinh khc b cht hoc lm gim tc
sinh trng.
4.1.2.3.

Hm lng xy ha tan (DO)

DO ca nh my bia thng rt thp ,do trong nc thi cha nhiu cc hp


cht hu c d b phn hy.
DO thng dao ng 0 1.7 mg/l
Ti phn xng men: DOmin = 0 ; DOmax = 0.5 mg/l
Ti cng chung : DO = 1.4 1.7 mg/l
Bng 4.2. Tiu chun phn loi mc nhim
Mc nhim

DO (mg/l)

BOD5 (mg/l)

Rt nh

> 6.5

< 3.0

< 20

< 0.5

Nh

4.5 6.5

3.0 4.9

20 49

0.5 0.9

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 38

SS (mg/l)

N.NH3 (mg/l)

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Tng i nng

2 4.4

5 15

50 100

1 3

nng

< 2.0

> 15

> 100

>3.0

(Ngun: T chc Y t th gii, nm 2006 )


-

Gim DO cng ng ngha vi vic mi trng nc b nhim do ch


yu l cht hu c.

DO thp km hm s pht trin ca sinh vt thy sinh

nh hng ti qu trnh phn hy cht hu c.

Ngoi ra, con ngi cng s gp nguy him khi s dng ngun nc trn
phc v cho nhu cu n ung.

4.1.2.4.

pH (tnh axit, tnh kim)

Phn xng ln men : pH = 0.5 axit mnh


Phn xng ra chai : pH = 8.5 10 c tnh kim
Nc thi sn xut : pH = 6 7.5 pH thay i theo tng cng on sn
xut bia.
Nc thi khi chy ra mi trng ngi, pH s thay i, iu ny ph thuc: mc
pha long, thnh phn v sinh khi ca sinh vt thy sinh.

nh Hng
-

Tnh axit ca mi trng nh my bia gy nh hng xu trc tip ti i


sng thy sinh vt v nhiu hu qu xu khc.

Ti cy bng nc c tnh axit s lm tng ha tan ca mt s kim loi


c sn trong t nh : Al3+, Zn2+, Mn2+, As2+, ..

4.1.2.5.

Hm lng cht rn l lng (SS)

Thng t 255 700 mg/l so vi mc cho php l 100mg/l mc


nhim l rt nng.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 39

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Hm lng cht rn l lng cgi tr ln nht thng trong phn xng ln


men v nu.
-

Hu qu l lm gim kh nng ha tan ca xy vo nc.

Lm thay i trong, hn ch s xm nhp ca nh sng vo cc tng nc

nh hng ti kh nng quang hp ca to v cc thc vt di nc.


-

Lm dy thm lp bn lng ng y.

Cht rn l lng l tc nhn gy tc nghn cng thot nc

4.1.2.6.

Nhu cu xy sinh ha (BOD).

BOD nh my bia thng rt ln thng dao ng trong khong 310


1400 mg/l (theo Lovan & Forre)
Nc thi ra lm cho ngun tip nhn b nhim mi v mu ca nc
thi bia.
Do hm lng cht hu c cao dn n xut hin qu trnh phn hy k kh
cc sn phm ca qu trnh ny lm cho nc b bin i thnh mu en, bc mi
hi thi kh chu do xut hin cc kh c hi (aldehyt, H 2S, NH3, CH4 ,.) kh
ny gp phn gy nhim mi trng khng kh cng vi mi men bia gy ra s
kh chu cho ngi dn xung quanh.
Gy nh hng xu ti qun th sinh vt thy sinh vng xung quanh ca
cng v khu vc tip nhn.
4.2. Cc phng php x l nc thi ngnh sn xut bia.
4.2.1.

phng php c hc.

L phng php dng loi b Cc vt cht c kch thc ln nh cnh


cy, bao b cht do, giy, gi rch, ct, si v c nhng git du, m. Ngoi ra, vt
cht cn nm dng l lng hoc dng huyn ph.
Tu theo kch thc v tnh cht c trng ca tng loi vt cht m ngi ta
a ra nhng phng php thch hp loi chng ra khi mi trng nc.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 40

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Nhng phng php loi cc cht rn c kch thc ln v t trng ln trong nc


c gi chung l phng php c hc.
Phng php x l c hc c th loi b c n 60% cc tp cht khng
ho tan c trong nc thi v gim 20% BOD. Cc cng trnh trong x l c hc
bao gm.
4.2.1.1. Song chn rc
Song chn rc gi li cc thnh phn c kch thc ln, trnh lm tc my
bm, ng ng hoc knh dn.
Song chn rc gm cc thanh an xp cnh nhau trn mng dn nc.
Khong cch gia cc thanh an gi l khe h. Song chn rc c chia lm 2 loi
di ng hoc c nh, c th thu gom rc bng th cng hoc c kh. Song chn rc
c t nghing mt gc 60 90 0 theo hng dng chy.
Thit b tch rc th: (Song chn rc, li chn rc, li lc, sng,), Nhm
gi li cc vt rn th nh: mnh thy tinh v, chai l, nhn giy, nt bc,
Thit b lc rc tinh: Thit b lc rc tinh thng c t sau thit b tch rc
th, c chc nng loi b cc tp cht rn c kch c nh hn, mn hn nh : b
hm, con men
4.2.1.2. B lng ct
B lng ct dng tch cc cht bn v c c trng lng ring ln hn
nhiu so vi trng lng ring ca nc nh x than, ct ra khi nc thi.
Thng thng cn lng c ng knh ht khong 0,25 mm (tng ng ln
thu lc l 24,5) chim 60% tng s cc ht cn c trong nc thi.
B lng ct thng c t sau xong chn rc, li chn v t trc b
iu ha lu lng.
Ty theo c tnh ca dng chy ta c th phn loi b lng ct nh sau:
B lng ct ngang nc chy thng, chy vng

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 41

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

B lng ct ng trc chy t di ln.


B lng ct nc chy xon c.
Trong b lng ngang, dng nc chy theo phng ngang hoc vng qua b
vi vn tc ln nht Vmax = 0,3 m/s, vn tc nh nht Vmin = 0,15 m/s v thi gian
lu nc t 30 60 giy. i vi b lng ng, nc thi chuyn ng theo
phng thng ng t di ln vi vn tc nc dng t 3 3,7 m/s, vn tc nc
chy trong mng thu (xung quanh b) khong 0,4 m/s v thi gian lu nc trong
b dao ng trong khong 2 -3,5 pht.
Ct trong b lng c tp trung v h thu hoc mng thu ct di y, ly
ct ra khi b c th bng th cng (nu lng ct < 0,5 m 3/ngy m) hoc bng c
gii (nu lng ct > 0,5 m 3/ngy m). Ct t b lng ct c a i phi kh
sn phi v ct kh thng c s dng li cho nhng mc ch xy dng.
4.2.1.3. B lng i I.
B lng I c nhim v tch cc ht l lng trn nguyn tc trng lc. Cn
lng ca b lng I l loi cn c trng lng thay i, c kh nng kt dnh v keo
t vi nhau. Qu trnh lng tt c th loi b 90 95% lng cn trong nc thi.
V cy, y l qu trnh quan trng trong x l nc thi v thng c b tr x
l ban u hay sau x l sinh hc.
Cn c theo chiu nc chy, ngi ta phn bit cc dng b lng su:
B lng ngang: Nc chuyn ng theo phng ngang vo b c vn tc
khng ln hn 0.01m/s v thi gian lu nc t 1,2h 2,5h. B lng ngang
c mt bng hnh ch nht.
B lng ng: nc chy vo b theo phng thng ng t di y b ln.
B lng ng thng c mt bng hnh trn.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 42

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

B lng radien: nc chy vo b theo hng trung tm ra qua thnh b hay


c ngc li.
4.2.1.4. B tch du m
B tch du m thng c ng dng trong x l nc thi cng nghip c
cha du m, cc cht nh hn nc v cc dng cht ni khc. i vi nc thi
sinh hot, do hm lng du m v cc cht ni khng ln cho nn c th thc hin
vic tch chng ngay b lng t mt nh cc thanh gt thu hi du m, cht ni
trn b mt b lng.
4.2.1.5.

B lc.
Dng tch cc phn t l lng phan tn trong nc thi vi kch thc

tng i nh sau b lng, bng cch cho nc thi i qua cc vt liu lc nh


nc, ct, thch anh, than cc, than bn,..
Qa trnh lc ch p dng cho cc cng ngh x l nc ti s dng v cn
thu hi mt s thnh phn qu him c trong nc thi. Cc loi b lc c phn
bit nh sau:
Lc qua vch lc.
B lc vi lp vt liu lc dng ht.
Thit b lc chm, thit b lc nhanh.
4.2.2.

Phng php ha l.

L phng php dng cc phm ho hc, c ch vt l loi b cn ho


tan, cn l lng , kim loi nng v gp phn lm gim COD, BOD 5 trong nc thi.
Cc phng php ha hc l cht oxi ha bc cao nh H 2O2, Ozone, Cl2; phng
php trung ha, ng keo t.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 43

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Thng thng cc qu trnh keo t thng i km theo qu trnh trung ha


hoc cc hin tng vt l khc. Nhng phn ng xy ra l phn ng trung ha,
phn ng oxy ha kh, phn ng to cht kt ta hoc phn ng phn hy cc cht
c hi.
4.2.2.1. B iu ha
Lu lng v cht lng nc thi t h thng thu gom chy v khu x l
thng dao ng theo cc gi trong ngy. Nc thi thng c gi tr pH khc
nhau. Mun nc thi c x l tt bng phng php sinh hc, phi tin hnh
trung ha v iu chnh pH v gi tr thch hp (pH = 6 9 )
Nc thi nh my bia c khong pH dao ng rt ln (t 5 12 ), v th
mun trung ha ta phi s dng cc dung dch axit, kim. Cc cht ha hc thng
dng c trnh by theo bng.
Bng 4.3. Cc ha cht thng dng iu chnh pH
Tn ha cht

Cng thc ha hc

Lng *

Canxi cacbonat

CaCO3

Canxi oxit

CaO

0.56

Canxi hidroxit

Ca(OH)2

0.74

Magie oxit

MgO

0.403

Magie hidroxit

Mg(OH)2

0.583

Vi sng dolomit

{CaO0.6MgO0.4}

0.497

Vi ti dolmit

{(Ca(OH)2)0.6(Mg(OH)2)0.4}

0.677

Natri hidroxit

NaOH

0.799

Natri cacbonat

NaCO3

1.059

Axit sulfuric

H2SO4

0.980

Axit clohydric

HCl

0.720

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 44

N TT NGHIP

Axit nitric

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

HNO3

0.630

(* lng cht 1mg/l trung ha 1mg/l axit hoc kim tnh theo mgCaCO3/l)
Loi b ny c th c hoc khng c thit b khuy trn ty thuc tnh cht
ca tng loi nc thi khc nhau. Thit b khuy trn lm nhim v ha trn
cn bng nng cc cht bn cho tan b th tch nc thi c trong b v ngn
nga cn lng trong b, pha lng nng cc cht c hi nu c.
4.2.2.2. Kt ta to bng.
Trong ngn nc, mt phn cc ht thng tn ti dng cc ht keo mn
phn tn, kch thc ca ht thng dao ng trong khong 0,1-10 m. Cc ht ny
khng ni v cng khng lng, do tng i kh tch loi b chng ra khi nc
thi. Theo nguyn tc cc ht c khuynh hng keo t do lc ht VanderWaals gia
cc ht. Lc ny c th dn n s kt dnh gia cc ht.
Khi cc ht keo b trung ho in tch c th lin kt vi cc ht keo khc
to thnh bng cn c kch thc ln hn, nng hn v lng xung, qu trnh ny
gi l qu trnh to bng. Tuy nhin, khi x l gim thi gian qu trnh keo t v
tng tc lng ca cc bng cn ngi ta s dng cc ho cht nh : phn nhm,
phn st, polymer kt dnh cc ht keo, cn l lng thnh nhng bng cn c
kch thc ln hn v lng loi bt cc cht nhim ra khi nc thi.
4.2.2.3. B kh trng
Kh trng nc thi nhm mc ch ph hy, tiu dit cc loi vi khun gy
nguy him hoc cha c hoc khng th kh b trong qu trnh x l nc thi.
Kh trng c nhiu phng php:
Clo ha (rng ri nht) : Clo cho vo nc di dng hi hoc clorua vi.
Lng clo hot tnh cn thit cho mt n v th tch nc thi l : 10g/m 3 i vi
nc thi sau x l c hc, 5 g/m 3 i vi nc thi sau x l sinh hc khng hn

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 45

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

tn, 3 g/m3 sau x l sinh hc hn tn. Thi gian tip xc gia chng l 30 pht
trc khi x nc thi ra ngun tip nhn.
Dng tia t ngoi
in phn mui n
zn ha : phng php ny bt u c p dng rng ri x l nc
thi. zn tc ng mnh m vo cht hu c. Sau qu trnh zn ha, s lng vi
khun b tiu dit t ti 99.8%. Ngi vic kh trng zon cn xy ha cc hp cht
Nit, Photpho l cc nguyn t dinh dng trong nc thi, gp phn chng hin
tng ph dng hatrong ngun nc.
4.2.3.

Phng php hp th.

Phng php hp ph c Dng trong bc x l bc cao sau x l sinh


hc kh cc cht hu c khng b oxy ha sinh hc. Hp ph l hin tng
nng cht tan trn b mt phn chia gia hai pha lng/kh hay lng/rn
C ch ca qu trnh hp ph nh sau: cc phn t ha tan khi tip xc
gia hai pha rn/lng s hp ph ln b mt cht rn bng cc lc lin kt ca cc
phn t b mt c tha ha tr. Cc cht hp ph thng c s dng nh: than
hot tnh, cc cht tng hp v cht thi ca vi ngnh sn xut c dng lm
cht hp ph (tro, x, mt ca ). Cht hp ph v c nh t st, silicagen, keo
nhm v cc cht hydroxit kim loi t c s dng v nng lng tng tc ca
chng vi cc phn t nc ln.
4.2.4.

Phng Php Sinh Hc

X l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc da trn hot ng sng ca vi


sinh vt, ch yu l vi khun d dng hoi sinh c trong nc thi. Qu trnh hot
ng ca chng cho kt qu l cc cht hu c gy nhim bn c khong ha v
tr thnh nhng cht v c, cc cht kh n gin v nc.
Cc qu trnh x l sinh hc bng phng php k kh v hiu kh c th xy
ra iu kin t nhin hoc nhn to. Trong cc cng trnh x l nhn to, ngi ta

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 46

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

to iu kin ti u cho qu trnh xy sinh ha nn qu trnh x l c tc v hiu


sut cao hn x l sinh hc t nhin.
4.2.4.1. Phng php hiu kh.
Qu trnh phn hy hiu kh da vo hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt hiu kh.
Vi sinh vt sau khi tip xc vi nc thi c cha cc cht hu c th chng s pht
trin dn dn (tng sinh khi). Tc pht trin ca chng t l nghch vi nng
xy ha tan trong nc. Nu cht hu c c qu nhiu, ngun xy khng s to
ra mi trng k kh. Nh vy trong qu trnh phn hy hiu kh th tc trao i
ca vi sinh vt phi lun thp hn tc ha tan ca xy trong nc. Thc vt ph
du v cc sinh vt t dng khc s dng CO 2 v khong cht tng hp cht hu
c lm tng sinh khi v lm giu xy trong nc thi.
Trong hot ng sng ca vi sinh vt, thc vt ph du v ng vt nguyn
sinh lm tiu hao cht dinh dng, cht khang v c kim loi c hi. Qu trnh
phn hy cht hu c trong h sinh hc da trn quan h cng sinh ca vi sinh vt.
Trong h sinh hc c chia lm 3 phn: phn hiu kh l phn tip gip vi
mt thong xung su vi chc centimet, phn tip theo l phn k kh ty nghi v
phn cui cng l khu vc k kh.
phn hiu kh, xy lun c khuynh hng khuch tn vo nc, di tc dng
ca gi gp phn lm tng kh nng ha trn xy vo nc. vng ny vo ban
ngy, di tc dng ca nh sng mt tri, to v cc vi sinh vt t dng s dng
CO2 v cc cht v c khc tng hp vt cht cho t bo phc v cho qu trnh sinh
trng, ng thi thi xy vo nc. Cc vi sinh vt hiu kh c bit l vi khun
hiu kh, chng s s dng xy ny phn gii cht hu c c trong nc thi.
Cc vi sinh vt Pseudomonas Denitrificans, Baccillus licheniforms,s kh
nitrat thnh N2 v thi vo khng kh. iu kin chung cho vi khun nitrat ha pH=
5.5 9 nhng tt nht l 7.5. Khi pH < 7 th vi khun pht trin chm, xy ha tan
cn l 0.5mg/l, nhit t 5 400C.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 47

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Cc hot ng ca vi sinh vt hiu kh thi ra mi trng CO2 , ngun CO2


cung cp cho hot ng ca to v thc vt ph du khc pht trin.
Qu trnh phn hy hiu kh din ra mnh m nu dng cc bin php tc
ng vo nh : sc kh, lm tng lng hot ng ca vi sinh vt bng cch tng
bn hot tnh, iu chnh hm lng cht dinh dng v c ch cc cht c lm
nh hng n qu trnh hot ng ca vi sinh vt. Hu ht cc vi sinh vt lm sch
nc thi u l vi sinh vt hoi sinh, hiu kh v a m. V vy m nhit nc
thi nh hng rt ln n i sng ca vi sinh vt, nhit thch hp cho qu trnh
x l l 20 40 0C, ti u l 25 30 0C.
Qu trnh phn hy cht hu c trong nc thi gm 3 giai on sau:
-

Giai on 1 : xy ha cht hu c.

CxHyOz + O2
-

Giai on 2 : Tng hp xy dng t bo.

CxHyOz + O2
-

CO2 + H2O + H

t bo VSV + CO2 + H2O + C5H7NO2 - H

Giai on 3 : xy ha cht liu t bo.

C5H7NO2 + 5O2

5CO2 + 2H2O + NH2 H

4.2.4.2. Cc cng ngh s dng phng php phn hy hiu kh.


B Aeroten
Lc sinh hc
H sinh hc
Cnh ng ti, cnh ng lc
B Aeroten.
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 48

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

B Aeroten thng thng.


i hi phi ch dng chy nt (plug flow) khi chiu di b rt ln
so vi chiu rng. Trong b ny nc thi c th phn b nhiu im theo chiu
di, bn hot tnh tun hon a vo u b. ch dng chy nt, bng bn c
c tnh tt hn, d lng. Tc sc kh gim dn theo chiu di b. Qu trnh phn
hy ni bo xy ra cui b.

N
c cha
xly

Beaerotank
Bela
ng 1

N
c tha
i
sau xly
Bela
ng 2

Bu
n tha
i
Bu
n tua
n hoa
n
Bu
n

Hnh 4.9 : B Aeroten thng thng


B Aeroten m rng. :Hn ch lng bn d sinh ra, khi tc sinh trng
thp, sn lng bn thp v cht lng nc ra cao hn. Thi gian lu bn cao
hn so vi cc b khc (20 30 ngy). Hm lng bn thch hp trong khong
3000 6000 mg/l.
B Aeroten xo trn hon ton.
B ny thng c dng trn hoc vung, hm lng bn hot tnh v nhu cu
xy ng nht trong tn b th tch b. i hi chn hnh dng b, trang thit b sc
kh thch hp. Thit b sc kh c kh (motor v cnh khuy) hoc thit b khuch
tn kh thng c s dng. B ny c u im chu c qu ti rt tt.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 49

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Ma
y tho
i kh

Bela
ng
N
c tha
i
tr
c xly

N
c tha
i
sau xly

Bela
ng

Bu
n tua
n hoa
n

Bu
n tha
i

Hnh 4.10 : B Aeroten khuy trn han ton


B SBR ( b hot ng gin on)
B hot ng gin on l h thng x l nc thi vi bn hot tnh theo kiu
lm y v x cn. Qu trnh xy ra trong b SBR tng t nh trong b bn hot
tnh hot ng lin tc, ch c mt iu khc l tt c cc qu trnh xy ra trong
cng mt b v c thc hin ln lt theo cc bc: lm y, phn ng, x cn,
ngng..
Mng xy ha
L mng dn dng vng c sc kh, to dng chy trong mng cn c vn
tc xo trn bn hot tnh. Vn tc trong mng thng c thit k ln hn
3m/s trnh cn lng.
4.2.5.

Phng php k kh.

Qu trnh phn hy cht hu c din ra trong iu kin khng c xy nh s


hot ng ca h vi sinh vt sng thch nghi iu kin k kh. Cc sn phm ca
qu trnh phn hy k kh l axit hu c, cc amol, NH 3, H2S v CH4 v vy qu
trnh ny gi l qu trnh ln men k kh sinh mtan hay ln men mtan.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 50

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Qu trnh phn hy k kh gm 2 giai on:


-

Giai on thy phn: Di tc dng ca enzym thy phn do vi sinh vt tit ra,
cc cht hu c s b thy phn thnh ng n gin; Protein b thy phn
thnh peptic, axit amin; cht bo thy phn thnh glyxerin v axit bo.

Giai on to kh: Sn phm thy phn ny tip tc phn hy to thnh kh


CO2, CH4 ngoi ra cn c mt s kh khc nh: H2S, N2 v mt t mui khang.
Cc hydrat b phn hy sm nht v nhanh nht hu ht chuyn thnh CO 2,

CH4. Cc hp cht hu c ha tan b phn hy gn nh hon tan (axit bo t do


hu nh b phn hy 80 90%, axit bo loi este phn hy 65 68%). Ring hp
cht cha lygin l cht kh phn hy nht, chng l ngun to ra mi.
Trong qu trnh phn hy cht hu c iu kin k kh, sn phm cui cng
ch yu l CH4 chim 60 75%. Qu trnh ln men mtan gm 2 pha in hnh: pha
axit v pha kim.
pha axit, hydratcacbon (xellulo, tinh bt, cc loi ng) d b phn hy
to thnh axit hu c c phn t lng thp (axit propinic, butyric, axetic). Mt
phn cht bo cng chuyn ha thnh axit hu c. c trng ca pha ny l to
thnh axit, pH ca mi trng c th thp hn 5 v xut hin mi hi. Cui pha,
axit hu c v cc cht tan c cha nito tip tc phn hy thnh nhng hp cht ca
amol, amin, mui ca axit cacbonic v to thnh mt s kh nh : CO 2, CH4 , H2S,
N2, indol, mecaptan gy mi kh chu, lc ny pH ca mi trng bt u tng
chuyn sang trung tnh v sang kim.
pha kim, y l pha to thnh kh CH 4 . Cc sn phm thy phn ca pha axit
lm c cht cho qu trnh ln men mtan v to thnh CH 4, CO2, pH ca pha ny
chuyn hn tn sang mi trng kim.
Cng ngh x l k kh
Qu trnh thy phn cc cht hu c trong mi trng k kh l qu trnh phc
tp vi s tham gia ca nhiu vi sinh vt k kh. Nhit phn hy cht hu c
0
Sinh
bm dnh
Sinhktrng
lng
trong iu kin
kh ll10
15 0C, 20 400C v trn 40
C, trng
thi gian
ln men ko

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K


Xo trn
hon ton

Tip xc
k kh

TRANG 51
UASB

Lc k
kh

Tng l
lng

Vch
ngn

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

di trong khong 10 15 ngy, nu nhit thp th qu trnh ln men ko di


hng thng.

Qu trnh x l vi vi sinh vt sinh trng l lng.


B phn ng tip xc k kh
i vi nc thi BOD cao, x l bng phng php k kh tip xc rt hiu
qu. Nc thi cha x l c khuy trn vi bn tun hn v sau c phn
hy trong b phn ng kn khng cho khng kh vo. Sau khi phn hy, hn hp
bn nc i vo b lng hoc tuyn ni, nc trong i ra nu cha t yu cu x
vo ngun tip nhn th phi x l tip bng phng php hiu kh vi Aeroten
hoc lc sinh hc. Bn k kh sau khi lng c hi lu nui cy trong nc thi
mi. Lng sinh khi vi sinh vt k kh thp nn bn d tha ra l rt t.
B x l bng lp bn k kh vi dng nc i t di ln (UASB).
UASB l b x l sinh hc k kh dng chy ngc qua lp bn, phng
php ny pht trin mnh H Lan. X l bng phng php k kh c ng dng
x l cc loi nc thi c hm lng cht hu c tng i cao, kh nng phn
hy sinh hc tt, nhu cu nng lng thp v sn sinh nng lng.
Chc nng ca b UASB l thc hin phn hy cc cht hu c trong iu
kin k kh thnh cc dng kh sinh hc. Cc cht hu c trong nc thi ng vai
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 52

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

tr cht dinh dng cho vi sinh vt. Nc thi i t di ln vi vn tc c duy tr


trong khong 0.6 1.2 m/h. thi gian lu nc trong b thng ko di 30 40 gi.
Hot ng ca b UASB cn duy tr iu kin thch hp:
-

pH khong 7 7.2.

Nhit n nh 33 350C.

Ti trng hu c t t 10 15kg/m3.ngy.

Bn trong b UASB chia thnh 2 lp: lp bn c v lp bn bng; nu hot


ng tt th chiu cao lp bn bng gp 2 ln chiu cao lp bn c, cn c s thu
bn thch hp trnh hin tng bn trong b qu nhiu hoc qu t. Th tch kh
to thnh t 0.2 0.5 kg/m3 BOD, bn d trong b a sang b nn lm phn bn.
y l mt trong nhng qu trnh k kh ng dng rng ri nht trn th gii do:
+ C 3 qu trnh phn hy lng lu tch kh c lp t trong cng mt
cng trnh.
+ To thnh cc loi bn ht c mt vi sinh vt rt cao v tc lng vt
xa so vi bn hot tnh hiu kh dng l lng.
+ t tiu tn nng lng vn hnh
+ t bn d nn gim chi ph x l bn v lng bn sinh ra d tch nc.
+ Nhu cu dinh dng thp nn gim chi ph b sung dinh dng
+ C kh nng thu hi nng lng t kh mtan

Qu trnh x l k kh vi vi sinh vt sinh trng dng dnh bm.


y l phng php x l k kh nc thi da trn c s sinh trng dnh
bm vi vi khun k kh trn cc gi mang. Hai qu trnh ph bin ca qu trnh ny
l lc k kh v lc vi lp vt liu b trng n, c dng x l nc thi cha

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 53

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

cc cht cacbon hu c. Qu trnh x l vi sinh trng gn kt cng c dng


kh Nitrat.
B lc k kh
B lc k kh l mt b cha vt liu tip xc x l cht hu c cha
cacbon trong nc thi. nc thi c dn vo b t di ln hoc t trn xung,
tip xc vi lp vt liu trn c vi sinh vt k kh sinh trng v pht trin. V vi
sinh vt c gi trn b mt vt liu tip xc v khng b ra tri theo nc sau x
l nn thi gian lu ca t bo sinh vt rt cao (khong 100 ngy). Ngun
B phn ng c dng nc i qua lp cn l lng v lc tip qua lp vt liu
lc c nh.
y l dng kt hp gia qu trnh x l k kh l lng v dnh bm.
Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh x l bng phng php sinh hc
nh hng ca pH n qu trnh x l nc thi: i vi tng nhm, tng li
vi sinh vt, c mt khong pH ti u; VD: Trong x l k kh sinh mtan th c 2
nhm vi sinh vt thc hin.
+ Nhm vi sinh vt thc hin qu trnh axit ha lm cho gi tr pH mi
trng gim i. Khi pH xung thp th qu trnh axit ha chm li.
+ Nhm th hai thc hin qu trnh mtan ha pht trin tt gi tr pH
gn trung tnh hoc trung tnh.
+ pH l yu t quan trng quyt nh n hiu sut ca qu trnh x l nc
thI.
o pH = 7, hiu sut x l t gi tr cao nht (88.3%)
o pH = 6, hiu sut x l thp nht
+ pH kim tnh, vi sinh vt t chu nh hng hn so vi pH axit
+ pH axit, vi sinh vt hot ng km hiu qu, do cc vi sinh vt sinh axit
b c ch mnh hn trong mi trng axit so vi trong mi trng kim
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 54

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

v gi tr kim nh, nhm vi khun sinh mtan cng t b nh hng hn


so vi gi tr pH axit.
nh hng ca nhit n qu trnh x l nc thi.
X l nc thi trong iu kin k kh do qun th vi sinh vt hot ng, mi
chng loi vi sinh vt s sinh trng v pht trin tt min nhit thch hp.
Nhit ti u cho qun th vi sinh vt sinh mtan l 35 - 55 0C; di 100C, cc
chng ny hot ng rt km.
+ Vic iu chnh chnh xc nhit l rt kh khn.
+ Vo ma h vi nhit cao, cc vi sinh vt hot ng mnh do qu
trnh x l cng tt hn.
+ Vo ma ng, nhit gim xung thp, cc vi sinh vt b c ch hot
ng, do hiu sut x l thp.
Nh vy, trong h thng x l nc thi cng sut ln, c th tn dng kh
mtan gia nhit dng nc thi u vo, lm tng nhit mi trng vo ma
ng, hiu qu x l ca h thng s tt hn.
nh hng ca ti trng cht hu c n qu trnh x l nc thi.
+ Khi hm lng cht hu c tng cao th hiu sut x l cng tng theo.
+ i vi nc thi c nhim COD khong 5000 7000 mg/l th hiu sut
x l t gn 90%, v hiu sut x l gim dn khi COD u vo gim dn.
nh hng ca thi gian lu thy lc n qu trnh x l nc thi.
+ Thi gian lu thy lc l yu t quyt nh hiu sut ca h thng
+ Nu thi gian lu thy lc ngn, hiu sut s thp v ngc li
+ Nu ko di qu thi gian x l th chi ph u t ban u ca h thng s ln.
+ Trong ngnh Bia thng phi s dng mt s ha cht (NaOH, Cloramin B,
Javen,..) v trng cc dng c, nhm m bo v sinh an ton thc phm. i

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 55

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

vi cc h thng x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc, cc cht st trng gy


nh hng khng tt n hot ng ca vi sinh vt v th lm gim hiu sut x l
ca h thng.
4.3. X L cn:
Trong qu trnh x l nc thi cc cng on trc, sinh ra mt lng
cn kh ln. Lng cn ny cha cc cht nhim, do cn phi x l.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 56

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Mc ch ca qu trnh x l bn cn l:
+ Gim khi lng ca hn hp bn cn bng cch gn mt phn hay phn ln
lng nc c trong hn hp gim kch thc thit b x l v gim trng
lng phi vn chuyn n ni tip nhn.
+ Phn hy cc cht hu c d b thi ra, chuyn chng thnh cc hp cht
hu c n nh v cc hp cht v c d dng tch nc ra khi bn cn
v khng gy tc ng xu n mi trng ca ni tip nhn.
+ Cc thit b thng dng dng trong phng php ny l: sn phi bn, my
lc cn chn khng, my lc p bng ti, my p cn li tm,..

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 57

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

CHNG 5
CC PHNG N XUT V TNH TON THIT K CC CNG
TRNH N V.
5.1. C S La Chn Cng Ngh.
Cc nh my bia trn th gii ngy nay u dng nguyn liu l thc malt
(i mch ny mm) khong 70% v cc loi bt nh ng, go, mch (khng phi
malt) khong 30%, ngi ra cn dng hoa Houplon, cc loi bt tr lc nh diatomit,
bentonit, vv

Qu trnh cng ngh bia gm nhng cng on sau:


Nu ng ha : Nu bt v trn bt vi bt malt, cho thy phn dch bt
thnh ng, lc b b cc loi bt, b hoa Houplon. Nc thi ca y cha
nhiu cht hidrocacbon, xenlulozo, pentozo trong v tru, cc mnh ht v bt, cc
cc vn,cng cc xc hoa, cht ng, cht mu
Cng on ln men : Nc thi cng on ny rt giu xc men ch yu l
protein, cc cht khng, vitamin cng vi bia cn,
Giai on thnh phm : Lc, bo ha CO2, chit box, ng chai, thanh trng.
Nc thi y cha bt tr lc ln xc men, bia chy trn ra ngi,
Nc thi nh my bia gp khong 6 ln so vi bia thnh phm, bao gm:
-

Nc ln b malt v bt sau khi ly dch ng. b trn sang li, nc


s tch khi b.

Nc ra thit b lc, ni nu, thng nhn ging, ln men v cc loi thit b


khc.

Nc ra chai v tc cha

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 58

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Nc ra sn, phng ln men, phng d tr

Nc thi t ni hi

Nc v sinh, sinh hot

Nc thi t h thng lm lnh c cha hm lng chlorit cao (ti 500mg/l),


cacbon thp.

Ni chung nc thi trong cc cng on sn xut cha nhiu cht hu c v c cc


ch s nh sau:
+ BOD5 : khong 1000mg/l, nu khng kp tch men ch s ny s cao hn rt
nhiu.
+ COD/BOD : 0.6-1
+ pH : 5 11
+ Ti trng BOD5 : 500 kg/ngy (vi nhng nh my c cng sut 16 triu lt/
nm, khong 80,000 lit/ngy
+

Nc thi cha cc cht hu c (cc hp cht hidratcacbon, protein, axit


hu c cng cc cht ty ra) c nng cao, cn cc cht rn, th hoc kt
lng c nng thp hn.

i vi nc thi sn xut bia ca cng ty TNHH Sabmiller Vit Nam c c


trng bng sau:

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 59

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Bng 5.1. c trng nc thi cng ty TNHH Sabmiller Vit Nam


STT

Ch tiu

n v

Kt qu

pH

mg/l

6.9

TSS

mgO2/l

180

BOD5

mg O2/l

768

COD

mg/l

1280

Tng N

mg/l

40

Tng P

mg/l

15

MPN/100ml

10000

Coliform

So snh kt qu phn tch nc thi ca cng ty TNHH Sabmiller Vit Nam


so vi ct A - QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT cho thy cc ch tiu (BOD, COD, tng P
v Colifom,) vt tiu chun cho php, c th : BOD vt 25.6 ln; COD vt
gn 25.6 ln; tng P vt 6 ln; tng Nito vt 2.7 ln v ColiForm vt 5 ln. Vi
c trng l nhim ngun cht hu c cao th phng php x l thch hp l
phng php x l nc thi bng bin php sinh hc. Nc thi sau khi x l cn
phai t tiu chun loi B(x vo ngun nc khng s dng cho mc ch sinh
hot) theo QCVN 24 : 2009/BTNMT (quy chun k thut quc gia v nc thi
cng nghip), c th nu bng sau:

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 60

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Bng 5.2. Gi tr C ca cc thng s nhim trong nc thi cng nghip


TT

Thng s

n v
0

Gi tr C
A

40

40

6-9

5,5-9

Nhit

pH

BOD5 (200C)

mg/l

30

50

COD

mg/l

50

100

Cht rn l lng

mg/l

50

100

Tng Nit

mg/l

15

30

Tng Phtpho

mg/l

10

Coliform

MPN/100ml

3000

5000

5.1.1.

PHNG N 1.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 61

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Nc thi u vo

Song chn rc

H thu gom

B lng 1

Sc kh

B aeroten
Bn
tun
hon

B lng 2
Bn d
Ha cht

B kh trng

Sn phi bn

Nc thi u ra loai
j ji
ng nc
ng tun hon bn
ng dn ha cht
ng dn khng kh
Hnh 5.1. Dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc thi phng n 1

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 62

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

5.1.1.1. Thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh:


Nc thi theo mng dn n h thu gom nc thi, ti y c t song
chn rc nhm loi b cc tp cht c kch thc ln trc khi vo b lng 1. B
lng 1, c chc nng iu chnh mt phn lu lng nc, v lng nhng tp cht
c kch thc nh hn m song chn rc khng loi tr c.
Sau khi nc thi ra khi b lng 1 c bm vo b Aeroten, hot ng ca
b c duy tr khi c s sc kh lin tc, mt s nhng cht c trong cht thi c
loi tr bi nhng vi sinh vt hiu kh hot ng trong b. Sau khi b Aeroten ra
nc thi c a qua b lng 2, hon thnh vic lng sch nhng cn c trong
nc thi, v nc thi lc ny sch, nhng cn mi, v th cho qua b kh trng
trc khi thi ra ngi mi trng. Bn hot tnh c a tun hn li b Aeroten.
Bn trong b lng 2, v bn d ca b Aeroten c thu gom th cng v a ra
sn phi bn gim m trc khi c xe n thu gom.
5.1.2.

PHNG N 2.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 63

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Nc thi u vo
Song chn rc

H thu gom
B iu ha
B UASB
Bn d

B trung gian

Sc
kh

B Aeroten

B lng

Ha
cht

B kh trng

B nn bn

Nc thi u ra loai
ng nc

ng dn ha
cht
ngdn bn
tun hon

ng dn kh

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 64

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Hnh 5.2. Dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc thi phng n 2


5.1.2.1. Thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh:
V lu lng nc thi ln v hm lng cht rn l lng thp SS=80mg/l,
cho nn nc thi chy qua cc ng thu gom nc thi ca tng b phn sn xut
cng nh cc b phn c pht sinh nc thi, v ti a im x l. Ti y c t
mt song chn rc, nhm loi b cc tp cht c kch thc ln trc khi vo h thu
gom, sau khi vo h thu gom nc thi c trn u nng nhim v s c
dn n b iu ha, ti y gi li nhng tp cht c kch thc nh hn.
Sau c bm ti b UASB, ti y lng nhim hu c trong nc thi
s b phn hy k kh. Sau khi qua b UASB nc thi c dn qua b trung gian,
(do yu cu nc thi trc khi vo b x l vi sinh hiu kh Aeroten, vi sinh vt
c thi gian thch ng).Nc thi sau khi qua b Aeroten, x l c lng
nhim hu c cn li. Sau nc thi c dn n b lng lng nhng bng
bn cn st li trong qu trnh x l vi sinh. Trc khi nc c thi ra ngi mi
trng, dn i qua b kh trng kh mi hi, v mu. Bn t b lng v b
Aeroten, UASB c dn ti b nn bn, trc khi xe n vn chuyn.
5.2. So snh v la chn phng n.
C 2 phng n thit k h thng x l nc thi cho Cng ty TNHH
Sabmiller Vit Nam u p dng phng php chnh l x l sinh hc. C 2 phng
n u c nhng cng trnh n v x l c hc tng i ging nhau, cn v cng
trnh x l sinh hc th khc nhau:
-

Phng n 1 : B Aeroten (x l hiu kh)

Phng n 2 : Kt hp b UASB v Aeroten (kt hp x l k kh v hiu


kh)

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 65

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Phng n 1 :
Ch s dng b Aeroten x l sinh hc, x dng cc nhm vi sinh vt hiu
kh, v m bo hot ng sng ca chng phi cung cp Oxi lin tc. Tuy thi
gian x l nhanh, nhng li to ra 1 lng bn ln, v kh phn hy c mt s
cht Protein, v cht hu c l lng.

Phng n 2 :
p dng c 2 loi b Aeroten v UASB v x l sinh hc, chn x l UASB
trc v : Hm lng BOD5 trong nc thi ban u cao, ph hp vi x l k kh.
Trong phn hy k kh phn ln cc cht hu c c phn hy thnh cc cht kh
bi vy lng bn pht sinh nh. Bn pht sinh do phn hy k kh nhy hn, d
dng tch nc hn so vi bn hiu kh. Do nhc im ca b UASB nn ta s
dng b Aeroten x l tip theo. x l trit lng BOD v Nito tng m
b UASB khng lm c. Do cng on x l bng b UASB gim c bn hm
lng cht hu c nn cng khc phc c hn ch ca x l hiu kh bng b
Aeroten l lng bn pht sinh gim ng k.
V th nc thi c x l trit hn.

Nhn xt :
Xt v mt k thut th phng n 1 c cu to n gin hn, do vic thi
cng xy dng v lp t cc thit b d dng hn so vi phng n 2. Tuy nhin
xt v mt hiu qu x l, v cht lng nc thi u ra th phng n 2 vn l la
chn tt nht.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 66

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

5.3. TNH TON THIT K CC CNG TRNH N V.


5.3.1.

Cc Thng S Tnh Ton.

Cc ch tiu.
+ BOD5 = 768mg/l.
+ COD = 1280 mg/l
+ Tng cht rn l lng SS = 180mg/l
+ Tng N = 36 mg/l
+ Tng P = 15 mg/l
+ Cliform = 10000 mg/l
5.3.2.

Lu Lng Tnh Ton.

Lu lng trung bnh ngy m: Qtb = 2400 m3/ngy m


Lu lng trung bnh gi:
Qtb 2400
=
= 100m 3 / h
24
24

Q tbh =

Lu lng trung bnh giy:


Qtbs =

Qtb
2400
=
= 0,028m 3 / s
24 3600 24 3600

Luu lng nc thi theo gi ln nht.

h
max

Q * Kh
h

tb

Trong : Kh l h s vt ti , (K=1.5 3.5), Chn K = 1.5 ( Gio trnh x l


nc thi Th.S Lm Vnh Sn)
Vy

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

h
max

= 100*1.5 = 150 (m3/h)

TRANG 67

N TT NGHIP

5.3.3.

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Tnh ton song chn rc:

Nc thi dn vo h thng x l nc trc ht phi qua song chn rc. Ti


y cc thnh phn rc c kch thc ln nh: vi vn, v hp, l cy c
gia li. Nh trnh lm tc nghn v bo mn bm, ng ng hoc knh dn.
y l bc quan trng nhm m bo an ton v iu kin lm vic thun li cho
c h thng x l nc thi.

Tnh ton song chn rc:


+ Khong cch gia cc thanh b = 16mm ( 16 25mm)
+ Gc nghing = 60o (60 90 0)
+ Vn tc trung bnh qua cc khe = 0.8 m/s
+ Chiu rng v chiu su mng dn B*H = 0.3*0.5 (m)
+ Chiu dy song chn = 8mm
S khe h song chn rc c tnh:
n=

h
Qmax
150
Ks =
1,05 = 19.7 khe.
V b h1
3600 0.6 0.016 0.231

Chn s khe = 20 khe.


Trong
Kz = 1.05 - h s tnh n mc cn tr dng chy, co rc bng c gii.
n: s khe h
h1 : chiu cao lp nc trong mng.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 68

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

h
Qmax
150
h1 =
=
= 0.23(m)
V B1 3600 0.6 0.3

h
Qmax
: lu lng gi ln nht ca nc thi

V: tc nc chy qua song chn rc (0.6 1 m/s); chn v = 0.6 m/s


S thanh ca song chn rc.
N = n-1 = 20-1= 19 thanh.
b = 0,016 khong cch gia cc khe h ca song chn.
B chiu rng mi song chn rc l:
Bs = S.(n1 -1) + b.n1 = 0,008.(20-1) + (0.016 * 20) = 0.472(m)
Chn Bs = 0.5m.
Trong
S: chiu dy thanh song chn = 0,008m
Tn tht p lc qua song chn rc:
hs =

V2
0,6 2
k = 0.83
3 = 0.05m = 5cm
2g
2 9,81

Trong :
Vmax : vn tc nc thi trc song chn rc vi Qmax, chn Vmax =
0.6m/s
K: h s tnh n s tn tht p lc do rc bm. Chn k = 3 (k= 2-3 Gio
trnh x l nc thi Th.S Lm Vnh Sn).

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 69

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

: h s tn tht p lc cc b, xc nh theo cng thc:


= (

S 3/ 4
0.008 3 / 4
) sin = 2.42 (
) sin 60 0 = 0.83
2g
0.016

Vi : l gc nghing t SCR, chn = 600.


l h s ph thuc hnh dng thnh an, chn = 2.42

= 1.83

= 2.42

= 1.67

= 1.97

= 0.92

Chiu di phn m rng trc SCR.


L1= hs =

Bs Bk
0.5 0.3
=
= 0.27 m , chn l1 = 0.3m.
0
2tag 20
2tag 20 0

Trong
+ Bs : chiu rng SCR.
+ Bk: b rng mng dn, Bk = 0.3m
+ : gc nghing ch m rng , ly = 200
Chiu di phn sau SCR.
L2 = 0.5L1 = 0.5*0.3= 0.15m
Chiu di xy dng mng t SCR.
L = L1 + L2 + Ls = 0.3 +0.15 + 1.5 = 1.85m , chn L = 2m

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 70

N TT NGHIP

Trong :

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Ls = Chiu di phn mng t SCR, L = 1.5m.

Chiu su xy dng mng t SCR.


H = hmax + hs + 0.5 = 0.231 + 0.05 + 0.5 = 0.78m
Trong :
hmax = hl : y ng vi ch Qmax = 0.231(m)
hS : tn tht p lc qua SCR.
0.5 : khong cch gia ct sn nh t SCR v mc nc cao nht

L1

Bk

hs
h1

h1

Ls

Bs

Hnh 5.3 . Chi tit song chn rc

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 71

L2

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Bng 5.3. Thng k cc thng s thit k SCR.


S th t

Tn thng s

K hiu

Kch thc

n v

Kch thc thanh chn.


B rng
1

Khong cch
gia cc thanh
S thanh

mm

16

mm

19

thanh

Kch thc SCR


2

Chiu di

Chiu rng

Bs

0.5

Chiu su

0.78

60

0.8

m/s

Gc nghing
ca SCR
Vn tc trung

bnh qua cc
khe

Kch thc ca mng dn


5

Chiu rng

0.3

Chiu su

0.5

Chiu di

Thit b lc rc tinh.
Nhm loi b cc cht rn c kch thc nh i vo cng trnh, cng ty lp t mt
my lc rc tinh ngay trn b iu ha vi cc thng s sau:

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 72

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

+ Chn my c kh : khe 0.5mm.


+ Lu lng qua thit b lc rc tinh : 170m3/h
+ Cng sut : 0.2kw.
+ Ngun in s dng: 380V/3pha/50Hz.
5.3.4.
-

H thu nc thi.

Th tch hm bm tip nhn:


h
Vb = Qmax
* t = 150 * 0.7 = 105 m 3

Trong t l thi gian lu nc ,chn t = 0.7gi.


Chn chiu su hu ch h = 3m, chiu cao an ton ly bng chiu su y ng cui
cng hf = 0,5m.
Vy chiu su tng cng l:
H = 3+ 0,5= 3.5m.
Din tch b mt h thu gom:
F=

V
105
=
= 30m 2
H
3.5

Chn L x B = 6m x 5m

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 73

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Bng 5.4.Thng k tm tt thng s thit k h thu gom.


S th t

Tn thng s

K hiu

Kch thc

n v

Chiu di

Chiu rng

Chiu cao

3.5

Thi gian lu nc

0.7

Gi

5.3.5.

B iu Ha.

Lu lng v cht lng nc thi t cng thu gom chy v trm x l nc


thi, c bit i vi dng thi cng nghip v dng nc ma thng xuyn
dao ng theo thi gian trong ngy. Khi h s khng iu ha k 1,4 th nn
xy dng b iu ha m bo cho cng trnh x l lm vic n nh v t
c gi tr kinh t.
C hai loi b iu ha: b iu ha lu lng v cht lng v b iu ha cht
lng.
Mc ch xy dng b iu ha:
Gim bt s dao ng ca hm lng cc cht bn trong nc do qu trnh
sn xut thi ra khng u. Gi n nh lu lng nc i vo cc cng trnh x l
tip theo.
Th tch b iu ha:
W = Qmax.gi * t = 150 * 4 = 600( m3)
Trong :
-

Qmax.gi: Lu lng gi max ca nc thi bng 150 m3/h

t: Thi gian lu trung bnh ca nc thi trong b iu ha ly bng 4 gi. ( t=


4-6h, Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh Lm minh trit)

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 74

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Kch thc b iu ha.


Chn chiu su mc nc l Hdh = 6m. Din tch ca b iu ho:
F=

Wdh 600
=
= 100m 2
H dh
6

Chn L x B = 12.5 * 8 (m)


Chiu cao bo v ca b chn : Hbv = 0.5m
Vy Chiu cao xy dng ca b iu ho: Hxd = Hdh + Hbv = 6 + 0,5 = 6,5m
Xy b iu ho hnh ch nht c th tch l :
W = Ldh Bdh H xd = 12,5m 8m 6,5m

Trong phng n c s dng cng trnh x l k kh ( b UASB) t sau b


iu ha. Do vy trong b iu ha khng s dng h thng phn phi kh m s
dng khuy trn c kh nhm m bo c ch tiu u vo cho b UASB.
Tnh ton c kh
Dng my khuy tuabin 6 cnh nghing 45 0 hng xung di a nc t
trn xung.
Trong b t 6 my khuy song song vi hai bn thnh b.
ng knh cnh khuy : chn D = 0.6m ( D chiu rng b ).
Trong b t ba tm chn ngn chuyn ng xoy ca nc, chiu cao tm
chn: 3m, chiu rng 0.13m, bng 1/10 ng knh b.
+ My khuy t cch y mt khong : h = 0.6m ( h= D ng knh cnh
khuy).
+ Chiu rng bn cnh khuy : B= 1/5D = 0.12m.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 75

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

+ Chiu di cnh khuy : L = 1/4D = 0.15m.


Nng lng cn thit chng chuyn ng trong nc :
P = K**n3*D5 = 1.65 * 0.001 * (1500*60)3 * 0.65 = 2 (kW)
Trong
P - nng lng cn thit (kW).
- khi lng ring ca nc 0.001Kg/m3
D- ng knh cnh khuy ( D= 0.6m)
n = 1500 vg/pht, chn kiu tuabin c tc quay trn trc n= 5001500 vng/pht), cnh khuy lm bng thp khng g.
K = 1.65, h s sc cn ca nc, ph thuc vo kiu cnh khuy, ly
theo s liu ca Rushton.
Hiu sut ca ng c = 0.8, vy cng sut ca ng c P = 2:0.8= 2.5KW
Chn hai my khuy chm cho cng sut mi my chn P = 1.5kw.
ng dn nc vo b 150mm.
ng ra b chn ng knh ng D = 200mm
Bng 5.6. Cc Thng S Thit K B iu Ho
STT

Tn thng s

n v

S liu dng thit k

Chiu di b (L)

(m)

12.5

Chiu rng b (Bs)

(m)

Chiu cao b (H)

(m)

6.5

Thi gian lu nc

gi

Th tch xy dng b

m3

600

Din tch xy dng

m2

100

5.3.6.

B UASB

Chc nng
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 76

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

B UASB l b k kh lp bn dng chy ngc. Nc thi c a vo b


t y b v c phn phi u nh h thng phn phi. Trong iu kin k kh
cc cht hu c c trong nc thi s b phn hy thnh cc cht c khi lng
phn t nh hn, hnh thnh cc kh nh CH 4, CO2, to nn s xo trn bn trong
b. Kh c to ra c khuynh hng bm vo cc ht bn, ni ln trn v va chm
vo cc tm hng dng Cc tm ny c nhim v tch bn, kh, nc. Cc ht bn
c tch kh s ri xung li tng bn l lng. Kh sinh hc s c thu bng
h thng thu kh, nc c thu v dn qua cng trnh tip theo.
Ti trong hu c thch hp trn cc thit b UASB x l nc thi cng
nghip khong t 8 n 15 kg COD/m 3.ngy. Hiu qu x l COD tng i cao,
trung bnh vo khong 43 78% trong a s cc trng hp. iu ny cho thy
rng x l k kh c kh nng ng dng rng ri gim thiu cc cht hu c d
phn hu sinh hc trong nc thi cng nghip ca nhiu loi hnh sn xut.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 77

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Bng 5.7. Cc thng s thit k cho b UASB (Ti trng th tch hu c ca b


UASB bn ht v bn bng cc hm lng COD vo v t l cht khng tan khc
nhau)

Nng
nc thi,
mgCOD/l

Ti trng th tch 30oC, kg COD/m3.ngy


T l COD
khng tan, %

Bn ht
Bn bng

(khng kh
SS)

Bn ht kh
SS

10 30

24

8 12

24

30 60

24

8 14

24

10 30

35

2000
35
12 18
2000 6000

30 60

48

26
12 24

60 100

48

26

10 30

4 6

4 6
15 20

6000 9000

30 60

5 7

3 7
15 24

9000 18000

60 100

6 8

10 30

58

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 78

3 8
15 24

46

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Bng 5.8. Ti trng th tch hu c ca b UASB bn ht c hm lng bn trung


bnh 25kgVSS/m3 (ph thuc vo nhit vn hnh, nc thi c VFA ha tan,
nc thi khng c VFA v nc thi c cn l lng chim 30% tng COD

Ti trng th tch hu c (kg COD/m3.ngy)


Nhit , oC
Nc thi VFA

Nc thi khng
VFA

C 30% COD-SS

15

24

1.5 3.0

1.5 2

20

4 6

2 4

2 3

25

6 12

4 8

3 6

30

10 18

8 12

6 9

35

15 24

12 18

9 14

40

20 32

15 24

14 18

Thc nghim trn m hnh Pilot rt ra c kt qu sau


+ Bn nui cy ban u ly t bn ca b phn hy k kh t qu trnh x
l nc thi sinh hot b vi hm lng 30KgSS/m3.
+ T l MLVS/MLSS ca bn trong b UASB = 0,75
+ Ti trng b mt phn lng L A =12 m 3 / m 2 ngay
+ ti trng th tch L 0 =3 KgCOD/m 3 .ngy, hiu qu kh COD t 65%
v BOD 5 t 75%
+ Lng bn phn hy k kh cho vo ban u c TS=5%, Y =
0,04gVSS/gCOD, k d = 0,025ngay 1 , =60 ngy

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 79

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

e at tieu chuan nc thai au ra cuoi cung la ct A QCVN 24 v


nc thi cong nghip , nc thai sau be UASB phai c khong che sao
cho COD 50 mg/l, am bao se hoat ong tot be Aeroten sau o.
COD vao = 1280 (mg/l)
BOD vao = 768 (mg/l)
Hiu qu x l cn thit tnh theo COD.

E=

S S
S
v

*100% =

1280 50
*100% 96%
1280

Lng COD cn x l trong 1 ngy

G = Q ngy m * ( S v S r )10 3 = 2400 * ( 1280 50) * 10-3 = 2952 kgCOD /ngy


Ti trng kh COD ca b.
Ti trng kh COD ca b ly theo bng (12 -1) (TS.Trnh Xun Lai Tnh ton
thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi, 2000), chn a = 4 kgCOD/m 3ngy ( a =
410 kgCOD/ngy)
Dung tch x l ym kh cn thit.
V =

G 2952
=
= 738m 3
a
4

Tc i ln trong b chn v = 0,6 m/h ( v = 0.6 0,9 m/h ) ( TS.Trnh Xun Lai
Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi, trang 193 )
Din tch b cn thit:
F =

Q
2400
=
= 166.66m 2
v
24 * 0,6

Chn b c chiu rng 12 (m), chiu di 14 (m).


Chiu cao phn x l ym kh
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 80

, chn F = 168(m2)

N TT NGHIP
H1 =

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

V
738
=
= 4.39( m) Chn H1 = 4.5 (m)
F 168

Chiu cao xy dng ca b UASB : H = H1 + H2 + H3


H = 4.5 + 1.2 + 0.3 = 6(m)

Trong :
H1: Chiu cao phn th tch x l ym kh
H2: Chiu cao vng lng 1, chn H2 = 1.2m ( Trang 195- Tnh ton thit k
cc cng trnh x l nc thi T.S Trnh Xun Lai)
H3: Chiu cao bo v chnh l phn thu kh , chn 0,3 (m)
Trong b thit k 1 ngn lng. Nc i vo ngn lng s c tch bng cc tm
chn kh. Tm chn t nghing mt gc ( vi 550)
Gi Hlng : chiu cao ton b ngn lng Hlng = 2 (m)
Kim tra :

30% chiu cao b tha yu cu.( Theo gio

trnh XLNT ca Th.S Lm Vnh Sn).


Thi gian lu nc trong ngn lng ( tlng 1h)

tlng =

1h

( Trang 195 Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi T.S Trnh Xun
Lai)
Vy Lmt thong = 8.33(m)
Khong cch t m trn cng ca ngn lng n thnh b l :

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 81

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

m
Kim tra Thi gian lu nc trong b.
T =

(H1 + H 2 ) F
V
( 4.5 + 1) 168
24 =
24 =
24 = 9.24 gi
Q
Q
2400

Trong
H1: Chiu cao phn th tch x l ym kh
H2: Chiu cao vng lng 1, chn H2 = 1.2m
F : din tch xy dng b UASB.(m2)
Q: lu lng nc thi ca nh my, 2400 m3/ngy
Tha mn yu cu T = 410 h,( Theo gio trnh tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x
l nc thi NXB Xy Dng T.S Trnh Xun Lai).
Trong b lp mt tm hng dng.
Vi mt tm chn hng dng lp 4 tm chn kh, t theo hnh ch V, mi bn t
2 tm, cc tm ny t song song v nghing so vi phng ngang 1 gc 500.
Chn khe h cc tm chn ny bng nhau.
Tng din tch cc khe h chim 15-20% tng din tch b.
Chn Fkhe = 0.15Fb
Trong ngn c 4 khe h, din tch mi khe.
Fkhe
Khong cch b rng gia cc khe h.
l=

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 82

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Tm chn 1.
Chiu di l1 = L= 14
Chiu rng b1.

Tm chn 2.
Chiu di l2=L= 14m.
Chiu rng b2
H = 1580*sin(90 - 50) = 1015mm
dy tm b2 chng ln b chn 400mm
b2= 400+
-

Tm hng dng c t nghing so vi phng ngang 1 gc 50 0 v cch tm


chn kh 1 l 1.04m

Khong cch gia cc tm chn kh l L=4X.


Vi X= 1040mm * cos500 = 668.5mm
Vy L = 4*668.5 = 2674mm= 2.67m.
Tm hng dng c chc nng chn bn i ln phn x l ym kh ln phn lng
nn rng y D gia hai tm hng dng phi ln hn L.
on nh ra ca tm hng dng nm bn di khe h t 10-20cm, Chn mi bn
nh ra 20cm.
Vy D = 2670 + 400 = 3070mm= 3.07m.
Chiu rng tm hng dng =
Th tch lm vic ca b.
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 83

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Vlv = (H1 + H2) * F = 5.5*168=924(m2)


Th tch xy dng.
Vxd = H * F= 6 * 168 = 1008 (m3)
H thng phn phi nc vo b.
Nc thi dn vo b UASB qua 12 ng nhnh, chn vn tc dng chy trong
ng nhnh l 1m/s ( Theo gio trnh tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc
thi NXB Xy Dng T.S trnh Xun Lai)

ng knh ng chnh.
D=

4Q
=
*v

4 * 2400
= 0.188m = 188mm,
3.14 * 24 *1* 3600

chn D = 200mm.

Kim tra li vn tc nc chy trong ng.

Vng =

, gn bng 1m/s ( tha yu cu).

ng knh ng nhnh .
Chn vn tc nc chy trong ng nhnh Vnhnh = 1.5m/s.
Lu lng ng nhnh : Qnhnh = 2400/12= 200 (m3/s)
Chn 12 ng nhnh phn phi nc vo b . Cc ng ny t vung gc vi
chiu di b. Mi ng cch nhau 1m, ring 2 ng st tng t cch tng 0.8m.
d=

4Q
=
* v *12

4 * 2400
= 0.09(m)= 90mm
3.14 *1* 24 *12 * 3600

chn d = 100mm

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 84

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Kim tra li vn tc nc chy trong ng nhnh.


4 * 200
3.14 *1* 24 * 0.12 * 3600

Vng =

= 0.54m / s

Chn l phn phi nc c ng knh dl = 10mm.


H thng u phn phi nc vo b UASB.
B UASB thit k c tng cng 36 u phn phi nc.
Kim tra din tch trung bnh ca mt u phn phi nc.
an =
L phn phi nc.
Tng cng c 36 u phn phi nc trn 12 ng nhnh. Vy mt ng nhnh s
c 3 u phn phi nc.
Ti mt u phn phi nc b tr 2 l theo hai phi ca ng ng.
Lu lng qua l phn phi : Qphn phi =

ng knh l phn phi.


D=

4 * Q pp
3.14 * 24 *V pp * 3600

4 *16.66
= 0.018m
3.14 *1.5 * 24 *16.66 * 3600

Chn l phn phi kh c D = 20mm.


Cc ng phn phi nc t cch y 20cm.
Tnh lng kh sinh ra.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 85

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Lu lng kh sinh ra khi loi b 1kg COD l 0.5m 3 (Theo Design of


Anaerobic Process the Treament of Industual and Minicipal Wastewater Josep
F.Manila)
Vy lu lng kh sinh ra ti b trong 1 ngy.
Qkk = 0.5 m3/kgCOD*G = 0.5*2952 = 1462.5 (m3/ngy)
Trong thnh phn kh CH4 chim 70% tng lng kh sinh ra
QCH4 = 0.7 * 1462.5 = 1023.75 (m3/ngy)
ng knh ng thu kh.
Vn tc kh trong ng t 10 15m/s. (Gio trnh XLNT Th.S Lm Vnh Sn)
Chn vn tc kh trong ng 10m/s.
Lp 2 ng dn kh 2 bn thnh b.
ng knh ng dn kh.

D=

, chn D = 50mm

Lng bn nui cy ban u cho vo b (TS =15%)


Mb =

C ss Vr
30kgSS 738m 3
1 tan
=

= 442.5 tan
TS
0.05
1000kg

Trong
Css : hm lng bn trong b, kg/m3
Vr : th tch ngn phn ng.
TS : hm lng cht rn trong bn nui cy ban u, T%.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 86

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Lng sinh khi sinh ra mi ngy.


Px =

Y ( S 0 S ) Q 0.04(1280 256) 2400


=
= 39.32kg / ngay
1 + K d + c
1 + (0.025 60) 100

Th tch kh m tan sinh ra mi ngy.


VCH 4 = 159[ ( S 0 S ) Qb 1.42 Px ]

VCH 4 = 350.84 1280 256) 2400 10 3 1.42 39.32) = 843.79( m 3 / ngay )

Trong :
0

CH4

: th tch kh metan sinh ra iu kin chun (0 C v 1atm)


3

Q : lu lng bn vo b k kh, m /ng

P : sinh khi t bo sinh ra mi ngy, gVS/ngy

350.84 : h s chuyn i l thuyt lng kh metan sn sinh t 1kg.BOD

chuyn hon ton thnh kh metan v CO lt CH /kg BOD

Vi khi lng kh ln kh metan sinh ra hng ngy cng ty tn thu chuyn


i thnh in nng phc v cho mt s sinh hot hng ngy.
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 87

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Lng bn d sinh ra mi ngy.

Qw =

Px
39.32kgVS / ng
=
= 1.75m 3 / ngay
3
0.75 * C ss 0.75kgVS / kgSS * 30kgSS / m

Khi lng cht rn t bn d.


M ss = Qw * C ss = 1.75 * 30 = 52.5kgSS / ng

Lng bn sinh ra.


Lng bn sinh ra khi loi b 1kg COD l 0.05 0.1kgVSS/CODloi b
Gbn = 0.05*G = 0.05*2925 = 146.25 (kgVSS/ngy)
Theo quy phm : 1m3 bn tng ng 260kg VSS ( Theo gio trnh XLNT
Th.S Lm Vnh Sn)
Th tch bn sinh ra trong mt ngy:
Vbn =

Chn thi gian lu bn l 3 thng. ( t= 35-100 ngy , Theo gio trnh XLNT
Th.S Lm Vnh Sn)
Lng bn sinh trong 3 thng M = 0.563 * 30* 3 = 50.63m3
Chiu cao bn trong 3 thng: Hbn =
Trong : M lng bn sinh ra trong ba thng (m3).
F : din tch xy dng ca B(m3)
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 88

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

ng knh ng thu bn.


Chn thi gian x cn l 120 pht.( Theo gio trnh XLNT Th.S Lm Vnh
Sn).
Lng cn i vo ng thu bn trong 120 pht =

/s

B tr 5 ng thu bn, cc ng ny vung gc vi chiu rng b, mi ng cch


nhau 2.4m, 2 ng st tng cch tng 1m.
Vn tc bn trong ng chn 0.5m/s.

Din tch ng x cn : Fbn =

ng knh ng x cn.

D=
Chn D = 60mm
S l c trn ng thu bn.
Chn tc bn qua l v = 0.5m/s.
Chn ng knh dl = 30mm.
Din tch l : fl =

Tng din tch l trn 1 ng x cn : Fl =


S l trn 1 ng x cn.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 89

= 0.0028

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Chn s l trn 1 ng l 6 l.
Vy 5 ng s c s l 30 l.

ng knh ng thu bn trung tm.


Chn vn tc 0.3m/s

ng knh ng thu bn :

, chn D = 170mm.

Theo TCXD 51-84, ng knh ng thu bn ti thiu 200mm. Vy chn ng


knh ng thu bn 200mm.
Mng thu nc.
Mng thu nc t gia b chy dc theo chiu rng b.
Mng trn gm nhiu rng ca hnh ch V. Lu lng qua mi mng rng ca
hnh ch V tnh nh sau :
Q=
Trong
: gc nh tam gic , chn = 900
gia tc trng trng.
chiu cao ct nc trn nh tam gic, Chn H = 0.04m.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 90

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

: h s lu lng

m3

Trong :
sc cng mt ngoi ca nc = 70*10-3
R=

pas ( 270)

v- nht ng hc ca nc
Cd = 0.71
Vy
Q=

S rng ca trn mng : n =

. chn s rng ca 62 rng.

Hai bn mng thu nc mi bn mng c 31 rng.

Chiu rng mng chn b=0.3m.


Nc chy trong vi vn tc v = 0.24m/s, dc mng i= 0.05
Thi gian trung bnh lu nc trong mng t =

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 91

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Th tch mng thu V = Q * t =

Chiu cao mng thu nc: h =


Tng chiu cao mng thu nc :
Hmng = 0.193+0.04=0.233, chn Hmng=0.25m( do c thm chiu cao d tr mng
rng ca)
Chiu cao mng thu nc cui b : 0.25 +0.05*14=0.95m.
Chn hiu qu kh COD sau khi qua b UASB = 80% (theo: c quan bo v mi
trng Hoa K (EPA),1988), bng (1 11) Lm Minh Trit X l nc thi th
v cng nghip, trang29)
Hm lng COD trong nc thi ra khi b UASB l
COD (mg/l) = CODvo (1 e) = 1280 * (1-0.8 ) = 256 (mg/l)
Chn hiu qu kh BOD sau khi qua b UASB = 65% (theo: c quan bo v mi
trng Hoa K (EPA),1988), bng (1 11) Lm Minh Trit X l nc thi th
v cng nghip, trang29)
Hm lng BOD5 trong nc thi ra khi b UASB l
BOD5 (mg/l) = BOD5 vo * (1- e) = 768 * (1-0.65) = 268 (mg/l)
Bng 5.9 : Cc thng s thit k b UASB
STT

Tn thng s

n v

S liu thit k

Chiu di b

14

Chiu rng b

12

Chiu cao b

Th tch ca b

m3

1008

Hiu qu kh COD

80

Hiu qu kh BOD

70

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 92

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Nito

mg/l

40

SS

mg/l

180

Khng thy DO u vo? V ra

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 93

N TT NGHIP

5.3.7.

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

B TRUNG GIAN.
B cha trung gian c thit k cha nc thi v iu chnh lu lng

v nng trc khi vo b aerotank.


Tnh ton kch thc b
Chn thi gian lu nc l 30 pht.
B xy na chm na ni.
Th tch b trung gian
V = Qtb, h x t = 100 x 0,5 = 50 (m3)
Chn kch thc b H x B x L
Chiu cao H = 4 (m);
Chiu rng B = 2.5 (m);
Chiu di L = 5 (m);
Chiu cao bo v hbv = 0,5 (m).
Chiu cao xy dng Hxd = 4 + 0,5 = 4,5 (m).

Th tch thc ca b
V = 4,5 x 2.5 x 5 = 56.25 (m3)
B n thun l cha nc thi nn ta chn vt liu xy dng l b tng ct thp
dy 200mm, bn trong c ph lp composit bo v chng n mn.
Tnh bm t b trung gian ln b AOTANK
Tnh ton ng dn nc ra khi b trung gian
Nc thi c bm sang b trung gian nh mt bm chm, lu lng nc thi
100 m3/h, vi vn tc nc chy trong ng l v = 2m/s, ng knh ng ra:
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 94

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Dr =

4 100
= 0.133 (m)
2 3600

Chn ng nha uPVC c ng knh = 150mm.


Nc thi c thit k t chy sang b AEROTANK.
Bng.5.10. Tm tt thng s thit k b trung gian.
STT

5.3.8.

Tn thng s

K hiu

Kch thc

n v

Chiu cao xy dng

Chiu di b

Chiu rng b

2.5

ng dn nc thi ra b

150

mm

B AEROTANK

Nc thi sau khi x l b UASB c dn tip n b Aeroten. Ti y,


cc cht hu c cha c phn hy hon ton nh qu trnh phn hy k kh tip
tc c cc vi sinh vt trong b Aeroten phn hy hiu kh.
Cc thng s tnh ton b Aeroten:
-

Lu lng trung bnh ca nc thi :Q = 2400m3/ng.m

Hm lng BOD5 u vo l: 230mg/l

Hm lng COD u vo l 256mg/l

Nhit nc thi u vo t = 250

u ra : Nc thi sau x l t QCVN 24 2008 .


-

Cn hu c, a = 75%

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 95

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

tro z = 0.3 ( Theo tnh ton thit k h thng x l nc thi T.S Trnh
Xun Lai).

Lng bn hot tnh trong nc thi u vo b, X0 = 0

Nng bn hot tnh, X= 2500 4000g/m3 , chn X= 3000g/m3

Lng bn hot tnh tun hon l h thng cn lng y b lng 2,


XT = 8000(g/m3)

Ch xo trn hon ton.

Thi gian lu bn trong cng trnh,

H s phn hy ni bo, Kd = 0.06 ngy-1

H s sn lng bn Y = 0.4

=10 ngy.

Xc nh hiu qu x l.
-

Hiu qu x l theo BOD5

E=
-

Hiu qu x l theo COD.

E=

Th tch b Aerotank:

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 96

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

V=

Chn th tch b V= 714 m3/ 2 b.


Vy th tch mi b l 357 m3
Chn chiu cao b .
H = Hi + Hbv = 4 + 0.5=4.5m
Trong : Hi chiu cao hu ch, chn H = 4(m)
Hbv chiu cao bo v, Hbv = 0.5m

= 89.25(m2) , chn F = 90m2

Din tch b mt mt b:

Vy L x B = 15 x 6 (m)
Th tch thc ca b.
Vt = D * B * H = 15*6*4.5= 405 (m3).
Thi gian lu nc li trong b
, chn
Tc tng trng ca bn:
yb =

= 0.375

Lng bn hot tnh sinh ra do kh BOD5

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 97

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Tng lng cn sinh ra trong mt ngy.


P1x =

Lng cn d x ra hng ngy.

Vi : Pra = SSra * Q = 30*10-3 *2400 = 72(kg/ngy)


Suy ra :
Px = 306 72 = 234 (kg/ngy) .
Lu Lng bn x.
(m3/ngy)

Qw =
Trong :
V: th tch b= 714m3
Qv = Qr = 2400 m3/ngy
X= 3000mg/l

= 10 ngy.

XR = Nng VSS ra khi b lng.


Xra = SSra * a =30*0.75 =22.5(mg/l)
XT = nng bn hot tnh trong dng tun hon ( cn khng tro)
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 98

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

XT = (1-0.3) * 8000 = 5600mg/l.


H s tun hon bn.
Hnh. S lm vic ca b AEROTANK

Q,S0,X0

B
AEROTAN
K

Q+Qr,X1

Qc,Xc,S
B lng

Aeroten
Qr,Xr

Qw,Xr

Phng trnh cn bng sinh khi:


QX0 + QtXt = (Q + Qr)X
Trong :
QrXr = (Q + Qr)X1
Q : Lu lng nc thi vo b, Q = 2400 m3/ngy.
Qt : lng lng bn tun hon, m3/ngy.
X : nng VSS trong b, X = 3000mg/l
X0 : Nng VSS trong nc thi dn vo b, X0 = 0
Xt : Nng VSS trong bn tun hon, Xt = 8000mg/l
Chia hai v ca phng trnh ny cho Q v t t s Q r/Q = l t s tun
hon bn.
Vi l h s tun hon bn:

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 99

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Vy lu lng bn tun hon c tnh:


Qt = Q = 0.6 2400m3/ngay = 1440 m3/ngay.
Kim tra li th tch LBOD v t s F/M
Ti trng th tch:
0.9 kgBOD/

Gi tr ny nm trong khong cho php (LBOD = 0,8 1,9) ( Theo ti liu


thot nc ca PGS.TS. Hong Hu).
T s F/M

So
F
=
=
M X

268mg / lBOD
5
= 0.308 (mgBOD5/mg bn.ngy)
0.29ngay * 3000mg / l

Trong : thi gian lu nc trong b, = 0.29 (ngy)


T s ny nm trong khong cho php F/M = 0.2 0.6
Tnh lng oxy cn thit.

OCO =

px=

kg

Lng oxy cn thit trong Thc t:


OCt = OCO +

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 100

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

OCt = 734.4 +

kgO2/ngay

Trong :anh

lng oxy bo ha trong nc 9,08g/l

C: lng oxy duy tr trong b 3 mg/ngay


: 0.6-0.9, chn = 0.8
Px: lng bn hot tnh sinh ra trong 1 ngy.
Lng khng kh cn thit
Qkh = OCt /OU * fa
Trong :
fa : h s an ton fa = 1.5 2, Chn 1.5 (Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l
nc thi T.S Trnh Xun Lai)
OU : cng sut ha tan oxy vo nc thi ca thit b phn phi tnh theo gam
oxy cho 1m3 khng kh.
Vi Ou : ph thuc vo h thng phn phi kh. Chn h thng phn phi kh bt
kh nh v mn. ( Tra bng 7-1 sch tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc
thi T.S Trnh Xun Lai ).
Bng 5.11. Cng sut ha tan oxy vo nc ca thit b phn phi bt nh git v
mn
iu kin th nghim
Nc sch T=200C

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

iu kin ti u

iu kin trung bnh

Ou = grO2/m3.m

Ou = grO2/m3.m

12

10

TRANG 101

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Nc thi T=200C,
8.5

Chn Ou = grO2/m3.m
Chn chiu cao ngp nc h = 2.8 m
Ou = 7*2.8 = 19.6(gO2/m3)
3

/ ngy = 0.926 (m3/s)

Vy Qkh =
Tnh p lc my nn.
p lc cn thit cho h thng ng nn.
Hd = hd + hc + hf + H
Trong :

hd : tn tht p lc do ma st dc ng ng (m).
hd : tn tht p lc cc b(m).
Tng tn tht hd v hc khng c vt qu 0.4m.
hf : tn tht qua thit b phn phi(m), tn tht hf khng vt qu 0.5m.
H : chiu su hu ch, H = 4m.
Vy p lc cn thit s l Hd = 0.4 + 0.5 + 4 = 4.9 m
p lc khng kh .
P=

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 102

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Cng sut my nn kh.


Cng sut my kh nn cn thit cho b AEROTANK ( Theo gio trnh x l
nc thi ca PGS.TS Hong Hu, trang 112) c xc nh nh sau:
N=

34400( Pkk0.29 1) * q
102 *

Trong : q lu lng khng kh cn cung cp (m 3/s), chn h s an ton khi


s dng thit k trong thc t l 2.
Vy q = 2*0.926 =0.185 (m3/s).

- hiu sut my bm = 0.7


Vy cng sut my nn kh .
N=

34400 (1.47 0.29 1) * 0.185


= 10.5 (kw)
102 * 0.7

Chn loi my bm thi kh c N = 11kw. Mt my cng tc cn mt my d


phng.
B tr h thng sc kh.
Chn h thng cp kh cho b l phn phi dng xng c.
Vn tc cp kh trong ng 10 15m/s, chn v=10m/s ( Theo gio trnh tnh
ton thit k cc cng trnh x l nc thi - T.S Trnh Xun Lai)
ng knh ng chnh ti bm thi kh.
D=

4Qkk
=
v

4 * 0.926
= 0.28 (m) , chn D = 300 (mm)
3.14 * 10

phn phi kh u vo hai b, ta chia ng ng chnh lm hai ng.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 103

N TT NGHIP

D=

4Qkk
=
2 * * v

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

4 * 0.926
= 0.24 (m) , chn D = 250 (mm)
2 * 3.14 *10

S a phn phi kh.


Chn dng a xp, ng knh 170mm, din tch b mt F=0.02 (m 2), Cng
kh 200l/ pht = 3.3 (l/s)
n=

Q kk
0.926
=
= 280 (a).
3.3 * 10 3
3.3

S lng a l 280 ci, chia lm 14 hng, mi hng 20 a phn b cch sn b


0.2m v mi tm a cch nhau 1m, vn tc kh trong ng nhnh v = 10 m/s
ng knh ng nhnh
Dn =

4Q kk
=
14v

4 * 0.02
14 * 3.14 * 10

= 0.07(m) =70(mm), chn Dn = 70 (mm)

ng knh ng dn bn tun hon.


Db =

4 Qth
=
v

4 * 1440
3.14 * 1 * 86400

=0.15m, chn Db = 150mm.

Bng 5.12. Tm tt thng s thit k b Aeroten


S th t Tn thng s

K hiu

Kch thc

n v

Chiu cao xy dng b

4.5

Chiu rng b

Chiu di b

15

Gi

300

mm

5
6

Thi gian lu nc trong


b
ng knh ng chnh

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 104

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

ng knh ng nhnh

Dn

70

mm

S a phn phi kh

280

Hiu xut x l theo BOD5

88.8

10

Hiu xut x l theo COD

80.5

5.3.9.

B LNG .

B lng lm nhim v lng hn hp nc bn t b Aeroten dn n v bn lng


y c gi l bn hot tnh.
Chn b lng II c dng hnh trn trn mt bng, nc thi vo t tm v thu nc
theo chu vi b.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 105

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Bng 5.5:Cc thng s c bn thit k cho b lng.


Gi tr

Thng s

Trong khong

c trng

1,5 2,5

2,0

- Lu lng trung bnh

31 50

40

- Lu lng cao im

81 122

89

Thi gian lu nc, gi


Ti trng b mt, m3/m2.ngy

Ti trng mng trn, m3/m.ngy

124 490

248

ng trung tm:
- ng knh

15 20% D

- Chiu cao

12 - 45
4,2

55 65% H
Chiu su H ca b lng, m
ng knh D ca b lng, m
dc y b, mm/m
Tc thanh gt bn, vng/pht

3,7
3,0 4,6
62 167
0,02 0,05

12 45
83
0,03

(Ngun: Bng 4 3; 4 4, Tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh XLNT, TS. Trnh Xun
Lai)
Din tch mt thong ca b lng ly tm trn mt bng c tnh theo cng thc:
Qtbh 100(m 3 / h) 24(h / ngy )
=
= 66.6(m 2 )
A=
3
2
LA
36(m / m .ngy )

Trong :

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 106

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Q htb

: Lu lng gi trung bnh, (m3/h).

LA

: Ti trng b mt, (m3/m2.ngy)

ng knh b lng:
D=

A =

66.6 =

9,2 (m)

ng knh ng trung tm:


d = 20% x D = 20% x 9,2 = 1.84 (m) 1,9(m)
Chn chiu su hu ch ca b lng H = 3,5(m), chiu cao lp bn lng h bl = 0,5(m),
chiu cao h thu bn ht = 0,3(m), chiu cao lp trung ho hth = 0,2(m), chiu cao bo
v hbv = 0,3(m).
Vy chiu cao tng cng ca b lng t II l
Htc = H + hbl + ht + hth + hbv = 3,5 + 0,5 + 0,3 + 0,2 + 0,3 = 4,8 (m)
Chiu cao ng trung tm
h = 60% x H = 60% x 3,5 = 2,1 (m)

Kim tra thi gian lu nc ca b lng

Th tch b lng:
W=

( D 2 d 2 ) H = (9,2 2 1,9 2 ) 3,5 = 233(m 3 )


4
4

Thi gian lu nc:


233(m 3 )
W
= 2,33(h) (1,5 2,5) tho mn (Ngun [3])
t= h =
Qtb 100(m 3 / h)

Th tch thc ca b:
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 107

N TT NGHIP

Wt =

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

( D 2 d 2 ) H = (9,2 2 1,9 2 ) 4,8 = 305.3( m 3 )


4
4

Mng thu nc

Vn tc nc chy trong mng: chn v = 0,6 (m/s).


Din tch mt ct t ca mng
Q

2400(m 3 / ngy )

2
A = v = 0,6(m / s ) 86400( s / ngy ) = 0,046296(m ) = 46296 (mm2)

(cao x rng) = ( 150mm x 200mm)/mng


m bo khng qu ti trong mng chn kch thc mng: cao x rng =
(300mm x 300mm).
Mng b tng ct thp dy 100mm, c lp thm mng rng ca thp tm khng g.

Mng rng ca

ng knh mng rng ca c tnh theo cng thc


Drc = D (0,3 + 0,1 + 0,003) x 2 = 9,2 2 x 0,403 = 8,4 (m)
Trong
D

: ng knh trong b lng II, (m)

0,3

: B rng mng trn = 300 (mm) = 0,3 (m)

0,1

: B rng thnh b tng = 100 (mm) = 0,1 (m).

0,003

: Tm m gia mng rng ca v mng b tng = 3mm

Mng rng ca c thit k c 4 khe/m di, khe to gc 90o


Nh vy tng s khe dc theo mng b tng l : 8,4 x x 4 = 105.504 (khe)
Chn 108 khe.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 108

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Lu lng nc chy qua mi khe:


Qkhe =

Q
2400( m 3 / ngy )
=
= 2.57.10 4 ( m 3 / s )
Sokhe 108( khe) 86400( s / ngy )

Mt khc ta li c:
8

Cd 2 g H 2 tg = 1,42 H 2 = 2,6.10 4 ( m 3 / s )
15
2
5

Qkhe =

Trong :
Cd

: H s lu lng, Cd = 0,6

: Gia tc trng trng (m/s2).

: Gc ca kha ch V, = 90 o

: Mc nc qua khe (m)

Gii phng trnh trn ta c:


5/2 x lnH = ln(1,83.10-4) => lnH = -3,442 => H = e-3,442 = 0,032
H = 0,032 (m) = 32 (mm) < 50 (mm) chiu su ca khe t yu cu
Ti trng thu nc trn 1m di thnh trn:
Q
2400( m 3 / ngy )
= 46( m 3 / m.ngy ) < 248 (m3/m.ngy)
q = 2 D =
2

8
,
4
m
rc

(Ti trng mng trn)

Lng bn sinh ra mi ngy( theo tnh ton thit k Lm Minh Trit)


Gi s hiu sut x l cn l lng t 50% ti trng 3409.1 (m3/ngy)

Lng bn ti sinh ra mi ngy


M tuoi = 255 gSS / m 3 2400m 3 / ngy 0,5

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 109

1Kg
= 306 KgSS / ngy
1000 g

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Gi s bn ti ca nc thi nh my bia c hm lng cn 5% (tc l c


m 95%).
T s VSS:TSS = 0,75 v khi lng ring bn ti l 1,053kg/lt.
Vy lu lng bn ti cn phi x l l
Qtuoi =

306 Kg / ngay
= 5812 / ngy = 5,812m 3 / ngay
0,05 1,053Kg / l

Lng bn ti cn phi x l l.
M tuoi (VSS ) = 0,75 306 = 229,5 KgVSS / ngay

Ti trng bn sinh ra
Qb =

2400(1 + 0.7) * 3750


Q(1 + ) * C 0
=
= 3409.1 (m3/ngy)
24 * 187
24 * F

C0 nng bn hot tnh trong b Aeroten, C0 = X/ (~0.8)


C0 =

3000
= 3750 (g/m3)
0.8

Bn d t qu trnh sinh hc c a v b nn bn.

Tnh ton ng phn phi nc.


Chn ng dn nc vo b : Dv = 250mm

Tnh ton ng dn nc thi ra khi b lng

Chn vn tc nc thi chy trong ng v = 1 (m/s) (v 2m/s)


Lu lng nc thi: Q = 100 (m3/ngy).
ng knh ng l:
D=

4 Q
=
3600 4 v

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

4 100
3600 1 3,14

TRANG 110

= 0,188 (m) = 188 (mm)

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Chn ng nha uPVC c ng knh = 200mm

Tnh ton ng ng dn bn

Lu lng nc thi: Q = 5.8 (m3/ngy).


Bm bn hot ng 4 (gi/ngy)
ng knh ng l:
D=

4 Q
=
3600 v

4 5.8
3600 4 0,6 3,14

= 0.029 (m)

Chn ng nha uPVC c ng knh = 50 mm

Chn bm bn ti t b lng ti b nn bn

Lu lng bn thi: Q = 11 (m3/ngy) = 6,7.10-5 (m3/s).


Cng sut bm
N=

Q g H
6,7.10 5 1000 9,81 10
=
1000
1000 0,8

= 0,0082 (Kw) .

Trong :

: Hiu sut chung ca bm t 0,72 0,93, chn = 0,8

: Khi lng ring ca nc (kg/m3)

Chn bm bn c thit k 1 bm c cng sut 0,15 Kw.


Thit b co bn b lng
Loi cu trung tm. Hot ng vi vn tc chm, gom bn lng y b v
h gom bn. T y, bn c bm ht i. Ch vn hnh 24/24.
Bng 5.6: Tng hp tnh ton b lng
Thng s

K hiu

n v

Gi tr

ng knh b lng

9.2

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 111

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Chiu cao xy dng b lng

Hxd

4.8

ng knh ng trung tm

1.9

Chiu cao ng trung tm

2.1

Tng s khe mng rng ca

108

8.4

0.3

Kch

ng knh mng rng ca

Drc

thc

Chiu rng mng thu nc

mng

ng knh ng dn nc ra

200

Th tch b lng

Wt

M3

305.3

5.3.10.

Tnh ton b tip xc, kh trng .

Nhim v ca b tip xc l thc hin qu trnh tip xc gia clo v nc sau


khi qua mng trn kiu ln. Nhm kh trng cc vi sinh vt gy bnh cn li
trong nc, vic kh trng nc thi, c th s dng cc bin php nh clo ha,
zon ha, kh trng bng tia hng ngoi UV. Vic kh trng bng clo tng i
n gin, r tin v hiu qu chp nhn c nn c s dng nhiu cng trnh
x l. Chn thi gian tip xc gia clo v nc thi l 30 pht tnh c thi gian nc
thi chy t b tip xc n ming x vo ngun nc.
Tnh lng Clo cn thit kh trng nc thi
S dng Clorua kh trng. Liu lng Clo hot tnh cn thit kh trng
nc thi: a = 3g/m3 (i vi nc thi sau x l sinh hc hon ton) . (Theo x l
nc thi th v cng nghip, tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh Lm Minh trit)

Ya =

h
aQmax
1000

3 150
1000

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

= 0.45 (kg/h)

TRANG 112

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Trong : Qhmax : Lu lng nc thi ln nht theo gi, m3/h


a : liu lng Clo hot tnh , g/m3, ly theo iu 6.20.3.
TCXD-51-84 nc thi khi x l sinh hc hon ton, a=3)
vy lng Clo dng cho mt ngy l : 0.45*24 = 10.8 kg/ngy = 324kg/thng.
Lng cht dinh dng b sung vo nc thi
V hm lng cc nguyn t dinh dng nh N, P c trong nc thi rt t do
cn phi bng sung thm bng cc mui c cha N, P nh (NH4) 2SO4,
KH2PO4 gip cho cc vi sinh vt hot ng v pht trin tt. Lng cht dinh
dng cho vo sao cho BOD5: N: P = 100: 5: 1
Do BOD5 ca nc thi khi vo b sinh hc l 230mg/l v hm lng N l 7.5
mg/l v P l 2.3 mg/l nn lng N, P cn b sung l:
5

Lng N cn b sung l: (230* 100 ) - 7.5 = 4(mg/l)


1

Lng P cn b sung l: (230* 100 ) - 2.3 = 9.2 (mg/l)


Khi lng N, P cn b sung trong 1 ngy:
i vi N: 4 *10 3*1000= 4 (kg/ngy)
i vi P: 9.2 *10 3*1000=9.2 (kg/ngy)

Vy Khi lng N, P cn b sung trong 1 ngy:


M ( NH 4 ) SO4 = 4 *
MKH 2 PO4 = 9.2 *

128
= 18.29( kg / ngay )
28

136
= 40.49(kg / ngay )
31

Dung tch bnh clo :


SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 113

N TT NGHIP

V=

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

324
= 220.41Lt
1.47

Chn thng 250 lt.


Trong : P l trng lng ring ca clo.
Tnh ton mng trn.
xo trn nc thi vi Clo, chn mng trn vch ngn c l tnh ton
thit k. Thi gian xo trn trong vng 1-2 pht. Mng gm 3 ngn vi cc l c d
= 20-100 (mm) ( x l nc thi th v cng nghip, tnh ton thit k cc cng
trnh Lm Minh Trit).
Chn d = 30mm.
Chn chiu rng mng B= 0.5m.
Khong cch gia cc vch ngn : l = 1.5*B = 1.5*0.5= 0.75 m
Chiu di tng cng ca mng trn vi 2 vch ngn c l.
L = (3*l) + (2*

= 3 *0.75 + 2*0.2 = 2.65 m

Chn thi gian xo trn l 2 pht .


Thi gian nc lu li trong mng trn c tnh bng cng thc.

Chiu cao lp nc trc vch ngn th nht.


H1 =

=0.3 m

S l trong mi ngn

Trong
Qmax : lu lng nc thi ln nht.
D : ng knh l, do =80mm.
V: tc chuyn ng ca nc qua l, v= 1.2m/s
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 114

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Khong cch gia tm cc l theo chiu ngang ly bng 2d = 2*0.08=0.16m


Khong cch t tm l ca hng ngang di cng n y mng trn ly d=0.08m
S l theo hng ng
Hl = 2d*(nd-1)+d
Vy nd =

= 5.5, chn nd =6 l.

Chiu cao lp nc trong vch ngn th hai.


H2 = H1 + h= 0.3 +0.13= 8 l
Trong h: Tn tht p lc qua cc l ca vch ngn th 2.
h=

trong
v: vn tc chuyn ng ca nc qua l, chn v = 1m/s.
h s lu lng = 0.62 ( X l nc thi th v cng nghip, tnh ton thit k
cng trnh Lm Minh Trit)
Th tch ca b.
V=Q*t
Trong : Q lu lng nc thi theo gi, m3/h, 150 m3/h
t thi gian lu nc trong b, chn t = 30 pht = 0.5 gi
Vy V = 150*0.5 = 75 (m3)
Chn ng knh ng dn nc thi vo b : D = 150mm
Kch thc ca b
Chn chiu cao ca b h = 2.5 m, chiu cao bo v h bv = 0.3 m, vy chiu cao
xy dng ca b l : H = 3 m
Din tch mt bng b :
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 115

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

75
V
=
= 25
H
3

F=

(m2)

Chn L x B = 7 x 3.6 m
Vch ngn
Chiu di vch ngn bng 2/3 chiu rng ca b
Bv =

2
2
B = * 3.6 = 2.4 (m)
3
3

Chn 4 vch ngn trong b. Vy khong cch gia cc vch ngn l :


l=

7
L
=
= 1.4 (m)
n +1
4 +1

Bng 5.14. Tm tt kch thc b kh trng


Stt

Tn thng s

K hiu

Kch thc

n v

Chiu di b

Chiu rng b

3.6

Chiu cao tng cng b

Chiu di vch ngn

lv

2.4

Khong cch gia cc vch ngn

1.4

S vch ngn

ci

Vch

5.3.11.

B cha bn

Chc nng:

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 116

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Sau khi bn thi t b lng II s c dn v b nn bn. B nn bn c nhim v


cha bn v lm c c cn nhm gim m ca bn bng cch lng c hc t
m thch hp.
Tnh ton b cha bn:
Theo tnh ton thit k cc cng trnh Lm Minh Trit . B nn bn c
nhim v lm nhim v gim m ca bn hot tnh b lng t 99.2% n 95%.
Chn kiu b ly tm c h thng gt cn. Bn t b lng t 1 c ti s dng nn
khng cn phi x l.
Lng cn l lng u vo trong mt ngy :
Mb = 2.176(kg/m3) * 2400m3/ngy = 5222.4(kg/ngy m)
Lng cn t b lng v b UASB .
Mb = 229.5 kgVSS/ngy + 146.25 kgVSS/ngy = 375.75 kgVSS/ngy
Vy tng lng cn l : 5222.4 + 229.5 + 146.25 = 5598.15 kgVSS/ngy
Hm lng cn trong 1m3 nc thi P = 2.28(kg/m3).
q=

P*Q
2280 * 2400
=
= 32.6(m 3 / h) = 782.4m 3 / ngay
24 * C
24 * 7000

Trong
P : hm lng bn = 2.28(kg/m3).
Q : lu lng nc thi.
24 : thi gian vn hnh.
C : nng bn m 70%C = 7000g/m3

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 117

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Din tch b nn bn ng .
F1 =

q 782.4
=
= 26( m 2 )
L
30

Trong : L = ti lng b nn bn 24 -30m 3/m2 ( Tr 164- gio trnh x l


nc thi Lm Vnh Sn)
Din tch ng trung tm.
F2 =

q
9.05
=
= 0.3( m 2 )
V2
30

Trong :
V2 = vn tc chuyn ng ca bn trong ng trung tm chn 30mm/s
( V2 = 28-30mm/s gio trnh XLNT Lm Vnh Sn)
Din tch tng cng ca b nn bn .
F = F1 + F2 = 26 + 0.3 = 26.3 m2.
Chn din tch b nn bn : F = 26.5m.
ng knh ca b nn bn ng.
D=

4F

4 * 26.5
= 5.8m
3.14

Chn D = 6m.
ng knh ng trung tm ca b nn bn ng.
d=

4 F2
=

4 * 0.3
= 0. 6 m
3.14

ng knh phn lc ca ng trung tm.


L

d = 1.35 * d = 0.81m
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 118

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

ng knh tm chn.
c

d = 1.3 * d = 1.3 * 0.81 = 1.053 m

Chiu cao phn lng ca b nn bn:.


1

h = V * t * 3600 = 0.0001* 6* 3600 = 2.16 m

Trong
1

V : vn tc lng trong b nn bn = 0.0001m/s.

t: thi gian nn bn, chn t= 5h ( bng 3-12 , trang 154- tnh ton cc cng
trnh Lm Minh Trit)
0

Chiu cao phn nn vi gc nghing 45 , ng knh b 6m, ng knh y l


0.4m . vy h
h2 =

D d
6 0.4
=
= 2.8m
2 * cot g 2 cot g 45

Vy chiu cao lp bn nn.

H =h -h h

TH

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 119

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Trong

h : khong cch t y ng loe n tm chn 0.25 -0.3m. Chn 0.3m.

TH

: chiu cao lp nc trung ha, 0.3 m.

vy H = 2.8 - 0.3 0.3 = 2.2m

xd

Chiu cao b nn bn : H = h + h + 0.25 = 2.16 + 2.8 +0.25 = 5.2m

Chn ng knh ng dn bn vo b: D = 150

Chn ng knh ng dn nc sau lng tr li b bm: d = 100

Tc quay ca h thng thanh gt bn l 0.754/h. ( khi dng bm bn: 1/h)


nghing y b nn bn tnh t thnh b n h thu bn dng khi h thng
thanh gt, i=0.01.
Bn nn c x nh k di p lc thy tnh 0.51m
Nc sau khi tch bn t chy tr li hm bm tip tc x l mt ln na.
Bng 5.15. Thng k thng s thit k b nn bn.
Stt

Tn thng s

K hiu

Kch thc

n v

Chiu di b

5.3

Chiu rng b

Chiu cao tng cng b

5.2

ng knh b

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 120

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

ng knh ng trung tm

dtt

0.6

ng knh tm chn

dtc

1.1

5.3.12.

Tnh ton my p bn lc ep dy ai.

Thit b lc p dy ai l thit b dng kh nc ra khi bn vn hnh


bng cch cho bn lin tc vo thit b. Thit b ny thng c ch to vi b
rng dy ai t 0,5 3,5m. Ti trng bn t 90 680kg/m.h.
Khi lng bn cn p t b UASB v b lng .
M = 146.25 + 229.5 = 375.75 kgSS/ m3
Nng bn sau khi nn: 2%
Nng bn sau khi p: 18%
Khi lng bn sau khi p =

375.75 18
= 67.4kgSS / ngay
100

S gi hot ng ca thit b: 8h
Ti trng bn tnh trn 1m chiu rng bng p chn bng 90kh/m.h
Chiu rng bng p

375.24kg / ngay
= 0,5m
8 gio / ngay 90kg / m.h

Chn mt thit b p dy ai, b rng dy ai 1m.

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 121

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

CHNG 6 TNH TON KINH T CHO D N.


6.1. Tnh ton vn u t.
6.1.1.

Vn u t xy dng

H thng x l nc thi l mt cng trnh xy dng bng b tng ct thp (BTCT)


nn c th c tnh theo sc cha ca cng tnh. Gi thnh xy dng dng tnh
tn s b l 2.000.000 (VN/m3 xy dng bng BTCT).
Bng 6.1. Tnh tn gi thnh xy dng

STT

Tn cng

Vt

n v

trnh

liu

tnh

lng

ci

ci

BTCT

m3

Song chn rc
My lc rc
tinh
Ngn tip
nhn

Inox
1x1
C
kh

Th

n gi
(triu VN/

Tch

n v)

Thnh tin
(triu VN)

3.000.000

3.000.000

170

50.000.000

50.000.000

105

2.000.000

210.000.000

B iu ha

BTCT

m3

600

2.000.000

7.200.000.000

B UASB

BTCT

m3

1008

2.000.000

2.016.000.000

B trung gian

BTCT

m3

18

2.000.000

36.000.000

BTCT

m3

714

2.000.000

1.428.000.000

B
AEROTANK

B lng

BTCT

m3

80

2.000.000

160.000.000

B cha bn

BTCT

m3

31.2

2.000.000

62,4.000.000

10

B kh trng

BTCT

m3

75

2.000.000

150.000.000

11

C
SVTH
NGUYN THANH K
My
p :bn
kh

145.000.000

145.000.000

TRANG
122
1

Tng chi ph xy dng

11.460.000.000

N TT NGHIP

6.1.2.

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Vn u t trang thit b

Bng 6.2. Vn u t trang thit b

Stt

Tn Thit B

S
Lng
(Ci)

n Gi
(VND)

Thnh Tin
(VND)

My Thi Kh

20.100.000

60.300.000

Bm Nc Thi

13.986.000

41.958.000

Bm Nc Thi u Vo B
UASB

Bm Tun Hon

4.289.000

8.578.000

Bm Bn D

4.289.000

8.578.000

Bm Nn Bn

4.289.000

8.578.000

Bm Nc Ra My p

9.450.000

9.450.000

Thit B Trn Tnh B UASB

5.000.000

5.000.000

My Khuy Chm B Cn
Bng

20.000.000

40.000.000

10 Thit B Gt Bn B Nn Bn

15.000.000

15.000.000

Thit B o Lu Lng Dng


11 Vo B UASB

5.000.000

5.000.000

Thit B o Mc Nc Trm
12 Bm

5.000.000

5.000.000

Thit B o Mc Nc B
13 Cn Bng

5.000.000

5.000.000

14 Bm nh Lng

3.980.000

15.920.000

15 Thit B Pha Ch Polymer

3.000.000

3.000.000

16 H Thng in iu Khin T

10.000.000

30.000.000

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 123

16.800.000

33.600.000

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

ng
Tng cng

6.2.

609.644.300

Tng chi ph u t cho h thng

MT = Mxd + MTB
MT = 11.460.000.000 + 609.644.300 = 12.249.644.300 triu VN

Chi ph khu hao:

Phn u t xy dng tnh khu hao trong 20 nm:


Mxdkh = Mxd : 20 = 11.460.000.000 : 20 = 573.000.000 triu/ nm

Phn u t cho thit b tnh khu hao trong 10 nm:


Mtbkhtb = Mtb : 10 = 609.644.300 : 10 = 60.964.430 triu/ nm

Tng chi ph khu hao:


Mkh = Mxdkh + Mtbkhtb
Mkh = 573.000.000 + 60.964.430 = 633.964.430 (triu VN / nm)

Chi ph vn hnh

Ha cht:

Ha cht dng kh trng nc l Clo


Khi lng Clo s dng trong mt gi:
X =

100 * a * Q
P

X max =

100 * 3 *100
= 1000
30

g/gi = 1 kg/ gi

24 kg/ ngy =8760 kg/nm

Q: Lu lng nc thi trung bnh trong mt gi , Q = 100( m3/h)


a: hm lng Clo: a = 3 g/m3

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 124

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

P: Hm lng Clo hot tnh, %, trong Clorua vi, thng ly bng 30% c tnh n
t tht trong bo qun.
Gi thnh 1kg Clo 4.000 VN, s tin s dng Clo trong mt nm.
8760 * 4.000 = 35.040.000 triu VN.
Ha cht H2SO4 dng iu chnh pH: (Theo: X L Nc Thi Th V Cng
Nghip Tnh Tn V Thit K Cng Trnh - Lm Minh Trit)
= 100 m3/h.

Lu lng thit k: Q
pHvo max

= 10,8

pHtrung ha

=7

= 0,000005 mol/l

Khi lng phn t H2SO4

= 98 g/mol.

Nng dunug dch H2SO4

= 98%

Khi lng ring ca dung dch = 1,84


Liu lng chm vo =

0,000005 * 98 *100 *1000


=0.0272
98 *1,84 *10

(l/h).

Lng axt dng trong 1 ngy = 0.6258 (l/ngy) = 225.288 (l/nm).


Gi thnh 1 lt axt H2SO4 = 28.000 (VN).
Vy s tin s dng axt trong 1 nm l.
255.288 * 28.000 = 6.308.000 triu VN.
Ha cht NaOH dng iu chnh pH: (Theo: X L Nc Thi Th V Cng
Nghip Tnh Tn V Thit K Cng Trnh - Lm Minh Trit)
Lu lng thit k: Q
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

= 100 m3/h.
TRANG 125

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

pHvo min

= 5,2

pHtrung ha

=7

= 0,00001 mol/l

Khi lng phn t NaOH

= 40 g/mol.

Nng dunug dch H2SO4

= 20%

Khi lng ring ca dung dch = 1,53


Liu lng chm vo =

0,00001 * 40 *100 *1000


=0.131
20 *1,53 *10

(l/h).

Lng NaOH dng trong 1 ngy = 3.144(l/ngy) = 1147.56 (l/nm).


Gi thnh 1 lt NaOH = 40.000 (VN).
Vy s tin s dng NaOH trong 1 nm l.
1147.56 * 40.000 = 45.906.000 triu VN
Tng chi ph ha cht dng trong 1 nm l:
35.000.000 + 6.038.000 + 45.906.000 = 86.944.000 triu VN
in
Vi s lng bm nh trn, cng vi nhu cu thp sng v hot ng sinh hat ca
nhn vin vn hnh trm, c tnh in nng tiu th hng ngy khong 200 KWh.
Gi in cho sn xut 1.200 KWh.
Vy chi ph in cho mt nm
P = 200 * 365 * 1200 = 87.600.000 triu VN
Lng cng nhn:
Vi mt h thng x l nc thi nh vy cn phi c mt k s v mt
cng nhn vn hnh vi mc lng nh sau:

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 126

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

K s: 4.000.000 triu VN/thng


Cng nhn: 2.000.000 triu VN/ thng
S tin phi tr trong mt nm
S = 12 * (4 + 2) = 72.000.000 triu VN

Chi ph bo dng nh k
Qu trnh vn hnh nh my khng th khng tnh n chi ph bo dng
nh k, c th c tnh chi ph bo dng 15 triu VN /nm.

Tng chi ph vn hnh trong nm:


Mvh = 86.944+ 87.600 + 72 + 15 = 174.631triu VN

Tng chi ph cho h thng x l nc thi hot ng trong 1 nm:


M1 = Mvh + Mkh1
= 633.964 +174.631= 808.595.000 (triu VN / nm)

Chi ph x l 1m3 nc thi.


T1 =

M1
808.595.000
=
= 2.215 ng/m3 nc thi
500 * 365
1000 * 365

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 127

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

CHNG 7. KT LUN V KIN NGH


7. 1.

KT LUN.

Trong qu trnh tin hnh thc hin n tt nghip Thit k h thng x l


nc thi ti Cng TNHH Sabmiller Vit Nam KCN M Phc II H. Bn Ct
Bnh Dng em c mt s nhn xt sau:
V iu kin t nhin.
Nh my sn xut ca Cng TNHH Sabmiller Vit Nam nm trong khu cng
nghip M Phc II H. Bn Ct Bnh Dng nn rt thun li v giao thng v
trao i nguyn liu vi cc cng ty khc.
Mt khc: Nh my bia c nhu cu s dng nc rt nhiu nn y cng chnh
l im rt quan trng v cn thit.
V ngun nhn lc tham gia hot ng sn xut.
Cng ty nm gn khu dn c nn ngun lao ng ti a phng rt di do,
vi s hnh thnh v hot ng ca cng ty gip gii quyt c vic lm kh nhiu
cho ngi dn trong khu vc.
Cng ty TNHH Sabmiler Vit Nam c thnh lp nm 2006 vi 100% vn
u t nc ngoi v ni ting vi nhn hiu bia Zorock. Cng ngh sn xut hin
i v tin tin nht hin nay trong lnh vc ln men bia. c bit cng ty rt quan
tm n vn sn xut sch hn tit kim nng lng v chi ph sn xut, do
vy nc thi ra khng nhim nghim trng so vi cc cng ngh c hin nay c
bit l ch tiu SS, BOD5, COD
H thng x l nc thi tp trung ca Cng ty hin ti c u t kh tt
v hin i, c h thng phng Lab phn tch cc ch tiu hng ngy, nc thi sau
x l c ti s dng ti cy, nui c
Mt bng ca Cng ty l kh rng rt thun li trong sn xut v xy dng
h thng x l nc thi
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 128

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

T nhng vn hin nay ca Cng ty, lun vn tin hnh kho st, thu
thp tt c cc s liu ti Cng ty v tnh ton thit k h thng x l nc thi cho
Cng ty. Qua tnh ton thit k nhn thy nc thi ca Cng ty TNHH Sabmiller
Vit Nam c th x l t yu cu vi h thng x l nc thi m lun vn
xut.
7. 2.

KIN NGH

cng trnh i vo vn hnh thun li khng c vn chng ta cn phi lu


mt s vn trong khu vn hnh v bo tr nh sau :

+ B iu ha c nhim v l iu ha lu lng v nng , n nh pH do


cn cung cp y xy cho b, m bo vic khuy trn ha cht vi nc
thi , nhm gip n nh cho cc cng trnh x l sau.
+ Cn iu chnh pH v mc trung ha trc khi a nc vo cc cng trnh
sinh hc.
+ m bo cung cp y oxy cho cc b hiu kh c bit l b
AEROTANK
+ Cn thng xuyn theo di cc cng trnh sinh hc c th khc phc ngay
khi c s c sy ra v qu trnh nui cy vi sinh vt mt thi gian.
Sau khi kho st thc t tnh hnh mi trng ti Cng ty TNHH Sabmiller Vit
Nam, lun vn c mt s kin ngh v ng gp cho vic bo v mi trng ca
Cng ty v khu vc xung quanh nh sau:
+ Cn tng cng nhn vin qun l mi trng c nng lc nhm m bo
cho vic qun l v bo v mi trng cho Cng ty tt hn.
+ Cn phi thng xuyn c nhng lp hc bi dng kin thc v mi trng
v bo v mi trng cho tt c cng nhn lm vic trong Cng ty.
V v thi gian lm ti c hn, nn lun vn ch trn c s tham kho v xy
dng c hai phng n x l nc thi sn xut bia m khng i vo nghin

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 129

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

cu m hnh. Do , nu sau ny c iu kin lun vn s tin hnh nghin cu


m hnh ca b Aerotank .

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 130

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Gio Trnh X L Nc Thi Th.S Lm Vnh Sn, Khoa mi trng


-Trng H K Thut Cng Ngh TP.HCM
2. Hong Hu- X L Nc Thi- NXB Xy dng, H Ni 1996
3. Lm Minh Trit, Nguyn Thanh Hng, Nguyn Phc Dn- X L Nc
Thi Th V Cng Nghip- Tnh Ton Thit K Cc Cng Trnh- Vin
Ti Nguyn Mi Trng, TPHCM
4. Nguyn Vn Phc- Qu Trnh v Thit B Trong Cng Nghip Ho HcTp13- K Thut X L Cht Thi Cng Nghip, Trng i Hc Bch
Khoa Thnh Ph H Ch Minh
5. PGS. TS Lng c Phm- Cng Ngh X L Nc Thi Bng Bin Php
Sinh Hc-Nh xut bn gio dc
6. PGS.TS. Hong Vn Hu- Thot Nc- Tp 2-NXB Khoa hc v K Thut,
H Ni 2002
7. S tay Qu Trnh V Thit B Cng Ngh Ho Cht- Tp II- NXB Khoa hc
v K Thut, H Ni 1999.
8. S tay x l nc- Tp 1,2- NXB Xy dng
9. TCXD 51-84- NXB i Hc Quc Gia, TPHCM
10. ThS.Nguyn nh Tun, KS. Nguyn Khc Thanh- Nghin Cu Ti X
L Nc Thi, Kh Thi Mt S C S Cng Nghip Trng im TP. H
Ch Minh.
11. Trn Hiu Nhu- X L Nc Thi- NXB Xy dng, H Ni 1996.J
12. Trn Vn Nhn, Ng Th Nga- Gio Trnh Cng Ngh X L Nc ThiNXB Khoa hc v K thut, H Ni 1999
13. Trnh Xun Lai- Cp Nc- Tp 2- NXB Khoa hc v K Thut, H Ni
2002
14. Trnh Xun Lai- Tnh Ton Thit K Cc Cng Trnh X L Nc ThiNXB Xy dng, H Ni 2000
SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 131

N TT NGHIP

GVHD: T.S NGUYN XUN TRNG

Thiu thit b hay ko cn lp?


u d DO
u o PH

SVTH : NGUYN THANH K

TRANG 132

You might also like