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html

Khi nim v tinh du
Tinh du l hn hp ca nhiu hp cht thin nhin, c mi c trng gp nhiu trong
thc vt, c trong ng vt, bay hi ngoi khng kh nhit thng, khng li
vt trn giy, c th iu ch t tho mc bng phng php ct ko hi nc. Tinh
du rt t tan trong nc, tan tt trong du bo v cc dung mi hu c.
Tinh du c th s dng trc tip hoc ch ra cc cht thm khc p ng cc nhu cu
x hi (Thuc, cht thm thc phm, nc hoa...)
Concrete oil: Sn phm chit xut hng thm thu c t thc vt khi dng phng
php chit xut vi dung mi, sau khi bc hi dung mi phn cn li c gi l
Concrete oil thng c cha sp v th c.
Pomade: Cht bo thm c ly t cc loi hoa bng phng php chit lnh hay
chit nng
Absolute oil: khi ho tan Concrete oil, Pomade trong cn nng cao, lnh phn
sp b ng c, lc loi b phn ny, phn cn li em ct ko hi nc, sn phm
thu c c tn Absolute oil
Water absolute oil: mt s trng hp khi ct ko hi nc mt lng ng k tinh
du nm trong nc dng nh dch. Tinh du ny c chit ra bng dung mi, sau
khi bc hi thu c "Water absolute oil"
Rhodinol, Rhodinal: Rhodinol l hn hp cc thnh phn c nhm chc alcol trong
tinh du, Rhodinal l hn hp cc thnh phn c nhm chc aldehyd trong tinh du
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Cu to v phn loi tinh du
Thnh phn cu to ca tinh du kh phc tp, c nhiu cch phn loi khc nhau. Cn
c vo cu to phn t c th chia tinh du thnh 4 nhm chnh:
1. Tinh du c thnh phn l cc hp cht aliphatic *
Chui nguyn t carbon ca cc hp cht aliphatic c th l mch thng, mch nhnh,
mt s lin kt gia cc nguyn t carbon c th khng no. Cc hydrocarbon, aliphatic
thng c nhiu trong hoa qu, gp phn rt nh trong quyt nh mi, v ca chng.
- Nhng hydrocarbon khng no cao nh
1,3-trans-5-cis-undecatrien

1,3-trans-5-trans-undecatrien
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1,3-trans-5-cis-undecatrien v 1,3-trans-5-trans-undecatrien c vai tr quan trng trong
to mi thm ca tinh du galbanum (Ferula galbaniflua(Boiss.et Buhse)
- Mi thm nh ca cc alcol aliphatic gi vai tr ng k l b phn cu thnh trong cc
cu trc thm. Mt s alcol khng bo ho rt c gi tr. Cis-3-hexen-1-ol c mi c
trng ti mt d chu gp Ch (Camelia sinensis) vmt vi loi du tm (Morus
spp.). Cc ng phn ca chng c dngcis-2-hexen-1-ol thng gp trong nhiu loi qu
vi hng du ngt.

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- Cc aldehyt alphatic l nhng thnh phn quan trng trong cc hng liu v nc hoa.
- Trong tinh du ca cc loi thuc chi Cam qut (Citrus spp.) c cha nhiu hp cht n-
octanol, n-nonanal, n-decanal v n-undecanal...
- Cc ceton aliphatic 3-hydroxy-2-butanon v diacetyl (2,3-butanedion) thng gp trong
t nhin l nhng hp cht to nn hng v thm ca mt s thc phm.
Cc ester aliphatic l nhng cht thm thng c s dng trong cng nghip thc
phm. (Mt s hp cht aliphatic thm)
2. Tinh du c thnh phn l cc terpen v nhng dn cht ca chng
Nhiu tinh du c thnh phn l terpen (C
5
H
8
)
n
v dn cht terpen. Ngi ta thng chia
thnh cc nhm nh monoterpen (C
5
H
8
)
2
= C
10
H
16
, secquiterpen (C
5
H
8
)
3
= C
15
H
24
,
diterpen (C
5
H
8
)
4
= C
20
H
32

Cc monoterpen (ascaridol, borneol, camphor, carvon, 1,8-
cineol, citral, citronellal, elsholtziaceton, geraniol, limonen, linalool, menthofuran, menth
ol
ascaridol (tinh du giun -Chenopodium
ambrosioidesL.)

borneol (tinh du t l i bi -Blumea
balsamifera DC.)

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camph
or
(Long
no -
Cinna
momu
m
camph
ora (L.
) J.S.Presl. camphor type; tinh du t l i bi -
Blumea balsamifera DC.).

carvon (tinh du tiu hi -Foeniculum
vulgare)
1,8-
cineol (
Long
no -
Cinna
momu
m
camph
ora (L.
)
J.S.Pre
sl.
cineol type; tinh du t l Trm (Melaleuca
cajuputi Pwell)

citral (tinh du t l, qu Mng tang -
Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Persoon),

citro
nell
al (ti
nh
du
S - Cymbopogon


elsholtz
iaceton
(tinh
du ta
t -
Perilla
frutesce
ns (L.)
Britton)


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geraniol (

limonen (V Cam chanh - Citrus
sinensis (L.) Osbeck; v Chanh -Citrus
aurantifolia (Christm.& Panzer)
Swingle).
linalool (L
ong no -
Cinnamom
um
camphora
(L.)
J.S.Presl. linalool type; Thin nin kin -
Homalomena aromatica Schott)

menthofuran
menthol (Bc
h - Mentha
arvensisL., M
. piperita L.)

Myr
cen

nerol

ocim
en

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to
Top

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perilen

-phellandren
-
pinen (tin
h du
thng -
Pinus
sp.)

-pinen (tinh du thng -Pinus sp.)
pul
ego
n
(tin
h
du
Ne
pet
a
cataria; Mentha piperitaL.)

iso-pulegon
-
terpine
n,

-terpineol (tinh du l Trm l
hpMelaleuca alternifolia Cheel.)

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Cc secquiterpen
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-farnesen,

zingiberen,
curcumen,

curcumen,

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caryophylen, -caryophylen (tinh du l lt - Piper lolot )
nerolidol (Hoa bi - Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr.; Long no - Cinnamomum
camphora (L.) J.S.Presl. secquiterpen type), farnesol.
Thuc nhm ny cn c cc hp cht Azulen nh guajazulen, vetivazulen, camazulen.
Cc hp cht sesquiterpenlacton khng phi l tinh du nhng l tin cht ca azulen nn
c th c xp vo nhm ny. V d: sausurea lacton, santonin, artemisinin.

3.Tinh du c thnh phn l cc dn cht c nhn thm:
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aldehyd
cinnamic (tinh
du qu -
Cinnamomum

trans-anethol (tinh du qu i hi -
Illicium verum Hook.f.), (Hi nc -
Limnophila rugosa (Roth.) Merr.
carvacrol (tinh
du Hng chanh -
Coleus
aromaticus Lour.;
Nhn trn -
Adenosma
caeruleum R. Br)


p.cymen
eugenol
tinh du
Hng
nhu -
Ocimum
gratissimu
m L.;
ln trng - Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.

heliotropin
methyl
eugeno
l


Methyl chavicol
tinh du hng qu (Ocimum
basilicum L. var. basilicum, Th hoc
hng - Agastache rugosa (Fisch, et
Mey) Zuntze

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methyl salicilat

safr
ol
(tin
h
du
V
h
ng -Cinnamomum parthenoxylonMeissn.,
Hi ni - Illicium )

thymol (tinh du cy
Men ru - Mosla
chinensis (Maxim)
Kudo

vanil
in
(Van
illa
plani
folia
Jack
s.ex Andrews)
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4. Tinh du c thnh phn pha tp

alicin (Ti -
Allium
sativumL.)


methyl anthranilat ( kh chua -
Averrhoa carambola L.)
Cc dn cht isothiocyanat,
Alkyl isothiocyanat

Alkenyl isothiocyanat
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Mt s h thng phn loi ngi ta chia thnh 5 nhm:
1. Cc monoterpen mch thng
2. Cc monoterpen mt vng
3. Cc monoterpen hai vng.
4. Cc dn cht ca sesquiterpen
5. Cc dn cht c nhn thm
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Tnh cht l, ho ca tinh du
Th cht: a s l cht lng nhit thng, mt s thnh phn th rn: Menthol,
borneol, camphor, vanilin, heliotropin.
Mu sc: Thng khng mu hoc mu vng nht. Trong qu trnh bo qun do hin
tng oxy ho tinh du c th b sm mu. Mt s c mu c bit: Cc hp cht azulen
c mu xanh mc.
Mi: c bit, a s c mi thm d chu, mt s c mi hc, kh chu (tinh du giun).
V: cay, mt s c v ngt: Tinh du qu, hi.
Bay hi c nhit thng.
T trng: a s nh hn 1. Mt s ln hn 1: Qu, inh hng, hng nhu. T l cc
thnh phn chnh c t trng ln hn 1 (aldehyd cinnamic, eugenol, safrol, asaron,
methyl salicylat ...) quyt nh t trng tinh du. Nu hm lng cc thnh phn chnh
thp, nhng tinh du ny c th tr thnh nh hn nc.
tan: Khng tan, hay ng hn t tan trong nc, tan trong alcol v cc dung mi hu
c khc.
si: Ph thuc vo thnh phn cu to, c th dng phng php ct phn on
tch ring tng thnh phn trong tinh du.
Nng sut quay cc cao, t tuyn hoc hu tuyn.
Ch s khc x: 1,4500 - 1,5600
Rt d oxy ho, s oxy ho thng xy ra cng vi s trng hip ho, tinh du s chuyn
thnh cht nha.
Mt s thnh phn chnh trong tinh du cho cc phn ng c hiu ca nhm chc, to
thnh cc sn phm kt tinh hay cho mu, da vo c tnh ny nh tnh v nh
lng cc thnh phn chnh trong tinh du.
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Phn b tinh du trong t nhin
+ Tinh du c phn b rt rng trong h thc vt, c bit tp trung nhiu mt
s h: H Cn - Apiaceae, h Cc - Asteraceae, h Bc h -Lamiaceae, h Long no -
Lauraceae, h Sim - Myrtaceae, h Cam - Rutaceae, h Gng - Zingiberaceae v.v..
Mt s ng vt cng c cha tinh du: Hu x, c cung...
+ Phn b trong cy: Tinh du c trong tt c cc b phn ca cy:
L: Bc h, Trm, Bch n
B phn trn mt t: Bc h, Hng nhu
Hoa: Hoa hng, Hoa nhi, Hoa bi
N hoa: inh hng
Qu: Sa nhn, Tho qu, Hi
V qu: Cam, Chanh, Bi
V thn: Qu
G: Long no, V hng
R: Thin nin kin, Thch xng b
Thn r: Gng, Ngh
+ Trong cng mt cy, thnh phn ho hc tinh du cc b phn khc nhau c th
ging nhau v mt nh tnh: V d nh tinh du v v l QuCinnamomum
cassia thnh phn chnh u l aldehyd cinnamic, nhng cng c th rt khc nhau:
V d tinh du v v l Qu Cinnamomum zeylanicum(v: aldehyd cinnamic, l:
eugenol), tinh du g v l V hng Cinnamomum parthenoxylon (g: safrol, l:
methyleugenol hoc linalol).
+ Vai tr ca tinh du trong cy

Tinh du c to thnh trong cc b phn tit ca cy:

T bo tit:
- biu b cnh hoa: Hoa hng
- Nm su trong cc m: Qu, Long no, Gng...
Lng tit: H Lamiaceae: Bc h, Hng nhu
Ti tit: H Myrtaceae: Trm, Bch n, inh hng.
ng tit: H Apiaceae: Tiu hi, ht mi

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+ Hm lng tinh du trong cy: Hm lng tinh du thng dao ng t 0,1% n
2%. Mt s trng hp trn 5% nh qu hi (5 - 15%) v n hoa inh hng (15-
25%), qu Mng tang (4-10%).
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Thu tinh du t dc liu: C 4 phng php c p dng ch to tinh du:
1. Phng php ct ko hi nc.
2. Phng php chit xut bng dung mi.
3. Phng php p.
4. Phng php p.

Tu thuc vo yu cu v cht lng trong s dng, bn cht ca dc liu v gi
thnh la chn phng php thch hp. Thng thng phng php ct ko hi
nc c p dng rng ri nht.

1. PHNG PHP CT KO HI NC
a. Nguyn tc: Da trn nguyn tc ct mt hn hp 2 cht lng bay hi c khng
trn ln vo nhau (nc v tinh du). Khi p sut hi bo ho bng p sut kh quyn,
hn hp bt u si v hi nc ko theo hi tinh du. Hi nc c th a t bn
ngoi do cc ni hi cung cp hoc t to trong ni ct.
b. Cc b phn ca mt thit b ct tinh du:
Ni ct:
- Hnh tr, lm bng thp khng g, tn m km, ng. iu kin ct th cng c th
s dng thng phuy ng xng. Cn lu t l gia ng knh (D) v chiu cao ca
ni (H). Thng thng t l D/H = 1/1,2 - 1,5
- Vi ni ct cng nghip hi nc c a vo bng cc ng dn hi, qui m th
cng, nc cha sn trong ni, v dc liu c t trn mt tm v, trnh tip xc
vi y ni (Hnh 7.4 v 7.5).
- ng dn hi: (thng c gi l vi voi).
- ng dn hi c nhim v dn hi nc v hi tinh du qua b phn ngng t. Ngoi
ra di tc dng ca khng kh lnh bn ngoi lm ngng t mt phn hi nc v
hi tinh du thnh th lng. V vy ng dn hi nn c dc nghing v pha b
phn ngng t.
B phn ngng t:
B phn ngng t c nhim v ho lng hi nc v hi tinh du t ni ct chuyn
sang. Gm 2 b phn: Thng cha nc lm lnh v ng dn hi. ng dn hi c
ngm trong thng nc lnh v c lm lnh theo qui tc ngc dng.
Cc kiu ng dn hi c lm lnh thng dng:
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- Kiu ng xon rut g: Din tch lm lnh ln nhng kh lm v sinh, nc v tinh
du hay ng li cc on gp khc.
- Kiu ng chm: L kiu thng dng nht.
- Kiu hnh a: L s kt hp gia ng chm v ng xon rut g (Hnh 7.6).
B phn phn lp:
B phn phn lp c nhim v hng cht lng l nc v tinh du v tch ring tinh
du ra khi nc: Tinh du nng hn nc pha di, tinh du nh hn nc pha
trn. C nhiu kiu bnh (hay thng) phn lp khc nhau nhng u c cng mt
nguyn tc: Nguyn tc kiu bnh florentin (Hnh 7.7).
Mt s trng hp c bit
Ni ct 2 thn: (thit k ca Trng i hc Bch Khoa).
Thn ni 1 c gn c nh trong l, c nhim v cha nc v chuyn lng nc
ny thnh hi trong sut qu trnh ct. Thn ni 2 di ng c, c nhim v cha
dc liu. S ci tin ny to iu kin thun li khi tho b ra khi b phn ct.
ch to tinh du c cha cc thnh phn chnh l cc hp cht kt tinh nhit
thng (long no, i bi), ngi ta cn thit k b phn ngng t tinh du theo kiu
hnh n xp.
Mt s lu khi ch to tinh du bng phng php ct:
1. chia nh dc liu phi ph hp vi bn cht dc liu. Nhng dc liu cha
tinh du nm trong t bo su trong cc m, cn chia nh n t l thch hp.
2. Thi gian ct tu theo bn cht ca dc liu v tnh cht ca tinh du. Vi tinh du
giun cn ct nhanh, nu khng tinh du s b phn hu (30 pht).
3. Tinh du sau khi thu c cn phi loi nc trit bng phng php ly tm.

Hnh 7.4. S ni ct tinh du th cng NC77
Hnh 7.5. S thit b ct tinh du trong cng nghip
A: Kiu ng chm
B: Kiu xon rut g
Hnh 7.6. S b phn lm lnh
Hnh 7.7. S b phn phn lp
A: tch tinh du nh hn nc
B: tch tinh du nng hn nc
C, D: tch tinh du nh v nng hn nc

2. PHNG PHP DNG DUNG MI (Chit):
- Dung mi khng bay hi: Du bo hoc du paraphin. Ngm dc liu (thng l
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hoa) trong dung mi c lm nng 60-70
0
C, trong 12-48 gi tu theo tng loi
hoa. Lm nhiu ln cho n khi dung mi bo ho tinh du (10-15 ln). Dng alcol
tch ring tinh du khi du bo v ct thu hi alcol di p lc gim s thu c tinh
du.
- Dung mi d bay hi: Phng php ny hay dng chit xut tinh du trong hoa
hoc chit xut 1 thnh phn nht nh no y. Dung mi thng dng l ete du
ho, xng cng nghip v.v.. Sau khi chit, ct thu hi dung mi di p lc gim s
thu c tinh du c ln sp v mt s tp cht khc v thng th c. Loi tinh
du ny trn th trng c tn "Concrete oil". Ho tan Concrete oil bng mt t cn
cao , tinh du s tan trong cn, lnh, lc b phn sp, phn dung dch cn li
c em ct ko hi nc. Tinh du thu c sau khi ct c tn trn th trng l
"Absolute oil". Nhng tinh du c iu ch bng phng php ny thng rt
thm, gi thnh cao v c dng iu ch m phm v nc hoa cao cp. Trn th
trng ta thng gp mt s tinh du nh Cassie flower absolute oil (tinh du hoa
Keo thm, Acacia farnesiana), Genet absolute oil (tinh du u mng iu, Spartium
junceum), Orange flower absolute oil (Tinh du Hoa cam ng, Citrus aurantium ssp.
amara), Rose concrete oil v Rose absolute oil (Tinh du hoa hng, Rosa damascena)
vv...
Trong mt s trng hp tinh du hoa c iu ch bng phng php ct, v d tinh
du hoa cam ng, Nerioli oil, mt lng ng k tinh du tan trong nc di dng
nh dich, khng tch ra c, s c chit xut bng dung mi, ct thu hi dung
mi, ta s c tinh du vi tn trn th trng l "Water absolute oil", v d Orange
flower water absolute oil" l tinh du Hoa cam ng c iu ch bng phng php
ny.

- Phng php chit xut tinh du tt nht hin nay l phng php chit xut bng
CO
2
lng. Phng php ny cho hiu xut cao, cho tinh du cht lng tt, thng p
dng chit xut cc tinh du ca hoa, tinh du qu him. Hn ch ca phng php
ny l i hi thit b t tin, v vy n nay cha c ng dng rng ri.
Chit xut tinh du bng kh ho lng (kh trng thi siu ti hn)

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T nm
1970, khi
cht lng
siu ti hn
(CLSTH)
c ng
dng vo qu
trnh tch
chit cc cht
trong dc
liu cho hiu
qu thng
mi, n c
s dng lm
mi trng
cho cc phn
ng ho hc,
ch bin vt
liu v tch
chit. Tuy
vy, do chi
ph tng v
nhiu bt li
lin quan ti
p lc cao,
ngnh cng
nghip
khng tch
cc p ng
loi dung
mi mi ny
cho cng
ngh sn xut
vn
c. Ngc
li, cc
phng phn
tch ngi ta
dng rng ri
CLSTH
chit v phn
tch sc k
nh tnh cht
c bit ca
n, ng
thi, gim
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s dng dung
mi hu c
c hi,gy
nhim mi
trng. Cht
lng hng
u hin
c s dng
trong nhng
phng php
ni trn l
ioxyt
cacbon siu
ti hn
(CO
2
STH).
N khng
c hi,
khng chy,
cho hiu sut
cao, thi gian
chit nhanh, .
Mt u im
khc ca
CO
2
STH
lm n ni
bt nht so
vi cc dung
mi vn s
dng trc
y l tnh
cht d tch
khi sn
phm, cho
tinh du tinh
khit v gi
c hng
v t nhin.
Qu trnh
chit tch
bng
CO
2
cn
c gi l
"qu trnh
khng dung
mi".
Qu trnh
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chit c
thc hin
tun hon,
khp kn.
CO
2
c
iu chnh
n nhit
thch hp
theo tng
nguyn liu
v c bm
cao p a
ti thit b
chit. Qu
trnh chit
xy ra rt
nhanh,
CO
2
lng
mang theo
tinh du
c lc qua
thit b 3 v
c lm bay
hi,
CO
2
c
a v thit
b cha 5,
y c ho
lng v nn
ri tip
tc theo chu
trnh tun
hon. Cc
cht chit
c (tinh
du) c
chuyn v
bnh cha 6.
Phng php
ny c s
dng nhiu
chit tinh
du ca hoa
dng cho k
ngh hng
liu v dc
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phm.
S h
thng chit
xut bng
CO
2
lng
siu ti hn
1. Bnh cha
CO
2
lng
2. Thit b
chit
3. Lc dch
chit
4. Thit b
lm bay hi
5. B phn
lm lnh, nn
kh CO
2


3. PHNG PHP P:
Dng khun bng g c kch thc 58 x 80 x 5cm gia t tm thu tinh c pht
m ln c 2 mt, mi lp dy 3mm. t ln trn b mt cht bo mt lp la mng,
ri ln trn 30 - 80g hoa ti, kh ro, khng b gip nt, loi b l i. Khong 35
- 40 khun g c xp chng ln nhau ri trong phng kn. Sau 24 - 72 gi tu
theo tng loi hoa, ngi ta thay lp hoa mi cho n khi lp cht bo bo ho tinh
du. C th dng m c cha tinh du, hoc tch ring tinh du bng alcol v t dch
chit alcol c th iu ch thnh dng "Absolute oil" nh nu trn

4. PHNG PHP P: Phng php ny ch p dng iu ch tinh du qu cc
loi Citrus v nhng l do sau:
- Tinh du v cam, chanh ch yu dng trong k ngh sn xut ung v vy cn c
mi ging nh mi t nhin, m tinh du iu ch bng phng php ct khng t
c yu cu ny.
- Trong v cam, chanh tinh du nm trong ti tit lp v ngoi, ch cn tc ng 1
lc c hc l c th gii phng ra. V vy phng php p rt ph hp.
- Cc ti tit tinh du trong v cc loi Citrus c bao bc bi cc mng pectin.
Cng gia nhit mng cng ng cng li. Nu mun iu ch tinh du bng cc
phng php ct, trc ht phi ph v mng ny. C th dng cc tc nhn sau:
+ C hc: Chia nh dc liu
+ Ho hc: Dung dch acid hydrocloric hoc acid oxalic long.
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+ Enzym
Dch p c cha nhiu pectin, sau khi p phi lc, li tm v bo qun tinh du nhit
thp.

Kim nghim tinh du v dc liu cha tinh du
Kim nghim tinh du (Bc h, Bch n, Hi, Hng nhu trng, Long no, Qu,
Trm) Ngun gc, tnh cht (trng thi, mu, mi, v, tan) t trng, ch s khc x,
gc quay cc ring, nh tnh, Kim loi nng...)
Xc nh cc ch s l ho, hm lng mt s thnh phn c quy nh vi tng loi
tinh du trong Dc in. (Dc in Vit Nam III c 7 chuyn lun tinh du). Cc
phng php kim nghim tinh du c th cha thnh nhm
- Cc phng php cm quan
Nhn xt, nh gi v mu sc, mi v.
- Xc nh cc hng s vt l
T trng, ch s khc x, gc quay cc ring.
- Xc nh cc ch s ho hc
Ch s acid, ch s ester, ch s acetyl
- nh tnh cc thnh phn trong tinh du
Phng php sc k lp mng
Phng php sc k kh
- nh lng cc thnh phn chnh trong tinh du
nh lng eugenol trong tinh du Hng nhu trng
nh lng citronelal, citral trong tinh du S (Oleum Citronellae) bng
hydroxylamin hydroclorid
nh lng menthol este ha trong tinh du Bc h
nh lng menthol ton phn:
nh lng citral trong tinh du Mng tang (Litsea cubeba Lauraceae) bng
hydroxylamin hydroclorid
nh lng Anethol trong tinh du Hi (Illicium verum Illiciaceae) bng phng
php xc nh nhit ng c
- Pht hin tp cht v cht gi mo trong tinh du
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Kim nghim dc liu cha tinh du
nh lng tinh du trong dc liu
Tinh du trong dc liu c nh lng bng cch ct ko hi nc trong dng c
quy nh. Dch ct c hng vo mt ng chia c phn ti 1/20 ml v pha
nc c chy t ng tr li bnh ct. Th tch tinh du ct c c th c trc
tip phn chia ca ng ny hoc c th dng xylen ho tan tinh du a tinh
du ni ln phn chia ca dng c (i vi tinh du c t trng ln hn 1) ri c
th tch tng cng ca xylen v tinh du.
Hm lng tinh du c biu th bng phn trm (tt/kl).
Cc ch tiu, phng php kim nghim, nh gi dc liu thng thng khc.
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ng dng tinh du v dc liu cha tinh du
Mt s tinh du v dc liu cha tinh du c dng lm thuc. Tc dng ca tinh du
c th hin:
- Tc dng trn ng tiu ho: Kch thch tiu ho (Gng, Ring, Ta t, Kinh gii...),
li mt, thng mt
- Tc dng khng khun v dit khun: Tc dng trn ng h hp nh tinh du bch
n, bc h. Tc dng trn ng tit niu nh tinh du hoa cy Barosma betulina.
- Mt s c tc dng kch thch thn kinh trung ng: Dc liu cha tinh du giu
anethol: i hi...
- Mt s c tc dng dit k sinh trng:
+ Tr giun: Tinh du giun, santonin.
+ Tr sn: Thymol,
+ Dit k sinh trng st rt: Artemisinin.(Thanh hao hoa vng)
- Rt nhiu tinh du c tc dng chng vim, lm lnh vt thng, sinh c v.v.. khi s
dng ngoi da (Tinh du Trm).
Mt s dng lm thuc.va dng dc liu va s dng dng tinh du nh Qu, Hi,
inh hng, Tiu hi, Bc h, Ht mi, Bch n Nhng cng c nhng dc liu ch
s dng tinh du nh: Long no, Mng tang, Du giun v.v.. V cng c rt nhiu dc
liu cha tinh du ch s dng dc liu lm thuc m khng s dng tinh du nh
ng qui, Bch trut, Thng trut, phng phong v.v..
K ngh thc phm:
- Mt lng ln dc liu cha tinh du c tiu th trn th trng th gii di dng
gia v: Qu, Hi, inh hng, Ht ci, Mi, Th l, Tho qu, Ht tiu v.v.. Tc dng ca
nhng dc liu ny l bo qun thc phm, lm cho thc phm c mi thm, kch thch
dy thn kinh v gic gip n ngon ming. Ngoi ra cn kch thch tit dch v gip cho s
tiu ho thc n d dng.
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- Mt s tinh du v thnh phn tinh du c dng lm thm bnh ko, cc loi mt,
ng hp ...: vanilin, menthol, eucalyptol v.v..
- Mt s dng pha ch ru mi: Tinh du hi, Tinh du inh hng...
- Mt s c dng trong k ngh pha ch ung: Tinh du v cam, chanh ...
- Mt s tinh du c dng trong k ngh sn xut ch, thuc l: Tinh du Bc h, hoa
nhi, ht mi...
Mt iu cn lu khi s dng tinh du v dc liu cha tinh du trong thc phm l
khng nn qu lm dng, v khng phi tinh du khng c. V th ngi ta c nhng
quy nh rt cht ch khi s dng tinh du: quy nh liu thng dng, liu ti a trong
thc n cng nh trong ung hoc v cc ch phm khc vi tng loi tinh du.
K ngh pha ch nc hoa, x phng, m phm, cc hng liu khc:
y l mt ngnh cng nghip rt ln, s dng ch yu l ngun tinh du trong thin
nhin, ngoi ra cn c nhng cht thm tng hp hoc bn tng hp. Xu hng ngy
cng s dng cc hng liu t nhin, i hi phi i su nghin cu pht hin ngun ti
nguyn tinh du nhm tho mn yu cu ca lnh vc ny.

Ghi ch:
Trong ho hc, hp cht aliphatic l cc hp cht hu c trong cc nguyn t carbon
lin kt vi nhau to thnh mch thng hay mch nhnh. Hp cht alipatic n gin nht
l metan (CH
4
)

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MT S DC LIU C KH NNG KHAI THC TINH DU VIT NAM

Ngoi nhng dc liu c trnh by trn cn mt s dc liu c kh nng
khai thc Vit Nam, trong c nhng dc liu v ang khai thc tinh du, mt
s khc l kt qu nghin cu pht hin ca nhiu tc gi trong thi gian gn y. S
nghin cu thnh phn ho hc ca nhiu chng loi cc a phng khc nhau, ca
nhiu b phn trong cng 1 cy pht hin thm 1 s chemotype mi, lm giu thm
ngun nguyn liu tinh du Vit Nam.

1. Vng vang. Abelmoschus moschatus Medik.(Syn. Hibiscus moschatus L.), h Bng
(Malvaceae)
B phn dng: ht ct tinh du
Tinh du ht: Tinh du ht Vng vang cn c gi l tinh du ht x- Oleum
Abelmoschi Seminis-, tn thng phm l Ambrette Seed oil.
Tinh du c iu ch bng phng php ct ko hi nc hoc chit xut vi dung
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mi. Hm lng tinh du trong ht l 0,2 - 0,6%.
Thnh phn chnh: farnesyl acetat 62,9%, ambretolid 7,8%, decyl acetat 5,6 %,
dodecyl acetat 4,0%, farnesol 3,5%.
Tinh du ht x Vit Nam c cc thnh phn chnh: 2,3-dihydrofarnesyl acetat 42,5 -
56,3%, farnesyl acetat 13,5 - 25,4%, ambretolid 6,8 - 8,6%.
Tinh du ht x c dng sn xut nc hoa v cc hng liu cao cp cho k
ngh thuc l, bnh ko, ung. Gi 1 kg tinh du thi im 1998 l 5.000 USD.
2. Nhn trn - Adenosma bracteosum Bonati., h hoa mm si ( Scrophulariceae)
Phn trn mt t c cha tinh du.
Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l carvacrol (34%), methyl carvacrol (18,9%).

3. Nhn trn- Adenosma caeruleum R. Br.
H Hoa mm si ( Scrophulariceae)
Thu hi k Mil (k Nng).
Phn trn mt t cha 0,5% tinh du. Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l thymol
(24,6%), nerolidol (24,6%), -humulen (16,4%), -bisabolen (5,7%), humulen oxid
(3,6%), caryophylen oxid (2,8%).

4. Nhn trn - Adenosma glutinosum (L.) Druce var. caeruleum (R.Br.) Tsoong
H Hoa mm si (Scrophulariceae)
Thu hi Tn k (Ngh An)
Phn trn mt t c cha tinh du (0,38%) (tnh trn nguyn liu ti). Thnh phn
chnh ca tinh du l eugenol (72,6%0.

5. Th hoc hng- Agastache rugosa (Fisch. Et Mey) Juntze
H Hoa mi (Lamiaceae)
Mc hoang vng ng bng v vng ni
B phn dng: phn trn mt t
Phn trn mt t c cha tinh du, thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l methylchavicol
(>90%)

6. Cy D (Trm hng)- Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. (Syn. Aquilaria agallocha
Roxb.)
H Trm (Thymelaeaceae)
B phn dng: Trm, tinh du trm
Trm (Agar wood) l sn phm ca cy d, c sinh ra do tc dng ca mt s vi
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khun ln cy hoc do tc ng ca vt thng.
Tinh du trm- Oleum Aquilariae, tn thng phm Agar wood oil, c iu ch t
cc phn vn, cc d phm khi ch bin trm, cc mu g cn dnh trm, bng
phng php ct ko hi nc hoc chit xut vi dung mi.
Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du trm: 2-(2-(4-methoxyphenyl)chromon 27,0%, 2-
(phenylethyl)chromon, 15,0%, oxoagarospirol 5,0%, cc dn cht chromon v
sesquiterpen khc.
Trm v tinh du trm l nhng hng liu rt qu. Tinh du trm dng sn xut
nc hoa thng hng. Gi trm thay i do cht lng, do ngun gc ni sn xut.
Gi 1 kg trm loi xu c th t 1,2 - 27 USD, loi thng hng 1.000 - 10.000 USD.
Gi 1 l tinh du trm 2,5 ml l 160 USD (1993).

7. Chi xu- Baekea frutescens L.
H Sim (Myrtaceae)
B phn dng: L v cnh
Thnh phn: Tinh du 1,94 - 3,72%
Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l cineol (<30%), ngoi ra cn c cc alcol khc v
tasmanon. c bit tinh du chi xu Qung Bnh c cha 22,9 - 24,3% tasmanon
c dng nh tinh du Trm.

8. i bi - Blumea balsamifera DC
H Cc - Asteraceae
L c cha tinh du
Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l borneol v L-camphor. T l borneol v camphor
thay i theo tng vng: H Giang: 97% borneol, 1,12% camphor; H Ni: 50,57%
v 18,71% k Mil (k Nng): 5,70% v 70,05%.
L v tinh du c dng cha cm cm, au mt, au bng, ho lu ngy v.v.

9. V hng , X x - Cinnamomum parthenoxylon Meissn.
H long no - Lauraceae
* V hng H Bc:
- G cha tinh du (2,9%).
Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l safrol (96,4%).
- L c cha tinh du (1,9%)
Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l linalol (91,42%)

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* V hng Vnh Ph
- G c cha tinh du (2,47 - 2,60%)
Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l safrol (90 - 93%)
- L c cha tinh du (3,20 - 3,56%).
Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l methyl eugenol (98%).
Thng dng g gc khai thc tinh du.
Tinh du V hng hay X x, Oleum Sassafras, tn thng phm Chinese Sassafras
oil, c dng trong k ngh hng liu (bn tng hp heliotropin), dng lm hng
liu trong k ngh thc phm. Hin nay do nhiu l do, tinh du g V hng thuc
mt hng nh nc qun l.

10. Hng chanh - Coleus aromaticus Lour., h Bc h - Lamiaceae
L c cha tinh du (0,05-0,12%) (tnh trn nguyn liu ti).
Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l carvacrol (39,5%).
L dng lm rau gia v, ch ho. Tinh du khng c khai thc v hm lng thp.

11. Ngh- Curcuma longa L., h Gng (Zigiberaceae)
B phn dng: -Thn r ngh ti hoc phi kh, tn thng phm: Turmeric, -Tinh
du ngh- Oleum Curcuma longae, tn thng phm: Turmeric oil
- Nha du ngh, tn thng phm Turmeric oleoresin
- Curcumin
Tinh du ngh c iu ch bng phng php ct ko hi nc, hiu sut 1,3 -
5,5%. Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l turmeron (29,5%), ar-turmeron (24,7%),
turmerol (20,0%), -curcumen (2,5%) v cc hp cht sesquiterrpen khc.
Nha du ngh c iu ch bng phng php chit xut vi dung mi, hiu xut
?6 - 10%. Nha du c cha tinh du v 35 - 45% curcumin
Curcumin l nhng tinh th mu vng, l mt hn hp cc hp cht curcumin I,
curcumin II v curcumin II.
Ngh, tinh du ngh, nh du ngh v curcumin l nhng gia v, cht thm v cht
mu rt quan trng trong k ngh thc phm. Ngh v curcumin ngoi ra cn c
dng trong k ngh Dc sn xut thuc chng vim ng tiu ho, thuc thp
khp v c bit cha cc bnh v da. Curcumin l cht chng oxyho c s dng
nhiu hin nay.

12. Kinh gii ni- Elsholtzia blanda (Benth.) Benth.
H Hoa mi (Lamiaceae)
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Kinh gii ni mc hoang c nhiu chng ho hc khc nhau:
- Chng cho tinh du giu linalol (>70%)
- Chng cho tinh du giu linalol (50%) v cineol (20%)
- Chng cho tinh du giu -naginaten (53 - 65%)
- Chng cho tinh du giu -naginaten (43%) v dehydro elsholtzia keton (14%)
- Chng cho tinh du giu dehydro elsholtzia keton (58%) v -naginaten (12%)
Trong chng giu linalol c ngha khai thc tinh du.? y c th l ngun
nguyn liu cho tinh du giu linalol c gi tr Vit Nam.

13. Kinh gii trng- Elsholtzia ciliata (Thunb.) Hyland.
H Hoa mi (Lamiaceae)
Mc hoang v c trng khp ni dng lm rau gia v. D l mc hoang ( Sa Pa)
hay trng ( H Ni), thnh phn tinh du rt t thay i. Thnh phn chnh l neral
(19,5 - 27,3%), geranial (19,5 - 27,3%).

14. Cha d- Elsholtzia penduliflora W. W. Smith
H Hoa mi (Lamiaceae)
Thnh phn chnh catinh du tinh du l cineol (60,0 - 65,2%).
y c th coi l ngun nguyn liu khai thc tinh du giu cineol ca Vit Nam sau
cy trm.

15. Kinh gii t- Elsholtzia winitiana Craib.
H Hoa mi (Lamiaceae)
Thnh phn ho hc ca tinh du kinh gii t cng rt a dng. C nhng chng cho
tinh du giu cinol (Mng Lng, K Sn, Ngh An), hoc giu cineol, camphor
(21,5%, 19,1%, Sa Pa), hoc giu elsholtzia keton (75,4%, Sa Pa). Cn kim tra li
i n thng nht.

16. Chu th- Gaultheria procumbens L. (Syn. Gaultheria fragrantissima Wall.)
H quyn (Ericaceae)
L c cha 0,7%, cnh nh 0,47%, thn 0,21%,r 0,37% tinh du.
Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l methyl salicylat (96,8 - 99,0%)
Tinh du chu th- Oleum Gaultheriae, tn thng phm Wintergreen oil, c dng
lm hng liu trong k ngh pha ch ung, bnh ko.

17. Thin nin kin - Homalomena aromatica Schott.
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H Ry - Araceae
Thn r c cha tinh du (0,8-1%).
Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l linalol (72,1%).

18. ln trng - Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit.
H hoa mi - Lamiaceae
Phn trn mt t c cha tinh du.
Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l eugenol (68,2% Tn K,Ngh An), hoc cineol v
-caryophylen ( 7,3 v 44,3% Ph Quc; 24,4 v 30,3% Vng Tu; 28,2 v 30,8
Ninh Thun).

19. Hi ni - Illicium griffithii Hook. et. Thom.
H Hi - Illiciaceae
- Qu c cha tinh du (1,5%)
Thnh phn chnh l safrol (77,5%).
- L c cha tinh du ( 3%
Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l safrol (Lng Sn, Ngh An), hoc safrol v methyl
eugenol (Lng Sn, loi cung hoa di), hoc linalol v safrol (Ninh Bnh).
- R c cha tinh du.
Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l safrol (70%).
Ngoi ra l v qu mt s loi hi ni Vit Nam c nghin cu. Thnh phn
ho tinh du rt khc nhau, nhng c mt im chung l tinh du cc loi hi ni hon
ton khng c cha anethol. Cn lu trnh nhm ln v pht hin gi mo khi
c hi ni trn ln v dc liu i hi bn trn th trng.

20. Hi nc - Limnophila rugosa (Roth.) Merr.
H Hoa mm si - Scrophulariaceae
Mc hoang Bc Giang, Sa Pa
Phn trn mt t c cha tinh du (3,27%).
Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l anehtol (94,8 - 96,4%).

21. Mng tang - Litsea cubeba Pers.
H Long no - Lauraceae
Qu cha tinh du (trn 6%).
Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du qul citral (65%).
Thnh phn tinh du l rt a dng, to nn nhiu chng ho hc khc nhau. ng ch
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l cc chng giu cineol v linalol. c bit l chng cho tinh du giu linalol
c pht hin Ba V, vi hm lng linalol trn 90%. Cn nghin cu nhn ging
c ngun nguyn liu giu linalol rt c gi tr.

22. Trm tr- Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel
H Sim (Myrtaceae)
Ngun gc Australia, Vit Nam di thc hin trng cc tnh pha Nam.
L c cha tinh du (1,8%). Thnh phn chnh l terpinen-4-ol.

23. Men ru - Mosla chinensis Maxim (Syn. Orthodon chinensis (Maxim) Kudo)
H hoa mi - Lamiaceae
Thu hi Lc Ngn (Bc Giang).
Phn trn mt t c cha tinh du (0,51%).
Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l thymol (68,3-70%).

24. Vng tng - Murraaya sp.
H Cam - Rutaceae
L c cha tinh du (5,52%)
Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l menthon (93,78 - 99,49%) bao gm iso menthon v
Menthon

25. Hng qu - Ocimum basilicum L. var. basilicum
H hoa mi - Lameaceae
Phn trn mt t c cha tinh du (0,4-0,8%) (tnh trn nguyn liu ti). Thnh
phn chnh ca tinh du l methyl chavicol (89-90%).
Tinh du hng qu? Oleum Basilici, tn thng phm l Basil oil c dng trong k
ngh thc phm lm hng liu ch bin thc n v ung. Ngoi ra cn dng
trong k ngh nc hoa. Dc liu c dng lm rau gia v, dng ti v c kh.

26. Tr tin ( trng) - Ocimum basilicum var. pilosum (Wild.) Benth.
H hoa mi - Lamiaceae
- Cnh mang l c cha tinh du (0,97-2,06%). Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l
citral (67,82%) (citral a 32,27%, citral b 27,54%). Loi trng H Ni hm lng
citral c th t trn 80%.
- T qun th Tr Tin, chn c mt s cc th bin d (v l, hoa v chiu cao
ca cy). Loi ny mang trng ring, cho hm lng tinh du 0,35% (trn nguyn
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liu ti). Thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l linalol 78,9%.

Ghi ch
S - Camellia sasanqua Thunb
H Ch - Theacea
Theo nhng nghin cu mi y (Tp ch Dc hc 1994, 4, 16 - 17), l s -
Camellia sasanqua Thunb. H Ch - Theaceae, hu nh khng c cha tinh du (hm
lng tinh du trong l l 0,0026%) v tinh du khng c cha eugenol. Cn lu
thng tin ny, v lu nay theo mt s ti liu c lu hnh Vit Nam th l s c
cha 0,4 - 1% tinh du (tnh trn nguyn liu ti) v thnh phn chnh ca tinh du l
eugenol (95 - 97%).

Cng thc 16 thnh phn chnh ca tinh du: - v -
pinen, geraniol, linalol, menthol, borneol, citral, citronelal, menthol, camphor, cineol,
ascaridol,eugenol, methylchavicol, anethol, safrol v aldehyd cinnamic.
Sa ti liu c: cng thc cineol, cng thc Zingiberen & curcumen, aldehyt cinamic,
tn vanilin = vanillin; citronelal = citronellal

Ti liu tham kho
Trn Vn Bnh (2003) Tinh du v hng liu
L nh Mi (2001-2002) Ti nguyn thc vt c tinh du Vit Nam Tp I.II Nh
xut bn Nng nghip
Nguyn Th Tm (2003) Nhng tinh du lu hnh trn th trng. Nh xut bn khoa
hc v k thut
Vin Dc liu (2006) Nghin cu thuc t tho dc. Nh xut bn khoa hc v k
thut
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