A.

PHN BIT MT S CHT V C

I. Nhn bit mt s cation trong dung dch
1. Nhn bit cation NH+4
- Thm lng d dung dch kim KOH hoc NaOH vo dung dch cha ion amoni s thy c
kh mi khai gii phng
NH+4+OH NH3+H2O
2. Nhn bit Ba2+
- nhn bit Ba2+ ta dng cht c cha gc sunfat ( v d H2SO4) , sn phm thu c l
kt ta trng khng tan
Ba2++SO24 BaSO4
- C th dng K2CrO4 hoc K2Cr2O7
Ba2++CrO24 BaCrO4 ( kt ta vng ti)
Ba2++Cr2O27+H2O 2BaCrO4+2H+
3. Nhn bit Al3+,Cr3+
- 2 cation ny c tnh lng tnh . Khi thm kim vo cho n d th s c hin tng to kt ta
v kt ta ta
Al3++3OH Al(OH)3
Al(OH)3+OH [Al(OH)4]
4. Nhn bit Fe2+,Fe3+,Cu2+,Ni2+
- Thuc c trng nhn bit ion Fe3+ l dung dch cha ion thioxianat SCN , n to kt ta
phc mu
Fe3++3SCN Fe(SCN)3
- Cho dung dch kim NaOH,KOH hoc NH3 vo Fe3+ thu c kt ta mu nu
Fe3++3OH Fe(OH)3
- Cho kim vo Fe2+ s to kt ta trng , kt ta ny ha nu ngay trong khng kh
Fe2++2OH Fe(OH)2
4Fe(OH)2+O2+2H2O 4Fe(OH)3
- Cc dung dch cha Fe2+ lm mt mu dung dch thuc tm c mt ion H+
MnO4+5Fe2++8H+ Mn2++5Fe3++4H2O
(tm hng) khng mu
- Thuc th c trng ca Cu2+ l dung dch NH3 . Dung dch thuc th u tin to vi ion
Cu2+ kt ta Cu(OH)2 mu xanh , sau kt ta b ha tan to phc mu xanh thm
Cu2++2NH3+2H2O Cu(OH)2+2NH+4
Cu(OH)2+4NH3 [Cu(NH3)4]2++2OH
- Cc dung dch Ni2+ u c mu xanh l cy , tc dng vi kim to thnh kt ta Ni(OH)2
mu xanh lc v kt ta tan trong NH3 to phc mu xanh
Ni2++2OH Ni(OH)2
Ni(OH)2+6NH3 [Ni(NH3)6]2++2OH
II. Nhn bit mt s anion trong dung dch
1. Nhn bit NO3
- Dng Cu trong mi trng axit => to kh khng mu v ha nu trong khng kh
3Cu+2NO3+8H+ 3Cu2++2NO+4H2O
2NO+O2 2NO2
2. Nhn bit SO24
- Thuc th c trng cho ion ny l BaCl2 , trong mi trng axit long d
Ba2++SO24 BaSO4
- Dng trong mi trng axit v c mt s loi ion cho kt ta trng ging SO24 nh :
CO23,PO34,SO23,HPO24 . Nhng cc kt ta u tan trong mi trng axit
3. Nhn bit Cl
- Thuc th c trng ca anion ny l Ag+ => to kt ta keo trng
Ag++Cl AgCl
- Cc anion Br v I cng c phn ng tng t . Tuy nhin khc vi AgBr v AgI,AgCl
tan trong dung dch NH3 long
AgCl+2NH3 [Ag(NH3)2]Cl
4. Nhn bit CO23
- Dng dung dch axit => to kh khng mu CO2 , nhn CO2 bng cch dn qua dung dch
nc vi trong
CO23+2H+ CO2+H2O
CO2+Ca(OH)2 CaCO3+H2O
- C th dng nc vi trong hoc ion Ba2+ => to kt ta trng khng tan trong nc
CO23+Ca(OH)2 CaCO3+2OH
CO23+ Ba2+ BaCO3
III. Nhn bit mt s cht kh
1. Nhn bit CO2
- Nhn CO2 bng cch a qua dung dch nc vi trong hoc dung dch Ba(OH)2 => to
kt ta trng
CO2+Ca(OH)2 CaCO3+H2O
CO2+Ba(OH)2 BaCO3+H2O
2. Nhn bit SO2
- Kh SO2 khng mu , nng hn khng kh , c mi hc , gy ngt , lm vn c nc vi trong
nh CO2
- SO2 lm mt mu dung dch Brom v dung dch iot ( mu nu )
SO2+Br2+H2O H2SO4+2HBr
SO2+I2+2H2O H2SO4+2HI
3. Nhn bit Cl2
- Cl2 c mu vng lc , nng hn khng kh , mi hc , c , t tan trong nc
- Dng giy tm KI v h tinh bt nhn ra Cl2
Cl2+KI KCl+I2
- I2 to vi h tinh bt hn hp mu xanh
4. Nhn bit NO2
- NO2 nng hn khng kh , mu nu , c , t tan trong nc , phn ng vi H2O to
HNO3
4NO2+O2+2H2O 4HNO3
- Nhn HNO3 bng Cu
5. Nhn bit H2S
- H2S l kh khng mu , c mi trng thi . H2S d to kt ta sunfua vi nhiu mui ngay c
trong mi trng axit
Cu2++H2S CuS( en) + 2H+
Pb2++H2S PbS (en) + 2H+
B. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1 : C 4 dung dch Al(NO3)3,NaNO3,Na2CO3,NH4NO3 . Ch dng mt dung dch
no sau y phn bit cc cht trong dung dch trn ?
A. H2SO4 B. NaCl C. K2SO4 D. Ba(OH)2
Cu 2 : Ch dng thm mt thuc th no sau y c th phn bit c cc dung dch
NaCl,NH4Cl,AlCl3,FeCl2,CuCl2,(NH4)2SO4 ?
A. BaCl2 B. Ba(OH)2 C. NaOH D. Qu tm
Cu 3 : C 5 dung dch ring r , mi dung dch cha 1 cation sau :
NH+4,Mg2+,Fe2+,Fe3+,Al3+ ( c nng 0,1M) . Dng dung dch NaOH cho vo tng
dung dch trn , c th nhn bit ti a c bao nhiu dung dch ?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 1 D. 5
Cu 4 : C 5 l cha ha cht mt nhn mi l ng mt dung dch cha cation sau ( nng
khong 0,01M) : Fe2+,Cu2+,Ag+,Al3+,Fe3+ . Ch dng 1 dung dch l thuc th KOH
c th nhn bit ti a my dung dch ?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 1 D. 5
Cu 5 : C cc l ha cht khng nhn , mi l cha mt dung dch khng mu sau :
Na2SO4,Na2S,Na2CO3,Na3PO4,Na2SO3 . Ch c dng 1 thuc th l H2SO4 nh
trc tip vo tng dung dch c th nhn bit dung dch no ?
A. Na2CO3,Na2S,Na2SO3 B. Na2CO3,Na2S
C. Na2CO3,Na2S,Na3PO4 D. C 5 dung dch
Cu 6 : C cc dung dch khng mu ng trong cc l ring bit , khng dn nhn :
ZnSO4,Mg(NO3)2,Al(NO3)3. phn bit cc dung dch trn c th dng ?
A. Qu tm B. NaOH C. Ba(OH)2 D. BaCl2
Cu 7 : phn bit cc dung dch MgCl2,ZnCl2,AlCl3,FeCl2,KCl bng phng php
ha hc , c th dng
A. NaOH B. NH3 C. Na2CO3 D. Qu tm
Cu 8 : Trong cc thuc th sau : (1) dung dch H2SO4 long , (2) CO2 v H2O ,(3) dung
dch BaCl2 , (4) dung dch HCl . Thuc th phn bit c cc cht ring bit
CaCO3,BaSO4,K2CO3,K2SO4 l
A. (1) v (2) B. (2) v (4)
C. (1),(2),(3) D. (1) ,(2) ,(4)
Cu 9 : C cc l ring bit cha cc dung dch sau :
AlCl3,ZnCl2,FeSO4,Fe(NO3)3,NaCl . Ch dng dung dch no sau y phn bit
cc cht trn ?
A. Na2CO3 B. Ba(OH)2 C. NH3 D. NaOH
Cu 10 : C 5 l mt nhn ng 5 dung dch sau : NaOH,MgCl2,CuCl2,AlCl3,FeCl3.
S lng thuc th ti thiu dng nhn bit 5 dung dch trn l :
A. 3 B. 2 C. 1 D. 0
Cu 11 : C cc dung dch ring r sau : AlCl3,NaCl,MgCl2,H2SO4 . nhn bit c
4 dung dch trn ch cn dng 1 thuc th l ?
A. NaOH B. BaCl2 C. AgNO3 D. Qu tm
Cu 12 : Cho cc dung dch :
NaCl,AlCl3,Al2(SO4)3,FeCl2,MgCl2,NH4Cl,(NH4)2CO3 . nhn bit cc dung
dch trn ch cn dng 1 thuc th l :
A. NaOH B. CaCl2 C. Ba(OH)2 D. H2SO4
Cu 13 : C 6 dung dch sau : NH4NO3,Al(NO3)3,Pb(NO3)2,FeCl2,HCl,KOH . S
lng thuc th ti thiu cn dng nhn bit c cc dung dch trn l
A. 3 B. 2 C. 1 D. 0




p n : 1D 2B 3D 4D 5A 6C 7B 8A 9C 10D 11A 12C 13D