Hệ Thống Dẫn Đường Hàng Không

Cc h thng thit b dn ng Hng khng
Ngi bin son : K s Nguyn vn Thanh

1

NI DUNG

Chng I: Tng quan v dn ng hng khng.
I-1.Chc nng dn ng hng khng.
I-2.Cc phng php dn ng hng khng.
I-3.Phn lai cc thit b dn ng mt t.
I-4.nh gi v thnh tu ca thit b dn ng khng gian.
Phn I: CC H THNG DN NG HIN TI
Chng II: i dn ng v hng (NDB)
II-1.Chc nng, nhim v ca i dn ng v hng.
II-2.Mng NDB ti Vit Nam.
II-3.Cc tiu chun ICAO i vi i NDB.
II-4.Cc phng thc khai thc i NDB.
Chng III: i dn ng v tuyn a hng sng cc ngn (VOR)
III-1.Chc nng, nhim v ca i dn ng v tuyn a hng sng
cc ngn (VOR).
III-2.Mng VOR ti Vit Nam.
III-3.Cc tiu chun ICAO i vi i VOR.
III-4.Cc phng thc khai thc i VOR.
Chng IV: i o c ly (DME)
IV-1.Chc nng, nhim v ca i o c ly.
IV-2.Mng DME ti Vit Nam.
IV-3.Cc tiu chun ICAO i vi i DME.
IV-4.Cc phng thc khai thc i DME.
Chng V: H thng hng dn h cnh chnh xc (ILS)
V-1.Chc nng, thnh phn ca h thng ILS.
V-2.Mng ILS ti Vit Nam.
V-3.Cc tiu chun ICAO i vi h thng ILS.
V-4.Cc phng thc khai thc h thng ILS.
Chng VI: Nhc im ca h thng dn ng hin ti
Phn II: H THNG DN NG TNG LAI
Chng VII: H thng dn ng v tinh ton cu (GNSS)
VII-1.Chc nng, thnh phn ca h thng GNSS.
VII-2.H thng nh v ton cu GPS.
VII-3.H thng v tinh nh v qy o ton cu GLONASS.
VII-4. Cc h thng tng cng.
VII-5.Cc phng thc khai thc h thng GNSS.


2

CHNG I
TNG QUAN V DN NG HNG KHNG.

I-1.Chc nng ca h thng thit b dn ng hng khng.
H thng thit b dn ng hng khng l h thng thit b nhm
cung cp thng tin cho tu bay thng qua cc my thu c trang b trn tu
bay, gip ngi li xc nh c cc thng tin sau:
- Tu bay ang u ?
- Tu bay ang bay v hng no ?
- Tu bay ang cch i dn ng/sn bay bao nhiu dm ?
- Tu bay bay nh th no ?
I-2.Cc phng php dn ng hng khng.
2-1.Dn ng theo phng php bn (Pilotting): quan st, theo di
da vo cc a vt c nh nh cc ngn ni cao, sng h, cc cy cao, cc
nh cao tng.
2-2.Dn ng theo phng php thin vn (Celestial): quan st da
vo cc chm sao v cc hnh tinh trong v tr nh sao Bc u xc nh
v tr ca mnh.
2-3.Dn ng theo phng php qun tnh (Inertial navigation): s
dng dng c dn ng qun tnh t trn tu bay (gia tc k), xc nh
c v tr tu bay, tc , gia tc, v v hng mi tu bay (heading).
2-4.Dn ng theo phng php da vo thit b v tuyn mt t
(Ground-based radio navigation aids): s dng cc my thu, thu cc tn hiu
dn ng trong khng gian c pht ra bi cc thit b v tuyn mt t.
2-5.Dn ng theo phng php da vo thit b khng gian (Space-
based radio navigation aids): s dng my thu GNSS thu cc tn hiu dn
ng pht ra t cc chm v tinh v cc thit b tng cng.
I-3.Phn lai cc thit b dn ng mt t.
3-1.Thit b dn ng v tuyn (Non visual navigation aids): l h
thng cc thit b cung cp cho tu bay cc thng tin cn thit xc nh v
tr ca tu bay trong khng gian theo phng thc pht sng ra khng gian.
Cc h thng dn ng thng dng (Conventional navigation aids):
L cc h thng ph bin hin ang s dng nh:
+ i dn ng v hng (NDB): Xc nh hng (Bearing).
+ i ch chun (Marker): Xc nh v tr (Location).
+ i dn ng a hng sng cc ngn (VOR): Xc nh gc
phng v (Azimuth).
+ i o c ly (DME): Xc nh c ly.
+ H thng hng dn h cnh chnh xc (ILS): Xc nh qi o
h cnh.
3-2.Thit b dn ng bng mt (Visual navigation aids): l h thng
cc thit b cung cp v hng dn tu bay bng tn hiu nh sng, bin bo,
tn hiu sn trong khu vc tip cn, ti sn.

3

- H thng bin bo (Guidance signs): Ch dn tu bay ct h cnh
ng hng v v tr, di chuyn trn khu bay, cnh bo chng ngi
vt.
- H thng n hiu hng khng (ALS Aviation Lighting System):
Cung cp thng tin bng nh sng ch dn tu bay hot ng
trong khu vc tip cn, h cnh v khu bay.
- H thng n hng dn ng trt h cnh (PAPI/VASIS
Precision Approach Path Indicator/Visual Approach Slope Indicator
System): Gip tu bay xc nh ng trt h cnh theo mt gc
xc nh, c qui nh theo tiu chun ICAO.
I-4.nh gi v thnh tu ca thit b khng gian.
Trong th k th 20, c ba thnh tu ln trong lnh vc k thut quc
phng ca Hoa k l:
- Pht trin t v kh thng thng sang v kh ht nhn.
- Pht trin t vn phng c in sang Internet.
- Pht trin t phng php dn ng da vo thit b mt t sang
thit b khng gian.


4

CHNG II
I DN NG V HNG NDB.

II-1 Chc nng nhim v ca i NDB.
1-1. M u.
NDB (Non Directional radio Beacon) cng vi ILS (Instrument
Landing System), VOR/DME (VHF Omnidirectional radio Range / Distance
Measuring Equipment), l cc h thng thit b dn ng nhm mc ch
ph tr khng vn trong c hai ch :
- H cnh (Landing) (Hnh 2-1)

Hnh 2-1: i NDB s dng phc v h cnh.
- Dn ng (Enroute) (Hnh 2-2)


5

Hnh 2-2: i NDB s dng phc v dn ng.
1-2. Chc nng Nhim v ca i NDB.
a.Chc nng: Cn gi l i t tm mc tiu, lm vic gii tn trung
bnh v thp, pht cc tn hiu v hng m nh ngi li trn tu bay
c trang b mt my thu v mt ng-ten nh hng ph hp, c th nh
c hng (Bearing) ca mnh i vi trm mt t (i NDB) v tu bay,
xem hnh v 2-3.

Hnh 2-3: Xc nh hng ca i NDB.

b.Nhim v:

NDB
PK
NDB
BU
NDB
AC
D = 20 Km (Ni a)
D = 30 Km (Quc t)
D
Airway W1


6

b1.Khi NDB lm nhim v i gn, i xa (Locator) : N gip cho tu
bay xc nh c trc tm (Center line) ng CHC ko di (ch
Landing) (xem li hnh v 2-1).
- i TD, i GV xc nh trc tm ng CHC 25R (TSN)
- i SG, i GN xc nh trc tm ng CHC 25L (TSN)
- i BU, i HT xc nh trc tm ng CHC 09 (BMT)
b2.Khi NDB lm nhim v i im cho mt sn bay: N gip cho tu
bay xc nh c hng bay v sn bay sau h cnh theo phng thc
bng mt, xem Hnh 2-4.

Hnh 2-4: Bay v i NDB.
b3. Khi NDB lm nhim v i im cho mt ng bay (ch En-
route): N c t ni giao im gia cc ng hng khng (Airway) hay
gia mt ng hng khng, gip tu bay bay ng ng hng khng ,
xem li hnh 2-2. i NDB cng c th xc nh v tr tu bay nh hnh v 2-
5.

Hnh 2-5: S dng hai i NDB.
II-2.Mng NDB ca Vit nam : Xem ph lc 2-1

Ph lc 2-1

7

H THNG I NDB KHU VC TCT CNG HKMN

STT

Tn Khu Vc

Nhim v

Thit b
fct

(Khz)
Cng
sut
(W)

Ident
Ghi
Ch

1 Sn bay TSN
25 R i xa ND 500 358 50/125 TD H24
i gn ND 500 375 30/125 GV H24
25 L i xa ND 500 326 50/125 SG H24
i gn ND 500 343 30/125 GN H24
2 Sn bay LK i xa,
im
ND
4000
330 1000 DL H12
i gn ND 500 312 50/125 HYD Off
3 Sn bay
BMT
i xa,
im
ND
4000
386 1000 BU H24
i gn ND 500 370 50/125 HT HS
4 Sn bay CL i gn XLA 50 350 50 CL Off
5 Sn bay PQ i gn ND 500 278 50/125 PQ HS
6 Sn bay RG i gn ND 500 335 50/125 RG HS
7 Sn bay QL i gn ND 500 305 50/125 QL HS
8 Sn bay CS i gn UCFR 330 100 CS HS
9 Sn bay CT i xa 244 MT HS
i gn 408 M HS
i xa 244 PL HS
i gn 408 P HS


8

H THNG I NDB KHU VC TCT CNG HKMB

STT

Tn Khu Vc

Nhim v

Thit b
fct

( Khz)
Cng
sut
(W)

Ident
Ghi
Ch

1 Sn bay
Ni Bi

i xa 320 KW H24
i gn 230 K H24
2 Sn bay
Ct Bi

i xa 274 BK HS
i gn 327 B HS
3 Sn bay
Vinh

i xa 218 XW HS
i gn 448 X HS
4 Sn bay
N sn
i gn 349 BQ HS
5 Sn bay
in Bin
i gn 380 DB HS
6 Sn bay
Gia Lm
i gn 408 GL HS


9

H THNG I NDB KHU VC TCT CNG HKMT

STT

Tn Khu Vc

Nhim v

Thit b
fct

( Khz)
Cng
sut
(W)

Ident
Ghi
Ch

1 Sn bay
Nng

35 R i xa ND
4000
212 1000 DJ H24
i gn ND 500 234 50/125 D H24
2 Sn bay
Ph Bi

i xa ND
2000
440 500 PB H24
i gn ND 500 348 125 P HS
3 Sn bay
Ph Ct

i xa ND
2000
250 500 PC H24
i gn ND 500 388 50/125 C HS
4 Sn bay
Pleiku
i gn ND
4000
282 1000 PK HS
5 Sn bay
ng Tc
i gn LX
4000
200 150 TH HS
6 Sn bay
Nha Trang
i gn ND
2000
289 200 NG HS
7 Sn bay
Cam Ranh
i gn ND
2000
414 500 CR H24
8 Sn bay
Chu Lai
i gn UCFR 300 100 CQ HS


10

H THNG I NDB KHU VC QUN L BAY

STT

Tn Khu Vc

Nhim v

Thit b
fct

( Khz)
Cng
sut
(W)

Ident
Ghi
Ch

1 Khu vc MN
i An Lc i im SA
1000
320 1000 AC H24
2 Khu vc MB
i Ninh
Bnh
i im SA
1000
304 1000 HL H24
3 Khu vc MB
i Mc
Chu
i im SA
1000
514 1000 MC H24

Lu : Thut ng ng hng khng (airway) (xem iu 3, Chng 2, Ngh
nh 94/CP v Qun l hot ng bay)

1. ng hng khng bao gm ng hng khng quc t, ng hng
khng ni a, c thit lp trn c s sau y:
a) Nhu cu giao lu hng khng quc t;
b) Yu cu hot ng bay ni a;
c) Yu cu, kh nng cung cp cc dch v bo m hot ng bay, bo
m an ninh, an ton hng khng;
d) Yu cu, kh nng qun l v bo v vng tri; bo m quc phng
v an ninh quc gia;
) Ph hp quy hoch pht trin ngnh hng khng dn dng Vit Nam
v k hoch khng vn ca T chc Hng khng dn dng quc t.
2. ng hng khng ni a l ng hng khng c im u v im
cui nm trong lnh th Vit Nam; chiu rng l 20 km, trong trng hp c
bit n 30 km; gii hn thp l cao bay an ton thp nht. ng hng
khng ni a c k hiu bng ch W v nh s th t bng ch s Rp.
3. ng hng khng quc t l ng hng khng trong vng tri Vit
Nam c chiu rng l 30 km, trong phn vng thng bo bay trn bin quc
t do Vit Nam qun l l 90 km; gii hn thp l cao bay an ton thp
nht. ng hng khng quc t c k hiu bng ch A, B, G, L, M, N, P,
R v nh s bng ch s Rp.

II-3.Cc tiu chun ICAO i vi i NDB.
3-1.Cc khi nim c bn.

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- i ch mc (Locator): l i NDB lm vic trong gii tn LF/MF
c s dng cho mc ch tip cn h cnh.
- My thu ADF: C gii thng bng 6 KHz.
3-2.Gii tn s lm vic (Radio frequencies).
- Gii tn lm vic ca cc i NDB nm trong khong (190
1.750) KHz. Vi sai s tn s cho php f 0,01% so vi tn s
lm vic. Trong trng hp i NDB c cng sut pht ln hn
200W v tn s lm vic ln hn 1.606,5 KHz th f yu cu l
0,005 % .
- Vi cc i Locator lm nhim v kt hp b tr cho h thng ILS
th tn s lm vic gia hai i phi cch nhau mt khong fcr v
c qui nh: 15 KHz < fcr < 25 KHz
3-3.Cng sut pht (Coverage).
a. Cng sut pht ca i NDB phi c m bo ph sng ng vi
mt c ly nht nh ty thuc vo nhim v ca i.
- Trong ch landing : T (10 25) nautical mile
- Trong ch en-route: T (25 150) nautical mile
b.Cng sut pht ca mt i NDB khng c vt qu 2dB so vi
mc cn thit m bo tm ph sng ca c ly cho php.
3-4.iu ch (Modulation).
Tn hiu m tn iu ch ca i NDB tho mn cc tiu chun sau
a. Tn s m thanh iu ch (The Modulating tone) :
- Tiu chun 1.020 Hz 50 Hz .
- Tiu chun 400 Hz 25 Hz .
b. su iu ch (The depth of modulation) 95% .
3-5.Tn hiu nhn dng (Identification).
- S dng m Morse quc t .
- Tc 7 Ident / 1 pht .
- Ni dung : t hai n ba t (ch hoc s).
- Thi gian c php mt Ident : Khng qu 60s.
3-6.H thng gim st v iu khin (Monitoring).
Tiu chun ti thiu ca h thng gim st v iu khin ca mt i
NDB gm :
- Cng sut : Khi cng sut gim -3 dB phi t ng chuyn my
(hoc tt my).
- Mt tn hiu nhn dng : Phi t ng chuyn my (hoc tt my).
- H thng Gim st c s c : Phi t ng chuyn my (hoc tt
my).

3-7. H thng cp ngun (Power supply).
H thng cp ngun y cho mt i NDB gm ba dng theo th
t u tin sau:

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- in mng cng nghip (AC).
- in my n (AC).
- c-quy (DC).
Khi mt ngun, thi gian chuyn i t ngun ny sang ngun khc
ty thuc vo nhim v ca thit b (thng thng t 8 20).
H thng chuyn i l tng l h thng chuyn i t ng. M hnh
hot ng ca h thng c ch ra hnh v 2-3.

OK in mng
cng nghip

NO

(8 20)
OK Ngun Acqui

NO

OK in my n

NO

OK Ngun Acqui

Hnh 2-3: S chuyn i h thng ngun.
3-8. ng-ten (Antenna).
Thng thng cc i NDB s dng cc dng ng-ten sau :
- ng-ten ch T.
- ng-ten ch I.
- ng-ten c h s phm cht cao - Polestar.
ng-ten c nh gi qua mt tham s gi l h s bc x ca ng-
ten. H s c nh ngha : Cng sut bc x ra khng gian
Cng sut u vo ca ngten
H s bc x ca ng-ten ph thuc vo cng sut u vo ca ng-
ten (tc cng sut ca my pht). Cng sut u vo cng ln i hi h s
bc x ca ng-ten cng ln tc phm cht ca ng-ten cng cao.
Bng 2-1 ch ra s ph thuc gia cng sut u vo ca ng-ten v h
s bc x ca ng-ten ( tn s 300 KHz) .
Bng 2-1: S ph thuc gia cng sut u vo ca ng-ten v h s bc x.

Input power Radiation efficiency
to antenna of antenna
a. 5 KW 20% (-7 dB)
b. 5 KW 10% (-10 dB)
c. 1 KW 8% (- 11 dB)

13

d. 500 W 5% (-13 dB)
e. 100 W 3% (-15 dB)
f. 50 W 2% (-17 dB)
g. 10 W 1% (-20 dB)
h. 10 W 0,3% (-25 dB)
3-9. V tr t i (Siting).
Ty thuc vo nhim v ca i NDB m v tr t i c xc nh.
a. Khi NDB l i im :
- Nu l i im trong ch En-route th n l giao im ca hai
Airway hoc nm trn mt Airway v l tm ca Airway . Chiu
cao ca ng-ten c tnh ton ph hp vi cng sut ca my.
- Nu l i im trong ch Landing th n c t ti sn bay
mt v tr thun li cho vic pht sng, chiu cao ca ng-ten
khng c vi phm vo qui nh v chng ngi vt ca sn bay .
b. Khi NDB l i gn, i xa :
- Nu l i xa, chiu cao ng-ten ti thiu 18 m, v tr i cch
im chm bnh trn ng CHC t 6.500 m 11.100 m .
- Nu l i gn, chiu cao ng-ten ti a 12 m, v tr i cch im
chm bnh trn ng CHC 900 m 1.200 m .
c. Khi NDB lm nhim v i locator kt hp b tr cho h thng ILS
th v tr ca n t v tr ca i Outer v Middle marker v nm v cng 1
pha ca trc tm ng ct h cnh .
II-4.Cc phng thc khai thc i NDB.
4-1.i NDB c s dng cho dn ng trung cn.
- Cc i NDB c b tr dc theo ng bay.
- Tm ph sng phi tho mn tiu chun ICAO.
- C chnh xc cho php 10.
4-2.i NDB c s dng cho dn ng tip cn v vng ch.
- S dng ti thiu hai i NDB, cho mt hng tip cn.
- Vng ch c th s dng mt hoc hai i NDB.
- Tm ph sng phi tho mn tiu chun ICAO.
- Phng thc tip cn khng linh hot.
- C chnh xc cho php 5.


14

Ph lc 2-2

15

BNG M MORSE QUC T

A M Y
B N Z
C O 1
D P 2
E Q 3
F R 4
G S 5
H T 6
I U 7
J V 8
K W 9
L X


16

CHNG III
I DN NG V TUYN A HNG SNG CC NGN
(VOR-VHF Omnidirectional radio Range)
III-1.Chc nng nhim v ca i VOR.
1.1.Chc nng: Cung cp cho tu bay thng tin v gc gia hng ca tu
bay n ni t i v phng Bc t. Xem Hnh 3-1.

Hnh 3-1: Xc nh gc phng v ca i VOR.

1.2.Phn loi: C bn dng i VOR thng c s dng (ph thuc vo
phng php xc nh gc phng v), l:
- Trm VOR chun (SVOR-Standard VOR)
- Trm VOR thng dng (CVOR-Conventional VOR)
- Trm VOR p-l (DVOR-Doppler VOR)
- Trm VOR p-l chnh xc (PDVOR- Precision Doppler VOR)
1.3.Nhim v:
- Thng thng i dn ng v tuyn a hng sng cc ngn
thng kt hp vi i o c ly to thnh trm xc nh gc
phng v v c ly (VOR/DME).
- Trm VOR/DME c dng cho c hai ch dn ng En-route
v Landing.
- Ti cc sn bay dn dng kt hp qun s th i dn ng v
tuyn a hng sng cc ngn thng kt hp vi knh o c ly
ca trm TACAN thnh trm VORTAC.

W
E
N
S
H

17

III-2.Mng VOR/DME ti Vit Nam.
- Trm VOR/DME c a vo s dng ti Vit Nam t rt sm
(trc nm 1975).
- Hin ti trn ton lnh th Vit Nam c khong 20 trm VOR/DME
(s liu n 12/2009).
- Tt c cc trm VOR/DME phc v cho dn dng u do Tng
cng ty Bo m hot ng bay (VANSCOR) qun l, ch c mt
trm VOR (Vng tu) phc v bay du kh do Cng ty dch v bay
MN qun l.
- Mng VOR/DME ca Vit nam : Xem bng 3-1

Bng 3-1: Mng VOR/DME ti Vit Nam.

STT Tn khu vc i hiu Tn s/Knh Loi
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Sn bay in Bin
Sn bay Ni Bi
Sn bay Ct Bi
Nam H
Sn bay Vinh
Sn bay Ph Bi
Sn bay Nng
Sn bay Ph Ct
Sn bay BMT
Phan Thit
Sn bay TSN
Sn bay Cam Ranh
Sn bay Cn Sn
Sn bay Vng Tu
Sn bay ng Hi
Sn bay Lin khng
Sn bay Ph Quc
Sn bay Cn Th
u Ty Ni Bi

DBI
NOB
CAB
NAH
VIN
HUE
DAN
PCA
BMT
PTH
TSN
CRA
CSN
VTV
DOH
LKH
ZDG
TRN
VPH
113.6MHz/83X
116.1MHz/108X
115.1MHz/98X
115.5MHz/102X
113.1MHz/78X
115.8MHz/105X
114.4MHz/91X
116.3MHz/110X
112.1MHz/58X
114.1MHz/88X
116.7MHz/114X
116.5MHz/112X
115.6MHz/103X
114.7MHz
116.2MHz/109X
112.3MHz/70X
115.2MHz/99X
113.2MHz/79X
113.9MHz/86X
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
CVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR
DVOR

III-3.Cc tiu chun ICAO i vi i VOR.
3-1.Gii tn s lm vic (Radio frequencies).
- Gii tn s t 112 MHz 118 MHz. Vi sai s tn s cho php
f 0,005% so vi tn s lm vic.
- S knh tn s lm vic l 160 knh, vi khong cch tn s gia
hai knh l 50 KHz.
- Phn cc ngang.
3-2.Tm ph sng (Coverage).
- Tm ph ca i VOR trong ch En-route: 370 Km.

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- Tm ph ca i VOR trong ch Landing: 185 Km.
- Tm ph phi t c trong gc ngng n 40.
(Xem hnh v 3-2)

Hnh v 3-2: Tm ph sng ca VOR theo c ly v cao .

3-3.iu ch (Modulation).
a.i vi i CVOR:
- Tn hiu bin thin (variable signal): Sng mang b iu ch bin
vi su iu ch l 30% bi tn hiu iu tn c tn s trung tn
(tn s sng mang ph) bng 9.960 Hz. Tn hiu ny b iu ch bi
tn s l 30 Hz vi ch s iu tn l 16, mang thng tin v gc
phng v 0 ca hng Bc (Xem hnh v 3-3).


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Hnh v 3-3: Nguyn l hnh thnh tn hiu CVOR.

- Tn hiu chun (reference signal): Sng mang b iu ch bin
vi su iu ch l 30% bi tn hiu m tn c tn s l 30 Hz,
mang thng tin v gc phng v ca im thu.
b. i vi i DVOR: Cch thc hin ngc li.
3-4.Tn hiu nhn dng (Identification).
- S dng m Morse quc t .
- Tc 7 Ident / 1 pht.
- Ni dung bao gm t 2 3 t .
- Thi gian c php mt Ident: Khng qu 30s.
3-5.H thng gim st v iu khin (Monitoring).
H thng gim st s thc hin vic chuyn my hoc tt my khi cc
iu kin sau xy ra:
- Sai s v gc phng v vt qu gii hn cho php 1.
- C s suy gim v su iu ch n 15% i vi cc tn hiu
iu ch nu.

3-6.V tr t i (Siting).
- Nu l i im trong ch En-route th n l giao im ca hai
Airway hoc nm trn mt Airway v l tm ca Airway .

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- Nu l i phc v trong ch Landing th n c b tr sao
cho c th c phc v h cnh cho c hai u.
- Mt phn x ti thiu i vi i CVOR l 600m, i vi DVOR l
300m, mt phn x phi bo m bng phng v khng tn ti
chng ngi vt.
III-4.Cc phng thc khai thc i VOR.
- Cc phng thc khai thc i VOR tng t NDB, tuy nhin trong
phng thc tip cn i VOR, ch cn mt i VOR c th c
s dng cho c hai u ng CHC v cho nhiu ng CHC.
- Phng thc tip cn v to vng ch s dng i VOR linh hot
hn.
- C th s dng i VOR cho phng thc khi hnh tiu chun
(SID Standard Instrument Departure) s dng thit b.
- C chnh xc cao hn, sai s gc phng v cho php l 2.


21

CHNG IV
I O C LY (DME)


22

IV-1.Chc nng, nhim v ca i o c ly.
1.1.Chc nng: Thit b o c ly (DMEDistance Measuring Equipment )
cung cp cho tu bay thng tin v c ly xin t tu bay n v tr t thit b
trn mt t.
1.2.Nhim v:
a.Trong ch En-route: Khi DME kt hp vi trm VOR lm nhim
v dn ng, th DME cung cp thng tin gip tu bay xc nh c c ly
xin t tu bay n v tr t trm DME. Lc DME s dng l DME v
hng.
(Hnh v 4-1)

Hnh v 4-1: o c ly xin trong ch En-route.
b.Trong ch Landing:
- Khi DME kt hp vi trm VOR, th DME cung cp thng tin gip
tu bay xc nh c c ly xin t tu bay n v tr t trm
DME. Lc DME s dng l DME v hng.
- Khi DME kt hp vi h thng ILS, th DME cung cp thng tin
gip tu bay xc nh c c ly xin t tu bay n v tr ngng
ng CHC. Lc DME s dng l DME nh hng hay v
hng.
- Khi DME kt hp vi h thng MLS, th DME phi l DME
chnh xc (DME/P).
(Hnh v 4-2)
IV-2.Mng DME ti Vit Nam.
- Ti Vit Nam khng c trm DME ng c lp, cng nh h
thng MLS/DME.
- DME kt hp vi VOR to thnh trm VOR/DME, xem bng 3-1.
- DME kt hp vi ILS to thnh h thng ILS/DME, xem bng 5-1.
IV-3.Cc tiu chun ICAO i vi i DME.
3.1.Cc khi nim c bn:

23

a.DME/N (DME/Narrow): l thit b o c ly hot ng ch en-
route v Landing, N k hiu thit b c c tnh ph hp ( phn bit vi
W).
b.DME/W (DME/Wide): l thit b o c ly hot ng ch en-
route v Landing, W k hiu thit b c c tnh ph rng ( phn bit vi
N).
c.DME/P (DME/Precise): l thit b o c ly hot ng ch
Landing, P k hiu thit b c c tnh ph hp v c tnh chnh xc cao.
d.Kiu W,X,Y,Z: l phng php m ho qu trnh pht xung ca
DME da vo s khc nhau v khong cch gia hai xung ca cp xung
c th s dng nhiu ln i vi mt tn s lm vic, xem bng 4-1.

Bng 4-1: Cc kiu m ha xung ca DME.

3.2.Cc yu cu c bn:
a.Cu hnh: Mt h thng o c ly bao gm hai thnh phn c bn, mt
t trn tu bay v mt t trn mt t.

24

- Thnh phn t trn tu bay c gi l my hi (Interrogator).
(Hnh v 4-3)

Hnh v 4-3: My hi.
- Thnh phn t trn mt t gi l my pht p (Transponder).
(Hnh v 4-4)

Hnh v 4-4: My pht p.
b.Nguyn l o c ly: My hi s pht xung hi n my pht p, sau
khi x l my pht p s pht xung tr li tng ng n my hi. iu ny
tng ng vi vic thc hin mt php o c ly. Xem hnh v 4-5a v 4-5b.


25

Hnh 4-5a: Nguyn l o c ly.
Hnh 4-5b: Nguyn l o c ly theo gin thi gian.

26

c.Khi mt trm DME lm vic kt hp vi h thng ILS, MLS hoc
trm VOR th phi lu n cc vn sau:
- Tn s hot ng phi tng ng theo bng tra cu qui nh ca
ICAO.

27

- V tr lp t phi tun th theo cc gii hn v v tr.
- Tho mn v qui nh i vi tn hiu nhn dng.
3.3.Cc c tnh k thut ca h thng:
a.Tm ph sng (Coverage):
- Khi s dng trm DME/N kt hp vi i VOR th tm ph sng
ca DME t nht phi t bng tm ph hiu qu ca VOR.
- Khi s dng trm DME/N kt hp vi h thng ILS th tm ph
sng ca DME t nht phi t bng tm ph sng ca h thng
ILS.
b. chnh xc (Accuracy):
- Vi c ly ph sng ti a 200 Nm (370 Km) th sai s c ly tng
cng ca trm khng c vt qu 0,25 Nm (460m).
- Vi DME phc v cho tip cn h cnh th sai s c ly tng cng
ca trm khng c vt qu 0,20 Nm (370m).
c.Gii tn v phn cc (Radio frequencies and polarization):
- Phn cc ng.
- Gii tn : (960 1.215) MHz.
- Cc tn s ca cc knh hi v knh tr li c cch nhau 63
MHz, cc knh ln cn cch nhau 1MHz.
- Cc my hi lm vic trn 126 knh vi tn s lm vic nm trong
khong (1.025 1.150) MHz.
- Cc my pht p lm vic trn 63 knh vi tn s lm vic nm
trong khong (962 1.024) MHz v 63 knh khc vi tn s lm
vic nm trong khong (1.151 1.213) MHz.
- Vic kt hp knh lm vic ca DME vi h thng ILS v trm
VOR c qui nh theo bng A, Chng 3, Phn I, Tp I, Ph c
10.
d.Tn hiu nhn dng (Identification):
- Tt c cc my pht p u pht tn hiu nhn dng theo hai cch,
hoc pht tn hiu nhn dng c lp hoc pht tn hiu nhn dng
ph thuc.
- Tn hiu nhn dng l cc xung nhn dng c m ho theo m
Morse quc t.
- Tc pht tn hiu nhn dng l 6 tn hiu nhn dng trn pht.
- Cc xung nhn dng c pht t nht mi 40s mt ln.
e.V tr lp t (Siting):
- S kt hp ng trc: Cc ng-ten ca trm VOR/DME hay
ILS/DME c t trn cng mt trc thng ng.
- Khi s dng trm VOR/DME phc v cho mc ch en-route th
cc ng-ten ca DME v VOR c th tch ring bit nhng khong
cch khng c vt qu 600m.
- Khi s dng trm VOR/DME phc v cho mc ch Landing th
cc ng-ten ca DME v VOR c th tch ring bit nhng khong

28

cch khng c vt qu 30m. i vi trm DVOR th khong
cch ny c th ln hn nhng khng vt qu 80m.
IV-4.Cc phng thc khai thc i DME.
- Mt s Quc gia xy dng mng DME dng xc nh v tr ca
tu bay (dng ba i DME), cn gi l phng thc Ro-Ro.
- Khng c phng thc khai thc i DME c lp ti Vit Nam.
- Khi DME kt hp vi trm VOR thnh trm VOR/DME th phng
thc khai thc ph thuc trm VOR.
- Khi DME kt hp vi h thng ILS thnh trm ILS/DME th
phng thc khai thc ph thuc h thng ILS.


29

CHNG V
H THNG HNG DN H CNH CHNH XC (ILS).

V-1.Chc nng nhim v h thng ILS.
1.1.M u.
- ILS (Instrument Landing System) cng vi MLS (Microwave
Landing System) l cc h thng thit b nhm mc ch hng dn
tu bay tip cn v h cnh bng thit b trong cc iu kin thi tit
kh khn nht (tm nhn b hn ch).
- Trong giai on chuyn tip ca chng trnh CNS/ATM, h thng
ILS vn c tip tc duy tr v l mt h thng phc v h cnh
hiu qu.
1.2.Chc nng, nhim v.
- H thng ILS c hai i c bn cung cp thng tin gip tu bay
xc nh c qy o h cnh xung ng CHC mt cch chnh
xc, l i Localizer v i Glidepath.
- i Localizer cn gi l i xc nh hng, dng xc nh
chnh xc trc tm (center line) ca ng CHC v gip tu bay h
cnh vo chnh gia tm ng CHC.
- i Glidepath cn gi l i xc nh tm, dng xc nh chnh
xc ng trt h cnh (ng glidepath) ca qy o h cnh v
gip tu bay h cnh chnh xc vo vng h cnh ca ng CHC
(touch down zone).
- Ngoi ra cc i ch chun (Marker) (c th c thay th bi cc
i locator hoc DME) gip tu bay xc nh c ly t tu bay n
ngng ng CHC.
(xem hnh v 5-1)

30

Hnh v 5-1: Cu hnh h thng ILS vi hai i ch chun.

V-2.Cc h thng ILS ti Vit Nam.
- Tt c cc sn bay quc t ti Vit Nam nh Ni Bi, Nng,
Tn sn Nht, u c trang b h thng ILS. Ngoi ra hin nay
sn bay Ph Bi (Hu) cng c trang b h thng ILS. Trong
tng lai nhiu sn bay khc cng s c trang b, xem bng 5-1.

Bng 5-1: Cc h thng ILS ti Vit Nam.

STT Tn khu vc i hiu Tn s
(MHz)
Loi Hng
sn xut
1.

2.

3.

Sn bay Ni bi
- ng CHC
11L

- ng CHC
11R

Sn bay Ph bi

Sn bay nng

NB

NBA

PBA

DAD

110,5
329,6
42X
108,3
334,1
20X
109,5
322,6
32X
110,5
329,6
42X

Hai tn s
cp I

Hai tn s
cp II

Hai tn s
cp II

Hai tn s
cp I

Park-Air
Na Uy

Park-Air
Na Uy

ASII
M

Thomson
Php

i OM
i MM
i GP
i LLZ
Ch th CPI
Ch th CPI
Ch th CPI

31

4.

Sn bay TSN
- ng CHC
25R

- ng CHC
25L

HCM

SGN

110,5
329,6
42X
108,3
334,1
20X

Hai tn s
cp I

Hai tn s
cp II

Thomson
Php

Park-Air
Na Uy

- Ti sn bay quc t Ni Bi v Tn sn Nht c hai h thng ILS
phc v h cnh cho hai ng CHC, mt h thng ILS cp I v
mt h thng ILS cp II.
- Cc h thng ILS c s dng ti Vit Nam l ca cc hng sn
xut ni ting nh Thomson-CFS (c hai b), Park Air system (c
ba b), Airport System International (ASI) (c mt b).
- Cu hnh ca cc h thng nh sau :
(Xem bng 5-2)
V-3.Cc khi nim c bn cc tiu chun ICAO.
3.1.Cc khi nim c bn.
1.H thng ILS mt tn s: H thng c tm ph sng c thc hin
bi vic s dng mt gin trng bc x trn mt tn s sng mang.
2.H thng ILS hai tn s: H thng c tm ph sng c thc hin
bi vic s dng mt gin trng bc x c lp trn hai tn s sng
mang ring bit.
3.H thng ILS cp I (Category I): Hng dn tu bay h cnh n mt
im cao cch ngng h cnh 60m.
4.H thng ILS cp II (Category II): Hng dn tu bay h cnh n
mt im cao cch ngng h cnh 15m.
5.H thng ILS cp III (Category III): Hng dn tu bay h cnh n
im chm bnh trn ng h cnh.
6.Vng Course: l vng c su iu ch ca hai tn hiu m thanh
c iu ch bng nhau.
7.Vng Clearance: l vng c su iu ch ca mt tn hiu m
thanh vt tri hn so vi tn hiu kia.
8.DDM (Difference in Depth of Modulation):
DDM= | Ma% - Mb% | / 100
9.ng Course (Course line): Qi tch ca nhng im gn ng
tm ng CHC (Center line) nht, nm trong mt phng ngang bt k v c
DDM=0.
10.Cung Course (Course sector): Mt cung nm trong mt phng
ngang c cha Course line v gii hn bi qi tch ca cc im gn
Course line nht v c DDM = 0,155.

32

11.ng h cnh (ILS Glide path): Qu tch ca nhng im nm
trong mt phng ng c cha ng tm ng CHC v c DDM = 0.
12.Gc h cnh (Glide path angle): L gc hp bi ng h cnh v
mt phng ngang.
13.Cung h cnh (Glide path sector): Mt cung nm trong mt phng
ng c cha ng h cnh v gii hn bi qu tch ca nhng im gn
ng h cnh nht v c DDM = 0,175.
14.Vng bay sang phi (Fly-Right): L vng pha bn tri ca ng
Course, vng c tn hiu m tn 90 Hz vt tri, cn gi l vng "Vng"
(Yellow).
15.Vng bay sang tri (Fly-Left): L vng pha bn phi ca ng
Course, vng c tn hiu m tn 150 Hz vt tri, cn gi l vng "Xanh"
(Blue).
16.Vng bay ln (Fly-Up): L vng pha di ng h cnh, vng c
tn hiu m tn 150 Hz vt tri.
17.Vng bay xung (Fly-Down): L vng pha trn ng h cnh,
vng c tn hiu m tn 90 Hz vt tri.
18.Ngng ng CHC (Threshold): L phn u tin ca ng
CHC c php s dng h cnh.
19.Vng chm bnh (Touch down zone): L mt phn ca ng
CHC, nm pha sau ngng, cho php tu bay h cnh.
20.im cui ng CHC (End of runway): L im cui cng ca
ng CHC.
21.ILS im "A": L im nm trn ng h cnh, cch ngng
ng h cnh 7,5 Km ( 4Nm ).
22.ILS im "B": L im nm trn ng h cnh, cch ngng
ng h cnh 1.050 m ( 3.500 ft ).
23.ILS im "C": L im nm trn ng h cnh trong mt mt
phng ngang c cao cch tm ng h cnh ko di 30 m (100 ft).
24.ILS im "D": L im nm trn tm ng h cnh 4 m, cch
ngng 900 m v hng ngten i xc nh hng (LLZ).
25.ILS im "E": L im nm trn tm ng h cnh 4 m, cch im
dng cui cng ca ng h cnh 600 m.
26.ILS im chun (ILS im "T"): L im hng dn tu bay chm
bnh cui cng ca h thng.
(Xem hnh v 5-2)


33

Hnh v 5-2: Cc im ILS.

3-2.Cc yu cu c bn.
1.Mt h thng ILS bao gm cc thnh phn c bn sau:
- Thit b Localizer VHF, h thng gim st kt hp, h thng ch th
v iu khin t xa.
- Thit b GlidePath UHF, h thng gim st kt hp, h thng ch th
v iu khin t xa.
- Cc i VHF marker, h thng gim st kt hp, h thng ch th v
iu khin t xa (cc i marker cng c th c thay th bi cc
i Locator hay DME).
2.i vi h thng ILS cp II & III: H thng ILS phi c thit b ch
th v iu khin t xa cung cp cc thng tin hot ng ca tt c cc
thnh phn trn mt t ca h thng ILS.
3. Ti nhng ni s dng hai h thng ILS: Phc v cho hai u h
cnh ca mt ng CHC th phi c mt chuyn mch lin ng cho hai h
thng. Chuyn mch ny cho php ch s dng mt h thng ILS ti mt thi
im phc v hng dn h cnh. Trong trng hp nu s dng h thng
ILS Cp I th hot ng ca hai h thng ny khng gy nhiu ln nhau.
4. Ti nhng ni s dng hai h thng ILS: Phc v cho cng mt
ng CHC hoc hai ng CHC khc nhau trong cng mt sn bay nhng
hot ng trn cng mt tn s, th phi c mt chuyn mch lin ng cho
hai h thng. bo m ch c mt h thng c hot ng ti mt thi
im, khi chuyn t h thng ILS ny sang h thng ILS khc th thi gian
ngt qung t nht l 20 s.
3-3. i Localizer v h thng gim st kt hp.
1.Khi nim chung (General):

34

- Trng in t c bc x t h thng ngten Localizer l mt
trng in t hn hp m c iu ch bin bi hai tn hiu
m tn l 90 Hz v 150 Hz. Gin bc x ca n bao gm hai
phn vi mt pha c mt tn hiu m tn ny vt tri v i din
l tn hiu m tn kia vt tri.
- Khi mt ngi quan st ng t im h cnh nhn i din vi h
thng ngten Localizer th gin bc x c tn hiu m tn 150 Hz
vt tri nm bn pha tay phi ca ngi quan st v gin bc
x c tn hiu m tn 90 Hz vt tri nm bn pha tay tri ca
ngi quan st.
- Tt c cc gc nm ngang c s dng trong vic c t cc gin
trng ca i Localizer u bt ngun t tm ca h thng
ngten Localizer Ni cung cp cc tn hiu c s dng trong
cung Course pha trc.
(Xem hnh v 5-3)

Hnh v 5-3: Bc x in t t ngten i hng/i tm.

2.Tn s lm vic (Radio frequency):
- Gii tn lm vic ca i Localizer : (108 111,975) MHz, vi sai
s tn s cho php l 0,005% (i vi h thng mt tn s) v
0,002% (i vi h thng hai tn s), khong cch tn s trong h
thng hai tn s c qui nh : 5 KHz F 14 KHz.
- Phn cc ngang.
3. Tm ph sng (Coverage):

35

a.iu kin bnh thng: xem hnh v 5-4.
- 46,3 Km (25 Nm) trong cung 10 so vi ng Course .
- 31,5 Km (17 Nm) trong cung t 10 n 35 so vi ng
Course .
- 18,5 Km (10 Nm) bn ngoi cung 35 so vi ng Course
(nu c cung cp).
b.Trong trng hp cc yu cu hot ng v a hnh khng cho php
th tm ph sng c xc nh nh sau :
- 33,3 Km (18 Nm) trong cung 10 so vi ng Course .
- 18,5 Km (10 Nm) trong phn cn li.

Hnh v 5-4a: Tm ph sng i LLZ m t theo gc phng v.


36

Hnh v 5-4b: Tm ph sng i LLZ m t theo cao .

c.i vi i Localizer s dng hai tn s, mt tn s to ra gin
bc x trong cung Course pha trc v mt tn s khc to ra gin bc
x bn ngoi cung Course. Cng trng ca hai tn hiu trn ngoi
khng gian trong cung Course ng vi tm ph sng nu trn l khng thp
hn 10 dB.
4. chnh xc ca ng Course (Course alignment accuracy):
ng Course chnh phi c iu chnh v duy tr trong cc gii
hn tng ng vi s dch chuyn ca im chun ILS so vi trc tm
ng CHC nh sau :
- ILS Cp I : 10,5m (DDM = 0,015).
- ILS Cp II : 7,5m .
- ILS Cp III : 3m .
5.Tn hiu nhn dng (Identification):
- Tn hiu nhn dng m t a im sn bay, hng ng CHC h
cnh.
- S dng tn s 1.020 Hz 50 Hz vi su iu ch trong gii hn
(5 15 )%.
- Tn hiu nhn dng dng m Morse bao gm hai hoc ba k t.
6.Lp t (Siting):
H thng ngten i Localizer c t vung gc vi tm ng
CHC ni di v cch im dng cui cng ca ng CHC khong 1.000 ft
(khong 300 m ).
7.H thng gim st (Monitoring):
a.H thng gim st t ng s cung cp mt tn hiu bo ng khi:
- S bc x b dng li.
- Khng c thng tin v dn ng v tn hiu nhn dng t sng
mang.
- S suy gim CAT (xung cp)

37

b.H thng gim st t ng s chuyn hoc tt my khi :
- chnh xc ca ng Course sai qu gii hn cho php.
- DS sai qa gii hn cho php.
- Mt tn hiu nhn dng v M% gim qu 5%.
- Cng sut gim 50% (vi h thng 1 tn s), v 20% (vi h thng
2 tn s).
3-4. i Glidepath v h thng gim st kt hp.
- Trng in t c bc x t h thng ng-ten Glidepath l mt
trng in t hn hp m c iu ch bin bi hai tn hiu
m tn l 90 Hz v 150 Hz. Gin bc x ca ng-ten s cung cp
mt ng thng h cnh nm trong mt phng ng cha trc ca
ng CHC vi tn hiu m tn 150 Hz vt tri nm pha di
v tn hiu m tn 90 Hz vt tri nm pha trn.
- K hiu l gc danh nh ca ng h cnh Glidepath, gi l gc
h cnh.
- Thng thng gc h cnh c chn trong khong t 2 n 4,
thng c chn l 3.
- Gc h cnh c iu chnh v duy tr trong khong :
+ 0,075 so vi vi ILS Cp I & II.
+ 0,04 so vi vi ILS Cp III.
2.Tn s lm vic (Radio frequency):
- Gii tn lm vic ca i Glidepath : (329 335) MHz, vi sai s
tn s cho php l 0,005% (i vi h thng mt tn s) v
0,002% (i vi h thng hai tn s), khong cch tn s trong h
thng hai tn s c qui nh : 4 KHz F 32 KHz.
- Phn cc ngang.
3. Tm ph sng (Coverage ):
t nht l 18,5 Km (10 Nm) i vi :
- Theo gc phng v : 8 so vi ng tm.
- Theo cao : +1,75 v 0,45 so vi gc h cnh.
(Xem hnh v 5-5)


38

Hnh v 5-5: Tm ph sng ca i tm m t theo cao v gc phng v.

4. nhy ca s dch chuyn (Displacement sensitivity):
DS phi c iu chnh v duy tr trong khong:
- 25% so vi gi tr danh nh i vi ILS Cp I .
- 20% so vi gi tr danh nh i vi ILS Cp II.
- 15% so vi gi tr danh nh i vi ILS Cp III.
5.Lp t (Siting):
H thng ng-ten i Glidepath c t pha bn tri hoc phi
ng CHC , cch ngng h cnh ca ng CHC khong 1.000 ft (khong
300 m).
H thng gim st s to ra mt tn hiu bo ng khi cc tiu chun
sau b vi phm :
a.Gc h cnh b dch chuyn hn :
- 0,075 theo chiu m (nh hn )
- 1,10 theo chiu dng (ln hn )
b.Cng sut gim :
- 50% (vi h thng 1 tn s).
- 20% (vi h thng 2 tn s).
c. nhy ca s dch chuyn sai qu 25% so vi danh nh.
3-5.S kt hp tn s lm vic ca h thng ILS.
a.Vic kt hp tn s lm vic gia i Localizer v i Glidepath trn
cng mt ng CHC phi tun th theo tiu chun sau:

Localizer Glidepath Localizer Glidepath

39

(MHz) (MHz) (MHz) (MHz)
108,1
108,15

108,3
108,35
108,5
334,7
334,55

334,1
333,95
329,9
111,35
111,5

111,55
111,7
111,75
332,15
332,9

332,75
333,5
333,35

b. cc khu vc c 20 h thng ILS tr xung, th vic kt hp tn s
lm vic gia i Localizer v i Glidepath trn cng mt ng CHC phi
tun th theo tiu chun sau:

Localizer
(MHz)
Glidepath
(MHz)
Localizer
(MHz)
Glidepath
(MHz)
110,3
109,9
109,5
110,1
109,7
109,3
109,1
110,9
110,7
110,5
335.0
333,8
332,6
334,4
333,2
332,0
331,4
330,8
330,2
329,6
108,1
108,3
108,5
108,7
108,9
111,1
111,3
111,5
111,7
111,9
334,7
334,1
329,9
330,5
329,3
331,7
332,3
332,9
333,5
331,1

c.S kt hp tn s gia i Localizer v i DME.
Khi DME c s dng trong h thng ILS th phi c s kt hp tn
s gia DME v i Localizer. S kt hp ny phi tun th theo tiu chun
ca ICAO.

Localizer
(MHz)
DME
(No.channel)
Localizer
(MHz)
DME
(No.channel)
108,1
108,15
108,3
108,35
108,5
...
18X
18Y
20X
20Y
22X
...
110,3
110,35
110,5
110,55
110,6
...
40X
40Y
42X
42Y
43X
...

3-6.VHF marker beacons.
- Phi c t nht hai i marker c s dng trong cu hnh c bn
ca h thng ILS. i marker th ba c th c s dng ph thuc
vo a hnh ni lp t.

40

- Hai i marker ti thiu c s dng trong cu hnh c bn ca h
thng ILS l i Outer marker v Middle marker.
- Cc i marker phi c gin bc x sng in t nhm xc nh
mt c ly c qui nh so vi ngng thm dc theo ng
Glidepath.
2.Tn s lm vic (radio frequency):
- Tn s lm vic ca i marker l 75 MHz, vi sai s tn s cho
php l 0,005%.
- F = 0,005% 75 MHz = 3.750 Hz.
3. Tm ph sng (Coverage):
Tm ph sng ca cc i VHF marker c o lng trn ng
Course (i localizer) v ng Glidepath (i Glidepath).
- Vi i INNER MARKER : 150 m 50 m.
- Vi i MIDDLE MARKER : 300 m 100 m.
- Vi i OUTER MARKER : 600 m 200 m.
4.iu ch sng mang (Modulation):
Tn s m tn iu ch cho cc i marker :
- Vi i INNER MARKER : 3.000 Hz.
- Vi i MIDDLE MARKER : 1.300 Hz
- Vi i OUTER MARKER : 400 Hz.
su iu ch ca cc i marker l 95% 4%.
Sai s tn s ca tn hiu m tn l 2,5%.
5.Tn hiu nhn dng (Identification):
a.Tn hiu nhn dng ca cc i marker c quy nh nh sau:
- Vi i INNER MARKER : Pht su dot trong mt giy, pht lin
tc.
- Vi i MIDDLE MARKER : Pht lin tc cc dot v dash, tc
ca dash l 2 dash trong mt giy, tc ca dot l 6 dot trong mt
giy,
- Vi i OUTER MARKER : Pht hai dash trong mt giy, pht
lin tc.
b.Tc pht tn hiu nhn dng c sai s 15%.
6.Lp t (Siting):
a.Vi i INNER MARKER : Gin bc x l gin ng.
- Trong khong t 75m (250 ft) n 450m (1.500 ft) t ngng
ng CHC.
- Khng lch qu tm ng CHC 30 m (100 ft).
b.Vi i MIDDLE MARKER : Gin bc x l gin ng.
- Cch khong 1.050 m (3.500 ft) 150 m (500 ft) t ngng ng
CHC.
c.Vi i OUTER MARKER : Gin bc x l gin ng.

41

- Cch khong 7,2 Km (3,9 Nm), hoc trong khong (6,5 11,1) Km
(3,5 Nm 6 Nm) t ngng ng CHC khi iu kin a hnh
phc tp.
d.Mt i DME c th c s dng thay th mt phn hay ton b
cc i marker trong h thng ILS.
e.Khi s dng DME th DME s cung cp thng tin v c ly tng
ng nh cc i marker cung cp.
f. Khi s dng DME nh l mt i thay th cho i middle marker th
tn s lm vic ca DME phi c ph hp vi tn s lm vic ca i
Localizer v c t ti v tr sao cho c li v thng tin c ly l nh nht.
H thng gim st ca cc i marker s chuyn hoc tt my khi:
- Cng sut gim 3 dB.
- Mt tn hiu nhn dng.
- su iu ch gim 4 dB.
3-7.Cc vng gii hn ca h thng ILS.
1.Cc tc nhn gy nhiu n h thng ILS:
Do s dng nguyn l iu ch khng gian, nn h thng ILS s b nh
hng bi cc tc ng sau :
- H thng a vt trong khu vc t ILS.
- Mi trng ca mt phn x.
- Nhiu do tc ng ca tu bay v cc vt th chuyn ng.
- Nhiu do tc nhn cng nghip, in t trng...
Cc tc ng s lm sai lch cc vng ph sng, lm cc tham s khng
gian b thay i tc thi hay lin tc.
2.Cc khi nim v vng gii hn:
a.Vng gii hn tuyt i (Critical area): Tt c cc chng ngi trong
vng ny u gy ra s thay i ng k n cc tham s ca h thng.
b.Vng nhy cm (Sensitive area): Vng c kh nng gy ra sai s cho
cc tham s ca h thng.
3.Mt s qui nh v vng gii hn:
Cc yu t quyt nh v kch thc ca vng gii hn v vng nhy
cm bao gm :
- Kch thc ca tu bay.
- Gc m ngten i Localizer.
- Dng ngten.
- Thit b mt tn s , hai tn s.
- Chiu di ng CHC.
- Cp hot ng ca h thng.
(Xem hnh v 5-6)


42

Hnh v 5-6a: S thay i v kch thc ca vng ti hn v vng nhy cm
ca i hng vi ng CHC di 10.000 ft.


43

Hnh v 5-6b: S thay i v kch thc ca vng ti hn v vng nhy cm
ca i tm.

V-4.Cc phng thc khai thc h thng ILS.
- Khng ging nh cc i NDB, DME, VOR c th p dng cho dn
ng trung cn ln tip cn h cnh; H thng ILS ch c s
dng hng dn tip cn h cnh.
- Khc vi s phn cp chnh xc theo tiu chun k thut nh
trnh by trong chng II, cp chnh xc trong khai thc cn ph
thuc vo hai yu t l tm nhn v trn my, c m t nh sau:

cao quyt nh
(Decision height)
Tm nhn ng CHC
(RVR)
Cp I Khng thp hn 60 m Khng di 550 m

44

Cp II Thp hn 60 m nhng
khng thp hn 30 m
Khng di 350 m
Cp IIIA Thp hn 30 m hoc
khng c
Khng di 200 m
Cp IIIB Thp hn 15 m hoc
khng c
Di 200 m nhng
khng di 50 m
Cp IIIC Khng c Khng hn ch

- C th p dng phng thc ch s dng i xc nh hng
(Localizer only) phc v tip cn h cnh, v lc ny nhim v
ca i xc nh hng ging nh nhim v ca hai i NDB, cho
nn cc yu t v kh tng nh tm nhn, trn my c p
dng nh nhau.
- Hnh v ch ra phng thc p dng ILS.

CHNG VI
NHC IM CA H THNG DN NG HIN TI.

Cc tn ti ca h thng dn ng hin ti bao gm cc i NDB,
VOR, DME, ILSc th c tm tt nh sau:

45

- NDB v VOR/DME c chnh xc km v tm ph sng b hn
ch.
- C nhiu kh khn trong vic lp t cc thit b NDB v
VOR/DME ti cc vng su, vng cao, sa mc, i dng nn
khng th thc hin dn ng ti cc vng ny.
- Tn ti vn nhiu FM v kh nng phn knh trong h thng
thit b ILS.
- Vic lp t h thng ILS khng phi d dng i vi tt c cc
cng hng khng.
- Cc thit b dn ng NDB, VOR, DME, ILS c cng ngh
c, tnh nng km.
- Vic iu khin v bo tr t xa kh thc hin cho tt c cc thit b.
- Chi ph cho cng tc bo tr, hiu chun kh tn km.

CHNG VII
H THNG V TINH DN NG TON CU.
( GLOBAL NAVIGATION SATELLITE SYSTEM - GNSS )

VII-1.Tng quan.
1.1.nh ngha: H thng v tinh dn ng ton cu ( GNSS ) l h thng
xc nh v tr v thi gian trn ton th gii, n bao gm mt hay nhiu h

46

v tinh, cc my thu trn tu bay v h thng kim tra mc ton vn c
tng cng nh l iu cn thit h tr c tnh dn ng theo yu cu
cho hot ng.
1.2.Chc nng: GNSS thc hin chc nng cung cp d liu v v tr v thi
gian cho tu bay .
1.3.Cc thnh phn ca GNSS: GNSS bao gm cc thnh phn khc nhau
c t trn mt t, trn v tinh v trn tu bay nh sau :
H thng nh v ton cu GPS.
H thng v tinh dn ng qy o ton cu GLONASS.
H thng v tinh dn ng tan cu GALILEO.
H thng tng cng trn tu bay ABAS.
H thng tng cng trn v tinh SBAS.
H thng tng cng trn mt t GBAS.
H thng tng cng trn mt t din rng GRAS.
My thu GNSS trn tu bay.
1.4.H quy chiu khng gian v thi gian: GNSS s dng cc h quy chiu
khng gian v thi gian nh sau:
a.H quy chiu khng gian:
- GNSS cung cp thng tin v v tr cho ngi s dng theo h ta
WGS-84 ( World Geodetic System 1984 ).
- Nu cc thnh phn ca GNSS s dng khc h ta WGS 84,
th cc tham s bin i thch hp phi c cung cp.
b.H quy chiu thi gian: GNSS cung cp d liu thi gian cho ngi
s dng theo h thi gian UTC (Universal Time Coordinated) .
1.5. c tnh ca tn hiu GNSS (GNSS SIS /Signal-in space performance):
S kt hp ca cc thnh phn ca GNSS v my thu ca ngi s
dng phi p ng cc yu cu i vi tn hiu trong khng gian nh sau:

Bng 7-1: c tnh tn hiu GNSS

Loi khai thc chnh
xc ngang
95% (1)
chnh
xc dc
95% (1)
Mc
vn
ton (2)
thi gian
bo ng
(3)
Mc
lin tc
(4)
Mc
sn sng
(5)
Loi RNP
tng ng
Bay ng di 3.7 km
(2.0 Nm) (6)
- 1-10
-7
/h 5 min 1-10
-4
/h to
1-10
-8
/h
0.99 to
0.99999
20 n 10
ng di &
Trung cn
0.74 km
(0.4 Nm)
- 1-10
-7
/h 15 s 1-10
-4
/h to
1-10
-8
/h
0.999 to
0.99999
5 n 1
Tip cn
u/gia,NPA,
h cnh
220 m
(720 ft)
- 1-10
-7
/h 10 s 1-10
-4
/h to
1-10
-8
/h
0.99 to
0.99999
0.5 n 0.3
NPA vi dn
ng dc
(APV-I)
220 m
(720 ft)
20 m
(66 ft)
1-2x10
-7

ln tip
cn
10 s 1-8x10
-6
/
khong
15s bt k
0.99 n
0.99999
0.3/125
NPA vi dn
ng dc
(APV-II)
16.0 m
(52 ft)
8.0 m
(26 ft)
1-2x10
-7

ln tip
cn
6 s 1-8x10
-6
/
khong
15s bt k
0.99 n
0.99999
0.03/50
Tip cn chnh
xc cp 1 (8)
16.0 m
(52 ft)
6.0m n
4.0m
(20 ft n
13 ft) (7)
1-2x10
-7

ln tip
cn
6 s 1-8x10
-6
/
khong
15s bt k
0.99 n
0.99999
0.02/40


47

Gii thch cc ch :
(1) : Cc gi tr 95% i vi li v tr ca tn hiu GNSS c yu cu cho
hot ng ti im c cao thp nht trn thm (HAT) nu c cung cp.
(2) : nh ngha ca mc vn ton bao gm c yu cu thi gian bo ng
l thi gian chm nht phi a ra cnh bo k t khi pht hin thy li (vt
qa gii hn bo ng) trong h thng . Cc gii hn bo ng l:

Bng 7-2: Cc mc gii hn bo ng.

Loi khai thc Gii hn bo ng
ngang (HAL)
Gii hn bo ng dc
(VAL)
Loi RNP tng ng
Bay ng di 7.4 km
(4 NM)
N/A 20 n 10
Bay ng di 3.7 km
(2 Nm)
N/A 2 n 5
Bay ng di v
trung cn
1.85 km
(1 Nm)
N/A 1
NPA 556 m
(0.3 Nm)
N/A 0.5 n 0.3
APV-I 556 m
(0.3 Nm)
50 m
(164 ft)
0.3/125
APV- II 40.0 m
(130 ft)
20.0 m
(66 ft)
0.03/50
Tip cn chnh xc
Cp 1
40.0 m
(130 ft)
15.0 m n 10.0 m
(50 ft n 33 ft)
0.02/40
(3) : Cc yu cu v chnh xc v thi gian bo ng bao gm c tnh
danh nh ca my thu khng li.
(4) : Gi tr ny ph thuc vo cc h s khai thc bao gm mt khng
vn, tnh phc tp ca khng phn, mc sn sng ca cc phng tin dn
ng khc.
(5) : Gi tr ny ph thuc vo cc h s khai thc bao gm: tn sut khai
thc, iu kin mi trng, phm vi v thi gian yu km, tm ph Radar,
mt khng vn v phng thc khai thc, mc sn sng ca cc
phng tin dn ng khc.
(6) : Yu cu ny cht ch hn chnh xc i hi i vi cc dng RNP
c kt hp.
(7) : Mt gii gi tr c m t i vi tip cn chnh xc cp I.
(8) : Cc yu cu v c tnh tn hiu GNSS cp II & III s c pht trin
sau.
VII-2.H nh v ton cu GPS.
2.1.Khi qut:
a.Thnh phn: H GPS l h thng dn ng bng v tinh do Hoa K
kim sot v duy tr hot ng. H bao gm ba b phn l Chm v tinh, H
thng iu khin mt t v B phn ngi s dng.
Chm v tinh: Chm v tinh ca h GPS hin c tt c l 28 v tinh
lm vic v d phng. Cc v tinh ny c sp xp trn su mt phng qu

48

o nghing 55 so vi mt phng xch o. Qu o chm v tinh ca h
GPS gn trn vi cao l 20.200 Km (11.900 NM). Khong thi gian cn
thit bay ht mt vng qu o tng ng 12 gi bng mt n thi gian
quay ca tri t. Mi v tinh pht ra hai tn s v tuyn phc v mc ch
nh v, L1 trn tn s 1.575,42 MHz phc v cho dn s v L2 trn tn s
1.227,6 MHz phc v cho qun s. Cc tn s sng mang c iu ch bi
cc tn hiu gi ngu nhin C/A, P v in vn dn ng. Cc tn s sng
mang v tn hiu iu ch c iu khin bi nhng ng h nguyn t t
trn v tinh.
H thng iu khin mt t: bao gm bn trm gim st t Diego
Garreia, o Ascension, o Kwajalein v o Hawail; v mt trm iu
khin chnh ti trung tm iu hnh khng gian Colorado Hoa K. Mc
ch ca h thng iu khin l iu khin s hot ng ca cc v tinh, xc
nh qu o, x l cc ng h nguyn t, truyn cc in vn cn thng bo
ln cc v tinh.
B phn ngi s dng: Bao gm tt c cc i tng s dng cho
mc ch dn s v qun s. Cc my thu ring bit theo di cc m hoc pha
ca cc sng mang (hoc c hai) v u thu nhn cc in vn thng bo.
Bng cch so hng tn hiu n t v tinh vi bn sao ca m pht c lu
gi trong my thu, ta c th xc nh c c ly n v tinh. Nu cc c ly
ti bn v tinh c lin kt vi cc thng s qu o v tinh th my thu c
th xc nh ba gi tr to a tm ca v tr mnh.
b.Cc u im chnh ca h GPS: H GPS c cc u im chnh nh
sau.
- chnh xc cao.

95% thi gian 99,99% thi gian
Li v tr theo phng ngang 100m 300m
Li v tr theo phng dc 156m 500m

- Gi thnh h: Khi so snh vi cc php o i hi ngm thng, th
php o GPS loi b hn vic ngm thng gia cc trm o,
gim thiu s lng trm o cn xy dng v cho php la chn v
tr trm o mt cch thun tin v hp l hn. Bn thn gi thit b
GPS cng r.
- H ta thng nht: Trc thng 07/1985, h ta trc a th
gii WGS 72 c s dng. T thng 07/1985 n thng 09/1986
h to WGS 84 c dng cho mi tnh ton d on lch
thin vn, nhng sau li chuyn i tr v h WGS 72. T
thng 01/1987 h to WGS 84 chnh thc c s dng trong
mi ng dng. S dng h to WGS 84 l c im c nh
hng rng ri nht ca h GPS v lm c s thng nht cc s liu
nhn c t nhng ngun ngoi lai ca cc h thng nh v tng
i khc.

49

2.2.Chc nng v qu o ca v tinh GPS:
Mi mt v tinh (SV) thuc Block I c ch to v phng trong
khong t nm 1978 n 1985 vi mc ch th nghim v cung cp dch v
dn ng hai chiu (2D). Cc v tinh thuc Block I khng c c im
ging cp chnh xc nh v tng i vi m C/A c gi l SA
(Selective Available).
Chm 24 v tinh thuc Block II ( II-1 n II-24 ) c a vo hot
ng t nm 1989 n 1994, v cung cp cc tnh nng hot ng y vo
nm 1995 m u k nguyn hot ng ca h thng nh v GPS. Cc v
tinh thuc Block II c thit k lm vic trong vng 7,5 nm. Ban u
cc v tinh ny s dng SA, cho n ngy 01/05/2000, chc nng ny b
hy b hon ton.
Cc v tinh Block IIR c phng t nm 1996 thay th cc v tinh
Block II. Cc v tinh thay th ny s c kh nng t ng to ra cc in vn
dn ng. T nm 2001, Boeing pht trin cc v tinh thuc Block IIF bao
gm 33 v tinh s c phng ln duy tr hot ng ca h thng GPS cho
giai on tip sau.
Chc nng ch yu ca chm v tinh GPS l:

(a) Ghi nhn v lu tr cc thng tin c truyn i t cc b phn
kim sot.
(b) Thc hin cc php x l d liu c chn lc trn v tinh
(c) Duy tr kh nng chnh xc cao ca cc ng h thi gian
(d) Thng bo in vn dn ng n ngi s dng bng nhng tn
hiu khc nhau
(e) Thay i qu o bay nh nhng tn la y c iu khin bi
h thng iu khin trn mt t

V tr danh nh ca chm v tinh GPS trn qu o c th hin
hnh 7-1


50

Hnh v 7-1: V tr danh nh ca chm v tinh GPS.

VII-3.H thng v tinh dn ng qy o ton cu GLONASS.
3.1.Khi qut:
a.Thnh phn:
Tng t h GPS, h thng v tinh dn ng qy o ton cu
GLONASS l h thng dn ng bng v tinh do Nga kim sot v duy tr
hot ng.
H bao gm ba b phn l Chm v tinh, H thng iu khin mt t
v B phn ngi s dng.
Chm v tinh: Chm v tinh ca h GLONASS bao gm tt c l 24
v tinh lm vic v d phng. Cc v tinh ny c sp xp trn ba mt
phng qu o (tm v tinh trn cng mt qy o) cch nhau 120 quanh
xch o v nghing 64,8 so vi mt phng xch o. Qu o v tinh ca h
GLONASS gn trn vi cao l 19.100 Km (10.300 NM). Khong thi
gian cn thit bay ht mt vng qu o tng ng 11h15'.
b. Cc u im chnh ca h GLONASS:
GLONASS cung cp tn hiu dn ng knh tiu chun (CSA), c
chnh xc theo yu cu nh sau:

95% thi gian 99,99% thi gian
Li v tr theo phng ngang 28 m 140 m
Li v tr theo phng dc 60 m 585 m

GLONASS s c nng cp tr thnh h thng GLONASS hin
i (h thng GLONASS-M).
3.2. Chc nng v qu o ca v tinh GLONASS:
Cc v tinh c t vo trong cc khe qy o nh hnh 7-2. Da trn
tnh trng ca 24 v tinh GLONASS, trung tm iu khin mt t s xc
nh 21 v tinh tt nht ch lm vic. Phn cch v hoc pha qy o
trong mt phng l mt s nhn ca 45. Cc v tinh trong cc mt phng qy
o th 2 v th 3 dch chuyn 30 so vi mt phng qy o th 1.


51

Hnh v 7-2: Qi o v tinh GLONASS.

3.3.H quy chiu thi gian:
Thi gian GLONASS c duy tr trong khong sai lch 1ms so vi
thang thi gian quc gia Nga UTC (SU):
| tGLONASS ( UTC + 03 gi 00 pht ) | < 1ms
chnh xc ca vic ng b thi gian v tinh l 20 ns ( 1 ).
3.4.H quy chiu khng gian:
Lch thin vn GLONASS pht theo h to a tm c nh PZ 90.
Vic chuyn i gia h to PZ 90 v WGS 84 xc nh theo biu
thc:

Cc li chuyn i khng vt qu 1,5 m (1 sigma) dc theo trc mi
to X, Y v Z c biu din bng m.
X
Y
Z
X
Y
Z
WGS PZ
+

+
84
6
6
6
90
11
03
09
1 012 10
1 082 10 0
082 10 1 0
0 0 1
.
.
.
( . )
.
.


52

VII-4. Cc h thng tng cng.
khc phc c cc hn ch c hu ca h thng v p ng c
cc yu cu v c tnh tn hiu (nh chnh xc, tin cy, kh nng sn
sng v tnh lin tc) trong tt c cc giai on ca hnh trnh bay. H thng
GPS v GLONASS yu cu cc tng cng khc nhau, c chia lm ba
loi sau:
4.1.H thng tng cng trn tu bay (ABAS Aircraft Based Augmentation
System):
Mt dng ca h thng tng cng trn tu bay c gi l my thu t
ng theo di tnh ton vn (RAIM Receiver Autonomous Integrity
Monitoring), my thu ny s s dng hn bn v tinh. Vi 5 v tinh c th
c tnh c 5 v tr c lp, nu cc v tr ny khng ph hp, c th suy
lun rng t nht c 1 v tinh a thng tin khng chnh xc. Nu c hn 6 v
tinh, c th tnh ton c nhiu v tr c lp hn v my thu sau c th
xc nh c v tinh b li v loi n ra khi vic p dng xc nh v tr.
4.2. H thng tng cng trn mt t (GBAS Ground Based Augmentation
System):
i vi h thng tng cng trn mt t, mt my gim st c t
ti hoc gn sn bay ni p ng c yu cu khai thc chnh xc nh mong
mun. Cc tn hiu c chuyn trc tip ln tu bay trong vng ph cn sn
bay khong 37 Km (20 Nm). Cc tn hiu ny cung cp cc thng tin chnh
xc nhm tng chnh xc v v tr lun i cng vi cc thng tin v tin
cy ca v tinh, kh nng ny yu cu ng truyn d liu gia mt t v
tu bay.

4.3. H thng tng cng trn v tinh (SBAS Satellite Based Augmentation
System ):
- S khng thc t nu cung cp tm ph cho tt c cc giai on ca
hnh trnh bay bng h thng tng cng trn mt t. C mt cch
cung cp tng cng tm ph trn mt khu vc rng l s dng
v tinh truyn cc thng tin tng cng. iu ny gi l cc tng
cng trn v tinh.
- Vic cung cp cc tng cng trn v tinh bng v tinh a tnh c
nhng hn ch nht nh, do khng th tr gip c tt c cc
giai on ca hnh trnh bay, c bit i vi giai on tip cn
chnh xc v h cnh cp cao hn. Khi cc qy o v tinh ny
nm trn ng xch o, ti vng Bc cc s khng thu c cc
tn hiu v c th b che khut bi thn tu bay v a hnh. iu
ny c ngha l cc qy o v tinh tng cng cho GNSS khc v
h thng tng cng trn mt t s c th cn thit xem xt nhm
lm gim nhng hn ch ny.
VII-5. Cc phng thc khai thc h thng GNSS.
- Tt c cc giai on ca hnh trnh bay bao gm: Di chuyn trn
sn (Surface), Ct cnh (Departure), Bay ng di (En-route), Bay

53

qua i dng (Ocean), Tip cn (Approach), H cnh
(Landing)u s dng GNSS dn ng.
- Tng giai on u tho mn cc c tnh tn hiu v sai s cho
php.
- S dng GNSS c th to ra cc ng bay linh hot, khai thc hiu
qu bu tri.
- Hin ti thit b GNSS t c chnh xc cp I.
- GNSS l phng tin dn ng duy nht ca tng lai.

Hệ Thống Dẫn Đường Hàng Không

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Hệ Thống Dẫn Đường Hàng Không

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Ngi bin son : K s Nguyn vn Thanh

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