Chng1.

PH HNG NGOI
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy
1. C s l thuyt:
Nng lng lng t (ca photon nh sng) c xc nh bi cng thc sau y:
h: hng s Planck, 6.6 x 10-34 (J/s)
c: tc ca nh sng trong chn khng, 3 x 1010 (m/s)
: bc sng (m)
: tn s (s-1 hoc Hz)
Thng thng th n v ca bc sng c s dng trong ph hng ngoi l m ( 1 m = 10-
4 cm) v thay cho tn s (Hz), ngi ta s dng n v l s sng:
3. Kt qu c biu din bng th ca hm s nng lng sng in t i qua ph thuc
vo bc sng.Trc honh biu din bc sng vi ng nm ngang trn n v l m;
ng nm ngang di n v l s sng (cm-1), trc tung l h s hp th sng in t c
n v l %.
1. Khi phn t hp cht hu c va chm vi chm sng in t s hp thu mt nng lng
tng ng vi bc sng xc nh no ca tia ti v khng hp thu cc chm tia c bc
sng khc.
2. Nu ta chiu mu cht hu c mt sng in t vi cc bc sng khc nhau v sau xc
nh xem bc sng no b hp thu, bc sng no khng th chng ta s c c mt ph hp
thu ca mu .
Vng bc x hng ngoi (IR) l mt vng ph bc x in t rng nm gia vng trng thy v
vng vi ba; vng ny c th chia thnh 3 vng nh:
- Near-IR 400-10 cm-1 (1000- 25 m)
- Mid-IR 4000 - 400 cm-1 (25- 2,5m)
- Far-IR 14000- 4000 cm-1 (2,5 0,8m)
Phng php phn tch ph hng ngoi ni y l vng ph nm trong vng c s sng 4000 -
400 cm-1.
Vng ny cung cp cho ta nhng thng tin quan trng v cc dao ng ca cc phn t do l
cc thng tin v cu trc ca cc phn t
iu kin hp th bc x hng ngoi:

c th hp th bc x hng ngoi, phn t phi p ng cc yu cu sau:

- di sng chnh xc ca bc x: mt phn t hp th bc x hng ngoi ch khi no tn s
dao ng t nhin ca mt phn phn t (tc l cc nguyn t hay cc nhm nguyn t to
thnh phn t ) cng l tn s ca bc x ti.

Mt phn t ch hp th bc x hng ngoi khi no s hp th gy nn s bin thin
momen lng cc ca chng.
Lng cc in:
Mt phn t ch hp th bc x hng ngoi khi no s hp th gy nn s bin thin
momen lng cc ca chng.
Khi phn t lng cc c gi trong mt in trng, trng s tc dng cc lc ln cc
in tch trong phn t - Cc in tch ngc nhau s chu cc lc theo chiu ngc nhau, iu
dn n s tch bit 2 cc tng hoc gim.
V in trng ca bc x hng ngoi lm thay i phn cc ca chng mt cch tun hon,
khong cch gia cc nguyn t tch in ca phn t cng thay i mt cch tun hon.
Khi cc nguyn t tch in ny dao ng, chng hp th bc x hng ngoi.
Nu vn tc dao ng ca cc nguyn t tch in trong phn t ln, s hp th bc x mnh
v s c m ph hp th mnh, ngc li nu vn tc dao ng ca cc nguyn t tch in
trong phn t nh, m ph hp th hng ngoi yu.
Theo iu kin ny th cc phn t c 2 nguyn t ging nhau s khng xut hin ph dao ng.
V d O2, N2 v.v khng xut hin ph hp th hng ngoi. cng l mt iu may mn, nu
khng ngi ta phi ui ht khng kh ra khi my quang ph k hng ngoi.
Trng thi dao ng ca phn t 2 nguyn t:
Gi s 2 nguyn t A v B tc dng vi nhau to thnh phn t AB. Gi r l khong cch gia
hai nhn ca nguyn t A v B, r l khng phi khng i m nhng iu kin xc nh s dao
ng t gi tr nh nht rmin n gi tr ln nht rmax. T rmin sang rmax, r c i qua gi tr
cn bng r(e), l gi tr c xc sut ln nht ca r. Ngi ta ni phn t AB thc hin chuyn
ng dao ng ni ti .
Khi ko dn AB hoc nn AB th s c s thay i r cn bng ca AB trng thi bnh thng.
S chnh lch r gi l r. Lc s xut hin 1 lc F ko AB v v tr cn bng. F gi l lc hi
phc v F t l vi dch chuyn r.
F = - k. r (k: hng s lc, dyn/cm)
Nu r rt b, chuyn ng dao ng l dao ng iu ho.
V mt c hc, c th coi dao ng ca 2 vt th A, B nh 1 khi thu gn c khi lng m dao
ng quanh v tr cn bng vi tn s dao ng ring l:
C th minh ho cc kiu dao ng co gin lin kt v dao ng bin dng ca phn t nc
theo m hnh di y :
Hai nguyn t v lin kt ni chng vi nhau c coi l mt dao ng k n gin bao gm hai
khi lng lin kt vi nhau bng mt l xo. T nh lut Hooke, ta c th nhn c phng
trnh sau y :
f: hng s lc lin kt (Ni n f = 5.105 dyn/cm; Ni i f = 10.105 dyn/cm;
Ni ba f = 15.105 dyn/cm)

mH = 1 / 6.02.1023

mC = 12 / 6.02.1023


1.2. Tng quan gia ph dao ng v cu trc phn t
Cc nhm chc, nhm nguyn t v lin kt trong phn t c cc m ph hp th hng ngoi
c trng khc nhau .
Mc d phng php ph dao ng l mt trong nhng phng php hu hiu nht xc
nh cc cht v nh tnh cng nh nh lng, c ng dng rng ri trong nghin cu khoa
hc cng nh trong kim tra cng nghip, phng php ny cng c nhng hn ch nht nh:
- Bng phng php ph hng ngoi khng cho bit phn t lng (tr trng hp c bit).
Ni chung ph hng ngoi khng cung cp thng tin v cc v tr tng i ca cc nhm chc
khc nhau trn mt phn t.
- Ch ring ph hng ngoi th i khi cha th bit l cht nguyn cht hay cht hn hp v
c trng hp 2 cht c ph hng ngoi ging nhau.
1.3. ng dng :
1. Nhn bit cc cht - Trc khi ghi ph hng ngoi, ni chung ta c th c nhiu thng tin
v hp cht hoc hn hp cn nghin cu, nh: trng thi vt l, dng bn ngoi, tan, im
nng chy, im chy.
Nu c th th cn bit chc mu l cht nguyn cht hay hn hp. Sau khi ghi ph hng
ngi, nu cht nghin cu l hp cht hu c th trc tin nghin cu vng dao ng co gin
ca H xc nh xem mu thuc loi hp cht vng thm hay mch thng hoc c hai. Sau
nghin cu cc vng tn s nhm xc nh c hay khng c cc nhm chc.
Trong nhiu trng hp vic c ph (gii ph) v tm cc tn s c trng khng
nhn bit mt cch ton din v cht nghin cu, nhng c l l c th suy on c kiu
hoc loi hp cht.