Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi S 23 8/2010 27

S DNG VI A K THUT V LI A K THUT

TRONG GIA C T V N NH NN MNG
USING GEOTEXTILE FABRIC AND GEOTEXTILE NET IN
SOIL IMPROVEMENT AND FOUNDATIONS STABILITY

ThS. ON TH MNH
Khoa Cng trnh thy, Trng HHH
Tm tt
Bi bo gii thiu v loi vt liu mi l vi a k thut v li a k thut, kh nng
ng dng vi a k thut, li a k thut trong vic x l nn t yu, gia c mi dc v
tng n nh cho cng trnh cng nh mt s tn ti trong vic s dng vi a k thut v
li a k thut hin nay.
Abstract
This article introduces new materials, geotextile fabric and geotextile net, application ability
of geotextile in processing soft soil, strengthening slope and improving the stability of
construction as well as some shortcomings in using geotextile fabric and geotextile net
now.
1. Vi a k thut
Vi a k thut (KT) c ch to t nhng sn phm ph ca du m, t mt hoc hai
loi polymer (polyamide) nh polyester v/hoc polypropylen. Ty theo hp cht v cch cu to,
mi loi vi KT c nhng c tnh c l ha nh sc chu ko, dn, thm nc, mi
trng thch nghi v.v... khc nhau. Ni chung, vi polyester tt hn vi polypropylene, cn vi
polyamide gia hai loi vi trn.
1.1. Phn loi vi a k thut
Vi KT c chia lm ba nhm chnh da theo cu to si: dt, khng dt v vi a phc
hp.
Nhm dt gm nhng si c dt ngang dc ging nh vi may, nh vi a k thut loi
dt polypropylen. Bin dng ca nhm ny thng c th nghim theo 2 hng chnh: hng
dc my, vit tt MD (machine direction) v hng ngang my, vit tt CD (cross machine
derection). Sc chu ko theo hng dc my bao gi cng ln hn sc chu ko theo hng
ngang my. Vi dt thng thng c ng dng lm ct gia cng cho cc cng tc x l nn
t khi c yu cu.
Nhm khng dt gm nhng si ngn v si di lin tc, khng theo mt hng nht nh
no, c lin kt vi nhau bng phng php ha (dng cht dnh), hoc nhit (dng sc nng)
hoc c (dng kim di).
Nhm vi phc hp l loi vi kt hp gia vi dt v khng dt. Nh sn xut may nhng
b si chu lc (dt) ln trn nn vi khng dt to ra mt sn phm c cc chc nng ca
vi dt v khng dt.
1.2. ng dng ca vi a k thut
Trong giao thng vi, KT c th lm tng bn, tnh n nh cho cc tuyn ng i qua
nhng khu vc c nn t yu nh t st mm, bn, than bn... Trong thy li, dng che chn b
mt vch b bng cc ng vi KT n ct nhm gim nh tc thy ng lc ca dng chy ln
b sng. Cn trong xy dng, dng gia c nn t yu dng bc thm ng dng trong nn
mng...
Da vo mc ch, cng dng chnh, ngi ta chia vi KT thnh 3 loi: phn cch, gia
cng, v tiu thot v lc ngc.
1.2.1. Chc nng phn cch
Cc phng php thng thng n nh ho lp t p trn nn t yu bo ho nc
l phi tng thm chiu dy t p b vo lng t b mt do ln chm vo nn t yu trong
qu trnh thi cng. Mc tn tht c th hn 100% i vi t nn c CBR (ch s biu th sc
chu ti ca t v vt liu dng trong tnh ton thit k kt cu ca o ng theo phng php

Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi S 23 8/2010 28
ca AASHTO.) nh hn 0,5. Vic s dng loi vi KT thch hp t gia t yu v nn ng
s ngn cn s trn ln ca hai loi t. Vi KT phn cch ngn nga tn tht t p v v vy
tit kim ng k chi ph xy dng. Ngoi ra, vi KT cn ngn chn khng cho t yu thm
nhp vo ct liu nn ng nhm bo ton cc tnh cht c l ca vt liu p v do nn
ng c th hp th v chu ng mt cch hu hiu ton b ti trng xe.
1.2.2. Chc nng gia cng
Di ti trng bnh xe kh nng chu ti ca nn ng c vi KT ch yu l do chc
nng phn cch (nhm duy tr chiu dy thit k v tnh cht c hc ban u ca cc lp ct liu
nn mng ng) hn l chc nng gia cng v kh nng chu ko ca kt cu.
Trong trng hp xy dng , p hay ng dn vo cu c chiu cao t p ln, c
th dn n kh nng trt mi hoc chuyn v ngang ca t p, vi KT c th ng vai tr ct
gia cng cung cp lc chng trt theo phng ngang nhm gia tng n nh ca mi dc.
Trong trng hp ny vi KT c chc nng gia cng.



Hnh 1. Mi dc taluy c vi a k thut gia cng.

1.2.3. Chc nng tiu thot/ lc ngc
i vi cc nn t yu c m t nhin ln v nhy cm cao. Vi KT c th lm
chc nng thot nc nhm duy tr v thm ch gia tng cng khng ct ca t nn v do
lm gia tng kh nng n nh tng th ca cng trnh theo thi gian. Vi KT loi khng dt,
xuyn kim c chiu dy v tnh thm nc cao l vt liu c kh nng tiu thot tt, c theo
phng ng (thng gc vi mt vi) v phng ngang (trong mt vi). V th, loi vi KT ny
c th lm tiu tn nhanh chng p lc nc l rng thng d trong qu trnh thi cng cng nh
sau khi xy dng v dn n sc khng ct ca nn t yu s c gia tng.Trong cc cng
trnh thu cng, vi KT c s dng lm lp lc ngc ca cng trnh sau bn, tng chn
Hai tiu chun nh gi v c trng lc ngc l kh nng gi t v h s thm ca
vi. Vi KT cn phi c kch thc l hng nh ngn chn khng cho cc ht t cn bo
v i qua ng thi kch thc l hng cng phi ln c kh nng thm nc bo m
cho p lc nc l rng c tiu tn nhanh.

Hnh 2. Vi a k thut lm chc nng tiu t hot/l c ngc.

1. 3. Li ch khi s dng vi a k thut

Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi S 23 8/2010 29
S dng vi KT c cc li ch sau y:
- Cho php tng cng lp t p bng vic tng kh nng tiu thot nc.
- Gim chiu su o vo cc lp t yu.
- Gim dc mi lp t p yu cu v tng tnh n nh ca chng.
- Gi c tc ln u ca cc lp t, c bit trong vng chuyn tip.
- Ci thin cc lp t p v ko di tui th cng trnh.
1.4. Cc tiu chun thit k vi vi a k thut
Vic la chn vi da vo cc tiu chun chnh sau:
1.4.1. Vi c kh nng chng h hng trong thi cng v lp t
c kh nng phn cch hiu qu, vi KT phi m bo khng b chc thng trong qu
trnh thi cng nh b thng bi cc vt liu sc cnh nh si, v vt cng xuyn thng, hoc lp
t p khng dy trong khi t. Vi trng hp sau, chiu dy thit k ti thiu ca lp p
cn phi c duy tr trong sut qu trnh thi cng. ngn nga vi b chc thng trong thi cng,
ngi ta thng tnh ton cc thng s sau xc nh tnh khng chc thng sau:
- Chiu dy lp t p u tin trn mt vi, ph thuc vo gi tr CBR ca t nn bn
di lp vi KT.
- S hin hu ca vt cng, si, trong t p c bit l i vi t ln sn si.
- Loi thit b thi cng, ti trng v din tch tip xc ca bnh xe v t gy ra p lc tc
dng ti cao trnh mt lp vi.
Lc khng xuyn thng ca vi KT c th xc nh da theo iu kin cn bng lc:
F
vert
=.d
h
.h
h
.P
Trong :
d
h
= ng knh trung bnh ca l thng.
h
h
= ln xuyn thng ly bng dh.
P =p lc do ti trong bnh xe tc dng cao trnh lp vi.
Hoc c th xc nh lc khng xuyn thng theo phng php AASHTO
T cc thng s v cng CBR ca nn, p lc tc dng ca bnh xe v chiu dy lp
t p sau khi m nn s xc nh c yu cu v bn ca vi thuc loi cao (H) hay trung
bnh (M). T mc yu cu v bn (H hoc M), ngi ta c th chn cng khng chc
thng yu cu.
1.4.2. Vi c cc c im thch hp v lc ngc v thot nc
Hai tiu chun nh gi v c trng lc ngc l kh nng gi t v h s thm ca
vi. Vi KT cn phi c kch thc l hng nh ngn chn khng cho cc loi ht t cn
bo v i qua, ng thi knh thc l hng cng phi ln c kh nng thm nc bo
m cho p lc nc k rng c tiu tn nhanh.
1.4.3. bn cao khi tip xc vi nh sng
Tt c cc loi vi KT u b ph hu khi phi di nh sng mt tri. Do trong qu trnh
xy dng vi KT b phi trong mt thi gian di di nh sng nn cn s dng loi vi c
bn cao khi tip xc vi nh sng. Ni chung, vi KT khng nn phi trc tip di nh nng
mt tri qu 03 ngy.
2. Li a k thut
Li a k thut c lm bng cht polypropylen (PP), polyester (PE) hay bc bng
polyetylen-teretalat (PET) vi phng php p v dn dc. Li a k thut c sn xut u
tin nm 1978 ti Anh, bi cng ty Netlon (v hin gi l tp on Tensar International). Sau
n Stabilenka ca H Lan. Li a k thut ging nh t ba dy c l, c th cun trn li.
2.1. Phn loi li a k thut
Li a c chia thnh 3 nhm:

Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi S 23 8/2010 30
- Li mt trc: c sc ko theo hng dc my, thng gia c mi dc, tng chn v.v.
- Li hai trc: c sc ko c hai hng, thng dng gia c nn ng, nn mng
cng trnh v.v... Tri vi vi, hng ngang my c sc chu ko ln hn dc my.
- Li ARG, AR1, Glasstex dng cho nhng ng dng asphalt.
2.2. c im chnh
Li a k thut mt trc c sn xut t polietilen c t trng cao, HDPE (high density
polyethylen) cn li hai trc lm bng polietilen hoc polipropilen hoc c hai.
Cc loi li a k thut u c nhng c im sau:
- Sc chu ko ln khng thua km g cc thanh kim loi. Vt liu dng lm li a c sc
chu ko t rt ln ( khong 2800kg/cm
2
).
- Tnh ci cht vi vt liu chung quanh, to nn mt lp mng vng chc, nht l chng li
s trt ca t p dng lm p, tng chn t.
- Tnh a nng: hu nh thch hp vi mi loi t, .
- Thi cng d dng: trng lng nh, d mang vc, vn chuyn, khng cn my mc, ch 2
ngi l c th tri li.
- Bn vng: t b hy hai bi thi tit, tia t ngoi, bi mi trng chung quanh nh t c
axt, kim, v cc cht c hi khc.
2.3. ng dng ca li a k thut
Gii php s dng li a k thut c s dng rng ri trn ton th gii trong nhng
cng trnh tng chn dn vo u cu, k sng, k bin v gia c, sa cha mi dc do nhng
u im vt tri sau y:
- an ton cao, bn vng vi mi trng, vng i thit k 120 nm.
- Thi gian thi cng nhanh chng.
- Tn dng vt liu ti ch.
- Cho php my mc hng nng hot ng gn khu vc mp mi dc m cht u.
- S dng gii php trng c trn mt taluy to cnh quan v thn thin vi mi trng.
- C th thit k v thi cng tng chn t n cao 45 mt.
- Nhiu la chn cho b mt tng chn, m bo tnh thm m ca cng trnh.
- Tit kim c chi ph so vi cc kt cu trng lc v b tng gia c truyn thng.
2.3.1. n nh nn mng
Cc li a k thut chu lc hai chiu ca Tensar kt hp vi hiu qu hot ng trong
vic gia c vt liu ri v cc lp mng ng mang li nhiu li ch:
- Gim dy lp vt liu si/ ti 40% m khng gim cht lng cng trnh.
- Gim khi lng o cng vi vic bo tn c cc ngun vt liu t nhin.
- Gim mc xo trn v kh nng lm yu cc lp mng ng nhy cm.
- Nng cao cht ca lp vt liu p.
- Tng vng i thit k.
- Kim sot c cc kh nng ln chnh lch...
2.3.2. Gia c nn ng nha
Nhng mt ng chu ti trong cao lin tc cng nh nhng ng b tng c ph nha
hoc nhng ng c mng trn s hot ng tt hn nu c gia c.
Cc sn phm gia c nn ng nha ca Tensar s gip gim chi ph bo dng v ph
hp vi tt c cc loi hn hp nha:
- Gim dy lp nha n 40%;

Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi S 23 8/2010 31
- Gim ng k hin tng nt mt ng;
- Gim hin tng ln n 70%;
- Tng vng i mt ng;
- D thi cng.
Chnh v nhng li ch trn, li a k thut s c s dng rt hiu qu trong nhng ng
dng: lm ng tm cho xe vo thi cng khi i qua khu vc t yu, kt cu o ng cho mt
ng cao tc, bi container trong cng bin, ng cho xe siu trng, siu trng, sn lm vic
cho phng tin thi cng hng nng.
2.3.3. Mi dc taluy c dc n 45
Li a k thut cho php s dng vt liu p cht lng tng i km trong thi cng
mi taluy mang li nhiu li ch v kinh t, mi trng v d thi cng:
- Gim thiu t s dng;
- Gii hn vic ly t nhng khu vc nhy cm v mi trng;
- Gim khi lng t p yu cu;
- Cho php s dng t sn c ti a phng;
- Thi cng n gin v nhanh chng;
- Cho php my mc hng nng hot ng gn khu vc mp mi dc m cht.
Ngoi cc li ch xy mi, n cn c th c s dng trong vic sa cha cc mi taluy
bng vic o v s dng li t o v gia c mi taluy bng li a Tensar:
- Gim thiu vic chuyn ch t ra khi cng trng;
- Gim chi ph bng 25% cc phng php truyn thng;
- C th gim vic tc nghn giao thng hoc phi phong ta ni thi cng.
2.3.4. Mi dc taluy trn 45
Li KT cho php thi cng mi taluy dc ti 90
0
. Vic thi cng mi taluy dc c gia c em
li cc li ch:
- Gim thiu t s dng;
- Gii hn vic ly t nhng khu vc nhy cm v mi trng;
- Gim khi lng t p yu cu;
- Cho php s dng t sn c ti a phng;
- Thi cng n gin v nhanh chng;
- L gii php thay th c li hn so vi tng chn;
- L gii php tng mm thay th tng chn b mt cng nhng khu vc nhy cm v
mi trng.
2.3.5.Tng chn t c ct v m cu gia c
S dng gii php tng chn t c ct c th tic kim chi ph ng k. Nu la chn
thit k tng chn v m cu th h tng chn c ct s cung cp cho ngi s dng mt gii
php hon thin.
Cc gii php b mt tng chn c ct:
- Cc tm b tng ln c sn vi nhiu kch thc, cht liu v mu sc khc nhau.
- Cc cng ngh s dng t nhin hoc gch khun.
- Panel b tng ton b chiu cao c sn li a k thut ni vi phn li gia c
chnh bng thanh gi rng lc HDPE.
- Li thp chi ph thp dng cho cc cng trnh tm thi v cc tng chn gim p lc
ngang pha sau kt cu hin ti.
- H tng gch block.
2.3.6. ng dn u cu
Ging nh tng chn trng lc, li c tri thnh tng lp ngang, neo gia cc tm p
mi hai mi ng dn u cu, va tng kh nng chu ti ng thi tit kim khng gian hai
bn ng dn.
2.3.7. Li n kt cc

Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh Hng hi S 23 8/2010 32
Sau khi ng cc mng, li c tri trn cc cc, to ra mt gin truyn ti trng t
cc cng trnh bn trn ti tt c cc cc mt cch hiu qu, ng thi gip tit kim c s
lng cc s dng.
2.3.8. To li trn nn c nhiu hc trng
Li c s dng ph nn c nhiu hc trng, phn nn vi, phn nn c nhiu vt
liu khi ln nhn... hn ch st l rng, bo v cc lp lt nh mng chng thm ( chn lp rc,
h cha trn ni i, vng m, v.v.)
2.3.9. Tng ma st trn mi dc
Nhm tng ma st ca vt liu p trn mi dc c tri cc lp mng chng thm trn hoc
vt liu a k thut khc.
3. Kt lun
Vic s dng vi a k thut v li KT em li nhiu hiu qu tt cho cng tc x l nn
t yu v gi n nh cho mi dc t, c kh nng ng dng tt vo nhiu loi cng trnh khc
nhau.
Vic s dng cn c mt s hn ch sau y:
* Tiu chun thit k - thi cng - nghim thu vi KT l TCN 248 - 98 ni chung cn s si,
ni dung tiu chun cha qui nh v tnh ton ln, thm lc, bo v v gia cng. iu ny gy
kh khn cho cng tc thit k, thi cng cng nh nghim thu cc cng trnh c s dng vi KT.
V vy, cn sm nghin cu, sa i, b xung TCN 248 - 98
* Cha c Tiu chun thit k - thi cng - nghim thu li KT. Do , khi s dng li
KT trong cc cng trnh hin nay, cc k s t vn thit k, cn b k thut thi cng, ch u t,
t vn gim st mi ch da vo cc ch dn ca nh sn xut. V vy, c th s dng rng
ri loi vt liu trn, cc c quan qun l nh nc cn sm nghin cu, ban hnh Tiu chun
thit k - thi cng - nghim thu li KT.
* Hin ti Vit Nam, cc c s th nghim v vi KT v li KT cn qu t, cha p
ng c yu cu thc t.
* Hin ti, Vit nam cha c c s sn xut c li KT nn gi thnh cn kh cao nn
vic la chn loi vt liu ny trong xy dng cng cn hn ch.
* y l loi vt liu mi, c nh gi l thn thin vi mi trng nn cc c quan qun l
nh nc, cc nh sn xut, cc t chc thng mi, cc n v t vncn t chc cc Hi
tho gii thiu, qung b cho loi vt liu ny.
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Bi c Hp, ng dng vi v li a k thut trong xy dng cng trnh, NXB GTVT H ni -
2000.
[2] Nguyn Vit Trung, Cng ngh mi x l nn t yu, NXB GTVT H ni - 1998.
[3] www.Tencate.com.
[4] Cng ty C phn TVXD Cng trnh Hng hi, H s thit k bn v thi cng bn PTSC nh V
- Hi phng 2008.
[5] Cng ty C phn TVXD Cng trnh Hng hi, H s thit k bn v thi cng bn Cng ty Tn
cng - 128, Hi phng 2010.
[6] Tiu chun thit k - thi cng - nghim thu vi a k thut TCN 248 - 98.
[7] Bi Quc Bnh, S dng ng a k thut geotube cho cc d n bin Vit nam, chn
sng, m hn mm, k bin.

Ngi phn bin: TS. Phm Vn Trung