So Tay Tai Lieu Ky Thuat

TNG CC MI TRNG
TI LIU K THUT

Hng dn nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l
nc thi v gii thiu mt s cng ngh x l
nc thi i vi ngnh Ch bin thu sn,
Dt may, Giy v bt giy

H Ni, 2011

BAN BIN TP

TS. Nguyn Th ng
GS.TS. Trn Hiu Nhu
PGS.TS. Cao Th H
TS. ng Vn Li
ThS. Nguyn Th Thin Phng
ThS. Thanh Bi
TS. Nguyn Phm H
TS. Nguyn Th Phng Loan
ThS. Phm Th Kiu Oanh

Ti liu ny c mc ch l xy dng hng dn quy trnh nh gi s ph hp ca
cng ngh x l nc thi v gii thiu mt s cng ngh x l nc thi c
nh gi thc t ti 3 ngnh (Ch bin Thy sn, Dt may, Giy v bt giy) da
trn quan im ca cc chuyn gia v s ng thun, cng bng, khch quan
nh gi cng ngh x l nc thi theo quy trnh k thut nh gi cng ngh x l
nc thi. Cc cng ngh x l nc thi trong Ti liu ny ch mang tnh cht gii
thiu tham kho. Ti liu ny khng c nh l mt ngun qung co cho cc nh
sn xut, ch to, cung cp cng ngh x l nc thi. Cc s liu, kt qu phn tch
trnh by trong Ti liu l chnh xc, tin cy v c gi tr ti thi im tin hnh phn
tch, nh gi.
i
MC LC

Mc lc ............................................................................................................ i
Danh sch ch vit tt ................................................................................... iii
Danh sch hnh ............................................................................................... v
Danh sch bng ............................................................................................. vii

Li ni u

Chng 1 Hng dn nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l nc
thi ................................................................................................................. 1

Chng 2 Ngnh cng nghip Ch bin Thy sn .................................. 13
2.1 Gii thiu chung ..................................................................................... 15
2.2 Quy trnh cng ngh ch bin thu sn .................................................. 16
2.3 Lu lng v thnh phn nc thi ........................................................ 19
2.4 Cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp xut ........................................... 20
2.4.1 Hin trng cng ngh x l nc thi ca ngnh Ch bin Thy
sn ......................................................................................................... 20
2.4.2 Cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp xut ................................ 21
2.5 Mt s cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn c nh gi ph
hp ................................................................................................................ 26
2.5.1 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty ch bin thy sn 01 (Cng
ty CBTS 01), cng sut 3.600 m
3
/ngy m ......................................... 27
3
/ngy m ......................................... 34
ty CBTS 03), cng sut 400 m
3
/ngy m ............................................ 43

Chng 3 Ngnh Cng nghip Dt may ................................................... 53
3.1 Gii thiu chung ..................................................................................... 55
3.2 Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ................................................................. 55
3.4.1 Hin trng cng ngh x l nc thi ca ngnh Dt may .......... 58
ii
3.5 Mt s cng ngh x l nc thi ngnh Dt may c nh gi ph
hp ................................................................................................................ 66
3.5.1 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty dt may 01 (Cng ty DM
01), cng sut 5.000 m
3
/ngy m ........................................................ 67
02), cng sut 2.500 m
3
/ngym ......................................................... 75
03), cng sut 1.000 m
3
/ngy m ........................................................ 82

Chng 4 Ngnh cng nghip Sn xut Giy v bt giy ....................... 91
4.1 Gii thiu chung ..................................................................................... 93
4.2 Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut ................................................................. 94
4.4.1 Hin trng cng ngh x l nc thi giy v bt giy ............... 97
4.5 Mt s cng ngh x l nc thi ngnh cng nghip Sn xut Giy v
bt giy c nh gi ph hp ................................................................. 102
4.5.1 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty ch bin giy v bt giy 01
(Cng ty SXG&BG01), cng sut 3.200 m
3
/ngy m ...................... 103
4.5.2 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty sn xut giy v bt giy 02
(Cng ty SXG&BG 02), cng sut 720 m
3
/ngy m ........................ 115
3
/ngy m ........................ 124

Ti liu tham kho ...................................................................................... 131

Ph lc ....................................................................................................... 133
Ph lc 1. Mu H s thuyt minh cng ngh ........................................... 133
Ph lc 2. Ni dung v k hoch nh gi hin trng .............................. 135
Ph lc 3. Bo co kt qu nh gi hin trng ....................................... 136

iii
DANH SCH CH VIT TT

BOD Nhu cu oxy sinh ha
CBTS Ch bin Thy sn
COD Nhu cu oxy ha hc
L i Loan
DM Dt may
DO Oxy ha tan
V n v
EGSB Expanded granular sludge bed
HK Hng Kng
IC Internal circulation
INEST Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh mi trng
KCN Khu cng nghip
KPH Khng pht hin
KT Kch thc
MLTN Mng li thot nc
MTK My thi kh
PA Phng n
PAC Poly aluminium chloride
QCVN Quy chun Vit Nam
SCR Song chn rc
SCRT Song chn rc th
SCRM Song chn rc mn
SL S lng
SXG&BG Sn xut Giy v bt giy
SS Cht rn l lng
TCVN Tiu Chun Vit Nam
THB Tun hon bn
TNHH Trch nhim hu hn
T
lu
Thi gian lu
TSS Tng cht rn l lng
UASB Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket
VEA Tng cc Mi trng
VN Vit Nam
VN Vit Nam ng
DAF Dissolved air floatation

v
DANH SCH HNH

Hnh 1.1 S nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l cht thi ............ 12
Hnh 2.1 Kim ngch xut khu thy sn ca Vit Nam (t nm 2008 2011)
...................................................................................................................... 15
Hnh 2.2 Quy trnh tng qut ch bin c tra v basa fillet ng lnh ......... 17
Hnh 2.3 Quy trnh tng qut ch bin surimi ............................................. 18
Hnh 2.4 Quy trnh tng qut ch bin tm ng lnh ................................. 19
Hnh 2.5 S cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn p dng cng
ngh sinh hc hiu kh vi bn hot tnh l lng ......................................... 20
Hnh 2.6 S cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn p dng qu
trnh ho l kt hp sinh hc hiu kh .......................................................... 20
Hnh 2.7 S cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn p dng qu
trnh sinh hc k kh kt hp hiu kh .......................................................... 21
Hnh 2.8 Cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn c khuyn khch
p dng ......................................................................................................... 25
Hnh 2.9 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ty CBTS 01 ............... 28
Hnh 2.10 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ty CBTS 02 ............. 36
Hnh 2.11 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ty CBTS 03 ............. 45
Hnh 2.12 H thng x l nc thi ch bin thy sn ca Cng ty CBTS
02, cng sut 1.200 m
3
/ngym .................................................................. 51
Hnh 3.1 Cc cng on chnh v pht sinh dng thi ca ngnh Dt may . 55
Hnh 3.2 Quy trnh cng ngh nhum v hon tt ....................................... 56
Hnh 3.3 Cng ngh x l nc thi i vi ngun nguyn liu l polyester
v hn hp cotton/polyester c khuyn khch p dng ............................ 62
Hnh 3.4 Cng ngh x l nc thi i vi ngun nguyn liu l cotton
c khuyn khch p dng .......................................................................... 65
Hnh 3.5 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 01 .................. 69
Hnh 3.8 H thng x l nc thi dt may ca Cng ty DM 02, cng sut
2.500 m
3
/ngym ........................................................................................ 90
Hnh 4.1 S cng ngh Kraft, cc ngun nc thi v tc nhn gy
nhim ............................................................................................................ 94
vi
Hnh 4.2 S cng ngh sn xut giy t bt giy v giy ti ch ........... 95
Hnh 4.3 Cng ngh x l nc thi giy v bt giy c khuyn khch p
dng ............................................................................................................ 101
Hnh 4.4 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ty SXBG&BG 01 .... 105
Hnh 4.5 S cng ngh x l nc thi cng ty SXG&BG 02 ............. 116
Hnh 4.6 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ty SXG&BG 03 ...... 125
Hnh 4.7 H thng x l nc th sn xut giy v bt giy ca Cng ty
SXG&BG 01, cng sut 3.200 m
3
/ngym .............................................. 130
vii
DANH SCH BNG

Bng 1.1 H thng cc tiu ch nh gi v thang im nh gi s ph hp
ca cng ngh x l nc thi ....................................................................... 6
Bng 1.2 iu kin p dng nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l ...... 10
Bng 2.1 Thnh phn nc thi ch bin thy sn ...................................... 19
Bng 2.2 Kt qu nh gi h thng x l nc thi ca 03 cng ty c h
thng x l nc thi c khuyn khch p dng ...................................... 26
Bng 2.3 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty CBTS 01 .. 27
Bng 2.4 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v ca h thng x l nc
thi cng ty CBTS 01 ................................................................................... 31
Bng 2.5 Thng s k thut ca cc thit b s dng cho h thng x l
nc thi Cng ty CBTS 01 ......................................................................... 32
Bng 2.6 Thnh phn nc thi u vo, u ra v hiu qu ca h thng x
l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 01 ............................................................... 33
Bng 2.7 Ha cht tiu th cho h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS
01 .................................................................................................................. 33
Bng 2.8 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty CBTS 02 .. 35
Bng 2.9 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v ca h thng x l nc
thi ................................................................................................................ 40
Bng 2.10 Thng s k thut ca cc thit b s dng cho h thng x l
nc thi Cng ty CBTS 02 ......................................................................... 41
Bng 2.11 Thnh phn nc thi u vo, u ra v hiu qu ca h thng
x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 02.......................................................... 42
Bng 2.12 Ha cht tiu th cho h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS
02 .................................................................................................................. 42
Bng 2.13 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty CBTS 03 44
Bng 2.14 Thng s thit k ca cc cng trnh n v h thng x l nc
thi ca cng ty CBTS 03 ............................................................................. 48
Bng 2.15 Thng s k thut cc thit b s dng cho h thng x l nc
thi ca Cng ty CBTS 03 ............................................................................ 48
x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 03.......................................................... 49
Bng 2.17 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty
CBTS 03 ....................................................................................................... 50
viii
Bng 3.1 Ngun gc cht thi v tc ng n mi trng ca ngnh dt
may ............................................................................................................... 56
Bng 3.2 Lng nc tiu th i vi mt s loi vi trong ngnh dt may
...................................................................................................................... 57
Bng 3.3 Thnh phn nc thi Dt nhum ................................................ 57
Bng 3.4 Kt qu nh gi ca 03 cng ty c h thng x l nc thi c
khuyn khch p dng ................................................................................... 66
Bng 3.5 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty DM 01 ..... 68
Bng 3.6 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v h thng x l nc thi
ca Cng ty DM 01 ...................................................................................... 72
Bng 3.7 Thng s k thut cc thit b ca h thng x l nc thi ca
Cng ty DM 01 ............................................................................................. 73
l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 01 .................................................................. 74
Bng 3.9 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM
03 .................................................................................................................. 74
Bng 3.10 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty DM 02 .... 75
ca Cng ty DM 02 ...................................................................................... 79
Cng ty DM 02 ............................................................................................. 79
x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 02 ............................................................. 80
02 .................................................................................................................. 81
Bng 3.15 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty DM 03 .... 82
ca Cng ty DM 03 ...................................................................................... 86
Cng ty DM 03 ............................................................................................. 87
x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 03 ............................................................. 88
03 .................................................................................................................. 88
ix
Bng 4.1 Thnh phn nc thi ca mt s nh my sn xut giy v bt
giy vi nguyn liu l g v giy thi ......................................................... 97
Bng 4.2 Kt qu nh gi h thng x l nc thi ca 03 cng ty c cng
ngh x l nc thi c khuyn khch p dng ...................................... 102
Bng 4.3 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty SXG&BG
01 ................................................................................................................ 104
ca cng ty SXG&BG 01 ........................................................................... 108
Bng 4.5 Thng s k thut cc thit b ca h thng x l nc thi cng ty
SXG&BG 01 .............................................................................................. 109
l nc thi ca Cng ty SXG&BG 01 ...................................................... 113
Bng 4.7 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi Cng ty SXG&BG
01 ................................................................................................................ 113
Bng 4.8 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty SXG&BG 02
.................................................................................................................... 115
ca Cng ty SXG&BG 02 .......................................................................... 119
Bng 4.10 Thng s k thut cc thit b ca h thng x l nc thi Cng
ty SXG&BG 02 .......................................................................................... 120
Bng 4.11 Thnh phn nc thi u vo, u ra v hiu qu x l ca h
thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty SXG&BG 02 ....................................... 122
Bng 4.12 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi Cng ty
SXG&BG 02 .............................................................................................. 122
Bng 4.13 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty SXG&BG
03 ................................................................................................................ 124
ca cng ty SXG&BG 03 ........................................................................... 128
Bng 4.15 Thng s k thut cc thit b ca h thng x l nc thi cng
ty SXG&BG 03 .......................................................................................... 128
thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty SXG&BG 03 ....................................... 129
Bng 4.17 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi ca cng ty
SXG&BG 03 .............................................................................................. 129

LI NI U

Sau hn 30 nm thc hin qu trnh cng nghip ha v hin i ha,
Vit Nam c cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut v khu cng ngh cao
57/63 tnh thnh, thu ht hng chc ngn d n xy dng nh my vi loi
ngnh ngh v hn 300.000 c s cng nghip bn ngoi cc KCN/KCX. Bn
cnh vic sn xut ra mt khi lng ln sn phm phc v nhu cu trong nc
v xut khu, cc c s cng nghip cng tiu th mt khi lng khng l cc
ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v nng lng, ng thi thi vo mi trng mt
khi lng tng ng cc loi cht thi (lng, kh, rn v bn). Trong nc
thi thng l ngun thi c quan tm nht do chng thung c lu lng
ln, nng cc cht nhim cao, thnh phn nhim kh x l hoc chi ph
x l tn km v to nn khi lng ln sn phm ph ngoi mun. Mc d
s lng cc c s sn xut cng nghip xy dng h thng x l nc thi
tng ln r rt trong nhng nm qua nhng cht lng nc thi sau x l
thng khng t tiu chun x vo ngun tip nhn. Nhiu khi cn vt tiu
chun cho php x thi hng chc ln, gy ra nhim mi trng nghim trng.
C nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra tnh trng trn, nhng nguyn nhn quan trng l
vic la chn cng ngh khng ph hp v/hoc xy dng khng ng thit k -
vn hnh sai quy trnh.
Trong iu kin cng tc bo v mi trng ngy cng c quan tm,
cng tc thi hnh Lut Bo v mi trng v x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong
lnh vc mi trng ngy cng c sit cht th bt buc cc c s cng nghip
phi thc hin nghim tc cng tc x l nc thi bo v mi trng. Nhm h
tr cho cc c s cng nghip thc hin tt cng tc x l nc thi v cc S
Ti nguyn v Mi trng a phng trong vic h tr doanh nghip trong la
chn cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp gp phn bo v mi trng, Tng cc
Mi trng xy dng v xin trn trng gii thiu cun Ti liu k thut
Hng dn nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l nc thi v gii
thiu mt s cng ngh x l nc thi i vi ngnh Ch bin Thu sn,
Dt may, Giy v bt giy .
Ti liu hng dn bao gm cc hai phn (1) hng dn nh gi s ph
hp ca cng ngh x l nc thi, (2) nh gi v xut cng ngh x l
nc thi ph hp ca ngnh Ch bin Thy sn, Dt may, Giy v bt giy.
Ban bin tp xin chn thnh cm n cc nh khoa hc, cc nh qun l,
cc chuyn gia ng gp kin cho cun Ti liu ny.
Ban bin tp cng xin chn thnh cm n Ban lnh o cc nh my
h tr chng ti trong qu trnh thc hin nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x
l nc thi.
Trong qu trnh bin son, chc chn khng trnh khi nhng thiu st,
Ban bin tp rt mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp Ti liu c tip
tc hon thin hn na./.
Ban bin tp

Chng 1

Hng dn nh gi s ph
hp ca cng ngh x l
nc thi

3
Cng ngh ph hp l cng ngh c th p ng cc quy chun/tiu chun
v x thi v thch nghi ca cng ngh i vi iu kin t nhin, kinh t
v x hi. Cng ngh ph hp c th l cng ngh hin i hay n gin.
Nh vy, mt cng ngh ph hp trong bi cnh pht trin bn vng l khi
cng ngh ny c chi ph thp nht (chi ph u t v vn hnh), kh thi v
mt k thut v php l, m bo hiu qu x l nhim v c cng ng
chp nhn (Mara, 1996; Sarmento, 2001; Ujang & Buckley, 2002).
La chn tiu ch nh gi s ph hp cng ngh x l nc thi
Vic chn la cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp c thc hin da trn
vic xem xt, nh gi rt nhiu yu t nh hng khc nhau. Vn c
quan tm hng u trong vic la chn cng ngh l bn cht ng dng cng
ngh chng hn cng ngh x l/ ti ch/ ti s dng, tip theo cc yu
t nh hng bao gm hiu qu, chi ph, cc yu t x hi v th ch cng
c quan tm trong vic la chn cng ngh x l thch hp
(Singhirunnusorn & Stenstrom, 2009)
Nhiu nghin cu trn th gii a ra nhng quan im khc nhau i vi
nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l cht thi. Theo Alaerts v cng s
(1990), mt h thng x l cht thi l kh thi nu n c hiu qu v kinh t,
k thut, ng tin cy v c th qun l d dng. Da trn nhng thut ng
chung nh trn, mt vi tiu ch mang tnh kh thi c xc nh nh: (a)
kh thi v mi trng; (b) ng tin cy; c th qun l v t chc v k
thut;(d) ngun chi ph v ti chnh; v (e) c th ng dng theo hng ti
s dng. Mi tiu ch c chia ra thnh cc ch tiu khc nhau, cc ch tiu
ny cn c xem xt trong vic nh gi tnh n nh ca h thng. Boshier
(1993) nghin cu ba trng hp New Zealand trong cng ng phi
quyt nh phng n cng ngh thch hp x l v thi b bn cng
rnh, ng kt lun rng nhng tiu ch hu ch nht nh gi cc phng
n cng ngh khc nhau l: (a) s tham gia v cam kt ca cng ng; (b) s
sn c ca c s h tng k thut nh c sn bi thi b; (c) cc kha
cnh vn ho v mi trng a phng ; (d) cc him ha, ri ro v mi
trng; (e) chi ph; (f) cc kha cnh v k thut. Trong cc trng hp
nghin cu ny, cc yu t v iu kin vn ho mi trng a phng
ng vai tr quyt nh trong vic chn phng php x l. Dummade
(2002) xut nhiu ch th nh gi tnh n nh ca cng ngh ngoi
nhp cho cc nc ang pht trin v phn loi chng thnh s cp v th
cp. Kh nng thch ng ca mt cng ngh vi mi trng v x hi c
xem xt nh ch th s cp, ch th th cp l mt nhm gm bn loi nh
sau: (a) n nh v k thut ; (b) n nh v kinh t; (c) n nh v mi
trng v (d) n nh v chnh tr - x hi. Bng cch nhn dng v xc nh
cc ch th n nh ti mt v tr c th, cng ngh n nh v n nh hn c
th c la chn v c th trnh c s lng ph ti nguyn (Dunmade,
2002). Lettinga (2001) lit k cc vn cn t c ca phng n
cng ngh pht trin n nh v n nh lu di: (a) s dng t ti
4
nguyn/nng lng hoc c kh nng sn xut ti nguyn/nng lng; (b)
hiu qu x l v s n nh ca h thng; (c) linh ng v mt ng dng
cc quy m khc; (d) n gin trong xy dng, vn hnh v bo dng.
Nghin cu tng quan ti liu cho thy c nhiu im tng t gia cc tiu
ch a ra t cc tc gi khc nhau nh gi tnh kh thi v n nh ca
cng ngh x l cht thi nhng vng min khc nhau. Da vo iu kin
thc t ca Vit Nam, 04 nhm tiu ch v 21 ch tiu c s dng nh
gi v la chn cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp.
Nhm tiu ch k thut lin quan n vn k thut nh thit k, xy
dng, vn hnh v tin cy ca cng ngh. i vi bt k h thng x l
nc thi no, mc tiu quan trng nht l t tiu chun/quy chun mi
trng hay tun th quy nh v mi trng. Ngoi ra, hiu qu x l ca
mi cng trnh n v cng phn nh s ph hp trong thit k, vn hnh
cng trnh n v , ng thi nh hng n hiu qu x l ca ton h
thng. Xt hai h thng x l c chi ph xy dng v vn hnh tng ng
nhau, h thng c hiu qu loi b cht nhim cao hn th s an ton trong
vic tun th quy nh v mi trng hn (Lucas, 2004). tin cy ca h
thng bao gm tin cy i vi kh nng vn hnh v tin cy ca thit
b. tin cy ca h thng c nh gi theo hiu qu x l trong iu
kin bnh thng v trong trng hp s c, tn xut h hng thit b, v nh
hng ca s c h hng thit b n hiu qu x l (Eisenberg v cng s,
2001). Kh nng qun l h thng v mt k thut m Alaerts v cng s
(1990) cp cng c th c xp vo nhm tiu ch ny. Kh nng
qun l h thng lin quan n cc yu t nh tn sut bo dng h thng,
kh nng thay th thit b bng thit b c sn hoc t ch to a phng
v yu t ngun nhn lc c trnh chuyn mn cn thit qun l h
thng (Dunmade, 2002; Lucas, 2004).
Nhm tiu ch v mi trng xt n kh nng bn vng v mt mi trng
nh kh nng ti s dng nc thi ti tiu, kh nng ti s dng sn
phm th cp nh kh thi (biogas) v bn thi hu c (biosolids). Ti cc
nc ang pht trin, nc thi v cc sn phm th cp sau qu trnh x l
c xem nh nhng ngun ti nguyn. Nc thi sau qu trnh x l ph
hp c th s dng ti tiu trong nng nghip do c cha thnh phn
dinh dng cn thit cho cy trng (Kalbermatten v cng s, 1982;
Pickford, 1995; Parr v cng s, 1999). Ngoi ra, mc pht thi vo mi
trng khng kh, t v nc cng c quan tm. Cc pht thi c th l
kh methane t qu trnh x l sinh hc k kh, mi hi t qu trnh x l
sinh hc k kh ln hiu kh (Alaerts v cng s, 1990), hi nc mang mm
bnh pht tn ra mi trng xung quanh v cc pht thi th cp (CO
2
, CO,
NO
x
, SO
x
) t cc thit b s dng nhin liu trong h thng. Ngoi ra, cc
yu t nh tiu th ho cht nhu cu nng lng s dng trong qu trnh vn
hnh v din tch khng gian s dng ca h thng cng c lit k vo
nhm tiu ch ny.
5
Nhm tiu ch v kinh t lin quan n vn u t xy dng cng trnh, chi
ph vn hnh v chi ph bo tr - bo dng cng trnh. Chi ph xy dng
cng trnh c s dng so snh nhiu phng n xy dng trong cng
mt khu vc vi iu kin kinh t tng t nhau (Alaerts v cng s, 1990).
Chi ph xy dng bao gm chi ph nguyn vt liu xy dng, cng lao ng,
vn chuyn v mt s chi ph ph tr khc nh in, nc, lng tri, v.v. Chi
ph ny c th c biu din qua sut u t xy dng mt n v din tch,
th tch cng trnh hay mt n v nc thi. Chi ph vn hnh (bao gm chi
ph in, nc, ha cht, nhn cng) v chi ph bo tr v sa cha cng
trnh c th c biu din bng chi ph x l trn mt n v nc thi.
Nhm chi ph x hi lin quan n quan nim v yu t truyn thng trong
vic thit k h thng x l nc thi (Kalbermatten v cng s, 1982). V
d, vic s dng bn septic c ngun gc t phn hm cu trong cc h
thng x l sinh hc cn c cng ng nhn thc v chp nhn. Nhm
tiu ch x hi bao gm mc chp nhn ca cng ng i vi nhng nh
hng do h thng x l nc thi gy ra, chng hn nh mi hi, ting n
v rung do ng c t vn hnh ca h thng x l cht thi (Tsagarakis v
cng s, 2001). Ngoi ra, yu t tc ng n m quan ca khu vc cng c
th c lit k vo nhm tiu ch ny.
Xc nh v lng ha i vi cc nhm tiu ch v ch tiu
Trong bn tiu ch c bn nu (k thut, kinh t, mi trng v x hi),
kt hp vi kin ca cc chuyn gia v cng ngh, Tng cc Mi trng
tng hp v xut cc nhm tiu ch, thang im v cch cho im i
vi cc tiu ch c th khi nh gi cng ngh x l nc thi nh sau:
- Nhm cc tiu ch v k thut ng vai tr quan trng nht, hn cc tiu
ch cn li v c lng ha vi s im l A/100 im;
- Nhm cc tiu ch v kinh t ng vai tr quan trng th hai v c
lng ha vi s im l B/100 im;
- Nhm cc tiu ch v mi trng ng vai tr quan trng th ba v c
lng ha vi s im l C/100 im;
- Nhm cc tiu ch v x hi ng vai tr quan trng t nht v c lng
ha vi s im l D/100 im.
Tng gi tr: A + B + C + D = 100 im. Trong 04 nhm tiu ch, cc ch
tiu c th i vi mi nhm tiu ch c gi tr l A
i
; B
j
; C
p
; D
q
. Ty thuc
vo iu kin thc t ca tng a phng, Hi ng nh gi cng ngh c
th iu chnh cc gi tr A
i
; B
j
; C
p
; D
q
cho ph hp. Trong :
n
1 i
i
A A
n
1 j
j
B B
n
1 p
p
C C
n
1 q
q
D D
6
V d, i vi vic nh gi cng ngh x l nc thi ca cc c s ch
bin thy sn, dt nhum, giy v bt giy trong ti liu ny, A c gi tr l
48 im; B c gi tr l 25 im; C c gi tr l 17 im v D c gi tr l 10
im. Ni dung cc tiu ch, gi tr im s ca A
i
; B
j
; C
p
; D
q
, v v d minh
ha c trnh by trong Bng 1.1.
Vic nh gi (cho im) cng ngh x l nc thi theo mi tiu ch v ch
tiu (ti a hoc trong thang im dao ng) ty thuc vo cc c im,
thng s ca h s thuyt minh cng ngh, kho st hin trng v nh gi
kt qu vn hnh thc t ti hin trng ca h thng x l ang hot ng.
Bng 1.1 H thng cc tiu ch nh gi v thang im nh gi s ph hp ca
cng ngh x l nc thi
(1)

TT Tiu ch
im s
ti a
V d
minh ha
V d
khong
dao ng
I Tiu ch k thut A 48
1
Mc tun th cc quy nh v x
thi (QCVN)
A
1
15

C 3 ln ly mu, tt c cc ch tiu
u t quy nh
15

1/3 ln ly mu, c xc xut t nht
mt ch tiu khng t quy nh
11-14 im

1/3 ln ly mu, c xc xut t nht
hai ch tiu khng t quy nh
1-10 im

C 3 ln ly mu, c xc sut t nht
mt ch tiu khng t quy nh
0
2
Hiu qu ca cng ngh (% loi b
cht nhim)
A
2
3

Hiu qu x l t trn 80% (i vi
t nht 5 ch tiu chnh c la chn
ph thuc vo c tnh ca ngnh
cng nghip)
3

Hiu qu x l t 60-80% (i vi t
nht 5 ch tiu chnh c la chn
ph thuc vo c tnh ca ngnh
cng nghip)

Dao ng
t 0-2 im
3
Tui th, bn ca cng trnh,
thit b
A
3
5
Thi gian sa cha ln 5 nm/ln 5
Thi gian sa cha ln 3 nm/ln
Dao ng
t 2-4 im
Thi gian sa cha ln 1 nm/ln
Dao ng
t 0-2 im

(1)
Cn c iu kin thc t ca tng a phng, s lng cc tiu ch, thang im v im s
c th thay i v iu chnh cho ph hp hn
7
TT Tiu ch
im s
ti a
V d
minh ha
V d
khong
dao ng
4
T l ni a ha ca h thng my
mc, thit b
A
4
5

Ton b thit b, linh kin c sn
xut v ch to trong nc
5

50% thit b, linh kin c sn xut
v ch to trong nc

Dao ng
t 2-4 im

Ton b thit b, linh kin do nc
ngoi sn xut v ch to

Dao ng
t 0-2 im
5 Kh nng thay th linh kin, thit b A
5
5

Thit b, linh kin c sn ti a
phng
5

Thit b, linh kin khng c sn ti
a phng (nhng c Vit Nam)

Dao ng
t 2-4 im

Thit b, linh kin khng c Vit
Nam (phi nhp khu)

Dao ng
t 0-2im
6
Kh nng thch ng khi tng nng
hoc lu lng nc thi u
vo
A
6
3

Hiu qu x l khng (hoc t) b nh
hng khi nng hoc lu lng
thay i (+/-) 15% so vi thit k
3

H thng ch c kh nng x l ng
vi lu lng v nng thit k

Dao ng
t 0-2im
7
Thi gian xy dng h thng (t xy
dng n khi chnh thc a vo s
dng)
A
7
4

Thi gian xy dng, lp t v vn
hnh th mc thp (tn t thi
gian)
4

hnh th mc trung bnh

Dao ng
t 2-3 im

hnh th mc cao (tn nhiu
thi gian)

Dao ng
t 0-1im
8
Mc hin i, t ng ha ca
cng ngh
A
8
3

H thng cng ngh c mc t ng
ha cao
3

ha trung bnh

Dao ng
t 1-2 im

ha thp

Dao ng
t 0-1 im
8
TT Tiu ch
im s
ti a
V d
minh ha
V d
khong
dao ng
9
Kh nng m rng, ci tin modul
ca cng ngh
A
9
2

C kh nng lp ghp, ci tin modul
v m rng cng ngh
2

Khng hoc t c kh nng lp ghp
v ci tin, m rng modul cng ngh

Dao ng
t 0-1 im
10
Thi gian tp hun cho cn b vn
hnh h thng x l nc thi cho
n khi cn b vn hnh thnh
tho
A
10
3
Trn 01 thng 3
Di 01 thng
Dao ng
t 0-2 im
II Tiu ch kinh t B 25
11
Chi ph xy dng v lp t thit b
(tnh theo sut u t)
B
1
9
Chi ph xy dng v lp t thp 9

Chi ph xy dng v lp t trung
bnh

Dao ng
t 4-8 im
Chi ph xy dng v lp t cao
Dao ng
t 2-4 im
12
Chi ph vn hnh (tnh theo VN/m
3

nc thi)
B
2
9
Chi ph vn hnh thp 9
Chi ph vn hnh trung bnh
Dao ng
t 4-8 im
Chi ph vn hnh cao
Dao ng
t 2-4 im
13 Chi ph bo dng, sa cha B
3
7

Chi ph bo dng, sa cha mc
thp
7

trung bnh

Dao ng
t 3-6 im

cao

Dao ng
t 1-3 im
III Tiu ch mi trng C 17
14
Din tch khng gian s dng ca
h thng
C
1
4

Hiu qu s dng t, khng gian ca
h thng cng ngh mc hp l
4

Hiu qu s dng t, khng gian ca
h thng cng ngh mc cha
hp l

Dao ng
t 1-3 im
9
TT Tiu ch
im s
ti a
V d
minh ha
V d
khong
dao ng
15
Nhu cu s dng nguyn liu v
nng lng
C
2
4

Mc s dng ha cht, nng lng
mc thp (s dng t ha cht, nng
lng)
4

mc trung bnh

Dao ng
t 2-3 im

mc cao

Dao ng
t 1-2 im
16
Kh nng ti s dng cht thi th
cp
C
3
3

C thu hi, ti s dng nc thi, kh
thi cho mc ch s dng khc
3

Khng hoc t c kh nng thu hi,
ti s dng nc thi, kh thi cho
mc ch s dng khc

Dao ng
t 0-2 im
17 Mc x l cht thi th cp C
4
3

C kh nng x l tt cht thi th
cp
3

t hoc khng c kh nng x l cht
thi th cp

Dao ng
t 0-2 im
18
Mc ri ro i vi mi trng
v gii php phng nga, khc
phc khi xy ra s c k thut
C
5
3

C cc gii php phng nga, khc
phc s c nhanh
3

Khng hoc t c gii php hoc kh
nng phng nga, khc phc s c
chm

Dao ng
t 0-2 im
IV Tiu ch v mt x hi D 10
19
Mc m hc v cm quan ca h
thng
D
1
3

c thit k v xy dng p, ph
hp vi phi cnh khng gian
3

Thit k cha p hoc cha ph hp
vi phi cnh khng gian

Dao ng
t 1-2 im
20
Kh nng thch ng vi cc iu
kin vng, min
D
2
4

S dng tt trong cc iu kin vng,
min khc nhau (kh hu, thi tit)
4

Ch s dng tt trong iu kin vng,
min nht nh

Dao ng
t 0-3 im
10
TT Tiu ch
im s
ti a
V d
minh ha
V d
khong
dao ng
21
Ngun nhn lc qun l v vn
hnh HTXLNT
D
3
3

Nhn lc qun l v vn hnh h
thng gm k s mi trng v cng
nhn
3

thng gm k s kim nghim v
cng nhn

Dao ng
t 1-2 im

thng ch c cng nhn

Dao ng
t 0- 1 im
TNG S IM 100 100
Kt qu nh gi cui cng (im s cui cng) s c thc hin theo
phng php tnh im Olympia, ngha l s loi tr im s ca chuyn gia
cho im cao nht v chuyn gia cho im thp nht. Sau , ly im s
trung bnh ca tt c cc chuyn gia nh gi ( tr kt qu ca cc chuyn
gia cho im cao nht v thp nht).
Mc ch ca vic nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l nc thi l la
chn c cc cng ngh khuyn khch c p dng trong iu kin Vit
Nam. V vy, iu kin bt buc p dng l ch tiu v mc tun th
quy chun Vit Nam v x thi vo ngun tip nhn, thuc tiu ch k
thut, phi c s im t nht l 10 im ( 10). Vic phn loi, xc nh s
ph hp ca cc cng ngh x l nc thi (cng ngh khuyn khch p
dng, c th p dng hoc khng nn p dng) c p dng theo cc iu
kin c trnh by trong Bng 1.2.
Bng 1.2 iu kin p dng nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l
1. iu kin bt buc: Tiu ch I.1 10

2. Tng im: Tng im 50
Khng nn p dng

50 Tng im 70
C th p dng

Tng im 70
Khuyn khch p dng
La chn ngnh cng nghip nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x
l nc thi
Ba (03) trong s cc ngnh cng nghip mang li li ch kinh t cao v to
nn nhiu cng n vic lm (1) Ch bin Thy sn, (2) Dt may v (3) Giy
v bt giy. Tuy nhin hot ng nhiu nm qua cho thy, cc ngnh ny
cng gy nhim mi trng nghim trng bi nc thi khng c x l
hay x l cha t quy chun/tiu chun. C nhiu nguyn nhn gy ra tnh
trng trn, nhng nguyn nhn quan trng l vic la chn cng ngh khng
ph hp. Do nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l nc thi i vi
ba ngnh cng nghip Ch bin Thy sn, Dt may, v Giy v bt giy
11
c la chn. Vic nh gi c thc hin da vo h thng tiu ch
c a ra trong bng 1.1. Kt qu nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x
l nc thi i vi ba ngnh cng nghip c la chn v xut cng
ngh x l nc thi khuyn khch p dng trong iu kin Vit Nam c
trnh by trong phn hai ca ti liu ny.
Yu cu cn nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l nc thi
Cc t chc /c nhn c nhu cu nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l
nc thi cn phi p ng cc yu cu sau:
- C t nht mt h thng x l nc thi ang hot ng;
- Thuyt minh cng ngh (Mu ti Ph lc 1);
- Ni dung v k hoch nh gi hin trng (Mu ti Ph lc 2);
- Bo co kt qu nh gi hin trng (Mu ti Ph lc 3);
- Hi ng chuyn gia nh gi cng ngh.
Quy trnh nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l nc thi l hot ng
xem xt h s, kho st hin trng, nh gi ti hin trng, v kt qu
nh gi hin trng ca hi ng nh gi cng ngh x l nc thi.
t vn cho ngi s dng xem xt, la chn cng ngh x l nc thi
ph hp, cc a phng c th p dng cc bc nh gi sau:
a) T chc/c nhn ngh nh gi, lp H s cng ngh (bao gm: Thuyt
minh cng ngh; Ni dung v k hoch nh gi hin trng) v gi H
s ti C quan nh gi cng ngh.
b) C quan nh gi cng ngh thnh lp v t chc hp Hi ng nh gi
xem xt Thuyt minh cng ngh v ni dung, k hoch nh gi hin
trng (iu chnh ni dung v k hoch, nu cn).
c) T chc/c nhn ngh nh gi phi hp n v nh gi hin trng
thc hin Ni dung v k hoch nh gi hin trng.
d) n v nh gi hin trng phi hp vi t chc/c nhn ngh nh
gi xy dng Bo co nh gi kt qu hin trng v gi ti C quan
nh gi cng ngh
) C quan nh gi cng ngh t chc hp Hi ng nh gi ton b
Thuyt minh cng ngh, Bo co nh gi kt qu hin trng theo cc
tiu ch ra v xc nh mc ph hp ca cng ngh x l nc
thi.
S nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l nc thi c trnh by
trong Hnh 1.1.

12

Hnh 1.1 S nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh x l cht thi
C quan t chc
nh gi cng ngh
Thnh lp v hp Hi ng nh gi
Kho st thc t (nu cn)

t yu cu
iu chnh ni dung, k hoch nh gi
hin trng (nu cn)
Xem xt h s cng ngh
Bo co kt qu
nh gi hin trng

e results of site assessment
Hi ng nh gi theo tiu ch

C quan t chc
nh gi cng ngh

C quan nh gi
hin trng thc hin

Gim st nh gi
hin trng (nu cn)

H s cng ngh
T chc, c nhn

Cng ngh ph hp
t

Chng 2

Ngnh cng nghip
Ch bin Thy sn

15
2.1 Gii thiu chung
Vit Nam l mt trong 10 nc xut khu thy sn hng u trn th gii,
ngnh thy sn hin ti chim 4% GDP, 8% xut khu v 9% lc lng lao
ng (khong 3,4 triu ngi) ca c nc. Nhm hng ch o trong xut
khu thy sn ca Vit Nam l c tra, c basa, tm v cc ng vt thn
mm nh mc, bch tuc, nghu, s, Trong vng 20 nm qua ngnh thy
sn lun duy tr tc tng trng n tng t 10-20% (INEST, 2009). Biu
th hin kim ngch xut khu thy sn ca Vit Nam t nm 2008 n
2011c trnh by trong Hnh 2.1.

Hnh 2.1 Kim ngch xut khu thy sn ca Vit Nam (t nm 2008 2011)
Tuy nhin, ngnh Ch bin Thy sn cng l mt trong nhng ngnh gy
nhim nghim trng n mi trng. nh hng ca ngnh ch bin thy
sn n mi trng c s khc nhau ng k, khng ch ph thuc vo loi
hnh ch bin, m cn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t khc nh quy m sn xut,
sn phm, nguyn liu u vo, ma v, trnh cng ngh sn xut, trnh
t chc qun l sn xut, trong yu t k thut, cng ngh v t
chc qun l sn xut c nh hng quyt nh n vn bo v mi
trng ca tng doanh nghip.
Mt s tc ng c trng ca ngnh Ch bin Thu sn gy nh hng n
mi trng c th k n nh sau:
- nhim khng kh: mi hi pht sinh t vic lu tr cc ph thi trong
qu trnh sn xut, kh thi t cc my pht in d phng. Trong cc
ngun nhim khng kh, mi l vn chnh i vi cc nh my ch
bin thy sn.
- Cht thi rn pht sinh ch yu t qu trnh ch bin bao gm cc loi
u v tm, v nghu, da/mai mc, ni tng mc v c,....
- Nc thi sn xut trong ch bin thy sn chim 85-90% tng lng
nc thi, ch yu t cc cng on: ra trong x l nguyn liu, ch
16
bin, hon tt sn phm, v sinh nh xng v dng c, thit b, v nc
thi sinh hot.
Trong cc ngun pht sinh nhim, nc thi l ngun gy nhim nghim
trng n mi trng bi pht sinh th tch nc thi ln vi nng
nhim cao nu khng c x l thch hp.
2.2 Quy trnh cng ngh ch bin thu sn
Cng ngh ch bin ca mi nh my khc nhau, ty theo loi nguyn liu,
mt hng sn xut, v yu cu cht lng ca sn phm. Nhng nh my ln
thng sn xut mt mt hng nh nh my ch bin c tra, c basa hay tm
ng lnh, a s cc nh my ny u c ngun nguyn liu c nh. Cc
mt hng tng hp hoc cc sn phm gi tr gia tng thng thch hp vi
cc nh my va v nh. Cc c s sn xut v ch bin thy sn c th n
gin hoc phc tp hn mt s cng on nhng nhn chung vn ging
nhau v cng ngh sn xut. Mt s quy trnh tng qut ch bin c tra v
basa fillet ng lnh, tm v sn phm gia tng c trnh by di y.
Quy trnh cng ngh ch bin c tra v fillet ng lnh
Quy trnh sn xut bao gm nhiu cng on khc nhau, v qua nhiu cng
on ra nn lng nc thi pht sinh trong qa trnh sn xut rt ln.
Nguyn liu sau khi c tip nhn qua cng on ra s b loi b cc
tp cht bm bn ngoi. Sau nguyn liu c chuyn sang cng on s
ch, ti y c c ct u, b vy, mang, ni tng v c ra nhiu ln
na. Nguyn liu sau khi ra s c mui sau c phn c v xc
nh ng trng lng, sp xp vo khun v ng gi. Sn phm sau khi
ng gi theo bng chuyn chuyn qua khu vc cp ng v bo qun. Quy
trnh tng qut ch bin c tra v basa fillet ng lnh c m t chi tit
trong Hnh 2.2.

17

Hnh 2.2 Quy trnh tng qut ch bin c tra v basa fillet ng lnh
ng IQF
Ti ng
Xp khun
Cp ng
Tch khun
Cn
ng gi
Thnh phm
Nguyn liu
Ngm 1
Ct tit
Ngm 2-Ngm 3
Fillet - Cn
Ra 1
Lng da - Cn
Ra 2
Sa c/Chnh hnh
Ra 3
Kim tra Cn
To hnh hon chnh
Ra 4
Quay bng
Phn loi - Cn
Ra 5
18
Cng ngh ch bin Surimi
Thut ng surimi ca Nht Bn l mt cch ni thng dng c dng
gi tt tn ca cc sn phm gi cua hoc cc sn phm c bit khc. Surimi
cn c gi l ch c, l mt loi protein trung tnh, c ch bin qua
nhiu cng on ra, nghin v nh hnh li cu trc.
Cc protein trung tnh c lm sch v trn vi cht to ng; sau em
i cp ng, n s hnh thnh th gel cng v n hi. Tnh to gel, tnh gi
nc v to nh tng to nn cu trc lm nguyn liu cho vic sn xut
Kamaboko. Surimi c xut khu v bn vi s lng ln trn khp cc th
trng Chu u. T nhng nm 80, cc nc Ty u, M, Canada, cng
sn xut c surimi nhm cung cp nhu cu ti ch v khc phc vn
qun l ngun c trn th gii, trnh c hin tng ngun c ngy mt cn
kit Nht Bn. Vit nam cng c nhiu nh my sn xut surimi nhng
ch yu phc v cho nhu cu xut khu. Quy trnh tng qut ch bin surimi
c m t trong Hnh 2.3.
Hnh 2.3 Quy trnh tng qut ch bin surimi
Cng ngh ch bin tm ng lnh
i vi quy trnh ch bin tm cng on ra tm v ngm tm to ra nc
dch tm v nc thi c thnh phn v nng cc cht nhim cao. Trong
qu trnh ch bin tm, mt s cng ty s dng dung dch tripolyphotphat
ngm tm v sau dung dch ny c thi b v th nc thi thng c
nng photpho cao. Ngoi ra, theo yu cu sn xut qu trnh v sinh thit
b v khu vc sn xut cng pht sinh mt lng ln nc thi cha cc cht
kh trng. Ring qu trnh lt v, ngt u tm to nn mt lng cht thi
rn ln v c kch thc nh, kh thu gom. Quy trnh cng ngh ch bin
tm c m t nh trong Hnh 2.4.

Nguyn liu X l Nghin p Ra
Lc Kh nc
Phi trn cc
ph gia
p nh hnh
Vo khun Cp ng Thnh phm
19
Hnh 2.4 Quy trnh tng qut ch bin tm ng lnh
2.3 Lu lng v thnh phn nc thi
Trong qu trnh ch bin thy sn, s khc bit trong nguyn liu th v sn
phm cui lin quan n s khc nhau trong qu trnh sn xut, dn n tiu
th nc khc nhau (c da trn: 5-7 m
3
/tn sn phm; tm ng lnh: 4-6
m
3
/tn sn phm; surimi: 20-25 m
3
/tn sn phm; thu sn ng lnh hn
hp: 4-6 m
3
/tn sn phm). Mc nhim ca nc thi t qu trnh ch
bin thu sn (CBTS) thay i rt ln ph thuc vo nguyn liu th (tm,
c, c mc, bch tuc, cua, nghiu, s), sn phm, thay i theo ma v, v
thm ch ngay trong ngy lm vic. Thnh phn nc thi ca mt s loi
hnh ch bin thy sn c trnh by trong Bng 2.1.
Bng 2. 1 Thnh phn nc thi ch bin thy sn
Ch tiu n v
Nng
Tm
ng lnh
C da trn
(tra-basa)
Thy sn
ng lnh
hn hp
pH - 6,5 - 9 6,5 - 7 5,5-9
SS mg/L 100- 300 500-1.200 50-194
COD mgO
2
/L 800- 2.000 800- 2.500 694-2.070
BOD
5
mgO
2
/L 500-1.500 500-1.500 391-1.539
N
tng
mg/L 50 - 200 100-300 30-100
P
tng
mg/L 10-120 50-100 3-50
Du v m mg/L - 250-830 2.4-100
Ngun: Tng cc Mi trng, 2009
Da vo Bng 2.1 cho thy thnh phn nc thi pht sinh t ch bin thu
sn c nng COD, BOD
5
, cht rn l lng, tng nit v photpho cao.
Nc thi c kh nng phn thy sinh hc cao th hin qua t l BOD/COD,
t l ny thng dao ng t 0,6 n 0,9. c bit i vi nc thi pht
sinh t ch bin c da trn c nng du v m rt cao t 250 n 830
mg/L. Nng photpho trong nc thi ch bin tm rt cao c th ln n
trn 120 mg/L.
Nguyn liu Tip nhn Ra ln 1 S ch
Ra ln 2 Ngm Ra ln 3 ng IQF
M bng, ti
ng
Bao PE, vo
hp
R kim loi ng thng
Thnh phm
20
2.4 Cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp xut
2.4.1 Hin trng cng ngh x l nc thi ca ngnh Ch bin Thy sn
Kho st 120 nh my ch bin thu sn trong c nc, cng ngh x l
nc thi ang c p dng i vi ngnh ch bin thy sn bao gm cng
ngh lc ym kh kt hp h sinh hc, cng ngh sinh hc hiu kh bn hot
tnh l lng hay kt hp k kh v hiu kh; hay qu trnh ha l (keo t/to
bng hay tuyn ni kt hp keo t) kt hp vi qu trnh sinh hc hiu kh.
i vi cc nh my ch bin c da trn, nc thi thng c hm lng m
cao v th trong quy trnh cng ngh thng c thm bc tin x l nhm
mc ch loi b m v vn m trong nc thi trc khi i vo cng trnh
x l sinh hc. Hin nay, hu ht cc nh ch bin thy sn p dng ch yu
l cng ngh sinh hc hiu kh bn hot tnh l lng. Mt s s dy
chuyn cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn c trnh by trong
Hnh 2.5, 2.6 v 2.7.
Hnh 2.5 S cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn p dng cng ngh sinh
hc hiu kh vi bn hot tnh l lng
Hnh 2.6 S cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn p dng qu trnh ho
l kt hp sinh hc hiu kh
Song chn rc Ngn thu gom B iu ha
B bn hot tnh hiu kh B lng B kh trng
B cha bn
Bn thi
Tun hon bn
Ngun tip nhn
Nc thi
Nc thi Mng tch du & m My tch rc
B tip nhn Thit b lc rc tinh
B iu ha B to bng B tuyn ni
B sinh hc BHTDB

B sinh hc BHTLL B Anoxic

B lng B trung gian B lc p lc
B kh trng Ngun tip nhn
21
Hnh 2.7 S cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn p dng qu trnh sinh
hc k kh kt hp hiu kh

2.4.2 Cng ngh x l nc thi ph hp xut

Thnh phn nc thi pht sinh t ngnh cng nghip ch bin thy sn c
cha ch yu l cc hp cht hu c c kh nng phn hy sinh hc, hp
cht nit, v photpho cao. V th, phng php x l sinh hc c p dng
rt c hiu qu x l nc thi t ch bin thy sn. Cc phng php
sinh hc thng c p dng: (1) kt hp c hai qu trnh k kh v hiu
kh nh cm b UASB v b bn hot tnh l lng hiu kh (activated sludge)
v b thiu kh (b anoxic); (2) x l sinh hc hiu kh nh cm b bn hot
tnh l lng hiu kh (activated sludge) v b thiu kh (b anoxic); (3)
mng oxy ha. Ty thuc vo ngun tip nhn nc thi QCVN 11:2008,
ct B hay Ct A, hay quy nh ca KCN i vi cc nh my ch bin thy
sn nm trong KCN m h thng x l nc thi khng cn hoc cn phi c
cc bc tin x l hay qu trnh x l bc ba.
Mt c im cn phi quan tm i vi x l nc thi ch bin thy sn l
hm lng du & m rt cao, c bit l cc doanh nghip ch bin c da
trn. y cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra s khng hiu qu
ca cc cng trnh x l sinh hc pha sau nu nng du & m khng
c loi b trit . Do , cng on tch du m l bc rt quan trng
i vi ton h thng x l. Cc cng ngh c p dng trong bc tin x
l bao gm: (1) mng tch m v b tuyn ni p lc kh ho tan; (2) kt
hp qu trnh keo t/to bng v tuyn ni p lc kh ho tan; (3) tuyn ni
siu nng kt hp keo t. i vi qu trnh x l bc ba, cc phng php
p dng bao gm: (1) kh trng; (2) lc p lc v kh trng; (3) keo t/to
bng v kh trng.
i vi cng ngh ch bin tm, nng photpho trong nc thi thng rt
cao nn trong dy chuyn cng ngh x l, s kt hp gia qu trnh keo
t/to bng v sinh hc (k kh, hiu kh v thiu kh) c p dng rt c
hiu qu. Qu trnh keo t/to bng c p dng nh bc ban u loi
Song chn rc
Ngn thu gom
B iu ha
B kh trng
Nc thi
Ngun tip nhn
B k kh B sinh hc hiu kh

B lng
B cha bn
Bn thi
Tun hon bn
22
b cc hp cht photpho, v mt phn cht hu c trong nc thi lm gim
tr ngi cho qu trnh sinh hc pha sau. Cc qu trnh sinh hc s x l cc
cht hu c (BOD
5
) t quy chun cho php.
Bn pht sinh t h thng x l c th ti s dng lm compost.
La chn phng php x l ph thuc vo nhiu yu t quy chun/tiu
chun u ra, thnh phn, lu lng ca nc thi, v gi thnh x l.
Nhng cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn ph hp c khuyn
khch la chn p dng c trnh by trong Hnh 2.8.
23
Be keo tu Be tao bong Be lang
Bun lang
Nc thai
sau lang (NT2)
NT1
Be cha bun
Chat
keo tu
Polymer
Nc thai
sau tuyen noi (NT2)
Be keo tu
Chat
keo tu
NT1
May nen kh Bon tao ap
Be tuyen noi sieu nong/
Be tuyen noi
Polymer
Nc thai
(NT1) Nc thai
SCRT
SCRM
Ho thu gom Be tach m
Be ieu hoa
Tin x l

X l bc 1: Cm x l ha l, tch du m v SS

PA 1:
PA 2:
24

X l bc 2: cm x l sinh hc (nc thi sau x l t QCVN 11: 2008/BTNMT ct B)

PA 3:
Be lang Mng oxi hoa
Vung hieu kh
Vung thieu kh
Nc
sau lang (NT3)
Bun lang
THB
NT2
Be
cha bun
PA 2:
Be lang
Be anoxic
MTK
Be sinh hoc hieu kh
(bun hoat tnh l lng/dnh bam)
Nc
sau lang (NT3)
Bun lang
THB
NT2
Be
cha bun
PA 1:
Bnh hap
thu kh
Kh CH4 Tai
s dung
Be lang
Be sinh hoc k kh
(UASB)
Be anoxic
MTK
Bun lang
THB
Nc thai
sau lang (NT3)
Be trung gian
NT2 Be cha bun
Be sinh hoc hieu kh
(bun hoat tnh l lng/ dnh bam)
25

X l bc 3: Cm x l ha l (nc thi sau x l t QCVN 11: 2008/BTNMT loi A)

Hnh 2.8 Cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn c khuyn khch p dng
PA2:
PA 1:
Be tao bong
Be lang
Bun lang
NaOCL
Nc thai
sau x ly
Be keo tu Be tiep xuc Be trung gian
NT3
Be
cha bun
Chat
keo tu
Polymer
NaOCL
Be trung gian Be loc ap lc
Be tiep xuc
Nc thai
sau x ly
NT3
Ghi chu:
ng nc
ng bun
ng kh
ng hoa chat
26
2.5 Mt s cng ngh x l nc thi ch bin thy sn c nh gi
ph hp

Tng cc Mi trng tin hnh kho st 120 nh my ch bin thy sn
trn c nc, 11 nh my c la chn nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh
x l nc thi. Da vo h thng cc tiu ch v thang im nh gi s
ph hp ca cng ngh x l nc thi 03 cng ngh x l nc thi vi
tng s im ln hn 70 c la chn l cng ngh c th khuyn khch p
dng. Vic cho im theo tiu ch v ch tiu ca mi cng ngh c thc
hin qua h s thuyt minh thc t ca cng ngh, kt qu kho st thc t,
kt qu phn tch ca ba ln ly mu thc t ti hin trng. Kt qu nh
gi h thng x l nc thi ca 03 cng ty ch bin thy sn c h thng x
l nc thi c khuyn khch p dng c trnh by trong Bng 2.2.
Bng 2.2 Kt qu nh gi h thng x l nc thi ca 03 cng ty c h thng x
l nc thi c khuyn khch p dng
S
TT
Tiu ch/ Ni dung
CBTS
01
CBTS
02
CBTS
03
I Tiu ch v mt k thut 37 36 30
1
Mc tun th cc quy nh v nc thi
(TCVN/QCVN)
15 12 12
2
Hiu qu ca cng ngh (% loi b cht
nhim)
3 2 3
3 Tui th, bn ca cng ngh, thit b 3 2 2
4
T l ni a ha ca h thng cng ngh, thit
b
3 4 2
5 Kh nng thay th linh kin, thit b 3 4 3
6
Kh nng thch ng khi tng ti trng / lu lng
nc thi
2 2 2
7
Thi gian xy dng h thng (t xy dng n
khi chnh thc a vo s dng)
2 3 2
8 Mc hin i, t ng ha ca cng ngh 3 3 1
9 Kh nng m rng, ci tin modul ca cng ngh 1 1 1
10
Thi gian tp hun cho cn b vn hnh h thng
nc thi cho n mc cn b vn hnh thnh
tho
2 3 2
II Tiu ch v mt kinh t 18 19 22
11 Chi ph xy dng v lp t thit b 7 8 8
12 Chi ph vn hnh (tnh theo VN/m
3
nc thi) 7 8 9
13
Chi ph bo dng, sa cha (thit b v nguyn
liu)
4 3 5
III Tiu ch v mt mi trng 10 12 11
14 Din tch khng gian s dng ca h thng 2 3 3
15 Nhu cu s dung nguyn liu v nng lng 2 2 2
16 Kh nng ti s dng cht thi th cp 2 2 2
17 Mc x l cht thi th cp 2 3 1
27
S
TT
Tiu ch/ Ni dung
CBTS
01
CBTS
02
CBTS
03
18
Mc ri ro i vi mi trng v gii php
phng nga, khc phc khi xy ra s c k thut
2 2 3
IV Tiu ch v mt x hi 7 8 8
19 Mc m hc v cm quan ca h thng 3 3 2
20 Kh nng thch ng vi cc iu kin vng, min 2 3 3
21
Ngun nhn lc qun l v vn hnh ca h
thng
2 2 3
Tng s 72 75 71
H s cng ngh ca 03 cng ty ch bin thy sn c im s cao nht c
trnh by chi tit phn di y. bo m tnh khch quan, tn ca cc
cng ty thy sn c m ho.
3
/ngy m
A. Thng tin chung v nh my
Sn phm: C tra fillet ng lnh
Cng sut ca nh my: 180 tn nguyn liu/ngy
Nguyn liu: C tra
Nc thi pht sinh: 20 m
3
/tn sn phm (3.600 m
3
/ngy)
B. Tng quan v h thng x l nc thi
Thi gian xy dng: thng 03 nm 2008
Thi gian vn hnh: thng 10 nm 2008
Thnh phn nc thi theo thit k
Bng 2.3 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty CBTS 01
Ch tiu n v
Nng
u vo
Hiu qu
x l (%)
QCVN 11:2008,
Ct A
pH - - - 6-9
SS mg/L - - 50
COD mgO
2
/L 2.400 98 50
BOD
5
mgO
2
/L 1.400 98 30
N
tng
mg/L 520 97 30
P
tng
mg/L 90 96 -
Du v m mg/L 66,7 85 10
Coliform MPN/100mL 21 x 10
4
99 3.000
Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr.
Ngun: Cng ty CBTS 01 (2009)
Cng ngh x l nc thi
S cng ngh x l nc thi x l nc thi ca cng ty CBTS 01 c
trnh by trong Hnh 2.9.
28
Ghi chu:
ng nc
ng bun
ng kh
ng hoa chat
Bon
tao ap
Be tuyen noi sieu nong
THB
MTK
Polymer
SCRT
Be tiep xuc
Nc thai
Be tach m
SCRM
Ho thu gom
Be ieu hoa
Be keo tu
May
nen kh
Polymer
Be cha bun May ep bun
Bun a tach nc
Be lang
Mng oxi hoa
Vung hieu kh
Vung thieu kh
NaOCL
Nc thai au ra
Al2(SO4)3
MTK

Hnh 2.9 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ty CBTS 01
29
Thuyt minh cng ngh
Nc thi pht sinh t qu trnh sn xut c dn qua SCR th dng xch
c kch thc cc khe 5 mm, ti y cc cht thi rn nh vy, xng, u c
c gi li v chuyn vo gi cha rc, rc ti y c cng nhn thu gom
thng xuyn khi y. Lng cht thi rn ny c ti s dng lm thc n
cho c hoc gia sc. Sau , nc thi c tp trung v h thu gom lu
trong khong 9 pht, ri c bm qua SCR mn c kch thc 1mm, cc
loi cht thi rn nh xng, d, vy, tht c v mt phn m c gi li v
c thu gom v khu vc lu tr cht thi rn tp trung ca nh my. Nc
thi t song chn rc mn t chy vo b tch m loi b cc thnh phn
du m nh c kh nng t ni trong nc thi, thi gian lu trong b tch
m l 11 pht. Nc thi sau tch m c dn sang b iu ha bng cch
t chy. Lp m c ni trn b mt c thanh gt vng t ng gt v
mng thu m v c thu gom tp trung ti s dng lm thc n chn nui.
Nc thi trong b iu ha c khuy trn hon ton nh h thng my
thi kh v phn phi kh vi thi gian lu 7 gi.
T b iu ha, nc thi c bm n h thng x l ha l bao gm b
keo t v b tuyn ni siu nng nhm to iu kin tt cho qu trnh tuyn
ni cc cht kh lng nh nh m c. Nc thi c ha trn vi phn
nhm trn ng ng trc khi vo b keo t. Polymer c chm vo b
keo t v c khuy trn bng c kh (cnh khuy) nhm tng kch thc
ca bng cn. T b keo t nuc thi c bm vo thit b to p v theo
ch t chy qua b tuyn ni siu nng, cc bng cn c kt dnh to
thnh cc ht cn c kch thc ln s lng xung y b, cc bt kh mn li
cun v kt dnh cc bng cn nh ni ln b mt. Vng trn b mt c
thit b gt bt b mt gt vo ng ng trung tm cng vi cn lng y b
c a vo b cha bn. B tuyn ni siu nng kt hp keo t tch
phn ln lng m c sau khi qua b tch m trng lc v SS cng nh
photpho trc khi vo mng xy ha.
Mng oxy ha lm vic trong ch lm thong ko di vi bn hot tnh
l lng trong nc thi chuyn ng tun hon lin tc trong mng. Hm
lng bn trong mng oxy ha tun hon duy tr t 4.000-6.000 mg/L.
Hm lng oxy ha tan (DO) c cung cp bi thit b cp kh b mt.
Hm lng DO trong vng hiu kh trn 2,2 mg/L din ra qu trnh oxy ha
hiu kh cc cht hu c v nitrate ha. Trong vng thiu kh hm lng DO
thp hn t 0,5-0,8 mg/L din ra qu trnh kh nitrate. Nh vy, ti mng
oxy nc thi di chuyn vng quanh b theo chiu quay ca my sc kh b
mt, v vy khng cn bm tun hon bn hot tnh t vng hiu kh v vng
thiu kh m vn m bo qu trnh kh nit.
Hn hp bn (vi sinh vt) v nc thi sau khi tri qua thi gian x l
trong mng oxi ha c dn qua b lng nhm tin hnh tch bn ra khi
nc thi bng phng php lng trng lc trong thi gian 4 gi. Nc thi
30
sau khi tch bn c dn qua b kh trng. Bn c tun hon li mng
oxy ha nhm duy tr nng bn nht nh trong b, phn bn d c
bm v b cha bn. Nc thi sau x l bng phng php x l sinh hc
qua cng on x l cui cng l kh trng nc trc khi x vo ngun
tip nhn. Nc thi c ha trn vi dung dch NaOCl bng thy lc vi
s dng vch ngn m bo hiu qu xo trn. Thi gian lu theo tnh
ton l 25 pht, coliform u ra t tiu chun QCVN 11:2008/BTNMT, ct
A.
Theo nh k, bn t b tuyn ni siu nng v b lng c bm v b
cha bn. B cha bn c cp kh nhm tin hnh qu trnh phn hy bn
trong iu kin hiu kh. Phn nc thi trong b cha bn c dn v b
tip nhn x l li. Theo nh k, bn t b cha bn c bm vo my
p bn nhm tin hnh qu trnh tch nc sau cng. Nc sau p bn c
dn v h thu gom.
u im v nhc im ca h thng x l nc thi
u im:
Cng ngh x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 01 kt hp cc qu trnh x l
c hc, ha l v sinh hc l hon ton hp l. H thng x l nc thi ca
Cng ty CBTS 01 c nhng u im sau y:
- Cng on x l chnh ca cng ngh l mng oxy ha vi u im l
x l cc hp cht hu c, nit v photpho vi hiu qu cao. Hiu qu x
l t BOD
5
98% (11 mg O
2
/L), cc hp cht nit, photpho c gim
ng k, v qun l vn hnh khng phc tp.
- Lng bn d pht sinh t cng on x l sinh hc p dng mng oxy
ha thp, gim chi ph x l bn.
- Qu trnh tuyn ni siu nng kt hp keo t c p dng ti nh my
t hiu qu cao hn 90% i vi vic tch trit du v m, SS trc
khi vo mng oxy ha lm gim ng k s c i vi cng trnh sinh
hc v gim mt phn ti lng cht hu c i vi cng trnh x l sinh
hc.
Nhc im:
- Thi gian lu nc ti mng oxy ha ln (27 gi) nn tiu th nng
lng cho thi kh cao. Din tch xy dng ln (dung tch ca mng oxy
ha ln hn 3 ln so vi cng trnh bn hot tnh l lng nn chim nhiu
din tch t dn n chi ph u t cao.
- H thng s dng nhiu ho cht, tn nhiu in nng cho cc thit b
my mc (chi ph in nng chim 77% chi ph vn hnh), do chi ph
vn hnh kh cao (3.600 VN/m
3
nc thi).
31
- Cng tc quan trc cht lng nc thi ti cng ty CBTS 01 kh th
ng do nh my khng c phng th nghim phn tch cc ch tiu nc
thi.
Gii php nng cao hiu qu cng trnh x l nc thi ca Cng ty
CBTS 01
Cng ngh x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 01 tng i hon chnh, tuy
nhin h thng vn cn phi khc phc mt s nhc im ca cng trnh x
l c hc, bao gm song chn rc th v thit b lc rc tinh.
- Song chn rc (SCR) th: kch thc l ca SCR nh trong iu kin
nhit thp m c b ng li v lm bt cc khe, dn n nc thi b
trn ra ngoi. Da vo kch thc ca cht rn, SCR dng chy ngang vi
kch thc khe l 25-30 mm kt hp thit b co cn c ngh p
dng. Vt liu ch to l thp khng r.
- Song chn rc (SCR) mn: Tng t nh trn vi SCR mn, kch thc
khe chn 2,5-5 mm.thay v s dng 1 mm nh hin nay
- u t mt phng th nghim mini xc nh ti u liu lng ha cht
v cc thng s ti u cho cc qu trnh vn hnh h thng sinh hc.
c tnh k thut ca h thng x l nc thi
Bng 2.4 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v ca h thng x l nc thi cng
ty CBTS 01
Cng trnh n v
Kch thc
(m)
Th tch
(m
3
)
SL
T
lu

(pht)
H thu gom 7,5 x 3 x 3 68 01 9
B tch du v m 8,5 x 2 x 4,7 80 01 11
B iu ha 27,1 x 8,5 x 4,5 1.085 01 415
B keo t 2,5 x 2,5 x 3 19 01 0,13
B tuyn ni siu nng 4,5 x 0,9 14 02 8
Mng oxi ha 47 x 12 x 3,5 1.974 02 1.620
B lng 12 x 12 x 4 576 02 230
B kh trng 10 x 3,1 x 2 62 01 25
B cha bn 12 x 8,5 x 3 306 01 -
Nh iu hnh 5,2 x 4 - 01 -
Nh kho 5,2 x 4 - 01 -
Khu vc ha cht v my thi kh 12 x 8 - 01 -
Tng thi gian x l ca c h thng theo tnh ton l 38,6 gi;
Tng din tch s dng l 1.900 m
2
.
Ghi ch: Cc cng trnh n v u c xy dng bng b tng ct thp tr nh iu hnh v nh
kho c xy dng bng gch v khu vc ha cht v my thi kh c xy dng bng thp.
32
Bng 2.5 Thng s k thut ca cc thit b s dng cho h thng x l nc thi
Cng ty CBTS 01
Hng mc Thng s k thut SL V Xut x
H thu gom
Bm vn chuyn Q = 150 m
3
/h; H = 10 m 3 Ci Nht
Thit b lc rc
dng xch ko
Khe h KT = 5 mm;
Q = 300 m
3
/h
1 Ci Vit Nam
B iu ha
My lc rc tinh
Khe h: 1 mm;
Q = 250 m
3
/h
1 Ci
My thi kh
Q = 8 m
3
/pht;
H = 5 m
2 Ci Nht
Bm vn chuyn Q = 75 m
3
/h; H = 10 m 3 Ci Nht
a phn phi kh 1 B M
B tuyn ni siu
nng - DAF
D = 4,2 m;
H = 1,1 m
2 B
Bm tun hon Q = 20 m
3
/h; H = 50- 60 m 4 Ci
My nn kh Q = 750 l/pht 1 Ci VN
B phn ng 1 V = 70 vng/pht 1 Ci Singapore
B phn ng 2 V = 30 vng/pht 1 Ci Singapore
Mng oxi ha
My sc kh b mt 4 Ci
Malaysia/
c
B lng 2
H thng gt bn V = 4 vng/pht 2 Ci Singapore
Bm bn tun hon Q = 20 25 m
3
/h; H = 10m 6 Ci
Bm bn d Q = 50 m
3
/h; H = 10 m 2 Ci
B cha bn
Bm bn n my
p bn
Q = 4 m
3
/h; H = 2-3 bar 1 Ci M
My p bn Q = 4 m
3
/h 1 B VN
H thng nh lng ha cht
nh lng phn
Bm nh lng Q = 200 l/h; H = 5 6 bar 2 Ci
Motor khuy V = 70 vng/pht 1 Ci
nh lng
polymer Anion

Bm nh lng Q = 200 l/h; H = 5-6 bar 1 Ci
Motor khuy V = 70 vng/pht 1 Ci Singapore
nh lng Javen
nh lng polymer p bn
Motor khuy V = 70 vng/pht 1 Ci
ng h o lu
lng
Q = 0 180 m
3
/h 1 B
an Mch/
Anh
33
C. Hin trng v qu trnh vn hnh
Lu lng thc t: 1.500 (m
3
/ngy) - Thit k: 3.600 (m
3
/ngy)
in nng tiu th cho h thng x l thc t: 1.690.848 (kWh)
D. Hiu qu ca qu trnh x l
Kt qu phn tch thc t t 3 ln ly mu ca h thng x l c trnh by
trong Bng 2.6.
Bng 2.6 Thnh phn nc thi u vo, u ra v hiu qu ca h thng x l nc
thi ca Cng ty CBTS 01
Ch tiu n v
Nng
u vo
Nng
u ra
Hiu
qu x
l (%)
QCVN
11:2008
Ct A
pH - 7 -7,1 7,6-7,7 - 6 9
SS mg/L 742-795 4-5 99 -
COD mgO
2
/L 1960-2320 20-32 99 50
BOD
5
mgO
2
/L 1803-2158 11-27 99 30
Amoni mg/L 22-63 8-13 41-86 10
Cl
2
d mg/L 0,01-0,02 0,05-0,50 - 1
P
tng
mg/L 23-41 4-10 65-87 -
Coliform*
MPN/
100mL
6x10
5
-1,2x10
6
360 -2900 100 3.000
Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr, *: QCVN 24:2009 BTNMT
E. Ch vn hnh v bo tr
Lng ha cht s dng
Bng 2.7 Ha cht tiu th cho h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 01
S lng cng nhn vn hnh: 05 nhn vin trong c 02 nhn vin qun
l v 03 nhn vin vn hnh.
Loi Ha cht Liu lng s dng (kg/ngy)
Cht tr keo t
Polimer anion 1,5
Polimer cation 1
Cht keo t Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.18 H
2
O 60
Cht kh trng NaOCl 10% 90
34
Tn sut bo tr
Hng ngy

- Kim tra cng v in p dng cp.
- Kim tra hin tng chy du nht ca my thi kh v
my nn kh.
- Kim tra mc du bi trn ca my thi kh, my nn kh,
cc motor, xch ca my co bn, my co vng ni.
- Kim tra ting n khi chy my thi kh v my nn kh.
- Kim tra nhit ca my thi kh.
- Kim tra ng ht, ng y ca bm nh lng.
- Kim tra ha cht cn li trong bn cha.
Hng thng

- Kim tra sit cht ca bulon v ming tra nht ca my
thi kh v my nn kh.
- Kim tra kn mng loci ca ng ht.
- Kim tra sc cng ca dy curoa.
Hng nm
- Kim tra tng th bo dng bm.
- Thay dy coroa.
- Thay van 1 chiu cao su u y.
F. Cc thng tin khc
Chi ph u t: 23.000.000.000 VN
Chi ph vn hnh thc t: 3.600 VN/m
3
nc thi
3
/ngy m
Sn phm: (1) Sn phm t c basa, c tra: c basa nguyn con, c basa
ct khoanh, fil c basa v c tra, u c basa; (2) Sn phm gi tr gia
tng: c bu nhi basa, basa ct si tm bt, basa cun l chanh, basa
cun rau ci, basa kho t, basa mui s t, cho basa, ch basa th l, ch
m basa,
Cng sut ca nh my: 70 tn nguyn liu/ngy
Nguyn liu: C basa v c tra
Nc thi pht sinh:11,4 m
3
/tn sn phm (800 m
3
/ngy)
Thi gian xy dng: nm 2005 (Nm 2008, ci to nng cp t h thng c
c cng sut 500 m
3
/ngy m ln 1.200 m
3
/ngy m)
Thi gian vn hnh: thng 7 nm 2009 (Cng ty CBTS 02 a vo s
dng h thng x l nc thi mi c nng cp t h thng c)
35
Ch tiu n v
Nng
u vo
Hiu qu x
l (%)
TCVN 5945:2005
Ct A
pH - 6,6 - 6-9
SS mg/L 700 93 50
COD mgO
2
/L 1.634 97 50
BOD
5
mgO
2
/L 1.250 98 30
N
tng
mg/L 119 87 15
P
tng
mg/L 104 96 4
Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr;
Ngun: Cng ty CBTS 02(2009)
Cng ngh x l nc thi
36
Ghi chu:
ng nc
ng bun
ng kh
ng hoa chat
THB
Be
tron bun
Be tuyen noi
sieu nong
Bon
tao ap
Phen nhom-
Polymer
Nc thai
Be tach dau va m
SCRT
SCRM
Ho thu gom
Be ieu hoa
Be keo tu
Be lang
Nc thai
au ra
NaOCL
Be trung gian Be loc ap lc Be tiep xuc
May
nen kh
MTK
Polymer
Be nen bun
May ep bun
Bun a tach nc
Be sinh hoc hieu kh
(BHTLL)
Be anoxic
Be sinh hoc
hieu kh (BHTDB)
MTK

37
Thuyt minh cng ngh
Nc thi c dn vo mng tch m c t thit b lc rc th, nhm
gi li cc cht thi rn c trong nc thi nh xng, da, c vn. Cc cht
thi rn b gi li ti thit b lc rc c ly nh k ti s dng (bn
cho cc nh my ch bin bt c) hoc b.
Sau , nc thi t chy vo b tip nhn. T y nc thi c bm
chm bm ln thit b lc rc tinh tch cc cht thi rn c kch thc
nh trc khi t chy xung b iu ho. B iu ha c nhim v iu ha
lu lng v nng cc cht nhim trong nc thi trc khi a vo cc
cng trnh n v pha sau. Thit b thi kh cp kh vo b nhm xo trn
trnh hin tng phn hu k kh v gii phng mt lng chlorine d pht
sinh t cng tc v sinh nh xng.
Nc thi t b iu ho c bm ln b keo t, ng thi tin hnh chm
phn nhm v polymer nhm thc hin qu trnh keo t/to bng. Sau
nc thi t chy qua h thng tuyn ni siu nng, ti y hn hp kh v
nc thi c ha trn to thnh cc bt kh mn di p sut kh quyn,
cc bt kh tch ra khi nc ng thi ko theo cc vng du ni v mt s
cn l lng. Lng du m c tch khi nc thi nh thit b gt t ng
c dn v bn cha vng ni x l nh cht thi rn hoc lm thc n
gia sc. B tuyn ni siu nng kt hp qu trnh tuyn ni v keo t t
hiu qu loi b SS v du m rt cao (c th t > 90%), hiu qu loi b
photpho ca ton h thng cng c ci thin nh cng trnh ny.
Tip theo, nc thi c dn qua cng trnh x l sinh hc tip theo l b
thiu kh. Trong mi trng thiu kh, nitrate trong nc thi c chuyn
ha thnh nit t do, tuy nhin nc thi thy sn u vo c nng nitrate
rt thp. Ngoi ra, trong mi trng thiu kh vi sinh vt c kh nng hp
ph photpho cao hn mc bnh thng do photpho lc ny khng nhng ch
cn cho vic tng hp, duy tr t bo v vn chuyn nng lng m cn c
vi khun d tr trong t bo s dng cc giai on hot ng tip theo.
T b thiu kh, nc thi c dn sang b bn hot tnh hiu kh l lng.
y l cng trnh trnh chnh x l cc cht hu c mt cch trit . Oxy
c cung cp lin tc cho vi sinh vt hiu kh hot ng. Trong iu kin
thi kh lin tc ny, qun th vi sinh vt hiu kh tn ti trng thi l lng
(bn hot tnh) phn hy cc hp cht hu c c trong nc thi thnh cc
hp cht v c n gin nh CO
2
v nc.
Sau khi qua b bn hot tnh, nc thi c dn sang cng trnh x l sinh
hc th 3 l b sinh hc hiu kh (bn hot tnh dnh bm). B ny c chc
nng x l hon thin cc hp cht nit, photpho cn li trong nc thi.
Trong b c lp t vt liu lc bng nha PVC t ngp trong nc, lp
vt liu ny c rng v din tch tip xc ln gi vai tr lm gi th cho vi
sinh vt dnh bm. Nc thi c phn phi t di ln tip xc vi mng
vi sinh vt, ti y cc hp cht hu c, nit (qu trnh kh nitrate) c loi
38
b bi lp mng vi sinh vt ny. Sau mt thi gian, chiu dy lp mng vi
sinh vt dy ln ngn cn oxy ca khng kh khng khuch tn vo cc lp
bn trong. Do khng c oxy, vi khun ym kh pht trin to ra sn phm
phn hy ym kh cui cng l CH
4
v CO
2
lm trc lp mng ra khi vt
cng ri b nc cun tri. Trn b mt vt liu li hnh thnh lp mng mi,
hin tng ny c lp i lp li tun hon v nc thi c kh BOD
5
v
cc cht dinh dng trit .
Nc thi sau khi ra khi b bn hot tnh dnh bm chy trn qua b lng.
Ti y, xy ra qu trnh lng tch pha v gi li phn bn (vi sinh vt). Bn
sau khi lng c bm tun hon v b hiu kh nhm duy tr nng vi
sinh vt trong b. Phn bn d c bm v b cha bn sau c tch
nc bng my p bn. Trong qu trnh tch nc, polymer c b sung
to iu kin cho qu trnh tch nc ca bn c thc hin d dng hn.
Phn nc trong sau khi qua b lng theo mng trn t chy xung b trung
gian. Nc thi t b trung gian c bm cao p bm ln b lc p lc
nhm loi b trit phn cn l lng cn li trong nc thi. Sau , nc
thi c dn vo b kh trng loi b vi sinh vt gy bnh trc khi thi
ra ngun tip nhn. Nc thi sau khi c x l bi h thng t QCVN
11:2008, Ct A v c x ra mi trng hay ti s dng.
u im v nhc im ca h thng x l nc thi:
u im:
c im ca nc thi ch bin thy sn vi nng SS, COD, BOD
5
v
du m cao, do phng php x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 02 kt
hp cc qu trnh x l c hc, ha l v sinh hc l hon ton hp l. Trong
, cng trnh chnh l cm b thiu kh - b bn hot tnh hiu kh dnh
bm. Trong h thng x l nc thi, cng on tch du m ng vai tr
ht sc quan trng. Cm tch du m ca h thng bao gm mng tch du
m v b tuyn ni siu nng vi p lc kh ha tan kt hp keo t. B tuyn
ni siu nng l im mi ca h thng x l vi chiu cao mc nc ca b
tuyn ni ch 1,1 m. Hiu sut ca b tuyn ni siu nng cao hn b tuyn
ni kh ha tan thng thng. Vi cng ngh ny, h thng x l nc thi
ca Cng ty CBTS 02 c nhng u im ni bt sau y:
- Cng ngh c thit k m bo t quy chun/tiu chun x thi ngun
loi A. Nc sau x l c s dng ti cy.
- Hiu qu x l cao i vi cc ch tiu quan trng ca nc thi thy sn,
trong hiu qu x l SS > 98%, BOD
5
t 96-98%, hiu qu x l du
m gn nh 100%, nit t 47-70% v photpho t 76-94%.
- Chi ph vn hnh thp 2.500 VN/m
3
nc thi so vi cc cng ngh x
l nc thi tng ng (v hiu qu v quy nh x thi).
39
- Chi ph u t xy dng v lp t thit b va phi: 5.000.000 VN/m
3

nc thi.
- Din tch t xy dng kh thp (0,38 m
2
/m
3
nc thi).
Nhc im
Bn cnh nhng u im v hiu qu x l, chi ph u t xy dng - lp t
thit b, chi ph vn hnh v mc s dng t, h thng x l nc thi
ca Cng ty CBTS 02 vn c mt s nhc im sau:
- B thiu kh c t trc b bn hot tnh hiu kh l lng nhng
khng c dng tun hon nc t b hiu kh v b thiu kh nn hiu
qu x l nit ca b thiu kh rt thp.
- Do nc thnh phn nc thi dao ng rt ln nn b iu ha c thi
gian lu nc 6 gi l kh thp, do lm gim kh nng iu ha nng
nc thi. ng thi trong trng hp cc cng trnh x l gp s c
cn phi dng hot ng th vi thi gian lu nc, b iu ha kh c
th p ng c nhu cu lu nc thi ca nh my trong mt ngy hot
ng bnh thng.
- B lc p lc c thit k d phng trong trng hp b lng lm vic
khng hiu qu. Tuy nhin rt kh nhn bit khi no b lng lm vic
khng hiu qu.
- V mt vn hnh, h thng c qun l v vn hnh (kim nhim) bi
cn b k thut ca cng ty. Tuy nhin, v thiu chuyn mn v cng
ngh x l nc thi nn trong cng tc vn hnh vn cn hn ch, c
bit l theo di v khc phc cc s c vi sinh.
- Nh my khng c phng th nghim phn tch cc ch tiu nc thi.
Tn sut quan trc h thng l 2 nm/ln, m bo tun th quy nh v
mi trng, tuy nhin tn sut nh vy l l qu t theo di s n nh
ca h thng.
CBTS 02
Da vo kt qu nh gi cng ngh x l nc thi thy sn ti nh my
CBTS 02, cng ngh x l nc thi c xut mt s thay i di y:
- Cm x l sinh hc vn s dng kt hp qu trnh bn hot tnh hiu kh
v qu trnh thiu kh. Vic ci to cm x l sinh hc c th c thc
hin theo hng thay i chc nng ca b thiu kh thnh b bn hot
tnh hiu kh. Nh vy h thng s s dng qu trnh bn hot tnh hiu
kh 2 bc vi tng thi gian lu nc gn 12 gi, v c tip ni bi b
bn hot tnh dnh bm (thc hin qu trnh kh nitrate).
40
- Ngoi ra, nh my cn cho cc cn b vn hnh tham gia cc kho o
to v vn hnh h thng x l nc thi hoc tuyn cn b m nhim
cng tc qun l h thng x l nc thi c chuyn mn v mi trng.
c tnh k thut ca h thng x l
Bng 2.9 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v ca h thng x l nc thi
Cng trnh n v
Kch thc
(DxRxH) (m)
Th tch
(m
3
)
SL T
lu
(pht)
Mng tch du v m 2,0 x 1,0 x 1,0 2 01 2
H thu gom 2,5 x 2,0 x 1,6 8 01 9,6
B iu ha 11,2 x 6,5 x 4,1 299 01 360
B keo t 1,5 x 1,0 x 2,4 4 01 4,3
B tuyn ni siu nng 3,8 x 2,5 11 01 14
B thiu kh 6,5 x 5,4 x 4,0 140 01 169
B bn hot tnh hiu kh 16,8 x 6,5 x 4,1 448 01 537
B bn hot tnh hiu kh
dnh bm
6,5 x 6,5 x 4,0 169 01 203
B lng sinh hc 10,0 x 4,0 314 01 203
B trung gian 2,9 x 1,.9 x 2,7 15 01 18
B lc p lc 3,0 x 2,0; v
lc
=10m/h 14 01 18
B tip xc 6,5 x 2,0 x 4,5 59 01 70
B nn bn 6,5 x 2,0 x 4,5 59 01 -
Nh t my p bn 10,0 x 2,5 x 2,8 - 01 -
Nh iu hnh 10,8 x 3,0 x 4,0 - 01 -
Tng thi gian x l ca ton quy trnh: 30 gi
Tng din tch s dng: 450 m
2
Ghi ch: Cc cng trnh n v u c xy dng bng b tng ct thp, b lc p lc c
cu to bng thp, nh iu hnh c xy dng bng gch, nh t my p bn c mi che
bng tn
41
Bng 2.10 Thng s k thut ca cc thit b s dng cho h thng x l nc thi
Cng ty CBTS 02
Tn thit b SL Thng s k thut
Xut
x
Nm
sn
xut
H thu gom
My tch rc th 01 VN 2006
Bm nc thi chm 02 Q = 60 m
3
/h; H = 7 m G8/EU 2006
Thit b lc rc tinh 01
Q = 50 - 60 m
3
/h;
Khe h: 2 mm
VN 2006
B iu ha
My thi kh b iu ha 02
Q = 2,3 m
3
/pht;
H = 4,5 m
G8/EU 2006
H thng a phn phi kh 01 D = 120 mm M 2006
Bm nc thi chm 02 Q = 50 m
3
/h; H = 8 m G8/EU 2006
B keo t
Thit b trn tnh 01 Q = 50 m
3
/h VN 2006
Motor khuy
01
L 2006
Cnh khuy VN 2006
B tuyn ni
My nn kh 01 L 2006
Bn to p 01 DxL=1.000x1.600 mm VN 2006
Thit b gt du t ng 01 VN 2006
Bm tun hon to p 02 Q = 30 m
3
/h; H = 40 m G8/EU 2006
B Unoxic
My khuy trn chm 01 H (su) = 4 m G8/EU 2006
B sinh hc hiu kh (BHTLL - BHTDB)
My thi kh 03
Q = 9,12 m
3
/pht;
H = 4,5 m
G8/EU 2006
H thng a phn phi kh 01 D = 270 mm M 2006
H thng vt liu dnh bm 01 Nha PVC VN 2006
B lng bn sinh hc
My gt bn b lng 01 KT khung gt: 10 m
G8/EU
VN
2006
Mng rng ca 01 SUS304 VN 2006
ng lng trung tm 01 RxH=1.500x1.600 mm VN 2006
Bm tun hon 02 Q = 30 m
3
/h; H = 7 m G8/EU 2006
B lc p lc
Bm cao p 02 Q = 50 m
3
/h; H = 40 m G8/EU 2006
B nn bn
Bm bn 01 Q = 5 m
3
/h; H = 8 m G8/EU 2006
My p bn 01 Q = 4 m
3
/h L 2006
H thng pha ha cht
Bn cha ha cht 03 V = 1000 L VN 2006
Bm nh lng 03 Q = 200 lt/pht G8/EU 2006
T iu khin 01 HQ 2006
42
Lu lng thc t: 1.000 (m
3
/ngy) - Thit k: 1.200 (m
3
/ngy)
in nng tiu th cho h thng x l thc t: 845 (kWh/ngy)
trong Bng 2.11.
Bng 2.11 Thnh phn nc thi u vo, u ra v hiu qu ca h thng x l
nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 02
Ch tiu n v
Nng
u vo
Nng
u ra
Hiu qu
x l (%)
QCVN 11:2008
Ct A
pH - 7,1-7,1 7,6-7,7 - 6-9
SS mg/L 456-494 4-8 98-99 -
COD mgO
2
/L 1.600-1.775 20-32 98-99 50
BOD
5
mgO
2
/L 1.491-1.728 11-30 98-99 30
Amoni mg/L 24,7-35,9 8-25 28-48 10
Clo d mg/L KPH-0,01 KPH-0,07 - 1
P
tng
mg/L 27,5-52,3 3-10 64-94 -
Coliform
*
MPN/
100mL
1,5 x 10
6
- 2,4 x 10
6

360-2.600 100 3.000
Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr; * QCVN 24:2009, ct A.
Ngun: Cng ty CBTS 02 (2009).
Lng ha cht s dng
Bng 2.12 Ha cht tiu th cho h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 02
S lng cng nhn vn hnh: 07 nhn vin trong c 03 nhn vin c
trnh cao ng c cng ty t vn thit k, chuyn giao cng ngh o
to.
Loi Ha cht Liu lng s dng (kg/nm)
Cht tr keo t Polimer 1.080
Ha cht keo t Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.18H
2
O 77.760
Ha cht kh trng NaOCl 6.480
43
Tn sut bo tr
My bm
Hng ngy
- Ngun in cung cp c bnh thng khng
- Cnh bm c b chn bi cc vt l hay khng
- ng c my bm c b chy hay khng
Hng tun o cch in ca bm.
Hng thng
Kim tra nhy ca bm va o lu lng bm
v iu chnh li bng van
Hng qu
Kim tra tng th my nh: cch in, dng
lm vic, lu lng, cng sut my thc t.
Hng nm Kim tra tng th bo dng bm.

My thi
kh

Hng ngy
- Kim tra mc du v kim tra my khi c ting
ku hay rung ng l
Hng tun
- Lm sch b lc u ht v cc b phn bn
ngoi my thi kh.
- Th van an ton bng tay
Hng thng
- Kim tra r ca ton b h thng kh
- Kim tra du bi trn v thay th nu cn thit.
Hng qu
- Thay du nht.
- Kim tra ng h p lc
- Kim tra v v sinh b phn gim thanh (tiu
m) u y
Hng nm
- Thay dy coroa v van 1 chiu cao su u
y
F. Cc thng tin khc
Chi ph u t: 6.000.000.000 VN
3
nc thi.

ty CBTS 03), cng sut 400 m
3
/ngy m

- Sn phm: cc loi thy sn ch bin
- Cng sut ca nh my: 2500 tn/nm
- Nguyn liu: cc loi thy sn
- Nc thi pht sinh: 50 m
3
/tn sn phm (400 m
3
/ngy)
44
Thi gian vn hnh: thng 8 nm 2008.
Ch tiu n v
Nng
u vo
Hiu qu x
l (%)
TCVN 5945:2005
Ct B
pH - 6,9 - 5,5-9
SS mg/L 240 58 100
COD mgO
2
/L 1860 96 80
BOD
5
mgO
2
/L 1610 97 50
P
tng
mg/L 85 93 6
N
tng
mg/L 115 74 30
Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr
Cng ngh x l nc thi
45
Ghi chu:
ng nc
ng bun
ng kh
ng hoa chat
Ngan cha bun
MB
MB
MB
SCRM
Be tach dau va m
Be trung gian
Be tuyen noi
Cong ty x ly bun
Be tiep xuc
SCRT
Be sinh hoc hieu kh (BHTLL)
THB
Nc thai
Ho thu gom
Be ieu hoa
Be tao bong
Be lang
Nguon tiep nhan
NaOCL
May
nen kh
Bon
tao ap
MTK
Be keo tu
Be cha bun
Xe hut bun
NaOH
PAC
MTK

46

Thuyt minh cng ngh
Nc thi sn xut c thu gom sau dn qua SCR th vo h thu gom
nc thi sau nc thi t chy sang b iu ha nhm n nh lu lng
nc thi u vo. Trong b iu ha c lp h thng sc kh xo trn u
nhm trnh hin tng lng cn trong b. Sau nc thi c bm n
SCRM loi b lng cht thi rn c kch thc nh hn cn li trc khi
dn sang b tch m. Ti b tch m nc thi c tch cc vng m c
trong nc thi tng hiu qu x l cho cc cng trnh n v pha sau v
trnh lm tt ng ng trong h thng x l. Phn vng m sau khi gn lc
c vt b cng vi cht thi rn lc b sau khi qua SCR th v SCR
mn. Nc thi sau chy sang b trung gian nhm n nh dng chy
trc khi chy qua b tuyn ni. Ti b trung gian, nc thi c bm bng
2 bm trc ngang ln b keo t, ng thi b sung ha cht iu chnh pH
ng thi chm thm cht keo t PAC trn ng ng thng qua thit b
phi trn tnh. Nc thi t b keo t chy sang b to bng, trong b ny s
dng thit b khuy trn c kh (h thng cnh khuy) nhm tng hiu qu
ca qu trnh to bng.
Sau qu trnh ny nc thi t chy sang b tuyn ni. Kh nn ha tan c
cung cp nhm tng hiu qu tuyn ni cc bng cn c trng lng nh v
tin hnh thu vng ni trn mt bng h thng co di ng.
Nc trong sau qu trnh tuyn ni t chy sang hai b bn hot tnh hiu
kh tip tc x l cc cht hu c c trong nc thi. Ti y kh oxy
c cung cp vo b thng qua hai my thi kh lm vic lun phin vi
sinh vt c th hot ng v pht trin sinh khi. Sau khi c x l ti b
bn hot tnh hiu kh nc t chy vo b lng ng thng qua ng dn
nc thi vo ng trung tm. B lng c nhim v lng bn vi sinh sinh ra
trong qu trnh x l hiu kh trong b bn hot tnh hiu kh bng phng
php trng lc. Nc sau khi lng t chy vo b tip xc. Ti y dung dch
NaOCl c bm nh lng vo kh trng nc, loi b vi sinh vt gy
bnh trc khi x ra mi trng. Nc thi sau x l t theo QCVN
11:2008, Ct B.
Phn bn sau khi lng c thanh gt bn tp trung vo ngn cha bn, theo
nh k bm ht bn bm vo b cha bn. Mt phn bn c bm tun
hon tr v b bn hot tnh hiu kh tip tc quy trnh x l. B cha bn
gi li lng bn t b lng, b tuyn ni v mt s cn trong qu trnh sc
ra b. Ti b cha bn xy ra qu trnh nn bn v lng nc sau khi lng
c a v b iu ha tip tc x l, phn bn sau khi nn c xe ht
bn nh k ht vn chuyn n bi chn lp v sinh.
47
u im:
H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 03 c nhng u im:
- Hiu qu x l kh cao i vi cc ch tiu chnh ca nc thi thy sn,
trong hiu qu x l SS khong 80%, hiu qu x l COD khong
94% v BOD
5
l 97%.
- Cng trnh x l sinh hc gm hai b bn hot tnh hiu kh (hai n
nguyn). Nh vy, nu trong trng hp mt trong hai b gp s c v vi
sinh th h thng vn c th tip tc hot ng vi n nguyn cn li
trong thi gian khc phc s c.
- Chi ph u t xy dng v lp t thit b va phi 4.500.000 VN/m
3

nc thi.
Nhc im:
Bn cnh nhng u im v hiu qu x l cn l lng v cht hu c, v
chi ph vn hnh, h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 03 cn tn ti
mt s nhc im sau:
- Nc thi ch bin thy sn thng c nng nit cao, nhng h thng
ch c cng trnh x l hiu kh v thiu cng trnh x l thiu kh kh
nit. Do nng tng nit u ra kh c th t c quy chun x
thi.
- Chi ph vn hnh (3.200 VN/m
3
nc thi) l kh cao so vi cc h
thng x l nc thi khc tng ng v yu cu cht lng nc thi
sau x l ng thi s dng nhiu thit b ng lc hn.
- V mt vn hnh, h thng c qun l v vn hnh (kim nhim) bi
cn b k thut ca cng ty. Tuy nhin, v khng c chuyn mn v cng
ngh x l nc thi nn trong cng tc vn hnh cng ngh vn khng
m bo, c bit l theo di v khc phc cc s c vi sinh.
- Nh my khng c phng th nghim phn tch cc ch tiu nc thi.
Tn sut quan trc h thng l 2 nm/ln, m bo tun th quy nh v
mi trng, tuy nhin tn sut nh vy l l qu t theo di s n nh
ca h thng.
CBTS 03
Trong hai b bn hot tnh hiu kh, c th ci to b s 2 thnh b anoxic
ci thin hiu qu x l nit (kh nitrate). Ngoi ra, nh my cn cho cc
cn b vn hnh tham gia cc kho o to v vn hnh h thng x l nc
thi hoc tuyn cn b m nhim cng tc qun l h thng x l nc thi
c chuyn mn v mi trng. u t mt phng th nghim mini xc
nh ti u liu lng ha cht v cc thng s ti u cho cc qu trnh vn
hnh h thng sinh hc.
48
c tnh k thut ca cc cng trnh x l v cc thit b chnh
Bng 2.14 Thng s thit k ca cc cng trnh n v h thng x l nc thi ca
cng ty CBTS 03
Cng trnh n v
Kch thc
(DxRxH) (m)
Th tch
(m
3
)
SL
T
lu
(pht)
B tch vng m 3,3 x 1,5 x 1,0 5 01 5
B iu ha 4,5 x 9,0 x 2,0 79 01 540
B keo t 1,5 x 1,5 x 3,0 6,8 01 160
B to bng 1,5 x 1,5 x 3,0 6,8 01 230
B tuyn ni 45
B bn hot tnh hiu kh 11,4 x 4,9 x 3,5 195,5 02 500
B lng 3,2 x 3,2 x 3,5 36 01 335
B kh trng 3,99 x 1,0 x 1,9 7,6 01 80
Ngn cha bn 1,5 x 1,0 x 3,6 5.4 01 -
B cha bn 4,9 x 3,9 x 3,1 59 01 -
B pha ho cht NaOH 1,0 x 1,25 1 01 -
B pha ho cht NaOCl 1,0 x 1,25 1 01 -
B pha ho cht PAC

1,0 x 1,25 1 01 -
Nh iu hnh 9,0 x 4,5 x 4,0 162 01 -
Tng thi gian x l ca ton quy trnh: 31,5 gi
2
Ghi ch: a s cc cng trnh n v u c xy dng bng b tng ct thp tr nh iu
hnh c xy dng bng gch, vt liu cu to ca b NaOH, b PAC l Inox 304 v b
NaOCl l FRP.
Bng 2.15 Thng s k thut cc thit b s dng cho h thng x l nc thi ca
Cng ty CBTS 03
Xut
x
B iu ha
My lt rc th 01 Q = 17 m
3
/h VN
H thng phn phi kh 01 ng PVC khoan l 2 mm VN
Bm nc thi 1 02 Q= 15 20 m
3
/h, H = 14 m Nht
Thit b lt rc tinh 01 Q = 17 m
3
/h; KT khe = 1 mm VN
B keo t
Bm nc thi 2 02 Q = 20 m
3
/h; H = 10 m Nht
B phi trn tnh 04 Vt liu: Inox VN
B to bng
Motor khuy, cnh khuy 01 Motor gim tc: 1 HP VN/L
B tuyn ni
H thng co vng ni di ng 01 Motor gim tc: 1Hp VN
Motor gt bn 01 Cng sut: 3 Hp L
Bn p lc 01 D x H = 0.7 x 1.5 m VN
My nn kh 01 Cng sut: 3 Hp L
49
Xut
x
B thu bn
H thng mng trn 01 - VN
ng phn phi 01 - VN
Tm chn hng dng 01 - VN
B sinh hc hiu kh
My thi kh 02 Q = 200 250 m
3
/h Czech
H thng phn phi kh 01 Q = 200 l/pht.a M
Gi th vi sinh 02 Vt liu: Plastic VN
Thit b tch vt liu m 01 L x B = 5.7 x 5.7 m VN
B lng
H thng mng trn 01 - VN
ng phn phi 01 - VN
Thanh gt bn 01 - VN
Bm tun hon bn 01 Q = 15 20 m
3
/h; H = 15 m Nht
Ngn cha bn
Bm bn 01 Q = 8 m
3
/h; H = 14 m Nht
H thng nh lng ha cht
Bm nh lng 04 Q = 100 l/h M
Bm ht bn 01 Cng sut: 1,5 Hp
Thng pha ch v tiu th ha
cht
04 Dung tch thng:1000L VN
Lu lng thc t: 400 (m
3
/ngy) Thit k: 400 (m
3
/ngy)
trong Bng 2.16.
nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 03
Ch tiu n v
Nng
u vo
Nng
u ra
Hiu qu
x l(%)
QCVN
11:2008
Ct B
pH - 6,46-6,94 7,15-7,51 - 5,5 9
SS mg/L 225-240 35-58 75-84 90
COD mgO
2
/L 2223-2254 75-84 96-97 90
BOD
5
mgO
2
/L 1785-1840 44-49 97-98 45
Coliform*
MPN/
100mL
16x10
4
180-1.700 100 5.000
Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr;* QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT
Ngun: Cng ty CBTS 03 (2009).
50
Lng ha cht s dng
Bng 2.17 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty CBTS 03
Loi Ha cht Liu lng s dng (g/m
3
nc thi)
Cht tr keo t Polimer 3,75
Cht keo t PAC 200
Cht kh trng NaOCl 10% 5-8
S lng cng nhn vn hnh: 02 nhn vin trnh k s, c o to
v s dng thit b v vn hnh h thng.
Tn sut bo tr
Hng ngy
- Kim tra cng v in p dng cp.
- Kim tra hin tng chy du nht ca my thi kh v my nn
kh.
- Kim tra mc du bi trn ca my thi kh, my nn kh, cc
motor, xch ca my co bn, my co vng ni.
- Kim tra ting n khi chy my thi kh v my nn kh.
- Kim tra nhit ca my thi kh.
- Kim tra ng ht, ng y ca bm nh lng.
- Kim tra ha cht cn li trong bn cha.
Hng thng

- Kim tra sit cht ca bulon v ming tra nht ca my thi
kh v my nn kh.
- Kim tra kn mng loci ca ng ht.
- Kim tra sc cng ca dy curoa.
Hng nm - Kim tra tng th bo dng bm.
- Thay dy coroa.
F. Cc thng tin khc
Chi ph u t: 1.800.000.000 VN
3
nc thi.
51
Mt s hnh nh v cng trnh x l trong h thng x l nc thi
ngnh ch bin thy sn

Hnh 2.12 H thng x l nc thi ch bin thy sn ca Cng ty CBTS 02, cng
sut 1.200 m
3
/ngym

Song chn rc mn

Cm b tuyn ni siu nng
B lng
Song chn rc th

H thu

B iu ha
B bn hot tnh hiu kh l lng

B lc p lc
52

53

Chng 3

Ngnh Cng nghip Dt may

55
3.1 Gii thiu chung
Trong nhng nm gn y s pht trin mnh m ca ngnh cng nghip
Dt may gp mt phn rt ln vo s pht trin kinh t chung ca c
nc. Ngnh cng nghip Dt may khng nhng p ng nhu cu tiu dng
trong nc m cn thu c mt lng ngoi t ln nh xut khu. Mt
khc ngnh dt may cn gii quyt vic lm cho mt s lng ln lao ng
(2.5 triu ngi). Theo thng k nm 2009, hin c khong gn 2.000 doanh
nghip dt may trn ton quc, trong quc doanh l 307 doanh nghip,
cn li l cc cng ty c phn, TNHH, lin doanh v 100% vn nc ngoi.
Hng nm ngnh dt may ng gp khong 31% tng sn lng ngnh cng
nghip, ng th hai sau ngnh du kh, chim 19,8% tng kim ngch xut
khu v khong 41% kim ngch xut khu ca ngnh cng nghip (Vitas,
2009).
Song song vi s pht trin mnh m ca ngnh l vn nhim mi
trng pht sinh t qu trnh sn xut. Hng nm ngnh Dt may thi vo
mi trng mt lng nc ln nc thi vi nng nhim cao do nc
thi cha c x l hoc x l nhng cha t quy chun/tiu chun
mi trng.
3.2 Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
Chui gi tr ca ngnh cng nghip Dt may ton cu thng thng c
phn chia thnh nm phn khc chnh gm: sn xut nguyn liu th; sn
xut nguyn ph liu; may; xut khu v phn phi bn l. Ty theo quy m
ca cc nh my dt may, tnh cht ca nguyn liu th, yu cu ca sn
phm, trnh cng ngh m cng ngh sn xut ca cc nh my l khc
nhau. Nhn chung mt cng ngh sn xut khp kn bao gm bn cng on
chnh. Cc cng on chnh trong qu trnh sn xut ca ngnh Dt may v
dng thi c trnh by trong Hnh 3.1.

Hnh 3.1 Cc cng on chnh v pht sinh dng thi ca ngnh Dt may

Nguyn liu th Dt Vi th
Sn phm May Nhum/hon tt
Si

Nc

Ha cht tr,
thuc nhum, ncthi,
hi ha cht
Bi, n
Vn si
Bi;
Vn si,
Nc thi

Bi, n
Nc thi, Kh thi,
Hi ha cht
56
Trong 4 cng on ca ngnh dt may, cng on nhum v hon tt thng
c tch ring trong qu trnh sn xut. i vi cc nh my ln thng
bao gm c bn cng on, cn i vi cc nh my va v nh ch c hai
hoc mt cng on (dt v nhum hay nhum).
Ty theo quy m ca c s dt nhum, tnh cht ca si nguyn liu, tnh
cht ca si sn phm, trnh cng ngh m cng on nhum v hon tt
ti mi c s c s khc bit nhiu hay t. Tng quan v quy trnh nhum v
hon tt c trnh by trong Hnh 3.2.
Hnh 3.2 Quy trnh cng ngh nhum v hon tt

Dng thi pht sinh theo quy trnh cng ngh sn xut

. Trong qu trnh sn xut ca ngnh Dt may tiu th rt
nhiu nc, nguyn liu th, nhin liu v nng lng. V th nhiu loi cht
th
mhi . Tng quan v

ngun gc pht sinh cht thi v cc tc ng n mi trng ca ngnh Dt
may c trnh by trong Bng 3.1.
Bng 3.1 Ngun gc cht thi v tc ng n mi trng ca ngnh dt may
Ngun gc Cht thi chnh
Hot ng ca nh my si Bi; ting n
Hot ng ca nh my dt Bi; ting n; nc thi
Hot ng ca nh my nhum
hon tt
Nc thi nhim nng (BOD, COD, SS v
mu); hi ho cht; nhit d; ting n
Hot ng ca x nghip may Cht thi rn; nhit d; ting n
Hot ng ca l hi, l gia nhit Kh thi giu SO
2
; nhit d
Hot ng ca my nn Ting n; nhit d
Ngun: Tng cng ty dt may Vit Nam (2003).
H Dt Nu Git
Trung ha Ty Git Nhum Git
Vt nc H hon tt Sy kh Sn phm
Si, vi
57

Trong cc ngun pht sinh nhim t ngnh Dt may, nc thi l mi quan
tm c bit do qu trnh nhum v hon tt s dng mt lng ln nguyn
liu th, nc, thuc nhum v cht tr nhum. Tiu th nc trong qu
trnh nhum dao ng rt ln t 16-900 m
3
cho mt tn sn phm (Loan
2008). Tiu th nc i vi mt s loi vi khc nhau c trnh by trong
Bng 3.2.
Bng 3.2 Lng nc tiu th i vi mt s loi vi trong ngnh dt may
Loi vi Lng nc tiu th (m
3
/ tn sn phm)
Vi cotton 80-240
Vi cotton dt thoi 70-180
Len 100-250
Vi polyacrylic 10-70
Ngun: Tng cng ty dt may Vit Nam (2003).
Hu nh tt c cc cng on ca qu trnh nhum v hon tt u pht sinh
nc thi, thnh phn nc thi thng khng n nh, thay i theo loi
thit b nhum, nguyn liu nhum, khi s dng cc loi thuc nhum khc
nhau c bn cht v mu sc khc nhau. Nc thi nhum thng c
nhit , mu v COD cao. Nc thi pht sinh t nh my dt nhum
thng kh x l do cu to phc tp ca thuc nhum cng nh nhiu loi
thuc nhum v tr nhum c s dng trong qu trnh nhum v hon tt.
Thnh phn nc thi dt nhum c trnh by trong Bng 3.3.
Bng 3.3 Thnh phn nc thi Dt nhum
Ch tiu n v Nng
pH - 8,6 - 9,8
Nhit
0
C 36 52
mu Pt-Co 350 3710
SS mg/L 69 380
COD mgO
2
/L 360 2448
BOD
5
mgO
2
/L 200 1450
N
tng
mg/L 22 43
P
tng
mg/L 0,9- 37,2
Cr
6+
mg/L 0,093 0,364
Pb mg/L KPH-0,007
Cd mg/L KPH-0,00025
Hg mg/L KPH
As mg/L KPH-0,013
Ngun: Centema, 2010.

58
3.4.1 Hin trng cng ngh x l nc thi ca ngnh Dt may
Da vo s liu thu thp v kho st ca 120 doanh nghip Dt may trong c
nc, cng ngh x l ang p dng ti cc nh my Dt may bao gm bn
loi chnh: (1) kt hp ho l (keo t/to bng) v lc; (2) kt hp ho l v
sinh hc hiu kh hay ngc li; (3) kt hp ho l, sinh hc hiu kh v ho
l; (4) kt hp ho l, sinh hc v lc (lc ct hay than hot tnh).
. Trong dy chuyn cng ngh x l ca
mt s cng ty
cng trnh n v u tin c thi.
H c kh cng o
.
Ty thuc vo v tr ca cc nh my nm trong hay ngoi khu cng nghip
v ngun tip nhn nc thi, cng ngh x l p dng thay i p ng
vi tiu chun hay quy chun x thi. Nhng doanh nghip dt may (quy m
nh) nm trong khu cng nghip ( xy dng h thng x l nc thi tp
trung), nc thi thng phi c x l t tiu chun ca KCN trc khi
thi vo h thng thot nc ca KCN (tiu chun ny thng tng ng vi
TCVN 5945: 2005, ct C) cng ngh thng c p dng i vi cc nh
my ny l ha l kt hp vi lng lc gim thiu hm lng cht hu c,
mu v cht rn l lng c trong nc thi, tuy nhin hu nc thi sau
x l ht u khng t c tiu chun ca KCN.
i vi cc nh my dt may (quy m v ) nm trong khu cng
nghip (cha xy dng h thng x l nc thi tp trung), hay nhng nh
my nm bn ngoi KCN nc thi phi c x l t tiu chun Vit Nam
TCVN 5945:2005, loi A hay B hay QCVN 13:2008, ct A hay B ty thuc
vo ngun tip nhn. t c tiu chun/quy chun ct B cng ngh x
l nc thi dt nhum vi kt hp gia ho l (keo t/to bng) v hiu kh
l cng ngh tng i ph bin ang c p dng ti hu ht ti cc nh
my dt may.
X l nc thi dt nhum bao gm nhiu phng php khc nhau, mi
phng php t mt hiu qu nht nh i vi mt vi cht nhim tng
ng. Cng ngh x l nc thi c p dng nhm loi b cc thnh phn
nh nhit , mu, cht rn l lng (SS), COD, BOD
5
v kim loi nng.
t nhu rong h thng x l
nc thi dt nhu c s dng nh l
59
cng trnh n v u tin c
n tip theo c . i vi ngun
nguyn liu th c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut l polyester v hn
hp cotton/polyester qu trnh keo t/to bng thng c p dng trc
cng on sinh hc. Qu trnh ny c thit k loi b SS, mu, mt
phn cht hu c ho tan, v kim loi nng. Qu trnh sinh hc tip theo bao
gm k kh kt hp hiu kh hay hiu kh cho hiu qu cao i vi x l
nc thi dt may. X l sinh hc k kh vi UASB hay EGSB c p
dng v qu trnh sinh hc hiu kh c p dng l bn hot tnh l lng,
bn hot tnh vi vt liu dnh bm. Qu trnh sinh hc i b
may , v BOD
5
. Cng on
x l bc ba c p dng bao gm: (1) keo t/to bng v kh trng; (2)
lc (lc ct v than hot tnh) v kh trng; (3) oxy ho nng cao (ozone
hay Fenton) v hiu chnh pH v trung tnh. Qu trnh x l bc 3 c p
dng x l trit cc cht nhim cn li trong nc thi hay ti s
dng.
i vi ngun nguyn liu l cotton, cng ngh x l ngc li vi nguyn
liu l polyester v hn hp cotton/polyester l qu trnh sinh hc trc qu
trnh ho l. Cng on x l bc ba tng t nh trn vi p dng qu trnh
(1) lc (lc ct v than hot tnh) v kh trng; (2) oxy ho nng cao (ozone
hay Fenton) v hiu chnh pH v trung tnh.
Nhng doanh nghip dt may (quy m nh) nm trong khu cng nghip (
xy dng h thng x l nc thi tp trung), nc thi thng phi c x
l t tiu chun ca KCN trc khi thi vo h thng thot nc ca KCN
(tiu chun ny thng tng ng vi TCVN 5945: 2005, ct C) qu trnh
keo t/to bng kt hp sinh hc hay ngc li loi b hm lng cht
rn l lng, mt phn cht hu c v mu ca nc thi.
Bn pht sinh t qu trnh keo t/to bng v phn bn d t b hiu kh
c lu gi trong b cha bn v bn c gim th tch vi p dng my
p bn hay lc tch nc v giao cho cng ty c chc nng x l.
La chn ca cng ngh x l ph hp ph thuc vo nguyn liu th s
dng trong qu trnh dt nhum, thnh phn u vo, quy chun x thi, ch
ph u t, vn hnh v din tch t cn s dng. Mt s s cng ngh
x l nc thi khuyn khch p dng c trnh by trong Hnh 3.3 v 3.4.

60
Bun
lang
Be
cha bun
Nc thai
Be ieu hoa
Be keo tu
MTK
Thap giai nhiet
Hoa chat
keo tu - chnh pH
Be lang
Nc thai
sau lang (NT1)
Be tao bong
Hoa chat
tr keo tu
SCR
X l bc 1 : cm x l ha l (nc thi sau x l t tiu chun x thi vo MLTN ca KCN)

X l bc 2: cm x l sinh hc ((nc thi sau x l t QCVN 13:2008, ct B)

PA 2:
Chat
dinh dng+
chnh pH
Bun lang Be cha bun
MB
Be sinh hoc hieu kh
(BHTLL)
Be lang
MTK
THB
Nc thai
sau lang (NT2)
NT1
PA 1:
Bnh hap
thu kh
Kh CH4 Tai
s dung
MTK
THB
Nc thai
sau lang (NT2)
Be sinh hoc hieu kh
(BHTLL/BHTDB)
Be sinh hoc
k kh UASB/EGSB Be trung gian
NT1
chat
dinh dng
chnh pH
Be lang
MB
Bun lang Be cha bun
61
X l bc ba: (nc thi sau x l t QCVN13:2008, ct A)

PA1:
Be cha bun
Be tao bong
Be lang
Bun lang
Polymer
NaOCL
Nc thai
sau x ly
Be keo tu
Hoa chat
keo tu+
chnh pH
Be trung gian
NT2
Be tiep xuc
PA 2:
Be oxy hoa (Fenton)
H2O2 Acid FeCl3
Be lang
Nc thai
sau x ly
Be trung gian
NT2
Be ieu chnh pH
NaOH
Bun lang Be
cha bun
62
Ghi chu:
ng nc
ng bun
ng kh
ng hoa chat
MB Nc thai
sau x ly Be trung gian Be loc ap lc
Be suc kh ozone
NT2
May ozone
X l bc ba (nc thi sau x l t QCVN 13:2008, ct A)

Hnh 3.3 Cng ngh x l nc thi i vi ngun nguyn liu l polyester v hn hp cotton/polyester c khuyn khch p dng
PA 4:

Be loc ap lc
Nc thai
sau x ly
Be tao bong
Be lang
Bun lang
Be trung gian
Be loc
than hoat tnh
Polymer
Be
cha bun
MB
Be keo tu
Chat keo
tu + chnh pH
NT2
PA3:
63

X l bc 1: Cm x l sinh hc (nc thi sau x l t tiu chun x thi vo MLTN ca KCN)

PA2:
MTK
Thap giai nhiet
Ho thu gom
SCRT
Be trung gian
Chat dinh
dng+ chnh pH
Nc thai
Be ieu hoa
Chat
dinh dng+
chnh pH
Bun lang Be
cha bun MB
Be sinh hoc hieu kh
(BHTLL)
Be lang
MTK
THB
Nc thai
sau lang (NT1)
PA1:
1:
Bnh hap
thu kh
Kh CH4 Tai
s dung
MTK
Thap giai nhiet
Nc thai
Be ieu hoa
Ho thu gom
SCRT
THB
MTK
Be lang
Be sinh hoc hieu kh
l lng/dnh bam
Be trung gian
Nc thai
sau lang (NT1)
Be sinh
hoc k kh UASB
/ EGSB
Chat dinh
dng+ chnh pH
Bun lang Be cha bun
MB
64
PA 1:
Be oxy hoa(Fenton)
H2O2 Acid FeCl3
Be lang
Nc thai
sau x ly
Be trung gian
NT2
Be ieu chnh pH
NaOH
Bun lang Be
cha bun
PA 2:
Nc thai
sau tuyen noi (NT2)
Be keo tu
Chat
keo tu
NT1
Be tuyen noi sieu nong/
Be tuyen noi
Polymer
X l bc 2 ; Cm x l ho l v ho hc (nc thi sau x l t QCVN 13:2008, ct B)

X l bc 3 : Cm x l ho l, ho hc v hp ph (nc thi sau x l t QCVN 13:2008, ct A)

PA1:
Be tao bong
Be lang
Bun lang
Hoa chat
tr keo tu
Nc thai
sau lang (NT2)
Be keo tu
Hoa chat
keo tu+
chnh pH
NT1
Be cha bun
65
Be loc ap lc
Nc thai
sau x ly
Be tao bong
Be lang
Bun lang
Be trung gian
Be loc
than hoat tnh
Polymer
Be
cha bun
MB
Be keo tu
Chat keo
tu + chnh pH
NT2

Hnh 3.4 Cng ngh x l nc thi i vi ngun nguyn liu l cotton c khuyn khch p dng

Ghi chu:
ng nc
ng bun
ng kh
ng hoa chat
PA 2:

MB Nc thai
Be suc kh ozone
NT2
May ozone
PA3:
66
3.5 Mt s cng ngh x l nc thi ngnh Dt may c nh gi ph
hp
Da vo hng dn nh gi s ph hp ca 16 cng ngh x l nc thi ,
3 cng ngh c tng s im ln nht c la chn nh gi. Vic cho
im theo tng ch tiu ca mi cng ngh c thc hin qua h s thuyt
minh thc t ca cng ngh, kt qu kho st thc t, kt qu phn tch ca
ba ln ly mu thc t ti hin trng, v phng php chuyn gia. Kt qu
nh gi h thng x l nc thi ca ba cng ty c h thng x l nc thi
c khuyn khch p dng c trnh by trong Bng 3.4.
Bng 3.4 Kt qu nh gi ca 03 cng ty c h thng x l nc thi c khuyn
khch p dng
S
TT
Tiu ch/ Ni dung DM01 DM02 DM03
1
(TCVN/QCVN)
10 15 15
2
nhim)
3 3 3
4
T l ni a ha ca h thng cng ngh,
thit b
1 1 1
6
Kh nng thch ng khi tng ti trng/lu
lng nc thi
3 3 3
7
Thi gian xy dng h thng (t xy dng
n khi chnh thc a vo s dng)
4 4 4
8 Mc hin i, t ng ha ca cng ngh 2 2 3
9
Kh nng m rng, ci tin modul ca cng
ngh
0 2 1
10
Thi gian tp hun cho cn b vn hnh h
thng nc thi cho n mc cn b vn
hnh thnh tho
3 3 3
12
3
nc
thi)
9 3 8
67
S
TT
Tiu ch/ Ni dung DM01 DM02 DM03
13
Chi ph bo dng, sa cha (thit b v
nguyn liu)
5 5 6
15 Nhu cu s dung nguyn liu v nng lng 4 1 3
18
Mc ri ro i vi mi trng v gii
php phng nga, khc phc khi xy ra s
c k thut
3 3 3
20
Kh nng thch ng vi cc iu kin vng,
min
4 4 4
21
thng
1 1 3
Tng s 73 73 77
bo m tnh khch quan, tn ca ba cng ty c m ho. Ba cng ngh
x l nc thi khuyn khch p dng c trnh by di y.

3.5.1 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty dt may 01 (Cng ty DM 01),
cng sut 5.000 m
3
/ngy m

Sn phm: Vi dt kim
Cng sut ca nh my: 680 tn vi dt kim/thng
Nguyn liu: vi th cotton
Nc thi pht sinh: 3.800 m
3
/ngy m
Thi gian xy dng: 2003 (ci to 02 ln vo 12/2008 v t 12/2009 n
03/2010)
Thi gian vn hnh: thng 4 nm 2010
68
Bng 3.5 c tnh nc thi u vo theo thit k ca Cng ty DM 01
Ch tiu n v
Nng
u vo
Nng
u ra
Hiu qu x l
(%)
Nhit
o
C 30 30 -
pH - 4,4 7,4 -
mu Pt-Co 492 67 86
COD mgO
2
/L 192 91 53
BOD
5
mgO
2
/L 76 46 40
SS mg/L 48 21 55
Cu mg/L 0,02 KPH -
Cr
6+
mg/L 0,10 KPH -
Du khong mg/L 0,20 0,08 60
Ngun: Cng ty DM 01 (2010)
Cng ngh x l nc thi
S cng ngh x l nc thi x l nc thi ca cng ty DM 01 c
69
Ghi chu:
ng nc
ng bun
ng kh
ng hoa chat
Hoa chat chnh pH
(NaOH/H2SO4)
Thap giai nhiet
Be nen bun
May ep bun
MB MB Be lang
MB
Be tron bun
Polymer
Be sinh hoc hieu kh
(BHTDB)
Be lang
Be
tao bong
Ho cha nc sau x ly
Bun a
tach nc
n v x ly
Polymer, NaOCL PAC
Nc thai
SCRT
Ngan tiep nhan Be ieu hoa
MTK
Be trung gian
MTK
Be keo tu
Nc thai au ra

Hnh 3.5 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 01
70
Thuyt minh cng ngh
i ti
.
60
o
i 40
o
p cho qu trnh x
l sinh hc pha sau.
cm b x l sinh hc vi 5 b bn
hot tnh hiu kh l lng v 3 b bn hot tnh dnh bm. Nng
vi nng trong b c duy tr khong 2.000 mg MLVSS/L.
VSV k c cung cp y oxy.
hot tnh vi vt li p (vt
liu l tm nh u kin thun l
.
. Bn t b lng
c a sang b b
cm x l sinh h
tch n my p bn t
tip tc x l.
ha trn ha cht
keo t vi nc thi, sau ti b to bng polymer c thm vo tng
kch thc ca cc bng cn. Ha cht kh trng cng c chm vo b to
bng nhm mc ch loi b vi sinh vt gy b
t kh trng s dng l NaOCl.
Sau qu trnh t . Ti b
lng, bng cn c tch khi nc thi di tc dng ca trng lc. N
p tc chy qua mng tip xc v cu
cha, nc t h cha c chy vo mng l
2 v cu
Vi
t B QCV
.
71
u im:
- Cng ngh x l nc thi thch hp vi loi hnh sn xut vi nguyn
liu cotton.
- Nc thi sau x l t QCVN 13:2008/BTNMT, ct B.
- Cng ngh t s dng ha cht v qu trnh x l ha l sau qu trnh x
l sinh hc.
- Chi ph vn hnh mc c th chp nhn c (9.900 VN/ m
3
nc
thi), chi ph in nng tiu th cho h thng x l nc thi thp (550
VN/m
3
nc thi).
Nhc im:
Bn cnh nhng u im v hiu qu x l, chi ph in nng v ha cht, h
thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 01 vn tn ti mt s nhc im
sau:
- Thi gian lu nc trong cm 3 b bn hot tnh qu di, tng cng
khong 64 gi dn n chi ph u t xy dng cao ng thi tn nhiu
din tch xy dng cng trnh. Thi gian lu nc qu lu vi nng
cht hu c c kh nng phn hy sinh hc trong nc thi thp khng
ngun thc n cho vi sinh vt gy ra hiu qu x l gim v cht ca
vi sinh vt. Thi gian thi kh 64 gi lm tng chi ph vn hnh do tiu
th nng lng.
- B keo t (phn ng) vi thi gian lu nc di (24 pht) gy mt tc
dng ca qu trnh phn ng v khng hiu qu cho b to bng. Hiu
qu kh trng hay ty mu khng c hiu qu khi NaOCl c b sung
vo cng vi ho cht keo t.
- Chi ph u t xy dng v lp t thit b kh cao (6.300.000 VN/m
3

nc thi).
- Hiu qu s dng t ca h thng tng i thp (0,9 m
2
/m
3
nc thi).
Gii php nng cao hiu qu cng trnh x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM
01
Cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ty DM 01 c xut mt s thay i
nh sau:
- Trong dy chuyn cng ngh, cm b sinh hc vi thi gian lu nc qu
di (64 gi) gy lng ph nng lng cng nh khng tng hiu qu x l.
Kt qu phn tch COD, BOD
5
u vo v u ra ca cm 9 b sinh hc
ca cng ngh x l cho thy hiu qu hu nh khng ng k. Do c
th p dng thay th b bn hot tnh vi thi gian lu nc t 64 gi
72
gim cn 8-10 gi. Vi vic gim thi gian lu nc s gim chi ph in
nng v tng hiu qu x l ca cng trnh x l sinh hc.
- Ci to b keo t vi thi gian lu nc gim xung 1-3 pht. Ho cht
NaOCl khng chm cng vi ho cht keo t.
- S dng h cha nc thi sau x l nh l b tip xc v ho cht kh
trng NaOCl c chm vo u h cha.
Bng 3.6 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v h thng x l nc thi ca Cng
ty DM 01
Cng trnh n v
Kch thc
(DxRxH) (m)
Th tch
(m
3
)
SL T
lu
(pht)
1 17 x 12 x 5 1.020 01
922
2 17 x 15 x 5 1.275 01
3 x 4 x 5 60 01 17
d
48 x 65 x 5 15.600 09 3.750
20 x 17 x 5 1.700 01 480
32 x 6 x 5 660 01 180
) 2 x 4,7 x 5 42 01 24
(b to
bng)
2 x 4,7 x 5 42 01 24
23 x 7 x 5 550 01 317
1,9 x 1,3 x 3,5 8 01 4
1,9 x 1,3 x 3,5 8 01 4
1,9 x 2,9 x 5 27 01 8
21 x 9 x3,5 600 01 346
cha bn 6 x 4,7 x 5 141 01 -
9,7 x 4,7 x 5 228 01 -
7 x 5 x 3,5 123 01 -
Ghi ch: Tt c cc cng trnh n v u c xy dng bng b tng ct thp
73
Bng 3.7 Thng s k thut cc thit b ca h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty
DM 01
Tn thit b SL

ti
Nm
sn xut
Xut x
B iu ha
2 7,5 2006 L
2 15 2004 -
1 10 2003 L
Thit b 2 0,25 2005 HK
B sinh hc hiu kh
sinh hc 2 37,5 2004 L
150 0 2008 -
2 2,5 2008 -
9 0 2008 -
B keo t
3 1,5 2004 -
B to bng
2 1 2004 -
Cm ha cht
Shuneiko 8 0,13 2005 L
B 6 0,13 2005 L
X l bn
; Q=8-10 m
3
/h 1 5 2008 -
10 1,5 2004 -
12 1 2004 -
Lu lng thc t: 3.800 m
3
/ngy - Thit k: 5.000 m
3
/ngy
Lng bn pht sinh thc t: 15-25 tn/thng
trong Bng 3.8.
74
thi ca Cng ty DM 01
Ch tiu n v
Nng
u vo
Nng
u ra
Hiu qu
x l (%)
QCVN
13:2008
Ct B
Nhit
o
C 41 - 43 31 - 36 - 40
pH - 7,7 - 8,5 6,8 - 7,1 - 5,5 9
mu,
pH = 7
Pt-Co 901 - 3.134 10 - 96 93 - 100 150
BOD
5
mgO
2
/L 245 - 520 9 - 45 82 - 97 45
COD mgO
2
/L 540 - 800 16 - 64 88 - 97 135
SS mg/L 36 - 69 2 - 10 72 - 96 90
Du m
khong
mg/L 8,8 - 14,3 0,9 - 1,4 84 - 94 4,5
Cr
6+

mg/L 0,264-0,364 0,004-0,072 73 - 99 0,09
Cr
3+
mg/L 0,695 - 1,08 0,071-0,232 67 - 93 0,9
Cu mg/L 0,094-0,103 0,041-0,05 52 - 70 1,8
Coliform*
MPN/
100mL
- 15.10
2
-7

5.10
3
- 5.000
Lng ha cht s dng
Bng 3.9 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 03
S lng cng nhn vn hnh: 05 nhn vin c trnh trung cp v cao
ng, c o to v s dng thit b v vn hnh h thng.
Loi Ha cht Liu lng s dng (g/m
3
nc thi)
Cht tr keo t Polimer 2-2,5
Cht keo t Al
2
(SO
4
)
2
.18 H
2
O 180-200
Ha cht Cht ty mu 10-20
Ha cht NaOCl 10-15
75
Tn sut bo tr
My bm
nc thi v
bm nh
lng ha
cht
Hng ngy
Kim tra thit b c hot ng hay khng, khi
bm hot ng th phi kim tra c nc chy
hay khng, c ting ku l hay khng.
Hng tun
Kim tra cch ly ca v motor, m bo
khng b r in
Hng thng
Kim tra v o lu lng nc, ha cht xem c
cn iu chnh van hay khng.
Hng qu Kim tra tng th
F. Cc thng tin khc
Chi ph u t: 31.808.322.000 VN
3
nc thi

cng sut 2.500 m
3
/ngym

Sn phm: nhum v
Cng sut ca nh my: i nylon/nm
Nguyn liu: vi th n
Nc thi pht sinh (m
3
/ngy): 700 m
3
/ngy m
Thi gian xy dng: nm 2006
Thi gian vn hnh: nm 2007
Ch tiu n v
Nng
u vo
Hiu qu
x l(%)
QCVN 13:2008, Ct
B
pH - 5 - 9 - 5,5 - 9

o
C 50 - 40
BOD
5
mgO
2
/L 900 95 45
COD mgO
2
/L 1.500 91 135
SS mg/L 300 70 90
Cng ngh x l nc thi
76

Ghi chu:
ng nc
ng bun
ng kh
ng hoa chat
Hoa chat chnh pH-
PAC- Polymer
MB Nguon tiep nhan
MB
MB
MTK
MTK
Thap giai nhiet
Hoa chat chnh pH-
PAC- Polymer
Polymer
Be cha bun May ep bun
Bun a tach nc
Nc tach bun
ve be ieu hoa
Be lang
Be sinh hoc hieu kh
( BHTLL)
SCRT
Nc thai
Be ieu hoa
Be keo tu
May
nen kh
Bon
tao ap
THB
Be keo tu
Be trung gian
Be loc ap lc
(than hoat tnh)
77
Thuyt minh cng ngh
, ng thi c kh nng gim mt
phn nhit ca nc thi. T b iu ha, nc thi c tip tc x l
qua cc cng on nh thp gii nhit, cm x l ho l bc 1, cm x l
sinh hc, cm x l ho l bc 2, v lc than hot tnh.
:
30-40
o
C.
v tuyn n
n ni vi p
lc kh ho tan c p dng tng hiu qu ca tch pha rn v lng.
u
ng vi
02
03 2 mgO
2
.
t c tiu chun hay quy chun x th
kt h
l phn cht hu c cn li v kh .
Hp ph v c s d y
sinh hc cn li sau cc qu trnh x
. Nc thi sau cc qu trnh x
l t QCVN 13:2008, c .
.
u im:
- Cng ngh x l nc thi thch hp vi loi hnh sn xut vi nguyn
liu polyester v nguyn liu hn hp (polyester v cotton);
78
- Nc thi sau qu trnh x l ha l bc 2 t QCVN 13:2008/BTNMT,
ct B v t ct A sau khi qua cng on hp ph vi than hot tnh.
- Chi ph u t xy dng v lp t thit b l 4.940.000 VN/m
3
nc
thi).
- Din tch t xy dng kh thp (0,4 m
2
/m
3
nc thi).
- T vn hnh h thng x l nc thi g nhn vin
v . T vn hnh c o to chuyn giao cng ngh
y p ng yu cu vn hnh h thng x l nc thi.
- Cng ty DM 02
.
Nhc im:
Bn cnh nhng u im v hiu qu x l, chi ph u t xy dng - lp t
thit b, trnh chuyn mn ca cn b vn hnh v mc s dng t, h
thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 02vn c mt s nhc im sau:
- S liu phn tch ba ln ly mu ti h thng cho thy t c QCVN
13:2008, ct B th h thng x l nc thi khng cn u t b hp th
than hot tnh (cng on ny lm tng chi ph u t v vn hnh);
- Chi ph vn hnh cao (28.260 VN/m
3
nc thi) do s dng nhiu ha
cht (trong qu trnh x l ha l, chim 75% tng chi ph vn hnh),
than hot tnh, v chi ph in nng (bm v my thi kh).
- c kho st khng c cng o
khng t quy chu . B sung b tip xc thay cho lc than
hot tnh.
02
Da vo kt qu nh gi cng ngh x l nc thi thy sn ti Cng ty
DM 02, cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ty c xut mt s thay i
v quy trnh cng ngh di y:
- H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 02 c chi ph u t cao, do
nu khng cn thit phi x l nc thi t QCVN 13:2008/BTNMT,
ct A, th khng cn u t thm cm x l bc ba (b than hot tnh).
- Thi gian lu nc ca cm b hiu kh 24-48gi lm gim hiu qu x
l v tng in tiu th do nng cht hu c c kh nng phn hy
sinh hc cn li trong nc thi u vo cm sinh hc khng cao. Do
c th ch s dng mt hoc hai b sinh hc hiu kh.
79
- Thc hin ti u liu lng ho cht keo t vi vic kt hp nhn vin
vn hnh v phng th nghim nhm thc hin th nghim xc nh liu
lng ha cht keo t v cht tr keo t ti u (th nghim jartest) nhm
gim chi ph ha cht s dng.
- Lp t thm cng trnh kh trng nc thi trc khi thi ra ngun tip
nhn.
Bng 3.11 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v h thng x l nc thi ca
Cng ty DM 02
Cng trnh n v Kch thc (m)
Th tch
(m
3
)
SL T
lu
(gi)
26,1 x 12,5 x 5,8 1500 1 14
1 2,5( ) x 2 9,8 2 0,08
1 6,5( ) x 1,5 45 2 0,33
2 25 x 11,5 x 5 1300 2
24-48
3 14 x 11,5 x 5 725 1
10( ) x 5 560 1 3
2 2,5( ) x 2 9,8 2 0,08
2 6,5( ) x 1,5 45 2 0,33
4 x 4 x 5 80 2 -
2,5 x 3 15 1 0,14
Ghi ch: a s cc cng trnh n v u c xy dng bng b tng ct thp, tr b keo t,
b tuyn ni v b lc than hot tnh c cu to t vt liu thp.
Bng 3.12 Thng s k thut cc thit b ca h thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty
DM 02
Tn thit b VT SL Thng s k thut
1
55
o
< 35
0
C,
Vt liu: FRP

5 Q = 28 m
3

/
2 0- 14 pH, 1990mv

2 Q = 2HP, 180rpm
, PAC)
5 H = 10 Kg f/cm
2

(polymer) 2 AHA-42
1 Q = 2HP, 180 rpm,

500
80
Tn thit b VT SL Thng s k thut

Bm ci 4 Q = 15HP

ci 2

Bn cha 2 40 cm( ) x 120 cm
Bn ch 5 V= 4.500 ml
1
KT =3.300 x 2.150 x 2.450
Q = 3,0 5,0 CMH
Lu lng thc t: 700 m
3
3
/ngy
in nng tiu th cho h thng x l: 69.000 kWh/thng
Lng bn pht sinh thc t: 10 tn/thng
trong Bng 3.13.
nc thi ca Cng ty DM 02
Ch tiu n v
Nng
u vo
Nng
u ra
Hiu
qu x
l (%)
QCVN
13:2008
Ct B
Nhit
o
C 40-55 32-32 - 40
pH - 8,7-10,4 6,7-7,5 - 5,5 9
mu,
pH = 7
Pt-Co 771-1221 61-77 92-94 150
BOD
5
mgO
2
/L 585-883 7-19 98-99 45
COD mgO
2
/L 1.058-1.680 31-39 96-98 135
SS mg/L 59-185 4-7 93-97 90
Du m
khong
mg/L 5,4-36,8 0,2-0,4 96-99 4,5
Cr
6+

mg/L 0,01-0,052 KPH-0,008 85 0,09
Cr
3+
mg/L 0,053-0,141 KPH-0,018 87 0,9
Cu mg/L 0,095-0,261 0,023-0,039 76-85 1,8
Coliform*
MPN/
100mL
-
3x10
2
-
9,1x10
3

- 5000
Ghi ch: -: khng c gi tr; *: QCVN 24:2009 BTNMT
81
Lng ha cht s dng
Loi Ha cht Lng ha cht s dng (kg/thng)
Cht tr keo t Polimer 278,6
Cht keo t PAC 14.885,7
Ha cht H
2
SO
4
9.000
S lng cng nhn vn hnh: 04 nhn vin trnh trung cp v cao ng,
c o to v s dng, vn hnh h thng.
Tn sut bo tr
Bm nh
lng ha
cht, bm
nc thi
Hng ngy
Kim tra bm c y nc ln c hay khng,
c pht ra ting ku l hay khng.
Hng tun o cch in ca bm.
Hng thng
Kim tra nhy ca bm, ly tn hiu t cng
tc phao iu khin, o lu lng bm v iu
chnh li bng van.
Hng qu Kim tra tng th my.
Hng nm Kim tra tng th my.
My thi kh
Hng ngy
- Kim tra mc du;
- Kim tra my khi c ting ku hay rung ng
l.
Hng tun
- Lm sch b lc u ht
- Lm sch cc b phn bn ngoi my thi kh
- Th van an ton bng tay xem xt n c b
kt hay khng.
Hng thng
- Kim tra r ca ton b h thng kh
- Kim tra du bi trn v thay th nu cn thit
Hng qu
- Thay du nht
- Kim tra ng h p lc.
- Kim tra v v sinh b phn gim thanh (tiu
m) u y.
Hng nm
- Thay dy coroa
- Thay van 1 chiu cao su u dy

82
F. Cc thng tin khc
Chi ph u t: 12.350.000.000 VN
3

cng sut 1.000 m
3
/ngy m
Sn phm: Cc mt hng vi v vi in
Cng sut ca nh my: 7 tn vi /ngy
Nguyn liu: vi th
Nc thi pht sinh: 900 m
3
/ngy m
B. Tng quan v h thng x l nc thi, cng sut 1.000 m
3
/ngy m
Ch tiu n v
Nng
u vo
Hiu qu
x l (%)
QCVN 13:2008
Ct B
pH - 9,5-10 - 5,5 9
BOD
5
mgO
2
/L 1.100-1.200 95 45
COD mgO
2
/L 1.200-1.400 92 135
SS mg/L 600-650 92 90
Cng ngh x l nc thi
trnh by trong Hnh 3.7
.
83
Ghi chu:
ng nc
ng bun
ng kh
ng hoa chat
MB
Thap giai nhiet
Be ieu hoa
Al2(SO4)3,
chat loai mau
NaOH/
H2SO4
Polymer
H3PO4
Ure
NB01
Polymer
Be nen bun
May ep bun
Bun a tach nc
Be tron bun
Be
phan
ng
Be
keo tu
SCRT
Be lang
Be tuyen noi
May
nen kh
Bon
tao ap
Be cha vang noi
Nc thai
MTK
Be ieu
chnh pH
THB
MTK
Nc thai sau x ly
NaOCL
Be trung gian Be tiep xuc
84
Thuyt minh cng ngh
Nc thi t qu trnh sn xut chy qua song chn rc, nhm loi b rc
thi c kch thc ln, cc mnh vn th, cc x v cc si ch mn trc khi
qua cc cng trnh x l k tip.
Thp gii nhit: mt s cng on ca qu trnh sn xut nh nhum, gi h,
gic ty thng nc thi c nhit cao, m bo hot ng ca h
thng x l c bit l cng trnh x l sinh hc, nc thi c nhit cao
c a qua thp lm gii nhit h nhit ca nc thi xung di
40
o
C trc khi vo b iu ha.
B iu ha: do nng cc cht thi ca nc thi khng n nh v
thng dao ng rt ln vo cc thi im sn xut khc nhau nn b iu
ha c tc dng, iu ha lu lng v m bo nng cht thi c trong
nc thi lun n nh hoc dao ng mc chp nhn khi i vo h
thng x l.
iu chnh pH: nc thi dt nhum mt s cng on thng c pH cao
hoc thp, m bo cho qu trnh keo t cng nh hot ng ca vi sinh
vt ti b sinh hc hiu kh, nc thi c iu chnh a pH v gi tr
khong 6,0- 8,5 bng dung dch NaOH hoc H
2
SO
4
trc khi qua cng on
x l tip theo.
B phn ng - keo t - tuyn ni: Ti b phn ng, nc thi c b sung
dung dch keo t Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
v cht loi mu keo t cc cht bn c trong
nc thi v loi mu nc thi. Nc thi sau khi thm ha cht keo t s
kt t cc cht bn li vi nhau, ng thi cht tr keo t (polymer) c b
sung nhm tng kch thc ca bng cn v tng hiu qu lng. B tuyn ni
c tc dng tch bng cn khi nc thi.
B bn hot tnh hiu kh b lng sinh hc: B bn hot tnh hiu kh s
dng vi sinh vt hiu kh (bn hot tnh l lng) trong iu kin giu oxy
(DO > 2 mg/L) nhm loi b cht hu c v mt phn mu ca nc thi.
B lng c tc dng tch bng bn khi nc thi di tc dng ca trng
lc.
Bn sau lng c bm n b nn bn v mt phn bn hi lu b sung vi
sinh vt cho b bn hot tnh hiu kh. Phn bn d c tch nc trc
khi chuyn giao cho n v c chc nng x l. Nc thi sau khi qua b
lng t chy sang b b trung gian.
B trung gian, b kh trng: Nc trong sau khi lng chy sang b trung
gian, t y chy sang b kh trng v c b sung dung dch NaOCl
nhm loi b vi sinh vt gy bnh trc khi x thi ra mi trng. Ti b
trung gian, mt phn nc c bm hi lu pha trn cht dinh dng l
H
3
PO
4
v Ur nhm b sung photpho v nit cho vi sinh vt ti b sinh hc
hiu kh di dng phun sng.
85
B nn bn nhm mc ch c c bn sau khi lng, ti y din ra qu trnh
tch nc di tc dng ca trng lc. Bn sau c bm t b nn bn
sang b trn bn c b sung polymer. Sau cng, hn hp bn c bm
sang my p bn to thnh bn dng bnh, v nh k c giao cho n
v c chc nng x l.
u im v nhc im ca h thng x l nc thi:
u im:
H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty DM 03 tng i hon chnh vi cc
u im sau:
- Cng ty DM 03 s dng nguyn liu sn xut l cc loi si tng hp, si
pha, do h thng x l nc thi s dng qu trnh x l ha l kt
hp x l sinh hc (tip theo) l hon ton ph hp vi loi hnh dt
nhum ny.
- Nc thi sau x l t QCVN 13:2008/BTNMT, ct B, vi chi ph vn
hnh mc trung bnh l 12.000 ng/m
3
nc thi, so vi chi ph x l
ca cc cng ty dt nhum c kho st (dao ng t 4.770-28.630
VN/m
3
nc thi).
- Hiu qu x l ca h thng tng i tt i vi nc thi dt nhum
c bit l ch tiu mu. Hiu qu loi b SS t 89-93%, COD 89-
94%, BOD 90-95% v mu 88-95%.
- Kh nng t ng ha v kim sot qu trnh x l tt, thit b hin i v
ng b. Kh nng tn dng dng chy cao trnh tt do tit kim c
chi ph in nng trong qu trnh vn hnh.
Nhc im:
- Nhc im ca h thng l chi ph u t ban u cho h thng ny
tng i cao vi sut u t l 8.200.000 VN/m
3
nc thi.
- Nng cht hu c trong nc thi ca nh my khng cao (COD l
534-887 mgO
2
/L v BOD
5
l 439-661 mgO
2
/L) qu trnh keo t c
thc hin truc qu trnh sinh hc nn phn ln (40-50 %) cht hu c c
kh nng phn hu sinh hc c loi b trong b
i r nng phn
hy sinh hc vi thi gian lu nc ca b sinh hc l 19 gi gy nh
hng n hiu qu x l ca qu trnh sinh hc do khng thc n
cung cp cho vi sinh vt. iu ny lm tng chi ph vn hnh v u t.
- B keo t (phn ng) vi thi gian lu nc 20 pht gy mt tc tc dng
ca b phn ng.
- i vi thit k p xc vi thi gian lu nc ch c 11 pht khng
m bo hiu qu x l.
86
03
- Gim thi gian lu nc ca b sinh hc hiu kh c th gim chi ph vn
hnh v nng cao hiu qu x l ca cng trnh.
- Tng t gim thi gian lu nc ca b keo t (1-3 pht) vi thng s
vn hnh ny s tng hiu qu x l ca cng trnh keo t to bng.
- Th nghim ti u ca qu trnh nn c thc hin gim liu lng
ha cht v tng hiu qu x l.
- Ci to li b tip xc vi tng thi gian lu nc t 11 pht ln 30 pht.
Cng ty DM 03
Cng trnh n
v
Kch thc
(D x R x H) (m)
Th tch
(m
3
)
T
lu
(pht)
Nm sn
xut
B iu ho 10 x 10 x 3 300 720 2008
B iu chnh pH 2,5 x 2,5 x 2,5 16 20 2008
B phn ng 2,5 x 2,5 x 2,5 16 20 2008
B keo t 2,5 x 2,5 x 2,5 16 20 2008
B tuyn ni 4,4 x 3,4 x 3,6 54 79 2008
B cha vng bt 2 x 3 x 3 18 - 2008
B sinh hc 9 x 10 x 5 450 1.140 2008
B lng - 315 408 2008
B trung gian 2 x 3 x 3 18 26 2008
B tip xc - 8,5 11 2008
B cha nc thi
sau x l
- 8,5 11 2008
B nn bn - 83 - 2008
B trn bn - 15 - 2008

87
Bng 3.17 Thng s k thut cc thit b ca h thng x l nc thi Cng ty DM 03
Tn thit b SL Thng s k thut Xut x Nm sn xut
B iu ha
Thp lm mt 01 - - 2008
Bm nc thi t
b iu ha ln b
iu chnh pH
03
Model: JST-15S
H = 7 m; Q = 25 m
3
/h
Vt liu: thp khng g
HQ 2008
B iu chnh pH
Bm nh lng
NaOH
02
Model: C-6125P
Q = 0-30 lt/h; H = 2 bar
HQ 2008
Bm nh lng
H
2
SO
4
02
Model: C-6125P
Q = 0-30 lt/h; H = 2 bar
HQ 2008
B phn ng
Bm nh lng
phn Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
. 18
H
2
O
02
Model: C-6125P
Q = 0-30 lt/h
H = 2 bar
HQ 2008
B keo t
Bm nh lng
Polimer

02
Model: C-6125P
Q = 0-30 lt; H = 2 bar
HQ 2008
B tuyn ni
My nn kh HGB
380X
03 Model: HGB 380X HQ 2008
B sinh hc hiu kh
H thng a thi
kh AD
01
Vt liu: PVC/cao su
D = 9 inchs; H
su
= 4 m
Hiu sut ha tan: 15%
Q
kh
= 50 lt/pht/ci
HQ 2008
My thi kh b
iu ha AB-01-
01/02 v b sinh
hc hiu kh
03
Model: LT-65
Ct p: 5000 mmAq
Q = 2,45 m
3
/pht
HQ 2008
B lng
Bm bn hot tnh
hi lu
02
Model: JST-8SV
H = 5 m; Q = 25 m
3
/h
Vt liu: thp khng g
HQ 2008
Bm bn d 02
Model: JS-400SV
H = 3 m; Q = 10 m
3
/h
Vt liu: thp khng g
HQ 2008
My gt bn b
lng SCR-03-01
01
V
gt
= 1.5-2 m/pht
Vt liu: thp khng g
Li gt bn: cao su
HQ 2008
B tip xc
Bm nh lng
javen
02
Model: C-6125P
Q = 0-30 lt/h; H = 2 bar
HQ 2008
X l bn
Bm nh lng
Polimer

02
Model: C-6125P
Q = 0-30 lt/h; H = 2 bar
HQ 2008
My p bn 01 - - 2008
88
Lu lng thc t: 900 m
3
3
/ngy
in nng tiu th cho h thng x l thc t: l 670 kWh/thng - Thit k:
766 kWh/thng
Lng bn pht sinh thc t: 2,1 tn/khi lng kh Thit k: 3 tn/khi
lng kh
trong Bng 3.18.
nc thi ca Cng ty DM 03
Ch tiu n v
Nng
u vo
Nng
u ra
Hiu qu
x l (%)
QCVN 13:2008,
Ct B
pH - 8,2-8,5 7,2-7,4 - 5,5-9
mu,
pH = 7
Pt-Co
650-980 35-120 88-95 150
BOD
5
mgO
2
/L 439-661 32-45 90-95 45
COD mgO
2
/L 534-887 55-67 88-94 135
Cu mg/L 0,07 0,05 29 1,8
Coliform*
MPN/
100mL
8.100-9.200 180 - 5.000
Ngun: Cng ty DM 03(2010)
Lng ha cht s dng
S lng cng nhn vn hnh: 06 nhn vin, trong c 01 qun l k thut
v 02 nhn vin k thut tt nghip i hc chuyn ngnh mi trng, x l
nc thi, v 03 cng nhn vn hnh c kinh nghim vn hnh cc h thng
x l nc thi.
Loi Ha cht Lng ha cht s dng (kg/nm)
Cht tr keo t Polimer 900
Cht keo t PAC 30.000
Ha cht H
2
SO
4
7.500
Ha cht NaOH 15.000
89
Tn sut bo tr
My bm
nc thi v
bm nh
lng ha
cht
Hng ngy
Kim tra thit b c hot ng hay khng, khi
bm hot ng th phi kim tra c nc chy
hay khng, c ting ku l hay khng.
Hng tun
Kim tra cch ly ca v motor, m bo
khng b r in
Hng thng
Kim tra v o lu lng nc, ha cht xem c
cn iu chnh van hay khng.
Hng qu Kim tra tng th

My nn kh

My nn kh
Hng ngy
- Kim tra my c hot ng hay khng
- Kim tra mc du c nm trong gii hn hay
khng; x nc ngng trong bnh cha kh
Hng tun
- Lm sch b lc u ht ca my nn kh
- V sinh thit b v khu vc t thit b
Hng thng
- Kim tra r r ca ton b h thng kh
- Kim tra du bi trn v thay th nu cn
thit.
Hng qu Thay du nht, kim tra ng h p lc
Hng nm
Kim tra tng th thit b; kim tra hot ng
ca van an ton trn bnh cha kh
F. Cc thng tin khc
Chi ph u t: 8.240.000.000 VN
3
nc thi

90
ngnh dt may

Hnh 3.8 H thng x l nc thi dt may ca Cng ty DM 02, cng sut 2.500
m
3
/ngym

B iu ha
B bn hot tnh hiu kh
B lc p lc
B cha nc sau lng
Bn to p ca b DAF Thp gii nhit
B lng bn sinh hc
B tuyn ni siu nng (DAF)

Chng 4

Ngnh cng nghip
Sn xut Giy v bt giy

93
4.1 Gii thiu chung
Ngnh cng nghip Sn xut Giy v bt giy c nhng bc pht trin
vt bc, sn lng giy tng trung bnh 11%/nm trong giai on 2000
2006; tuy nhin, ngun cung nh vy vn ch p ng c gn 64% nhu
cu tiu dng (nm 2008) phn cn li vn phi nhp khu. Sn lng giy
c nm 2010 tng gn 10% so vi nm 2009, c t 1,85 triu tn. Mc
d c s tng trng ng k tuy nhin, ti nay ng gp ca ngnh trong
tng gi tr sn xut quc gia vn rt nh. Bn cnh nhng li ch m ngnh
Sn xut Giy v bt giy mang li, th ngnh Sn xut Giy v bt giy
cng l mt ngnh pht sinh nhiu nc thi vi nhiu thnh phn nhim
khc nhau do s dng nhiu nc v ho cht (h, ph, cht n, v ph gia)
trong qu trnh sn xut. Nc thi vi lu lng v nng cc cht
nhim cao c th gy nh hng nghim trng n mi trng nu nh nc
thi khng c x l ph hp.
Cng nghip giy v bt giy c th coi nh hai ngnh c lp, sn xut bt
v sn xut giy. Thc t cng c nhiu nh my sn xut ng thi c bt
giy v giy, v d Tng cng ty giy Vit Nam (Cng ty giy Bi Bng c),
trong khi nhiu nh my ch sn xut giy, v d Cng ty CP giy Si
Gn hoc Cng ty giy Vit Tr, trc y c sn xut bt nhng do khng
gii quyt c nhim do dch en nay chuyn sang ch sn xut giy t
bt giy. Do qu trnh sn xut hon ton khc nhau nn nc thi cng khc
nhau c v lu lng ln tnh cht v dn n cng ngh x l nc thi
cng khc nhau. ng thi trong nhm ngnh ny c thm loi hnh sn xut
th ba, l cc nh my giy ti ch, y nguyn liu u vo thng l
giy qua s dng v giy ph liu, cc cht thi t cc xng ng sch.
Xt v kha cnh nhu cu th trng c th ni, ngnh giy Vit Nam c
tng lai rt ln. Rt tic sn xut bt ang l im yu ca ngnh giy Vit
Nam, sn xut giy cng cn xa mi p ng c nhu cu. Theo Bo co
tm tt ngnh giy Vit Nam (Habubank Security, 2009) nng lc sn xut
bt giy ca Vit Nam mi ch p ng c 1/2 nhu cu sn xut giy. Do
ngnh cng nghip giy phi ph thuc vo ngun bt giy nhp khu.
Hin nay ch c Tng cng ty Vit Nam (Cng ty giy Bi Bng c) v
Cng ty c phn Giy Tn Mai ch ng p ng c khong 80% tng s
bt cho sn xut giy ca mnh. Ngnh giy Vit Nam cng khng c cc
doanh nghip sn xut bt thng mi, ch c cc doanh nghip sn xut bt
phc v cho vic sn xut giy ca chnh doanh nghip .
Mt im yu ca ngnh giy Vit Nam l quy m rt nh, phn ln cc nh
my c cng sut di 5.000 tn/nm. Ch c 3 doanh nghip c cng sut t
100.000 tn nm l cng ty giy Bi Bng, Cng ty c phn Giy Tn Mai
v Cng ty TNHH giy Chnh Dng. Nng lc sn xut giy v bt giy
tp trung ch yu Nam b v trung tm Bc B (chim hn 65% th phn
theo cng sut).
94
4.2 Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut
Cc cng ngh bt ha hc: Bn cht ca cng ngh bt ha l s dng ha
cht ha tan cc thnh phn khng phi si xellul trong nguyn liu, gii
phng xellul di dng bt (si). C hai cng ngh bt ha chnh.
Cng ngh Kraft: l cng ngh nu bt bng kim. Kim y l hn hp
NaOH v Na
2
S c chc nng ha tan lignn v semixellul gii phng si
xellul. Khi nc thi (dch nu cha ha cht nu v cc hp cht t
nhin c trong g, nhiu nht l lignin) s cha nhiu kim (pH cao) v c
mi c trng ca cc hp cht lu hunh (cc tiol v sulphua-mercaptan),
ch s COD v mu (do lignin) rt cao. V kha cnh bt giy nu cn ty
trng n s tiu th nhiu ha cht ty trng hn so vi bt nu bng phng
php sulphit. y l cng ngh ph bin nht trn th gii v c Vit Nam.
Mt nh my bt giy hon chnh bao gm y cc cng on nh c
trnh by trong Hnh 4.1. Trong dy chuyn ny nc, nng lng v ha
cht c tun hon ti a. Dng liu (mnh g, tre) i t tri sang phi qua
cc cng on nu, sng (loi b mu, mnh cha chn), ra, ty bng
oxygen, ra trc khi sang cng on ty trng bng ha cht. Nc sch
hu nh ch s dng ra bt cng on cui ca qu trnh nu bt, sau
i ngc dng ra bt th, dch thi y c nng ha cht v cht
hu c rt cao v c mu en nn c gi l dch en.
Hnh 4. 1 S cng ngh Kraft, cc ngun nc thi v tc nhn nhim
Dch en c c c n mc t c, b sung Na
2
SO
4
v c phun vo
l thu hi hot ng iu kin kh sunphat thnh sunphua, phn hu
c s chy sinh nhit dng sn xut hi s dng cho nh my, tro-x l
cc hp cht Na c chuyn thnh Na
2
CO
3
v Na
2
S. Ha tan tro-x ny thu
95
Bt nhp, bt th, giy vn
nh r
Cc hp cht c trong
giy c
Nghin
Phi ch
Xeo giy
Si, cc cht bn ha
tan.
Nc thi c cha si, ha
cht, phm mu, tp cht;
giy vn
Khi thi nhin liu
(FO,DO) t l hi
Bt giy t phn
xng bt giy
Phm mu, cao
lanh, keo, phn
Hi nc t l
hi
Giy thnh phm
Ct cun
c dch xanh, cho phn ng vi vi s ti sinh c dch trng l hn hp
NaOH + Na
2
S quay li nu bt. Theo s cng ngh kraft, h chng bc
dch en v l hi thu hi ha cht va ng vai tr thu hi 95% ha cht
nu bt va ng vai tr x l trn 90% cht nhim ca ton nh my bt.
Vit Nam hin ch c hai nh my c h thng ny, l Cng ty giy Bi
Bng (nay l Tng cng ty giy Vit Nam) v Cng ty giy An Ha mi a
vo vn hnh 2011 mc d v nguyn tc cc d n nh my bt giy mi
u phi c h thng ny. Bn cnh , Vit Nam li c khong 100 nh
my nh ch nu bt bng kim, khi s dng nguyn liu l tre na thm ch
ngi ta ch ngm kim khong 5-6 ngy. Phng php ny c gi l
kim lnh c nhp t i Loan v Trung Quc, ch yu sn xut
giy vng m.
Cng ngh sunphit s dng cc mui sunphit, nu mi trng axit. Cng
ngh ny nh hng mnh hn Kraft n bn ca si xellul, tuy nhin
sn phm c trng cao hn, cng ngh ny khng ph bin Vit Nam.
Cc cng ngh bt bn ha hc: Bao gm cng ngh TMP (Thermo-
Mechanical Process) s dng nng lng c nhit to bt thng p dng
sn xut bo in v cng ngh CTMP (Chemi-Thermo-Mechanical Process)
c hiu sut bt cao, tiu th t ha cht v nc hn cc cng ngh ha hc
tuy nhin li s dng nhiu nng lng c nhit c hn. Trong cc nh my
bt giy hin i, c y h thng c-t dch en thu hi ha cht v
nhit th nc thi sn xut bt gm ba dng chnh sau: (i) dch ty trng
cha nhiu ha cht ty v COD; (ii) nc t my xeo lm kh bt; (iii) cc
loi dch ngng t l nu, l t thu hi v dch en chy trn.
Cng ngh sn xut giy v bt giy t nguyn liu l giy thi v bt
giy: cng ngh sn xut bao gm nh r, nghin, phi ch, xeo giy, ct
cun, v giy thnh phm. S cng ngh sn xut giy v bt giy t
nguyn liu giy thi c m t trong Hnh 4.2.

Hnh 4.2 S cng ngh sn xut giy t bt giy v giy ti ch
96
Nc thi sn xut bt giy: Thnh phn nc thi bt giy ph thuc vo
nguyn liu v cng ngh sn xut. c tnh sn xut mt tn sn phm
c th pht sinh t vi chc n vi trm mt khi nc thi. Nguyn liu
sn xut bt thng thng l g rng, tuy nhin cng c th l bt k ngun
xellul no, v d tre na, b ma, ay, giy vn, giy ph liu ... Bt giy c
th l bt khng ty hoc ty trng. ty trng bt giy, ty vo cng ngh
cc cht oxy ha khc nhau nh hyrperoxit, clo, cloioxit,... s c s
dng, do nc thi t cng on ty trng thng cha nhiu ha cht
nh hng xu n mi trng, nht l khi cht ty l clo.
Nc thi sn xut giy: Giy, ba c th c sn xut t bt giy mi hoc
ti sinh, hoc hn hp, ty trng hoc cha ty trng. i vi loi hnh sn
xut giy t bt giy nc thi pht sinh dao ng trong khong 0,5 13,5
m
3
/tn sn phm. Qu trnh sn xut giy ch yu l xeo, khi huyn ph
bt giy s c trn vi cc cht n, cc ph gia chc nng nh cao lanh,
bt (CaCO
3
), bt talc, phn nhm, cht to mu trng TiO
2
, silicat ... Cc
ph gia hu c khc nh tinh bt bin tnh, latex, cc cht phn tn, hot
ng b mt ... cng c s dng theo yu cu cng ngh hoc em li
cho giy mt chc nng no . Hn hp c phun ln bng my xeo p
thnh t giy di v tn, qua b phn sy kh, cun li thnh sn phm.
Do s dng nhiu ph gia v c, nc thi ca nh my giy thng c
hn nhiu so vi nc thi nu bt. Trong phn ln cc nh my giy nc
thi thng c x l s b bng cc thit b tch cn, thu hi bt v nc,
v vy cht lng nc thi ph thuc rt nhiu vo mc tun hon ti s
dng nc, nc thi s c m c cao hn nu ti s dng nhiu hn.
Nc thi sn xut bt giy ti sinh: Hu nh khng gp nh my s dng
giy ti sinh ch sn xut bt, hu ht cc nh my sn xut c bt v
giy. Nc thi pht sinh dao ng trong khong 0,06 50 m
3
/tn sn phm.
Thng m bo cht lng sn phm giy ngi ta b sung mt phn
bt mi khi xeo. Nh vy thnh phn nc thi ca cc nh my ny gn
ging vi nc thi nh my giy hn, tuy nhin nhim cao hn v c
qu trnh ti sinh giy s dng. Mc nhim ca nc thi ph thuc
vo loi ha cht ty s dng, ty trng tt nht v ph bin nht vn l clo
hoc cc hp cht clo (nc javen hay hypoclor), cc nh my hin i s
dng clo dioxit. Oxy, zn cng nh hyroperoxit cng c s dng, tuy
nhin hiu qu ty trng khng bng clo.
Trong cng ngh sn xut giy v bt giy th phn nc thi t nh my
giy thun ty (khng sn xut bt) l kh sch, ch yu l nc thi t khu
97
xeo giy, tp cht c bn l cn l lng (thng l x si giy, bt n, bt
mu, ph gia), thnh phn cht hu c thng khng qu cao, BOD
5
ca
nc xeo thng dao ng t 150-350 mgO
2
/L. i vi cc nh my c sn
xut bt giy th loi nc thi m c v kh x l nht nc thi dch
en, lng kim d c th ln ti 20 g/L, COD dao ng mc hng chc
ngn ti 100.000 mg/L. i vi cc nh my sn xut giy t giy thi th
thnh phn nhim ch yu l SS, COD, v BOD
5
vi nng cao. Bng
4.1 trnh by thnh phn nc thi ca mt s nh my sn xut giy v bt
giy.
Bng 4.1 Thnh phn nc thi ca mt s nh my sn xut giy v bt giy vi
nguyn liu l g v giy thi
Ch tiu n v
Nguyn liu t
g mm
Nguyn liu l giy thi
Sn phm giy
carton
Sn phm giy
v sinh
Sn phm giy
bao b
pH - 6,9 6,8 7,2 6,0 7,4
Mu Pt- Co 1.500 1.000 4.000 1.058 9.550
Nhit
0
C - 28 - 30 28 - 30
SS mg/L 4.244 454 6.082 431 1.307
COD mgO
2
/L 4.000 868 2.128 741 4.130
BOD mgO
2
/L 1.800 475 1.075 520 3.085
N
tng

mg/L 43,4 0,0 3,6 0,7 4,2
P
tng

mg/L 2,0 - -
SO
4
2-
mg/L 116 - -
Ngun: Tng cc Mi trng, (2011)
4.4.1 Hin trng cng ngh x l nc thi giy v bt giy
Cng ngh x l nc thi sn xut giy v bt giy c chia lm hai loi
da vo ngun nguyn liu s dng:
- Nh my c ngun nguyn liu th t rng v g mm, cng ngh x l
nc thi c p dng ph bin l qu trnh ho l (keo t/to bng),
sinh hc (hiu kh, v k kh kt hp hiu kh) v x l bc ba vi qu
trnh keo t/to bng hay qu trnh oxy ha (ozon hay fenton) t quy
chun x thi QCVN: 12/2008 ct B hay A.
- Nh my c ngun nguyn liu th l giy thi, cng on ban u ca h
thng x l c p dng l tch SS (bt giy) khi nc thi vi mc
ch ti s dng nc thi v thu hi bt giy. i vi nhng nh my c
cng sut ln v va, sng nghing (lc) c p dng thu hi bt
giy. Tip theo qu trnh tch bt giy l qu trnh tuyn ni p lc kh
ho tan kt hp keo t hay keo t/to bng v lng tch trit phn
bt giy trong nc thi. Sau qu trnh ho l l cng on x l sinh hc
bao gm k kh kt hp hiu kh hay ch c qu trnh hiu kh c p
98
dng. B k kh ba ngn, UASB, EGSB v IC l cc qu trnh sinh hc
k kh c p dng trong x l nc thi giy v bt giy. Qu trnh
sinh hc hiu kh c p dng l bn hot tnh l lng hiu kh v bn
hot tnh vi vt liu dnh bm. x l nc thi t QCVN
12:2008/BTNMT, ct A mt s h thng x l p dng thm cng
on ha l sau qu trnh sinh hc hiu kh v lc p lc nhm x l trit
cc cht nhim. i vi cc nh my cng sut nh qu trnh lng
(trng lc) thng c p dng thu hi bt giy. Cc qu trnh x l
c p dng sau l keo t/to bng v lng tch trit phn bt
giy trong nc thi hay qu trnh sinh hc hiu kh vi bn hot tnh l
lng hiu kh.
Nc thi pht sinh t cc nh my sn xut giy t bt giy c nng
nhim thp v th ph bin l x l s b nh lng (trng lc) hay tuyn ni
tch SS vi mc ch thu hi bt giy trong nc thi v ti s dng nc
thi cho qui trnh sn xut. Tuy nhin, t quy chun x thi, thng p
dng k thut bn hot tnh.
i vi cng ngh Kraft, c th kt lun nu nh my bt khng c h c t
th rt kh hoc khng th x l nc thi t quy chun vi chi ph c th
chp nhn. Vi cc d n u t mi, iu ny ang c khc phc. Hin
nay, hu ht cc nh my sn xut bt Vit Nam u gp rt nhiu kh
khn trong vic p ng quy chun x thi QCVN 12:2008 (B2). Cng ty
giy Bi Bng (c u t h c t dch en, x l bng k thut bn hot
tnh c in do Cng ty Purac-Thy in t vn thit k) ch l s t c s
p ng c quy chun x thi. V vy, trong ti liu ny, ch cp n
cc nh my sn xut giy hoc sn xut t bt ti ch. Cng ngh x l
nc thi bao gm cc giai on nh sau:
- Tin x l c s dng loi b cht thi rn c kch thc ln, trung
ho, v gim nhit ca nc thi. Song chn rc, b iu ho v thp
gii nhit thng l cc bc c p dng trong qu trnh tin x l.
- X l bc 1 bao gm qu trnh tch cn ra khi nc thi, cc qu trnh
thng c p dng l lng (trng lc) hay tuyn ni hay kt hp keo
t/to bng v tch bng cn vi p dng lng (trng lc) hay tuyn ni.
- X l bc 2 bao gm vi cc qu trnh x l sinh hc loi b hm
lng BOD
5
ca nc thi. Khi nng ca cht hu c cao, s dng kt
hp qu trnh k kh v hiu kh hay qu trnh x l hiu kh ko di.
- X l bc 3 c p dng x l trit hm lng COD. Cc qu
trnh c p dng bao gm: (1) qu trnh keo t/to bng, lng v kh
trng (b tip xc); (2) qu trnh keo t, tuyn ni v kh trng; (3) c th
p dng oxi ha x l mu.
Hnh 4.3 xut mt s cng ngh x l nc thi (theo mc x thi)
c khuyn khch p dng i vi ngnh sn xut giy v bt giy.
99
SCRT
Nc thai sau lang (NT1)
(tuan hoan
tai s dung)
Bun lang Be
cha bun
Nc thai
Be lang s cap
Tin x l

Cm x l ho l: (nc thi sau x l t tiu chun x thi vo MLTN - KCN)

PA 1:
Bun lang Be cha bun
NT1
Be ieu hoa
Sang nghieng
thu hoi bot giay
Be keo tu Be tao bong
Be lang
MTK
Polymer Chat
keo tu
SCRT
Nc thai sau lang (NT2)
(tuan hoan
tai s dung)
PA 2:
Sang nghieng
thu hoi bot giay
MB
NT1
Be ieu hoa
Be keo tu
May
nen kh
Bon
tao ap
Chat
keo tu- Polymer
Be cha trung gian
SCRT
Nc thai sau tuyen noi (NT2)
(tuan hoan
tai s dung)
100
Cm x l sinh hc: (nc thi sau x l t QCVN 12:2008, ct B)

Cm x l bc ba: (nc thi sau x l t QCVN 12:2008, ct A)

PA 2:
Be lang
MTK
THB
Nc thai
sau lang (NT3)
Chat
dinh dng+
chnh pH
Bun lang Be
cha bun
MB
NT2
Be sinh hoc hieu kh
(BHTLL)
PA 1:
Be oxy hoa (Fenton)
H2O2 Acid FeCl3
Be lang
Nc thai
sau x ly
Be trung gian
NT2
Be ieu chnh pH
NaOH
Bun lang Be
cha bun
PA1:
Bnh hap
thu kh
Kh CH4
Tai
s dung
MTK
THB
Nc thai
sau lang (NT3)
Be sinh hoc hieu kh
(BHTLL/BHTDB)
Be sinh hoc
k kh UASB/EGSB/IC Be trung gian
NT2
chat
dinh dng
chnh pH
Be lang
MB
Bun lang Be cha bun
101
MB Nc thai
Be suc kh ozone
NT3
May ozone
Ghi chu:
ng nc
ng bun
ng kh
ng hoa chat
Polymer
Bun lang Be
cha bun
Hoa chat
Be tao bong
Be lang
NaOCL
Nc
thai sau x ly
Be keo tu
Chat
keo tu+
chnh pH
Be trung gian
NT3
Be tiep xuc
NaOCL
Nc
thai sau x ly
Be tiep xuc
May
nen kh
Bon
tao ap
Cm x l bc ba: (nc thi sau x l t QCVN 12:2008, ct A) (TT)

Hnh 4.3 Cng ngh x l nc thi giy v bt giy c khuyn khch p dng
PA 2:

PA 3:

102
4.5 Mt s cng ngh x l nc thi ngnh cng nghip Sn xut Giy
v bt giy c nh gi ph hp
Trong s 120 c s sn xut giy v bt giy c kho st trong c nc,
mt s c s c iu kin thc hin nh gi s ph hp ca cng
ngh x l nc thi. Da vo hng dn nh gi s ph hp ca cng
ngh x l nc thi c trnh by trong bng 1.1, ba (03) cng ngh x
l nc thi c tng s im ln hn 70 l nhng cng ngh c khuyn
khch p dng. Vic cho im theo tng ch tiu ca mi cng ngh c
thc hin qua h s thuyt minh thc t ca cng ngh, kt qu kho st thc
t, kt qu phn tch ca ba ln ly mu thc t ti hin trng, v phng
php chuyn gia. Kt qu nh gi h thng x l nc thi ca ba cng ty
c h thng x l nc thi c khuyn khch p dng c trnh by trong
Bng 4.2.
Bng 4.2 Kt qu nh gi h thng x l nc thi ca 03 cng ty c cng ngh x
l nc thi c khuyn khch p dng
S
TT
Tiu ch/ Ni dung
SXG&
BG 01
SXG&
BG 02
SXG&
BG 03
1
(TCVN/QCVN)
14 10 14
2
nhim)
3 3 3
4
T l ni a ha ca h thng cng ngh,
thit b
2 1 4
6
Kh nng thch ng khi tng ti trng / lu
lng nc thi
3 3 3
7
Thi gian xy dng h thng (t xy dng
n khi chnh thc a vo s dng)
5 3 4
8
Mc hin i, t ng ha ca cng
ngh
3 3 3
9
Kh nng m rng, ci tin modul ca cng
ngh
1 1 2
10
Thi gian tp hun cho cn b vn hnh h
thng nc thi cho n mc cn b vn
hnh thnh tho
3 2 2
103
S
TT
Tiu ch/ Ni dung
SXG&
BG 01
SXG&
BG 02
SXG&
BG 03
12
3
nc
thi)
7 5 8
13
Chi ph bo dng, sa cha (thit b v
nguyn liu)
7 6 6
15
Nhu cu s dung nguyn liu v nng
lng
2 1 3
18
Mc ri ro i vi mi trng v gii
php phng nga, khc phc khi xy ra s
c k thut
3 3 3
20
Kh nng thch ng vi cc iu kin vng,
min
3 4 4
21
thng
2 3 3
Tng s 82 76 87

bo m tnh khch quan, tn ca ba cng ty c nh gi c m
ho. Ba cng ngh x l nc thi khuyn khch p dng c trnh by
di y.

4.5.1 H thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty ch bin giy v bt giy 01
(Cng ty SXG&BG01), cng sut 3.200 m
3
/ngy m

- Sn phm: Sn xut cc loi giy rut, giy kraft.
- Cng sut ca nh my: giy kraft : 8.000 tn/thng v giy rut: 800
tn/thng
- Nguyn liu: giy ph liu nh giy carton c, cc loi giy tp,
- Nc thi pht sinh (m
3
/ngy): 3200 m
3
/ngy m
104
Thi gian xy dng: 2005 vn hnh thng 8 nm 2006
Thi gian vn hnh: nm 2011 tin hnh nng cp v a vo s dng cm
x l k kh ca h thng x l nc thi
Ch tiu n v
Nng
u vo
Hiu qu
x l (%)
QCVN 12:2008;
Ct A
pH - 7,2 - 6-9
BOD
5
mgO
2
/L 1.050 97 27
COD mgO
2
/L 2.010 96 72
TSS mg/L 2.200 98 45
Ngun: Cng ty SXG&BG 01, (2011)
Cng ngh x l nc thi
S cng ngh x l nc thi x l nc thi ca cng ty SXG&BG 01
c trnh by trong Hnh 4.4.
105
Ghi chu:
ng nc
ng bun
ng kh
ng hoa chat
SCRT
MB
MB
MB
MB MB MB
MB
MB
Kh CH4 Lo hi
Mng tach bot
Nc thai
Ngan tap trung
Sang nghieng
(thu hoi bot giay)
Be phan ng Be tao bong
Be lang 1
Ngan trung gian
Thap giai nhiet
Be ieu hoa
Be k kh IC Be phan phoi
Be lang 2
MTK
THB
Be kh mau
Be lang 3
MTK
VMFLOCK
Be trung gian
Be loc than
hoat tnh
Be
nen bun
May ep bun
Bun a
tach nc
Be cha
bun hoa ly
Be cha bun
sinh hoc
Be loc
ap lc
Be cha
bun sau nen
MTK
MTK
Chat
dinh dng
Polymer NaOH
va PAC
MTK
Nguon tiep nhan
SCRT
Bnh hap
thu kh

Hnh 4.4 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ty SXBG&BG 01
106
Thuyt minh cng ngh
Nc thi pht sinh t qu trnh sn xut c dn qua song chn rc th
dng xch (kch thc khe 20 mm) gi li cc cht thi rn c kch thc
ln. Nc thi sau khi c tch rc chy qua hai mng tch bt, phn
nc trong c dn qua song chn rc th (kch thc khe 10 mm) nhm
loi b cht thi rn mt ln na trc khi chy vo ngn tp trung.
Ti ngn tp trung, nc c bm qua thit b tch kh trc khi chy qua
sng nghing (c kch thc khe li 0,65mm). Ti sng nghing, cc loi
cht thi rn (ch yu l bt giy), bng keo nh, rc mn c kch thc ln
hn 0,65 mm c gi li v c thu gom v ngn cha cn, phn nc
qua sng nghing t chy vo b phn ng. Ti y, nc thi c iu
chnh pH, v ha cht keo t PAC (Poly aluminium chloride) c ha trn
vi nc thi nh h thng phn phi kh di y b. Nc thi sau phn
ng tip tc i vo b to bng, ti y polymer anion c chm vo b
tng kch thc v trng lng ca bng cn. Nc thi t b to bng t
chy sang b lng t I tch cc bng cn ha l, sau chy vo ngn
cha trung gian. T ngn trung gian, nc thi c bm ln thp gii nhit
gim nhit xung di 40
0
C trc khi chy vo b iu ho.
T b iu ha nc thi c bm qua cm x l sinh hc bao gm b sinh
hc k kh (IC) v b bn hot tnh hiu kh l lng. Nc thi sau khi qua
b k kh t chy vo b cha trung gian, sau c bm sang b bn hot
tnh hiu kh. Hn hp nc v bn hot tnh c dn qua b lng th cp
tch bng cn sinh hc. Mt phn bn c tun hon li b trung gian
nhm duy tr nng bn nht nh trong b bn hot tnh hiu kh, phn
cn li c a n b nn bn. Vng ni b mt c h thng thanh gt
a v mng cha cn v nc sau lng t chy vo b kh mu.
Ti b kh mu, ch phm VM-FLOCK c bm vo nh h thng bm
nh lng, nc thi v ch phm VM-FLOCK c ha trn u trong b
nh h thng phn phi kh. Qu trnh x l bng ch phm VM-FLOCK
nhm mc ch kh mu, COD v BOD
5
cn li trong nc thi trc khi
cho qua cng on x l bc ba pha sau. Nc thi sau qu trnh phn ng
vi VM-FLOCK tp trung vo ngn thu nc, sau c dn sang b lng
loi b bng cn. Nc sau lng c dn vo b cha trung gian, phn
bt v vng c thu gom vo b cha nh h thng gt vng. Bn t b
lng t chy sang ngn cha trung gian, sau c bm v b nn bn.
Mt phn nc thi ti b cha trung gian c bm v phn xng xeo
ti s dng (lng nc ti s dng chim khong 40% lng nc sau x
l). Lng nc cn li c bm vo hai b lc p lc ni tip (b lc ct
v b lc than hot tnh) loi b trit SS, mu, v COD, BOD
5
trong
nc thi trc khi thi ra mng thot nc. Nc thi sau x l t
QCVN 12:2008/BTNMT, ct A. Tuy nhin hiu qu x l mu khng n
nh v ch tiu coliform khng t QCVN 24:2009, ct A.
107
u im:
H thng x l thi ca Cng ty SXG&BG 01 c thit k t QCVN
13:2008/BTNMT, ct A (sau khi nng cp nm 2011). H thng x l nc
thi tng i hon chnh vi cc u im sau:
- H thng x l s kt hp qu trnh x l ha l (b keo t - to bng -
lng) nhm loi b cht rn l lng, mu, v mt phn cht hu c.
Qu trnh x l sinh hc k kh v hiu kh nhm loi b cc cht hu c
d phn hy sinh hc, kh mu, v qu trnh x l bc ba (b lc ct v
than hot tnh) vi mc ch loi b trit thnh phn cht rn l lng
mu, v COD, BOD
5
trong nc thi l hon ton ph hp.
- H thng c u t vi chi ph thp, chi ph u t l 2.640.000 VN/
m
3
nc thi.
-
,
kh sinh hc c tn dng cp nhit cho l hi.
- T vn hnh h thng x l nc thi c o to v chuyn ngnh
cng ngh mi trng nn cng tc vn hnh h thng x l c m
bo, c bit l vic theo di v khc phc cc s c v vn hnh h
thng bn sinh hc.
Nhc im:
- Thi gian lu nc trong b keo t l 7 pht nn gim hiu qu ca qu
trnh keo t. Thi gian lu nc trong b to bng ch c 7 pht (qu
ngn) khng thi gian to thnh cc bng cn c kch thc ln, do
qu trnh lng pha sau khng t hiu qu nh mong mun.
- Hiu qu ca b kh mu rt thp, nng COD v mu hu nh
khng thay i sau khi qua b kh mu.
- H thng khng c b kh trng, do nc thi sau x l khng t
QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT, ct B v ch tiu coliform.
- H thng khng tn dng cao trnh nc thi t chy, ngc li s
dng nhiu bm dn n chi ph in cao (12.900 VN/m
3
nc thi).
Chi ph vn hnh h thng x l nc thi rt cao (26.200 VN/m
3
nc
thi) so vi chi ph x l ca cc cng ty sn xut giy c kho st.
SXG&BG 01
Trong cng on x l bc ba vi p dng kh mu bng ho cht, chi ph
ha cht kh mu rt cao (172.550.000 VN/thng) nhng b kh mu hot
ng khng hiu qu. Do khng cn thit phi s dng cng trnh ny.
108
Thay th cng on ny bng qu trnh keo t/to bng hay p dng cc qu
trnh oxy ho bc cao nh ozone, Fenton.
Xy dng thm b kh trng x l trit vi sinh gy bnh trong nc
thi trc khi thi ra ngun tip nhn.
Bng 4.4 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v h thng x l nc thi ca cng
ty SXG&BG 01
Cng trnh
Kch thc
(DxRxH)/
(DxH) (m)
Th tch
(m
3
)
SL
Thi gian (gi)
Theo
thit k
Theo
thc t
Ngn tp trung 9,0 x 9,0 x 3,0 202 1 0,69 1,5
B phn ng 3,0 x 3,0 x 2,5 36 2 0,12 0,3
B b to bng 3,0 x 3,0 x 2,5 36 2 0,12 0,3
B lng I 7,3 x 3,0 209 2 0,72 1,6
Mng lng 9,0 x 9,0 x 3,0 202 1 0,69 1,5
Thp gii nhit 7,22 x 6,60 x 6,99 214 1 0,74 1,6
B iu ha 17 x 15,3 x 4,5 1.040 1 3,57 7,8
B k kh (IC) 6,5 x 24 729 1 2,50 5,5
B phn phi
nc
16,4 x 5,5 x 5,65 464 1 1,59 3,5
B bn hot tnh
hiu kh
27 x 10,6 x 5,65 4.421 3 15,16 33,2
B lng bn sinh
hc
21 x 4,2 1.281 1 4,39 9,6
B kh mu 27 x 10,8 x 4,5 2.333 2 8,00 17,5
B lng bn ha
cht
21 x 4,2 1.281 1 4,39 9,6
Ngn trung gian 4,8 x 4,0 x 2,65 34,4 1 0,12 0,26
Ngn phn phi
nc
4,0 x 1,0 x 2,65 8,6 1 0,03 0,06
Bn lc ct 2,0 x 4,0 22 2 0,08 0,16
Bn lc than 2,0 x 4,0 22 2 0,08 0,16
Tng thi gian x l ca ton qui trnh theo thit k: 43gi
Tng thi gian x l ca ton qui trnh theo thc t: 94 gi
Tng din tch s dng: 2.882m
2

Ghi ch: Tt c cc cng trnh n v u c xy dng bng b tng ct thp tr thp gii
nhit, b k kh, bn lc ct v bn lc than c cu to bng thp.
109
SXG&BG 01
Cc thit b Thng s k thut SL V Xut x
Ngn tp trung nc
Bm ln sng
nghing
Loi: trc ngang
Q = 1 m
3
/pht; H = 10 m
01 L
Sng nghing
l sng
= 0,65 mm 01 Ci L
B phn ng
My thi kh
S dng chung my thi kh b
iu ha.
01 Ci L
Bm nh lng
NaOH
Loi: bm mng
u bm:
Model: LK A57VH-04
Q = 6,0 -7,0 L/pht; H = 0,7 m
ng c: Model: IK
v = 1400 vng/pht
02 Ci Nht
B to bng
Bm nh lng
Polyme
u bm:
Loi: bm mng
Model: AHA42-PCT-FN
Q = 4,6/5,6 L/pht; H = 5
kg/cm
2
ng c:Model: AEUL-AWB2
v = 1405 vng/pht
02 Ci L
B lng s I
Bm bn d

Loi: ly tm trc ngang
u bm: Model: CSP
Q = 1 m
3
/pht; H = 10m
ng c: Model: BBFC-W
02
Ci

L

u bm ri:Model: S3-125-
400DD
Q = 81,9 m
3
/h; H = 31,5m
ng c: Model: F3FC;
Nm sn xut: 2005
02
Motor gt vng
Loi na cu
Model: EBFC DW
Motor: v = 4 vng/pht

02

Ci

L
Mng lng
Bm ln thp gii
nhit
Loi: trc ng
u bm: Model: CSV
Q = 6 m
3
/pht; H = 18m
ng c:Model: FBFC-DW
02 Ci L
110
B iu ha
Bm ln sng
nghing
01 Ci L
Loi: trc ng
u bm: Model: CSV
Q = 3 m
3
/pht; H = 10m
ng c: Model: BBFC-DW
03

My thi kh
u thi kh:
Loi: Root; Model: LT 150
Q = 20m
3
/pht; H = 0,45
kg/cm
2
ng c:Model: FBFCW;
Nm sn xut 2005
02 Ci L
a phn phi kh Loi: bt kh th 01 B L

Bm s1
u bm ri;
Nm sn xut: 2005
Q = 3 m
3
/pht, H = 8 m

Bm b k kh

Bm s2
u bm ri;
Model: S3-125-400DD
Q = 81,9 m
3
/h; H = 31,5 m
ng c:Model: F3FC;
Nm sn xut: 2005
01 Ci L
Bm mi nc

u bm ri;
Nm sn xut: 2006;
Model: MXA50/160
Q = 0,3 m
3
/pht; H = 10m
01 Ci L
B sinh hc k kh

Qut ht kh
u ht: Model: S3-125-400-DD
Q = 180 m
3
/h
H = 38 m
v = 1500 vng/pht

ng c: Nm sn xut 2010
Model: IB2 L12M-4
v = 1430 vng/pht
03 Ci L
B phn phi
Bm nh lng
cht dinh dng
(Ur)
Loi: bm mng
Model: LK A57VH-04
Q = 6,0 -7,0 l/pht; H = 0,7m
ng c:Model: IK
V = 1400 vng/pht
02 B Nht
111
B bn hot tnh hiu kh
Bm chuyn lu
Loi: ly tm trc ngang, u
bm ri.
Model: CMF; Q = 15 m
3
/pht;
H = 5 m
03 Ci L
My thi kh
u thi kh:
Q = 25m
3
/pht; H = 0,45 kg/cm
2
ng c: Model: FBFC W;
Nm sn xut 2005
03 Ci L
B lng bn s II
Bm bn tun
hon
Loi: trc ngang
Model: CSP
Q = 4,17m
3
/pht; H = 10 m
02 Ci L
Motor gt bn
gt vng
Model: AEUL
Motor: tc v = 1705rpm
Hp gim tc;
Model: WX-CDS60;
v
vng
= 4 vng/pht
01 Ci L
B kh mu
nh lng VM
FLOCK
Loi: bm mng
Model: AEUL PAWB2
Q = 49 L/h; H = 10bar
01 Ci L
My thi kh
u thi kh:
Q = 20 m
3
/pht; H = 0,45
kg/cm
2
ng c: Model: FBFC W
Nm sn xut 2005
02 Ci L
B lng s III
Bm bn tun
hon
Loi: trc ngang
Model: Y160M-4
Q = 90 m
3
/h; H = 20 m
03 Ci L
My gt bn gt
vng
Model: AEUL
Motor: tc 1705 rpm
Hp gim tc: Model: WX-CDS60
V
vng
= 1/0,12
01 Ci L
112
B nn bn

Bm bn
Bm s1
u bm ri;
Nm sn xut: 2005
Q = 90 m
3
/h;H = 20 m
01

Ci L
Bm s2:
Model: S3 125 350 CD
u bm ri,
Nm sn xut: 2005
Q = 180 m
3
/h; H = 30 m
01

B cha bn
My thi kh
S dng chung my thi b iu
ha
01 Ci L
Bm bn vo my
p bn
u bm: Model: AEW
u bm ri
Q = 0,17 m
3
/pht; H = 10 m
ng c: Model: EFFC-W;
Nm sn xut: 2005
03 Ci L
My p bn
Qut ht chn
khng
u qut: Model: ZBK 1,3
Q = 6,0 m
3
/pht; H = 380/690Pa
ng c:Model: EFFC;
Nm sn xut: 2005
01 Ci L
Bm ra bng ti
p bn
ng c:Model: EFFC;
Nm sn xut: 2005
02 Ci L
Bm nh lng
Polymer
u bm:
Loi: bm mng
Model: AHA42-PCT-FN
Q = 4,6/5,6 L/pht; H = 5
kg/cm
2
ng c: Model: AEUL-AWB2
v = 1405 vng/pht
03 Ci L
Motor cnh khuy
Polymer
Model: MPD-1000
Q = 1000 L/h; H = 1,5 kg/cm
2
Nm sn xut: 02/2011
01 Ci L

113
Lu lng thc t: 3.200 m
3
3
/ngy
in nng tiu th cho h thng x l nc thi thc t: 126.000 kWh/ thng
Kt qu phn tch thc t t ba t ly mu ca h thng x l c trnh
by trong Bng 4.6.
thi ca Cng ty SXG&BG 01
Ch tiu n v
Nng
u vo
Nng
u ra
Hiu qu
x l (%)
QCVN
12:2008
Ct A
pH - 6,4-7,5 6,2-7,8 - 6-9
Pt - Co 192-1050 29-88 70-92 45
COD mgO
2
/L 3.807-6.220 36-40 99 72
BOD
5
mgO
2
/L 2.290-3.660 13-15 99-100 27
SS mg/L 1.320-4790 KPH-8 100 45
SO
4
2-
mg/L 5,7-15,0 2,8-5 51-67 -
S
2-
mg/L 1,21-1,33 KPH - -
N
tng
mg/L 0,6-1,2 3,4-10,2 - -
P
tng
mg/L 4,5-14,5 KPH-0,1 - -
Lng ha cht s dng
Bng 4.7 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi Cng ty SXG&BG 01
S lng cng nhn vn hnh: 10 nhn vin. Trong c 07 nhn vin l
ngi Vit Nam trc tip vn hnh, 01 nhn vin ngi Vit Nam c trnh
trung cp - cao ng c o to chuyn ngnh mi trng theo di vn
hnh v khc phc s c trong vn hnh, v 02 nhn vin ngi Trung Quc
c trnh sau i hc gim st tt c cc mng mi trng trong nh my.
Cht keo t PAC 22.000
Ha cht
Ur 4.200
Cht kh mu 5.075
NaHPO
4
1.500
NaOH 32% 9.000
114
Tn sut bo tr
Bm chm
v bm trc
ngang
Hng thng
- V sinh vi nc sch
- Loi b cc mng bm t bit trn cnh bm
- Co b hon ton r st v sn Epoxy nu cn
thit
- Kim tra xem bm c b h hng hay khng
- Kim tra v sit cht cc bu-lng, ai c
Hng nm Kim tra du nhn nu b vn c th thay du.
My thi kh
Hng ngy
- Kim tra mc du hp s. Chm thm du nu
mc du nm di vch gia ca ci o du.
- Kim tra ting n ca my c khc thng
khng.
- Kim tra rung ca my c khc thng
khng.
- Kim tra cc dy curoa. Cn chnh li nu dy
curoa b trng.
- Kim tra dy curoa c b t khng? Thay mi
nu dy curoa b t.
Hng thng
- Bm thm du m cho cc vng bi (bc n)
- Thay du hp s
- V sinh bu lc gi
My gt bn
my khuy
Hng ngy
Kim tra motor v hp s c b r st hay khng.
Co b hon ton r st v sn li bng sn epoxy
Hng thng Kim tra v sit chc cc bu-lng, ai c
Hng nm Thay u hp s
Bm nh
lng

Bm nh
lng
Hng ngy
- Kim tra tnh trng hot ng ca bm, lau chi
hon ton bi bn bm trn bm
- Kim tra mc du hp s, chm thm du nu
mc du nm di vch gia ca ci o du.
Hng nm Thay du
u ht ca
bm thit b
Hng ngy
- Kim tra ting n ca my c khc thng
khng.
- Kim tra rung ca bm c khc thng
khng.
- Quan st kim tra b r r khng.
Hai qu Thay du ca thy lc v du ca lc
My p bn
bng ti
Hng tun V sinh bng ti
Hng thng Bm thm du m cho cc vng bi
Hng nm Thay du
My khuy
v motor
khuy
Hng thng Bm thm du m cho cc vng bi
Hng nm Thay du hp s
Thit b p
rc
Hng ngy Kim tra ting n v rung ca my
Hng nm Thay du hp s
Thit b d
mc nc
Hng ngy V sinh thit b cm bin

115
F. Cc thng tin khc
Chi ph u t: 17.000.000.000 VN
3
nc thi.

3
/ngy m

- Sn phm: giy tesliner v giy medium
- Cng sut ca nh my: giy tesliner 3.100 tn/thng; giy medium 1.100
tn/thng
- Nguyn liu: Giy ph liu giy bao b, giy hn hp,
- Nc thi pht sinh (m
3
/ngy): 3.500 m
3
/ngy m trong tun hon
hon ti s dng 90%, lu lng nc thi cn x l 350 m
3
/ngy m.
Thi gian xy dng: Nm 2002: xy dng cm ho l; nm 2006: xy dng
cm vi sinh; nm 2008: ci to nng cng sut ca h thng x l.
Thnh phn nc thi theo thit k:
Ch tiu n v
Nng
u vo
Hiu qu
x l (%)
QCVN 12:2008,
Ct B
pH - 6-9 - 5,5-9
BOD
5
mgO
2
/L 2.500 98 50
COD mgO
2
/L 3.200 94 200
TSS mg/L 1.500 93 100
Cng ngh x l nc thi
116
Ghi chu:
ng nc
ng bun
ng kh
ng hoa chat
Bnh hap
thu kh
Kh CH4 Tai
s dung
Be sinh hoc
hieu kh (BHTLL)
Nc thai
Ngan tap trung
nc va lang
Sang nghieng
(thu hoi bot giay)
SCRT
Ngan trung gian
Be lang
MTK
THB
Hoa chat
THB
Phen nhom
va Polymer
Ngan trung gian
Be sinh hoc k kh 3 ngan
Polymer
Be cha bun sinh hoc/ hoa ly May ep bun
Bun a tach nc
Nc tach bun
ve be ieu hoa
May
nen kh
Bon
tao ap
Be keo tu
Nc thai
sau x ly
Be trung gian
Be loc ap lc
Chat dinh
dng (Ure)
NaOH
Be tron bun
MB MB
MB
MB MB
MB
MB

Hnh 4.5 S cng ngh x l nc thi cng ty SXG&BG 02
117
Thuyt minh cng ngh
Nc thi pht sinh t cc cng on sn xut (khng cn kh nng ti s
dng) cng vi nc thi sinh hot (sau khi qua b t hoi) c thu gom
vo b iu ha. B iu ha c chia thnh hai ngn, mt ngn cha nc
thi t phn xng xeo v ngn cn li cha nc thi ca phn xng bt.
Mt phn nc thi t phn xng xeo giy c s dng pha long
dung dch bt ti phn xng bt. Phn nc thi cn li t ngn hai c
bm v trm x l nc thi. Trm x l nc thi bao gm ba cng on
chnh: cng on tch bt giy si di, cng on tuyn ni, v cng on
x l sinh hc.
Cng on tch bt giy si di bng sng nghing. T b iu ha, nc
thi c bm n 02 sng nghing (c kch thc l 0,65 mm) nhm tch
cn c kch thc ln hn hoc bng 0,65 mm (cha bt giy si di). Phn
bt nm trn sng nghing chy theo mng thu n my p vt ti tch
nc v ti s dng bt giy. Phn nc qua sng tp trung vo ngn cha
v c bm sang b tuyn ni.
Qu trnh tuyn ni kt hp keo t vi p dng b tuyn ni siu nng: Nc
thi c ln bt giy si ngn qua sng nghing v nc thi t my p vt ti
tp trung vo ngn cha, sau c bm n h thng tuyn ni siu nng
tch bt giy si ngn. Trc khi i vo b tuyn ni siu nng, nc thi
c chm ha cht (phn nhm v polymer) v hn hp nc v ho cht
c bm vo thit b to p (kh nn) v i vo b tuyn ni. Qu trnh
tuyn ni kt hp keo t cho hiu qu loi b SS n 90%. Vng v bng
bn trong b tuyn ni c h thng gt thu v ng ng trung tm, sau
a sang b cha bn. Phn nc qua x l tuyn ni chy vo b cha
trung gian, ti y mt phn nc thi c bm n phn xng bt ti
s dng, phn cn li chy vo cm x l sinh hc.
Qu trnh x l sinh hc: Nc sau khi x l tuyn ni c bm vo b k
kh ba ngn (c lp h thng cnh khuy) nhm loi b cht hu c (BOD
5
).
Ti y dung dch NaOH v dinh dng c b sung nhm m bo pH
duy tr trong khong 7,5-8,0, ng thi b sung dinh dng cho pht trin
ca vi sinh vt. Kh biogas sinh ra t qu trnh phn hy k kh c qut
ht dn n thit b hp th kh loi b kh H
2
S, NH
3
, hi nc, ... Kh
CH
4
cn li c dn sang khu vc l hi t cp nhit cho l hi. Trong
b k kh, bn lng ti ngn th ba c bm tun hon v ngn 1 v ngn 2
b sung lng bn.
Nc thi sau b k kh c bm qua b bn hot tnh hiu kh, trong iu
kin thi kh lin tc, vi sinh vt hiu kh tn ti trng thi l lng (bn
hot tnh) khong ha cc hp cht hu c c trong nc thi thnh CO
2
v
nc. Sau b bn hot tnh hiu kh, nc thi t chy sang b lng tch
bng bn sinh hc. Mt phn bn lng c tun hon v b sinh hc hiu
kh, phn cn li a v b cha bn.
118
Nc sau lng t chy sang b cha nc trung gian, t y mt phn nc
c bm tun hon ti s dng ra li ca cc my xeo giy hoc bm
vo b lc p lc (ct v than hot tnh) loi b cc cn l lng v cht
hu c kh phn hu sinh hc cn li sau qu trnh x l sinh hc trc khi
thi ra ngun tip nhn. Nc thi sau x l t QCVN 12:2008/BTNMT,
ct B1.
Lng bn pht sinh t cng on tuyn ni v sinh hc c a v b
cha bn. Bn sau khi n nh c bm ln my p bn tch nc.
Polymer (cation) c s dng tng hiu qu tch nc ca bn. Nc t
h thng l bn c tun hon v h thu.
u im:
H thng x l thi ca Cng ty SXG&BG 02 c thit k nhm t
QCVN 12:2008/BTNMT, ct B1. H thng x l nc thi tng i hon
chnh vi cc u im sau:
- H thng x l p dng thit b lc (sng nghing) tch bt giy si
di v b tuyn ni siu nng thu hi bt si ngn. C hai qu trnh
c p dng gim ti lng cht cht hu c v tr ngi i vi cng
trnh sinh hc pha sau. Vi nng BOD
5
cao trong u vo qu trnh
x l sinh hc k kh v hiu kh c p dng nhm loi b hiu qu cc
cht hu c d phn hy sinh hc v mu. Qu trnh x l bc ba vi
b lc than hot tnh nhm loi b trit SS, mu v COD

trong nc
thi l hon ton ph hp.
-
90%,
kh sinh hc c tn dng trit cp nhit cho l hi.
- H thng c u t vi chi ph cao do h thng c nng cp v
ci to nhiu ln. Tng mc u t l 5,42 t VN, tng ng 7,5
triu VN/ m
3
nc thi. Chi ph vn hnh mc trung bnh (14.240
VN/m
3
nc thi).
cng ngh mi trng nn cng tc vn hnh ca h thng c m bo.
Nhc im:
- B k kh ba ngn cho hiu qu x l thp hn so vi UASB, EGSB, IC
do tip xc gia bn v nc thi khng hiu qu, v qu trnh tch kh
khng m bo.
- B lc p lc cho hiu qu x l SS, mu khng ng k.
- H thng x l khng c b tip xc v th ch tiu coliform trong nc
thi sau x l s khng m bo t c quy chun.
119
SXG&BG 02
- C th ci to b k kh 3 ngn thnh b lc k kh nng cao hiu qu
qu trnh x l sinh hc k kh;
- Do b lc p lc c hiu qu x l SS, mu khng ng k, do
trong cng ngh x l nc thi khng cn thit lp t cng trnh ny
gim chi ph;
- Xy dng thm b kh trng x l trit vi sinh gy bnh trong nc
Bng 4.9 Thng s thit k cc cng trnh n v h thng x l nc thi ca Cng
ty SXG&BG 02
Cng trnh
n v
Kch thc
(DxRxH) hay
(RxH) (m)
Th tch
(m
3
)
SL
T
lu
(gi)
Thit k Thc t
B tp trung 1,35 x 56 x 3,4 234 1 7,5 16,1
Sng nghing
(tch s si)
2,9 x 2,9 - 1 - -
B cha nc sau
tuyn ni
3,4 x 6,08 x 2,36 43 1 1,4 2,9
B tuyn ni siu
nng
H = 0,56m;
D = 5,54
11 1 0,4 0,8
B cha nc 3,45 x 6,08 x 2,45 45 1 1,4 3,1
B k kh ba ngn 4,8 x 10,8 x 6,8 337 1 10,8 23,1
B bn hot tnh
hiu kh
4 x 6 x 6 137 1 4,4 9,4
B lng H=3,3 m ; D = 5m 59 1 1,9 4,0
B trung gian 2 x 2 x2 7 1 0,2 0,5
Bn lc p lc H=2,5 m ; D = 1m 13 2 0,4 0,9
B b cha bn 4,16 x 4,08 x 2,7 41 1 1,3 2,8
Tng thi gian x l ca ton quy trnh theo thit k: 30 gi
Tng thi gian x l ca ton quy trnh theo thc t: 64 gi
2

Ghi ch: Tt c cc cng trnh n v u c xy dng bng b tng ct thp, tr sang
nghing, b tuyn ni siu nng v bn lc p lc c cu to bng thp CT3
120
Bng 4.10 Thng s k thut cc thit b ca h thng x l nc thi Cng ty
SXG&BG 02
Thit b V SL Xut x Thng s k thut
B tp trung
Bm nc thi
cp ln sng
nghing
Ci 03 TQ Q = 210 m
3
/h, H = 25-30 m
Ci 01 TQ Q = 210 m
3
/h, H = 25-30 m
Sng nghing, b cha nc sau tuyn ni
My p bt giy
trc vt
Ci 01 Nht
Model: SPN400 PS
Vt liu: Inox
Bm thu hi nc
sau my p bt
giy trc vt
Ci 01 Nht Q = 60 m
3
/h, H = 20 m
B tuyn ni siu nng
Motor khuy b
pha polymer
Ci 01 Nht V = 120 vng/pht
Bm cp polymer
vo b cha
Ci 01
USA/
Nht
Q = 6 m
3
/h, H = 5 m
Motor khuy b
pha phn nhm
Bm cp dung
dch phn vo b
cha
Ci 01
USA/
Nht
Q = 6 m
3
/h, H = 5m
Bm cp nc
sch
Ci 01 Q = 20 m
3
/h, H = 25-30m
Bm tun hon
nc vo b tuyn
ni
Ci 01
VN-
Hungary
Q = 220 m
3
/h, H = 25m
My nn kh Ci 01 L Q = 100 m
3
/h, H = 20m
Motor truyn
ng trn b tuyn
ni
Motor gt vng Ci 01 Nht V = 20 vng/pht
Bm nh lng
phn nhm

Ci
01
USA/
Nht
Loi bm mng
Q = 10 lt/pht
Bm nh lng
polymer
Ci 01
USA/
Nht
Loi bm mng
Q = 18,6 lt/pht
B cha nc sau tuyn ni
Bm tun hon
nc v sinh my
xeo
Ci 01 Nht
Model: WS125 - 350
Bm trc ngang
Q = 160 m
3
/h, H = 25-30 m
Bm nc vo b
tuyn ni
Ci 01 Nht
Bm trc ngang
Q = 210 m
3
/h, H = 25-30 m.
Bm nc vo b
cha bn
Ci 01 Nht
Bm trc ngang: Q = 210
m
3
/h, H = 25-30 m.
B k kh ba ngn
Bm nc vo b
k kh ba ngn
Ci 01
VN-
Hungary
Q = 60m
3
/h, H = 20m
121
Thit b V SL Xut x Thng s k thut
Motor khuy
trong b k kh ba
ngn
Ci 03 Nht
Model: S.F.
V = 40 vng/pht
Ci 02 Nht
Model: S.F
V = 40 vng/pht
Qut ht Ci 03 Nht
Model: SB150HT-R313
V = 1400 vng/pht
Bm tun hon
bn t ngn
th ba
Ci 01
VN-
Hungary
Model: 3K112M4
Q = 60 m
3
/h, H = 20 m
Bm nh lng
cht dinh dng
Ci 01
USA/
Nht
Loi bm mng
Q = 10 lt/pht
Bm nh lng
NaOH
Ci 01
USA/
Nht
Loi bm mng
Q = 10 lt/pht
B bn hot tnh hiu kh l lng
My thi kh Ci 02

Nht
Model: 3K132M4
Q = 300 m
3
/h, H = 5 m
a phn phi kh a 30 M
270 mm
Q = 12 m
3
/h
Bm nc cp
vo b bn hot
tnh hiu kh
Ci 01 Q = 60 m
3
/h, H = 20 m
Bm nh lng Ci 01
USA/
Nht
Loi bm mng
Q = 10 lt/pht
Bm bn d
Ci

02

Model: DWO400
Q = 60 m
3
/h, H = 20 m
Bm nc vo
bn lc p lc
Ci

03

Model: XST32-160/30
Q = 60 m
3
/h, H = 20 m
My p bn Ci 01 VN
Dng bng ti
Q=3-4 m
3
/h
Bm bn Ci 01
VN-
Hungary
Bm trc ngang
Q=20 m
3
/h, H = 12 m
Bm p Ci 01 Italia
Bm trc ngang
Q = 20 m
3
/h, H =25m
Motor bm nc
ra bng ti my
p bn
Ci 01
VN-
Hungary
CS: 1/2 HP/380V/50Hz
Motor khuy hn
hp bn - polymer
Ci 01
VN-
Hungary
CS: 10HP/380V/50Hz
Motor khuy b
pha Polymer
Motor khuy b
to bng
Bm nh lng
Polymer
Ci 01 Nht
Loi: Bm mng
Q = 10 lt/pht
Motor khuy c
c bn trong b
cha bn
Ci 01
VN-
Hungary
V = 30 vng/pht
122
Lu lng thc t: 350 (m
3
/ngy) - Thit k: 720 (m
3
/ngy)
in nng tiu th thc t: 45.000 kWh/thng
by trong Bng 4.11.
thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty SXG&BG 02
Ch tiu n v
Nng
u vo
Nng
u ra
Hiu qu
x l (%)
QCVN
12:2008
Ct B1
pH - 6,2-6,6 7,2-7,9 - 5,5-9
Pt - Co 231-441 3-77 67-99 100
COD mgO
2
/L 4.530-5.736 30-32 99 200
BOD
5
mgO
2
/L 2.220-2.940 10-13 100 50
SS mg/L 2.240-3.100 15-28 99-100 -
SO
4
2-
mg/L 96-143 2-7 93-98 -
S
2-
mg/L 1,8-2,2 KPH - -
N
tng
mg/L 4,3-22 3,2-5,7 - -
P
tng
mg/L 0,5-8,9 1,2-1,7 - -
Ngun: Cng ty SXG&BG 02 (2011)
Lng ha cht s dng
Bng 4.12 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi Cng ty SXG&BG 02
S lng cng nhn vn hnh: 8 nhn vin. Trong c 03 nhn vin l
cng nhn trc tip vn hnh, 04 nhn vin c trnh trung cp cao ng
c o to chuyn ngnh mi trng theo di vn hnh v khc phc s
c trong vn hnh v 01 nhn vin c trnh i hc gim st tt c cc
mng mi trng trong nh my
Cht keo t Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.18 H
2
O 3.000
Cht dinh dng (NH
2
)
2
CO 250
123
Tn sut bo tr
My bm
Hng ngy
Kim tra bm c y nc ln c hay khng.
Khi my bm hot ng nhng khng ln nc cn
kim tra ln lt cc nguyn nhn sau:
- Ngun in cung cp c bnh thng khng.
- Cnh bm c b chn bi cc vt l hay khng;
ng c my bm c b chy hay khng.
- Khi bm pht ra ting ku l, cng cn ngng
bm ngay lp tc khc phc s c trn.
Hng tun
o cch in ca bm. My hot ng c
bnh thng khi cch in ca n ln hn 1M.
Hng thng
Kim tra nhy ca bm, ly tn hiu t cng tc
phao iu khin. o lu lng bm v iu
chnh li bng van.
Hng qu Kim tra tng th my.
My thi
kh
Hng ngy
- Kim tra mc du
- Kim tra my khi c ting ku hay rung ng l
Hng tun
- Lm sch b lc u ht v cc b phn bn
ngoi my thi kh.
- Th van an ton bng tay
Hng thng
- Kim tra r ca ton b h thng kh.
- Kim tra du bi trn v thay th nu cn thit.
Hng qu
- Thay du nht.
- Kim tra ng h p lc.
- Kim tra v v sinh b phn gim thanh (tiu m)
u y.
Hng nm
- Thay dy coroa.
F. Cc thng tin khc
Chi ph u t: 5.420.000.000 VN
3
nc thi

124
3
/ngy m

Sn phm: Sn phm giy cun (Kraft liner , Duplex coated, In vit.);
Sn phm giy Duplex coated, Chipboard, giy c chng,)
Cng sut ca nh my: 25.000 tn/nm
Nguyn liu: bt giy v giy vn
Nc thi pht sinh (m
3
/ngy): 500-700 m
3
/ngy (ch yu t cng on
xeo giy v chun b bt giy)
Thnh phn nc thi theo thit k:
Ch tiu n v
Nng
u vo
Hiu qu
x l(%)
QCVN 12:2008
Ct B1
pH - 9-11 - 5,5-9
c NTU 100-1.000 - -
mu Pt-Co 195-350 - -
BOD
5
mgO
2
/l 800-1.000 95 50
COD mgO
2
/l 1.600-2.000 90 200
TSS mg/l 1.800-2.000 95 100
Ngun: Cng ty SXG&BG 03(2011)
Cng ngh x l nc thi
125
Polimer
Phn
nhm
NaOH
Polimer
Phn
nhm
Tai
s dung
Polymer
Be nen bun May ep bun
Bun a tach nc
Be tron bun
Be lang 2
Thap giai nhiet
NaOH
THB
MTK
Mng lang cat soi
(cat soi lang c s
dung e san lap)
SCRM
Be lang1
Be trung gian
MTK
Nc thai
Be ieu hoa
Be keo tu
tao bong 2
Be keo tu
tao bong 1
Be loc cat
Be cha nc
sau x ly
Nc thai
sau x ly
Be sinh hoc hieu kh l lng
Ghi chu:
ng nc
ng bun
ng kh
ng hoa chat
MB
SCRT

Hnh 4.6 S cng ngh x l nc thi ca cng ty SXG&BG 03

Thuyt minh cng ngh
Nc thi chy qua song chn rc th tch cc cht thi c kch thc
ln, sau qua b lng ct loi b cc tp cht rn, ct, sn c trong nc
thi trc khi vo b iu ha. T b iu ha, nc thi c bm ln
SCRM thu hi bt giy trc khi chy vo b to bng. Ha cht keo t
v iu chnh pH c chm trn ng ng dn nc thi vo b to bng,
ti y, nc thi tip tc c chm polymer tng hiu qu ca qu trnh
to bng. Sau , nc thi c cho qua b lng tch cc bng cn ha
l, phn nc trong tip tc chy vo b cha. Ti b cha mt phn nc
thi c bm tun hon v phn xng sn xut ti s dng, phn nc
thi cn li c tip tc x l trc khi thi vo mi trng.
Nc thi c bm ln thp lm mt gim nhit ca nc thi xung
30-32
o
C, sau t chy v b bn hot tnh hiu kh. Vi qu trnh x l
sinh hc bng bn hot tnh hiu kh, vi sinh vt hiu kh khong ho cc
hp cht hu c v kh mt phn mu cn li sau qu trnh keo t/to
bng. Nc thi c x l ti b hiu kh t chy vo b lng s 2, mc
ch ca b lng s 2 l tch bng bn sinh hc v nc. Nc thi sau qu
trnh x l sinh hc tip tc c x l ha l bc 2 vi qu trnh keo t/to
bng, sau cc cht rn l lng cn li trong nc thi c loi b trit
bng b lc ct. Nc thi sau x l c cha vo b cha ti s dng.
u im:
H thng x l thi ca ca Cng ty SXG&BG 03 c thit k t QCVN
12:2008/BTNMT, ct B1, h thng x l nc thi thit k tng i hon
chnh vi cc u im sau:
- Ti cng on tin x l nc thi, h thng s dng thit b thu hi bt
giy gip thu hi lng bt giy v gim nng nhim cho cc cng
trnh pha sau l hp l. Vi qu trnh keo t/to bng hai bc kt hp qu
trnh bn hot tnh hiu kh, nc thi sau h thng x l t QCVN
12:2008/BTNT, ct B1.
- H thng thit k vi cng trnh bn hot tnh hiu kh v lc ct, mi
cng trnh gm ba n nguyn, do trong trng hp mt b gp s c
hoc cn v sinh th h thng vn c th hot ng vi hai n nguyn
cn li.
cng ngh mi trng nn cng tc vn hnh ca h thng x l c
m bo, c bit l vic theo di v khc phc cc s c v vn hnh
cm x l sinh hc.

127
Nhc im:
- Vi BOD
5
ca nc thi dao ng t 530-560 mgO
2
/L, vic s dng qu
trnh keo t/to bng trc qu trnh sinh hc s lm gim ngun cht
hu c c kh nng phn hu sinh hc (l c cht i vi cng trnh sinh
hc) v tng gi thnh x l do tiu th ho cht cho qu trnh keo t/to
bng.
- Hiu qu x l ca cng on keo t v to bng thp do thi gian phn
ng v to bng cha ti u, c bit l qu trnh keo t/to bng bc hai.
- Thi gian lu nc ca b lng bn sinh hc (5,1 gi) l qu di. Thi
gian lu nc di c th gy ni bn trong b lng do phn hu bn trong
iu kin k kh v lm tng chi ph u t.
- H thng x l ho l bc hai khng c b lng nn b lc s phi c
ra thng xuyn dn n tng chi ph x l v nhn cng.
- H thng c u t vi chi ph u t cao vi sut u t l 9,09 triu
VN/m
3
nc thi.
- Chi ph vn hnh h thng kh cao vi 14.200 VN/m
3
nc thi, trong
ch yu l chi ph ho cht.
- H thng khng c b tip xc (kh trng) nn dn n ch tiu coliform
khng t QCVN 24:2009, Ct B.
SXG&BG 03
- Qu trnh lng (trng lc) hay tuyn ni c th thay th cho qu trnh keo
t/to bng gim chi ph ho cht v gi c nng cc cht hu c
c kh nng phn hy sinh hc i vi cng on sinh hc pha sau.
- Xy dng thm b lng sau cm x l ha l gim tn sut ra lc ca
b lc p lc, gy tn in v nc ra lc.
- B lng bn sinh hc vi thi gian lu nc t 5,1 gi gim cn 2-3 gi
trnh hin tng phn hu k kh gy pht sinh mi v bn ni.
- Xy dng thm b kh trng x l trit vi sinh gy bnh trong nc
128
cng ty SXG&BG 03
Cng trnh n v
Kch thc
(m)
Th tch
(m
3
)
SL
T
lu

(pht)
Mng lng ct, si
1,6 x 21,6 x 2,5/
1,6 x 10 x 2,5
34,5/16 02
B iu ho 20 x 21,6 x 6,5 1.442

01 5,2
B keo t v to bng 1 4 x 4 x 3,5 48

01 10,4
B lng 1 20; H = 3,5 m
1.000 01 216
B cha nc ti s dng
v cung cp nc cho thp
lm mt
8 x 8,1x 6,5 259 01 60
Thp lm mt 3,970 x 6,1x 1 19,4 01 9,4
B bn hot tnh hiu kh 11x 11x5 1630 01 774
B lng 2 16 m; H = 3,5 m
643 01 306
B keo t v to bng 2 1,8 x 1,8 x 2,44 6,6 01 3,2
B lc ct; Q = 7,6 m/gi
2,650 m;
H = 6,610 m
1.000 01 -
B cha nc x l 3,4 x 6 x 3 50 01 24
B thi 48 x 5 x 3 50 01 29
B nn bn 10 m; H = 3,5 m
250 01 8,5
B trn bn 0,8 x 0,8 x 1,1 0,5 01 -
Ghi ch: Tt c cc cng trnh n v u c xy dng bng b tng ct thp.
SXG&BG 03
Thit b SL c tnh k thut Vt liu
B iu ha
Bm nc thi t b iu
ha
03 Q = 5,5 m
3
/pht
FC200,
SCS13,
S45C
Cm x l ha l
Bm truyn Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
2%

02 Q = 0-30 lt/h; H = 2 bar
FC200,
SCS13,
S45C
Bm nh lng Al
2
(SO
4
)
3

2%
02 Q = 850mL/pht
FC200,
SCS13,
S45C
Bm truyn NaOH 25% 02 Q = 15 lt/pht; H = 2 bar
FC200,
SCS13,
S45C
Bm nh lng NaOH
25%
01 Q = 420 mL/pht
SUS304,
Teflon
Bm nc thi t b cha
nc ti s dng v cung
cp nc cho thp lm mt
02 Q = 5,5 m
3
/pht
FC200,
SCS13,
S45C
129
Lu lng thc t: 500 - 700 (m
3
/ngy) - Thit k: 550 (m
3
/ngy)
by trong Bng 4.16.
thng x l nc thi ca Cng ty SXG&BG 03
Ch tiu n v
Nng
u vo
Nng
u ra
Hiu qu
x l (%)
QCVN 12:2008
Ct B1
pH - 6,5 -6,8 6,3-7 - 5,5-9
Pt - Co 720-780 60-80 78-79 100
COD mgO
2
/L 3020-3210 125-150 84-85 200
BOD
5
mgO
2
/L 530-560 29-35 83-87 50
SS mg/L 925-950 80-90 87-89 100
Ngun: Cng ty SXG&BG 03 (2011)
Bm cc loi
Hng thng
- V sinh vi nc sch
- Loi b cc mng bm t bit trn cnh bm
- Co b hon ton r st v sn Epoxy nu cn
thit
- Kim tra xem bm c b h hng hay khng
- Kim tra v sit cht cc bu-lon, ai c
Hng nm Kim tra du nhn nu b vn c th thay du.
Lng ha cht s dng
Bng 4.17 Ha cht s dng cho h thng x l nc thi ca cng ty SXG&BG 03
S lng cng nhn vn hnh: 06 nhn vin. Trong , bao gm 01 trng
phng k thut v 02 nhn vin k thut c trnh i hc chuyn ngnh
mi trng, c kinh nghim lm vic trong lnh vc x l nc thi; 02 nhn
vin k thut; 03 cng nhn vn hnh.
F. Cc thng tin khc
Chi ph u t: 5.000.000.000 VN
3

Loi Ha cht Liu lng s dng(g/m
3
nc thi)
Cht keo t Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
.18H
2
O 50
130
B lc ct v than
My p bn
B lng bn sinh hc
ngnh sn xut Giy v bt giy

Hnh 4.7 H thng x l nc th sn xut giy v bt giy ca Cng ty SXG&BG
01, cng sut 3.200 m
3
/ngym

Sn nghing My tch rc Mng lng bt
Ngn tp trung
B keo t/ to bng
B lng
B sinh hc hiu kh
Thp gii nhit
B k kh IC
131
Ti liu tham kho
PHN TING VIT
[1] Trung tm sn xut Sch Vit Nam (VNCPC), Vin Khoa hc cng
ngh Mi trng (INEST), i hc Bch Khoa H Ni (HUT) (2009),
Bo co D n Sn xut sch hn v Sn phm tt hn (CP4BP).
[2] Tng cc mi trng (2009), Kho st nh gi s ph hp ca cc h
thng x l nc thi ang hot ng ti mt s ngnh lm c s cho
vic lp danh mc cc cng ngh khuyn khch p dng ti Vit Nam
Ngnh Ch bin Thy sn.
Ngnh Dt nhum.
Ngnh Sn xut Giy v bt giy.
[5] V hp tc quc t v khoa hc, cng ngh - Tng cc mi trng
(2009), Tiu ch v phng php nh gi s ph hp ca cng ngh
x l nc thi i vi ngnh cng nghip.
[6] VINATEX (2004), Xy dng k hoch, gii php v tin thc hin
nhm khc phc nhim mi trng ti 21 c s thuc h thng
ngnh dt may. Xy dng d n sn xut sch hn v trin khai thc
hin ti hai cng ty dt may, cng ty dt may Nam nh v cng ty
dt may H Ni, B Cng Nghip.
[7] Habubank Security (2009), Bo co tm tt ngnh giy Vit Nam.
[8] Vitas (2009), Hin trng sn xut ca ngnh Dt may Vit Nam.
PHN TING ANH
[1] Alaerts G. J., Veenstra S., Bentvelsen M. and Van Duijl LA. (1990).
Feasibility of anaerobic sewage treatment in sanitation strategies
in developing countries, International Institute for Hydraulic and
Environmental Engineering, IHE report series 20, Delft, The
Netherlands.
[2] Barry Dalal-Clayton (1993). Modified EIA and indicators of
sustainability: first steps towards sustainability analysis,
Environmental Planning Issues No.1.
[3] Boshier, J. A. (1993). Criteria for assessing appropriate technology
for sewage treatment and disposal, Water Science & Technology Vol
27 (1).
132
[4] Dunmade, IS. (2002). Indicators of sustainability: assessing the
suitability of a foreign technology for a developing economy.
Technology in Society, Technology in Society 24, p.461471.
[5] Eisenberg D., Soller J., Sakaji R. and Olivieri A. (2001). A
methodology to evaluation water and wastewater treatment plant
reliability, Water Science & Technology Vol 43 (10).
[6] Kalbermatten, John M., Julius, DeAnne S., Gunnerson, Charles G.
(1982). Appropriate sanitation alternatives: a technical and economic
appraisal, World Bank studies in water supply and sanitation 1.
[7] Lettinga G., Van Lier J.B., Van Buuren J.C.L. and Zeeman G. (2001).
Sustainable development in pollution control and the role of
anaerobic treatment, Water Science & Technology Vol 44 (6).
[8] Lucas, S. (2004). Anaerobic treatment of domestic wastewater in
subtropical regions, PhD Thesis, Wageningen University.
[9] Mara, D D. (1996). Low-cost urban sanitation. John Wiley & Sons,
West Sussex, UK.
[10] Metcalf and Eddy (2003). Wastewater Engineering Treatment and
Reuse, McGraw Hill.
[11] Nolberto, M. (2004). Multicriteria environmental assessment: a
practical guide, Kluwer Academic publisher.
[12] Loan, N. T. P. (2011). Greening texttile industry in Vietnam, PhD
Thesis, Wageningen University.
[13] Pickford, J. (1995). Low-cost sanitation: a survey of practical
experience. SRP, Exeter, London, UK.
[14] Parr J., Smith, M. and Shaw, R. (1999). Wastewater treatment
options, Technical Brief No. 64.
[15] Sarmento, V. (2001). Low-cost sanitation improvement in poor
communities: conditions for physical sustainability. PhD Thesis.
University of Leeds, Leeds, UK.
[16] Singhirunnusorn, M. and Stenstrom M. K. (2009). Appropriate
wastewater treatment systems for developing countries: criteria and
indictor assessment in Thailand. Water Science & Technology,
p.1873-1884.
[17] Tsagarakis, K. P., Mara D.D. and Angelakis A.N. (2001). Wastewater
management in Greece: experience and lesson for developing
countries, Water Science & Technology Vol 44(6).
[18] Ujang, A. and Buckley, C. (2002). Water and wastewater in
developing countries: present reality and strategy for the future.
Water Science Technolog, Water Science and Technology Vol 46, (9)
p.19.
133
Ph lc
Ph lc 1. Mu H s thuyt minh cng ngh
1. Gii thiu
- Tn cng ngh:
- Ngun gc cng ngh (trong nc hoc nc ngoi):
- T chc/c nhn chuyn giao cng ngh:
- a ch:
- in thoi, fax, e-mail:
- Thuc d n u t:
- Ni trin khai cng ngh:
2. Tm tt cng ngh
3. Nguyn l cng ngh
4. M t, thuyt minh cng ngh
4.1. Quy trnh cng ngh (theo s khi)
4.2. Chc nng ca mi cng on cng ngh
4.3. Nhng thit b chnh
TT Tn thit b
n v
tnh
S
lng
Cng
sut
Nc
sn xut
Nm
sn xut
1
2
5. Tnh ton thit k
5.1. Tiu chun thit k
5.2. Tnh ton thit k
6. Cn bng vt cht
7. Quy trnh vn hnh
8. Bn v
8.1. S mt bng
8.2. Cc bn v chi tit
9. Cc chi ph ca cng ngh
9.1. Gi xy lp v thit b
9.2. Chi ph vn hnh
9.3. Chi ph bo dng
134
10. Tnh an ton
10.1. An ton ca h thng thit b
10.2. An ton lao ng v mi trng
11. iu kin vn hnh
11.1. iu kin vn hnh
- Lu lng t... n....
- Thnh phn:
- Hm lng t... n ....
- Cc iu kin khc
11.2. Nguyn, nhin liu, ho cht, in nng
11.3. Nhn lc qun l v vn hnh
11.4. Phng n phng nga v khc phc s c
12. Bn quyn v s hu tr tu
- Vn bng bo h sng ch (nu c).
- Cam kt khng vi phm cc qui nh v s hu tr tu i vi cc cng
ngh x l cht thi ang ngh c thm nh, nh gi.
- Cam kt hon ton chu trch nhim trc php lut Vit Nam v quc t
nu vi phm v quyn s hu tr tu.
- Cam kt v mc chnh xc, tin cy ca cc thng tin cung cp.
13. Cc vn khc
- Cc vn khc cn b sung.
- i vi cc vn cn bo mt thng tin, cn ghi c th yu cu.
14. Kt lun
Ph lc. Cc ti liu lin quan
- Quyn s hu/sng ch.
- Cc ti liu lin quan: gii thng, khen thng.
- Kt qu th nghim hay kt qu trin khai cng ngh nhng ni khc.
- Nhng bi bo, cng trnh c lin quan cng b.
- Cc kt qu phn tch v quan trc nh k (i vi nh gi cng ngh,
nu c).
135
Ph lc 2. Ni dung v k hoch nh gi hin trng
1. T chc thc hin nh gi hin trng
Tn t chc:
i din: Chc v:
a ch:
in thoi: Fax: E-mail:
2. Cng ngh x l cht thi c nh gi
Tn cng ngh : Cng sut :
T chc/c nhn yu cu nh gi hin trng:
Ngi i din: Chc v:
a ch:
in thoi: Fax: E-mail:
Ni trin khai, p dng cng ngh:
3. Ni dung v k hoch nh gi
3.1. Phm vi (nhng hng mc cn nh gi), tn sut v phng php nh
gi
3.2. Ni dung v k hoch thc hin:
a) Mc ph hp ca h thng cng ngh x l cht thi thc t so vi h
s thuyt minh cng ngh.
b) Hiu qu x l ca cc cng on, quy trnh cng ngh v mc x l
u ra so vi tiu chun, quy chun k thut quc gia v mi trng (theo
cc thng s nhim chnh):
TT Hng mc Thng s Phng php/thit b Tn sut
1
2
c) Mc an ton lao ng v mi trng.
d) Tnh thun tin khi khi ng, ng v duy tr hot ng n nh h
thng.
c) Tnh thun tin trong kim sot, vn hnh v bo dng.
d) K nng cn thit ca nhn vin vn hnh.
) Tnh trng h thng thit b, vt liu sau mt thi gian vn hnh nht nh.
e) Hin trng h thng vn hnh trong iu kin: Khong hm lng/nng
, lu lng u vo; Thnh phn v khong hm lng/nng cc cht
nhim chnh.
f) S dng cc nguyn liu, ho cht, in...
g) Cc iu kin khc nh hng n hiu qu x l.
136
Ph lc 3. Bo co kt qu nh gi hin trng
1. Phn m u
1.1. Cn c, mc ch v yu cu nh gi.
1.2. T chc, c nhn ch tr, phi hp tham gia thc hin.
1.3. Tm tt v c s p dng cng ngh
1.4. Tm tt v cng ngh x l cht thi
2. Phng php v thit b phc v nh gi
2.1. Cc phng php thc hin
2.2. Cc thit b chnh s dng
3. Ni dung v kt qu nh gi
3.1. K hoch thc hin
3.1. Kt qu nh gi theo cc ni dung c ph duyt
4. Nhn xt v kt qu nh gi
5. Kt lun v kin ngh
Cc ph lc

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