B Gio dc v o to - Trng i hc Duy Tn

90
CNG NGH X L NC THI HIN
ANG C P DNG TI VIT NAM
TRN HIU NHU*
TRN HIN HOA
ABSTRACT
The article highlights the environmental situation in urban areas, industrial
zones and rural areas in Vietnam. The authors view the current status of wastewater
treatment in urban and rural areas in Vietnam. How to apply the wastewater treatment
technology is being a big concern in Vietnam.
Key words: environment; wastewater; treatment; urbanization.
1. Tng quan v th ha va phat trin nng thn Vit Nam
1.1 Qu trnh th ha
Qu trnh th ha ca Vit Nam c tm tt nh bng 1. Ti cui 2010 tng
dn s l 86,3 triu ngi. T l dn th chim 33% so vi tng s dn ton quc.
Bng 1. Din bin qu trnh th ha nc ta trong 25 nm qua v d bo
n nm 2020
Nm 1986 1990 1995 2000 2005 2009 2010
2020
(D bo)
S th cc loi 480 500 550 649 689 750 - -
Dn s th
(triu ngi)
11,87 13,77 14,938 19,47 22,6 25,4 30,4 46,0
T l dn s th
trn tng dn s (%)
19,3 20,0 20,75 24,18 26,7 29,6 33,0 45,0
Bng 2. Tng s th ton quc
S Min Bc Min Trung Min Nam Ton quc
Thnh ph 23 21 16 60
Th x 15 14 16 45
* GS.TS, Trng i hc Xy dng
K YU HI NGH KHOA HC
91
Th trn 262 201 163 626
Tng cng 300 236 195 731*
Tnh/TP 25 19 19 63
* Theo B XD l 754, tc l tc gi thng k theo ngun Wikimedia cn thiu 23
th trong ton quc.
Chin lc pht trin th n nm 2020: Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt
nh hng Quy hoch tng th pht trin th n nm 2020 trong Quyt nh
s 10/1998/Q-TTg ngy 23-1-1998, trong xc nh phng hng xy dng v
pht trin cc th trn a bn c nc v cc vng c trng. Hin c 752 th v
khong 1000 th vo nm 2020.
- Mc tng trng dn s th d bo: t khong 45% vo nm 2020.
- Chng trnh nng cp th quc gia giai on t nm 2009 n nm 2020
1.2 Qu trnh cng nghip ha
Cc khu cng nghip, cm cng nghip, khu ch xut, khu kinh t (KCN, CCN,
KCX, KKT):
Theo B K hoch v u t, tnh t nm 1991 n cui nm 2009, tri qua 20
nm xy dng v pht trin, c nc thnh lp c 223 KCN vi tng din tch
t nhin t 61.472 ha, phn b trn hu ht cc tnh thnh ph trong c nc. Trong
, c 171 KCN a vo hot ng vi din tch 57.264 ha, t t l lp y 50%.
Theo Quyt nh 1107/Q-TTg ngy 21-8-2006, n 2015 nc ta s c thm
115 KCN mi v m rng 27 KCN c v phn u t l lp y trung bnh t
khong 60%.
Ngoi cc KCN-KCX, hin c khong 1700 cm cng nghip (CCN) c ph
duyt, trong c 700 CCN a vo hat ng, 34 khu kinh t (KKT), trong c
15 KKT ven bin, 23 KKT ca khu. D kin, n nm 2020 c khong 40 khu kinh t.
Bng 3. S khu cng nghip ti 3 min tnh n thng 12 nm 2010
Ni dung Min Bc Min Trung Min Nam Tng
S lng KCN 90 50 125 265
- Cc doanh nghip hay x nghip cng nghip ni chung:
+ Nu k c nhng n v ngoi KCN, KCX, CCN, KKT, trn ton quc c
khong trn 500 000 doanh nghip vi tng s lao ng ti 4 triu ngi. D kin n
nm 2020 s c khong trn 600 000 doanh nghip. Ngoi ra nc ta cn c khong
1450-1500 lng ngh sn xut tiu th cng nghip.
1.3 Qu trnh pht trin nng thn
Ngy 2/2/2010, Th tng Chnh ph ban hnh Quyt nh s: 193/Q.TTg ph
duyt Chng trnh r sot quy hoch xy dng nng thn mi vi mc tiu n nm
2011 c bn ph kn quy hoch xy dng nng thn trn a bn c nc, lm c s
B Gio dc v o to - Trng i hc Duy Tn
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u t xy dng nng thn mi, thc hin mc tiu quc gia xy dng nng thn mi
giai on 2010-2020.
* Ngi dn tham gia quy hoch xy dng nng thn mi
* R sot quy hoch xy dng nng thn
Sang nm 2011 s tip tc trin khai lp quy hoch xy dng cc x cha c quy
hoch trong khu vc d kin hnh thnh cc vng ng lc pht trin trong tng lai:
KKT, KCNTT ca tnh; cc x c tim nng v sn xut nng nghip: trung tm ch
bin nng sn; vng sn xut cy trng, vt nui c sn; cc lng ngh truyn thng...;
c tim nng khai thc du lch. Khi lp quy hoch xy dng nng thn cho cc x ny
cn u tin cc x c kt cu h tng nng thn lc hu nhm mc tiu n nh dn c,
nng cao i sng.
* Mc tiu Chin lc pht trin kinh t x hi n nm 2020 ghi r v kt cu
h tng v mi trng th, cng nghip, nng thn:
Kt cu h tng tng i ng b, vi mt s cng trnh hin i. T l th
ha t trn 45%. S x t tiu chun nng thn mi khong 50%.
Ci thin cht lng mi trng. n nm 2020,,hu ht dn c thnh th v
nng thn c s dng nc sch v hp v sinh. 100% c s sn xut, kinh doanh
mi p dng cng ngh sch hoc trang b cc thit b gim nhim, x l cht thi;
trn 80% cc c s sn xut kinh doanh hin c t tiu chun v mi trng. Cc
th loi 4 tr ln v tt c cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut c h thng x l nc
thi tp trung. 95% cht thi rn thng thng, 85% cht thi nguy hi v 100% cht
thi y t c x l t tiu chun. Ci thin v phc hi mi trng cc khu vc b
nhim nng. Hn ch tc hi ca thin tai. Ch ng ng ph c hiu qu vi bin i
kh hu, c bit l nc bin dng.
2. Tng quan v x ly nc thai th va nng thn Vit Nam
2.1 X l nc thi sinh hot th
Hin ch c 6 th (H Ni, H Long, Nng, Bun Ma thut, Lt v TP
H Ch Minh) c trm x l nc thi tp trung vi 14 trm. Nhiu th ln nh Quy
Nhn, Nha Trang vn cha c trm x l nc thi tp trung. Nc thi sinh hot c
x l s b qua b t hoi sau theo cc tuyn cng v x trc tip ra mi trng.
Nm 2008, ti TP H Ch Minh xy dng nh my x l nc thi ln nht
Vit Nam vi cng sut 140 000 m3/ng. Ti TP H Ni ang xy dng nh my x l
nc thi cng sut 195 000 m3/ng do cng ty Gamuda-Malaysia u t
2.2 X l nc thi cc khu cng nghip (KCN)
Theo bo co hin trng mi trng KCN nm 2010, n cui nm 2009, ch c
74 trong tng s 171 khu cng nghip i vo hot ng Vit Nam c cng trnh
x l nc thi, 22 khu cng nghip ang xy dng v 75 trong s ny cha c cng
trnh x l nc thi (Con s ny n nay thay i)
Theo s liu iu tra, thng k ca cc tc gi:
K YU HI NGH KHOA HC
93
- Cc KCN tp trung khu vc pha Bc c tng lng nc thi d bo khong
250.000 m
3
/ng. Song cho n nay tng lng nc thi c x l ch khong 50.000
m
3
/ng, chim khong 20%.
- Hin nay trn min Trung c trn 30 khu cng nghip (KCN), ch c 5 KCN
c trm x l nc thi tp trung v n 2020 s khong 60 KCN .
- Hin min Nam c khong 126 KCN, n 2020 s c khong 150 KCN v
khong 800-900 CCN. Tuy nhin mi ch c khong 85/126 KCN, tc l khong hn
65% s KCN v ang xy dng nh my x l nc thi tp trung. i vi CCN
chc rng t l c trm x l nc thi tp trung cn thp hn nhiu.
Bng 4. S khu cng nghip -ang xy dng trm x l nc thi tp trung
(tnh n thng 12 nm 2010)
Ni dung Min Bc Min Trung Min Nam Tng
S KCN 90 50 125 265
S KCN c trm
XLNT tp trung*
42 20 85 147
Ghi ch: * k c hot ng v ang xy dng. S ang hot ng chim
2/3.
- Nc ta ang c 15 Khu kinh t ven bin, 23 Khu kinh t ca khu (tng cng
34 KKT), khong 1000 cm cng nghip (CCN) do tnh qun l
Bng 5. S lng cc Khu Cng nghip (KCN), Cm Cng nghip (CCN)
TT S lng 2008 2010 2015 2020
1
S KCN 194 265 270 350
S TXLNT 65 147 200 300*
2 S CCN 1000 1100 1300 1500
Ghi ch : *theo k hoch chin lc phi t 100% tc l phi c 350 TXLNT
tp trung Trong s 350 KCN vo nm 2020 (Bc: 120, Trung:70 v Nam: 160 KCN)
Bng 6. Phn loi cc khu cng nghip theo cng sut TXLNT ti 2010
TT Loai
Cng Sut
(m
3
/ng)
S TXL
Bc Trung Nam Tng
1 I Ti 2000 13 13 33 59
2 II Ti 5000 20 6 40 66
3 III Ti 10 000 4 1 7 12
4 IV Trn 10 000 5 0 5 10
42 20 85 147
Nhn chung t bng trn cho thy :
Trong tng s 147 trm x l nc thi tp trung ca cc KCN v ang xy
dng cho thy:
B Gio dc v o to - Trng i hc Duy Tn
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- Theo cng sut thit k:
+ 8,16 % s trm x l c cng sut t 5.500 n 10000 m
3
/ng;
+ 6,8% s trm x l nc thi c cng sut t 10 000-25.000 m
3
/ng .
+ 85% s trm x l nc thi c cng sut ti 5000 m
3
/ng.
+ Ti nm 2020, khi cc KCN m rng th cng sut vn hnh s tng ln.
- Trong thi gian ti, vic pht trin cc KCN s lm gia tng lng thi v cc
cht gy nhim mi trng, nu khng tng cng cng tc qun l mi trng th
s nh hng ti s tng trng bn vng cu t nc
- Ti nay trn ton quc c khong 350 - 400 ngn x nghip cng nghip, k c
trong v ngoi khu cng nghip. D kin n nm 2020 s c khong 600 ngn n v
x nghip cng nghip.
nh gi cng ngh v hot ng vn hnh x l nc thi:
- Do kh nng kinh t ca Vit Nam cn c hn, nn vic u t XLNT th
cha c nhiu, Ch yu l b t hoi. Vic ht bn t b t hoi cng cha thc hin
ng thi hn.
- Trong khong 10-15 nm li y cc c quan nghin cu v cc trng i hc
nghin cu theo hng cng ngh x l chi ph thp
- Vic qun l vn hnh v bo dng cc nh my x l nc thi vi mi cp
v quy m ang l mt vn ln khng ch i vi nc ta m c cc nc ang
pht trin. y khng ch n thun l qun l k thut, m cn lin quan n chi ph
kinh t. Do vy nhiu nh my/trm x l nc thi, khi xy dng vi kinh ph u t
ln nhng khng hot ng. H qu l hiu sut x l rt thp. y l mt vn cn
c nghin cu nh gi mt cch nghim tc. Mt trm x l nc thi cng sut
5000 m
3
/ngy, chi ph vn hnh khong 10 triu VND/ngy.
- Hin nay cng ngh, thit b x l nc thi nc ta c xut x t nhiu nc
nh Nht, Php, , H Lan, Anh, M,...Trong khi nc ta cn cha c cng nghip sn
xut, ch to thit b chuyn dng. y l thch thc ln i vi nc ta trong nhng
nm ti.
- i vi cc lng ngh, ang p dng mt s cng ngh khc nhau, ty thuc
lnh vc sn xut v iu kin c th ca a phng. Vn l vi cng ngh ha hc
hay ha l, cc c s c vn hnh mt cch thng xuyn hay vn hnh c hiu qu
hay khng li l chuyn khc.
2.3 X l nc thi bnh vin, trng hc hay c quan NCKH
Hin c nc c 13.640 c s y t cc loi, trong c khong 1219 bnh vin
v c s khm cha bnh, trong s bnh vin c trm x l nc thi t khong
25 30 % .
Bng 7. Thng tin v s lng cc c s y t
K YU HI NGH KHOA HC
95
TT Loai c s y t
S lng c s y t theo tuyn
Cng
TW Tnh Huyn T nhn
C s
y t nganh
1 Khm cha bnh 34 373 678 100 34 1.219
2 D phng 15 315 686 78 1.094
3 o to 14 63 0 77
4 Kinh doanh thuc 180 180
5 Trm y t x 11.104 11.104
Tng cng 63 751 1 364 100 11.396 13.674
Tng lng nc thi bnh vin c khong 200 000-250 000 m
3
/ngy.
2.4 X l nc r rc ti cc bi chn lp v cc khu x l rc
Ton quc c khong 98 bi chn lp CTR tp trung (c 16 bi c coi l chn
lp hp v sinh), c khong 10 c s x l cht thi rn th vi phn hu c
(composts) vi 25-30 trm x l nc rc.
3. Cng ngh x ly nc thai
3.1 Cng ngh x l nc thi th
3.1.1 c im v thnh phn ca nc thi th
Bng 8. Thnh phn cht bn chnh ca nc thi sinh hot
Loi Cht bn Nng (mg/L)
Ch tiu l hc
Tng cht rn l lng (TSS)
Cht hu c bay hi (VSS)
Tinh cn (FSS)
300
240
60

Tng cht rn ha tan (TDS)
Cht hu c ha tan bay hi
VDS)
Tinh cn ha tan (FDS)
440
175
265
Nhit 10 - 25
o
C
Mu xm (mi) - en (c)
Ch tiu ha hc BOD
5
250
COD 500
TOC 160

Tng N
N-hu c
N-Amoni
N- Nitrite
N- Nitrates
40
15
25
0
0
B Gio dc v o to - Trng i hc Duy Tn
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Tng P
P- Hu c
P- V c
9
4
5
Kim 100
Du m, cht bo (FOGs) 100
Ch tiu sinh
hc
Tng coliforms
Fecal coliforms
Non-fecal coliforms
10
8
- 10
9
MPN/L
10
7
- 10
8
MPN/L
9x10
7
- 9x10
8
MPN/L
Tng viruses
1.000-10.0000 infectious
units/L
Hnh 1. c im lu lng
ca nc thi sinh hot
Hnh 2. c im bin i BOD5
ca nc thi sinh hot
Hnh 4. Trm XLNT Cng vin Yn S Hnh 5. Nh my XLNT H Khnh
K YU HI NGH KHOA HC
97
Bng 9. Cht lng nc vo v ra trm x l nc thi
Thng s n v Dng vao Dng ra
Nhit
o
C < 40
pH - 6 - 9 6 - 9
BOD5 mg/l < 240 20
SS mg/l < 200 50
COD mg/l < 350 50
Nit mg/l < 40 30
Pht pho mg/l < 5 4
Coliform No/100ml 10 10
9
5000
Ghi ch
a. Cht lng nc dng ra sau x l tha mn Tiu chun TCVN 5945-2005:
Tiu chun x thi loi A, nay l QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT
b. Cc ch tiu cht lng nc thi u vo c nu trong Tiu chun TCVN
5945-2005 nhng khng cp n trong Ti liu ny c gi thit l bng hoc
thp hn mc yu cu.
3.1.2 Cng ngh tin tin
3.1.2.1 Ti cc th
(i) Hai trm x l th im Kim Lin, Trc Bch v khu th Bc Thng Long,
H Ni: c cng ngh ging nhau. Trm x l nc thi khu th Bc Thng Long
38.000-42.000 m
3
/ng.
Hnh 3. S dy chuyn cng ngh x l nc thi Kim Lin v Trc Bch
B Gio dc v o to - Trng i hc Duy Tn
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(ii) Cng ngh x l nc thi Yn S (CT GAMADA) theo cng ngh SBR
(Hnh 4)
(iii) Cng ngh x l nc thi ti TXL Bi Chy v H Khnh, Qung Ninh
(Hnh 5)
Tng cng sut hot ng ca hai nh my t trn 10.000m
3
/ngy. Cng ngh
x l nc thi ti hai nh my c nh gi l tin tin, hin i c tm nhn xa, cho
php TP H Long ch ng x l, bo v mi trng cho th trung tm v khu du
lch trng im khng ch trong hin ti m cn p ng trong nhiu nm sau. Trm
x l nc thi H Khnh c cng sut 7000 m
3
/ngy m, x l bng cng ngh vi
sinh SBR.
(iv) Hin nay c mt s thnh ph khc ang thc hin d n thot nc v v
sinh mi trng nh TP Hu, Vit tr, Thanh Ho, ng Hi, Nha Trang, Quy Nhn.
Cng ngh x l nc thi l cng ngh sinh hc hiu kh bng bn hot tnh hoc p
dng cng ngh x l n gin l h sinh hc. a s cc cc th Vit Nam cha c
nh my/trm x l nc thi tp trung (Hnh 6).
Hnh 6. S cng ngh x l nc thi th
(v) Nh my XLNT Bnh Hng -TP H Ch Minh vi cng ngh C-Tech
Ngy 26-12, ti x Bnh Hng huyn Bnh Chnh TPHCM, Ban Qun l d n
i l ng - Ty v mi trng nc TPHCM cng nh thu N.E.S (Nht Bn)
khnh thnh a vo vn hnh nh my x l nc thi ln nht nc (giai on 1), c
cng sut 141.000m3/ngy m, vi tng vn u t trn 4.160 t ng.
(vi) Cng ngh x l nc thi bng h sinh hc Nng (Hnh 7)
K YU HI NGH KHOA HC
99
Hnh 7. H sinh hc ti Nng
(vii) Cng ngh x l nc thi bng h sinh hc Bun Ma Thut (Hnh 8)

Hnh 8. Cng ngh x l nc thi ti Bun Ma Thut
Bng 10. Mt s cng ngh x l nc thi ang c s dng ti cc trm x
l nc thi min Nam Vit Nam
B Gio dc v o to - Trng i hc Duy Tn
100
S
T
T
Tn
NMXLNT
a
im
H
thng
thu
gom
Cng
ngh x
l nc
thi
Cng
sut
(m3/
ng)
X l
bn
Hin
trng
d n
Nm
thc
hin
Chi
ph xy
dng
(USD)
n
v ti
tr
1
NMXLNT
Bnh
Hng
(Tu
H Bn
Ngh)
Tp
H
Ch
Minh
Chung
Bn
hot tnh
truyn
thng
141.000
m3/ng
Lm
kh bn
bng pp
c hc
ang
vn
hnh
Bt u
nm
2006
100
triu
US$
JBIC
2
NMXLNT
Cn Th
Tp
Cn
Th
Chung
XL sinh
hc bng
bn hot
tnh
theo m
lin tc
(C-Tech)
30.000
m3/ng
bn
hiu kh
khng
cp
nhit,
Sn phi
bn c
mi che
ang
xy
dng
02/2007
6,76
triu
EUR
KfW
3
NMXLNT
Th Du 1
Tnh
Bnh
Dng
XL sinh
hc bng
bn hot
tnh
theo m
(SBR)
17.000
m3/ng
Lp
h s
mi
thu
2008-
2009
JBIC
4
NMXLNT
KCN Tr
Nc
KCN
Tr
Nc,
Cn
Th
Ring
Bn hot
tnh
12.000
m3/ng
Lm
kh bn
bng pp
c hc
ang
thit
k
2009
8,94
triu
EUR
KfW
5
Tham
Lng,
Bn Ct
TP.
HCM
C-Tech
250.000
m3/ng
Lm
kh bn
bng pp
c hc
ang
xy
dng
2010 KfW
anh gia chung v XLNT th
- Cng ngh s dng trong cc trm H Ni, TP H Ch Minh, H Long ng
dng cc cng ngh mi nht, bao gm cc cng ngh sinh hc hiu kh vi bn hot
tnh, cng ngh SBR v cng ngh C-Tech. l nhng cng ngh rt hin i, cho
hiu xut x l cao, thng thng t trn 98% vi BOD. trong cng ngh x l c th
loi b cc cht dinh dng nh Ni t v pht pho. i vi cc nh my x l do Nht
Xy dng c x l mi.
- Nhng cng ngh p dng cc khu dn c TP Nng, Bun Ma Thut,
ng Hi, l cc loi cng ngh sinh hc bng cc h sinh hc chi ph thp, t hiu
qu x l trung bnh v tn nhiu din tch.
3.1.2.2 Cng ngh x l nc thi ang p dng cc KCN tp trung Vit Nam
Trong thi gian qua ti nm 2010, c khong 70/150 KCN, KCX p dng
cng ngh x l nc thi tp trung nh KCN Nomura (Hi Phng), KCN Sui Du
(Khnh Ha), cc KCN Bin Ha 2, Amata, Loteco (ng Nai); cc KCX Tn Thun,
Linh Trung, cc KCN Tn To, L Minh Xun (TP. HCM); cc KCN Sng Thn I,
K YU HI NGH KHOA HC
101
Sng Thn II, Vit Hng, ng An, Vit Nam-Singapore, Bnh ng (tnh Bnh
Dng); KCN Ha Hip (Ph Yn) ... .
Bng 11. Hin trng p dng cng ngh x l nc thi tp trung ti mt s
KCN/KCX in hnh
TT Tn KCN/KCX Cng ngh x ly nc thai tp trung
01 KCN Bin Ha 2 Cng sut 4.000 m
3
/ng.m.
n v thit k, thi cng: Tp on SEGHERS - B.
S cng ngh:
Nc thi t cc nh my ---> B iu ha ---> X l ha l --> B sinh
hc kiu UNITANK ---> Kh trng --> Thi ra sng ng Nai
02 KCN Amata Cng sut 1.000 m
3
/ng.m
n v thit k, thi cng: Hydrotech - Thi Lan
S cng ngh:
Nc thi ---- > B iu ha ------> B sinh hc hiu kh bn hot tnh
------> Kh trng ------ > Thi ra sng ng Nai
03 KCN Loteco Cng sut 1.500 m3/ng.m.
n v thit k, thi cng: Cng ty Fusikasui, Nht Bn
Cng ngh x l: sinh hc hiu kh bn hot tnh.
04
KCN Vit Nam -
Singapore
Cng sut 6.000 m3/ng.m
n v thit k, thi cng: Cng ty Singapore.
S cng ngh:
Nc thi ----> Song chn rc ---> B iu ha ---> iu chnh pH --->
B lc sinh hc ---> B sc kh bn hot tnh ---> B lng ---> Kh trng
---> Thi ra knh Bnh Ha (ni vi rch ng B)
05 KCN Vit Hng Cng sut 1.000 m3/ng.m.
n v thit k, thi cng: Cng ty Chini - i Loan.
+ S cng ngh:
Nc thi -----> Song chn rc ---- > B iu ha ----> B sc kh bn
hot tnh -----> B lng 1 -----> B phn ng ------> B lng 2 ---->
Kh trng ----> Thi ra rch Chm Sao.
06
KCN Sng Thn
I &II:
Cng sut 4.000 m3/ng.m.
n v thit k, thi cng: Phongtech i Loan.
+ S cng ngh:
Nc thi ----- > Song chn rc ----- > B iu ha ------ > B sc kh bn
hot tnh ------- > B lng ------ > Bn lc ct ------- > Kh trng ------ >
Thi ra rch ng B
07 KCN ng An Cng sut 2.000 m3/ng.m
n v thit k: Cng ty Singapore.
+ S cng ngh:
Nc thi ------ > Song chn rc ------ > B bm ------ > B iu ha ----
-- > B sc kh bn hot tnh ----> B lng ----> Bn lc ct ------ > Kh
trng -----> Thi ra knh D.
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102
08 KCX Tn Thun Cng sut: 10.000 m
3
/ngy.m.
n v thit k, thi cng: Cng ty i Loan.
+ S dy chuyn x l:
Nc thi t cc nh my --->Song chn rc --->H bm - - - >
B iu ha--->B phn ng ha l ---> B lng --->Kh trng
09 KCX Linh Trung Cng sut: 2.000 m
3
/ngy.m.
n v thit k, thi cng: i Loan.
S dy chuyn x l:
Nc thi t cc nh my ---> Song chn rc --->B bm --->B iu
ha --->B sc kh bn hot tnh---> B lng ---> Bn lc ct ---> Bn
lc than hot tnh --->Thi ra ngun tip nhn.
10
KCN L Minh
Xun
Cng sut (giai on 1): 2.000 m
3
/ngy.m.
n v thit k, thi cng: i Loan
+ S dy chuyn x l:
Nc thi t cc nh my -->Song chn rc -->B bm --> B iu ha
--> B trung ha -->B phn ng keo t --> B lng 1--> B sc kh bn
hot tnh --->B lng 2---> Kh trng --> Thi ra knh.
t tiu chun TCVN 5945 2005 (Loi B)
11 KCN Tn To Cng sut thit k (giai on 1): 6.000 m
3
/ngy.m
n v thit k cng ngh: Vin K thut Nhit i & Bo v Mi trng
S dy chuyn x l:
Nc thi t cc nh my--->B bm ---> B iu ha --->B trung ha-
--> B sc kh bn hot tnh ---> B lng IAF --->X ra knh.
t tiu chun TCVN 5945-2005/QCVN 24:2009/BTNMT (Loi B)
Ngun : Phn vin Nhit i-Mi trng Qun s
3.1.2.3 X l nc thi ti bnh vin
Cc cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin hin ang c p dng ti Vit Nam
nh sau:
Nhm 1: Nc thi c x l s b v kh trng.
Nc thi khu v sinh -- b t hoi - kh trng
Nhm 2: Nc thi c x l theo s :
Nc thi qua mng cng ngm-Tram Bm-B lng ct- b lng hai v,-
b lc sinh hc-Lng ng t hai- kh trng-X ra ngun tip nhn
Nhm 3: Nc thi sau b t hoi - Mng li cng ngm -B cha+Song
chn rc- Tram bm -b aroten -Lng t hai- kh trng - x ra bn ngoi.
Nhm 4: Cc trm x l nc thi do nc ngoi ti tr nh BV Nhi Thu in
H ni v BV Ung B. y l cc trm x l nc thi c cng ngh tin tin, hon
chnh t khu x l, kh trng nc thi, kh trng v keo t, lm kh bn cn
K YU HI NGH KHOA HC
103
Nhm 5: Trung tm T vn Chuyn giao Cng ngh Nc sch v Mi trng
p dng s :
Nc thi sau b t hoi-Mng li cng ngm- B cha+r chn rc-Trm
bm-B iu ho-c sc kh v lp m v lm thong s b -Thit b x l hp
khi sinh hc k kh-thiu kh-hiu kh (Mng sinh hc+Bn hot tnh+ch phm vi
sinh BIOWC96+ DW97) theo mun vi ch phm keo t v lng - Kh trng - x
ra mi trng
Hnh 9. Cng ngh x l nc thi ti bnh vin Bc Ninh
3.1.2.4 X ly nc thai tai cac bi chn lp hp v sinh
Thnh phn v tnh cht ca nc rc thng dao ng rt ln, ph thuc vo
nhiu yu t: Thnh phn rc, tui th bi rc, ch vn hnh, chiu cao lp rc, nhit
, iu kin thy vn.
Hm lng BOD
5
, COD, Nit rt cao, gy kch thch s pht trin ca rong to
gy ra hin tng ph dng ngun nc.
B Gio dc v o to - Trng i hc Duy Tn
104
Hnh 10. S cng ngh x l nc r rc
3.1.3 X ly nc thai chi ph thp
3.1.3.1 Mi trng x ly
X l trong mi trng nc
H sinh hc
- H k kh
- H ty tin
- H x l trit / h hiu kh
X l trong mi trng t
X l trong mi trng t ngp nc
3.1.3.2 X ly tp trung
- H sinh hc n nh nc thi
- Bi lc ngp nc
- H thng lc ct gin on
- H thng x l bc hi nc bng thc vt
- Cc phng php x l k kh nc thi
- X l n nh nc thi bng thc vt
K YU HI NGH KHOA HC
105
- Lc ct
3.1.3.3 X l nc thi ti ch
- B t hoi
- B t hoi c ngn lc hiu kh
- B t hoi nhiu vch ngn vi ngn lc k kh (BASTAF)
- Ging thm
- Bi lc ngm
- B Biogas
3.1.3.4 X l nc thi trong iu kin nhn to
Bng 12. Cc phng php v cng trnh x l sinh hc nc thi trong iu
kin nhn to.
Cac phng phap xy ha Nguyn tc XLNT Cac loai cng trnh XLNT
H hp hiu kh (mi trng
c xy t do)
Hp th v xy ha cht hu
c trong cc bng bn hot
tnh (vi sinh vt sinh trng
l lng)
- Cc Aeroten truyn thng
-Aeroten thi kh theo bc
- Aeroten trn
- Knh xy ha tun hon
- Aeroten kt hp nitrat ha v
kh nitrat
Hp th v xy ha cht hu
c trn mng sinh vt (vi sinh
vt sinh trng dnh bm)
- B lc sinh hc
- a lc sinh hc
- Cng trnh thi kh tip xc
H hp k kh v ln men (mi
trng khng c xy t do)
Qu trnh h hp v ln men
k kh
- B Mtan
- B lc k kh
3.2 X ly nc thai bng cng ngh ha hoc
Phng php kt ta nc thi
S dng ha cht loi cht rn l lng
Phn nhm; Vi; Sulfate st v vi ; Ferric chloride; Ferric chloride v vi;
Ferric sulfate v vi
Phng php xy ha-kh
Phng php quang xc tc
Phng php hp th-hp ph
X l bng bt than hot tnh
B Gio dc v o to - Trng i hc Duy Tn
106
Phng php kh trng
D lng chlorine trong qu trnh s dng chlorine kh trng
3.3 anh gia v cng ngh x ly nc thai ang ap dung tai cac th, KCN
ca Vit Nam
3.3.1 Nhng nhn xt chung
Cc nghin cu ca Cng ty c phn t vn xy dng cng nghip v th Vit
nam (nm 2007), Vin Ha hc cng nghip Vit Nam (nm 2007), u cho thy
phn ln cc c s sn xut u c nh mc nc thi sn xut di 30 m
3
/ha.ngy.
V cng ngh x l, hin nay cc khu cng nghip v khu ch xut c cc h
thng XLNT thit k theo cc nhm cng ngh sau y:
(1) Cng ngh truyn thng vi x l sinh hc bng bn hot tnh v b lc sinh
hc.
(2) Cng ngh XLNT vi qu trnh x l sinh hc hiu kh bng h vi sinh vt
sinh trng dnh bm, hp khi vi cc cng trnh x l khc trong b x l.
(3) Cng ngh XLNT vi qu trnh x l sinh hc bng bn hot tnh thi kh
ko di
3.3.2 nh gi chung
c nhiu cng ngh XLNT c p dng ti cc HTXLNT tp trung ca cc
KCN, KCX. Nhn chung cc cng ngh XLNT p dng kh phong ph, t n gin
n phc tp, trong tp trung vo 2 nhm chnh sau:
- Cng ngh x l ha l bao gm cc cng on nh lng s b, tch du, tuyn
ni, iu chnh pH, keo t to bng, lc, kh trng bng Clorine
- Cng ngh x l sinh hc bao gm cc cng ngh x l sinh hc k kh v
cng ngh sinh hc hiu kh .
Ty theo vo cc loi nc thi khc nhau, quy m v kh nng u t, yu cu
x l i hi m cc cng ngh c p dng ring r hoc c kt hp. Cng ngh
ph bin nht c s dng l cng ngh sinh hc hiu kh bn hot tnh v cng ngh
x l ha l keo t to bng, kh trng.
C nhiu HTXLNT c xy dng v vn hnh da trn mt s cng ngh hin i,
c hiu qu x l cao gp phn rt ng k vo vic gim thiu nhim mi trng.
Bn cnh cng c mt s HTXLNT c xy dng v vn hnh da trn cc
cng ngh lc hu hoc n gin nn hiu qu x l khng t c yu cu, va tn
km li vn gy nhim mi trng.
K YU HI NGH KHOA HC
107
4. Kt lun
- Tnh hnh XLNT nc ta c bc pht trin v cht cng nh v lng;
- Cng tc x l cn gp nhiu kh khn, c bit l cn b vn hnh, ba tr,
bo dng;
- Phng php nh gi tnh n nh ca HTXLNT theo cc tiu ch v ch tiu
t thit lp rt kh thi;
- Vic la chn nhm chuyn gia nh gi tnh n nh ca HTXLNT ng
vai tr quan trng.
B Gio dc v o to - Trng i hc Duy Tn
108
TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Quyt nh 1929/Q-TTg, ngy 29 thng 11 nm 2009 ca Chnh ph c v vic ph
duyt "nh hng pht trin cp nc th v khu cng nghip Vit Nam n nm 2025 v tm nhn
n nm 2050".
[2] Quyt nh 1930/Q-TTg, ngy 29 thng 11 nm 2009 ca Chnh ph v vic ph duyt
"nh hng pht trin thot nc th v khu cng nghip Vit Nam n nm 2025 v tm nhn n
nm 2050"..
[3] Quyt nh s 63/1998/Q-TTg, ; Ngy 18 thng 3 nm 1998, ca Chnh ph v vic ph
duyt "nh hng pht trin cp nc th n nm 2020".
[4] Quyt nh s /1999/Q-TTg, ; Ngy thng nm 1999, Chnh ph v vic ph duyt
"nh hng pht trin cp nc th n nm 2020".
[5] Ngh nh 88/2007/N-CP, ngy 28/5/2007 ca Chnh ph v thot nc th v khu cng
nghip.
[6] Thng t s: 09 /2009/TT-BXD ngy 21 thng 5 nm 2009, Quy nh chi tit thc hin mt
s ni dung ca Ngh nh s 88/2007/N-CP ngy 28/5/2007 ca Chnh ph v thot nc th v
khu cng nghip
[7] Lut Bo v Mi trng 1994, 2005
[8] Lut Ti nguyn Nc, 1999.
[9] D n Cp nc, Thot nc v V sinh mt s th do Ngn Hng Th Gii ti tr D n
cho Chnh ph Vit Nam t 2000-2010
[10] D tho thit k in hnh cc cng trnh v sinh. Vin Nghin cu, thit k Kin trc. H
ni 2000.
[11] Tran Hieu Nhue, Nguyen Viet Anh, Tran Duc Ha, 1998 Some results of experimental study
on application of Japan Urbanwing model in Vietnam.
[12] nh hng thot nc th n nm 2020. B Xy dng 1999.
[13] Hi tho Quc t : i mi c ch chnh sch qun l sn phm Cng ch Cp nc, Thot
nc v v sinh th Vi nam. H ni 5 - 6 thng 12 nm 2002.
[14] Hi tho v trin lm Quc t : Thot nc th Vi nam. H ni 6,7 thng 12 nm 2001.
[15] Trn c H, X l nc thi sinh hot quy m nh v va. NXB Khoa hc v K thut,
2002.
[16] Hong Vn Hu, Trn c H, Thot nc tp 2 X l nc thi. Nh XB Khoa hc v
K thut, 2001.
[17] Quy hoch tng th thot nc thnh ph H ni do JICA thit lp nm 1994 v c
Chnh ph CHXHCNVN ph duyt nm 1995.
[18] Nguyn Tn-Ch tch Hi Cp Thot nc Vit Nam- Lnh vc Cp Thot nc, x l
nc thi c trch nhim gp phn pht trin bn vng th Vit Nam.. Tp ch Cp Thot nc s 4
(73)-Thng 7/2010.
[19] Trn Hiu Nhu, Nc trong th- Xy dng- Tp ch ca B Xy dng s 10-2009
[20] Trn Hiu Nhu, L Th Dung, ng Quc Dng,Trn c H, Hi, Phm Ngc Thi,Cp
K YU HI NGH KHOA HC
109
nc v v sinh Nng thn. H ni 2001.
[21] Trn Hiu Nhu-Nghin cu khoa hc cng ngh nc v mi trng-Thc trng v thch
thc. Tp ch Cp Thot nc s 4 (73)-Thng 72010.
[22] Trn Hiu Nhu- o to k s Cp thot nc- Mi trng-Thnh tu v Thch thc. Tp
ch Cp Thot nc s 1+2 (70+71)-T1+T3/2010
[23] Phng Ch S, Trn Hiu Nhu , Chu Th Sng v nnk- ti Pht trin cng ngh Mi
trng ti Vit Nam, H Ni 2003.
[24] V Vn Hiu, Nguyn Thnh. Bo co ti" ti liu hng dn la chn cc m hnh phc
v cho x l mi trng nng thn ph hp vi cc vng khc nhau". H ni 1-2001.
[25] Expressbuzz - GIS trong qun l cp thot nc ti Bangalore - n . Th t, 20 Thng
5 2009- Vit bi VidaGIS - Trch dch t expressbuzz
[26] Chuyn nh gi thc trng nhim do nc thi bnh vin v cng ngh x l thuc
DA BV 05 B NN&PTNN 2007
[27] URBANWING , ti liu hi tho ti CEETIA 1997.
[28] DEWATS. Decentralised WasteWater Treatment in Developing Countries. Ludwig Sasse
1998.
[29] Vidagis. Qun l thot nc th
[30] CEETIA - EAWAG, 2001. Decentralized Wastewater Treatment and Reuse. Global
Overview and New Concepts. Nguyen Viet Anh. Co-investigators: Tran Hieu Nhue, Tran Duc Ha, Do
Hong Anh, Roland Schertenleib, Udo Heinss.
[31] Duncan Mara . Sewage Treatment in Hot Climates. English Languge Book Society and John
Wiley & Sons Chichester
[32] Ludwig Sasse, 1998. Decentralised WasteWater Treatment in Developing Countries.
DEWATS.
[33] Tran Hieu Nhue, Nguyen Viet Anh, and others, 2003. Study of septic tank of bafled
chambers with anaerobic flters for application in urban areas of 3,4,5 classes and periferi urban centers.