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Culture Documents
ng
tin
=
Ti
n +
u t
ti
chnh
ngn
hn
(Ngun : Ngn hng TMCP Ngoi thng Vit nam)
Bc 3 : Chm im cc ch tiu phi ti chnh bao gm nm nhm
vi hai
mi lm ch tiu, mi ch tiu nh gi c nm khong gi tr chun tng
ng l nm mc im 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 im ban u) nh trnh by trong
cc Bng I.07, I.08, I.09, I.10 v I.11. Tng im phi ti chnh c tng
hp theo Bng 2.04.
Bng 2.04 : im trng s cc ch tiu phi ti chnh chm im
XHTD doanh nghip ca Vietcombank
Cc yu t phi ti chnh
DNNN Doanh
nghip
khc
TNN
T trng T trng T
trng 1 Lu chuyn tin t 25% 24% 30%
2 Trnh qun l 27% 30% 27%
3 Quan h tn dng 20% 20% 18%
4 Cc yu t bn ngoi 13% 13% 15%
5 Cc c im hot ng
khc
15% 13% 10%
(Ngun : Ngn hng TMCP Ngoi thng Vit nam)
Cc bng chm im ch tiu phi ti chnh.
Bng nh gi dng tin doanh nghip
Bng I.07 : Tiu chun nh gi dng tin ca doanh nghip theo
Vietcombank
Ch
tiu
im
chun
20 16 12 8 4
1 H s kh nng tr li (t
thu
nhp thun)
4 ln 3 ln 2 ln 1 ln <1 ln
hoc m
2 H s kh nng tr n gc (t
thu
nhp thun)
2 ln 1,5 ln 1 ln < 1 ln m
3 Xu hng ca lun chuyn
tin t
thun trong qu kh
Tng
nhanh
Tng n nh Gim m
4 Trng thi lun chuyn
tin t
thun t hot ng kinh
doanh
> Li
nhun
thun
Bng
li
nhu
n
thun
< Li
nhun
thun
Gn
im
ho
vn
m
5 Tin v cc khon tng
ng
tin/Vn ch s hu
2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 Gn
bng
0
(Ngun : Ngn hng TMCP Ngoi thng Vit nam)
Bng nh gi trnh qun l
Bng I.08 : Tiu chun nh gi nng lc qun l ca doanh nghip theo
Vietcombank
Ch
tiu
im
chun
20 16 12 8 4
1 Kinh nghim trong
ngnh/lnh vc
kinh
doanh ca gim c
15-25
nm
10-15
nm
5-10 nm 1-5 nm
hoc >
25 nm
Mi
thnh
lp
2 Thi gian lm lnh
o
doanh nghip ca
Gim
c
5-10 nm 3-5 nm 2-3 nm 1-2 nm
hoc >10
nm
Mi c
b nhim
3
Mi trng kim
sot ni b
c xy
dng,
ghi
chp,
kim tra
thng
xuyn
c xy
dng
Xy dng
khng
chnh
thc,
khng
ghi chp
Kim sot
ni b
hn ch
Kim
sot
ni b
tht
bi
4 nh gi nng lc
iu
hnh ca Gim c
Rt tt Tng
i
tt
Kh Trung
bnh
Km
5
nh gi tm
nhn, chin
lc kinh doanh
trong thi gian ti
ca doanh nghip
Rt kh
thi. Ph
hp xu
th th
trng
v nh
hng
ca Nh
nc
Tng
i
kh thi.
Ph hp
xu th
th
trng
v nh
hng
ca
Nh nc
Kh thi
km.
Ph hp
xu th
th
trng
v nh
hng
ca
Nh
nc.
Khng
kh thi.
Khng
ph hp
xu th
th
trng
v nh
hng
ca
Nh
nc.
Khng
kh thi.
Khng
ph hp
xu th
th
trng
v nh
hng
ca
Nh nc
(Ngun : Ngn hng TMCP Ngoi thng Vit nam)
Bng nh gi uy tn giao dch ca doanh nghip
Bng I.09 : Tiu chun nh gi uy tn giao dch ca doanh nghip theo
Vietcombank
Ch
tiu
im
chun
20 16 12 8 4
1 Tr n ng hn Lun tr
n
n
g
hn
trong hn
36
thng
va qua
Lun tr
ng hn
trong
khong
t
12-36
thng
va
qua
Lun tr
n
n
g
hn trong
khong
12 thng
va qua
Khch
hng mi
Khng
tr
n ng
hn
2 S ln gin n hoc
gia
hn n
Khng c 1 ln
trong
36
thn
g va
qua
1 ln
trong
12
thn
g va
qua
2 ln
trong
12
thn
g va
qua
3 ln
tr
ln trong
12 thng
va qua
3 N qu hn trong qu
kh
Khng c 1x30
ngy
qu
h
n trong
vng 36
thng
qua
1x30
ngy
qu hn
trong
vng 12
thng
qua,
hoc
2x30
ngy qu
hn
trong
vng 36
thng qua
2x30
ngy
qu
h
n trong
vng 12
thng
qua,
hoc
1x90
ngy
qu
hn
trong
vng 36
thng qua
3x30
ngy
qu hn
trong
vng 12
thng
qua
hoc
2x90
ngy qu
hn
trong
vng 36
thng qua
4 S ln cc cam kt
mt
kh nng thanh
ton (Th tn
dung, bo lnh, cc
cam kt khc)
Cha
tng
c
Khng
mt kh
nng
thanh
ton
trong
vng 24
thng
qua
Khng
mt kh
nng
thanh
ton
trong
vng 12
thng
qua
tng
b
mt kh
nng
thanh
ton
trong
vng 24
thng
qua
tng
b
mt kh
nng
thanh
ton
trong
vng 12
thng
qua
5 Cung cp thng tin
y
v ng hn theo
yu
cu ca Vietcombank
C,
trong
thi
gia
n
trn 36
thng
va qua
C,
trong
thi gian
t 12
n
36 thng
va qua
C,
trong
thi gian
di 12
thng
qua
Khch
hng mi
Khng
(Ngun : Ngn hng TMCP Ngoi thng Vit nam)
Bng nh gi cc yu t bn ngoi doanh nghip
Bng I.10 : Tiu chun nh gi cc yu t bn ngoi ca doanh
nghip theo
Vietcombank
Ch tiu
im
chun
20 16 12 8 4
1 Trin vng
ngnh
Thun li n nh Pht trin
km.
khng pht
trin
Bo ho Suy thoi
2 Uy
tn/Dan
h
ting doanh
nghip
C, trn
ton cu
C, trong
nc
C, a
phng
t c
bit n
Khng
c bit
n
3 V th cnh
tranh
Cao,
chim u
th
Bnh
thng,
ang
ph
t trin
Bnh
thng
,
ang st gim
Thp,
ang st
gim
Rt thp
4 S lng
i
th cnh
tranh
Khng
c,
c
quyn
t t, s lng
ang
tn
g nhanh
Nhiu Nhiu,
s
lng
ang tng
5 Chnh sch
Nh nc
lin
quan
doan
h nghip
Thun li Tng i
thun li
Bnh thng Khng
thun li
ang c
chnh
sch
hn ch
(Ngun : Ngn hng TMCP Ngoi thng Vit nam)
Bng nh gi cc yu t khc
Bng I.11 : Tiu chun nh gi cc yu t khc ca doanh nghip theo
Vietcombank
Ch tiu
im
chun
20 16 12 8 4
1 a dng
ho
theo ngnh,
th
trng, v tr
a dng
ho
cao
Ch 2 trong 3 Ch 1
trong
3
Khng,
ang pht
trin
Khng
a
dng
ho 2 Thu nhp t
hot ng
xut khu
C, chim
>70%
th
u nhp
C, chim
>50% thu
nhp
C, chim
>20%
th
u nhp
C, chim
<20%
th
u nhp
Khng
c
3 S ph
thuc
nh cung
cp,
khch hng
Khng c t Ph thuc
nhiu,
ang
pht trin.
Ph thuc
nhiu, n
nh
C ph
thuc,
chun
b
l
4 Li nhun
sau
thu
Tng
trng
mnh
C tng
trng
n nh Suy thoi L
5 V th ca doanh nghip
i vi
doanh
doanh nghip
Nh nc
c quyn
quc gia
- Ln
c quyn
quc
gia - Nh
a
phng
- Ln
a
phng
- Trung
bnh
a
phng
- Nh
5 Cc doanh
nghip khc
Ln, nim
yt
Trung bnh
nim yt;
Ln
khng nim
yt
Ln/trung
bnh,
khng
nim yt
Nh, nim
yt
Nh,
khng
nim
yt
(Ngun : Ngn hng TMCP Ngoi thng Vit nam)
Bc 4 : Xc nh tng im cui cng xp hng doanh nghip.
Trong chm im XHTD doanh nghip, m hnh chm im cn xc nh
mc tin cy ca s liu theo tiu ch c hay khng c kim ton bo co ti
chnh. Nhng doanh nghip nu c bo co ti chnh kim ton th s
c cng thm 6 im vo
tng im cc ch tiu ti chnh v phi ti chnh nhn trng s. Tng
im cui cng c nhn vi trng s theo trnh by nh trong Bng 2.05.
Bng 2.05 : im trng s cc ch tiu ti chnh v phi ti chnh
chm im
XHTD doanh nghip ca Vietcombank
Ch
tiu
DNNN Doanh nghip
khc
TNN
T
trng
T trng T trng
1 Chm im ti chnh 50% 40% 60%
2 Chm im phi ti chnh 50% 60% 40%
3 im thng bo co
ti
chnh c kim ton.
+ 6 im + 6 im + 6 im
(Ngun : Ngn hng TMCP Ngoi thng Vit nam)
Cn c tng im t c cui cng nhn vi trng s, cc doanh
nghip c XHTD theo mi loi tng ng mc ri ro tng dn t
AAA (C mc ri ro thp nht n D (C mc ri ro cao nht nh
trnh by trong Bng 2.06.
Bng 2.06 : H thng k hiu XHTD doanh nghip ca Vietcombank
im Xp loi nh gi xp hng doanh nghip
> 92,3
AAA
Tim lc mnh, nng lc qun tr tt, hot
ng hiu
qu, trin vng pht trin, thin ch tt. Ri
ro thp nht. u tin p ng ti a nhu cu
tn dng vi mc u i v li sut, c th p
dng cho vay khng c ti sn m bo. Tng
cng mi quan h vi khch hng.
84,8 - 92,3
AA
Hot ng hiu qu, trin vng tt, thin ch tt.
Ri ro
thp. u tin p ng ti a nhu cu tn dng
vi mc
u i v li sut, c th p dng cho vay
khng c ti sn m bo. Tng cng mi
quan h vi khch hng.
77,2 - 84,7
A
Hot ng hiu qu, tnh hnh ti chnh tng
i tt,
kh nng tr n m bo, c thin ch. Ri ro
thp.
u tin p ng nhu cu tn dng. Khng yu
cu cao v bin php m bo tin vay.
69,6 - 77,1
BBB
Hot ng hiu qu, c trin vng pht trin.
C mt s
hn ch v ti chnh v qun l. Ri ro trung
bnh. C th m rng tn dng. Hn ch p
dng cc iu kin u i. nh gi k v chu
k kinh t v tnh hiu qu khi cho vay di hn.
62,0 - 69,5
BB
Hot ng hiu qu thp. Tim lc ti chnh
v nng
lc qun l trung bnh. Ri ro trung bnh. C
th gp
kh khn khi cc iu kin kinh t bt li ko
di.
Hn ch m rng tn dng, ch tp trung tn
dng ngn
hn v yu cu ti sn m bo y .
54,4 - 61,9
B
Hiu qu khng cao v d b bin ng. Ri ro.
Tp trung thu hi n vay.
46,8 - 54,3
CCC
Hot ng hiu qu thp, nng lc ti chnh
khng m
bo, trnh qun l km. Ri ro. C nguy c
mt vn.
Hn ch cp tn dng. Gin n v gia hn n
ch thc hin nu c phng n khc phc kh
thi.
39,2 - 46,7
CC
Hot ng hiu qu thp, ti chnh khng
m bo,
trnh qun l km. Ri ro cao.
31,6 - 39,1
C
B thua l v t c kh nng hi phc, tnh
hnh ti
chnh km, kh nng tr n khng m bo.
Ri ro rt cao. C nhiu kh nng khng thu hi
c n vay.
Tp trung thu hi n, k c x l sm ti sn
m bo. Xem xt a ra ta kinh t.
<31,6
D
Thua l nhiu nm, ti chnh khng lnh mnh,
qun l
yu km. c bit rt ri ro. C nhiu kh nng
khng
thu hi c n vay.
Tm mi bin php thu hi n, x l sm
ti sn
m bo. Xem xt a ra ta kinh t.
(Ngun : Ngn hng TMCP Ngoi thng Vit nam)
Bc 5 : i chiu kt qu chm im XHTD vi thc trng ca doanh
nghip thc hin iu chnh kt qu xp hng theo nguyn tc :
a) Ch c th h bc, khng c tng bc.
b i vi nhng khch hng c bt k mt khon n trong h thng
cc t chc tn dng ti thi im chm im b qu hn trn 90 ngy th bt
buc phi h ti thiu 1 bc nhng phi m bo khch hng ch thuc 1
trong 3 nhm cui (T CC tr xung D).
c) i vi nhng trng hp cn b nh gi kt qu xp hng cha
ph hp vi nng lc/mc ri ro thc t ca doanh nghip (Kh nng ti
chnh ca khch hng yu km, kinh doanh thua l, h thng qun l km,
ngnh ngh kinh doanh chnh ang gp nhiu kh khn, gia hn n nhiu
ln v kh nng tr n thp) nhng khng thuc loi c n qu hn trn 90
ngy th c th h ti thiu 1 bc, nhng phi nu r l do h bc.
III. Thc trng phn tch tn dng chung ca cc NHTM
1. Thc trng
1.1. Mt s NHTM thc hin tch cc chc nng hot ng : quan h khch
hng, thm nh ri ro, quyt nh tn dng, qun l n.Chc nng cho vay tn
dng chnh sch v cho vay tn dng thng mi c tch bch
1.2. NHTM c nhiu bin php phng nga v x l ri ro tn dng
Theo Quyt nh Q 493/2005/Q-NHNN ngy 22/04/2005 ca Thng c
Ngn hng Nh nc (NHNN) v vic ban hnh Quy nh phn loi n, trch lp
v s dng d phng x l ri ro tn dng trong hot ng ngn hng ca T
chc tn dng (TCTD) v Quyt nh s 18/2007/Q-NHNN ngy 25/04/2007
ca Thng c NHNN v vic sa i, b sung mt s iu ca Quyt nh 493,
n ca cc NHTM c chia thnh 5 nhm:
- N nhm 1 - n thng thng - trch d phng 0%
- N nhm 2 n cn ch trch lp d phng 5%
- N nhm 3-5 : n xu
y l mt bc tin mi vi cch phn nhm n , theo Q 493 tin
gn ti nhng chun mc quc t, l cc loi n vi mc ri ro khc nhau
gn lin vi t l trch d phng khc nhau, bc u to nn qu d phng
ln x l tn tht. Cng theo Q ny, n xu (nhm 3,4,5) chim t l khong
t 2 - 5%, mt t l chp nhn c.C th thy vi cch phn chia th to iu
kin cho cc ngn hng nh gi cc khon n mt cch chnh xc t nhn
nh v khch hng tt nht nhm hn ch ri ro cho ngn hng.
1.3. Hot ng tn dng cc NHTM pht trin nhanh chng ph hp vi nn
kinh t th trng
Nu nh trc y khch hng phi tm n ngn hng cu cnh vay tin,
th nay ngn hng quc doanh ln ngn hng TMCP khng nhng len vo nhng
khong trng m h thng ngn hng trc y cha ph sng n m cn chy
ua tm khch hng ti tr vn.Cc ngn hng ni a ang tng tc chy ua
tm kim khch hng.Cc ngn hng ci tin th tc, nhanh chng thm nh
d n mt cch chnh.
Cc ngn hng u t h thng cng ngh,tp trung d liu khch hng
ca cc chi nhnh, gip cp qun l c th kim sot c qu trnh thm nh
tm ra nhng khch hng tim nng.
Vi nhng khch hng vay vn c uy tn cc ngn hng p dng ch u
i hn.Ngoi ra, ngn hng s cp hn mc tn dng ph hp, a dng ho cc
loi hnh cho vay p ng nhu cu vn ca doanh nghip ch khng nht thit
phi l thuc vo ti sn m bo. Chnh v vy m cc ngn hng chy ua
trong vic tm kim khch hng tim nng.Trn th trng tn dng v ang n
r cc chng trnh khuyn mi rm r, cc c bt tay lin kt ca cc ngn hng
v doanh nghip, ngn hng v cc siu th ln.
Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn Thng Tn Sacombank s dng chiu
nh vo tm l cc doanh nghip vi mong mun c ng hnh cng ngn
hng trn bc ng kinh doanh. Sacombank khng nhng cung ng vn cho
doanh nghip m cn gip doanh nghip s dng vn hiu qu hn.
Vi cho vay tiu dng c nhn, nhiu ngn hng nng mc hn mc t
vi chc triu ln vi trm triu, nh Ngn hng ACB gn y nng mc cho
vay n 250 triu ng/ ngi. Trong khi th mc lng ti thiu xt cho
vay li h xung, ch cn t 2 triu ng/thng.
2. Hn ch, vng mc v hng gii quyt
2.1 Hn ch, vng mc:
Th nht, khi thm nh cc phng n, d n vay vn, mt s ngn hng
thng p t kin ch quan ca mnh i vi khch hng. V d, mt khch
hng vay vn ngh vay mt khon tin 5 t ng vi thi hn 12 thng; nhng
sau khi thm nh (v mc tiu hn ch ri ro cho mnh), ngn hng ch ng
cho vay 3 t ng, thi hn 8 thng. Nhng iu kin mi ny, hu nh, c
khch hng chp thun, mc du khch hng cha cn i c ngun vn cho
phn 2 t ng v 4 thng b ngn hng rt ngn; trong khi , ngn hng cho vay
cng khng phn tch thm nh, liu vi s tin cho vay v thi hn cho vay b
rt ngn c lm cho khch hng b ri ro trong qu trnh s dng vn vay khng?
Chnh yu t ny l nguyn nhn lm pht sinh cc trng hp ri ro trong mt s
ngn hng thng mi, m ngun gc l khch hng, c th, thiu vn u t v
phi cn i vn tr trc hn so vi d tnh ban u.
Th hai, t t tng p t m ngn hng a ra nhiu iu khon rng
buc i vi khch hng trong cc cam kt gia hai bn, trong khi ngay chnh bn
thn ngn hng cng bit chc chn l nhng cam kt khng th kh thi theo
lut nh. Phn ln cc quy nh trong hp ng tn dng u mang ch ti bo v
ngi cho vay nh: ngn hng c quyn thay i li sut cho vay, kim tra tnh
hnh ti chnh, ti sn m bo tin vay; nh ch cho vay v thu hi n trc hn;
thu hi n bng cc ngun khc nhau, bao gm pht mi ti sn m bo, kim
tra tnh hnh ti chnh, ti sn m bo tin vay bt c lc no Chnh tnh p
t ny m trong mt s trng hp, ngn hng cho vay x l cc tnh hung
pht sinh cng theo cch b trn, dn n vic khng su st thc trng, khng
nm bt c ton b ni dung v bn cht ca ca s vic.
Th ba, Tnh trng "c canh" tn dng vn cn ph bin nhiu ngn
hng. Gn nh mi nh bng vn c mt nhm khch hng thn quen ring v a
bn ring, ngi s thay i v cha mnh dn ""mo him"" vi th trng .
Th t, mc bt cn xng thng tin l v cng trm trng: mc d
Trung tm thng tin tn dng (CIC Credit Information Centre c thnh lp
kh lu nm 1998 nhng hot ng cn rt khim tn, iu ny lm cho cc
ngn hng thng mi duy tr s thiu ht thng tin trong nhiu nm qua, nhng
ngi i vay khng phi lc no cng cung cp y v trung thc cc thng tin
cn thit, bn cnh kh nng t thu thp thng tin ca cc ngn hng cn nhiu
hn ch.
Th nm, trnh phn tch tn dng ca cc cn b ngn hng cn hn
ch. Mt s ngn hng cha c b phn phn tch tn dng chuyn trch, do
cng vic ny c thc hin bi cc cn b tn dng, mt s ngn hng cha c
s phn tch r rng chc nng gia b phn giao dch vi khch hng vi b
phn thm nh li theo di khch hng, i khi cn b tn dng lm nhim v
tip xc vi khch hng cng lm c vic theo di sau cho vay v phn tch tnh
hnh ti chnh ca khch hng sau cho vay,iu ny lm mt tnh khch quan, c
th dn ti mc ngoc gy ri ro tn dng. Bn cnh , cc k nng mm: k
nng giao tip, chm sc khch hng,ca cn b cn thiu v yu.
Th su, H thng IT ti mt s ngn hng cha p ng c yu cu
trong vic x l thng tin; H thng hn mc tn dng cha c thit lp y
,i khi cha c thit lp trn c s nh gi tnh hnh ti chnh ca khch
hng; Mt s ngn hng cha c quy trnh nh gi tnh hnh ti chnh ca khch
hng vay mt cch c h thng xp hng khch hng; H thng kim sot ni
b trong quy trnh tn dng cha y ,cha hiu qu v cha tun th mt cch
nghim tc; Vic t chc hch ton, phn loi n, thng k thng tin tn dng
cha m bo tnh chnh xc, minh bch lm c s cho vic qun l tn dng
c hiu qu; T chc tn dng c th gim ri ro tn dng bng nhn cm c,th
chp khi cho vay, tuy nhin vic xc nh gi tr ca cc ti sn th chp,cm c
khng phi l vn n gin;
Th by, Vic x l ch o cng vic i khi cn b qua yu cu mi
vn phi c th hin bng vn bn,cp trn c th ra lnh cho cp di bng
ming hay bng nhng k hiu ring m khng c php; Vic cho vay i khi
cn chu mnh lnh hnh chnh.
Th tm, phn tch tn dng khng t n mc ta c th d on hon
ton chnh xc v mt khon vay c c hon tr nh tha thun hay khng
bi tc ng ca nhiu yu t nh: mi trng kinh t c nh hng ln n sc
mnh ti chnh ca ngi vay v thit hi hoc thnh cng i vi ngi cho vay.
Trong nhng giai on hng thnh, ngi vay hot ng tt do li tc tng i
cao, nhng trong giai on khng hong, kh nng hon tr b gim st v iu
ny c th dn n vic ngi vay mt kh nng tr n,
2.2 Mt s gii php:
Mt l : Hon thin k thut thm nh cc nhu cu tn dng. Mc ch gii
quyt cc nhu cu c bn ca tn dng l c nn cho vay hay khng v cho vay
nh th no .
- Uy tn ca khch hng phi c cp trong cc thm nh v c th hn
phi c ni dung trong t trnh ca cn b tn dng vi cc tiu thc c th l
nng lc qun l, trnh hc vn , quan h x hi , thm nh qua cc h s qu
kh ca khch hng, thm nh qua phng vn trc tip vi mc ch tm hiu
bn cht khch hng vay, s lim chnh thi sn sng tr n, thm nh danh
ting v tai ting, uy tn ca khch hng qua cc lung thng tin v s gii thiu
ca khch hng khc v khch hng vay vn
- Hon thin thm nh ngun tr n ca khch hng :
l ngun t quyt ton ca khon vay ngun tr n t chnh
hiu qu ca tn dng, n ph thuc vo kh nng to li nhun ca
ngi vay m trc tip l phng n vay vn.
Ngun t nng lc ti chnh ca khch hng vay vn bn thn vn
ni sinh ca doanh nghip khi d n khng thnh cng).
Ti sn m bo th chp cm c.
Hai l : Khng ngng nng cao kin thc cho i ng thm nh d n.
Xy dng i ng thm nh gii trn c s r sot li i ng thm
nh d n.
C chnh sch u i tng cng trch nhim, thc vn ln t
hon thin ca mi cn b. Khuyn khch pht huy sng kin , t
chc cc hot ng thi ua trong tng nm, tng thng.
To iu kin cho cc chuyn vin tr tip tc hoc tp nng cao
nghip v chuyn mn, tin hc ngoi ng ng thi tip tc b sung
cc nhn vin c trnh , c chnh sch u i thu ht i ng
chuyn gia gii .
nh k t chc nhng lp hc o to li v o to chuyn su theo
chuyn khc nhau.
Tp hp sng kin , sut n nghin cu c gi tr a vo s
dng.
Ba l : Phi khng ngng ci tin cc thit b thng tin cho ngn hng.Nng cp
sm mt s chng trnh phn mm phc v kim tra thng tin u vo so
snh,i chiu x l thng tin, chng trnh t ng tr li thng tin, chng trnh
phn tch v xp loi tn dng doanh nghip,theo di bo co thng tin ca cc t
chc tn dng
C.TNH HUNG PHN TCH TN DNG
Di y l vic phn tch tn dng i vi mn vay trung hn ca Cng ty c
phn Sn Gn Ngi sao Ch Linh, mt trong nhng khch hng ln v uy tn ti
SB H Ni.
I.Gii thiu v cng ty-khch hng ca SB-H Ni
+Tn:Cng ty c phn Sn gn ngi sao Ch Linh
+a ch:X Thi Hc, huyn Ch Linh, tnh Hi Dng
+Giy CNKKD s 0403000015 do S K hoch v u t Hi Dng
cp ngy 15/05/2005.
+Ngnh ngh kinh doanh: Kinh doanh sn gn, kinh doanh khch sn nh
hng, kinh doanh dch v gii tr, kinh doanh dch v l hnh ni a.
+Ngi i din trc php lut: ng on Vn An - Chc v Tng Gim
c
+Quan h ca khch hng vi cc t chc tn dng
-Quan h ca khch hng vi Ngn hng Phng Nam:
Cng ty C phn Sn gn Ngi sao Ch Linh l khch hng mi, ln u c
quan h vi Ngn hng Phng Nam.
-Quan h ca khch hng vi cc t chc tn dng khc:Cng ty c phn
sn gn Ngi sao Ch Linh c quan h tn dng vi Ngn hng Ngoi thng Chi
nhnh Hi Dng v INDOCHINA BANK,vi tng d n l 57.477.000.000 v
623.309 USD.Cng ty lun thc hin ng ngha v tr n ng hn v y
,c nh gi l khch hng c uy tn trong hot ng tn dng.
*Gii thiu d n:
y l d n u t xy dng t hp bit th cao cp phc v khch chi
gn ca Cng ty C phn Sn gn Ngi sao Ch Linh.
+ Tng mc vn u t l : 67.587.471.431
Trong : - Xy lp : 41.210.054.902
- Thit b : 11.786.698.115
- Chi ph khc : 2.697.810.993
- D phng : 5.569.456.401
- Li vay : 3.105.000.000
- Thu VAT : 3.218.451.021
+C cu ngun vn : 67.587.471.431
Trong : - Vn t c : 47.587.471.431
- Vn vay : 20.000.000.000
+Ngun tr n: Li nhun rng t hot ng kinh doanh
Tin thu t vic bn th hi vin
Tin thu t vic bn bit th lin k Sn gn
II.PHN TCH NH GI TNH HNH TI CHNH V KINH
DOANH
1.Tnh hnh ti chnh
Cng ty C phn Sn gn Ngi sao Ch Linh thc hin hch ton k ton v
theo di hot ng sn xut kinh doanh tt. Vi vic s dng h thng phn mm
k ton, Ngn hng s d dng kim tra h thng s liu bo co. Qu trnh kim
tra khi thm nh khch hng ny cho thy cc s liu bo co l tng i trung
thc, c th kim sot c c v mt con s hch ton cng nh v mt hin vt
ca ti sn v u c kim ton.
Theo cc s liu k ton Cng ty C phn Sn gn Ngi sao Ch Linh cung
cp, tnh hnh ti chnh ca Cng ty c th hin c th nh sau:
Bng 2.4 Bng cn i k ton
n v tnh: VN
Ti sn 31/12/ 2004 31/12/2005 30/09/2006
A TSL & T ngn hn
21,318,098,963
42,202,203,802
48,756,010,768
I Tin
5,713,735,659
15,004,622,338
3,738,638,401
1 Tin mt
4,724,898,887
14,474,973,178
3,446,134,792
2 Tin gi Ngn hng
988,836,772
529,649,160
292,503,609
II Cc khon phi thu
15,352,227,719
23,022,758,699
36,552,838,712
1 Phi thu ca khch hng
30,000,000
29,269,476
2 Tr trc cho ngi bn
11,779,185,531
8,378,091,449
15,795,338,939
3 Thu GTGT c khu tr
1,523,042,188
3,076,816,084
(588,861,718)
4 Phi thu ni b
5,000,000,000
5 Cc khon phi thu khc
2,050,000,000
11,537,851,166
16,317,092,015
III Hng tn kho
102,135,585
2,768,038,220
4,653,444,982
1 Nguyn vt liu tn kho
2,366,166,874
4,539,711,360
2 Cng c, dng c trong kho
45,799,542
3 Hng tn kho
102,135,585
401,871,346
67,934,080
V Ti sn lu ng khc
150,000,000
1,406,784,545
3,811,088,673
1 Tm ng
150,000,000
575,910,000
392,428,128
2 Chi ph tr trc
830,874,545
830,874,545
3 K cc, k qu ngn hn
2,587,786,000
B TSC & T di hn
68,252,337,389
130,362,038,835
154,264,272,475
I Ti sn c nh
2,835,098,604
108,880,989,699
105,784,285,569
1 Ti sn c nh hu hnh
2,835,098,604
85,251,808,069
82,155,103,939
Nguyn gi
3,108,449,713
88,391,166,957
88,469,991,326
Gi tr hao mn lu k *
(273,351,109)
(3,139,358,888)
(6,314,887,387)
2 Ti sn c nh v hnh
-
23,629,181,630
23,629,181,630
Nguyn gi
23,629,181,630
23,629,181,630
Gi tr hao mn lu k *
II Cc khon u t di hn
-
1,233,307,272
10,000,000
1 u t chng khon di hn
10,000,000
10,000,000
2
Cc khon u t di hn
khc
1,223,307,272
III Chi ph XDCB d dang
63,513,581,091
16,241,152,355
44,317,035,761
IV Chi ph tr trc di hn
1,903,657,694
4,006,589,509
4,152,951,145
i. Tng Ti sn
89,570,436,352
172,564,242,637
203,020,283,243
Ngun vn
A N phi tr
67,370,612,686
136,361,680,984
137,509,003,651
I N ngn hn
67,370,612,686
136,361,680,984
137,509,003,651
1 Vay ngn hn
22,062,714,544 70,937,932,245
72,289,046,889
2 Phi tr ngi bn 8,436,286,837
10,626,252,176
11,455,335,227
3 Ngi mua tr tin trc
34,008,909,726 33,956,925,636
27,626,450,611
4
Cc khon thu phi np ca
NN
292,156,541
1,059,503,258
192,284,331
5 Phi tr cng nhn vin 371,260,379 419,074,088
161,011,919
6
Cc khon phi tr phi np
khc
2,199,284,659
19,361,993,581
25,784,874,674
B Ngun vn ch s hu
22,199,823,666
36,202,561,653
65,511,279,592
I Ngun vn - Qu
22,199,823,666
36,220,292,509
65,529,010,448
1 Ngun vn kinh doanh
23,277,788,696
48,626,831,697
77,000,000,000
2 Chnh lch t gi 6,812,295
(919,835)
3 Li nhun cha phn phi (1,077,965,030)
(12,413,351,483)
(11,470,069,717)
II Ngun kinh ph (17,730,856)
(17,730,856)
Qu khen thng phc li
(17,730,856) (17,730,856)
Tng ngun vn
89,570,436,352
172,564,242,637
203,020,283,243
Qua vic xem xt cc s liu k ton m Cng ty cung cp, cn b tn dng tp
trung phn tch mt s ch tiu nh sau:
o Vn bng tin: l 3.738.638.401 bao gm tin mt 3.446.134.792 , tin
gi ngn hng l 292.503.609 . Tuy nhin y ch l s liu ti thi im
lp bo co. Theo lnh o Cng ty cho bit, hin nay Cng ty vn ang
trong qu trnh u t xy dng nn thng xuyn cn c mt lng tin
mt thanh ton.
o Cc khon phi thu: tnh n ngy 30/09/2006 l 36,552,838,712 , c
th nh sau:
- Phi thu ca khch hng: 29.269.476 .
- Tr trc cho ngi bn: 15.795.338.939 bao gm s tin tr cho mt
s n v: Cng ty Vitan 1.650.491.859 , Cng ty TK v XD Hi Dng
200.000.000 - o c bn ), Cng ty TK v Xy dng Ch Linh
6.000.000.000 - tin xy dng c s h tng v xy dng c bn), HTX
Cng nghip v Xy dng Vinh Quang 1.538.646.001 - tin cung cp vt
liu chnh cho vic xy dng Sn gn, Raymon A.Lobb 1.491.754.462 -
thit k sn gn) v mt s nh cung cp khc. V nhng hp ng trn
cha kt thc nn nhng khon tr trc cha c kt chuyn sang chi
ph u t xy dng.
- Phi thu ni b: 5.000.000.000 , y l phn tm ng cho Cng ty.
- Phi thu khc: 16.317.092.015 , y l cc khon chi cha c nguon nh
tng cc qu t thin, chi h mt s cng ty c lin quan nh Cng ty
Vitan, Cng ty TK v XD Ch Linh, Sn gn H Long,
o Hng tn kho: tnh n thi im 30/09/2006 l: 4.653.444.982 , ch yu
l nguyn vt liu cn tn kho 4.539.711.360 - gi tr c d tr, phn
ny Cng ty phi nhp 100% t nc ngoi)
o Ti sn c nh: tnh n thi im 30/09/2006 l 105.784.285.569 , c
th nh sau:
- Gi tr cn li ca ti sn c nh hu hnh l: 82.155.103.939 . y l
khon vn Cng ty u t mua 70 chic xe phc v cho khch chi gn
trong c 20 chic nhp t M vi gi 6.000 USD/ chic, 50 chic nhp
t Nht Bn vi gi 3.500 USD/ chic), mt s xe chuyn dng dng cho
vic di ct, ct c (gi thp nht l 23.000 USD / chic), tin u t xy
dng Sn Gn 47.343.548.515, Nh Cu lc b v mt s thit b vn
phng khc.
Qu trnh thm nh thc t cho thy, cc s liu bo co ca Cng ty l
chnh xc v c y ho n, chng t.
- Gi tr ca ti sn c nh v hnh l: 23,629,181,630 . y l gi tr
quyn s dng t ca ton b Sn gn Ngi sao Ch Linh ti x Thi Hc,
huyn Ch Linh, tnh Hi Dng.
o Chi ph xy dng c bn d dang: tnh n thi im 30/09/2006 l
44.317.035.761 . y l ton b chi ph u t xy dng Sn gn.
o Vay ngn hn:
Hin nay, Cng ty C phn Sn gn Ngi sao Ch Linh ang c quan h
vi 02 t chc tn dng Ngn hng Ngoi thng Chi nhnh Hi Dng v
INDOVINA BANK H Ni vi tng d n l 57.477.000.000 v 623.309
USD. y l khon tn dng Cng ty vay u t xy dng v mua trang
thit b ca Sn Gn Ngi sao Ch Linh.
Cng ty lun thc hin tt ngha v tr n i vi ngn hng nn c
nh gi l khch hng ln, c uy tn.
o Phi tr ngi bn: ch yu l nhng khon phi thanh ton do mua vt
t, thit b v nguyn vt liu phc v cho vic xy dng Sn gn. Tnh n
thi im 30/09/2006, s tin phi tr ngi bn l: 11.455.335.227
o Ngi mua tr tin trc: chnh l nhng khon tin khch hng tr trc
cho vic mua th hi vin, bn v chi gn cho khch hng t trc ngy
chi. Tnh n thi im 30/06/2005, s tin ngi mua tr tin trc l:
27.626.450.611 .
o Cc khon phi tr phi np khc: tnh n thi im 30/09/2006 l
25.784.874.674 , y l doanh thu nhn trc ca khon bn th hi vin.
Phn doanh thu ny s c phn b trong thi gian hiu lc ca Sn Gn
(300 thng)
2. Tnh hnh kinh doanh:
Theo thit k, Sn gn Ngi sao Ch Linh l sn gn c 36 l. Nhng hin
ti, Cng ty mi u t xy dng c 27 l v bc u thu ht c hn
1.000 hi vin chi thng xuyn. Bn cnh , Sn gn Ngi sao Ch Linh cn
t chc mt s gii Gn trong nc v quc t. Hot ng kinh doanh ca Cng
ty bc u c li nhun. Tnh n thi im 30/09/2006, tng doanh thu ca
Cng ty l: 10.169.799.870 (bao gm c tin bn th hi vin), li nhun sau
thu t 259.476.083 .
t c kt qu ban u mang tnh kh quan trn l do Cng ty c s
u t ng n v c hiu qu ca nh u t, s ch o hp l v ng n ca
lnh o cng vi s ng lng nht tr ca ton th cn b, cng nhn vin.
Kt qu hot ng kinh doanh v cc ch tiu ca Cng ty C phn Sn gn
Ngi sao Ch Linh c tm tt nh sau:
Bng 2.5 Kt qu hot ng sn xut kinh doanh ca Cng ty
n v tnh: VN
Ch tiu Nm 2004 Nm 2005 30/09/2006
Doanh thu bn hng, dch
v
239.945.509 7.962.894.11
5
10.169.799.8
70
Cc khon gim tr 38.602.291 706.937.546
Thu TTB, XK, GTGT 38.602.291 706.937.546
1. Doanh thu thun 239.945.509 7.924.291.82 9.462.862.32
4 4
2. Gi vn hng bn 863.907.694 2.965.010.25
4
1.300.012.14
4
3. Li nhun gp - 923.962.185 4.959.281.57
0
8.162.850.18
0
4. Doanh thu H ti
chnh
13.362.717 6.944.748
5. Chi ph ti chnh 36.836.186 2.792.325.08
9
257.175.364
6. Chi ph bn hng 193.871.612 68.461.274 138.927.204
7. Chi ph qun l doanh
nghip
223.295.047 13.924.097.9
28
7.549.161.14
2
8. Li nhun thun -
1.077.965.03
0
-
11.812.240.004
224.531.218
9. Thu nhp khc 2.821.060.89
5
35.914.865
10. Chi ph khc 2.344.207.34
4
970.000
11. Li nhun khc 476.853.551 34.944.865
12. Tng li nhun trc
thu
-
1.077.965.03
0
-
11.335.386.4
53
259.476.083
13. Thu TNDN
14. Li nhun sau thu -
1.077.965.03
0
-
11.335.386.4
53
259.476.083
Bng 2.6 Cc ch tiu ti chnh
Cc ch s Nm 2004 Nm 2005 n 30/09/2006
KH NNG SINH LI
1. T sut LNST/DT 2.74%
2. T sut LNST/Tng TS(ROA) 0.13%
3. T sut LNST/ Vn CSH( ROE) 0.40%
KH NNG THANH TON
1. Kh nng thanh ton tc thi 0.085 0.11 0.027
2. Kh nng thanh ton hin hnh 0.32 0.31 0.35
3. Kh nng thanhton nhanh 0.31 0.28 0.3
KH NNG C LP TI CHNH
1. T l N/Tng Ti sn 0.75 0.79 0.68
2. T l Vn t c/Ngun vn 0.25 0.21 0.32
3. T l N/ Vn t c 3.03 3.76 2.1
-V kh nng sinh li: Cc ch s v kh nng sinh li n 30/9/2006 t
mc trung bnh v c kh nng tng trng vng chc trong nhng nm ti. Li
nhun trc thu trn doanh thu t 2,74%. Ch s ROE ch t 0,40%, t s
ROA t 0,13%, c ch s ROE v ROA u thp do cng ty mi a Sn Gn
vo hot ng trong khi vn u t ban u rt ln.
-V kh nng thanh ton: Cc ch tiu v kh nng thanh ton ca cng ty
t rt thp do cng ty vn ang giai on u t, ti sn ch yu tp trung ti
sn c nh v u t di hn.
-V kh nng c lp ti chnh: Mc c lp ti chnh ca cng ty kh
tt i vi loi hnh doanh nghip ny khi ch tiu v vn t c t 32% so vi
tng ngun vn.
Tuy vy, trong thi gian ti hot ng kinh doanh ca Cng ty s c nhng
thun li v mt s kh khn, c th nh sau:
Thun li:
- B my iu hnh ca Cng ty C phn Sn gn Ngi sao Ch Linh bao
gm lnh o ca Cng ty v nhng chuyn gia ngi nc ngoi c rt
nhiu kinh nghim trong vic iu hnh v qun l sn gn.
- Vi tin trnh hi nhp v pht trin kinh t ni chung, mn th thao nh
gn c nhiu iu kin pht trin mnh m ti Vit Nam do mc thu
nhp ca ngi dn ngy cng c ci thin, trong khi lng khch nc
ngoi n Vit Nam ngy cng nhiu. y chnh l yu t cho thy th
trng khch chi gn c trin vng ln pht trin, nht l trong iu
kin Sn Gn ti ng M Ba V, H Ty cha p ng c y nhu
cu chi gn min Bc hin nay v c trong tng lai.
- Sn gn Ngi sao Ch Linh nm chnh gia vng tam gic pht trin kinh t
trng im ca min Bc l H Ni - Hi Phng - Qung Ninh, ni c
nhiu tr s, vn phng i din ca cc cng ty nc ngoi, cng ty lin
doanh, Mt khc, vi h thng ng giao thng thun li s l iu
kin thu ht khch chi gn ca ba thnh ph ln, c bit l nhng
ngy ngh cui tun.
Kh khn:
- Vic xy dng hon chnh ton b sn gn Ch Linh s i hi phi c mt
lng vn tng i ln chi ph cho c s h tng. Mt khc, vic bo
dng mt c ca sn cng i hi phi p dng mt s bin php khoa
hc tin tin, kinh nghim ca ngi th v chi ph ca Cng ty. Hin ti,
hng thng chi ph bo dng thm c Cng ty phi chi l 100.000 USD
tng ng vi khong gn 1.600.000.000 )
- Mn th thao chi gn c coi l mn th thao qu tc ngay c i vi
cc quc gia c nn kinh t pht trin, nn ti Vit Nam y cn l mn th
thao mi, cha th thu ht c s lng ngi tham gia ng o nh cc
mn th thao khc.
III. Phn tch hiu qu ti chnh ca d n u t
1.Cc c s tnh ton hiu qu ca d n
+Doanh thu v chi ph:Gm tt c cc chi ph v doanh thu trong hot ng
kinh doanh.Doanh thu v chi ph c nh c tng hp theo 1 nm hot ng n
nh,cn cc khon doanh thu v chi ph bin ng c tp hp chi tit theo cc
nm hot ng thc t.
+Khu hao c bn: c trch cho ton b TSC ca d n
+Thu v cc khon phi np cho Nh nc:
- i vi thu VAT: tnh 10% cho cc dch v nh hng, khch sn, cho thu
bit th v cc dch v ph tr khc.
-Thu tiu th c bit: 10% cho doanh thu bn th hi vin v bn v chi
gn
-Thu thu nhp doanh nghip: c chia lm 03 giai on:
7 nm u t khi c doanh thu: c min
7 nm tip theo: gim 50% mc thu sut hin hnh
Cc nm tip theo: tnh mc thu sut 28%
-Thu s dng t: c min trong 13 nm u ca d n
+ Cng sut hot ng:
Nm th nht Nm th hai Nm th ba Nm th t Nm th nm
50% 60% 70% 80% 90%
2.Hiu qu ti chnh ca d n u t
Vic tnh ton hiu qu ca d n u t cho kt qu nh sau:
- D n c hiu qu ti chnh m bo vi dng thu nhp hin ti thun tnh
cho 10 nm u tin hot ng NPV = 63.037.808.488
- T sut thu hi ni b IRR = 34%
- Thi gian hon vn u t l 4 nm 6 thng
3.Ti sn m bo
m bo cho khon vay ti Ngn hng Phng Nam, Cng ty C phn
Sn gn Ngi sao Ch Linh nhn c s bo lnh ca Cng ty TNHH H tr
pht trin Cng ngh v Thng mi. Ti sn m bo l Quyn s dng 416,07
m
2
t c a ch ti D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 Khu C2 Thi H, Phng Trung Lit,
Qun ng a, Thnh ph H Ni (S 121 Ph Thi H), theo Giy chng nhn
Quyn s dng t s L117869,h s gc s 003222 QSD do UBND Thnh
ph H Ni cp ngy 20/06/2000.
Theo nh gi ca b phn thm nh ti sn, ti sn m bo nm v th
p, ni c trnh dn tr cao, an ninh trt t tt nn c tnh kh mi cao. Ti sn
m bo c B phn thm nh ti sn thuc Phng Kinh doanh Chi nhnh H
Ni nh gi l: 28.600.000.000 Hai mi tm t,su trm triu ng chn)
4.nh gi v ri ro ca khon vay
* Ri ro trong hot ng kinh doanh: Hin ti, nhu cu chi gn ang rt
ln, ch yu nhng i tng chi gn l cc quan chc, doanh nhn thnh t v
nhng ngi nc ngoi ang sinh sng v lm vic ti Vit Nam. Sn gn Ngi
sao Ch Linh l mt sn gn hin i, quy m ln, v tr cch H Ni khng xa.
Theo nhng ngun thng tin thu thp c, gi chuyn nhng th Hi vin ca
Sn gn ny trn th trng chnh lch so vi gi gc t 15.000 25.000 la
M. Do vy, ri ro v hot ng kinh doanh ca cng ty thp, c th chp nhn
c.
* Ri ro v kh nng tr n: vi xut n hn 01 nm i vi n gc, t
nm th 2 tr i tr gc 06 thng 1 ln, mi ln 2.500.000.000, li tr hng thng
theo d n thc t th vic tr n ca cng ty hon ton khng gp kh khn g do
cng ty c ngun thu nhp m bo t vic bn th chi gn v cung cp cc dch
v cho khch chi. Thc t, qua 08 thng k t khi gii ngn n thi im ny,
vic tr li ca cng ty ht sc y , ng hn)
* Ri ro v ti sn m bo: Ti sn m bo l ti sn ca Cng ty TNHH
h tr pht trin cng ngh v thng mi. y cng chnh l mt c ng ln
ca cng ty. Ti sn ny c v tr ti mt ng Thi H, kh nng chuyn
nhng rt tt. Thm ch SB ngh n kh nng mua li ti sn ny lm
thnh tr s ca S giao dch ti H Ni.