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CHNG I

NHNG KIN THC C BN V


KHNG KH M

iu ha khng kh l k thut to ra v duy tr iu kin vi kh hu thch hp vi con
ngi v cng ngh ca cc qu trnh sn xut.
c th i su nghin cu k thut iu ho khng kh trc ht chng ti s lc
cc tnh cht nhit ng c bn ca khng kh m.

1.1 KHNG KH M

Khng kh xung quanh chng ta l hn hp ca nhiu cht kh, ch yu l N
2
v O
2
ngoi
ra cn mt lng nh cc kh tr, CO
2
, hi nc . . .
- Khng kh kh : Khng kh khng cha hi nc gi l khng kh kh.Trong cc tnh
ton thng khng kh kh c coi l kh l tng.
Thnh phn ca cc cht trong khng kh kh c phn theo t l sau :

Bng 1-1 : T l cc cht kh trong khng kh kh
Thnh phn Theo khi lng (%) Theo th tch (%)
- Ni t : N
2
- xi : O
2
- Argon - A
- Carbon-Dioxide : CO
2

75,5
23,1
1,3
0.1
78,084
20,948
0,934
0,0314
- Khng kh m : Khng kh c cha hi nc gi l khng kh m. Trong t nhin khng
c khng kh kh tuyt i m ton l khng kh m. Khng kh m c chia ra :
+ Khng kh m cha bo ha : L trng thi m hi nc cn c th bay hi
thm vo c trong khng kh.
+ Khng kh m bo ha : L trng thi m hi nc trong khng kh t
ti a v khng th bay hi thm vo c. Nu bay hi thm vo bao nhiu th c by
nhiu hi m ngng t li.
+ Khng kh m qu bo ha : L khng kh m bo ha v cn cha thm
mt lng hi nc nht nh. Tuy nhin trng thi qu bo ho l trng thi khng n nh
m c xu hng bin i n trng thi bo ho do lng hi nc d b tch dn ra khi
khng kh . V d nh sng m l khng kh qu bo ha.
Tnh cht vt l v nh hng ca khng kh n cm gic con ngi ph thuc
nhiu vo lng hi nc tn ti trong khng kh.

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1.2 CC THNG S CA KHNG KH M

1.2.1 p sut.
Ap sut khng kh thng c gi l kh p. K hiu l B. Ni chung gi tr B thay
i theo khng gian v thi gian. Tuy nhin trong k thut iu ha khng kh gi tr chnh
lch khng ln c th b qua v ngi ta coi B khng i. Trong tnh ton ngi ta ly
trng thi tiu chun B
o
= 760 mmHg .
th I-d ca khng kh m thng c xy dng p sut B = 745mmHg v B
o
=
760mmHg .
1.2.2 Khi lng ring v th tch ring.
Khi lng ring ca khng kh l khi lng ca mt n v th tch khng kh . K
hiu l , n v kg/m
3
.
i lng nghch o ca khi lng ring l th tch ring. K hiu l v
Khi lng ring v th tch ring l hai thng s ph thuc.
Khi lng ring thay i theo nhit v kh p. Tuy nhin cng nh p sut s
thay i ca khi lng ring ca khng kh trong thc t k thut khng ln nn ngi ta
ly khng i iu kin tiu chun : t
o
= 20
o
C v B = B
o
= 760mmHg : = 1,2 kg/m
3
2

1.2.3 m
1.2.3.1. m tuyt i .
L khi lng hi m trong 1m
3
khng kh m. Gi s trong V (m
3
) khng kh m c
cha G
h
(kg) hi nc th m tuyt i k hiu l
h
c tnh nh sau :
V hi nc trong khng kh c th coi l kh l tng nn:
tro
Phn p sut ca hi nc trong khng kh cha bo ho, N/
2
cng l nhit ca hi nc ,
o
K
1.2.3.2. m tng i.
a khng kh m , k hiu l (%) l t s gia m
ng :
p
h
- m
R
h
- Hng s ca hi nc R
h
= 462 J/kg.
o
K
T - Nhit tuyt i ca khng kh m, tc

m tng i c
tuyt i
h
ca khng kh vi m bo ha
max
cng nhit vi trng thi cho.
kg m v / ,
1
3

=
3
/ , m kg
V
G
h
h
=
3
/ ,
.
1
m kg
T R
p
v
h
h
h
h
= =
,%
max

h
=
(1-3)
(1-4)
(1-2)
(1-1)


hay :
m tng i biu th mc cha hi nc trong khng kh m so vi khng kh m
bo ha cng nhit .
(1-5)
Khi = 0 l trng thi khng kh kh.
,%
max
p
p
h
=
0 < < 100 l trng thi khng kh m cha bo ho.
= 100 l trng thi khng kh m bo ha.
- m l i lng rt quan trng ca khng kh m c nh hng nhiu n cm
gic ca con ngi v kh nng s dng khng kh sy cc vt phm.
- m tng i c th xc nh bng cng thc, hoc o bng m k . m k l
thit b o gm 2 nhit k : mt nhit k kh v mt nhit k t. Nhit k t c bu bc
vi thm nc hi nc thm vi bc xung quanh bu nhit k khi bc hi vo khng
kh s ly nhit ca bu nhit k nn nhit bu gim xung bng nhit nhit k t t


ng vi trng thi khng kh bn ngoi. Khi m tng i b , cng bc hi cng
mnh, chnh nhit gia 2 nhit k cng cao. Do chnh nhit gia 2 nhit k
ph thuc vo m tng i v n c s dng lm c s xc nh m tng i
. Khi =100%, qu trnh bc hi ngng v nhit ca 2 nhit k bng nhau.

1.2.4 Dung m ( cha hi).
Dung m hay cn gi l cha hi, c k hiu l d l lng hi m cha trong 1
kg khng kh kh.
kgkkk kg
G
G
d
k
h
/ , =
(1-6)
- G
h
: Khi lng hi nc cha trong khng kh, kg
- G
k
: Khi lng khng kh kh, kg
Ta c quan h:
h
k
k
h
k
h
k
h
R
R
p
p
G
G
d . = = =

kgkkk kg
p p
p
p
p
d
h
h
k
h
/ , . 622 , 0

= =
(1-7)
(1-8)
Sau khi thay R = 8314/ ta c
1.2.5 Nhit .
Nhit l i lng biu th mc nng lnh. y l yu t nh hng ln nht n
cm gic ca con ngi. Trong k thut iu ha khng kh ngi ta thng s dng 2 thang
nhit l C v F. i vi mt trng thi khng kh nht nh no ngoi nhit
thc ca n trong k thut cn c 2 gi tr nhit c nh hng nhiu n cc h thng v
thit b l nhit im sng v nhit nhit k t.
- Nhit im sng: Khi lm lnh khng kh nhng gi nguyn dung m d (hoc
phn p sut p
h
) ti nhit t
s
no hi nc trong khng kh bt u ngng t thnh nc
bo ha. Nhit t
s
gi l nhit im sng.
Nh vy nhit im sng ca mt trng thi bt k no l nhit ng vi trng
thi bo ha v c dung m bng dung m ca trng thi cho. Hay ni cch khc nhit
3
im sng l nhit bo ha ca hi nc ng vi phn p sut p
h
cho. T y ta thy
gia t
s
v d c mi quan h ph thuc.

- Nhit nhit k t : Khi cho hi nc bay hi on nhit vo khng kh cha
bo ha (I=const) . Nhit ca khng kh s gim dn trong khi m tng i tng ln.
Ti trng thi = 100% qu trnh bay hi chm dt. Nhit ng vi trng thi bo ho
cui cng ny gi l nhit nhit nhit k t v k hiu l t

. Ngi ta gi nhit
nhit k t l v n c xc nh bng nhit k c bu thm t nc.
Nh vy nhit nhit k t ca mt trng thi l nhit ng vi trng thi bo
ha v c entanpi I bng entanpi ca trng thi cho. Gia entanpi I v nhit nhit k
t t

c mi quan h ph thuc. Trn thc t ta c th o c nhit nhit k t ca


trng thi khng kh hin thi l nhit trn b mt thong ca nc.

1.2.6 Entanpi
Entanpi ca khng kh m bng entanpi ca khng kh kh v ca hi nc cha
trong n.
Entanpi ca khng kh m c tnh cho 1 kg khng kh kh. Ta c cng thc:
I = C
pk
.t + d (r
o
+ C
ph
.t) kJ/kg kkk
(1-9)
Trong :
C
pk
- Nhit dung ring ng p ca khng kh kh C
pk
= 1,005 kJ/kg.
o
C
C
ph
- Nhit dung ring ng p ca hi nc 0
o
C : C
ph
= 1,84 kJ/kg.
o
C
r
o
- Nhit n ha hi ca nc 0
o
C : r
o
= 2500 kJ/kg
Nh vy:
(1-10) I = 1,005.t + d (2500 + 1,84.t) kJ/kg kkk

1.3 TH I-d V t-d CA KHNG KH
M
1.3.1 th I-d.
th I-d biu th mi quan h ca cc i lng t, , I, d v p
bh
ca khng kh m .
th c gio s L.K.Ramzin (Nga) xy dng nm 1918 v sau c gio s Mollier
(c) lp nm 1923. Nh th ny ta c th xc nh c tt c cc thng s cn li ca
khng kh m khi bit 2 thng s bt k . th I-d thng c cc nc ng u v Lin
x (c) s dng.
th I-d c xy dng p sut kh quyn 745mmHg v 760mmHg.
th gm 2 trc I v d nghing vi nhau mt gc 135
o
. Mc ch xy dng cc trc
nghing mt gc 135
o
l nhm lm gin khong cch gia cc ng cong tham s thun
li cho vic tra cu.
Trn th ny cc ng I = const nghing vi trc honh mt gc 135
o
, ng d =
const l nhng ng thng ng. i vi th I-d c xy dng theo cch trn cho thy
cc ng tham s hu nh ch nm trn gc 1/4 th nht .V vy, hnh v c gn
ngi ta xoay trc d li vung gc vi trc I m vn gi nguyn cc ng cong nh biu
din, tuy nhin khi tra cu entanpi I ca khng kh ta vn tra theo ng nghing vi trc
honh mt gc 135
o
.
Trn th I-d cc ng ng nhit t=const l nhng ng thng chch ln trn , cc
ng = const l nhng ng cong li, cng ln trn khong cch gia chng cng xa.
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Cc ng = const khng ct nhau v khng i qua gc to . i t trn xung di
m cng tng. ng cong =100% hay cn gi l ng bo ho ngn cch gia 2 vng
: Vng cha bo ho v vng ngng kt hay cn gi l vng sng m. Cc im nm trong
vng sng m thng khng n nh m c xung hng ngng kt bt hi nc v chuyn
v trng thi bo ho .
Khi p sut kh quyn thay i th th I-d cng thay i theo. p sut kh quyn
thay i trong khong 20mmHg th s thay i l khng ng k.
Trn hnh 1.1 l th I-d ca khng kh m , xy dng p sut kh quyn B
o
=
760mmHg. Trn th ny xung quanh cn c v thm cc ng =const gip cho tra
cu cc s tun hon khng kh trong chng 4.








































Hnh 1.1 : th I-d ca khng kh m
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1.3.2 th d-t.
th d-t c cc nc Anh, M , Nht, c ...vv s dng rt nhiu
th d-t c 2 trc d v t vung gc vi nhau , cn cc ng ng entanpi I=const
to thnh gc 135
o
so vi trc t. Cc ng = const l nhng ng cong tng t nh
trn th I-d. C th coi th d-t l hnh nh ca th I-d qua mt gng phn chiu.





































Hnh 1.2 : th t-d ca khng kh m

th d-t chnh l th t-d khi xoay 90
o
, c Carrrier xy dng nm 1919 nn
thng c gi l th Carrier.
Trc tung l cha hi d (g/kg), bn cnh l h s nhit hin SHF (Sensible)
Trc honh l nhit nhit k kh t (
o
C)
Trn th c cc ng tham s
- ng I=const to vi trc honh mt gc 135
o
. Cc gi tr entanpi ca khng kh
cho tbn cnh ng =100%, n v kJ/kg khng kh kh
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- ng =const l nhng ng cong lm, cng i ln pha trn (d tng) cng ln.
Trn ng =100% l vng sng m.
- ng th tch ring v = const l nhng ng thng nghing song song vi nhau,
n v m
3
/kg khng kh kh.
- Ngoi ra trn th cn c ng I
hc
l ng hiu chnh entanpi (s sai lch gia
entanpi khng kh bo ho v cha bo ho)

1.4 MT S QU TRNH C BN TRN
TH I-d
1.4.1 Qu trnh thay i trng thi ca khng kh .
Qu trnh thay i trng thi ca khng kh m t trng thi A (t
A
,
A
) n B (t
B
,
B
)
c biu th bng on thng AB, mi tn ch chiu qu trnh gi l tia qu trnh.


A
=100%
d
C
I
A
I

45
D
B
B
I









Hnh
1.3 : ngha
hnh hc ca

t (I
A
- I
B
)/(d
A
-d
B
) = I/d =
AB
gi l h s gc tia ca qu trnh AB
Ta hy xt ngha hnh hc ca h s
AB

K hiu gc gia tia AB vi ng nm ngang l . Ta c
I = I
B
- I
A
= m.AD
d= d
B
- dA = n.BC
Trong m, n l t l xch ca cc trc to .
T y ta c

AB
= I/d = m.AD/n.BC

AB
= (tg + tg45
o
).m/n = (tg + 1).m/n
Nh vy trn trc to I-d c th xc nh tia AB thng qua gi tr
AB
. tin cho
vic s dng trn th ngoi bin ngi ta v thm cc ng = const . Cc ng =
const c cc tnh cht sau :
- H s gc tia phn nh hng ca qu trnh AB, mi qu trnh

c mt gi tr nht
nh.
- Cc ng

c tr s nh nhau th song song vi nhau.
- Tt c cc ng

u i qua gc ta (I=0 v d=0).

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1.4.2 Qu trnh ha trn hai dng khng kh.
Trong k thut iu ha khng kh ngi ta thng gp cc qu trnh ha trn 2
dng khng kh cc trng thi khc nhau t c mt trng thi cn thit. Qu trnh
ny gi l qu trnh ho trn.
Gi s ha trn mt lng khng kh trng thi A(I
A
, d
A
) c khi lng phn kh l
L
A
vi mt lng khng kh trng thi B(I
B
, d
B
) c khi lng phn kh l L
B
v thu c
mt lng khng kh trng thi C(I
C
, d
C
) c khi lng phn kh l L
C
. Ta xc nh cc
thng s ca trng thi ho trn C.

nh 1.4 : Qu trnh ho trn trn th I-d
Ta c cc phng trnh:
L
A
+ L
B


- Cn bng m
d
C
.L
C
= d
A
.L
A
+ d
B
.L
B


- Cn bng nhi
I
C
.L
C
= I
A
.L
A
+ I
B
.L
B


Th (a) vo (b), a c :
B
B
hay :
u thc ny ta rt ra:
- Phng trnh (1-14) l cc ph ng AC v BC, cc ng thng
phng trnh (1-15) suy ra im C nm trn AB v chia on AB theo t l
L
B
/L
A
d
I
A
I
A
I
B
I
C
B
d d d
A C B
C

=
1
0
0
%

H


- Cn bng khi lng
L
C
=
(1-11)
(1-12)
t
(1-13)
(c) v tr theo v t
(I
A
- I
C
).L
A
= (I
C
- I
B
).L
(d
A
- d
C
).L
A
= (d
C
- d
B
).L
T bi
(1-14)
(1-15)
B C
B C
C A
C A
d d d d
I I I I
=

A
B
B C
C A
B C
C A
L
L
d d I I
=

d d I I
=

ng trnh ng th
ny c cng h s gc tia v chung im C nn ba im A, B, C thng hng. im C nm
trn on AB.
- Theo
8
T hi C c xc nh nh sau : rng t
* * *

C C
L L
B
B
A
A C
L
I
L
I I . . + =
C C
L L
(1-16)
(1-17)
B
B
A
A C
L
d
L
d d . . + =




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