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DNG PHC T

PHUNG PHP DY HC
K THUT CNG NGHIP





Dng cho ging vin v sinh vin
ngnh s phm k thut ngh nghip












NH XUT BN KHOA HC V K THUT
H Ni - 2007
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LI GII THIU
Cc trng/khoa S phm k thut (SPKT). bao gm c cc trng
gio vin dy ngh trc y c lch s hnh thnh v pht trin vi
ba thp k nay. do to hng ngn gio vin k thut v gio vin
dy ngh cho cc c s gio dc k thut v dy ngh. cc trng ph
thng trong c nc. Tuy nhin. cht lng v hiu qu o to ca h
thng SPKT cn rt hn ch m mt trong nhng nguyn nhn quan
trng l thiu gio trnh, ti liu, nht l v khoa hc SPKT.
Cho n nay mi ch c mt s t sch dch t ting Nga ting c
ting Anh v vi cun gio trnh bin son c xut bn nh phng
php dy hc k thut cng nghip (Tp 1 Nguyn Vn Bnh ch bin.
tp 2 Trn Sinh Thnh ch bin) dng cho o to gio vin k thut
ph thng, Tm l hc ngh nghip (Mc Vn Trang ch bin). Gio
dc hc ngh nghip (Nguyn c Tr ch bin)..., mt s t ti liu
dch c cc ging vin tham kho. V vy. cun Phng php
dy hc k thut cng nghip ny do TS.Dng Phc T bin son
dng cho ging vin v sinh vin ngnh SPKT ngh nghip l mt
gio trnh rt c hoan nghnh v ch n.
Ni dung gio trnh phn nh mt cch tng i c h thng cc
phng php dy hc k thut cng nghip. Tc gi c s ch
trng tha ng ti vic ch dn cc bc tin hnh i vi mi
phng php dy hc c th. Gio trnh ny cng phn nh c
nhng thnh tu ca l lun dy hc hin i v mt l thuyt cng
nh ng dng cc phng tin k thut. c bit l cng ngh thng
tin nhm nng cao hiu qu ca cc phng php dy hc truyn
thng v khng truyn thng
Chng ti trn trng gii thiu cun gio trnh ny vi bn c, c
bit l ging vin, sinh vin cc trng/ khoa SPKT v gio vin cc
c s gio dc k thut v dy ngh.

G S. TS KH Nguyn Vn H
PGS. TS Nguyn c Tr
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Li tc gi

nc ta, ngnh S phm k thut l mt ngnh cn non tr.
Ti liu phc v cho vic ging dy ca gio vin v hc tp ca
sinh vin cn rt thiu thn. V vy, vic bin son sch gio khoa
v sch tham kho dang l mt i hi bc thit.
Cun sch ny c vit nhm phc v cho o to gio vin k
thut cng nghip ca cc trng trung hc chuyn nghip v dy
ngh. Ni dung ca n c xy dng da trn mc tiu gio dc -
o to ca ngnh SPKT ngh nghip hay ni cch khc l da vo
m hnh nhn cch ca ngi gio vin k thut trong thi i
cng nghip ho, thi i m cng ngh thng tin thm nhp rt
su sc vo ngnh Gio dc - o to ca nc nh.
Ni dung ca cun sch khng thin v l lun m thin v ng
dng thc tin, ch trng n vic thc hnh phng php m c
bit l phng php dy k nng thc hnh ngh nghip. V vy n
khng ch phc v cho sinh vin trong qu trnh hc tp trong
trng i hc m cn phc vu cho hot ng ging dy chuyn
mn ca h sau khi ra trng. Mc d tc gi rt c gng nhng c
th cht lng chuyn mn ca cun sch ny vn cha p ng
y vi i hi thc t ca vic dy v hc ca ngnh s phm
k thut. Tc gi mong c s ng gp, ch gio ca c gi ni
chung v cc nh chuyn mn ni ring cho cht lng cun
sch trong ln xut bn sau c tt hn.
Xin chn thnh cm n Nh gio nhn dn GS.TSKH Nguyn
Vn H, PGS.TS Nguyn c Tr gip tc gi trong vic tu
chnh bn tho v vit li gii thiu cun sch vi c gi.
Xin chn thnh cm n cc bn ng nghip H Th Ma;, V
Xun Hoi, D Th Tm, L Qunh Trang, Trng Thu Hng
c nhng ng gp nhit thnh cho s ra i ca cun sch ny.

Tc gi
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MC LC

Trang

Mc lc............................................................................................................ 4
Chng I. Mt s im c bn v chng trnh v ni dung dy hc trong
trng THCN v dy ngh .............................................................................. 8
I. Mc ch v nhim v ca cc mn k thut trong chng trnh o to
ca cc trng THCN v dy ngh............................................................. 8
1. Mc ch ............................................................................................ 8
2. Nhim v ........................................................................................... 8
2.1. Nhim v tr dc (Nhim v gio dng) ................................................ 8
2.2. Nhim v gio dc thng qua dy hc mn hc....................................... 9
2.3. Nhim v pht trin................................................................................ 10
II. t duy k thut v nng lc k thut- [1] ............................................. 10
1. T duy k thut ................................................................................ 10
1.1. Khi nim............................................................................................... 10
1.2. Cu trc ca t duy k thut................................................................... 11
1.3. c im ca t duy k thut ................................................................. 11
2. Nng lc k thut............................................................................. 12
2.1. Khi nim............................................................................................... 12
2.2. Cu trc ca nng lc k thut ............................................................... 12
3. Cc bin php pht trin t duy k thut v bi dng nng lc
k thut cho hc sinh thng qua hot ng dy hc ............................ 13
III. Ni dung dy hc trong trng THCN v dy ngh........................... 14
1. Khi qut v khung chng trnh o to chuyn nghip................ 14
2. H thng tri thc, k nng, k xo trong ni dung dy hc ca cc
trng THCN v dy ngh................................................................... 17
2.1. H thng tri thc khoa hc v cng ngh trong ni dung o to ngh
nghip............................................................................................................ 17
2.2. H thng k nng, k xo ngh nghip .................................................. 18
IV. Cc nguyn tc c bn ch o xy dng chng trnh o to, ni
dung dy hc v phng hng hon thin ni dung dy hc ................. 20
1. Nguyn tc ch o vic thit k chng trnh o to.................... 20
2. Nguyn tc xy dng ni dung dy hc........................................... 21
3. Cc phng hng hon thin ni dung dy hc............................. 21
V. mt s trng hp c th khi vn dng cc nguyn tc dy hc vo
dy k thut cng nghip.......................................................................... 21
Chng II. Phng php dy hc.................................................................. 27
I. Khi nim v phng php v phng php dy hc ........................... 27
1. Khi nim v phng php ni chung ............................................ 27
2. Khi nim v phng php dy hc (PPDH)................................... 28
3. Quan h gia PPDH vi trnh lnh hi tri thc ca hc sinh....... 30
II. Phn loi cc phng php dy hc..................................................... 30
III. Cc phng php dy hc truyn thng ............................................. 31
1. Nhm cc PPDH dng ngn ng..................................................... 31
1.1. Phng php thuyt trnh ....................................................................... 31
1.2. Phng php m thoi .......................................................................... 34
1.3. Phng php tho lun trn lp.............................................................. 39
1.4. Phng php tho lun theo nhm nh .................................................. 46
2. Nhm cc phng php dy hc trc quan...................................... 54
2.1. Phng php minh ho.......................................................................... 54
2.2. Phng php biu din th nghim......................................................... 59
IV. L thuyt dy hc ly hc sinh lm trung tm v mt s phng php
dy hc tch cc hin i .......................................................................... 60
1. L thuyt dy hc ly hc sinh lm trung tm................................. 60
1.1. Hai quan im v vai tr ca hot ng dy v hot ng hc ............. 60
1.2. T tng ch o v bn cht ca dy hc ly hc sinh lm trung tm. 60
1.3. So snh quan im dy hc ly gio vin lm trung tm v quan im
dy hc ly hc sinh lm trung tm............................................................... 61
1.4. Quan im ca UNESCO v s thay i vai tr ca ngi gio vin
trong nn gio dc hin i vi quan im dy hc ly hc sinh lm trung
tm [3] ........................................................................................................... 64
2. Cc phng php dy hc tch cc hin i .................................... 66
2.1. Dy hc nu vn ................................................................................ 67
2.2. Dy hc algorit ho ................................................................................ 76
2.3. Dy hc chng trnh ho ...................................................................... 85
V. V la chn phng php dy hc .................................................... 100
Chng III. Phng php dy thc hnh k thut....................................... 101
1. C s khoa hc ca dy hc thc hnh k thut ............................ 101
2. Thit k v trin khai thc hin bi dy thc hnh ........................ 104
2.1. Quy trnh thit k bi dy thc hnh .................................................... 105
2.2. Hot ng trin khai bi dy thc hnh................................................ 119
3. Mt s hin tng tm l nh hng n kt qu luyn tp k nng
ca hc sinh ....................................................................................... 125
3.1. Qu trnh vn..................................................................................... 125
3.2. Hin tng tc ng qua li gia cc k nng - k xo Hin tng ny
biu hin hai kha cnh:............................................................................ 125
3.3. ng cong luyn tp .......................................................................... 126
4. Cu trc ca mt bi dy thc hnh k thut .......................................... 127
Chng IV. T chc qu trnh dy hc....................................................... 129
II. Cc hnh thc t chc dy hc truyn thng...................................... 130
1. Bi ln lp...................................................................................... 130
1.1 Khi nim v bi ln lp........................................................................ 130
1.2. Cc kiu bi ln lp.............................................................................. 131
1.3. Cu trc bi ln lp .............................................................................. 131
1. 4. K hoch dy hc ................................................................................ 133
I. Mc ch.............................................................................................. 138
II. Yu cu .............................................................................................. 138
III. Tin trnh bi dy.............................................................................. 138
4. Cng c luyn tp .......................................................................... 139
5. Hng dn t hc v giao nhim v v nh................................... 140
I . Mc ch - yu cu............................................................................. 140
1. Mc ch ....................................................................................... 140
2. Yu cu .......................................................................................... 141
II. Trong tm bi dy v cng vic chun b........................................... 141
1. Trng tm bi dy.......................................................................... 141
III. Tin trnh ging dy......................................................................... 141
3. Ging bi mi ................................................................................ 142
IV. Cng c bi (15 pht) ....................................................................... 148
V. Hng dn cng tc t lc nh - thi gian: 3 pht ......................... 148
2. Cng tc t lc ca hc sinh.......................................................... 149
2.1. Hot ng t lc ca hc sinh v ngha ca n trong hc tp k thut
..................................................................................................................... 149
2.2. Hng dn hc sinh t hc................................................................... 150
3. Semina ........................................................................................... 159
3.1. Khi nim............................................................................................. 159
3.2. Cc hnh thc semina ........................................................................... 160
4. Tham quan, ngoi kho k thut .................................................... 162
4.1. Tham quan............................................................................................ 162
4.2. Hot ng ngoi kho v k thut ........................................................ 165
5.1. Hng dn hc sinh n tp................................................................... 169
5.2. Kim tra nh gi kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh ................................... 173
III. Mt s im trng yu v nghip v dy hc ca gio vin............. 188
1. Nhng k nng ng lp c bn.................................................... 188
1.1. ngha ca vic lm ch k nng ng lp ........................................ 189
1.2. Nhng yu t ct yu ca k nng ng lp............................... 189
2. D gi, nh gi bi dy................................................................ 192
2.1. Mc ch............................................................................................... 192
2.2. Tin trnh d gi................................................................................... 192
2.3. Quan st trong d gi........................................................................... 193
Chng V.................................................................................................... 199
Cng ngh dy hc hin i ........................................................................ 199
I. Khi nim v cng ngh v cng ngh dy hc .................................. 199
1. Cng ngh...................................................................................... 199
2. Cng ngh dy hc......................................................................... 199
3. Phn loi cng ngh dy hc.......................................................... 200
4. Khi nim v cng ngh dy hc hin i ..................................... 200
5. Vai tr ca cng ngh dy hc hin i ......................................... 201
II. Cc cng on ca cng ngh dy hc hin i................................. 203
1. Cng ngh son bi....................................................................... 203
1.1. Cng ngh son bi truyn thng ......................................................... 203
1.2. Cng ngh son bi hin i................................................................. 204
2. Cng ngh tn lp.......................................................................... 240
2.1. Cng ngh tn lp truyn thng .......................................................... 240
2.2. Cng ngh ln lp hin i ................................................................... 242
3. Cng ngh sau ln lp.................................................................... 243
3.1. Cng ngh truyn thng ...................................................................... 244
3.2. Cng ngh hin i ............................................................................... 244
Chng VI................................................................................................... 246
o to ngh theo mun k nng hnh ngh -[8]...................................... 246
1. M u v mun k nng hnh ngh (mkh) ................................ 246
II. mt s khi nim................................................................................ 248
1. M un k nng hnh ngh - K hiu MKH. ................................ 248
2. Mun - k hiu l Mo ................................................................. 249
3. n nguyn hc tp - K hiu N................................................ 249
4. B ti liu dng cho dy v hc ca mun Mo............................ 250
III. Hai giai on thc hin o to ngh theo MKH.............................. 250
1. Giai on thit k ni dung............................................................ 250
2. Giai on trin khai do to........................................................... 251
IV. Phng php xc nh nhu cu o to v phn tch ngh............... 252
1. Xc nh nhu cu o to............................................................... 252
2. Phn tch ngh................................................................................ 253
V. Phng php xy dng b ti liu hc tp cho mun ngh ............ 257
1. Xy dng danh mc cc n nguyn hc tp ................................ 257

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CHNG I

MT S IM C BN V CHNG TRNH
V NI DUNG DY HC TRONG TRNG
THCN V DY NGH

I. MC CH V NHIM V CA CC MN K THUT
TRONG CHNG TRNH O TO CA CC TRNG
THCN V DY NGH
1. Mc ch
Trang bi cho hc sinh h thng kin thc k thut c bn ca
mt ngh o to bao gm kin thc c s v kin thc chuyn
ngnh lm c s cho s hnh thnh ngh nghip.
Hnh thnh hc sinh k nng v k xo ngh nghip h c
kh nng hnh ngh khi i vo cuc sng.
Gp phn hnh thnh hc sinh nng lc hot ng tr tu bao
gm nng lc nhn thc, t duy k thut, nng lc k thut v nng
lc sng tao khi vn dng hiu bit k thut vo thc tin.
Thng qua vic trang b kin thc k thut - cng ngh, hnh
thnh k nng, k xo v nng lc hot ng tr tu m gp phn
hnh thnh v cng c th gii quan khoa hc cho hc sinh.
2. Nhim v
2.1. Nhim v tr dc (Nhim v gio dng)
Nhim v th nht: Trang b cho hc sinh h thng kin thc
k thut - cng ngh c bn, hin di ca mt ngnh, ngh k thut
c o to, bao gm:
- Nhng khi nim k thut;
- Cc dng vt liu v nng lng ch yu c s dng trong
ngnh k thut;
- Thng tin v cch x l thng tin trong k thut nh bn v k
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thut, tn hiu, m thanh, hnh nh.. . v cch x l chng;
- Cc nguyn l k thut cc quy trnh k thut - cng ngh;
- Cc my mc, trang thit b k thut v cch thc vn hnh, s
dng, bo qun, iu chnh v sa cha chng,
- Nhng tri thc v an ton v bo h lao ng;
- Nhng tri thc v bo v mi trng lin quan n trc tip
vi ngh nghip.
Nhim v th hai: Hnh thnh v rn luyn cho hc sinh h
thng k nng, k xo ngh nghip bao gm:
- K nng c v phn tch cc bn v k thut, cc s v
my mc, thit b k thut;
- K nng biu din i tng k thut trn bn v k thut
- K nng s dng cng c lao ng, cc phng tin k thut
ch yu trong ngh, trong bao gm c k nng iu chnh, bo
qun, bo dng v sa cha;
- K nng s dng cc phng tin o lng, kim tra cht
lng sn phm, kim tra nh gi tnh trng lm vic v pht hin
nhng h hng ca my mc, thit b;
- K nng t chc thc hin cng vic chuyn mn v t chc
ni lm vic
2.2. Nhim v gio dc thng qua dy hc mn hc
Tnh thng nht gia dy hc v gio dc trong mt mn hc l
mt nguyn tc, mt quy lut ca qu trnh dy hc. Vi cc mn
hc k thut chng ta cng tm thy nhiu ni dung gio dc nhn
cch c th c lng vo trong cc bi dy l thuyt cng nh
thc hnh. Di y l mt s ni dung gio dc m ngi gio
vin c th xem xt vn dng vo tng bi hc c th:
- Gio dc thc cng nghip nh k lut lao ng, tinh thn
hp tc, tnh k hoch, tnh quy chun, tnh ng b v cn i
trong sn xut cng nghip, thc trt t, v sinh, bo v mi
trng v an ton lao ng.
- Gio dc th gii quan khoa hc v nim tin:
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Qua dy hc k thut cn lm cho hc sinh nm chc c
nh hng su sc v ton din ca khoa hc- k thut n
ton x hi v tng con ngi.
Lm cho hc sinh thy rng, qu trnh pht trin khoa hc -
k thut cng l qu trnh ch ngha duy vt thng ch ngha
duy tm. V vy vic hc tp, lnh hi tri thc k thut cng
chnh l xy dng lng t tin, l trang b cho mnh phng
tin v sc mnh xy dng hnh phc c nhn v cng
ng x hi.
2.3. NHIM V PHT TRIN
Hnh thnh v pht trin t duy k thut, bi dng nng
lc k thut cho hc sinh
Ngy nay, do s pht trin ca khoa hc - cng ngh nn khi
lng tri thc ca mt ngnh ngh tng ln rt nhanh theo thi
gian. Trong khi thi gian o to trong trng c hn, nh
trng khng th cung cp kin thc cho ngi lao ng dng
sut i. iu i hi nh trng phi thc hin qu trnh o
to sao cho ngi hc sau khi ra trng c kh nng t hc, t cp
nht tri thc mi c kh nng thch nghi vi mi trng lao
ng lun lun bin i. Mun vy, trong qu trnh dy hc phi
ch trng pht trin t duy k thut v bi dng nng lc k thut
cho ngi hc.
II. T DUY K THUT V NNG LC K THUT- [1]
1. T duy k thut
1.1. Khi nim
Mt cch tng qut c th hiu: T duy k thut l s phn nh
khi qut cc nguyn l k thut cc qu trnh k thut, cc thit b
k thut di dng m hnh v kt cu nhm gii quyt nhng vn
k thut t ra trong thc t.
Nh vy t duy k thut l loi t duy xut hin trong lnh vc
lao ng k thut nhm gii quyt nhng nhim v c tnh cht k
thut sn xut.
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1.2. Cu trc ca t duy k thut
T duy k thut c hiu l t duy L thuyt - thc hnh v t
duy Khi nim - hnh nh. N c cu trc bi ba thnh phn c
quan h tng h v bnh ng l Khi nim (l thuyt) - Hnh nh
(Trc quan) - Thao

Trong :
T duy k thut m vic gii quyt vn da trn cc khi
nim k thut, cc mi lin h !gic v gn b vi ngn ng c
gi l t duy tru tng
- T duy k thut m vic gii quyt vn da trn hnh nh
trc quan ca i tng k thut gi l t duy trc quan
- T duy k thut m vic gii quyt vn bng thao tc vt
cht hng vo vic gii quyt cc tnh hung c gi l t duy
thao tc (thc hnh).
1.3. c im ca t duy k thut
T duy k thut mang nhng thuc tnh vn c ca t duy ni
chung nh: Tnh phn nh khi qut, tnh tru tng, dng ngn
ng lm phng tin, lin quan cht ch vi nhn thc cm tnh...,
ng thi n cng c nhng c im ring:
c im th nht: T duy k thut biu hin s thng nht
cht ch gia thnh phn l thuyt v thnh phn thc hnh ca
hot ng trong s tc ng qua li v kt hp khng ngng gia
cc thao tc tr tu vi cc hnh ng chn tay bn ngoi (cc ng
tc).
Qua c im ny ta thy: Mun pht trin t duy k thut phi
tin hnh ng thi hng lot cc thao tc tr c kt hp vi thao
tc thc hnh, lm cho chng h tr nhau, kim tra, thc y ln
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nhau. T c th rt ra mt kt lun quan trng v mt s phm
l. Khng th pht trin t duy k thut nu ch dng phng php
dy hc bng li ni v ch vit.
c im th hai: T duy k thut c mi lin h cht ch gia
thnh phn khi nim v thnh phn hnh nh ca hot ng. Hai
thnh phn ny c gi tr ngang nhau trong t duy k thut. Khi t
duy gii quyt mt bi ton k thut, con ngi cn phi hnh
dung trong u hnh khi ca i tng nghin cu. V vy ngi
ta ni: T duy k thut l t duy khng gian.
c im th ba: T duy k thut c tnh thit thc
Tnh thit thc th hin trn hai mt:
- Qu trnh t duy gii quyt mt bi ton k thut - cng
ngh phi c hon thnh trong mt thi gian hn ch.
- T duy k thut l linh hot, n khng ch sn sng p ng
vi yu cu thc t vo thi im cn thit, m cn th hin k
nng ca con ngi bit vn dng hp l v c hiu qu cc tri
thc c vo nhng iu kin khc nhau.
c im th t: T duy k thut mang tnh ngh nghip
Nhng ngi lm mt ngh k thut no thng rt nhy bn
vi nhng vn ca ngh . S nhy bn cho php ngi lm
ngh k thut tip cn vi nhng kht nim k thut hay t tng
k thut mi nhanh hn so vi nhng ngi khng lm ngh .
2. Nng lc k thut
2.1. Khi nim
Nng lc k thut l t hp nhng yu t tm sinh l ca c
nhn p ng nhng i hi ca mt hot ng k thut no .
Nh vy, nng lc k thut thuc loi nng lc chuyn mn, c
phm vi rng, do n c th gm nhiu nng lc chuyn mn
hp.
2.2. Cu trc ca nng lc k thut
Nng lc k thut c hnh thnh thng qua nhng hot ng
k thut c th v c cu trc bi ba thnh phn: Nhn thc k
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thut, thit k k thut v vn dng k thut.

Nng lc k thut c hnh thnh da trn ba yu t: Yu t
ch o gm t duy k thut v tng tng k thut Yu t im
ta gm c quan st v tr nh trc quan Yu t b tr gm hng
th v s kho tay ca ngi lao ng k thut
3. Cc bin php pht trin t duy k thut v bi dng
nng lc k thut cho hc sinh thng qua hot ng dy hc
T duy k thut v nng lc k thut ca ngi lao ng k
thut c hnh thnh v pht trin trong mt qu trnh lu di di
tc ng ca nhiu yu t nh h thng tri thc c trang b, iu
kin kinh t - k thut v mi trng hot ng k thut. Tuy nhin
ngay trong qu trnh lnh hi tri thc th t duy d c hnh thnh
v pht trin tng bc.
Ngc li, s pht trin t duy li tc ng trc tip n vic
lnh hi tri thc mi. Do , trong qu trnh dy hc, ngi gio
vin c th p dng cc bin php di y thc y qu trnh
hnh thnh v pht trin t duy k thut cho hc sinh:
Cung cp cho hc sinh phng tin t duy l ngn ng k
thut m c bit l cc khi nim k thut. Cn lm cho hc sinh
nm chc h thng khi nim ca ngnh ngh k thut c o
to. Trn c s to dng v khc su cc biu tng v i
tng m khi nim phn nh. - S dng hp l cc phng tin
trc quan to ra hnh nh trc quan cm tnh, to ra n tng
ban u lm d liu cho t duy. Phng tin trc quan c chn
quan st phi phi mang tnh in hnh cho nhm i tng cn
phn nh.
- T chc tt cc qu trnh dy hc thc hnh, tham quan k
thut hc sinh c iu kin vn dng v hon thin l thuyt
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c hc, rn luyn thao tc vt cht, qua m cng c thao tc
tr tu
- Cu trc ca mt bi dy k thut phi ph hp vi logic ca
ni dung k thut v logic ca qu trnh nhn thc. S sp xp c
h thng ni dung hc tp cng nh tun t ca chng trong bi
dy khng ch c ngha trong vic pht trin t duy logic m cn
c tc dng ln i vi hng th hc tp ca hc sinh.
- Cn thng xuyn rn luyn cho hc sinh cc thao tc c bn
ca t duy nh phn tch, tng hp, quy np, din dch, so snh,
khi qut ho.. . qua vic gii cc bi ton k thut.
- Pht huy tnh tch cc, ch ng, t gic hc tp ca hc sinh
bng cch p dng cc phng php dy hc tch cc nh dy hc
nu vn , dy hc chng trnh ho, m thoi...vi t tng ch
o ly hc sinh lm trung tm
- S dng cc phng php nghin cu k thut cng ngh vo
dy hc K thut bi dng phng php nhn thc cho hc
sinh.
III. NI DUNG DY HC TRONG TRNG THCN V
DY NGH
1. Khi qut v khung chng trnh o to chuyn nghip
Ni dung dy hc trong nh trng ni chung bao gm bn
thnh phn:
Thnh phn th nht: H thng nhng tri thc v t nhin x
hi v t duy v k thut- cng ngh v cch thc hot ng.
Nhng tri thc ny gm: - Cc khi nim c bn v cc thut ng
khoa hc
- Cc quy lut, nh lut, cc hc thuyt.
- Nhng tri thc v cch thc hot ng
- Nhng tri thc nh gi, nhng tri thc v chun mc, thi
i vi cc hin tng khc nhau ca cuc sng.
Cc dng tri thc ny lin quan mt thit vi nhau. V vy trong
qu trnh dy hc cn bi dng cho ngi hc cc dng tri thc
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mt cch ng b.
Thnh phn th hai: H thng nhng k nng k xo hot
ng tr c v lao ng chn tay.
Thnh phn th ba: H thng kinh nghim hot ng sng to
l tri thc v phng php nhn thc ni chung v phng
php nghin cu khoa hc ni ring.
Thnh phn th t: Kinh nghim v thi i vi th gii,
i vi con ngi.
Ni dung dy hc trong trng THCN v dy ngh l s c th
ho bn thnh phn ni trn ph hp vi cp hc v ngnh hc.
Tuy nhin hin ti trn th gii ang c nhiu quan im khc nhau
v ni dung v cu trc ni dung o to ngh nghip trong cc
trng THCN v dy ngh.
Theo Quyt nh s 21/2001/Q-BGD8(T ngy 6/6/2001 v
vic ban hnh Chng trnh khung gio dc chuyn nghip th ni
dung o to bao gm cc thnh phn c bn sau:
Khi cc mn hc chung: Bao gm cc mn v chnh tr, gio
dc php lut, quc phng, th cht, tin hc, ngoi ng... Cc mn
hc ny p ng yu cu pht trin nhn cch chung ca ngi lao
ng trong x hi. Trong thi gian gn y, ni dung v kt cu ni
dung ca cc khi ny c s thay i ln. Nhiu vn x hi c
tnh ton cu v quc gia ang c t ra cho mi ngi nh vn
gio dc dn s, gio dc phng chng ma tu v t nn x hi,
gio dc bo v mi trng... c nghin cu a vo khi cc
mn hc chung vi mc v hnh thc thch hp. Trong gio dc
chuyn nghip thi lng ginh cho khi ny chim khong 10%
tng thi gian o to.
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Khi cc mn vn ho c bn: Gm cc mn khoa hc t nhin
v x hi nh ton, l, ho, sinh, vn, ting vit... Vic la chn
nhng mn hc no cho mt ngnh, ngh o to l ph thuc vo
tnh cht ca ngnh, ngh . Vi i tng tuyn sinh l hc sinh
tt nghip ph thng c s th khi vn ho c bn thng chim
khong 30% tng thi gian o to. Ni dung ca cc mn c
thit k da trn c s cc mn hc tng ng ca ph thng trung
hc c iu chnh mc nht nh cho ph hp vi mc tiu o
to.
Khi cc mn c s: Bao gm cc mn c s k thut - cng
ngh, kinh t v qun l... cho mt ngnh, ngh hoc mt nhm
ngnh ngh o to Khi kin thc ny khng ch lm nn tng
hc sinh c kh nng tip thu kin thc chuyn mn ngh nghip
c v l thuyt v thc hnh m cn l nn tng quan trng m
rng v nng cao trnh chuyn mn ngh nghip cho ngi lao
ng trong sut qu trnh sng v lao ng. Khi ny thng
chim t l 10 - 15% tng thi gian o to.
Khi cc mn hc chuyn mn - ngh nghip: Mi mn hc
thuc khi ny thng c hai phn l phn l thuyt v phn thc
hnh c bn. Phn l thuyt bao gm cc kin thc v k thut -
cng ngh ca mt ngnh, ngh hoc ca mt chuyn ngnh c th.
Phn thc hnh mn hc gm nhiu bi tp thc hnh hnh
thnh hc sinh nhng k nng lao ng c bn, cn thit theo yu
cu ca mc tiu o to.
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Trong phn ny, ngoi phn thc hnh ngh c bn, ngi hc
cn c thc hnh ngh lin quan. V d hc sinh ngh c kh sa
cha, bn cnh ngh c kh c bn nh ngui, lp rp, o lng,
iu chnh... cn phi thc hnh thm in k thut.
Thi lng cho khi ny chim khong 40 - 45% tng thi gian
o to
Phn thc tp
Ngoi phn thc hnh mn hc nh th nghim, thc nghim
bi tp ln, thc hnh ngh c bn ni trn, trong chng trnh
o to cn c mt phn quan trng l phn thc tp ngh nghip.
Trong phn ny ngi hc c thc tp ngh nghip trn v tr
cng tc ca mnh (v tr ngi k thut vin hoc vi tr ngi cng
nhn). Thng qua loi hnh thc tp trc tip ti c s sn xut ny
m cng c, hon thin cc kin thc v k nng ngh nghip thch
ng vi nhng loi hnh cng vic thc t trong cc c s sn xut.
Thi gian cho thc hnh ngh nghip ny chim khong 5% n 1
0% tng thi gian o to.
2. H thng tri thc, k nng, k xo trong ni dung dy hc
ca cc trng THCN v dy ngh
Ni dung lao ng v yu cu lao ng ca cc nghnh, ngh l
khc nhau, do ni dung o to ca cc ngnh, ngh cng khc
nhau v h thng tri thc l thuyt, k nng, k xo, nh hng
gi tr, thi ngh nghip. H thng ny c gii thiu khi qut
di y gio vin v nhng ngi lm qun l gio dc - o
to trong nghnh gio dc chuyn nghip c th tham kho.
2.1. H thng tri thc khoa hc v cng ngh trong ni dung
o to ngh nghip
H thng tri thc khoa hc v cng ngh trong ni dung o to
ngh nghip bao gm:
Cc tri thc v s vt, hin tng c phn nh trong h thng
khi nim khoa hc. Cc khi nim c a vo trong ni dung
dy hc u c nh ngha chun xc, trong nhng c
trng c bn ca s vt, hin tng c ch ra mt cch r
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rng.
- Tri thc l lun v h thng cc quan im, t tng x hi,
cc hc thuyt khoa hc, cc quy lut, nh lut khoa hc. V d
quan im duy vt bin chng, t tng H Ch Minh, cc nh
lut vt l, ho hc, in - t, cc nguyn l hot ng ca my
mc, thit b.
- Tri thc v cc quy trnh cng ngh gia cng, ch bin to
ra sn phm, v d nh quy trnh cng ngh gia cng chi tit my
bng cc phng php gia cng to phoi, quy trnh cng ngh gia
cng c, quy trnh x l d liu thng tin.. .
- Tri thc v mi trng lao ng bao gm mi trng t nhin,
mi trng nhn to, mi trng x hi ni din ra cc hot ng
)ao ng ngh nghip v hot ng sng khc.
- Tri thc v con ngi, v i sng x hi v lao ng ngh
nghip, thi v cc nh hng gi tr x hi v ngh nghip,
lm c s cho vic hnh thnh l tng, nim tin, thi , trch
nhim ngh nghip
2.2. H thng k nng, k xo ngh nghip
Trong o to ngh th h thng k nng, k xo ngh nghip
chung v chuyn bit cho tng ngnh ngh o to chim mt v tr
quan trng hng u
K nng l kh nng thc hin mt cng vic hoc mt hot
ng no mt cch c cht lng, c hiu qu theo mc ch,
yu cu nht nh trong nhng iu kin nht nh (chng hn nh
iu kin thi gian, phng tin vt cht... ) da vo tri thc v k
xo c.
Qu trnh hnh thnh k nng l qu trnh vn dng cc kin
thc, kinh nghim hot ng thc tin. Do c th ni k nng l
kin thc trong hot ng.
Nu phn loi theo loi hnh hot ng th k nng c phn
thnh k nng hot ng tr tu v k nng hnh ng. K nng
hot ng tr tu l k nng phn tch, tng hp, phn on, so
snh, suy lun, tru tng ho, khi qut ho...K nng hnh ng
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l kh nng thc hin hnh ng c th, chng hn nh k nng
iu khin my mc, k nng quan st, k nng trnh by bi ging
trn bng, k nng thu thp thng tin...
Theo c im chung v ring th k nng c phn thnh k
nng chung v k nng chuyn bit.
K nng chung l k nng c tc dng i vi nhiu loi hnh
hot ng nh k nng pht hin vn , tnh ton, quan st, lp k
hoch, c v nhn bit k hiu.. .
- K nng chuyn bit l loi k nng c tc dng i vi mt
loi hnh hot ng, mt ngh nht nh chng hn nh k nng
iu khin, iu chnh cc thit b chuyn dng, k nng nhn bit
cc loi vt liu, k nng gii m cc phn mm my tnh.. .
Theo mc phc tp ca k nng, ngi ta phn ra k nng
n gin v k nng phc tp.
K nng phc tp l k nng i hi phi hp nhiu ng tc,
thao tc ca h vn ng, ca thc v h gic quan. hnh
thnh k nng phc tp i hi phi c qu trnh luyn tp cng
phu v lu di.
- K xo l hot ng hay thnh phn ca hot ng c
luyn tp thun thc n mc khi thc hin hot ng con
ngi khng cn tp trung s ch , khng cn s kim sot ca y
thc. Ni cch khc, k xo l hot ng hay thnh phn ca hot
ng c t ng ho nh luyn tp. K xo l mt thuc tnh
ca nhn cch, c tnh n nh v bn vng.
K xo bao gm:
- K xo tr c J kh nng nhy cm trong hot ng tr c. V
d nh tnh nhm c lng...
- K xo cm gic l kh nng cm nhn ca con ngi do qu
trnh luyn tp t n mc t ng ho, trong b my phn
tch cm gic ng vai tr ch o. V d nh k xo phn bit
mi, v, ting ng, du vt, mu sc...
- K xo vn ng l s thnh tho cc ng tc c bp trong
mt dng hot ng no . N c c trng bi chnh xc
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(khng c ng tc tha, ng tc sai), bn vng, n nh, tc
thc hin, s phi hp mm do th hin khng ch s kho lo
ca c bp m cn s nhp nhng ca hot ng tr c (nh n,
nh my, an lt..).
IV. CC NGUYN TC C BN CH O XY DNG
CHNG TRNH O TO, NI DUNG DY HC V
PHNG HNG HON THIN NI DUNG DY HC
1. Nguyn tc ch o vic thit k chng trnh o to
Qu trnh thit k chng trnh o to cn tun th cc nguyn
tc sau: m bo tnh khoa hc: Ni dung chng trnh phi m
bo tnh chnh chnh xc, c bn, hin i ca h thng cc kin
thc, k nng ngh nghip trong cc lnh vc khoa hc - cng
ngh.
- m bo tnh thc tin: Ni dung chng trnh phi ph hp
vi trnh pht trin thc t v d bo pht trin k thut - cng
ngh ca cc lnh vc sn xut, dch v ca t nc. Mt khc
phi ph hp vi iu kin c s vt cht v con ngi (gio vin)
m bo tnh kh thi. m bo tnh va sc: Ni dung chng
trnh phi ph hp vi i tng tuyn sinh, vi yu cu ca mc
tiu o to v cc iu kin m bo khc.
- m bo tnh h thng: Ni dung chng trnh phi c cu
trc h thng hp l, c s kt hp hi ho gia logic ca tri thc
khoa hc vi logic s phm.
- m bo tnh lin thng: Ni dung, chng trnh cn c
thit k sao cho to ra c kh nng lin thng gia cc bc hc,
ngnh hc cho ngi hc c th hc tip ln cao hn hay hc
thm ngnh ngh khc mt cch thun li v khi hc ln bc hc
cao hn ngi hc khng phi hc li nhng ni dung hc bc
hc thp. iu c th t c nu ni dung o to c thit
k theo cu trc mun.
- m bo tnh a knh thng tin: Ni dung, chng trnh o
to phi c chn lc t nhiu knh thng tin nh t cc ti liu
khoa hc- cng ngh trong v ngoi nc, t kinh nghim thc tin
sn xut v i sng.. .
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2. Nguyn tc xy dng ni dung dy hc
Phi ph hp vi mc tiu o to ca nh trng
- m bo tnh ton din v cn i ca gio dc, tc l ni
dung dy hc phi m bo cho ngi hc pht trin mi mt nhn
cch, pht trin th lc mt cch hi ho.
- m bo hc i i vi hnh, hc tp kt hp vi lao ng sn
xut v thc nghim khoa hc, vi hot ng chnh tr, hot ng
ni kho kt hp vi ngoi kho.
- m bo tnh thng nht trong c nc ng thi phi tnh n
c im ring ca tng a phng, tng vng, phi ph hp vi
c im la tui v gii tnh ca ngi hc, phi thch hp vi
iu kin ging dy v hc tp ca nh trng
3. Cc phng hng hon thin ni dung dy hc
Hon thin tc l lm cho ni dung ngy cng tinh gin, c bn,
hin i. Di y l nhng phng hng c bn hon thin
ni dung:
- Tng cng mi lin h gia ni dung dy hc vi s thay i
nhanh chng ca khoa hc- cng ngh trong nc v th gii, vi
i sng, lao dng sn xut, vi thc tin xy dng v bo v T
quc
- Tng cng gio dc lao ng k thut, chun b cho ngi
hc c nng lc chuyn mn k thut i vo cuc sng.
- Tng cng gio dc th gii quan khoa hc, gio dc o
c, gio dc php lut.
- Tng cng mi lin h gia cc mn hc.
- m bo cho ni dung dy hc ph hp hn na vi c im
tm sinh l, hon cnh v iu kin hc tp ca hc sinh cc
vng khc nhau.
V. MT S TRNG HP C TH KHI VN DNG
CC NGUYN TC DY HC VO DY K THUT
CNG NGHIP
Cc nguyn tc dy hc l nhng lun im c bn c tnh quy
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lut ca qu trnh dy hc. Chng ch o vic xc nh mc ch,
ni dung, phng php, phng tin v hnh thc t chc dy hc.
H thng cc nguyn tc dy hc chung c gii thiu trong
ti liu "Gio dc hc s phm". Trong phm vi gio trnh ny ch
qun trit thm mt s nguyn tc cn vn dng trong dy k thut
cng nghip.
Nguyn tc th nht : m bo s thng nht gia tnh
khoa hc v tnh va sc ca hc sinh
Tnh khoa hc ca ni dung dy hc th hin: Ni dung phi
chnh xc, c bn, hin i, phn nh c nhng thnh tu mi
nht ca khoa hc- cng ngh, c th ng vai tr c s cho nhng
kin thc chuyn ngnh v sau ng thi ng c vai tr cha
kho cho vic vn dng tri thc l lun vo thc tin.
Mt khc, khi xy dng ni dung dy hc phi ch m bo
tnh va sc ca hc sinh. Va sc c ngha l tri thc m ngi
gio vin truyn th cho hc sinh khng qu d v cng khng qu
kh. Nu ni dung dy hc qu d hoc qu kh s lm hn ch s
hng th hc tp ca hc sinh. Tuy nhin tnh va sc cn c
hiu l va sc nhng thi im khc nhau. iu c gii
thch l: Nng lc, trnh ca hc sinh khng phi l bt bin m
l thay i theo thi gian, theo tng bi hc theo xu hng tng
dn trong qu trnh dy hc. V vy yu cu lnh hi tri thc m
gio vin t ra i vi hc sinh cng phi khng ngng nng cao.
Vic nng cao dn yu cu lnh hi tri thc trong iu kin nng
lc trnh ca hc sinh ngy mt nng cao l m bo s thng
nht gia tnh va sc vi yu cu pht trin tr tu ca hc sinh.
S thng nht c thc hin da trn l thuyt v vng pht
trin tr tu gn nht ca Vgotski -[2]
Theo l thuyt ny, nhng yu cu ca nhim v hc tp m
ngi gio vin t ra phi ph hp vi gii hn cao nht ca vng
pht trin tr tu gn nht ca hc sinh m hc sinh c th hon
thnh c vi s n lc cao nht v tr tu v th lc.
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Nh nhng c gng ca bn thn v s gip ca thy gio
m hc sinh c th t ti c yu cu thuc v vng pht trin tr
tu gn nht v vng ny chuyn ho thnh vng tr tu hin ti.
Tri thc, k nng, v bn thn nng lc lnh hi tr thnh vn tr
tu ca hc sinh. Cn nhng vng trc y cn xa nay c ko
li gn v tr thnh vng pht trin gn nht. C nh vy, hc sinh
leo ht nc thang ny n nc thang khc, pht trin ht bc ny
n bc khc.
Qua ta nhn thy: a hc sinh nhy qua mt bc ln v
tr tu vi yu cu chung Y th ngi thy gio phi bit phn chia
bc ln thnh nhng bc nh mt cch hp l vi cc yu cu
tng ng Y
1
, Y
2
....Yn ri dn dt hc sinh dn dn chim lnh
tng phn tr thc m rng dn vng pht trin tr tu. Khi hc
sinh thc hin c cc yu cu Y
1
, Y
2
.. .Y
n
th c ngha l hc
sinh t c yu cu chung Y ca bi hc. Hay ni cch khc
t, ngi thy phi bit phn chia bi hc thnh cc n v kin
thc v sp xp cc n v kin thc v cc bi tp theo mc
kh tng dn v hng dn hc sinh chim lnh dn tng phn.
Tnh va sc i hi ngi gio vin khi xy dng ni dung dy
hc khng ch ch n kh ca tri thc m cn phi ch c
v khi lng tri thc.
Nguyn tc th hai : m bo s thng nht.. gia tnh h
thng v tnh thc tin
Qu trnh dy hc phi m bo tnh h thng ca mn hc v
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tnh h thng gip cho ngi hc nm c ni dung mt cch
khoa hc, vng chc.
Tnh h thng ca mn hc quy nh vic phn chia, sp xp cc
ni dung ca mn hc theo mt trnh t logic nht nh.
Tnh h thng cn i hi vic nghin cu mn hc phi t n
trong h thng cc mn hc ca mt ngnh o to t c bn n
c s n chuyn mn, sao cho cc mn hc c th h tr cho
nhau, sao cho cc mn hc m nhn tt vai tr "cho" v " nhn".
Theo l lun nhn thc th l lun phi xut pht t yu cu ca
thc tin, n phi quay tr v phc v thc tin v c thc tin
chng minh, kim nghim. Theo quan im , ni dung dy hc
phi phn nh nhng kinh nghim hot ng thc tin ca con
ngi trong lnh vc k thut v vic trin khai mt qu trnh dy
hc phi m bo sao cho vic hc tp ca hc sinh gn lin vi
thc tin sn xut v i sng.
m bo c yu cu , ni dung ca cc mn hc k
thut bao gi cng phi c cu trc bi hai phn l phn l
thuyt v phn thc hnh. Hai phn phi c xy dng trong
mi quan h cht ch vi nhau theo mt t l hp l i vi tng
mn hc c th.
Tuy nhin, do yu cu i i mi, hon thin ni dung dy hc
nn gio vin phi cp nht thng xuyn nhng thng tin phn
nh nhng tin b ca khoa hc - cng ngh, s bin ng trong
thc tin x hi. iu c th ph v tnh h thng ca ni dung
mn hc nu ngi gio vin cha "vng tay". V vy nguyn tc
ny i hi: Vic ci tin ni dung dy hc phi c thc hin
theo quan im thc tin nhng phi c nh hng bi tnh h
thng ca mn hc.
Nguyn tc th ba : m bo s thng nht gia ci cu th
v ci tru tng
Qu trnh dy hc cng din ra theo quy lut "T trc quan sinh
ng n t duy tru tng, t t duy tru tng n thc tin".
Nh vy y din ra s di chuyn t ci c th n ci tru
tng, t vt cht n thc, t du hiu v biu tng n khi
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nim tru tng v khi qut.
Vic nhn mnh nguyn tc ny xut pht t c im ca cc
mn k thut. Ni dung cc mn hc k thut trong trng THCN
v dy ngh va c tnh c th v tnh tru tng rt in hnh.
Tnh c th biu hin ch, ni dung mn hc phn nh nhng
i tng c th nh my mc, thit b, dng c k thut, cc qu
trnh cng ngh, cc thao tc ngh nghip nhng ni dung ny
ngi hc c th trc tip tri gic c ngay trn i tng nghin
cu thng qua cc phng tin trc quan hoc cc thao tc mu ca
ngi gio vin. Tnh tru tng th hin h thng cc khi nim
k thut, nguyn l k thut, cc qu trnh din ra bn trong cc
thit b v vt liu k thut... m ngi hc khng th trc tip tri
gic c. V d: in trng, t trng, t trng quay, pha v
gc pha ca dng in v in p, s chuyn bin pha ca t chc
kim loi trong qu trnh nhit luyn.. . tip thu c cc tri thc
ny i phi c s hnh dung, tng tng, phi c qu trnh t
duy. Hai tnh cht trn ca ni dung k thut i hi trong dy hc
cn phi thng nht gia ci c th v ci tru tng, gia nhn
thc cm tnh v nhn thc l tnh, gia cu trc hnh thc bn
ngoi vi ni dung nguyn l, din bin bn trong ca mi i
tng.
S thng nht gia ci c th v ci tru tng trong dy k
thut i hi: - Phi tm cho c im xut pht tng i ca
mi khu nhn thc, tc l phi xut pht t ci c th hay t ci
tru tng. T quyt nh cch lp lun theo quy np hay
din dch mt cch hp l trong qu trnh dy hc.
Ngi hc mun t duy tru tng cn phi c "nguyn liu
cho t duy, m mun c "nguyn liu" th phi c nhn thc cm
tnh. V vy, phi xc nh ng v tr, vai tr ca trc quan, phi
coi n nh mt iu kin v phng tin ca s chuyn bin bin
chng t ci c th sang ci tru tng. Trong dy hc phi tao
iu kin cho ngi hc tip xc trc tip vi s vt, hin tng
hay nhng hnh tng ca chng, phi dng k thut m phng
m phng nhng ni dung tru tng thnh nhng hnh nh c th,
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sng ng trong h to phng cng nh h to nhiu chiu.
Nh ngi hc c th nm vng khi nim, quy lut, l thuyt
khi qut. Ngc li, cng c th cho ngi hc lnh hi ci tru
tng, khi qut trc, ri sau tm hiu, lin h ti ci c th.
Nguyn tc ny cng i hi ngi thy phi cn i gia tnh
c th v tnh tru tng trong mi bi dy. Trc quan l nguyn
tc vng trong gio dc ngh nghip nhng nu qu lm dng s
hn ch s pht trin nng lc t duy tru tng ca hc sinh.
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CHNG II
PHNG PHP DY HC
I. KHI NIM V PHNG PHP V PHNG PHP
DY HC
1. Khi nim v phng php ni chung
Theo ngha chung nht, phng php l con ng, l cch thc
m ch th s dng tc ng vo i tng nhm chim lnh
hoc bin i i tng theo mc ch nh. Phng php l
mt phm tr ca l thuyt hot ng c lin quan mt thit vi cc
phm tr ch th, i tng, mc ch, ni dung hot ng.
V phng din trit hc, phng php c coi l s vn ng
ca ni dung n mc ch. Bi vy, phng php bao gi cung c
tnh mc ch, tnh cu trc v lun gn b vi ni dung.

Phng php c hai mt c bn:
- Mt khch quan l ni dung
- Mt ch quan l hot ng ca ch th. Phng php bao
gi cng mang du.n ch quan.
V vy c th ni: Hot ng ca ch th trn c s ca hot
ng khch quan - chnh l phng php
Gia mc ch, ni dung v phng php c mi quan h tc
ng mang tnh quy lut:
Mc ch v ni dung quy nh phng php. C mc ch, c
ni dung mi c phng php tng ng. Vi mt ni dung nhng
c thc hin bng nhng phng php khc nhau s cho nhng
kt qu khc nhau,

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hiu qu khc nhau. Ngc li, phng php c tc dng lm
cho ni dung ngy cng hon thin hn, phong ph hn. Mi quan
h c m t trn hnh 2.2


2. Khi nim v phng php dy hc (PPDH)
PPDH l mt b phn ht sc quan trng ca qu trnh dy hc
(QTDH).
Khi xc nh c mc ch, ni dung dy hc th phng
php dy ca thy v phng php hc ca tr s quyt nh cht
lng ca QTDH. PPDH l phng php ca hai ch th. Phng
php dy ca gio vin v phng php hc ca hc sinh. Cho nn
PPDH c hiu l t hp cc cch thc phi hp hot ng
chung ca gio vin v hc sinh, nhm gip hc sinh chim lnh
c tri thc, k nng, k xo.
c trng c bn ca PPDH
- Phng php dy v phng php hc c tnh c lp tng
i vi nhau: Phng php dy l phng php t chc cc hot
ng hc tp, phng php iu khin qu trnh nhn thc v gio
dc hc sinh. Cn phng php hc l phng php nhn thc v
rn luyn k nng, k xo t pht trin. Tuy nhin chng c
thc hin trong cng mt ni dung, vi cng mt mc ch, cho
nn hai phng php ny phi phi hp thng nht vi nhau di
s ch o ca phng php dy.
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- Phng php dy hc l cch thc lm vic ca ngi gio
vin nn bao gi cng cha ng nhiu du n ch quan ca gio
vin. Phng php dy th hin trnh nghip v s phm ca
gio vin, n c tnh khoa hc trong ni dung, k thut trong thao
tc v ngh thut trong th hin. Phng php day c hiu qu khi
thy thc c cc quy lut khch quan nh Quy lut nhn thc
ca hc sinh, Quy lut pht trin ca bn thn khoa hc iu
khin tr tu ngi hc theo ni dung nhn thc, to nn tnh tch
cc) sng tao trong hc tp v rn luyn ca h. PPDH lun gn
cht vi mc ch dy hc. PPDH phc v cho mc ch mn hc,
bi hc gio dc tnh sng to, lng kin tr, thc y s hng th
hc tp ca hc sinh. Trong PPDH cha ng yu t ca phng
php gio dc. Chnh mc ch gio dng, mc ch gio dc v
mc ch pht trin tr tu trong tng bi hc ch dn vic la chn
phng php dy v phng php hc cho ph hp.
- Vic dy hc bao gi cng thc hin theo ni dung. Ni dung
dy hc quy nh PPDH. Mi mn hc, mi bi hc, mi n v
kin thc, mi loi k nng u i hi mt phng php dy v
phng php hc c th.
PPDH hin dt cn c phng tin k thut hin i h tr.
Phng tin l cng c phc v cho phng php t ti kt qu
cao. La chn phng php s gn lin vi vic la chn v s
dng mt hoc mt vi phng tin. V vy theo yu cu ca
phng php m ngi thy phi nghin cu thit k, ch to,
mua sm phng tin dy hc thch hp. - Mi bi dy i hi
nhiu phng php. Mi phng php bao gm nhiu thao tc, cho
nn dy hc bao gi cng l s phi hp mt h cc phng php
vi nhiu thao tc. Vic la chn hp l v s dng nhun nhuyn
cc phng php dy hc chnh l ngh thut s phm.
- Tm li, PPDH l tng hp cc cch thc hot ng phi hp
ca gio vin v hc sinh. Trong phng php dy ch o
phng php hc nhm gip hc sinh t gic, t lc tch cc ch
ng chim lnh h thng kin thc khoa hc hnh thnh v pht
trin h thng k nng hot ng bao gm c k nng nhn thc,
k nng sng to v k xo thc hnh.
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3. Quan h gia PPDH vi trnh lnh hi tri thc ca hc
sinh
Mi ni dung dy hc c mt PPDH xc nh v kt qu ca
vic vn dng mi PPDH l mt trnh lnh hi tng ng ca
hc sinh. V vy c th n; rng, trnh tnh hi ca hc sinh l
mt hm ca PPDH. Quan h gia PPDH v trnh lnh hi c
m t c th nh sau:
P.Php Trnh lnh hi tri thc ca hc sinh
Thng
bo
t c mc nhn bit: Hc sinh nhn bit c
cc i t!ng, phn bit c v hiu c cc thuc
tnh c bn ca chng.
Lm mu
- Quan st
t c mc ti hin: Hc sinh ghi nh c ni
dung tri thc c th nh li, ti hin li mt cch y
chnh xc.
Nu vn

t c mc k nng: Hc sinh bit vn dng t
thc hc vo cc tnh hung quen thuc v bit vn
dng sng to linh hot vo cc tnh hung mi trong
thc tin

II. PHN LOI CC PHNG PHP DY HC
Trong thc t c rt nhiu cch phn loi khc nhau v ni
chung l cha c c mt quan im phn loi thng nht. Di
y ch gii thiu mt s cch phn loi c nhiu ngi ch .
E.I Petropxki, E. Golant phn loi phng php theo cch
chuyn ti v c im tri gic ti liu ca hc sinh.Theo
PPDH c chia thnh ba nhm.
- Phng php dng li
- Phng php trc quan
- Phng php hot ng thc tin
M.N Skatkin, la. Lecne phn loi theo mc sng to trong
nhn thc. Theo PPDH c phn ra cc nhm:
- Nhm phng php gii thch - minh ho
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- Nhm phng php ti hin
- Nhm phng php tm kim b phn
- Nhm phng php sng to
Iu. Babanski chia PPDH thnh ba nhm:
- Nhm phng php t chc v hot ng nhn thc
- Nhm phng php kch thch ng c v hot ng nhn
thc - Nhm phng php kim tra v t kim tra kt qu hc tp
A. anhilov, B.P. Exipov phn thnh cc nhm:
- Phng php tm ti tri thc
- Phng php hnh thnh k nng, k xc
- Phng php kim tra nh gi tri thc, k nng, k xo
IF. Khaclamov li phn cc PPDH thnh bn nhm:
- Phng php gii thch bng li
- Phng php hot ng tm kim tri thc mi
- Phng php vn dng tri thc hnh thnh kh nng, k xo -
Phng php kim tra, nh gi tri thc
Cc cch phn loi khc nhau ni trn da trn nhng cn c
khc nhau nn mi cch u c u nhc im ring. Tuy nhin
nhn vo ton th, ta d dng nhn thy chng c nhng nt chung,
nt tng ng nht nh.
III. CC PHNG PHP DY HC TRUYN THNG
1. Nhm cc PPDH dng ngn ng
y l nhm phng php s dng li ni v ch vit truyn
t, tip nhn, x l v lu tr thng tin. Nhm ny bao gm cc
phng php c th sau:
1.1. Phng php thuyt trnh
a. Khi nim v Phng php thuyt trnh
Thuyt trnh l phng php m trong gio vin dng ti
trnh by, gii thch ni dung bi hc mt cch chi tit v c h
thng.
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Phng php ny c s dng khi dy nhiu hc sinh vi mt
chng trnh l thuyt phc tp. y l phng php c s dng
lu i nht trong lch s dy hc.
u im:
- D thc hin i vi gio vin v c th tin hnh phng
php ngay c khi khng c mt phng tin dy hc no;
- Vi mt thi gian quy nh, gio vin c th truyn t mt
khi lng kin thc ln cho nhiu ngi;
- Thng qua ging ni, c ch, nh mt, gng mt m ngi
gio vin c th tc ng n tm l hc sinh thu ht hc sinh,
nng cao hiu qu gi hc;
- Hc sinh khng ch tip thu tri thc khoa hc m cn hc c
cch lp lun logic, cch din t vn khoa hc ca gio vin.
Nhc im:
- Hc sinh th ng, ch tp trung nghe, hiu, nh m khng c
c hi trnh by kin ca mnh. Nu gio vin lm dng phng
php ny th c th to ra thi quen th ng ch i kin gii
thch ca thy, thch nghe hn thch t c, thiu tnh ch ng tm
ti tri thc, nn cht lng dy hc s b hn ch.
Hc sinh d mt mi, u oi, mt tp trung, nht l khi gio vin
trnh by bi ging mt cch kh khan, cng nhc hoc trnh by
vi ging ni u u nh kiu c kinh.
khc phc nhc im trn c th:
- Kt hp vi phng php nu vn hoc phng php m
thoi, to ra nhng mu thun li cun hc sinh vo tho g
tng vn , lm cho hc sinh phi theo di bi ging mt cch tch
cc vi cm gic hng th. - Phi hp thuyt trnh vi minh ho
bng phng tin trc quan. Gio vin hng dn hc sinh quan
st i tng nhn thc, kt hp vi vn p, tho lun tng
cng hot ho hc sinh.
b. Cu trc logic ca phng php thuyt trnh
Phng php thuyt trnh c thc hin theo ba bc:
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Bc 1. t vn
y l bc u tin ca bi hc mi nn rt quan trng trong
vic gy ch . tp trung t tng ca hc sinh vo i tng
nghin cu. Trong bc ny, vn nghin cu c gio vin
pht biu r rng v sc tch. Hiu qu cng cao nu gio vin nu
vn theo kiu t chc tnh hung vi mt h thng cu hi nu
vn c chun b chu o.
Bc 2. Gii quyt vn
Gio vin c th gii quyt vn t ra theo hai con ng
logic ca nhn thc: quy np hoc din dch hoc kt hp c hai.
Phng php quy np l phng php trnh by bi ging m
lp lun ca thy i t ci ring, ci n nht n ci chung, t ci
c th, ri rc n ci tru tng, tng qut. Hay ni cch khc l:
Gio vin a ra nhiu s kin c th, ri rc nhng cui cng dn
dt rt ra kt lun chung cho mi s kin ri rc, c th .
Phng php din dch (suy din) l phng php lp lun i t
ci ci chung, ci tng qut n ci ring, ci c th khi trnh by
bi ging. Ni mt cch c th hn l: Khi ging bi, trc ht gio
vin a ra kt lun hay nh lut tng qut ri t dn dt cho
ngi hc i n tng trng hp c th, ngi hc nhn thc
c rng mi trng hp c th ny u nghim ng vi kt lun
hoc nh lut tng qut nu ban u
Bc 3- Kt lun
Gio vin a ra thng tin di dng khi qut nht, chnh xc
v bn cht nht ca vn nghin cu, sau ch ra lnh vc,
phm vi p dng ca vn l thuyt va nghin cu v ch r vn
ny c ng dng u trong thc t. iu ny c bit quan
trng khi dy cc mn k thut. c Vn dng phng php thuyt
trnh
Khi vn dng phng php thuyt trnh cn m bo cc yu
cu sau:
- Ni dung trnh by phi chnh xc, r rng theo mt lgic cht
ch Ngn ng s dng phi c chn lc chnh xc, d hiu,
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phong ph v trong sng;
- Khi thuyt trnh phi th hin tnh cm: Ging ni lc bng,
lc trm, lc bnh thng, lc nhn mnh. Phi th hin c s
nhit tnh, si ni ng lc, ng ch. Nt mt, iu b, ging ni
phi c sc truyn cm Nhp ging va phi, nhng ch kh
tip thu phi ging chm v nhn mnh;
Cc khi nim mi, nhng thut ng k thut mi cn gii thch
r rng, y . Sau mi phn cn c tiu kt. Khi sang phn khc
phi c chuyn tip hp l;
- Ch bao qut lp hc kp thi pht hin trng thi mt
mi, u oi ca hc sinh, t c bin php gy s ch , hot
ho hc sinh, lm cho gi hc lun sng ng.
1.2. Phng php m thoi
a. Khi nim
Gi hc khng c i thoi l mt gi hc "cht". gi hc
tr nn sng ng, gio vin cn to ra mt cuc trao i, tranh
lun nhm kch thch v li cun hc sinh hng hi tham gia xy
dng bi ging. Qua kim tra xem hc sinh lnh hi c
thng tin mi cha ng thi pht trin k nng lng nghe, phn
tch, nh gi, ph phn kin pht biu ca ngi khc ca hc
sinh. m thoi l mt phng php dy hc c hiu qu. Nu
c p dng tt n s ng gp ng k trong qu trnh dy hc
mi cp hc.
m thoi l mt hnh thc trinh by bi ging, trong gio
vin da vo nhng tri thc v kinh nghim hot ng thc tin
ca hc sinh, cn c vo ni dung ca bi m t ra mt h thng
cc cu hi. Thng qua cc cu hi ny m gio vin trao i vi
hc sinh, hng dn hc sinh t duy tng bc t minh nm
c tri thc mi trong bi hc.
b. Yu cu khi vn dng phng php m thoi
Khi t chc m thoi, gio vin phi xut pht t nhng tri
thc m hc sinh c do hc tp, do tch lu kinh nghim c
nhn, do quan st c khi gio vin c t chc quan st trn
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phng tin trc quan. Phi lm cho hc sinh thc c mc
ch ca cuc m thoi v sn sng tham gia m thoi.
- S thnh cng ca phng php m thoi ph thuc vo ni
dung v tnh cht cc cu hi do gio vin nu ra, vo vic d kin
cc phng gp kh khn. V vy, mu cht thnh cng ca
phng php ny ph thuc rt ln vo cu hi m gio vin a ra
v phn ng ca gio vin trc nhng cu tr li ca hc sinh.
t cu hi hay khng phi l iu d dng. Vy lm th no
c cc cu hi hay v phn ng th no trc nhng cu tr li
hoc nhng cu hi ca hc vin. gii quyt vn , ngi
gio vin phi cn c vo mc ch ca vic t cu hi:
Li cun hc sinh;
nh gi kin thc ca hc sinh v thu thp bng chng v
nhng iu h hc;
Thch thc nhng tng hin hu;
Pht hin nhng hc sinh gp kh khn;
Gip hc vin nm vng y vn chuyn mn.
Vi mc ch , vic t cu hi phi m bo cc yu cu
sau: Cu hi phi st vi tng i tng hc sinh, tc l phi c
cu hi cho hc sinh kh, gii; c cu hi cho hc sinh trung bnh
v yu km. Nu m thoi trn c s vn kin thc ngho nn s
khng c hiu qu.
- Cu hi phi trong sng, r rng, chnh xc v d hiu. S
lng v mc phc tp ca cu hi ph thuc vo tnh phc tp
ca vn nghin cu v trnh hin c ca hc sinh.
- H thng cu hi v p n phi th hin logic cht ch ca
cc bc gii quyt vn ln, phi th hin l ngun tri thc cho
hc sinh.
- Phi trnh nu nhng cu hi chung chung hoc qu chi tit.
Hn ch t cu hi m cu tr li l c hoc khng. Trong nhiu
trng hp, gio vin cn t nhng cu hi gy ra s tranh lun
chung c lp kch thch hng th hc tp v pht trin t duy
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c lp ca hc sinh
- Sau khi gii quyt mt cu hi, gio vin phi tng kt li v
ch ra kin thc mi cn lnh hi. Phi kp thi un nn nhng cu
tr li sai. Cn ch dy hc sinh cch tr li logic v pht trin
kh nng din t ca hc sinh.
- Trong qu trnh t chc m thoi cn ch n c lp, trnh
tnh trng ch lm vic vt nhng hc sinh kh, gii v nhng hc
sinh ny thng tch cc tham gia m thoi. Gio vin cn t cu
hi cho ton lp, ginh thi gian cho c lp suy ngh, sau mi
ch nh hc sinh tr li.
Gio vin phi ch ng dn dt lp theo k hoch ca mnh,
trnh tnh trng theo ui hc sinh khng iu khin c lp hc
theo tin trnh. Thng th phng php m thoi khng c s
dng c lp cho c mt bi ging m thng c s dng xen k
vi cc phng php khc. Chng hn, khi s ng phng php
thuyt trnh, thay cho li c thoi, ngi ta phi hp vi cc cc
cu hi hng dn hc sinh tm chn l. c Cc dng m thoi
v phm vi ng dng
C hai dng m thoi:
m thoi ti hin, ti to kin thc. Dng ny dng cng
c kin thc, ti to li ni dung v cu trc ca kin thc. N
c dng n tp, cng c bi v dng khi kim tra nh gi
kt qu hc tp
m thoi nu vn (m thoi rtic): Dng ny cn gi l
m thoi gii quyt vn . dng ny, cu hi v cu tr li lun
lun xut pht t mt vn cn gii quyt. Ni dung dy hc dn
dn c hon thin thng qua nhiu bc gii quyt vn . Dng
ny c dng khi ging bi mi, dng khi tho lun cc chuyn
.
d. Dng cu hi v cch thc x l ca gio vin trc cc
tnh hung m thoi
- Dng cu hi: Di y l mt s dng cu hi nhm kch
thch hot ng t duy khc nhau ca hc sinh c th p ng vi
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yu cu ca hai

Dng cu hi v d
Yu cu hon chnh Dng in ba pha l.. . . . . . . . . . ?
Yu cu nh ngha Th no l mt nguyn cng gia cng?
Yu cu lit k Hy gi tn tt c cc bc kim tra cch in ca ngc
c in!
Yu cu quan st Hy cho bit y c bao nhiu im vi phm quy m~
v an ton in?
Yu cu k li Hy trch dn cu ni ni ting ca Wiliam Blank!
Yu cu la chn Trong cc loi dao tin sau y, dao no l dao tin
trong?
Yu cu phn tch Yu t no quyt nh tnh cht ca mt quy trnh cng
ngh?
Yu cu so snh ng c in v my pht in c g khc nhau v ging
nhau ?
Yu cu gii thch V sao gng t my bin p phi dng cc l thp mng
ghp cch in vi nhau?
Yu cu t chc C th sp xp thng tin ny nh th no cho hp l hn
?
Yu cu xp th t Hy sp xp cc cng vic di y thnh quy trnh
kim tra cch in ca ng c in!
Yu cu vn dng C th dng dao din bng thp gi ct cao tc c
khng?
Yu cu d bo Cn c vo xu hng pht trin ca cng nghip vt liu
k thut, ngnh sn xut vt liu dng c ct c th pht
trin theo hng no?
Yu cu ly v d Hy ly v d v ng dng ca mt trong k thut in t
Yu cu khi qut
ho
Qua nhng v d nu ta rt ra kt lun g v quan h
gia tc ct v tui bn ca dng c ct?
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Yu cu nh gi Trong cc phng n tng nng sut gia cng c
trinh by, phng n no l phng n tt nht?
Phng n no l kh thi trong iu kin c th ca
chng ta?
- Phn ng ca gio vin trc cc tnh hung tr li ca hc
sinh iu quan trng nht x l tt l ch lng nghe cu tr li
ca hc sinh. Nhng gi di y c th tham kho:

Tnh hung X l ca GV
Hc.sinh tr li ng - Khen ngi
- Cng nhn
Hc sinh tr li ng mt phn - nh gi phn tr li ng
- ngh cc hc vin khc b sung ngh
cc hc vin khc hon thin
Hc sinh tr li sai - Ghi nhn s ng gp
- Yu cu cc hc vin khc ng gp
Hc sinh khng tr li Hc sinh
khng tr li
- Hi mt hc vin khc
- Hi cu hi bng nhng t ng khc
- S dng gio c trc quan lm r cu hi
- Ging li khi nim
- Yu cu hc vin xem ti liu tham kho
Ngoi ra, khi hc sinh tr li, gio vin c th dng nhng th
php khc va kch thch t duy ca hc sinh va thm d
xem hc sinh ca mnh hiu bit nhng g, hiu bit n mc no.
Nhng th php c th l:
- Im lng v ch i cho hc sinh c thi gian suy ngh v c
th tr li nhiu hn
- Khuyn khch bng cch: C tng dy, no em hy lip tc
di...
- i su vo chi tit: Em c th ni thm cho c lp bit v...
- Lm r: Em c th gii thch thm iu c ngha l g?
- Thch thc: Em ni ng, nhng nu th thi ci g s xy ra v
em c th x l nh th no ?
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- Chng c: Em c th chng minh lun im ca mnh khng?
Vn dng: Phi nhng vn dng vo y nh th no?
- V d: Em c th a ra dc v d thc t v iu hay
khng?
Cch x l ca gio vin trc cc cu hi ca hc hc sinh
Trong dy hc bng m thoi, vic hc sinh t cu hi l mt
tn hiu tt Thng thng, gio vin c gng gii p. Mt cch
tt nht c v hc sinh tham gia l to iu kin cho h tr li.
Tuy nhin chng mt ai c th bit tt c mi iu. V vy
khng nn tr li khi cha nm vng vn . Tuyt i khng c
a ra cc cu tr li mp m. Nu cha nm vng vn th tt
nht l ghi nhn cu hi, ha s nghin cu v gii p sau v nht
thit phi gii p cng sm cng tt.
e. u im v nhc im ca phng php m thoi u im
- Kch thch tnh tch cc, ch ng, c lp, sng to ca hc
sinh trong hc tp.
- Bi dng cho hc sinh nng lc din t bng li nhng vn
khoa hc
- Gy hng th hc tp, lm cho khng kh lp hc tr nn si
ni
- Gip cho gio vin thng xuyn thu c thng tin ngc t
kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh iu chnh kp thi hot ng dy
v hot ng hc nhm t c hiu qu dy hc cao nht.
Nhc im
Nu gio vin khng chun b k cu hi v khng c ngh
thut t chc th ny c nhiu hn ch:
Lm mt nhiu thi gian, nh hng n k hoch ln lp.
- D bin m thoi thnh nhng cuc tranh lun tay i gia
gio vin vi hc sinh hoc gia hc sinh vi hc sinh.
1.3. Phng php tho lun trn lp
1.3.1. Khi nim
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Tho lun trn lp l phng php dy hc trong ngi dy
(hoc ngi iu khin) t chc v iu khin cc thnh vin trong
lp hc trao i kin v t tng ca mnh v ni dung hc tp,
qua t c mc ch dy hc.
1.3.2. u, nhc im ca phng php tho lun
u im
- i hi ngi hc tch cc ng no.
- To c hi mi hc sinh c tham gia trc tip vo qu
trnh dy hc v c th hin quan im ca mnh.
- Ngi hc t b sung cho nhau nhng kin thc ngoi nhng
iu c lnh hi trn lp.
- Gio vin c nhiu c hi hiu bit v nh gi kin thc,
kinh nghim,t duy ca hc sinh, ng thi gip hc sinh hiu v
nh gi bn thn cng nh cc hc sinh khc trong lp.
- Ngi hc c c hi p dng v kim nghim tnh ng n
ca cc bin php ca mnh.
- Gip ngi hc pht trin k nng s dng cc kin thc c
ca mnh v cc ngun khc (t ti liu, t bi ging ca gio vin)
v k nng th hin mt vn bng li.
- To ng c v kch thch thi tch cu tham gia ca ngi
hc
- To thi bnh ng, hiu bit v thn thin gia cc hc
vin v gia hc vin vi ngi dy.
Nhc im
Tho lun tuy c nhiu im mnh, nhng cng c nhng hn
ch:
- Rt tn thi gian
Ngi hc s thy b tc, chai cng nu ni dung a ra tho
lun r rng, ch n n gin, khng c nhiu hng, nhiu
kha cnh tip cn Hiu qu thp nu trnh chung ca lp qu
yu, lp hc qu quen vi li hc th ng, a s ngi tham gia
pht biu hoc gio vin khng c k nng lng nghe, k nng iu
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khin v kim sot lp hc km.
Phm vi p dng
Tho lun trn lp c bit thch hp trong trng hp sau:
- Hnh thnh cho hc sinh tri thc l lun, tri thc v gi tr,
cm xc, quan im.. .
- Hnh thnh cho hc sinh cch suy ngh v nhng vn c
trong ni dung mn hc, bng cch to iu kin cho suy ngh, bc
l suy ngh v tham kho cch suy ngh v lp lun ca ngi khc.
- c bit hay khi cho hc sinh tho lun v cc tng, cc
phng n, cc gii php k thut, v d nh cc phng n v cu
trc ca robot, gii php v nng cao nng sut gia cng, v x l
mi trng b nhim.. .
1.3.3. Cc bc tin hnh tho lun
Bc1 - Lp k hoch
Tho lun trn lp cn tin hnh mt cch c k hoch. lm
c iu ny cn ch nhng im sau:
a. Xc nh mc tiu ca bui tho lun
xc nh mc tiu cn tr li cu hi: Bui tho lun ny
nhm t n iu g? Nhng p n c th l:
- M rng v phn tch su mt ch ;
- Cng c v pht trin kin thc hc;
- Pht trin t duy sng to, kh nng ph phn, pht trin k
nng din t ca hc sinh;
- Tm hiu quan im, thi v kinh nghim sng ca hc
sinh.
b. Xc nh ni dung tho lun
y l khu quan trng ca ca qu trnh chun b. Cng vic
ny c tin hnh theo hai giai on: La chn ch tho lun
v phn tch ni dung ca ch thnh nhng n v nh. Vic
lm ny gip gio vin v c lp d dng nh hng v kim sot
c tin hnh tho lun m khng b ri.
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c. Xy dng cu trc ca bui tho lun
Mt cuc tho lun, d vn n gin hay phc tp cng u
c cu trc gm nm phn:
- Xc nh vn tho lun.
- a gi thuyt v vn .
- Tm chng c chng minh v kim tra chng c.
- nh gi cc gi thuyt v cc chng c.
- Nhn xt, kt lun.
d. D kin h thng cu hi nu vn v cu hi gi m
Cn lu : Cc cu hi phi hng ti mc ch tho lun ban
u, trnh hin tng cc cu hi i qu xa trng tm
e. Thng bo ch v k hoch tho lun cho hc vin bit
trc
Bc 2 - T chc v dn dt tho lun
Trc ht b tr ch ngi sao cho mi hc sinh phi nhn thy
nhau trong qu trnh tho lun. V th nn b tr theo hnh U hoc
hnh trn. Sau khi ng tho lun.
Bt u cuc tho lun thng l rt kh, nht l vi nhng
ngi c c tnh rt r, t ni hay mi gp. khi ng v dn dt
tho lun c th theo nhng gi di y:
- Ngi dn chng trnh (c th l gio vin hoc hc sinh)
nu cc cu hi lin quan ti ch tho lun. Nhng s kin ny
c th c trnh by bng ti liu trc quan (biu , phim... )
hoc tnh hung. Nu c s i ngc kin gia cc thnh vin
v ch tho lun th ngi dn cn gii thiu s kin cc bn
v lun ng v tr trung lp, khng thin v. Sau khi nu ra s
kin, ngi dn chng trnh da ra cu hi dn dt vo cuc tho
lun.
To ra s bt ng kin gia cc thnh vin trong lp.
Tho lun ch din ra khi c s khc bit gia cc thnh vin. V
vy, hp dn cc hc vin tham gia tho lun, cn to ra s khc
bit kin gia h.
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To ra tnh hung c vn v dn dt hc vin tham gia tho
lun gii quyt vn .
Bc 3 - Tng kt tho lun
Tm tt ni dung chnh tho lun, nhng kt lun chung
c thng nht, nhng vn cn m cho cc cuc tho lun tip
theo
- nh gi s tin b ca hc vin th hin trong qu trnh pht
biu.
1.3.4. Nhng yu t quyt nh cht lng bui hc theo
kiu tho lun trn lp
Cc yu t quyt nh cht lng tho lun tm thi c chp
nhn l: Vai tr ca ngi iu khin, ngh thut dn dt v ngh
thut th hin thi ca ngi iu khin.
a. Vai tr ca ngi iu khin
Mt bui tho lun thnh cng l cuc tho lun pht sinh v
gii quyt c nhiu mu thun nhn thc gia cc hc vin, v
vy hiu qu cuc tho lun ph thuc rt nhiu vo vai tr ca
ngi iu khin. Thng thng, trong cc cuc tho lun, vai tr
ny do gio vin m nhn. Trong nhiu trng hp c th giao
cho hc vin trong lp. Ngi iu khin phi ng c vai tr
ca ngi trng ti phn x kin ca cc hc vin, l ngi m
bo tnh bnh ng trong tho lun v tranh lun, l ngi hng
o, dn dt hc vin khm ph v pht hin nhng iu mi trong
cc kin khc vi mnh. iu ny ph thuc vo rt nhiu thi
v ngh thut dn dt tho lun ca ngi iu khin.
b. Ngh thut dn dt tho lun
Ngh thut dn dt th hin vic s dng cu hi v k thut
s dng phng php hai ct ca ngi iu khin.
- Cu hi hm cha ni dung bi hc m ngi hc s lnh hi
trong qu trnh tho lun ng thi l phng tin ca ngi gio
vin trong vic iu khin tho lun. Chng c dng nh
hng v dn dt hc sinh trong qu trnh tho lun.
khi ng v nh hng hc vin nhp cuc tho lun, nn
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dng cc cu hi gi m, chng hn:
Em c th cho bit vi sao.. . ?
Em x l th no vi tnh hung ny?
Trong qu trnh dn dt, khng nn t cc cu hi m h, xa
vi ch tho lun. C th khuyn khch hc vin tr li su vn
bng cch t cc cu hi ph nh:
kin ny hay y, nhng ti sao em ngh nh vy?
Em pht hin ra ci li ca vn ri y nhng th ngh
xem s pht trin tip theo l g?
Cc cu hi nn da vo thc t, vn kinh nghim sn c ca
hc sinh.
Trnh s dng cc cu hi hm ma mai, xc phm ngi tr
li khi h c cu tr li cha ng.
Tr ngi ln nht khi tho lun l s thiu nhit tnh tham gia
ca ngi hc. Cch tt nht nng cao cht lng tho lun l
kho lo cho ngi hc lm ch bui tho lun. Trong hc
vin t nu cu hi v tr li, bin cuc tho lun thnh nhng
cuc tranh lun nh. Nu trong tho lun m khng c tranh lun
s km si ni v hiu qu thp.
lm c iu , cn phn bit r hai khi nim "Tranh
lun" v "Tho lun". Trong tranh lun cc bn thng thin v
bo v kin ca mnh, v vy ngi ta thng a ra chng c
chng minh cho lun im ca mnh. Trong khi tho lun mang
tnh khm ph, trong mi ngi cng nu kin, quan im
ring nhm hng n mc ch chung, cc thnh vin trong lp
khng tm cch phn bc kin ca ngi khc, m lng nghe v
tm kim nhng ci hay, ci hp l trong kin ca ngi khc
cui cng to ra s thng nht chung. Nh vy, kt qu ca tho
lun l mi ngi t suy on v t thay i quan im ca mnh.
Trong tranh lun thng xut hin cc kin khc nhau, thm ch
c tnh i khng gia hai hay nhiu nhm. Vi nhng trng hp
nh vy, cch tt nht l ngi iu khin s dng phng php
bng hai ct.
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Ngi iu khin k trn bng hai ct: Cc kin tn thnh
(nhm A) v cc kin khng tn thnh (nhm B)

Nhim v ca ngi iu khin t hiu v ghi tm tt tt c lp
lun v chng c do tt c cc thnh vin ca tng nhm a ra
(khng c b st bt k kin no). Khi khng cn kin, cuc
tho lun s chuyn sang mc nh gi. Trong nhiu trng hp,
ti thi im ghi xong bng th cc hc vin t rt ra kt lun
tn thnh hay phn i. Vn tip theo ca ngi iu khin l
cn c bin php phng nga hoc xa b nhng mu thun c
nhn ny sinh trong v sau qu trnh tranh lun. Nhng mu thun
ny rt d xy ra v nh hng khng tt n thi v tnh on
kt gia cc thnh vin trong lp.
c. Thi v ngh thut biu hin thi ca ngi iu
khin
bui tho lun thnh cng, thi ca ngi iu khin
phi l thi trn trng i vi thnh vin tho lun cng nh
kin ca h. iu ny c th hin qua thi lng nghe v chia
s ca ngi iu khin khi hc vin t cu hi hoc tr li.
Ngh thut biu hin thi ca ngi iu khin cng l yu
t quan trng bi v trong qu trnh tho lun c ngi cn s nng
, c ngi cn s gip .
Nhng hc sinh c thi quen b ng, ngi din t bng li
ca mnh trc tp th, khng hiu c gi tr ca tho lun, c
tm l s b ph phn v s ngi khc coi thng, h thp mnh
(cho mnh l dt)...l nhng ngi cn s nng . Trong trng
hp ny nn th hin thi bng nh mt thn thin, s gt u
tn thng, n gn v dng nhng li khch l hoc nhc n tn
vi thi thn mt, tn trng, chng hn nh: No, em A, v vn
ny kin ca em th no? Khi h tr li sai hoc cha y ,
khng nn s dng ph nh t mt cch cng nhc nh: Sai ri,
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hon ton sai.
Nhng hc sinh c thi quen ni di, ln t kin ca bn,
chim nhiu thi gian ca cuc tho lun l nhng hc sinh cn s
gip h khng ct hng, vn hng hi tham gia tho lun
nhng cng thc c nhc im ca mnh. Trng hp ny
ngi iu khin nn lch s li vn sang ngi khc, chng hn
nh: Bn A va nu mt s kin rt hay, nhng chng ta cng
cn bit kin ca bn B nh th no ? Vic s dng ngn ng
cng l vn cn quan tm khi t chc tho lun. Mt cch tt
to khng kh si ni trong lc tho lun l gio vin khng nn ni
nh nh, m cn ni mnh m, hng hn, th hin s nhit tnh trao
i li cun hc sinh vo cuc.
Tm li, tho lun l mt trong nhng phng php dy hc l
th. Nu gio vin tch cc s dng phng php ny l th hin s
tn trng tnh ch th ca ngi hc. Tuy l mt phng php dy
hc truyn thng nhng n rt thch hp vi dy hc hin i theo
quan im dy hc ly ngi hc lm trung tm.
1.4. Phng php tho lun theo nhm nh
Tho lun theo nhm nh l s pht trin ca phng php tho
lun trn lp v ngy cng c s dng ph bin trong dy hc
hin i.
1.4.1. Khi nim
Tho lun theo nhm nh l phng php trong lp hc
c chia thnh nhng nhm nh tt c cc thnh vin trong lp
u c lm vic v tho lun v mt ch c th v a ra
kin chung ca nhm mnh v vn .
Mc ch ca tho lun nhm nh l tng ti a c hi cc
thnh vin c lm vic v th hin kh nng ca mnh; pht huy
tinh thn hiu bit, hp tc, thi ua v on kt gia cc thnh vin
trong lp.
Tho lun theo nhm nh l hnh thc hc tp hp quy lut tm
l ca con ngi. Mi c nhn, t nh n ln u c xu hng
thch sinh hot, quan h v lm vic trong cc nhm nh.
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khng nhng c nhn c tha mn nhu cu giao tip, c cm
gic an ton, m cn xut hin nhiu hng khi, lm tng hiu sut
lao ng.
V phng din tm l hc, trong tho lun theo nhm gia cc
thnh vin thng din ra cc hin tng: C s tng tc mt i
mt gia cc thnh vin do c ly ca cc thnh vin trong nhm
gn nhau; c s ph thuc ln nhau mt cch tch cc; c trch
nhim gii thch vn v tng c nhn trong nhm v hnh thnh
k nng hp tc nhm trong x l tnh hung. 1.4.2. u, nhc
im ca tho lun theo nhm nh
u im
- Hc theo nhm nh bao gi cng si ni. N to c hi ti a
cho mi thnh vin trong nhm c bc l hiu bit v quan im
ca mnh v ni dung v phng php hc lp, cng nh cc lnh
vc khc: gip h c nhiu c hi rn luyn cc kh nng din t
cch thc t duy v tng ca mnh. iu ny c bit c ch i
vi nhng hc vin nht nht, ngi, t pht biu trong lp.
- To c hi thun li cc thnh vin hc hi ln nhau. Trong
tho lun theo nhm, trch nhim truyn t, hc v hiu bi
c chuyn cho ngi hc. Do vy cc thnh vin trong nhm
u phi nng cao trch nhim v s n lc ca mnh trc nhm.
- To iu kin cc thnh vin trong lp quen vi vic trao
i v hp tc vi nhau. Gp phn lm tng bu khng kh hiu
bit, tin cy, thn thin v on kt gia cc hc vin. iu ny
rt b ch cho lp hc dnh cho ngi ln v cc d n.
- To yu t kch thch thi ua gia cc thnh vin trong nhm
v gia cc nhm, c bit l trong vic hc tp cc ch c tnh
sng to cao. - To nhiu c hi cho gio vin c thng tin phn
hi v ngi hc. y l mt trong nhng u im ni tri ca
tho lun nhm so vi tho lun trn lp. Trong tho lun trn lp,
gio vin ch thu nhn c pht biu ca t hc vin (thm ch
pht biu ny cn cha bc l ht ngh ca h v h ngi pht
biu trc gio vin v trc lp), cn trong tho lun theo nhm
nh mi thnh vin u c pht biu vi thi t tin v c
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ghi chp li. Do s lng kin v s thu o ca chng trong
cc cuc tho lun nhm chc chn nhiu hn so vi tho lun trn
lp. Mt khc, gio vin c th thu c tri thc v kinh nghim t
pha ngi hc, qua cc pht biu c suy ngh sng to ca hc
vin. iu ny c gi tr i vi gio vin dy cc lp hc ca
ngi ln hay d n v c nhiu hc vin c trnh chuyn
mn, c tri thc h thng, c nh hng gi tr phong ph.. .
Nh vy, nu lm vic v tho lun theo nhm c t chc tt
s tng cng tnh tch cc ch ng ca ngi hc, gip ngi
hc tp trung vo bi hc, pht trin c cc k nng t duy v c
ph phn, cc k nng giao tip v x hi quan trng khc.
Nhc im
- Cc nhm v c nhn trong nhm d b chch hng vi ch
ban u iu ny d xy ra vi nhng ch c ni dung phong
ph hp dn. Cc thnh vin trong nhm mi theo ui tng
ring v ngi ch tr khng thng xuyn thc hoc khng
kim sot c tin trnh tho lun.
- Tn nhiu thi gian. Nu vi mc tiu hnh thnh ngi hc
cc tri thc khoa hc c tnh logic tng minh nhng k nng c
tnh xc nh cao th vic tho lun theo nhm s khng hiu qu
bng cc phng php dng ngn ng ca gio vin. V vy, lm
vic v tho lun theo nhm s rt thch hp vi cc mc tiu v
ni dung dy hc mang tnh pht trin v sng to c nhn, tp th,
cn cc ni dung hc tp mang tnh khun mu th hiu qu ca
phng php ny suy gim.
Hiu qu hc tp ca nhm ph thuc rt nhiu v tinh thn
tham gia ca cc thnh vin trong nhm. Nu trong nhm tho lun
ch c mt vi ngi tham gia tch cc s dn n tnh trng s c
mt vi ngi l ch nhn cn cc thnh vin khc ch l khch
ngi nghe, mc cho ngi khc dn dt v quyt nh. Khi ,
hc theo nhm tr thnh c din c nhn, ht nh phng php
thuyt trnh ca gio vin. Cn cc thnh vin khc tr thnh ngi
ngoi cuc.
- Lm vic theo nhm gy hng phn hot ng rt cao cho cc
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thnh vin v cho nhm. Mt khc, n cng d to ra trng thi mt
mi, tr tr. V vy, lm vic theo nhm khng thch hp vi nhng
bui tho lun di, thng xuyn v c qu nhiu ni dung. Mt
khc, cc tc ng bn ngoi nh s gim st thng xuyn ca
gio vin, yu t thi ua gia cc nhm cng nh hng n cc
hot ng ca nhm. Thiu nhng yu t ny, nhm tr nn km
hiu qu.
1.4.3. Cc hnh thc tho lun theo nhm
a. Nhm nh thng thng
Gio vin chia lp hc thnh cc nhm nh (3-5 ngi) tho
lun mt vn c th no v nhanh chng a ra kt lun c
th v vn . Hnh thc ny thng c s dng kt hp vi
cc k thut dy hc khc trong cng mt bi hc, tit hc. Ni
dung tho lun ca nhm nh thng thng l cc vn ngn,
thi lng t (5-10 ph)
b. Nhm "r rm"
Gio vin chia lp hc ra thnh nhng nhm cc nh khong 2-
3 ngi (thng l cng bn) trao i (r rm) v thng nht tr
li mt cu hi, gii quyt mt vn , nu ra mt tng, mt
thi . nhm r rm c hiu qu, cn cung cp chnh xc, y
cc d kin, cc gi v nu r yu cu i vi cc cu tr li
cc thnh vin tp trung vo gii quyt. Vic chia lp thnh
nhng nhm r rm l bin php khc phc hin tng " Ngi
ngoi cuc", lm tng hiu qu ca tho lun nhm.
c. Nhm kim t thp
y l hnh thc m rng ca nhm r rm. Sau khi tho lun
theo cp, cc cp kt hp thnh nhm 4-6 ngi hon thin mt
vn chung. Nu cn thit c th kt hp cc nhm ny thnh
nhm ln hn. d: Nhm ng tm (nhm b c)
Lp c chia thnh hai nhm: Nhm tho lun v nhm quan
st (sau hon v cho nhau). Nhm tho lun thng l nhm nh
6-10 ngi, c nhim v tho lun v trnh by vn c giao,
cn cc thnh vin khc trong nhm ng vai tr ngi quan st v
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phn bin. Hnh thc nhm ny rt c hiu qu i vi vic lm
tng thc trch nhim c nhn trc tp th v to ng c cho
nhng ngi ngi trnh by tng ca mnh trc tp th.
e. Nhm khp kn v nhm m
Nhm khp kn l nhm nh, cc thnh vin trong nhm lm
vic trong khong thi gian di; thc hin trn vn mt hot ng
hc tp, t giai on u n giai on cui cng. im mnh ca
hnh thc nhm ny l cc thnh vin trong nhm c to iu
kin tham gia thc hin la chn cc giai on ph hp vi mnh.
Hn na, vic thc hin tt c cc giai on tn nhiu cng sc
thi gian.
Nhm m l nhm nh, cc thnh vin trong nhm c th tham
gia mt hoc vi giai on ph hp vi kh nng v s thch ca
mnh. Hnh thc ny mang li cho hc vin nhiu kh nng la
chn vn v ch ng v thi gian, sc lc.
1.4.4. Mt s gi v t chc lm vic v tho lun theo
nhm nh
hot ng v tho lun theo nhm nh c hiu qu, ngoi
nm vng k thut chung ca vic t chc v iu khin hc vin
tho lun trn lp, gio vin cn lu nhng im sau:
1. Chia ni dung thnh nhng vn nh c lin kt vi nhau.
Mi vn nh c coi l mt liu hay mt ch tho lun.
2. m bo cho cc nhm bit trc mc ch, ni dung ca
tho lun v c chun b y cc iu kin cn thit (ti liu,
giy cc c, bt cc lot v phng tin hc tp khc)
3. Mi nhm phi c mt nhm trng iu khin v duy tr
hot ng ca nhm v mt th k ghi chp y cc pht biu
trong tho lun. 4. C th giao nhim v cho tng c nhn lm vic
c lp trong nhm, sau c nhm nh gi v b sung. Cng c
th giao nhim v chung cho c nhm. Tuy nhin cn nh: Ti mt
thi im, mi nhm ch c giao tho lun mt ch (mt
nhim v ).
5. Ti mt thi im c th giao cho nhiu nhm tho lun mt
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ch . Kt thc ch ny li tho lun tip ch khc (pht
trin bi hc theo chiu dc). Cng c th giao cho mi nhm mt
ch . S lin kt cc nhm ny to ra s thng nht v kt qu
chung ca bi dy (pht trin bi hc theo chiu ngang). C hai
hng u c im mnh v im hn ch nht nh. V vy, ty
theo mc tiu v ni dung ca bi dy m s dng cho ph hp
hoc c th kt hp hai cch trn.
6. Trong mi ch lm vic hay tho lun, nn thc hin theo
mt quy trnh chung ca tho lun (xc nh vn cn tho lun;
xy dng gi thuyt; tm kim cc lun c, lun chng chng
minh (bc b) gi thuyt; nh gi v thng nht cc gii php).
7. Cc sn phm hot ng ca c nhn hay ca c nhm c th
c th hin trn cc vn bn, bng t liu biu , bn thit k
hoc cc loi m hnh. Cc sn phm phi c gii thiu v
trnh by trc cc nhm hoc trc cc nhm khc trong lp, phi
c bnh xt v nh gi kin ca ngi khc, tc l phi m
bo s tn trng v bnh ng gia cc thnh vin trong nhm hoc
gia cc nhm khi tho lun
8. m bo yu t cnh tranh v thi ua gia cc nhm. Cc
hnh thc c v, ng vin, to khng kh thi ua v cnh tranh c
th l phn thng, li khen, cc danh hiu...Gio vin khng nn
tit kim li khen i vi cc thnh cng v tin b ca hc vin v
nhm.
9. m bo yu t thng tin phn hi t cc nhm. Bin php
thng thng l kim tra xem th k nhm ghi chp c nhng
g? Hi cc thnh vin c hiu vn cn tho lun khng? C
thc mc g khng? iu cn lu l thi thn thin, gn gi v
ci m ca gio vin khi i kim tra cc nhm c nh hng rt
ln ti hot ng ca nhm v lng thng tin phn hi.
10. Bt k cuc tho lun no cng phi c kt lun. Gio vin
cn c thi gian ghi chp, nh gi s tin b ca cc nhm, tm
tt tng ca cc nhm, thc hin vai tr trng ti hoc ngi
hng o cho cc nhm tip tc hon thin hoc pht trin
tng ca mnh.
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BNG THNG K CC KIU NHM (DO KAGAN A
RA)

Tn gi M t cc bin Php Mc ch Chc nng
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Tho
lun
vng
trn
Mi HV ln lt trao i kin
ca mnh v vn c a ra
vi ton nhm
xy dng
tinh thn
tp th
trong nhm
Nhn mnh nhng
tng sng to. S tham
gia ng u tr thnh
quen thuc vi ton th
cc thnh vin
Tranh
lun
nhm
Mi HV i n cc nhm trnh
by cc vn la chn theo
quyt nh ca GV. Nhng HV
cn li tho lun trong nhm, sau
lng nghe v gii thch cc
kin t cc nhm khc trong lp
hc
xy dng
tinh thn
tp th
trong lp
hc
Nhn bit c nhng
gi thuyt c la
chn, gi tr v cch gii
quyt vn .
Hiu bit v tn trng
nhng quan im khc
nhau, gp g cc ban
trong lp.
Thi cc HV thi vn p vi nhau trong
phm vi mn hc
xy dng
quan h a
ao tip
Pht trin l ng, cc k
nng giao tip, kh nng
gi vng vai tr ca
mnh
Tp
trung tr
tu
GV nu cu hi, HV bn bc trao
i tt c c cu tr li. Sau ,
mt H\/ c gi tr li cu hi
s tinh
thng
n tp, kim tra kin
thc, s lnh hi
Hp tc
nhm
c m
ha bng
mu sc
Tng t tr chi truyn th. Tr
chi c t chc sao cho HV c
nhiu kh nng t thnh tch
lng bc, nhm chuyn t tri nh
ngn hn sang tr nh di hn
s tinh
thng
Nh cc s kin. gip
, khen ngi
Ba bc
phng
vn
u tin, cc HV phng vn bn
cng cp vi mnh. Sau mi
HV trao i mi nhm cc thng
tin thu c qua phng vn
Pht trin
khi nim
Trao i thng tin c
nhn, nhng phn ng.
nhng kt lun t bi
hc. S tham gia v lng
nghe
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(1) (2) (3) (4}
Trao i
suy ngh
theo cp
HV suy ngh theo nhng ch
do GV cho, sau cp di vi
HV khc tho lun nhng
suy tnh- ca mnh. Sau trao
i suy ngh ca cp HV vi
c lp
Pht trin
khi nim
Tng hp v sa i
nhng gi thuyt Quy
np v suy din l l,
s p dng. s tham
gia.
Mng t
theo
nhm
Tt c cc HV ng thi vit
ln mt phn nh ca biu .
v nhng phn chnh ca khi
nim, chng minh cc yu t v
to s hin in ca ca nhng
tng trong mt khi nim.


Phn tch nhng khi
nim ra tng thnh
phn. hiu cc mi
quan h a dng gia
cc tng, phn bit
cc khi nim.
Bn
trn
Mi HV ln lt vit mt cu
tr li vo t giy bng bt ch,
sau chuyn t giy v cy
bt chi i vng quanh lp. C
th s dng nhiu t giy v bt
cng lc.
Pht trin
khi nim
nh gi nhng kin
thc.
k nng thc hnh. nh
li thng tin, sng to
ngh thut, hp tc,
xy dng nhm. s
tham gia ca tt c cc
thnh vin
Trong
ngoi
vng
trn
HV dng i mt vi nhau
thnh cp trn hai vng trn
ng tm. lun phin quay vng
to nn cc cp mi v ng
thi tr li cc cu hi ca GV.
pht trin
khi nim
Kim tra s hiu bit
n tp, gip , trao
i km cp, gp g
cc bn cng lp
Cc cp
i
HV lm vic theo tng cp
xy dng ni dung hay lnh hi
khi nim.
HV tham kho kin ca cc
cp khc cc nhm khc, sau
trao i hiu bit vi bn
cng cp trong nhm ca mnh.
Pht trin
khi nim
Lnh hi v trnh by
ti liu mi, pht trin
khi nim, k nng
trnh by v nhng k
nng giao tip.

(1) (2) (3) (4)
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Trao
i hnh
ch c
Mi HV trong nhm tr nn
thng tho mt ch qua lm
vic vi cc thnh vin nhm
khc. Moi HV cung c phn
cng ph hp vt ch m
minh tinh thng. Tr v nhm.
mi HV ln lt dy li cho
nhm ch mnh nm vng
v tt c cc HV nh gi cc
kha cnh ca ch
Pht trin
kht mm
Hc tp v trao i
nhng ti liu mang
tnh cht phc tp,
thng c ngun gc
a dng. nh gi, p
dng, phn tch, tng
hp gii quyt nhng
mu thun nh pht
trin k nng
Hp tc C nhm HS lm vic cng
nhau to thnh mt sn phm
ca nhm.
Sau em ra trnh by trc
ton th lp hc. Mi HV u
c s ng gp ring bit ca
mnh vo nhm


Trnh by

2. Nhm cc phng php dy hc trc quan
Nhm cc phng php trc quan l nhm huy ng cc gic
quan ca hc sinh tham gia vo qu trnh nhn thc, lm cho vic
tip thu kin thc tr nn d dng v s ghi nh tr nn bn vng,
chnh xc. Nhm ny bao gm cc phng php sau:
2.1. Phng php minh ho
2.1.1. Ni dung ca phng php :
Minh ho l phng php dy hc trong gio vin s dng
cc phng tin trc quan, cc s liu khoa hc hay thc t
minh ho, lm r bi ging. Phng php ny to nn s hng th
trong hc tp, lm cho gi hc sng ng, kch thch t duy, pht
trin c quan st v phn cc phng tin trc quan thng dng
l: Vt tht, m hnh, s , bn v, tranh gio khoa, bng hnh,
phim nha, phim video...
Phng tin minh ho cn c th l nhng s liu, ti liu v
cc s kin m nhng s liu, ti liu ny l nhng dn chng
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thuyt phc cho cc lun im khoa hc.
2.1.2. Yu cu khi s dng dng trc quan
- Trc quan phi s dng ng lc, ng ch, ph hp vi ni
dung, mc ch ca tng bi. Dng n u a ra n .
- S lng dng va phi, nu dng qu nhiu s c ch t duy
tru tng ca hc sinh.
- Nn kt hp nhiu loi trc quan.
Vic biu din phng tin trc quan phi tin hnh thong th,
theo mt trnh t nht nh. Va biu din va hng dn hc sinh
quan st.
Cn hng dn quan st ng trng tm. nh hng quan st
tt nht l nu cc cu hi m vi nhng cu hi i hi hc
sinh phi ch theo di v nhn xt.
2.1.3. Cc trng hp vn dng trc quan dy k thut
Trng hp th nht: Dng trc quan hnh thnh khi nim
k thut v trnh by cu to ca sn phm k thut
Trong dy k thut, mun cho hc sinh nm c cc khi nim
k thut cng nh cu to ca cc sn phm k thut th iu c
bn l phi to iu kin hc sinh c c biu tng r rng,
chnh xc v i tng nghin cu. Trn c s nhng biu tng
, bng nhng cu hi nh hng hp l, gio vin hng dn
hc sinh phn tch v pht hin nhng du hiu chung, bn cht ca
cc i tng.
Vc s dng trc quan dy khi nim k thut v cu to ca
sn phm k thut c tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
- Gii thiu khi qut v vt th trc quan (tn gi v cng
dng).
Gii thch mc ch quan st v hng dn trng tm quan st,
nhn xt v lit k cc du hiu quan st c.
- Hng dn thc hin cc thao tc phn tch, tng hp, so snh
v khi qut ho rt ra nhng du hiu chung, bn cht.
Tng kt s phn tch rt ra kt lun: M t tng b phn
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(tn gi, cng dng, hnh dng, kch thc, vt liu,,,), s lp ghp
lin hp gia cc b phn.
Tin trnh c th m t bng s 2.3:

Trng hp th hai: Dng trc quan dy nguyn l hot
ng ca thit b, my mc
Nguyn l hot ng ca my mc, thit b thng l nhng ni
dung tru tng, khng th trc tip quan st c. V vy, nu
dng vt tht dy thi hiu qu s km hn khi s dng cc s
, bn v, m hnh.
Phng php ging dy ni dung ny thng l gii thch trc
tip trn cc s , bn v hay m hnh. Tin trnh ging dy
nguyn l hot ng ca cc my mc, thit b k thut vi vic s
dng trc quan c th tin hnh nh sau: Gii thiu tng qut v
phng tin trc quan
- Nu c s khoa hc xy dng nguyn l hot ng ca my
mc thit b
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Gii thch nguyn l hot ng tng th trn vt th trc quan.
Ch nhn mnh ni xy ra hin tng chnh.
- Nu c im ca hot ng v cc hnh thc iu khin, iu
chnh hot ng
- Nu iu kin hot ng ca thit b v tng b phn, phn
tch yu cu k thut v kinh t khi s dng thit b.
Nn kt hp cc phng tin trc quan trong khi dy. Thng
thng, gio vin gii thch nguyn l hot ng ca thit b trn
s , hnh v, sau minh ho li ton b qu trnh k thut xy
ra trn m hnh ng. Trng hp th ba: S dng trc quan
dy cc thao tc k thut Dy thc hnh tc l dy cho hc sinh
cch thc hin cc thao tc k thut trn i tng k thut, chng
hn nh o dng in v in p bng ng h o in, qun dy
vo stato ca ng c in, g chi tit gia cng ln mm cp bn
chu, mi mi khoan xon bng my mi hai .
vi nhng thao tc nh th, nu khng dng vt tht hoc m
hnh gii thiu ng tc mu th khng th no lm cho hc sinh
lnh hi c ni dung bi dy.
Dy thc hnh k thut s c trnh by k trong chng III,
y ch im qua v cch thc dng trc quan khi gio vin trnh
din thao tc mu. Khi dng trc quan trnh din thao tc mu,
gio vin c th tin hnh theo trnh t sau:
- Gii thiu tng quan dng c trc quan.
- Gii thiu b phn hay khu vc s c thao tc.
- Gii thiu tn gi cc thao tc.
- Nu mc ch ca mt thao tc.
- Nu yu cu ca m' thao tc.
- Nu trnh t cc bc thc hin thao tc.
Nu nhng im cn lu kh thao tc m bo an ton cho
ngi v cho thit b.
- Sau khi hc sinh hiu v ghi nh c nhng im ni trn
th gio vin trnh din thao tc mu trn i tng.
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Trong dy thc hnh k thut, tranh gio khoa c dng kh
ph bin. Tranh gio khoa c phn lm hai nhm:
Nhm th nht l nhm tranh m t nhng t th, nhng ng
tc c bn, quan trng ca ngi th khi lm vic, hoc m t trnh
t cc ng tc... V d: Tranh m l t th dngl ng tc cm
da ca ngi th ngui; m t t th, v tr ng ca ngi th khi
vn hnh my mi hai ; khi ng cu dao in ca cc trm bin
p.. .
Nhm th hai l nhm tranh m t cu to v nguyn l hot
ng ca cc thit b in hnh. V d nh b tranh m t cu to
v nguyn l hot ng ca ng c t trong.
Khi dng tranh gio khoa dy thc hnh, trc ht gio vin
gii thiu tranh gio khoa, gii thiu tn gi cc thao tc c m
t trn tranh, mc ch v yu cu k thut ca tng thao tc, gii
thiu nhng im nhn trn tranh (v d nh ch c bao bi mt
vng trn, ch b gch bi hai vch mu cho nhau), trnh t cc
thao tc. Sau gio vin trnh din cc thao tc mu v hng dn
hc sinh thc hin cc thao tc ny.
2.1.4. S dng cc phng tin nghe nhn trong dy hc k
thut
Hin nay cc phng tin nghe nhn nh phim video, phim
nha, phim n chiu, phn mm my tnh nh phn mm
Powerpoint, phn mm Solid.. . c s dng rng ri trong dy
hc k thut mang li hiu qu rt cao v chng c kh nng m
phng sinh ng cc nguyn l, cc qu trnh k thut tru tng.
Mt khc chng cn c kh nng m t s lp ghp gia cc chi
tit, thay i cc thng s k thut khi lp ghp.
Khi s dng phng tin nghe nhn vo dy hc k thut cn
thc hin cc yu cu sau:
Trc khi s dng cc phng tin nghe nhn, gio vin cn nu
yu cu quan st c th, c th t cu hi, bi tp nh hng
quan st ca hc sinh. Nu thiu yu cu ny th vic biu din cho
hc sinh xem s khng c hiu qu.
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- Sau khi xem xong, t chc cho c lp tho lun cu hi, bi
tp nh hng trc. Trong nhiu trng hp, sau tng on
kh, phc tp c th dng li cho hc sinh trao i, nu cn thit
th biu din ln th hai. Thi im biu din cho hc sinh c th
thc hin trc hoc sau khi ging bi, nhng on phim ngn c
th chiu trc khi bt u bi dy v s dng n t vn
nghin cu bi mi. Thng thng phim c chiu minh ho
cho ni dung hc tp, tc l sau khi gio vin ging xong mi t
chc chiu phim minh ho. Trong mt s trng hp c th t
chc cho hc sinh xem phim thay cho bi ging ca mnh. Khi
gio vin cn cho hc sinh tho tun theo nhm, theo lp ni dung
ca phim, yu cu mi hc sinh vit mt bn thu hoch theo gi .
Sau khi chm bn thu hoch ca hc sinh, gio vin cn tng kt,
ch ra nhng nhn thc sai v bn cht ca hin tng m hc sinh
tip nhn qua xem phim v tho lun.
2.2. Phng php biu din th nghim
Phng php biu din th nghim l phng php gio vin
tin hnh cc th nghim trn lp hc sinh theo gii din bin
ca cc hin tng khoa hc. y cng t mt dng ca phng
php minh ho nhng phng tin minh ho li l th nghim
khoa hc do gio vin thao tc. phng php ny khng ch gip
hc sinh nm c ni dung bi hc m cn gip hnh thnh thc
tm ti cc phng php nhn thc, lng yu thch khoa hc.
Yu cu cao nht ca phng php ny l th nghim phi thnh
cng gy hng th v gy lng tin vo khoa hc. Nu th
nghim khng thnh cng s gy hng ht trong t tng ca hc
sinh. Mun m bo th nghim thnh cng, ngi gio vin phi
chun b phng tin, vt t th nghim mt cch chu o v phi
lm th nghim trc gi hc. Khi th nghim, gio vin phi
hng dn hc sinh theo di tin trnh th nghim, ghi chp thng
s u vo, din bin v kt qu u ra, gip hc sinh x l kt qu
v rt ra kt lun cn thit. Kt lun phi c khi qut r rng,
mch lc bi v l tri thc m hc sinh cn lnh hi.
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IV. L THUYT DY HC LY HC SINH LM
TRUNG TM V MT S PHNG PHP DY HC
TCH CC HIN I
1. L thuyt dy hc ly hc sinh lm trung tm
1.1. Hai quan im v vai tr ca hot ng dy v hot
ng hc
L lun dy hc ch ra: Trong mt qu trnh dy hc, hot
ng dy ca gio vin v hot ng hc ca hc sinh thng nht
vi nhau, gn b vi nhau. Cho n nay ang c hai quan im
khc nhau v vai tr ca hot ng dy v hot ng hc:
Quan im th nht: Coi trng hot ng dy ca thy, tc l
ly ngi dy lm trung tm ca QTDH.
Quan im th hai: Coi trng hot ng hc ca tr, tc l ly
ngi hc lm trung tm ca QTDH.
T tng nhn mnh vai tr ch ng, tch cc ca ngi hc,
coi ngi hc l ch th ca qu trnh gio dc ni chung v qu
trnh hc tp ni ring c t lu. Ngi xng thuyt ny l
nh s phm ni ting ngi M J.Diway. T tng ch o ca
ng l vic dy hc phi hng vo p ng nhu cu v li ch ca
ngi hc, do ng xut quan im cho ngi hc t la
chn ni dung hc tp, t lc tm ti, nghin cu chim lnh tri
thc v kinh nghim x hi di s iu khin, dn dt ca thy
gio.
1.2. T tng ch o v bn cht ca dy hc ly hc sinh
lm trung tm
T tng ch o, xuyn sut ca thuyt dy hc ly ngi hc
lm trung tm l nh trng chun b cho hc sinh nng lc
thch ng vi i sng x hi, tn trng mc ch, nhu cu, kh
nng, hng th v li ch
Bn cht ca dy hc ly hc sinh lm trung tm l ngi thy
tht s ng vai tr l ngi t chc iu khin qu trnh nhn thc
ca hc sinh, to ra iu kin, to ra mi trng thun li hc
sinh pht huy nng lc v kinh nghim thc tin c ca mnh, t
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tm kim tri thc, k nng cn lnh hi. Thng qua hot ng nhn
thc tch cc, ch ng, sng to, thng qua cc hnh ng c
thc m hc sinh pht trin nhn cch ca mnh mt cch ton
din.
thc hin t tng ch o trn, nh trng v gio vin
phi: Thit k li ni dung, chng trnh o to theo hng p
ng nhu cu thc t ca ngi hc hoc theo yu cu ca x hi
i vi ngi hc.
- Vic dy hc phi ch trng o to k nng thc hnh ngh
nghip, vn dng kin thc, nng lc gii quyt vn do thc tin
t ra, hng vo vic chun b tch cc cho tm kim vic lm.
- Phng php dy hc phi hng vo nhu cu, kh nng, hng
th ca ngi hc, tc l coi trng vic rn luyn cho ngi hc
phng php t hc, t tm kim v x l thng tin. Gio vin phi
vn dng phi hp nhiu phng php m c bit l cc phng
php dy hc tch cc pht huy cao tnh tch cc, ch ng,
t lc v sng to ca hc sinh.
- Hnh thc t chc lp hc cng phi thay i mt cch linh
hot cho ph hp vi hot ng hc ca hc sinh.
- Gio n phi c thit k linh hot theo kiu phn nhnh trn
c s d kin cc kh nng din ra trong qu trnh dy hc gio
vin c th iu chnh lin tc theo tin trnh tho lun ca hc
sinh.
- Trong iu khin gi hc, ngi thy phi lm cho khng kh
lp hc tr nn sng ng, ci m v mt tm l. Thy v tr cng
nhau tho lun cc kha cnh ca vn nghin cu. Trc mt
vn t ra, gio vin khng ch trnh by cho hc sinh nghe v
gii php gii quyt m phi lin tc to ra cc tnh hung v dn
dt hc sinh tm ti, suy xt, tho lun gii quyt tng bc ca
vn nhm t ti mc ch dy hc.
1.3. So snh quan im dy hc ly gio vin lm trung tm
v quan im dy hc ly hc sinh lm trung tm
Ta c th so snh quan im Dy hc ly gio vin lm trung
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tm v quan im Dy hc ly hc sinh lm trung tm lm sng
t hn na quan im dy hc ly hc sinh lm trung tm.
a. V mc ch dy hc
Trong dy hc ly gio vin lm trung tm, mc tiu t ra l
gio vin phi truyn t ht nhng ni dung kin thc ca sch
gio khoa m cng mn hc quy nh. Cn hc sinh th phi
ghi nh c v li hin li c nhng tri thc c truyn
th.
Trong dy hc ly hc sinh lm trung tm, mc tiu dy hc t
ra l chun b cho hc sinh sm c kh nng thch ng vi i sng
x hi, tn trng nhu cu, li ch, hng th v kh nng ca hc
sinh.
y l im khc nhau c bn nht ca hai quan im ny.
b. V ni dung dy hc
Do mc ch dy hc khc nhau nn ni dung dy hc tt yu s
khc nhau.
Trong dy hc ly gio vin lm trung tm th chng trnh v
sch gio khoa c bin son theo logic ni dung mn hc, ch
trng kin thc l thuyt. Cc khi nim, cc nh lut, nguyn l
c pht trin theo mt trnh t nht nh.
Trong dy hc ly hc sinh lm trung tm, ci c ch pht
trin l h thng k nng thc hnh ngh nghip, nng lc vn
dng kin thc l thuyt, nng lc pht hin vn v gii quyt
vn do thc tin t ra.
c. V phng php dy hc
Do mc ch dy hc khc nhau, ni dung dy hc khc nhau,
tt yu dn n s khc nhau v phng php dy hc.
Trong dy hc ly gio vin lm trung tm, phng php dy
hc ch yu l thuyt trnh. Thy thng bo, ging gii ni dung
bi hc. Tr nghe, chp bi, ghi nh. Gio n c chun b theo
trnh t 5 bc ln lp. - Trong dy hc ly hc sinh lm trung tm,
gio vin khng ly vic truyn t ni dung lm chnh m ly vic
dy phng php l chnh. Gio vin thng qua ni dung c th
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ca tng bi hc m dy hc sinh phng php nhn thc, phng
php t duy gii quyt vn . Khi xy dng bi hc, gio vin
khng ch cn c vo ni dung ti liu m cn c bit da trn
vn hiu bit v kinh nghim sng hin c ca hc sinh. Gio n l
mt h thng cc tnh hung hc tp ca hc sinh km theo mt h
thng cc ch dn hot ng, ch dn thc hin cc thao tc hc
sinh thc s tm ti chim lnh tri thc. Tin trnh bi dy cng
khng theo trnh t 5 bc ln lp m gio vin phi linh hot iu
chnh theo logic ca qu trnh hot ng chim lnh tri thc ca
hc sinh.
d. V hnh thc t chc dy hc
- Trong dy hc ly gio vin lm trung tm, lp hc c t
chc ch yu trong cc phng hc c nh.
- Trong dy hc ly hc sinh lm trung tm, hnh thc t chc
o to ni chung v hnh thc t chc dy hc ni ring phi linh
hot. Hnh thc o to linh hot nht l hnh thc o to theo tn
ch vi chng trnh o to c xy dng theo cu trc modun
v lp hc c thnh lp theo mn hc vi s ngi ng k hc
mn hc. Lp hc cng c t chc rt linh hot: Trong phng
hc, phng th nghim, hc ngoi tri hay mt a im tham quan,
ti mt c s sn xut. Ti nhng ni , hc sinh ngi xung quanh
cng tho lun, tranh lun v mt vn hc tp do gio vin a
ra hoc thm ch l mt vn do hc sinh xut.
e. V vai tr ca gio vin
- Trong dy hc ly gio vin lm trung tm, gio vin ng vai
tr l ngun thng tin ch yu cung cp cho hc sinh (nu khng
mun ni l duy nht), hon ton ch ng thc hin k hoch ln
lp c chun b sn v c quyn nh gi kt qu hc tp
ca hc sinh.
- Trong dy hc ly hc sinh lm trung tm, gio vin l ngi
xng, gi m, hng dn, l ngi c vn, ngi trng ti
trong mi hot ng nhn thc ca ngi hc, l ngi ng vin
khuyn khch hc sinh phn u bng tt c sc mnh tr tu v th
lc ln lt vt qua nhng yu cu ca nhim v hc tp
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c nh trc. V vy vn dng c l thuyt dy hc tch
cc ly hc sinh lm trung tm ngi gio vin phi c trnh
chuyn mn va su, va rng, va c kinh nghim thc t, c u
c sng to nhy cm, bit cch x l tnh hung mt cch tinh t.
ng thi phi c trnh s phm uyn thm, c tri thc v t
chc v qun l qu trnh dy hc.
1.4. Quan im ca UNESCO v s thay i vai tr ca
ngi gio vin trong nn gio dc hin i vi quan im dy
hc ly hc sinh lm trung tm [3]
Trong nh trng truyn thng (nh trng ca x hi nng
nghip), ngi thy gio chim v tr trung tm trong qu trnh dy
hc v gio dc. Mi hot ng gio dc u xut pht t ngi
thy v h l ngun tri thc ch yu m ngi hc c th c lnh
hi, m rng vn tri thc v hiu bit iu kin , chc nng
truyn th tri thc, kinh nghim n thun tr thnh chc nng c
bn ca ngi thy trong m hnh nh trng truyn thng. X hi
hin i vi qu trnh cng nghip ho, hin i ho, tin hc ho,
di tc dng trc tip v mnh m ca cc cuc cch mng khoa
hc- cng ngh lm thay i c bn ; sng x hi t c s
kinh t n kin trc thng tng. Trong x hi , vai tr, v tr,
chc nng ca nh trng ni chung v ngi thy gio ni ring
c nhng thay i cn bn. V tr trung tm trong qu trnh dy
hc chuyn t ngi gio vin sang ngi hc vi yu cu gio
dc v o to nhng th h k tip tr thnh nhng con ngi
nng ng, sng to, thch ng vi nhng bin i nhanh chng
trn tt c cc lnh vc ca i sng hin i. S tin b ca khoa
hc-cng ngh dn n vic s dng rng ri cc phng tin
thng tin i chng. iu ph v tnh duy nht v c tn v
ngun tri thc ca ngi thy gio trong nh trng truyn thng.
Trong nn gio dc hin i, ngi gio vin khng ch c nhim
v truyn th kin thc n thun m cn c nhim v dy cho hc
sinh cch hc, cch thu nhn v x l cc kin thc, cc tnh hung
trong hc tp v trong thc tin a dng. Trn c s , chc nng
ca ngi gio vin l: T chc v iu khin cc hot ng gio
dc v dy hc hng ti mc ch hnh thnh nhng nhn cch
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p ng nhng yu cu ca x hi. Ni cch khc, ngi gio vin
trong nn gio dc hin i khng ch l ngi truyn th nhng tri
thc c coi l chnh thng m cn phi l ngi xng, thit
k ni dung v phng php dy nhm lm thay i nhng th
hiu, hng th ca ngi hc, phi l ngi gip hc sinh t hc,
t rn luyn.
Bn cnh chc nng dy hc v gio dc th chc nng nghin
cu - pht trin ngy cng tr nn quan trng. Nhng tin b nhanh
chng ca khoa hc v cng ngh khng ch i hi ngi gio
vin phi hc hi, tip cn, nm bt chng m rng vn tri thc
v nng lc ngh nghip m ng thi chnh ngi gio vin cn
phi nghin cu khoa hc v tng kt kinh nghim lao ng ngh
nghip trong lnh vc chuyn mn ca mnh. Hn na, chnh cng
tc nghin cu ca ngi gio vin c tc ng trc tip n qu
trnh nng cao trnh v nng lc ngh nghip ca h. Lao ng
s phm ca ngi gio vin c thc hin nhiu v tr khc
nhau nh: Lp hc, phng th nghim, xng thc hnh, x nghip
sn xut vi nhiu hnh thc t chc khc nhau nh lp, nhm, c
nhn, v vy i hi ngi gio vin phi c c nhng tri thc v
k nng nht nh v t chc v qun l o to.
Cc kin thc v nng lc t chc, qun l cc hot ng s
phm, nghin cu khoa hc- cng ngh, hot ng ngh nghip v
hot ng x hi ca ngi gio vin l nhn t c bn phn nh
trnh , nng lc ca ngi gio vin.
Theo UNESCO, trong nn gio dc hin i, vai tr ca ngi
gio vin c thay i theo hng sau y:
1. m nhim nhiu chc nng khc hn so vi trc, c trch
nhim nng hn trong vic la chn ni dung dy hc v gio dc.
2. Chuyn mnh t ch truyn t kin thc sang t chc vic
hc ca hc sinh, s dng n mc ti a nhng ngun tri thc
trong x hi.
3. Coi trng vic c bit ho trong hc tp, thay i tnh cht
trong quan h thy tr.
4. Yu cu s dng rng ri hn nhng phng tin dy hc
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hin i, do c yu cu trang b thm cc kin thc, k nng cn
thit.
5. Yu cu hp tc rng ri v cht ch hn vi gio vin cng
trng,
6. Yu cu tht cht hn quan h vi cha m hc sinh v cng
ng,gp phn nng cao cht lng cuc sng.
7. Yu cu gio vin tham gia cc hot ng rng ri trong v
ngoi trng.
8. Gim bt v thay i kiu uy tn truyn thng trong quan h
vi hc sinh, nht l i vi hc sinh ln v vi cha m hc sinh.
Nhng thay ; ny i hi phi nng cao cht lng o to
gio vin, c bit phi coi trng cng tc bi dng thng xuyn
c h thng cho gio vin. UNESCO cng ch r: "Thy gio phi
c o to tr thnh nhng nh gio dc nhiu hn l nhng
chuyn gia truyn t kin thc" v c bit l "Cc chng trnh
o to gio vin cn trit s dng cc thit b v phng tin
dy hc mi nht".
Kt lun: Nhng thay i trong chc nng, nhim v ca ngi
thy gio trong nh trng hin i khng lm gim vai tr v tr
ca ngi gio vin trong x hi, m tri li n cng nng cao hn
v khng nh vai tr, v tr ca h trong tin trnh pht trin x
hi.
2. Cc phng php dy hc tch cc hin i
Trong mc 1 trnh by quan im dy hc tch cc ly hc
sinh lm trung tm, trong i hi ngi gio vin cn phi hp
nhiu phng php dy hc tch cc pht huy cao tnh t lc,
tch cc, ch ng, sng to ca hc sinh trong qu trnh nhn thc,
ng thi ch c bit n nng lc, trnh , kinh nghim thc
tin ca hc sinh c bit ho dy hc mt cch c hiu qu.
Trong phn ny s gii thiu mt s phng ph8p dy hc tch
cc c gi l cc phng php dy hc phi truyn thng: Dy
hc nu vn , dy hc alaorit ho, dy hc chng trnh ha.
cc phng php dy hc ny c pht trin da trn cc thnh
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tu mi ca khoa hc. Chng hn, phng php dy hc nu vn
c pht trin da trn thnh tu ca khoa hc tm l v l
lun dy hc, phng php dy hc algorit ho v chng trnh ho
da trn thnh tu ca iu khin hc, logic hc.. .
2.1. Dy hc nu vn
Mt qu trnh dy hc s dng phng php nu vn din ra
rt ging vi qu trnh thc hin mt ti nghin cu khoa hc.
N ch khc vi qu trnh nghin cu khoa hc ch, ngi hc
khng t mnh c lp pht hin vn v gii quyt vn nh
mt nh khoa hc m mi bc i ca qu trnh nhn thc ca
ngi hc u c s dn dt, ch o ca gio vin.
Mt qu trnh dy hc nh th c coi l mt qu trnh dy
hc c th ca dy hc i hc, bi v qu trnh hc tp ca sinh
vin l qu trnh c tnh cht nghin cu. N cao hn qu trnh
nhn thc ca hc sinh ph thng v tip cn vi qu trnh nhn
thc ca nh khoa hc. Ngi sinh vin va hc va tham gia tm
kim ci mi vi mc va sc, hot ng nghin cu khoa hc
tr thnh mt b phn hu c ca qu trnh hc tp ca sinh vin.
Song iu khng c ngha l dy hc nu vn ch c t
sng bc i hc. Thc t cho thy rng, nu kho vn dng th
phng php ny vn th hin gi tr ca n nhng bc hc thp
hn. Nhng v d vn dng ri hay v rt Jinh hot ca cc lc gi
Nguyn Vn Bnh, Trn Sinh Thnh, Nguyn Vn Khi trong ti
liu "Phng php dy hc k thut cng nghip, tp 1- Phn i
cng" l nhng minh chng cho nhn nh .
2.1.1. Cc c s khoa hc ca dy hc nu vn
a. C s trit hc
Theo quan im ca trit hc duy vt bin chng thi mu thun
bn trong l ngun gc ng lc ca s pht trin ca s vt hin
tng. Qu trnh hc tp ca hc sinh l qu trnh nhn thc c
o din ra theo quy lut ca qu trinh nhn thc n' chung. cho
qu trnh nhn thc c o ny c hiu qu cn phi to ra ng
lc nhn thc hc sinh. Mun vy phi to ra mu thun nhn
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thc, l mu thun gia gia yu cu ca nhim v nhn thc
vi vn kin thc v kinh nghim sn c ca hc sinh. Nh l lun
dy hc Nga anhilop ch ra: "ng lc ca qu trnh hc tp l
mu thun gia nhim v nhn thc t ra trong qu trnh dy hc
vi trnh kin thc, k nng, k xo v trnh pht trin tr tu
ca hc sinh". TuTuy nhin khng phi mu thun xut hin l tr
thnh ng lc nhn thc. Mu thun ch tr thnh ng lc nhn
thc khi tho mn ba iu kin: Th nht. Mu thun phi c
ngi hc thc y , ng thi ngi hc nhn r yu cu ca
nhim v hc tp, bit nh gi ng mc trnh hin c ca
mnh v trong bn thn xut hin nhu cu gii quyt kh khn
hon thnh nhim v hc tp.
Th hai. Mu thun phi va sc vi ngi hc mi kch thch
c ngi hc hng hi tip nhn n gii quyt mt cch trn
vn
Th ba. Mu thun phi do tin trnh dy hc dn n, tc l
mu thun ny sinh mt cch tt yu trn con ng vn ng i
ln ca qu trnh dy hc ni chung v qu trnh nhn thc ca
ngi hc ni ring.
b. C s tm l hc
Theo tm l hc, con ngi ch t duy tch cc khi ny sinh nhu
cu t duy. Trong bt k dng hot ng no, khi con ngi ng
trc mt kh khn v nhn thc cn phi khc phc th nhu cu t
duy xut hin. Kh khn ny c gi l tnh hung c vn .
Theo nh tm l hc ngi Nga X.L.Rubinstein th t duy thng
bt u t mt vn. hay mt cu hi, t s ngc nhin hay s
thc mc hay t mt mu thun. Tnh hung c vn nh vy c
tc dng li cun c nhn vo qu trnh t duy. 2.1.2. Bn cht ca
dy hc nu vn .
C nhiu quan im khc nhau v bn cht ca dy hc nu vn
.
Di y gii thiu mt s quan im c ch nhiu nht:
- Theo Lecner, bn cht ca dy hc nu vn l hc sinh di
s ch o ca gio vin tham gia gii quyt nhng vn mi v
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nhn thc v thc tin trong mt h thng xc nh ph hp vi
mc ch gio dc, gio dng v pht trin ca qu trnh dy hc.
- Okon cho rng, dy hc nu vn l ton b nhng hot
ng nh t chc tnh hung c vn , biu t vn v ch ra
cho hc sinh s gip cn thit khi gii quyt vn , kim tra
cch gii quyt v cui cng ch o qu trnh h thng ho kin
thc v cng c kin thc thu c.
- Kyriaxep cho rng, dy hc nu vn bao gm vic to ra
trc hc sinh nhng tnh hung c vn lm cho hc sinh thc
c tnh hung v tip nhn tnh hung , ng thi gii quyt
cc tnh hung vi tnh tch cc, t lc cao nht di s ch o
chung, s nh hng ca thy. Cc quan nim trn y d c
din t di cc dng khc nhau nhng u thng nht vi nhau
ch:
Bn cht ca dy hc nu vn l to ra mt h thng cc
tnh hung c vn v hng dn hc sinh tch cc, t gic
gii quyt cc tnh hung .
Trung tm ca dy hc nu vn l "Tnh hung c vn
"
2.1.3. Tnh hung c vn v cch to ra tnh hung c vn

a. Vn
Vn l khi nim dng ch nhim v nhn thc m hc
sinh cn t c Mun t c nhim v nhn thc , hc sinh
khng ch hot ng bng nhng tri thc, kinh nghim sn c hoc
bng nhng hnh ng bt chc theo khun mu m phi c s
suy ngh v hnh ng sng to. Kt qu l sau khi gii quyt c
vn th hc sinh s tip thu c kin thc mi v phng php
hnh ng mi.
Theo Gio s Nguyn B Kim, im c bn nht trong n' hm
ca khi nim vn (: Ti thi im m vn xut hin, hc
sinh cha tm c ngay li gii nhng vi s n lc va sc ca
cc em v vi s hng dn ca thy th cc em s t gii quyt
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c.
Nh vy, khi hc sinh t lc gi; quyt vn hc tp, h gp
phi kh khn v chnh kh khn ny thc y h hot ng tm
ti, sng to. T c th nhn mnh rng, vn m ngi thy
t ra phi cha ng mu thun nhn thc, mu thun gia trnh
kin thc, k nng c vi yu cu tip thu kin thc, k nng
mi. Lc u mu thun mang tnh khch quan i vi hc sinh
nhng khi hc sinh thc c n mt cch y th n tr
thnh mu thun ni ti trong t duy ca hc sinh.
b. Tnh hung c vn
cho mu thun khch quan tr thnh mu thun ni ti trong
t duy ca hc sinh thi ngi thy phi bit t chc tnh hung
t hc sinh ng trc mu thun gia tri thc bit vi tri thc
cn t t ti. Tnh hung c gi ) tnh hung c vn .
2.1. 4. V d v dy hc nu vn
V d 1 : Dy hc bi "Cc dng h hng ca h thng phanh
du trong m v gii php khc phch.
Trc ht gio vin nu vn : Trong bi trc, cc em
c hc l thuyt v thc hnh v mt s dng h hng ca h
thng phanh du trong xe m, nguyn nhn ca chng v gii php
khc phc. Bui hc hm nay, chng ta tip tc kho chuyn .
Chic xe t ny ang c vn v h thng phanh. By gi mt
em hy cho xe chy v phanh th xem biu hin ca vn l
g.
Mt hc sinh cho xe chy thng v p phanh. Kt qu: Xe qut
sang bn tri.
Gio vin khi qut vn : Cc em thy r, chic xe c s
c h thng phanh du, nn khi n ang chy thng, h c p
phanh l xe qut sang bn tri. gii quyt s c k thut ny
trc ht phi tm nguyn nhn. Theo cc em nguyn nhn ca
hin tng l g? V c hc c bn nhng bi hc trc
nn hc sinh s ln lt a ra cc gi thuyt:
- Gi thuyt th nht: M phanh mn khng u. M phanh
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bnh bn phi mn nhiu hn m phanh bnh bn tri.
Tho ra kim tra thc t: M phanh ch mn rt t v tng i
ng u.
- Gi thuyt th nht b loi.
Hc sinh ngh thay th hai b m phanh mi chy th. Kt
qu khng thay i.
- Gi thuyt th hai: ng dn du phanh bn phi b bp hoc b
thng.
Kim tra thc t: ng khng bp, khng thng. Gi thuyt th
hai b loi.
- Gi thuyt th ba: Trong ng dn du bn phi c d vt.
Tho ng dn ra ra sch kim tra: Bn trong khng c d
vt. Gi thuyt th ba b loi.
- Gi thuyt th t: C th trong du phanh c d vt.
Tho du ra kim tra thc t: Khng c d vt. Gi thuyt th t
b loi.
- Gi thuyt th nm: ng knh ng bn phi b hn dng
knh ng bn tri.
Dng thc cp o ng knh hai ng: ng knh hai ng
bng nhau.
- Gi thuyt th nm b loi.
Tnh hung m gio vin t chc t hc sinh trc mt s
b tc, i hi hc sinh phi tch cc t duy, bi v cc nguyn
nhn thng thng b loi tr.
Vai tr iu khin ca gio vin )c ny ) gi hc sinh
phn tch cc gi thuyt ca minh. Vi mi gi thuyt phi ch ra
n c tnh trit hay cha. T hc sinh tm thy tnh cha
trit ca phn on th nm.
Cu hi 1 : Nu du phanh trong ng dn bn phi v bn tri
c truyn di vi cng mt p sut thi yu t no quyt nh lc
kp ca guc phanh?
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Cu tr li ca pha hc sinh phi t ti l "Lu lng".
Cu hi 2 : Ci g nh hng ti lu lng du c truyn ti
b phn kp? Cu tr li ca pha hc sinh phi t ti l
"ng knh ng dn". Cu hi 3: Khi du trong hai ng dn c
cng mt p sut, mun cho lc kp ca phanh bn phi v phanh
bn tri bng nhau ta cn m bo iu kin g?
Cu tr li ca pha hc snh phi t ti l "ng knh ca
hai ng dn phi bng nhau".
Cu hi 4: ng knh no ca ng dn?
Cu tr li ca pha hc sinh phi t ti l "ng knh
trong ca ng".
Cu hi 5: Trong gi thuyt th nm, cc em cp n
"ng knh ng dn du phanhl' v t duy ca cc em l ng
hng, nhng lc ny cc em thc hnh o ng knh no?
Tt nhin hc sinh tr li c ngay l " o ng knh
ngoi".
Cu hi 6: Sai lm ca cc em lc kim nh gi thuyt th nm
l g v nguyn nhn ca vn l g?
Lc ny hc sinh s t nhn thc ra hai im:
- Nguyn nhn ca vic xe qut tri khi phanh l ng knh
trong ca ng bn phi b hn ng knh trong ca ng bn tri.
- Sai lm ca h l: ng l ra phi tho ng dn o ng
knh trong th tri li h ch o ng knh ngoi v khi thy hai
ng knh ngoi bng nhau h vi kt lun rng hai ng
knh trong cng bng nhau. By gi, gio vin yu cu hc sinh o
ng knh trong ca hai ng. Kt qu o s khng nh nhn thc
ln cui ca cc em v nguyn nhn v khi tm thy nguyn
nhn th gii php tr nn n gin: Thay ng dn du phanh theo
ng quy cch nh trong h s ca xe.
V d 2: To tinh hung t mt th nghim khoa hc m trong
pht sinh mu thun v nhn thc [1]
Khi dy bi "Mch in xoay chiu " gio vin c th m u
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bng th nghim.

Hnh 2.4 Hnh 2.5

Bc 1- Trc ht gii thiu s mch in thun tr mc ni
tip theo nh hnh 2.4 v nu cu hi:
"Nu ng kho K
1
hoc K
2
th n D s sng ln hay ti i? v
sao?" V hc sinh c hc nh lut m trong ton mch nn
trng hp ny hc sinh s tr li dc rng n D s sng ln do
in tr mch ngoi gim. Lc ny gio vin lm th nghim ng
kho K1 cho n sng ln khng nh tnh ng ca cu tr li.
Bc 2 - Gio vin gii thiu s mch in nh hnh 2.5 v
t cu hi:"Cc em th on xem, nu ng kho K
1
th n D s
sng ln hay ti i?"
C th c hai tnh hung xy ra:
- Theo nh hng tm l ca th nghim trc, hc sinh tr li
l n s sng ln.
Hc sinh khng tr li c v nhn ra nhng du hiu khc ca
mch in ny so vi mch thun tr.
Khi gio vin lm th nghim ng kho K
1
v kt qu l n
D tt i so vi khi cha ng kho K
1

Bc 3 - Gio vin t cu hi: hi sao khi ng K th n D
li ti i? Phi chng l nh lut m khng ng cho trng hp
ny?" Nu hc sinh khng t nhn ra c th gio vin phi gi
bng cu hi: " Mch in th hai c nhng g khc vi mch in
th nht?". T hc sinh s nhn thy c s khc nhau u
tin l ngun in. Mch th nht c ngun cung cp l ngun
mt chiu, mch th hai c ngun cung cp l ngun xoay chiu.
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Lc ny gio vin mi dn : Mch in th nht l mch
thun tr c cung cp din bi ngun mt chiu. Mch th hai
l mch in c ngun xoay chiu. Tng tr trong mch in xoay
chiu khc vi tng tr trong mch in mt chiu. bit l do vi
sao n D trong mch xoay chiu li ti i, chng ta i vo nghin
cu bi "Mch in xoay chiu"
2.1.5. Cu trc ca dy hc nu vn
Thng thng, cu trc ca dy hc nu vn c thc hin
theo ba giai on:
Giai on 1-To ra tnh hung c vn
Giai on ny gm hai bc:
Bc 1 : Gio vin nu vn v dn hc sinh vo tnh hung
c vn
Bc 2: Pht biu vn mt cch sc tch
Giai on 2- Lp k hoch gii quyt vn
Giai on ny gm hai bc:
Bc 1 - Phn tch vn mt cch su sc, k lng, tp hp
cc kin thc, k nng v kinh nghim lin quan ti vn lm c
s cho vic gii quyt vn .
Bc 2- Nu gi thuyt khoa hc gii quyt vn v lp k
hoch kim chng gi thuyt.
Giai on 3- Kim chng gi thuyt v tng kt
Giai on ny gm hai bc:
Bc 1- Kim chng kt qu ca bng thc nghim hoc bng
cch p dng vo x l tnh hung trong thc tin
Bc 2- Kt lun vn :
- Nu kt qu kim chng xc nhn gi thuyt l ng th kt
lun khng nh gi thuyt v ch ra kin thc mi cn lnh hi.
- Nu kt qu kim chng ph nhn gi thuyt th phi phn tch
ch ra sai lm t duy khi nu gi thuyt ln trc v xut gi
thuyt mi. Sau quay tr v thc hin t bc 2 ca giai on 2.
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2.1.6. u nhc im ca phng php dy hc nu vn
u im
Lm cho hc sinh nm kin thc mi mt cch vng chc, nm
vng con ng t lc thu nhn tri thc.
Pht trin tr thng minh, sng to, nng cao hng th nhn
thc, gip hc sinh bit cch vn dng tri thc vo hon cnh mi
mt cch sng to.
- Bi dng cho hc sinh phng php nghin cu ca ngi
lm cng tc khoa hc k thut
- Gp phn bi dng lng t tin trong bc ng phn u
tm ti chim lnh tri thc mi v tri thc y l tri thc do hc
sinh t tm ra ch khng phi do ngi khc mang li.
Nhc im:
Khng phi mi bi dy u c th p dng phng php ny.
Vic chun b bi ca gio vin rt tn cng sc v thi gian.
N i hi gio vin phi c trnh chuyn mn v ngh thut s
phm cao, hc sinh phi tng t kh th phng php ny mi p
dng c hiu qu.
Kt lun v dy hc nu vn
- Dy hc nu vn th hin r nt sc sng ca quan im
dy hc tch cc ly ngi hc lm trung tm. N bc l nhiu u
im ni bt hn so vi cc phng php khc trong vic tch cc
ho ngi hc. Tuy nhin n cng khng th l mt phng php
c tnh vn nng. V vy khi vn dng n vo dy hc k thut cn
bit phi hp n mt cch nhun nhuyn vi cc phng php
truyn thng.
- Tin trnh dy hc nu vn l tin trnh thc hin mt ti
nghin cu khoa hc. N l phng php dy hc c th ca qu
trnh dy hc i hc, bi v nghin cu khoa hc mc va
sc di s hng dn ca gio vin l mt b phn hu c ca
qu trnh hc i hc. Tuy nhin n vn c sc sng i vi qu
trnh dy hc trong cc trng trung hc chuyn nghip v dy
ngh. Vi i tng l hc sinh trung hc chuyn nghip hoc hc
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sinh trng ngh th khi vn dng phng php ny ch cn ch
n phc tp ca "Vn ". Nu "Vn " qu kh, li nng v
tm kim cc nguyn l, cc quy lut th vic dy hc s khng
mang li hiu qu. Vi i tng ny, vic t chc tnh hung
hc sinh tm cc nguyn nhn, cc gii php c th gii quyt
mt cng vic th hp l hn. Nu ng dng vic t chc tnh
hung t vn khi vo bi mi thi n lun ph hp cho mi
trng hp.
2.2. Dy hc algorit ho
2.2.1. Khi nim v algorit
Algorit l mt bn quy nh chnh xc v mt h thng cc thao
tc nguyn t c sp xp theo mt trnh t cht ch nhm gii
quyt mt bi ton (nhim v) bt k thuc mt loi hay mt kiu
no .
- Phng php algorit c hiu l s thit k mt h thng cc
thao tc hp l, ni nhau thnh mt chui theo mt trnh t logic
nht nh m nu lm ng theo trnh t nht nh s dn n
kt qu d tnh trc. c c mt bn algorit v mt nhim
v no , ngi lp algorit phi nghin cu k ni dung cng
vic, phn chia cng vic thnh cc b phn nguyn t v xy dng
cc quy tc hng dn thc hin tng b phn. Algorit l mt
trong nhng dng ca phng php hot ng ni chung. N
khng ch gii hn cc hot ng tr tu m cn p dng rt c
hiu qu cho hot ng thc tin khi thc hin cc thao tc vt
cht. Ngoi ra, algorit cn c lp cho c cc thao tc ca my
mc. Chng trnh ca my tnh l mt dng in hnh ca algorit.
2.2.2. c tnh ca algorit
a. Tnh xc nh: Tnh xc nh ca algorit th hin ch, vic
gii bi ton theo algorit l mt qu trnh c nh hng r rng,
c iu khin hon ton, khng cho php tu tin. Qu trnh
phi m bo yu cu: Nu cho ngi hoc my thc hin u cho
cng mt kt qu m bo tnh xc nh th nhng ch dn a
vo trong bn algorit phi tho mn cc yu cu sau:
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Phi r rng, c tnh ch dn chnh xc
Mi thao tc phi n tr, d hiu
Phi loi tr cc yu t ngu nhin lm cho ngi dc c th
hiu sai v dn n la chn thao tc sai.
b. Tnh ng lot: Algont l mt phng php chung cho php
gii quyt khng ch mt bi ton no vi iu kin ban u cho
trc m cn cho php gii quyt cc bi ton khc nhau theo cng
mt loi, mt kiu. c Tnh kt qu: Algorit lun hng ti kt qu
cn tm v nu p dng ng algort th nht nh gii c bi
ton t ra bt k ngi hay my thc hin.
2.2.3. Vn dng phng php algorit vo dy hc k thut
cng nghip
Dy hc algorit ho c hiu l:
Ngi gio vin bin ni dung dy hc thnh mt bn atgorit v
hng dn hc sinh lnh hi bn algorit .
- Gio vin hng dn cho hc sinh t xy dng bn algorit
gi quyt mt bi ton k thut no .
Ni dung dy hc c algorit ho thng l nhng ni dung
thao tc tr tu hoc thao tc vt cht. Khi hc sinh nm vng bn
algorit m gio vin truyn th v thc hin cc thao tc theo ch
dn ca n th s t ti mc ch hc tp.
Trong dy hc k thut cng nghip, hc sinh thng c dy
hai kiu algorit l algorit nhn bit v algont bin i.
a. Algorit nhn bit: L mt bn gm cc thao tc dn n s
nhn bit i tng, phn on i tng thuc loi no? xc
nh tnh trng ca n ra sao?
Loi algorit ny ch yu dng dy thc hnh, chng hn nh:
Chn on nguyn nhn hng hc ca thit b, pht hin ra b phn
hng hc trong v s b phn hon ho ca thit b.
- Nhn bit thit b la chn theo mt mc ch nht nh.
- Kim tra thit b.
C th m t algorit nhn bit nh sau:
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Bc 1 : Xc nh tnh trng thc ti ca hng hc, vch r cc
du hiu biu th s hng hc. Trong bc ny vic vch r ng
vai tr chnh.
Bc 2: Xc nh vng cn tm ti (cc nhm nguyn nhn c
th gy hng).
Bc 3: Thc hin cc thao tc kim tra:
- Kim tra thc trng ca tng b phn
Pht hin b phn hng hc v tnh cht hng hc ca tng b
phn
l ba bc ln, trong mt bc ln li c th xy dng thnh
cc Algorit b hn, c th hn.
V di : Dy cho hc sinh cch xc nh v x l hng hc trong
h thng cung cp nhin liu ca ng c xng bng phng php
algont - [1] Bi ton: Xng khng ti c bung t ca ng c.
Hy xc nh nguyn nhn v cch khc phc hin tng trn.
gii quyt nhim v ny, gio vin a ra s khi ca h
thng cung cp nhin liu nh hnh v v hng dn hc sinh da
vo s lp quy trnh kim tra.

V l thuyt m ni, bt k mt b phn no ca h thng b h
hng cng lm cho xng khng ti c bung t. Cho nn, c
th kim tra ngay t b ch ho kh v tip tc kim tra ngc tr
v n bnh xng. Tuy nhin cch khng khoa hc v gi s s
c xy ra ti bnh xng hoc kho xng th xng s khng n c
b ch ho kh v ta s khng iu kin nh gi tnh trng
lm vic ca b ch ho kh. V vy nn tin hnh kim tra xui
chiu t bnh xng cho n b ch ho kh. Vic c thc hin
theo algorit sau:
Bc 1- Kim tra xem bnh xng cn xng khng? Nu ht th
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chuyn sang bc 2, nu cn th chuyn sang bc 3.
Bc 2- thm xng vo bnh.
Bc 3- M kho xng, kim tra xem xng c n c bnh
lc khng? Nu khng th chuyn sang bc 4, nu c th chuyn
sang bc 5. Bc 4- Kho xng b hng hoc ng dn xng b tc.
Tin hnh sa cha b phn hng hc.
Bc 5- Kim tra xem xng c qua c bnh lc xng hay
khng? Nu khng th chuyn sang bc 6, nu c th chuyn sang
bc 7.
Bc 6- Bnh lc xng b tc, phi tho bnh ra sa li
Bc7- Kim tra bm xng c lm vic khng? Nu khng th
chuyn sang bc 8, nu c th chuyn sang bc 9.
Bc 8- Bm xng b hng phi tho ra sa li.
Bc 9- Kim tra xem xng c vo c b ch ho kh khng?
Nu khng th chuyn sang bc 10, nu c th chuyn sang bc
11 (tho c x xng ca b ch xem xng c chy ra khng?).
Bc 10- Xng khng vo c b ch ho kh do kim' ba cnh
b kt, phi tho ra sa li.
Bc 11- Mc xng trong b ch ho kh thp, nn khi khi
ng ng c, xng khng c ht vo hng khuch tn, ng c
khng th n c Cn phi chnh phao xng nng mc xng
trong b ch ln cao. Ngoi ra cn c nhng nguyn nhn khc
khng thuc v b ch. Chng hn nh b hi yu, khi khi
ng khng to c chnh p sut cn thit ht xng t b
ch ln trn vi khng kh a vo bung t. V d 2: Dy hc
sinh kim tra, chy th ng c in bng phng php algorit.
Gi s cho ng c in khng ng b roto lng sc c cng
sut P=10kW, U
dm
(Y/ = 230/380V, I
dm
= 19A, COS = 0,8, n=
1450vg/ph, ng c lm vic theo ch di hn, cch in cp B.
ng c ngh lm vic mt thi gian. Hy tin hnh kim tra v
chy th em vo s dng tr li.
Vic dy hc sinh kim tra v chy th c tin hnh theo
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agorit di y:
Bc 1 - Kim tra phn c kh
1.1 - Tho np bo him cnh qut
1.2 - Kim tra cc c np my, c np m, xem cnh qut
c lp cht vi trc hay cha.
1.3- Dng tay quay th trc roto:
- Nu trc quay nh, m l t yu cu th lp np bo him
cnh qut v chuyn sang bc 2
- Nu quay nng hoc c ting ku th c vn v phn c kh,
phi a i sa cha. Sa cha xong th chuyn sang bc 2.
Bc 2- Kim tra cch in.
2.1- Tho np u cos
2.2- Tho thanh ni bng ng 1 (Hnh 2.7)
2.3- Dng ng h Megom (in p 1000V) o cc in tr
cch in sau:

2.3.1 - o in tr cch in gia cc pha R
AM
, R
BC
, R
AC

2.3.2 - o in tr cch in gia cc pha v v (Phi o vi ba
ln c gi tr o tng i n nh)
Co sch sn ti mt v tr trn v
ng c
o in tr cch din gia mi
pha vi v R
AO,
R
BO
, R
CO

- Nu cc in tr R
AB
, R
BC
, R
AC
,
R
AO
, R
BO
, R
CO
0,5M th chuyn
sang bc 3
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- Nu R
AB
, R
BC
, R
AC
, R
AO
, R
BO
, R
CO
< 0,5 M th chuyn sang
bc 4
Bc 3- Lp li thanh ng s 1 hp u cos v u ng c
nh hnh v 2.8 (u sao)
Bc 4- Sy ng c v o li in tr.
Nu in tr cch in 0,5 M th chuyn sang bc 5.
Nu in tr cch din 0,5 M th chng t ng c b hng
cch in, phi sa cha li
Bc 5- Kim tra cc v tr ni
Bc 6- ng aptomat AT
- Nu ng c quay, chuyn sang bc 7.
Nu ng c khng quay th tr li bc 5
Bc 7 - o dng khng ti ( I0)
Nu I
0
30% I
dm
- ng c bnh thng, chuyn sang bc 8
Nu I
0
> 30% I
dm
kim tra li theo bc 1
Bc 8 - o tc khng ti nga (Dng ng h o tc
o. t nc 2000)
Nu n
0d
= 1450 hoc ln hn mt vi vng th chuyn sang
bc 9 Nu n
0d
< 1450 kim tra li theo bc 1
Bc 9 - Cho ng c chy khng ti 40 pht.
Nu nhit trn v ng c < 40
0
(cp cch in B) th kt
thc kim tra v em vo s dng
Nu nhit > 40
0
th phi kim tra li ton b v x l li ng
c b - Algorit bin i
L bn quy nh gm hng lot cc thao tc dn n s bin i
ca cc i tng. V d: Algorit v tin mt sn phm, c mt
sn phm, khai trin mt hnh g, trnh t tho lp mt sn phm...
V d: Dy bi "Tin trc bc t phi thanh bng phng php
algorit ho".
Trc bc vi cc thng s k thut cho trn hnh
2.9. Phi l phi thanh (T) 36.
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bin i phi thnh sn phm, gio vin lp bn algont di
y ri hng dn hc sinh tip thu hoc hng dn hc sinh nhp
(hnh 2.10).



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Ghi ch: Qu trnh nhn bit thng l iu kin cn ca qu
trnh bin i, do trong dy hc KTCN gio vin cn phi bit
s dng kt hp 2 loi ajgorit trn.
Ngoi vic dy cho hc sinh hai loi a(gorit ni trn th iu c
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ngha hn i vi vic tch cc ho qu trnh nhn thc ca hc
sinh l dy hc sinh bit t mnh lp ra cc bn algori/ gii
quyt mt nhim v k thut no . Nhng bi tp vn dng c
hiu qu nht l nhng bi 'p quy trnh cng ngh gia cng mt
chi tit, quy trnh cng ngh lp tho, lp, iu chnh mt thit b...
2.2.4. u nhc im ca phng php algorit ho
u im
- Rn luyn cho hc sinh phng php t duy v phng php
hnh ng cht ch v chnh xc
- Phng php c th p dng c hiu qu cho nhiu ni dung
v c bit l dy thc hnh k thut
Nhc im:
Khng phi trng hp no cng dng c algorit ho
C nhiu trng hp dy c bng algorit ho nhng tn rt
nhiu thi gian
2.3. Dy hc chng trnh ho
2.3.1. Dy hc chng trnh ho nhn di gc iu khin
hc
Nhc im rt c bn ca cc phng php dy hc truyn
thng l ngi thy rt t nm c tng hc sinh anh hi t
thc nh th no, do khng iu khin c qu trnh inh hi t
thc ca hc sinh v ng thi cng khng iu chnh c qu
trnh dy ca mnh nh th no cho ph hp. Dy hc chng
trnh ha ly tn gi t khi nim "chng trnh" ca my tnh vn
dng vo dy hc ch vic xy dng chng trnh hc cho ngi
hc theo mt cch c bit. y l phng php dy hc nhm
iu khin ti u vic hc ca c nhn theo quan. im c bit ho
dy hc, m bo vic kim tra thng xuyn trong qu trnh dy
hc.
Theo quan im iu khin hc, ngi ta coi qu trnh dy hc
l mt h iu khin c m i tng iu khin chnh l con
ngi (hnh 2.11). m bo mi lin h ngc l nguyn tc c
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bn ca s iu khin. Mi lin h ngc bn trong l c s hc
sinh tin hnh s t iu chnh vic hc ca bn thn. Mi lin h
ngc bn ngoi t tr tr li thy gip cho thy c c s iu
chnh vic dy.

2.3.2. c im ca dy hc chng trnh ho
Dy hc chng trnh ho thc cht l mt qu trnh dy hc
c thc hin di s ch do s phm ca mt chng trnh dy.
Trong qu trnh dy hc ny nhiu chc nng s phm c
khch quan ho. Chng hn nh nu vn , truyn t t thc,
kim tra, n tp... u c ghi thnh cc li gii thch, thnh
nhng cu hi sp xp th t trong chng trnh dy, ngi thy
khng can thip trc tip vo vic hc ca hc sinh m hc sinh
phi t lm vic theo s ch dn ca chng trnh.
Qu trnh lnh hi tri thc ca tng hc sinh s din ra ng
algorit dy v do chng trnh dy iu khin.
Dy hc chng trnh ho m bo lin h ngc. iu c
ngha l: ng vi mi thao tc tr tu ca c bn ca hc sinh u
c ghi li nh gi ng - sai. V vy mi hc sinh sau khi thc
hin mt thao tc tr tu c bn u c th bit c mnh lm
ng hay sai.
Vic dy hc c c bit ho th hin ch: Chng trnh
c son ph hp vi tng c nhn. Mi hc sinh lm vic c
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lp, t kim tra, nh gi kt qu ca mnh.
2.3.3. M t dy hc chng trnh ho
Vic dy hc chng trnh ho c th c m t nh sau: a.
Ni dung hc tp c chia thnh nhiu liu kin thc thng
bo cho hc sinh, hc sinh t c v tip thu n.
b. Sau mi liu hc sinh phi tr li mt hoc mt s cu hi
kim tra.
c. au khi tr li hc sinh bit l mnh tr li ng hay sai, nu
ng th c chuyn sang hc liu khc, nu sai th phi hc li
cho n khi ng mi chuyn sang liu mi (m bo lin h
ngc bn trong). d. Vic tip thu cc liu kin thc nhanh hay
chm l tu theo nng lc ca tng ngi (c bit ho dy hc).
e. Ni dung liu kin thc tip theo ph thuc vo kt qu tr li
ca cu hi trong liu trc (m bo lin h ngc bn ngoi)
2.3.4. c tnh ca chng trnh dy
Chng trnh c cc c tnh: Tnh khch quan, tnh xc nh v
tnh kt qu
- Tnh khch quan: Thy vi cc chc nng truyn t, t chc,
iu khin ca mnh c khch quan ho, hay ni cch khc l
ho
- Tnh xc nh: c biu hin bi bi tnh algorit ca n. C
th l chng trnh c chia nh thnh tng on thng bo, tng
on thao tc sp xp theo mt trnh t xc nh v mang tnh
mnh lnh cng nhng li ch dn cho cc bc hc tp ca hc
sinh.
- Tnh kt qu: Mi hc sinh u t c kt qu nh mc ch
hc tp quy nh nu thc hin ng v y nhng ch dn
ca chng trnh.
2.3.5. Cu trc ca chng trnh dy
Bc l n v c bn ca chng trnh. Nhiu bc to thnh
mt chng, nhiu chng to thnh mt phn, nhiu phn to
thnh mn hc.
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Mt bc cha mt lng kin thc tng i trn vn m hc
sinh cn lnh hi. Trong mt bc hon chnh gm cc sau y:
a. thng bo, k hiu:
thng bo bao gm ni dung kin thc hoc k nng mi cn
truyn t cho hc sinh v hc sinh cn phi inh hi. c th l
nhng khi nim, nhng hin tng, nhng quy tc, nh lut, hc
thuyt. Trong mi bc c th c nhiu thng bo.
b. thao tc, k hiu:
ny cha nhiu bi luyn tp gip hc sinh gia cng tri thc
mi lnh hi thng bo trc . y hc sinh tp phn tch,
vn dng tri thc va lnh hi, rn luyn l nng thao tc thc
hnh.. . trong mt bc c th c nhiu thao tc.
c. lin h ngc, k hiu:
ny thng gn lin vi thao tc, n cha ng nhng li
gii thch, ch dn nh gi kt qu va thao tc trn, vch r cho
hc sinh th no l thao tc ng nht. Ni dung ca ny c th
l: p s ca bi tp, p n ca cc cu hi. Chng gip cho thit
lp mi lin h ngc bn trong - tc l gip cho hc sinh t nh
gi c s hc tp ca mnh v t un nn, iu chnh sai lm v
t bit c khu hc tip theo l khu no.
Nh vy, gp cc

ta c mt liu v mi mt liu c ghi trn mt phiu hc tp v
nh rng lin h ngc mt liu no l ni dung kim tra,
nh gi ch dn ca thao tc tiu trc . Gp cc liu theo
trnh t ni dung dy hc ta c mt chng trnh (Hnh 2.12)

2.3.6. Cc kiu chng trnh dy
C hai kiu chng trnh dng trong dy hc chng trnh ho
l chng trnh ng thng v chng trnh phn nhnh.
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a. Chng trnh ng thng
Chng trnh ng thng gm cc bc ni nhau lin tc v
trong mi bc cc ni nhau lin tc (hnh 2.13)

Bn cht ca chng trnh ny l: Sau khi hc sinh inh hi
thng tin mt thng bo no th phi lm bi tp kim tra.
Nu tr li c cu hi kim tra, chng t nm c ni dung
th c chuyn sang hc tip thng bo tip theo. Nu tr
li sai th phi hc li ni dung , tm nguyn nhn sai, sau
mi chuyn sang hc ni dung tip theo. V lng thng tin cc
thng bo rt t nn hc sinh ch cn so snh cu tr li ca mnh
v cu tr li mu l bit c nguyn nhn sai lm.
c im:
- Chng trnh c son sao cho qu trnh hc din ra hu nh
khng c sai lm khi tr li cu hi, mun vy vic son tho
chng trnh phi cn c vo trnh hc sinh trung bnh yu.
- Mi ngi cng hc mt chng trnh, cng phi tri qua cc
bc, ch c nhanh chm khc nhau tu thuc vo nng lc tng
ngi.
- Mi liu kin thc cha mt lng thng tin rt nh.
- Yu t quan trng trong vic hc l hc sinh t tm cu tr li.
iu ny i hi hc sinh phi tch cc suy ngh, t tm kim cu
tr li ng - ngha l t lc v tch cc thu nhn kin thc mi.
V d : Chng trnh ng thng dy bi "Dng in xoay
chiu ba pha"- [1]

Dng in xoay chiu mt pha l dng in c chiu v cng
thay i mt cch tun hon theo quy lut hnh sin. Sau khi pht
minh ra dng in xoay chiu mt pha, ngi ta nghin cu xy
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dng mt mch in gm nhiu dng mt pha ghp li v kt qu
to ra dng in xoay chiu ba pha. Dng in xoay chiu ba
pha l h thng ba dng in mt pha c to ra bi ba sut in
ng c cng bin , cng tn s nhng lch nhau v Pha 1200
hay v thi gian l 1/3 chu k.

Hy cho bit h ba dng in c biu din trn
hnh 2.14 c phi l dng in xoay chiu ba pha
khng?


Liu 2
Trn hnh v biu din h dng in xoay chiu ba pha
v y l h thng gm ba dng in xoay chiu mt pha v chng
lch nhau v pha 1 200.
Cu to Ca my pht in ba pha
to ra dng in mt pha, ngi ta dng my pht in mt
pha. to ra dng in xoay chiu ba pha ngi ta dng my pht
in ba pha. My pht in ba pha to ra dng ba pha cng da
trn hin tng cm ng in t nh my pht in mt pha. Do
v cu to my pht in ba pha cng gm cc phn chnh nh my
pht in mt pha.
Cn c vo cu to my pht in mt pha, em hy suy
ngh v xut xem my pht in ba pha c th c nhng b phn
chnh no?
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Liu 3
My pht in ba pha c cu to ging my pht in
mt pha.
N gm hai phn chnh l rm v stato, nhng n c mt im
khc c bn l trn stato c 3 cun dy t lch nhaui200 nh

Cch u dy ca ng c in ba pha
Theo cu to nh trn hnh v th khi ni my pht vi mch
ngoi ta phi dng n dy dn. Tuy nhin ngi ta tm ra cch
u dy sao cho va tn dy va gn. Trong thc t ngi ta
u dy theo hai kiu l u dy hnh sao v u dy tam gic.
u dy hnh sao l kiu u ba im cui ca ba cun dy li
vi nhau, cn ba im u th a ra mch ngoi u vi mch
tiu th (hnh 2.16). u dy hnh tam gic l kiu u m im
u ca pha A ni vi im cui ca pha B, u ca pha B ni
vi im cui ca pha C, u ca pha C ni vi im cui ca
pha A. Ba im nt c ni vi mch ngoi (hnh 2.17)


1 - Quan st ng dy in ngoi ph ta thy c 4 dy dn
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trong c mt dy b hn. Ti sao ng dy in li c
4 dy? 2- Trong s hnh 2.18 v 2.19 c s no mc
theo hnh sao khng? Ti sao?


Liu 4
1- Ti cc ni cung cp in (trm bin th hoc my
pht in) ngi ta thng mc mch in theo hnh sao. truyn
nng lng in n ni tiu th ngi ta phi dng 4 dy dn, dy
b hn gi l dy trung tnh (Hnh 2.16).
2- Hnh 2.19 biu th cch mc theo hnh sao v ba im cui
ca c my pht v ni tiu th c ni vi nhau. Cn ba im
u ca my pht cng ni vi ba im u ca ni tiu th.
Mt s khi nim v mch in ba pha
- Trong h thng ba pha nh hnh 2.16, dy 0-0 gi l dy trung
ho, cc dy cn li gi l dy pha.
- in p gia dy trung ho v mt dy pha gi l in p pha
- in p gia hai dy pha gi l in p dy
- Dng in trong dy trung ho gi l dng trung ho, k hiu
I0
- Dng in trong dy pha c gi l dng in dy, k hiu l
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Id
- Dng in trong dy trung ho I0 thng nh hn dng in
Id. Khi m ni tiu th hon ton i xng vi nhau th dng trung
ho bng 0.
1 - Ti sao trong h thng in 4 dy, em thy c mt
dy b hn
2- Khi quan st ng dy in 4 dy trong trng, em
c nhn ra c dy trung ho khng?
Liu 5
1 - Trong 4 dy dn c mt dy trung ho. Dng in
trong dy trung ho 10 lun lun nh hn dng in dy l V vy
tit kim dy, ngi ta lm dy trung ho b hn dy pha.
2- C th nhn ra c dy trung ho v n l dy b
nht trong 4 dy. Mt khc, dy trung ho thng c mc
ngoi cng, cho nn mt trong hai dy ngoi cng v l dy b
hn s l dy trung ho.. . . .
V chng trnh c tip tc nh vy cho n ht
b. Chng trnh kiu phn nhnh
Nhc im ln nht ca chng trnh ng thng l cha
p ng trit c yu cu c bit ho dy hc. Mi hc sinh
cng hc mt chng trnh m chng trnh c bin son rt d
nn khng kch thch c hng th ca nhng hc sinh kh gii.
V vy hin nay loi chng trnh ny hu nh khng c dng.
Thay th vo l chng trnh phn nhnh.
Chng trnh ny d tnh nhiu con ng khc nhau dn n
mc ch. Khc vi chng trnh ng thng, y sau khi nhn
thng bo, hc sinh phi tr li cu hi nhng cu tr li khng
phi do hc sinh t ngh ra m phi tr li trc nghim vi nhiu
phng n tr li khc nhau, trong c phng n ng, phng
n khng y , phng n sai. Hc sinh phi la chn mt trong
cc phng n . Vic la chn cc cu tr li s l yu t
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quyt nh liu tip theo. S phn nhnh bt u t y:
- Nu hc sinh tr li ng th chuyn sang liu chnh tip theo
(thng l liu kh nht) ngha l tip tc nhn thng bo v tri
thc mi v bi tp rn luyn k mi.
- Nu tr li sa( hc sinh s c dn n hc liu ph, gii
thch r nguyn nhn sai lm v hng dn thm hc sinh hiu
r bi hn, sau hoc c dn v liu ban u chn li cu
tr li ng, hoc l c dn sang tiu ph th hai gip khc
phc sai lm, cng c thm hiu bit v liu trc.

Nh vy, i v( hc sinh c nng lc tt th ch yu hc cc
liu trn trc chnh, cn hc sinh nng lc yu, tip thu chm thi
phi i theo ng vng. c im
- Cc liu chnh thng l kh nht.
- Cu hi v cu tr li c son cn c vo vic d on
nhng sai lm in hnh ca hc sinh.
- C nhiu con ng di ngn khc nhau thch ng vi kh
nng ca mi hc sinh i n ch.
V d: Dy hc bi "Cc thnh phn ca quy trnh cng ngh"
Liu chnh 1
Nguyn cng
Nguyn cng l mt phn ca quy trnh cng
ngh, c thc hin lin tc, ti mt a im lm vic, do mt
hoc mt nhm cng nhn thc hin.
Theo nh ngha , nguyn cng c c trng bi hai yu t
c bn: Tnh lin tc v ti mt a im lm vic. Nu mt trong
hai yu t thay i th c ngha l chuyn sang mt nguyn
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cng khc.
a im lm vic c hiu l mt my gia cng. V d nh
khi gia cng trn my tin ta gi l nguyn cng tin, gia cng trn
my phay ta gi l nguyn cng phay.
Lin tc c ngha l khi ngi th c giao nhim v gia cng
mt hoc mt s b mt no ca chi tit gia cng trn mt my
cng c th ngi th ph' gia cng xong cc b mt , sau
dng my, tho chi tit gia cng ra chuyn sang cho my khc
gia cng tip b mt khc. V d: Cho chi tit nh hnh 2.21

- Nu gia cng c mt A v mt B trn cng mt my tin th ta
c mt nguyn cng tin, sau chuyn chi tit sang my phay
phay rnh then C th ta c thm nguyn cng phay.
- Nu gia cng mt A trn my tin th nht, ri gia cng mt B
trn my tin th hai, gia cng mt C trn my phay th ta c hai
nguyn cng tin v mt nguyn cng phay.
Gi s trn mt my tin (mt a im), phi gia cng
m chi k cho trong thng bo. Ngi ta lm nh sau:
- Gia cng hon chnh mt A ca chi tit s 1, tho chi tit ra,
vo v tr ch
- Gia cng hon chnh mt A ca chi tit s 2, tho chi tit ra,
vo v tr ch V c nh vy hon thnh gia cng mt A ca c lot
m chi tit.
- Gia cng mt B ca chi tit s 2, tho chi tit ra, vo v tr
ch V c nh vy hon thnh gia cng mt B ca c lot m chi
tit Hi: Gia cng hai mt A v B trn mt my tin, c phi l
thc hin mt nguyn cng tin khng?
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Hy la chn mt trong cc cu tr li di y:
A- l mt nguyn cng tin v c hai b mt c gia cng
trn cng mt my tin
B- y l hai nguyn cng tin v ngi th ln lt gia
cng mt A cho c lot sn phm, sau mi tr li gia cng mt
B cho c lot. C- Khng xc nh v hai b mt c gia cng trn
mt my tin nhng cch lm ca ngi th li ging nh kiu lm
trn hai my.
Liu chnh 2

Nu chn phng n A, hy xem liu ph s 1.1
Nu chn phng n B, hy xem liu ph s 1.2
Nu chn phng n C, hy xem liu ph s 1.3
Bc

Bc l mt phn ca nguyn cng thc hin
gia cng mt hoc mt s b mt do mt hoc mt s con dao thc
hin vi cng mt ch ct Mt nguyn cng c th c mt hoc
nhiu bc.
V d: Vic gia cng tin hai mt A v B c th chia hai bc:
- Bc 1 : Gia cng th c hai mt bng dao tin th vi t =
0,5mm, s = 0,125mm/vg, n= 300vg/ph
- Bc 2: Gia cng tinh c hai mt bng dao tin tinh
t = 0,15mm,

Nguyn cng cho trn hnh 2.22 c thc hin nh sau:
- Tin ngoi b mt B bng dao tin ngoi
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- Tin xn mt u D bng dao xn
- Khoan, khot, do ' E ln lt bng mi khoan, dao kho v
dao do Hi nguyn cng c bao nhiu bc?
Hy chn mt trong cc p n sau:
A. C 2 bc: Bc gia cng tin v bc gia cng l bng cc
dng c gia cng l.
B. C 3 bc: Tin ngoi, Xn mt u v gia cng l.
C C 3 bc: Gia cng th (tin, khoan), gia cng bn tinh
(khot), gia cng tinh (do)
D. C 5 bc: Tin ngoi, xn mt u, khoan l, khot l, do
l.
Liu chnh 3
Nu chn A hy c liu ph 2.1 Nu chn B
hc c liu ph 2.2 Nu chn C hy c liu ph
2.3 Nu chn D hy c liu ph 2.4
n y chng trnh tip tc thng bo 3 v thao tc 3...v
ta c th biu din on chng trnh trn nh sau:

Phn liu ph
Cc liu ph thng c sp xp cui tp phiu chng trnh
(nu chng trnh c son trn giy) hoc c th l cc File c
lp nu chng trnh c son trn my tnh v hc sinh c hc
bng my tnh.
Liu ph 1.1- Em chn sai p n.
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L do chn sai: Em cha thc s nm vng nh ngha nguyn
cng. Em hy hc li nh ngha v nm cho vng nhng thuc
tnh c bn ca n. Nh rng ch cn mt thuc tnh thay i tc l
sang mt nguyn cng khc.
Liu ph 1. 2
Em la chn ng. Nh vy l em nhn dng ng
nguyn.cng cn c vo hai thuc tnh ca n. Em hy tip tc hc
tip liu 2.
Liu ph 1.3
Em chn sai p n.
L do sai: Cha nm vng hai thuc tnh ca nguyn cng. Liu
ph ny s phn tch cho em thm r thm hai thuc tnh em
c th la chn li p n.
Trc ht ngi th gia cng mt A ca chi tit th nht, tho
chi tit ra khi my, t vo v tr ch.
Tip theo chi tit th hai, th ba v lot m chi tit c vo v
tr ch. Nm ch c ngha l khng c gia cng lin tc mc du
sau mi chi tit li c gia cng mt B trn chnh ci my tin
. Em hy c li liu chnh 1 v suy ngh xem yu t no ca
nguyn cng thay i. T la chn li cho ng.
2.3.7. Dy hc chng trnh ho bng my tnh
Dy hc chng trnh ho l kiu dy hc pht huy trit cng
tc t lc ca hc sinh. V vy phng tin dy hc ch yu l
chng trnh dy c son trn giy hoc hoc c son trn
my tnh.
Chng trnh son trn giy: Mi liu c son trn mt phiu
ri rc c nh s theo th t 1,2,3...hoc c ng thnh
quyn. Nhc im ca chng trnh ny ' khi lng phiu rt
nhiu v bo mt" p n khng tt. Khi cn dng hnh v hoc cc
s liu khc minh ho th gio vin phi bin son chng thnh
cc phiu minh ho nh km theo phiu chnh v nh vy th khi
lng phiu cng ln.
Chng trnh c son trn my tnh: Liu chnh c bin
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son thnh File ch, liu ph c bin son thnh File nhnh. Mt
liu chnh c bao nhiu nhnh r th c by nhiu File nhnh. Cc
File nhnh c Hyperlink vi File ch. Khi hc trn my tnh hc
sinh m File ch ra c thng bo, lm bi tp vn dng ca
liu chnh. Khi hc sinh s la chn phng n trc nghim
A,B,C,D. Mi phng n s c Hyperlink vi mt File
nhnh. Ch cn bm vo nt Hyperlink l File nhnh s m ra.
Dy hc chng trnh ho bng my tnh c u th tuyt i v
"bo mt" p n tt hn, c th dng Hyperlink khai thc ni
dung minh ho. Hn na khi t hc, hc sinh vn c th trnh by
c vi gio vin hoc trao i c vi bn v nhng thc mc
ca mnh thng qua Email hoc Chau.
2.3.8. u nhc im ca dy hc chng trnh ho
u im:
- Khc phc c nhc im ca cc phng php dy hc c
truyn nh c bit ho km, ch n dy hn s hc, thiu kim
tra thng
xuyn v thiu s iu chnh kp thi tin hc tp, gip cho
qu trnh dy hc ph hp vi quy lut tm l hc v gio dc hc.
- Gp phn pht hin cho khoa hc gio dc cc quy lut mi
ca s dy hc, c bit l quy lut iu khin hot ng nhn thc
ca hc sinh.
- S dng c cc thnh tu ca khoa hc k thut hin i
vo dy hc nhm nng cao cht lng, hiu qu dy hc.
- Pht huy ti a kh nng t nhn thc ca hc sinh.
Nhc im:
- Khng iu khin c nhng hot ng tm l bn trong hc
sinh.
- Ti liu chng trnh ho di, cng knh, kh bin son. Dy
hc bng my tnh c u im ln nhng khng phi hc sinh no
cng c my tnh, khng phi trng no cng trang b c phng
my tnh phc v cho vic hc ca hc sinh.
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V. V LA CHN PHNG PHP DY HC
La chn phng php dy hc l ngh thut s phm ca
ngi gio vin. l mt cng vic y tnh sng to. Tuy nhin
vic la chn phng php dy hc c th da trn mt s c s
sau y:
1 - Mi quan h gia mc ch - ni dung - phng php dy
hc. Mc ch quyt nh ni dung, ni dung quyt nh vic la
chn phng php. Mi ni dung c mt hoc mt vi phng
php thch hp truyn ti n t hiu qu cao.
2- c im tm sinh l v nhn thc ca i tng dy hc.
Cc c im ny l c s gio vin quyt nh mc c bit
ho dy hc, quyt nh mc t lc ca hc sinh.
3- C s vt cht phc v cho dy hc. Mi phng php dy
hc i hi mt hoc mt s phng tin tng ng. V vy mt
mt cn c vo ni dung dy hc, mt khc cn c vo c s vt
cht c th ca nh trng quyt nh vic la chn phng
php.
4- Khng c mt phng php no c tnh vn nng. Mi
phng php u c u v nhc im ca n. V vy ngi gio
vin cn bit phi hp nhiu phng php chng b sung cho
nhau.
5- iu xuyn sut trong t duy la chn phng php dy
hc l: Vi bt k ni dung no, bt k i tng no, bt k iu
kin no, vic la chn phng php dy hc vn phi t mc tiu
tch cc ho ngi hc ln hng u, phi to iu kin cho ngi
hc thc hin tt nht vai tr ch th ca qu trnh nhn thc c
o ca mnh.
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CHNG III
PHNG PHP DY THC HNH K THUT
1. C s khoa hc ca dy hc thc hnh k thut
Dy hc thc hnh k thut da trn hai c s ch yu l phn
tch qu trinh lao ng v phn tch qu trnh hnh thnh k nng.
a) Phn tch qu trnh lao ng v qu trnh cng ngh
Cu trc ca hot ng lao ng ni chung
Theo tm l hc, hot ng l qu trnh con ngi tc ng vo
i tng nhm p ng nhng mc ch, tho mn nhu cu ca
mnh.Trn c s cu trc ca hot ng ni chung, c th ch ra
cu trc ca hot ng lao ng nh hnh 3.1 :

S cho thy, mi hot ng lao ng c th bao gi cng c
ng c thc y hot ng y. Hot ng gm cc hnh ng, mi
hnh ng u nhm ti mt mc ch no . Hnh ng li gm
cc thao tc, ng tc v n ph thuc vo iu kin, phng tin
t ti mc ch t trc. y cc thnh phn ca hnh ng
tr c c gi l thao tc tr tu, chng hn nh phn tch, tng
hp, so snh...Cn cc thnh phn ca hnh ng vt cht thng
c gt l ng tc, v d nh da, ca, ni dy in... V d di
y s minh ho cho s phn tch qu trnh lao ng ni trn.
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Cu trc ca qu trnh cng ngh:
Mt qu trnh cng ngh c th phn chia thnh cc b phn
nh hnh 3.3.
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Vic phn tch qu trnh lao ng k thut hay qu trnh cng
ngh trn y l c s xy dng v la chn ni dung cc bi
thc hnh k thut. Vic dy thc hnh ngh nghip cho hc sinh
phi c thc hin bt u t nhng c ng n gin nht. Khi
ngi hc thnh thc cc c ng nguyn t ca mt ng tc,
thao tc c bn th ngi hc c kh nng hon thnh c cc
ng tc, thao tc c bn. Khi thc hin c cc ng tc c
bn ca mt bc cng ngh th c ngha l ngi hc c kh
nng hon thnh c mt bc cng ngh v khi thc hin
c mi bc ca mt nguyn cng th c ngha l ngi hc
c kh nng hon thnh c mt nguyn cng. Do , trong thc
t thng gp cc bi thc hnh theo ng tc, theo bc cng
ngh, theo nguyn cng, v theo sn phm (c qu trnh cng
ngh).. . tu thuc vo mc ch v iu kin dy hc c th.
b) Phn tch qu trnh hnh thnh k nng
K nng thng c hnh thnh theo nhng quy lut nht nh
v thng bt u t s nhn thc (hiu r v mc ch, c ch,
tin trnh.. . ) v kt thc l biu hin hnh ng c th. C th
tm tt qu trnh hnh thnh k nng nh hnh 3.4.
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Hnh 3.4
Trn s cho thy qu trnh hnh thnh k nng gm ba giai
on:
Giai on lnh hi hiu bit: Trong giai on ny gio vin
phi nh hng, to ng c, nhu cu hc tp v trang b hiu
bit v cc thao tc k thut cho hc sinh. Kt qu ca giai on
ny l s hiu bit v thao tc thc hnh v trn c s hnh
thnh biu tng vn ng bao gm nhn thc v mc ch,
nhim v v trnh t cc ng tc cn thc hin.
Giai on to dng ng hnh vn ng: Trong giai on ny
gio vin lm mu ng tc thc hnh hc sinh quan st v
bt chc. Mc ch ca giai on ny l nhm chuyn biu
tng vn ng hnh thnh trong giai on mt thnh cc vn
ng vt cht (ng tc, c ng...). Nhng vn ng ny cn
mang nhiu du n ca biu tng vn ng nn c gi l
ng hnh vn ng. ng hnh c c nh s quan st, ti
hin v bt chc mt cch c thc nhng ng tc c gio
vin lm mu.
Giai on hnh thnh k nng: giai on ny k nng c
hnh thnh dn dn nh s ti hin, lp i lp li nhiu ln
nhng ng hnh c, kt hp vi vic phn tch iu chinh
vn ng (luyn tp). Do trong giai on ny gio vin cn t
chc hun luyn cho hc sinh. Hnh thnh k nng l nhim v
trung tm ca dy thc hnh. Vic phn tch con ng hnh
thnh k nng trn y l c s xy dng cu trc bi dy
cng nh xc nh cc phng php c th cho dy hc thc
hnh c hiu qu.
2. Thit k v trin khai thc hin bi dy thc hnh
Dy thc hnh l hnh thnh k nng cho ngi hc. Vic
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hnh thnh mt k nng khc nhiu so vi vic tip thu mt tri
thc l lun, v vy vic son gio n dy mt k nng cng
khc nhiu so vi vic chun b mt bi ln lp l thuyt.
cho vic chun b gio n thun li hn v m bo cho vic
lnh hi k nng ca ngi hc din ra ng thc cht, ngi
gio vin dy thc hnh cn tun th mt quy trnh cht ch v
t m c gi l quy trnh ngc. Ni dung ca quy trnh
ngc c th gii thch nh sau: Qu trnh son gio n phi
bt u t im cui cng ca bi dy thc hnh - l k nng
phi hnh thnh cho ngi hc v kt thc im khi u ca
bi dy k nng - l kin thc. Cng c th ni: Qu trnh
son gio n phi bt u t kt qu mong i ca bi dy v
kt thc bn k hoch thc hin.
2.1. Quy trnh thit k bi dy thc hnh
Bc 1- Xc nh k nng s dy cho hc sinh
K nng hnh ngh cn c biu th bng nhng thut ng
khc nh "Cng vic" hoc "Nng lc thc hin". K nng chnh l
ci m c s sn xut, ch s dng lao ng mong i hc vin tt
nghip lm c. Mt k nng thng c c cc c trng sau y:
- Phi c th;
- C th quan st c (nu l k nng hot ng chn tay);
- C quy trnh ring bit;
- C th chia thnh hai hoc nhiu bc;
- C th thc hin c trong mt khong thi gian nht nh:
- C im bt u v im kt thc xc nh;
- Kt qu cui cng ca k nng phi l sn phm, mt dch v
hoc mt quyt nh;
- C th phn cng c.
Mi mt k nng thng c biu th bng mt ng t ch
hnh ng. Cn phi cn nhc k la chn chnh xc ng t
ny sao cho n c th ch r c vic lm ca ngi th v i
tng ca hnh ng. i tng ca hnh ng l ci c th o,
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m c hoc c th quan st c.
V d v ng t ch hnh ng v i tng ca hnh ng:
Co r c (ng t) bc lt (i tng)
iu chnh c (ng t) mi dao tin ngang tm (i tng)
iu chnh c (ng t) ng h o in (i tng)
Bc 2 - Thu thp ti liu lin quan n k nng
Nhng ti liu lin quan n k nng cn thu thp bao gm:
- Ti liu hng dn chng trnh;
- Sch gio khoa;
- Sch tra cu;
- Ti liu pht tay;
- Bng biu;
- Cc gio n v bi kim tra trc ;
- Cc m hnh;
- Cm nang s dng thit b.
Thng tin lin quan n k nng thu c t nhng ti liu ny
c phn thnh hai loi: Loi cn phi bit v loi bit th tt.
Nhng thng tin cn phi bit l nhng thng tin thc s gip cho
hc sinh hc c k nng. Ch nhng thng tin ny mi c s
dng cung cp cho hc sinh. Sau khi thu thp thng tin, nn trao
i vi cc gio vin khc trong b mn tham kho kin ca
h khi dy k nng ny.
Bc 3 - Lp h s nghin cu v k nng
Nhng trang ti liu c lin quan n k nng ni trn, nhng
iu ghi c khi trao i vi nhng ngi c kinh nghim v k
nng v v nhng gio vin khc nn tp hp li thnh h s
nghin cu k nng Mc ch ca vic ny l tp hp cc thng tin
v k nng mt cch c h thng c th nhn nhn k nng mt
cch y , ton din.
Bc 4 - Vit tn k nng vo gio n
Tn k nng phi c vit vo mu gio n. Ty theo tnh hnh
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c th m gio vin c th s dung mu gio n ca ngnh gio
dc, mt gio n ca ngnh dy ngh hoc mu ring ca mi
trng dy ngh. Theo TITI (Vin o to Ging dy K thut ca
Nepal), m bo cht lng ca vic thit k mt bi dy thc
hnh, gio vin c th c bng hng dn thc hin (bng 1 )
chun b cho thit k bui dy thc hnh di y t nh gi
vic chun b ca mnh:
Bng 1
Bn hng dn thc hin chun b cho thit k bui dy
thc hnh
Dng cc tiu ch sau t nh gi vic chun b:
- xc nh c k nng cn dy cha?
- ng t hnh ng biu th k nng ph hp vi k nng
cha? thu thp c tt c cc ngun ti liu lin quan n k
nng hay cha?
- lp c b h s nghin cu k nng hay cha v b h
s nghin c k nng tp hp c tt c cc thng tin
cn thit hay cha?
- K nng c vit vo mu gio n ph hp hay cha? Khi
tt c cc cu hi c tr li "C" ngha l bn khi u tt cho
vic thit k mt bi dy thc hnh.

Bc 5 - Son tho mc tiu thc hin cui cng ca mt k
nng
Sau khi c c b h s nghin cu k nng vi y
thng tin chi tit v k nng, gio vin phi son tho mc tiu
thc hin cui cng ca k nng.
Mc tiu thc hin cui cng (MTCC) l li tuyn b m trong
m t kt qu thc hin d nh ca hc vin sau khi gio
vin dy xong.
C th ni rng, MTCC l mt li tuyn b m trong m t
hc vin s c nh gi nh th no vo cui bui hc.
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MTCC trong o to ngh c quan h mt thit vi tiu chun
thc hin trong sn xut cng nghip. Trong a s trng hp
chng l ng nht. Tuy nhin, mt s trng hp MTCC trong
o to c th thp hn hoc cao hn so vi tiu chun thc hin
trong cng nghip. Chng hn, nu thit b, my mc c s dng
trong o to c chnh xc thp hn so vi chnh xc ca
thit b my mc c s dng trong thc t sn xut th yu cu
v k nng trong o to s thp hn so vi yu cu thc hin
ngoi thc t sn xut. Trong trng hp o to ngi li my bay
th tiu chun thc hin trong o to cao hn so vi cng vic
thc t m h s lm sau khi tt nghip.
Cu trc ca mc tiu thc hin cui cng
Theo Tin, mt MTCC bao gm su thnh phn:
- Phn 1 c gi l cung cp (cn gi l diu kin hoc mi
trng).
Phn ny m t nhng iu kin hc vin thc hin cng
vic. Khi iu kin thay i s nh hng n cht lng thc
hin cng vic, v vy iu kin nu ra trong phn cung cp c
coi l nhng bin s.
Xt trng hp k nng mi dao tin, nu cung cp cho th mi
dao chic my mi dao chuyn dng th nng sut mi v chnh
xc ca cc thng s hnh hc t c cao hn nhiu so vi khi
cung cp cho h my mi hai thng thng. Thc cht ca phn
cung cp l thng bo cho hc vin bit l h c s dng loi
phng tin no khi thc hin cng vic
- Phn 2 c gi l Tn hiu (cn gi l s kin). l nhng
tn hiu hoc nhng s kin dn n vic thc hin cng vic. Tn
hiu c th l: - Mnh lnh truyn ming ca ngi gim st
- Mnh lnh bng vn bn
- Tn hiu c pht ra t n bo, chung bo...
- Tn hiu nu ra trong MTCC phi ging nh tn hiu m ngi
th s gp khi thc hin cng vic trong thc t. Khi dy mt k
nng cn phi dy c tn hiu tng ng km theo.
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- Phn 3 c gi l Ai (cn gi l Ngi thc hin, hoc Chc
danh" cng vic). Phn ny tuyn b "Chc danh" cng vic ca
ngi thc hin km theo cm t "S c kh nng", chng hn
nh: Ngi th ngui s c kh nng.. . ; ngi th hn s c kh
nng.. .
Trong MTCC khng c ghi l: Hc vin s c kh nng...
- Phn 4 l tuyn b Lm g (cn gi l thc hin, hnh vi hay
k nng).
y l phn trng tm ca MTCC v n m t r rng v n
gin nng lc thc hin ca hc vin sau khi hc xong. Tt c
nhng phn khc ca MTCC ph thuc vo li tuyn b ny.
"Lm g" m t s thc hin ca hc vin c th quan st c,
s c trnh din sau khi hc xong bi v s c nh gi khi kt
thc kha hc. Nng lc thc hin ny nu c chp nhn s
chng t rng, hc vin thnh tho v sn sng thc hin cng
vic ti c s sn xut. "Lm g thc cht l k nng m ngi
hc cn lnh hi, v vy s thc hin trong
"Lm g" phi m bo cc c trng ca k nng nu
trn v phi c th hin bng mt ng t ch hnh ng duy
nht v b ng ca ng t . Chng hn nh; Mi mi khoan, o
cch in ca ng c in.
Sai st thng gp khi xy dng MTCC l s khng trng hp
gia cng vic thc hin nu trong tn k nng v cng vic thc
hin nu trong MTCC. V vy cc ng t hnh ng cn phi
c kim tra k lng.
- Phn 5 l phn Trong thi gian (cn gi l thi gian). Phn
ny nu thi lng cho php thc hin cng vic. Thi gian
thc hin k nng c xc nh thng qua vic quan st v bm
gi ca mt vi cng nhn lnh ngh thc hin k nng trng
nhng iu kin tiu chun. Ngi son chng trnh cn cn nhc
k quyt nh nn p dng thi lng nh mc bng thi lng
thc hin ca cng nhn lnh ngh hoc di hn hoc t hn.
- Phn 6 l phn Tt nh th no (cn gi l tiu ch). Phn ny
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cho hc vin bit k nng phi c thc hin tt nh th no. V
vy y nu ln nhng tiu ch thc hin quan trng nht s c
nh gi hoc cp n mt ti liu cung cp cho hc vin,
trong nu cc tiu ch i vi mt quy trnh hoc mt sn phm.
i vi nhng k nng m quy trnh s dng trong qu trnh
thc hin l iu thit yu th quy nh phi c nh gi. Vi
nhng k nng m quy nh khng phi l thit yu th ci cn
nh gi l sn phm.
cho hc vin d theo di th mc tiu thc hin cui cng
nn c khi qut di dng th. Di y l mu th do TITI
gii thiu:

K nng: Sa cha my vi tnh
Cu phn (thnh phn) MTCC
Cung cp Mt my vi tnh bn c mch ch ra vo b
hng
Tn hiu Phiu giao nhim v sa cha
Ai Th sa cha my vi tnh c kh nng
Lm g Thay mch ch ra vo
Trong thi gian 20 pht
Tt th no My tnh lm vic tt sau khi sa cha
Nu trc khi son tho MTCC m ngi gio vin xy
dng c mt bn hng dn thc hin hay mt cng c nh gi
sn phm th khi vit phn "Tt th no" ch cn vit:
Tt th no: Theo bn hng dn thc hin c cung cp.
Bc 6 - Son tho bn hng dn thc hin k nng
Mc ch ca dy k nng l ngi hc khng ch bit m cn
phi c kh nng lm c mt ci g . Ni cch khc l ngi
hc phi c kh nng thc hin c cng vic. Vy thc hin l
g? Tin s John Collum - [4] nh ngha khi nim thc hin
nh sau:
"Thc hin l mt quy nh c th quan st c, i hi c
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kin thc, k nng v thi lm mt vic g theo tiu chun
thc hin c chp nhn v em li mt sn phm, dch v hay
mt quyt nh'?
Trong nh ngha c mt s thut ng cn lm r:
Quy trnh: L cc bc thc hin c sp xp theo mt trnh t
xc nh hon thnh mt k nng.
Bc: L phn nh nht c th nhn bit c ca mt k nng.
Tiu chun thc hin dc chp nhn: Tiu chun ny thng
xut pht t thc t sn xut, kinh doanh. N c th l mc cht
lng ca sn phm hoc l thi gian cn thit hon thnh mt
k nng hoc c th l c hai. Cch tt nht nh gi quy nh l
s dng bn hng dn thc hin quy nh. Cu trc ca mt bn
nh gi thc hin bao gm cc im sau y:
1- Din t k nng cn thc hin.
K nng phi c din t r rng v phi v tr trn cng
ca bn hng dn thc hin
2- Nu r iu kin kim tra
Hc vin cn c bit v th tc kim tra. Phi thng bo cho
h bit h c php v khng c php s dng nhng g. Vic
kim tra c tin hnh ni lm vic hay trong phng th
nghim? Cc dng c c b tr sn hay hc vin phi t tp
hp chng nh l mt phn ca bi kim tra?...
3- Lp danh mc cc bc thc hin k nng.
C nhiu cch lp danh mc ny:
Nu c bn phn tch k nng t trc th trong c sn
danh mc cc bc thc hin.
Nu sch gio khoa c lit k cc bc thc hin k nng th s
dng t liu ca sch gio khoa.
- Quan st mt chuyn gia hoc chnh bn thn mnh thc hin
k nng vi ln ri vit li tng bc theo trnh t. Tip s dng
danh mc ny th li cc bc xem danh mc r rng cha.
Bn danh mc phi m bo cc yu cu sau:
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Phi bao gm tt c cc bc cn thit
Phi c cc quy nh v an ton
Phi b tr theo ng trnh t thc hin
Phi c c cu tr li l "c" hay "khng"
4- M t tng bc ring cng r cng tt
t c iu c th s dng nhng ch dn di y khi
vit v mi bc:
- Vit tng bc ring mt cch n gin, r rng v s dng
nhng thut ng ph bin trong ngnh.
- M t tng bc bng nhng thut ng m v thc hin c th
quan st c.
- Cc nc khng qu vn vt hoc bao hm nhng kin thc
chung chung.
Li m t tng bc phi bt u bng mt ng t hnh ng
5- Ch ra cc bc nguy him hoc lin quan n an ton.
Trn bn hng dn thc hin cn ch ra nhng bc m nu
hc vin thc hin khng tt s khng c tip tc thc hin na.
Nhng bc ny cn nh du sao (*) bn cnh s th t.
6- Lp danh mc cc bc vi di hp l
Bn hng dn thc hin khng nn qu ngn (3 - 4 bc) cng
khng nn di qu mt trang.
7- Phi c km theo thang nh gi
8- Mi phiu kim tra quy trnh thng c ch nh du c
hoc KHNG bn cnh mi bc
9- Hnh thc bn hng dn thc hin
Trong phiu kim tra quy trnh thng phi dnh ch cho nhng
thng tin sau:
H v tn hc vin
Ngy kim tra
10- Ch dn r cch s dng bng hng dn thc hin
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V d nh trong bn hng dn c ghi: nh du "c" hoc
"khng" vo mi bc ch r hc vin c thc hin theo tng
bc hay khng
11 - Nu r yu cu trnh thc hin ti thiu chp nhn c
Mi bi kim tra ln nh u phi c im ti thiu. Nu bi khng
t im ti thiu hc sinh phi n li l thuyt v thc hnh k
nng c s gim st v ngh c kim tra vo ln khc.
12- nh k hiu chnh li bn hng dn thc hin
Gio vin phi theo di bn hng dn thc hin. Nu ngi
hc lun lun gp kh khn vi mt phn no trong bn hng
dn th trc ht phi xem li phng php ging dy ca mnh
chc chn rng mnh gii thch v trnh din ng k thut. Sau
kim tra li ngn t din gii cc bc trong phiu kim tra xem
th chnh xc cha.
Kt lun v bn hng dn thc hin
- Bn hng dn c th trao cho hc sinh trc khi gio vin
trnh din k nng h theo di v h s dng trong qu trnh
thc hnh v cui cng n c s dng nh gi vic thc hin
ca hc sinh.
iu quan trng nht i vi ngi gio vin dy ngh l phi
lun lun m bo rng hc sinh ang p dng ng quy trnh, c
bit l nhng k nng c th gy tn thng cho chnh h hoc
nhng ngi khc. Cch tt nht nh gi quy trnh, theo tin s
John Collum l s dng bn hng dn thc hin c gi t phiu
kim tra quy trnh di y.
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Bng 2
Bn hng dn thc hin
H v tn..............................................................
Ngy, thng............................
S dng cc tiu ch di y nh gi bn hng dn thc hin
do bn chun b
Hng dn: nh du c hoc khng ch r hc vin c thc
hin tng bc theo ch dn khng.
C KHNG
1 - trnh by r k nng? - -
2- Nu r cc iu kin kim tra? - -
3- Lit k r cc bc thc hin k
nng?
- -
4- Cc bc k nng c lit k
theo ng trnh t
- -
5- Ch r nhng bc nguy him
hoc lin quan n an ton?
- -
6- Bn hng dn c di hp l - -
7- C thang nh gi (1-5, -
khng)?
- -
8- ch ghi tn hc vin v
ngi kim tra?
- -
9- Hng dn r rng v bi kim
tra?
- -
10- Nu r trnh thc hin ti
thiu chp nhn c
- -
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Mt bn hng dn c cht lng l bn m tt c cc cu u
c nh du "C"

Bc 7 - Lp k hoch cho hot ng thc hnh
Vic hc mt k nng khng phi kt thc ch sau mt bi ging
hoc sau mt bui trnh din. hnh thnh mt k nng phi cho
hc sinh hot ng thc hnh, l nhng hot ng c lp k
hoch mt cch k lng v iu quan trng hn l phi cho hc
sinh y c hi v iu kin thc hnh.
a- Nhng hot ng thc hnh nhm tng cng pht trin k
nng Di y l s cc giai on pht trin k nng do TS
John Collum gii thiu.

S cho thy nhng giai on chnh yu m mi hc sinh phi
i qua khi hc mt k nng.
Lc u hc sinh nhn thc c rng h khng bit thc hin
k nng m gio vin sp dy cho h, h ch hiu mc ti
thiu. Giai on ban u ny c gi l giai on khng thnh
tho hu thc. Cng vi thi gian v nh s hng dn ca gio
vin, hc sinh nm c v thc hin c k nng m khng cn
phi suy ngh nhiu. l giai on thnh tho v thc. Nhng
hot ng thc hnh c k hoch dc gii thiu trong s di
y s gp phn tng cng pht trin k nng t n thnh
tho v thc.
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Trong s 3.5 ta thy: Yu cu cao nht ca o to ngh l
o to ra ngi th va thnh tho ngh nghip va t tin. T tin
trong hot ng ngh nghip l biu hin tm l ca ngi th. N
c hnh thnh v pht trin trn c s c o to n mc:
C k nng thun thc;
C kh nng nhn nhn c mi quan h gia mi k
nng v cng vic nh mt tng th;
C kh nng iu chnh c cc quy trnh;
C kh nng hp tc vi cc ng nghip a ra nhng
gii php.
T c th rt ra bi hc phng php lun l: Nu mt
chng trinh o to ngh ch nhm vo vic luyn cho hc sinh
thnh tho k nng m khng ch n vic hnh thnh cho h tm
l t tin vo kh nng ca mnh thi l mt chng trnh do to
khim khuyt.
Di y s gii thiu ni dung ca cc hot ng thc hnh
nhm tng cng pht trin k nng.
Trnh din: Vic trnh din s c gii thiu chi tit trong
phn "Trnh din mt k nng", y ch nu s lc nhng yu
cu:.
Ln trnh din u tin ph( tht chnh xc (hc sinh s
ghi nh v lp li nhng g h nhn thy ln u).
Mt k nng u phi c bn hng dn thc hnh.
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Cn lp li cuc trnh din cho n khi tt c hc sinh
u hiu r quy trnh.
- Thc hnh tng bc: u tin gio vin thc hin tng bc
ca k nng, sau cho hc sinh lp li tng bc mt cch chnh
xc. i vi mi bc, gio vin phi kim tra xem tt c thc
hin ng cha ri mi tip tc bc sau. Vic thc hnh tng
bc ny ko di cho n khi tt c mi hc sinh thc hin ng
quy trnh m ch cn s dng bn hng dn thc hnh.
- Thc hnh c hng dn: Hc sinh lm vic c lp hoc
lm vic theo tng cp di s gim st cht ch ca gio vin cho
n khi h c th thc hin cng vic mt cch an ton. Trong giai
on ny, vic cho hc sinh va lm va ni cng vic ca mnh l
iu b ch. Thc hnh c lp: Hc sinh lm vic di s gim st
ca gio vin nhng mc gim st gim dn cho n khi h c
th thc hin c cng vic mt cch thnh tho.
- Thc hnh nh k: Sau khi hc xong mt k nng, hng
tun hoc hng thng, gio vin cn cho hc sinh trnh din li k
nng . Thc hnh nh k gip cho hc sinh thc hin cng vic
nh mt thi quen.
- Hot ng thc hin d n hoc gii quyt vn : Sau khi
hc xong mt nhm k nng, gio vin cn a ra cc hot ng
thc hin d n hoc gii quyt vn . Nhng hot ng ny i
hi hc sinh phi la chn nhng k nng cn thit, iu chnh
hoc p dng chng theo yu cu ca cng vic. i khi cn yu
cu hc sinh thc hin k nng trong nhng iu kin bt thng.
Nhng hot ng ny cn c chun b sao cho cng st vi cng
vic thc t cng tt v chng em li lng t tin cho hc sinh.
b - Lp k hoch cho hot ng thc hnh
y l bc cui cng ca giai on thit k. i vi mi k
nng, ngi gio vin cn phi la chn v thit k cc hot ng
thc hnh cho hc vin theo cht lng v s lng cn thit. Vic
lp k hoch cho hot ng thc hnh c tin hnh theo trnh t
ngc li vi vic thc hin chnh k nng .
Vic lp k hoch c bt u t k nng. Trn c s nm
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vng k nng, tin hnh xy dng bn hng dn thc hnh. Tip
theo l chun b bi kim tra thc hnh v quy trnh hoc sn phm.
Cui cng mi thit k hot ng thc hnh cc trnh khc
nhau cng nh b tr thi gian thc hnh hp l cho mi trinh
(hnh 3.6).

Di y l bng hng dn lp k hoch cho hot ng thc
hnh do TITI xut v khuyn dng (bng 3).
Bng 3


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Bng hng dn lp k hoch cho hot ng thc hnh

I - Khi thit k cc hot ng thc hnh cho mt k nng
1- Xy dng bn hng dn thc hnh?
2- Son cc bi kim tra kt qu thc hin?
3- Xc nh s lng hc vin, s lng thit b, vt t?
4- Xc nh mc thc hnh c lp cn thit?
5- Xc inh mc thc hnh c hng dn cn thit?
6- Xc nh xem c cn thc hnh tng bc khng?
7- Thit k hot ng trnh din?
II - Khi thc hin cc hot ng thc hnh cho mt k nng
8- Trnh din k nng cho n khi hc sinh nm r k nng ?
9- Cho hc sinh thc hnh tng bc cho n khi h thc hin
ng quy trnh?
10- Cho hc sinh thc hnh c hng dn cho n khi h thc
hin k nng mt cch an ton?
11 - Cho hc vin thc hnh c tp cho n khi h thnh
tho?
III- Thc hnh nh k sau khi dy xong mt loi cc k
nng
12- B tr thc hnh nh k i vi tng k nng cho n khi
hc vin thc hin c k nng nh mt thi quen?
13- B tr tham gia d n hoc gii quyt vn trong c s
dng nhiu k nng cho n khi hc vin t tin?
Nu cc cu tr li l "C" th c ngha l o to c
nhng cng nhn thnh tho v t tin
2.2. Hot ng trin khai bi dy thc hnh
2.2.1. Trnh din mt k nng
Trnh din (lm mu) l trnh by bng trc quan cc s vic,
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tng hay qu trnh. y l phng php dy hc thc hnh rt
cng hiu v khi s dng phng php ny gio vin thc s trnh
din trc hc sinh cch thc hin mt k nng nh th no. Cn
hc sinh phi tp trung s dng cc gic quan nghe, nhn, s,
m...nhm lnh hi nhng thao tc, ng tc m gio vin trnh
din cng nh trnh t thc hin cc thao tc, ng tc Trnh
din c coi l chic cu ni gia l thuyt v thc hnh. Mc
ch ca trnh din
- Ch r cho hc sinh k nng c thc hin nh th no;
Nhn mnh nhng bc quan trng, nhng bc kh thc hin v
nhng vn v an ton khi thc him
- To iu kin cho hc sinh suy ngh, t cu hi v nhng vn
cn vng mc trc khi bc vo giai on luyn tp thc
hnh. Quy trnh trnh din
Mt cuc trnh din gm hai bc:
- Lp k hoch v chun b
- Trnh din thc hin k nng
a- Lp k hoch v chun b
Lp k hoch v chun b l bc c ngha quyt nh i vi
kt qu ca mt bui trnh din. Bc ny bao gm cc im mu
cht sau y:
- Son bn hng dn thc hin pht cho hc vin. Bn
hng dn c son tho di dng th k nng;
- D kin v tr v cc iu kin biu din sao cho hc sinh c
th quan st thun li nht.
- Tp hp tt c cc dng c, thit b, dng, gio c trc quan
vi m bo rng chng u trong tnh trng tt v c b tr hp
l;
- Nu c bc no phi chun b mt nhiu thi gian th phi
chun b sn bc trc khi trnh din. Tuy nhin khi trnh din
phi gii thch r: Trong thc t bc ny phi i mt.. . pht th
mi c th thc hin c bc sau. V d: phi ch cho matit kh
mi c php phun sn, ch cho sn kh mi c ph du bng.
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- cc phng tin dy hc nh giy polie, m hnh, vt tht...
gn ngay ni trnh din. Cn xc nh r khi no cn s dng
chng v s dng nh th no
- Biu din th hnh ng mu khng nh s chnh xc hoc
iu chnh vic phn tch trn, nh mc thi gian thc hin v d
kin nhng gii thch km theo;
- D kin nhng sai st c th xy ra khi hc sinh luyn tp
nhc nh trc cho hc sinh lu .
b - Trnh din
bui trnh din c hiu qu, ngi gio vin cn ghi nh
nhng ch dn sau y:
Sp xp ch ngi sao cho mi ngi u nhn thy hnh ng
v nghe thy li ni ca gio vin.
Pht cho tng hc sinh bn hng dn thc hin v gii thch r
cho tng hc sinh.
Ni r rng v tht chnh xc cho hc sinh bit l mnh s trnh
din ci g.
Khi qut ton b cuc trnh din ngay t u v nn dng bc
tranh, vt tht hoc m hnh cho hc sinh thy c mt sn
phm s c hon thnh khi bui trnh din kt thc.
- Lin h k nng ang dy vi cc k nng hc trc v s
hc tip sau.
- Thao tc cc bc mt cch chm ri. Nu thao tc nhanh c
th hc sinh s khng ghi nhn c ht mi thao tc, ng tc
- Mi ln trnh din ch thao tc mt quy trinh nu trong bn
hng dn thc hin. Nu a ra nhng quy trnh khc nhau s lm
cho hc sinh nhm ln.
- Phi thc hin cc bc theo ng trnh t nh trong bn
hng dn.
- Nhn mnh nhng im quan trng v nhng im kim tra an
ton.
- Tm dng ti nhng im quan trng v t cu hi kim
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tra xem hc sinh c theo di kp hay khng.
- Sau khi trnh din xong phi cho hc sinh lp li k nng va
mi lnh hi.
- Kim tra li nhn thc ca hc sinh bng nhng cu hi vn
tt nh: C nhng im no quan trng cn ghi nh Mc ch ca
k nng ny l g? Nhng bc no l quan trng nht i vt sn
phm?
- Ty theo kt qu kim tra m tin hnh li ton b hoc mt
phn cuc trnh din.
- Nn trnh din t hai ln tr ln. Ln th nht trnh din tht
chm v ni to cc bc. Ln th hai tr i trnh din bnh thng
v dt cu hi. c. Kim tra nhn thc ca hc sinh sau trnh din
- Cho mt hc sinh trnh din li vi s hng dn ca gio
vin.
- Cho mt hc sinh lp li vi s gip ca mt hc sinh khc
c s dng phiu kim tra quy trnh.
- Khi thy mi hc sinh nm chc k nng th chuyn sang
giai on luyn tp thc hnh cho n khi hc sinh t c k
nng theo tiu chun quy nh.
d - Nhng im cn lu khi trnh din
- Khi trnh din mt k nng, nn a mt v pha hc sinh ch
khng nn quay mt v pha thit b, my mc m ni.
- Hy s dng gio c trc quan gii thch nhng bc phc
tp. Nn s dng bng, biu, tranh treo tng v chng c tc dng
b sung, minh ha cho vic trnh din cc thao tc. Cc bng, biu,
tranh ny cn lu li trn tng trong sut thi gian hc sinh luyn
tp thc hnh k nng.
- Vi nhng thao tc c nh hng nh phi, tri, cng chiu
hay ngc chiu kim ng h cn lm cho hc sinh hiu ng .
- Cn li cun hc sinh tham gia vo cuc trnh din bng cnh
t nhng cu hi dn dt nh:
By gi ti phi lm g tip theo?
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Ti sao phi lm nh vy?
Nu ti lm khc i hoc lm ngc li th sao?
e - Bn hng dn thc hin i vi gio vin thc hnh khi
chun b v trnh din mt k nng
trnh sai st trong khi chun b v trnh din, gio vin nn
dng bn hng dn ca TITI ( bng 4).
2.2.2. Thc hin hot ng thc hnh hnh thnh v pht
trin k nng
Sau khi xem trnh din, hc sinh thc hnh theo trnh t cc
bc nh trn s 3.6:
Thc hnh tng bc
Thc hnh c hng dn
Thc hnh c lp
Trong giai on thc hin ny cn lu nhng in sau:
Nu quy trnh lin quan c bit n an ton hoc quy trnh qu
di, qu phc tp, hy p dng thc hnh tng bc.
C th kim tra kt qu thc hnh vo bt c thi im no
c nh gi l thnh tho. Nhng hc sinh c kt qu kim
tra "khng t,, thi cn b tr thc hnh thm.
Sau khi kt thc kim tra thc hnh mt k nng th t chc
thc hnh nh k theo tun hoc theo thng duy tr k nng lu
di.
Sau khi hc sinh lnh hi c mt lot cc k nng, gio vin
cn b tr cho cc nhm hc vin thc hin cc d n hoc gii
quyt cc vn v cc hot ng ny to nn k nng hot ng
nhm rn luyn k nng giao tip v to nn lng t tin.
Bng 4
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Bn hng dn thc hin trnh din mt k nng
Gio vin : C Khng
Trc khi trnh din . ..
1- Sp xp m mi trng vt l? . ..
. .. 2- Tp hp ton b cc dng c,
thit b, dng gioctrcquan?
. ..
3 - Lp bng hng dn thc hin
k nng?
. ..
4- cc dng c dy hc gn
?.
. ..
5- Tp trnh din trc? .. ..
Trong khi trnh din

6- Nu r k nng c trnh
din?.
. ..
7- Pht cho hc sinh bn hng
dn k nng?.
. ..
8- Gn k nng ang hc vi k
nng hc trc?
. ..
9- m bo mi ngi u nghe
thy, nhn thy?
. ..
10- Nt vi hc vin, khng ni
vt thit b dy hc?
. ..
11 - Thao tc cc bc mt cch
chm ri?.
. ..
12-Mi ln ch trnh by mt quy
trnh ?.
. ..
13- Trnh din cc bc theo ng
trnh t.
. ..
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. .. 14- S dng gio c trc quan
gii thch r nhng bc phc
tp?.
. ..
. .. 15- Nhn mnh nhng im quan
trng v nhng im
phi kim tra an ton?
. ..
1 6- Thu ht hc vin bng nhng
cu hi dn dt, gi ?
. ..
1 7- Lp li ton b hoc tng
phn nu cn thit?.
. ..
Mt cuc trnh din tt l cuc trnh din m 17 tiu ch u c
nh du "C"

3. Mt s hin tng tm l nh hng n kt qu luyn
tp k nng ca hc sinh
3.1. Qu trnh vn
Hin tng vn l hin tng tm l th hin s tc ng qua
li v c mi lin h gia cc ng tc lao ng vi cc biu tng
ca n, lm cho ch th c thc v cm xc v chng
- Qu trinh vn l qu trnh tm l gn lin vi cc ng lc
lao ng. V d: Khi luyn tp lp rp mch in, o lng in...,
nu hc sinh lo s b in git, u c b m nh bi nhng ngi
cht v in git... th ng tc thc hnh s tr nn lng tng v
dn n b in git v k nng, k xo rt kh hnh thnh.
trnh nh hng tiu cc ca qu trnh ny gio vin phi lm mu
tht chnh xc, r rng hc sinh c biu tng ng, ng thi
ng vin cc em tin tng vo kh nng ca chnh minh.
3.2. Hin tng tc ng qua li gia cc k nng - k xo
Hin tng ny biu hin hai kha cnh:
Nhng k nng c trc gip ch cho k nng, k xo mi d
c hnh thnh iu ny xy ra khi cc k nng luyn tp c s
tng t, c chuyn tip ph hp. V d, t th ng ca, da,
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c,.. (trong gia ng vt liu) v c bn ging nhau. Nu luyn tp
k nng ca tt th vic rn luyn cc k nng sau s thun li.
Hoc khi c k nng o dng tin thi luyn tp cch o in tr,
in p s d dng hn.
- S giao thoa k nng, k xo theo hng tiu cc, ngha l k
xo c gy cn tr vic hnh thnh k nng - k xo mi. Chng
hn, li xe i thun thc thi d chuyn sang li thnh tho xe con
hay xe khch, nhng nu chuyn sang li my ko, do c im
ca bung li v b tr c cu li khc nhau nn thi gian u
thng xy ra nhm ln. (Vic iu khin v lng lm thay i
gc thay i chuyn hng ca bnh xe trc trn xe t khc vi
vic iu khin tc quay vng ca my ko bng ly hp hoc c
cu li hnh tinh...).
3.3. ng cong luyn tp
Dng cong luyn tp biu th quan h gia th t cc bi luyn
tp vi kt qu luyn tp ca cc bi (tc l mc hnh thnh
k nng, k xo) Nghin cu qu trnh hnh thnh k xo ta thy c
mt s hin tng sau y:

Hin tng nh: L hin tng hnh thnh k xo vi tc
nhanh trong giai on ngn ban u luyn tp. Nguyn nhn:
Lc ban u, nhng bi tp k xo mi cn li cun s tp
trung ca hc sinh vo luyn tp.
- Trn c s cc k nng, k xo thnh phn s ng c nn
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k xo mi c hnh thnh mt cch d dng
Do hc sinh cn tp trung cao nn iu chnh thc
loi b ng tc tha.
Hin tng gim st: y l hin tng gim st tm thi m
nguyn nhn l do sau mt thi gian luyn tp m phng thc
luyn tp khng thay i nn hc sinh gim s hng th.
Hin tng ngng tr: Cng v cui mc hnh thnh k xo
cng chm. Nguyn nhn l do iu kin luyn tp khng thay i,
hng th tip tc gim, hc sinh mt mi sau mt qu trnh
luyn tp Qua vic nghin cu cc hin tng nh hng n vic
hnh thnh k nng, k xo ni trn, ngi gio vin dy ngh cn
phi bit pht huy cc nh hng tch cc v hn ch cc nh
hng tiu cc cho qu trnh dy hc t hiu qu cao nht.
4. Cu trc ca mt bi dy thc hnh k thut
Cn c vo qu trnh hnh thnh k nng- k xo th bi dy
thc hnh c cu trc bi ba giai on nh hnh 3.8 :

Ni dung c th ca tng giai on c gii thiu di y:
Giai on chun b:
Gio vin hng dn mc tiu, yu cu c th ca bi thc
hnh: Cn hon thnh cng vic g? Hnh thnh v rn luyn k
nng no? Thi gian v mc cn hon thnh... , nh hng
cho hc sinh
- Kim tra, phc hi nhng kin thc, k nng c lin quan n
bi thc hnh, trang b thm hiu bit v k nng mi cn hnh
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thnh
- Nu khi qut trnh t cng vic: Cc ng tc, thao tc, c
ng, km theo cc phng tin, dng c thc hin v cch thc
tin hnh
- Gio vin biu din hnh ng mu v kim tra kt qu
- Giai on thc hnh:
- Ni dung chnh ca giai on ny gm:
Phn chia v tr, dng c, vt liu cho c nhn hoc cho tng
nhm
- Hc sinh t chc ni lm vic, ti hin, bt chc, hnh ng
mu ca gio vin kt hp vi cc phng tin trc quan v tin
hnh luyn tp theo trnh t cng vic c giao (bc, nguyn
cng hoc quy trnh cng ngh)
- Gio vin theo di, un nn, hng dn thng xuyn v kim
tra tng bc, tng phn cng vic. c bit ch hng dn hc
sinh t kim tra, t iu chnh hnh ng.
Giai on kt thc :
Kt thc bi thc hnh, gio vin yu cu hc sinh ngng hot
ng, np sn phm hoc nhng kt qu thu nhn c
- Gio vin nhn xt, nh gi hot ng thc hnh ca c nhn
hoc ca nhm mt cch c th, ton din t khu chun b, hiu
bit, ng tc, sn phm, tinh thn v thc hc tp
- Yu cu hc sinh thu dn vt liu, dng c, lm v sinh phng
thc hnh
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CHNG IV
T CHC QU TRNH DY HC

I. KHI QUT V T CHC DY HC K THUT
Dy hc truyn thng v dy hc hin i c nhng khc bit
nht nh v hnh thc t chc dy hc.
Trong dy hc truyn thng, d qu trnh dy hc din ra di
hnh thc no th ngi thy cng trc tip i din vi hc sinh
t chc, iu khin qu trnh nhn thc ca hc sinh.
Trong dy hc hin i c nhng qu trnh dy hc din ra
khng c mt ca ngi thy, chng hn nh dy hc t xa trn
mng my tnh, dy hc theo chng trnh. Vi nhng qu trnh
dy hc , ngi thy cng vi nhng chc nng s phm ca
mnh ho thn vo nhng quy nh, quy tc, nhng li hng
dn thc hin. Cn ngi hc s t lnh hi tri thc, k nng bng
cch thc hin nghim ngt cc quy nh, quy tc v ch dn m
ngi thy son tho.
S khc bit s c trnh by k trong chng V (Cng
ngh dy hc hin i). Trong chng ny ch trnh by cc hnh
thc t chc dy hc truyn thng
Trong dy hc truyn thng, cc hnh thc dy hc sau y
thng c dng ph bin:
- Bi ln lp (dng trong dy hc l thuyt);
- Bi thc hnh (hot ng vt cht);
- Semina;
- Tham quan ngoi kho;
- Hot ng t lc ca hc sinh;
- Kim tra, nh gi kt qu hc tp cu hc sinh.
Cc hnh thc trn c lin quan vi nhau, to thnh qu trnh
dy hc trn vn, thng nht v cho php thc hin cc nguyn tc
dy hc nh: Nguyn tc m bo tnh trc quan, tnh h thng,
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tnh va sc, tnh thng nht gia c th vi tru tng, hc i i
vi hnh...
Vic la chn hnh thc t chc dy hc ph thuc ch yu vo
mc ch, ni dung v iu kin dy hc (c s vt cht, trang thit
b k thut, s lng hc sinh, thi gian, mi trng kinh t x hi
xung quanh...). Trong cc hnh hc ni trn, hnh thc dy hc theo
bi hc trng vn l hnh thc trung tm, ch yu v cc nhim
v dy hc s c gii quyt mt cch ton din nht. Hnh thc
dy hc ny cn c gi l bi ln lp Sau y s trnh by mt
cch chi tit cc hnh thc t chc dy hc truyn thng.
II. CC HNH THC T CHC DY HC TRUYN
THNG
1. Bi ln lp
1.1 Khi nim v bi ln lp
Bi ln lp l hnh thc c bn ca qu trnh dy hc, bao gm
mt on hon chnh, c din ra trong mt khong thi gian nht
nh (mt hoc vi tit hc), ti mt a im xc nh (phng hc)
vi mt s lng hc sinh nht nh, c trnh pht trin ng
u (lp hc).
Bi ln lp c cc c trng sau:
- C tnh t chc trn vn (thc hin y cc khu ca
QTDH).
- Th hin sinh ng tnh quy lut v:
Mi lin h gia mc ch- ni dung - phng php
phng tin trong nhng bi hc c th;
S thng nht gia hot ng ca thy v hot ng ca
tr;
S thng nht gia hot ng ca mi c nhn hc sinh vi hot
ng chung ca tp th lp.
- Khi lng kin thc m hc sinh phi chim lnh c quy
nh thng nht theo phn phi chng trnh mn hc.
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- Trong mi bi ln lp thng phi s dng tng hp nhiu
phng php dy hc khc nhau nhm mc ch nh trc. V
th bi ln lp c xem l mt hnh thc quan trng ca dy hc
l thuyt, trong nhng nguyn tc dy hc c vn dng c h
thng.
1.2. Cc kiu bi ln lp
Bi ln lp c nhiu kiu, trong mi kiu li c nhng dng
khc nhau c xc nh bng ngun kin thc hoc bng mc
hot ng nhn thc ca hc sinh. Trong c ba kiu c bn:
- Bi ln lp hnh thnh kin thc, k nng;
- Bi ln lp hon thin kin thc, k nng: cng c, vn dng,
khi qut; - Bi ln lp kim tra nh gi kin thc, k nng.
Trong dy hc k thut v ngh nghip, thng c ba loi bi: -
Bi dy l thuyt k thut - cng ngh;
- Bi dy thc hnh k thut - cng ngh;
- Bi dy sn xut.
1.3. Cu trc bi ln lp
Cu trc bi ln lp l mi lin h c quy lut gia mc ch,
ni dung v phng php dy hc, th hin trong mi tng quan,
v trnh t sp xp cc bc ln lp.
Nh vy, nghin cu xy dng cu trc bi ln lp ngi ta
phi: Phn chia bi ln lp thnh cc khu, cc bc mt cch hp
l;
- Trong mi khu mi bc cng nh trong c ba u phi
tun
- Phn chia thi gian v sp xp cc bc theo mt trnh t
hp l.
Trn c s vn dng logc ca qu trnh dy hc, trong thc t
bi ln lp kiu tng hp thng c cu trc theo nm bc sau.
Bc 1 - T chc lp, to tm th hc tp;
Bc 2 - Kim tra bi c;
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Bc 3 - Nghin cu kin thc mi;
Bc 4 - Cng c, hon thin kin thc
Bc 5 - Ra bi tp vn dng v hng dn hc sinh t hc
nh.
Vi cc dng bi thc hnh luyn tp k nng c th cu trc
nh sau: n nh t chc lp;
Thng bo bi hc, nu r mc ch - yu cu ca bi tp thc
hnh;
Phc hi nhng kin thc k nng c lin quan, ng thi trang
b b sung nhng hiu bit, k nng mi cn luyn tp; Hc sinh
luyn tp, gio vin theo di, un nn kim tra. Xt v mc ch l
lun dy hc, cu trc nm bc tn lp ni trn l logic, bo m
ton din cc nhim v dy hc. Tuy nhin, khng phi mi bi ln
lp u p dng c nm bc mt cch my mc. Tu theo tng
trng hp c th m gio vin c th lc b nhng bc khng
cn thit. V d: Nu bi c khng lin quan trc tip n bi mi
th c th khng kim tra hoc thc hin kim tra gia hoc
cui bi hc kt hp vi vic cng c bi. iu va tn dng
c thi gian u tit hc khi hc sinh cha mt mi, va to thi
quen phi tp trung ch trong sut gi hc ca cc em. Ngc
li, nu kin thc hc c lin quan, lm c s cho vic chim
inh kin thc m' hoc bng php tng t suy din ra cc kin
thc mi th nn kim tra, hi phc kin thc c trc khi ging
bi mi hoc cn kim tra hi phc vo nhng thi im hp l.
Chng hn, khi dy bi "Tng tr ca mch in xoay chiu c R-
L-C mc ni tip" cn thit phi kim tra, hi phc li nhng kin
thc v mch in
xoay chiu trong cc mch in thun in tr, thun in cm,
thun in dung...
Tu theo mc ch ca bi ging m phn phi thi gian hp l
cho cc khu, cc bc ln lp. V d, vi nhng bi nhm hon
thin kin thc, k nng th vic kim tra hi phc kin thc k
nng lin quan c th cn nhiu thi gian. V' nhng bi c ni
dung qu di, c th dt vn bi ging theo kiu nh hng
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khi qut v i theo con ng din dch, nhn mnh nguyn l
chung, sau chn v d minh ho in hnh. Phn cn li c th
hng dn hc sinh nghin cu sch gio khoa.
tm ra cu trc hp l cho mi bi dy, cn nghin cu k
hoch dy hc mn hc
1. 4. K hoch dy hc
Dy hc l mt qu trnh, mt hot ng mang tnh x hi,
thng nht xc nh. Tnh thng nht, xc nh c m bo
nh k hoch. V th k hoch dy hc mang tinh php l v h
thng v trinh t cc phn cng vic cn phi hon thnh t
c mc ch chung.
- K hoch dy hc bao gm:
- K hoch dy chung ca nh trng;
- K hoch dy hc mn hc (theo nm hoc k),
- K hoch dy hc cho mt bi (gio n).
Trong phm vi gio trnh, ch nghin cu k hoch dy hc mn
hc v k hoch dy hc cho mt bi.
1.4.1. Lp k hoch dy hc mn hc
lp c k hoch cn da vo:
- K hoch dy hc nm hc (hoc hc k) v k hoch dy hc
tun (thi kho biu) ca nh trng;
Chng trnh v phn phi chng trnh, sch gio khoa v cc
sch hng dn mn hc;
Mc ch, yu cu, ni dung, phng php v nhng iu kin
dy hc c trng ca mn hc,
- iu kin thc t ca nh trng (s lng hc sinh cc khi
lp, c s vt cht, s lng gio vin...) v ca a phng m
trc ht l cc ngnh, cc c s sn xut cng nghip.
1.4.2. Yu cu v ni dung ca k hoch dy hc mn hc
a. Yu cu
K hoch dy hc mn hc cn phi th hin r:
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- Thi gian (theo trnh t thng, nm.. . ca nm hc);
- Ni dung cng vic (tn bi, chng, s gi dy, lp dy... );
- iu kin, phng tin cn thit phc v tng ni dung cng
vic (a im, dng dy hc).
b. Ni dung ca k hoch dy hc mn hc
K hoch dy hc mn hc c gii thiu trng bng di
y:
Tng s tit(3) Thi
gian
(tun,
thng)
(1)
Tn
chng
(bi)
(2)
Tng
s
LT BTTH
Khi
lp
(4)
chun
b
ging
dy
(a
im,

dng,
phng
tin
dy
hc)
(5)
Ghi
ch


K hoch ny l c s :
- Nh trng hoc b mn qun l, kim tra hot ng chuyn
mn ca mi gio vin
Gio vin xy dng lch trnh dy hc v son gio n cho mi
bi c th.
1. 4.3. K hoch dy hc cho mt bi (son gio n)
Trn c s k hoch dy hc mn hc, gio vin lp k hoch
c th cho tng bi dy trong chng trnh. Mi bi dy c th
c b tr trong mt hoc v' tit hc vi nhng yu cu xc nh.
1.4.3.1. Yu cu i vi gio n
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Gio n c th di hay ngn, vi nhng hnh thc trnh by khc
nhau tu thuc c im tng mn hc, tng bi v kh nng ca
gio vin. Yu cu chung nht khi thit k gio n l phi th hin
c r cu trc bi ln lp. t c yu cu ny gio vin
cn phi:
- Phn tch mt cch hp l mc ch (M) v ni dung (N)
chung ca ton bi thnh nhng mc ch thnh phn (M
1
,
M
2
,...M
n
) v nhng ni dung tng ng (N
1
, N
2
,...N
n
). C th phn
chia theo cc bc ln lp, theo cc n v kin c bn trong bi
hc, theo trnh t thi gian bi hc hoc theo mc ch dy hc...
- La chn ph hp cc hnh thc, phng php v phng tin
dy hc hc sinh c th lnh hi tng n v kin thc thnh
phn ni trn mt cch hiu qu nht. iu th hin rng, mi
lin h gia mc ch, ni dung, phng php dy hc c tun
th theo tng khu, tng bc ln lp, tng n v kin thc thnh
phn ng thi th hin s chuyn tip hi ho, gn b gia cc
khu, cc bc, cc n v kin thc ni trn.
- Gio n cng phi th hin c s thng nht gia hot ng
ca thy v hot ng ca tr trong mi khu, mi bc cng nh
trong vic lnh hi tng n v kin thc trong bi vi nguyn tc
chung l pht huy cao nht tnh tch cc, ch ng ca tr trong
hc tp.
1.4.3.2. Nhng ti liu cn thit cho vic chun b gio n
son gio n, ngi gio vin cn thu thp cc ti liu sau:
Chng trnh v phn phi chng trnh mn hc: Chng trnh v
phn phi chng trnh mn hc l nhng vn bn php l ca
ngnh i vi nhim v chuyn mn ca mi gio vin. V th n
cng l c s cc cp qun l gio dc gim st cng tc ging
dy ca nh trng v cng l cn c nh trng v gio vin
thc hin qu trnh dy hc mn ho K hoch dy hc mn hc
trong hc k;
Sch gio khoa v sch bi tp: Hai ti liu ny l s c th ho
chng trnh v phn phi chng trnh mn hc. l ti liu
chnh gio vin tham kho khi son bi;
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- Sch hng dn dng cho gio vin, trong c ch dn v
mc ch, yu cu vi nhng gi v phng php, phng tin
dy hc cho tng bi c th. Tuy nhin cho n nay, do tnh a
dng ca c cu ngnh ngh do to, v nhiu l do khc nn
ngnh gio dc chuyn nghip ca nc ta vn cha c c h
thng cc sch hng dn mang tnh gio hc php b mn ny;
- Ti liu tham kho: Bao gm nhng ti liu k thut c lin
quan trc tip n bi v ti liu v nghip v s phm.
1.4.3.3. Ni dung c bn ca vic chun b gio n
a. Xc nh mc ch yu cu ca bi dy
Trn c s nghin cu cc ti liu ni trn, cn xc nh v din
t mt cch ngn gn mc ch - yu cu bi dy v mt gio
dng, pht trin v gio dc. Thc cht y l vic vn dng cc
nhim v dy hc mn hc cho mt bi dy c th. V vy cn xc
inh hp l mc ch bi dy v yu cu cn t ti. i khi c th
xc nh c mc ch, yu cu trn theo cc mc ch l lun
dy hc (cung cp hiu bit, hon thin hiu bit, kim tra nh
gi). Li thng gp trong thc t l ngi son ln ln gia mc
ch vi yu cu hoc ho ng mc ch v yu cu lm mt.
trnh li ngi gio vin cn phi nm vng mc ch chung
ca dy hc l lm thay i nhn thc ca ngi hc tng bc
hnh thnh v pht trin nhn cch ca ngi hc. V vy mc
ch c th ca bi dy l trang b cho hc sinh nhng kin thc, k
nng no, thng qua hot ng dy hc m pht trin kha cnh no
trong nhn cch, c th lng ni dung gio dc no vo trong ni
dung chuyn mn ca bi. Cn yu cu ca bi l th hin mc
nhn thc v hnh ng m ngi hc phi dt ti sau khi hc
xong bi.
b. Phn tch ni dung xc minh trong tm bi dy
Thc cht y l bc x l s phm ca bn thn gio vin
xy dng ni dung dy hc theo mc ch yu cu ra. Hay
ni cch khc l gio vin tip tc gia cng ln th hai ni dung
chuyn ho nhng thnh tu ca khoa hc k thut thnh nhng
ni dung c tnh c bn, hin i, thc tin theo yu cu ca bc
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hc.Trong bc ny cn vch r:
- Cu trc ni dung bi dy: Bi dy gm my phn? vic phn
chia v sp xp trnh t cc phn ni dung nh trong sch gio
khoa hp l cha? Nu cha hp l th kin ngh thay i;
- Nhng khi nim no cn hnh thnh cho hc sinh?
- Nhng ni dung kh dy, kh tip thu trong bi?
- C s khoa hc ca cc hin tng, cc qu trnh, cc gii
php k thut.. . nu trong bi?
- Nhng kin thc hc sinh hc c lin quan trc tip n bi
hc;
- Nhng ni dung no l c s cho ton bi v c s dng
nhiu sau ny?
cch khai thc tnh ng dng thc tin ca bi dy?
c. La chn cc phng php, phng tin v hnh thc t
chc dy hc
Sau khi xc nh c mc ch, phn tch su sc ni
dung ca bi, nm vng tnh h thng, v nhng c th ca ni
dung, ngi gio vin phi t duy tm ra hnh thc t vn ng
ca ni dung t ti mc ch dy hc. l xc nh hnh
thc, phng php v phng tin dy hc cng nh cch thc
phi hp chng sao cho ti u trong tng khu, tng bc, tng
n v kin thc bi hc.
La chn hnh thc dy hc, h phng php dy hc v cch
thc s dng chng ph thuc vo mc ch, ni dung, iu kin
c s vt cht, nhng quan trng hn l n ph thuc vo thc
ch quan ca ngi thy. Kinh nghim ngh nghip, ngh thut s
phm, tm huyt ca ngi thy c th hin cao nht trong bc
ny.
d. Phn tch iu kin dy h c th
Chng trnh v sch gio khoa mn hc l thng nht nhng
mc khai thc v chiu su, chiu rng... li ph thuc nhiu
vo iu kin dy hc c th nh:
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- Trnh hc sinh;
- C s vt cht v dng dy hc ca nh trng;
- Mi trng k thut - cng ngh ca a phng...
Vic phn tch cc yu t c th trn l c s tin hnh
nhng chun b cn thit ca thy v tr cho bi hc.
e. Trinh by bi son (gio n)
Gio n l kt qu cui cng ca tt c nm bc chun b trn.
Tu theo mn hc, c im ca bi dy m hnh thc th hin ca
gio n c th khc
Bi son s
Trng.. . Nm hc.. .
Mn hc... Lp.. .
Bi dy.. . Ngy dy.. .
S tit (l thuyt, thc hnh)
I. Mc ch
Phn ny gio vin phi ghi r: Trang b cho hc sinh nhng
kin thc no? Phi hnh thnh cho hc sinh nhng k nng no?
II. Yu cu
- Yu cu v gio dng: Tri thc, k nng phi t n mc
no? Yu cu v pht trin: Pht trin nng lc t duy hay nng lc
hnh ng ca hc sinh v pht trin n mc no?
Yu cu v gio dc: Thng qua bi dy m gio dc mt no
trong nhn cch ca hc sinh?
III. Tin trnh bi dy
Phn ny c nhiu cch trnh by khc nhau, c bit c s khc
nhau nhiu gia cc bi dy l thuyt v bi dy thc hnh. Chng
hn vi bi dy l thuyt dng tng hp vi 5 bc ln lp, c th
trnh by nh sau:
1. T chc lp, to tm th hc tp - thi gian.. .
2. Kim tra bi c (nu c)- thi gian...
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Ni dung kim tra (cu hi, bi tp...)
Hnh thc kim tra (kim tra vit, kim tra ming, cch tin
hnh... )
3. Nghin cu kin thc mi
Bc ny trnh by theo cch chia thnh cc ct d i chiu,
so snh khi thc hin. Gio n c th chia thnh ba ct nh sau:

Thi
gian
(1)
Ni dung bi hc (phn s cho
hc sinh ghi)
(2)
Phng php dy hc (hot
ng ca thy, ca tr, cc
phng tin tng ng)
(3)
m pht
n pht
p pht
Ni dung 1...
Ni dung 2.. .
Ni dung 3...


hoc trnh by theo 4 ct nh sau:

Thi
gian
(1)
Mc ch
(2)
Ni dung
(3)
Phng php dy hc (hot
ng ca thy, ca tr, cc
phng tin tng ng)
(4)


M1
M2
M3
Mn
N1
N2
N3
Nn


4. Cng c luyn tp
Bc ny cn tp trung vo trng tm bi. Vic cng c, luyn
tp c th thc hin bng nhiu phng php:
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Gio vin h thng ho bi v nhn mnh trng tm;
Ra cu hi m thoi trc tip hoc m thoi trong ni b
hc sinh Cho bi tp hc sinh t lc gii quyt.
5. Hng dn t hc v giao nhim v v nh
- Hng dn hc sinh c sch gio khoa, ti liu tham kho
(xem k phn hng dn s dng sch gio khoa v ti liu tham
kho);
- Tu tng bi c th m bi tp c th l bi tp vn dng l
thuyt, bi tp thc hnh, chun b bn tham lun thc hin
semina hoc thit k, ch to phng tin trc quan.. .
Vi cc bi dy thc hnh th gio n thng theo mu cu trc
ba giai on (Xem chng III - phng php dy thc hnh)
c bit vi cc bi dy thc hnh sn xut, gio n c th trnh
by theo cch sau:

Thi gian
(1 )
cng vic (2) cng c, phng tin
(3)
Hng dn quy
trnh (4)

V d v son gio n
y l on trch ra t gio n ca bi dy: thng s hnh hc
ca dao tin qung thi tnh trong mn hc K thut tin ca mt
gio sinh s phm k thut c kh.
I . Mc ch - yu cu
1. Mc ch
Trang b cho hc sinh nhng hiu bit v thng s hnh hc ca
dao tin trng thi tnh, nh hng ca chng n qu trnh ct,
ng thi gip hc sinh bit cch to ra cc thng s hnh hc trn
m hnh ca dao, qua
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2. Yu cu
Yu cu gio dng
Sau khi hc xong bi hc sinh phi:
Nm vng cc khi nim c bn nh cc mt to , cc gc
ca dao trng thi tnh.
Bit c nh hng ca thng s hnh hc ca dao n qu
trnh lm vic ca dao.
Yu cu pht trin
HS bit vn dng nhng tri thc l thuyt to ra hnh dng
hnh hc ca dao vi cc thng s hnh hc c bn trn m hnh
ca dao tin.
Yu cu gio dc
Ni dung bi hc kh, tru tng nhng tnh ng dng thc tin
cao, do ni dung gio dc c th lng vo bao gm:
- Gio dc tnh ham hiu bit, lng t tin vn ln chim lnh
tri thc mi Gio dc tinh thn say m sng to: Sng to ra cc
m hnh dao tin vi cc thng s hnh hc khc nhau, qua cng
c lng yu ngh.
II. Trong tm bi dy v cng vic chun b
1. Trng tm bi dy
- Khi nim v cc mt to v cc thng s hnh hc trn
phn ct ca dao trng thi tnh.
- nh hng ca mi mt thng s hnh hc n qu trnh ct
2. Chun b ging dy
- Chun b hnh v biu din cc mt phng to trong s lin
i vi dao v phi, m hnh dao tin kch thc ln bng g hoc
xp c phn ct lp ghp v mt s dao tin tht.
III. Tin trnh ging dy
1.T chc n inh lp to tm th hc tp: Thi gian 2 pht.
- S hc sinh vng:.. ..................... Tn:.. .....
- Ni dung nhc nh:
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2. Kim tra bi c: Thi gian 5 pht.
- D kin hc sinh kim tra:
Tn:.. ..................... im:.......
- Hnh thc kim tra: Kim tra ming.
- Cu hi kim tra:
Em hy ch ra cc b phn v yu t c bn ca dao tin trn
hnh v!

3. Ging bi mi
t vn :
Trong bi trc chng ta nghin cu mt s khi nim v
nh ngha c bn v tin: Chuyn ng ct chnh, chuyn ng
chy dao, cc b mt trn chi tit gia cng, cc b mt v li ct
trn phn ct ca dao tin. Nhng hiu bit l c s gip chng
ta tip tc khm ph nhng tri thc mi v dao tin. Bi hc hm
nay s dn cc em dn vi cc thng s hnh hc ca dao tin-
nhng tri thc ng vai tr then cht trong hot ng ngh nghip
trong tng 'ai ca cc em.
( GV vit du bi ln bng)
Thng s hnh hc ca dao tin trng thi tnh

Thi
gian
Mc ch Ni dung (cho HS ghi) Phng php (hot ng
ca thy- tr-phng tin
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3
pht








10
pht


Lm
sng li
kin thc
hnh hc
chun
b cho
tip thu
kin thc
mi

Cung cp
cho hc
nim v
mt
phng c
bn
n lai iu kin to thnh
mt mt phng.
Qua ba im
- Hai ng thng song song -
Hai ng thng ct nhau - Mt
ng thng v mt im ngoi
ng thng



1. Cc khi nim v cc mt
to
1.1. Mt 0hno c bn (mt
y)
Mt phng c bn ti mt im
trn li ct chnh l mt phng
vung gc vi vect vn tc ct
tai im .
Thng thng mt phng c bn
chnh l mt t ca dao Jn
dao (mt ).




m thoi.
- Em hy nhc li iu kin
tao thnh mt mt phng
bt k.






- Vit tiu 1 v 1.1, va
ni va vit nh ngha khi
nim ln bng cho HS ghi
theo.
S dng hnh 1, gii thiu
cho HS v vect vn tc,
mt phng c bn v mi
lin h gia chng.
- Khi ngy kn mt y cn
nhn mnh hai du hiu :
1- Mt y ti mt im ca
li ct l MF i qua im

2- Vung gc vi vect tc
ct ti im M rng
pht trin t duy: Cu
hi: Khi no cc mt y
ca cc im thuc li ct
chnh song song vi nhau
hoc trng nhau?




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Trang b
cho HS
hiu bit
v: - mt
ct khi
li ct
chnh
thng v
cong,.
- v tr
tng
quan gia
mt ct v
mt y
1.2 Mt phng ct(mt ct)
Mt ct ti mt im trn li
ct chnh l mt phng c
to thnh bi vect vn tc ct
v tip tuyn ca li ct
chnh tai im .

S dng hnh 2 t chc
m thoi nhm lm r hai
yu t to thnh mt ct:








Cu hi: Hy tm vect vn
tc v tip tuyn ca li
ct chnh ti mi dao khi
li ct thng?
Sau khi HS v xong th
dng mt phng cha vect
v tip tuyn ri trnh by
khi nim mt phng ct
nh ni dung 1. 2. hnh 3.
Vit ln bng cho HS ghi
theo.








Nhn xt:
a- Khi li ct chnh thng,
mt ct c to bi vect vn
tc ct v li ct chnh
b- Khi li ct cong th mt
ct c to bi vect tc
ct v tip tuyn ca li ct
chnh.
c-ti mi im trn li ct
chnh, mt y v mt ct lun
i n nhn xt a,b!c
cn t chc m thoi.
Chui: Hy xc nh mf ct
ti M trong trng hp li
ct chnh thng (a) v li
ct chnh cong (b)
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vung gc vi nhau





- sau m thoi Gv tng
hp v rt ra kt lun v
ni dung a,b.
Cu2: Em c nhn xt g v
v tr tng quan gia mt
y v mt ct.
GV tng hp kin v kt
lun nh ni dung nhn xt
c, hnh 3




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10 pht


















Trang oi
cho HS
hiu
bit v
tit din
chnh v
tit din
ph lm
c s
cho vic
nghin
cu cc
thng s
hnh
hc ca
dao tin
1.3. Tit din chnh v tit
din ph
- Tit din chnh ti mt im
trn li ct chnh l mt
phng i qua im v
vung gc vi hnh chiu ca
li ct chnh trn mt y.
K hiu: N- N
- Tit din ph ti mt im
trn li ct ph l mt phng
i qua im v vung gc
vi hnh chiu ca li ct
ph ti im . K hiu: N1
N1

2 khi nim trongi 3 rt
tru tng, phi dng m
hnh dao tin bng g hoc
bng xp vi kch thc
ln,du dao b ct thnh hai
na bng tit din chnh
minh ho.. Dng mt tm
ba cng biu th tit din
chnh. Trn tm bia v
mt ct ca u dao cn in
lai.
M hnh u dao c ct
thnh hai phn bi tit din
chnh
cn gii thch cho HS thy,
phng N-N chinh l hnh
chiu ca tit din chnh
trn mt phng c bn (mt
y) v trn thc t l
phng thot phoi

30 pht








Trang b
cho HS
hiu
bit v
cc gc
ca dao
tin
trong
trng
thi tnh
khi
chng
2. gc thng s hnh hc ca
dao tin trng thi tnh 2.1.
Gc trc (gc thot phoi)
Gc trc ti mt im
trn li ct chnh xt trong
tit din chnh l gc to bi
mt trc v
mt y ca dao ti im .
- quan h n vic thot
phoi
cng ln phoi cng d thot
- gii thch khi nim
v c th dng hnh
4 nhng tt nht l dng
mt ct ca u dao cn in
li trn ba cng biu th
tit din chnh (hnh5) kt
hp vi phn u dao b
ct ri

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trong
tit din
v ngc li





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- Tu theo loi dao v vt
liu lm dao, c th bng 0,
hoc m hoc dng.
2.2. Gc sau chnh (gc
st) Gc sau chnh a ti mt
im trn li ct chnh xt
trong tit din chnh l gc to
bi mt sau chnh v mt ct ti
im .
quan h vi ma st gia
mt sau ca dao v b mt ang
gia cng. cng b ma st
cng ln.
- Gc a lun lun dng.
2.3-

..
- Cho HS t rt ra
kt lun v quan h ca
v vi qu trnh ct, cn
nu cu hi gi : 1- Em c
nhn nh g v quan h
gia vi qu trnh thot
phoi? 2- Em c nhn nh g
v quan h gia a vi ma
st gia mt sau vi b mt
ang gia cng? Sau khi m
thoi, Gv tng kt v rt ra
kt lun HS ghi.




..


IV. Cng c bi (15 pht)
Cng c li phn trng tm: Cc thng s hnh hc ca dao tin
Hnh thc cng c: m thoi vi cc cu hi sau:
1- Cn c vo hnh 5, nhc li nh ngha gc trc , sau
ch ra trn m hnh dao tin!
2- Cn c vo hnh 5, nhc li nh ngha gc sau a, sau ch
ra trn m hnh dao tin!
3- Gc v ca dao tin c quan h g vi qu trnh ct? Em
c th ni g v ln ca chng?
Sau khi hc sinh tr li v trnh by trn m hnh, gio vin
tng kt, h thng li ln cui.
V. Hng dn cng tc t lc nh - thi gian: 3 pht
1- Hc thuc v nm vng cc nh ngha c bn
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2- Dng xp v dao con to ra dao tin vi y cc yu t
sau: Mt t, mt trc, mt sau chnh, mt sau ph, li ct chnh,
li ct ph
3- To ra cc m hnh dao tin vi:

2. CNG TC T LC CA HC SINH
2.1. Hot ng t lc ca hc sinh v ngha ca n trong
hc tp k thut
Hot ng t lc l qu trinh hc tp ca hc sinh khng c s
gip trc tip ca thy gio.
Hot ng t lc ca hc sinh bao gm:
- Gii cc bi tp k thut v l thuyt v thc hnh trn lp,
trong phng thc hnh hoc nh;
- Nghin cu sch gio khoa, sch bi tp v cc ti liu k
thut c lin quan n bi hc;
- Thc hin cc bi th nghim chng minh tnh ng n ca
l thuyt hc v cng c bi hc hoc tm ti, pht hin kin
thc mi. Hot ng t lc ca hc sinh c ngha to ln trong
qu trnh gio dc, o to, bi v:
- Theo l thuyt dy hc tch cc ly ngi hc lm trung tm
th nh trng ni chung v thy gio ni ring to ra iu kin,
mi trng thun nng t bin i mnh di s hng dn ca
thy. Theo , hot ng t lc ca hc sinh tr thnh hot ng
trung tm ca qu trnh dy hc.
- Trong qu trnh t lc, nng lc nhn thc, nng lc hnh
ng v cc phm cht tr tu khc s c hnh thnh, c rn
luyn v pht trin. Cng nh hot ng t lc m hc sinh t
kim tra, nh gi c mc nm vng kin thc, k nng ca
minh kp thi iu chnh thc v phng php hc tp.
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- Khi lng kin thc ca cc mn k thut l tng i ln v
li cn phi c cp nht thng xuyn tri thc mi, trong khi
thi gian hc ca mi mn th c hn, v th hot ng ca gio
vin v hc sinh trn lp ch yu mi hnh thnh nhng khi nim,
nhng nguyn l c bn. Cn vic hon thin v vn dng chng
phi c thc hin nh vo khu t lc ca hc sinh.
- Qu trnh t nhn thc ca hc sinh l mt qu trnh y kh
khn, vt v v chu chi phi ca nhiu yu t bn ngoi. V vy, t
hc ch c kt qu khi ngi hc thc s ch ng, t gic, tch
cc nhn thc. Nh gio dc Usinxki tng ni: "Tnh c lp suy
ngh ca hc sinh l c s vng chc duy nht ca mi s hc tp
c hiu qu".
2.2. Hng dn hc sinh t hc
Kt qu t hc ca hc sinh c t c nh ni trn hay
khng cn ph thuc vo vic gio dc v hng dn hc sinh t
hc ca gio vin. Tm quan trng ca vic hng dn t hc cho
hc sinh ca gio vin c nh gio dc ixtervec nhn nh:
"Hot ng t lc l phng tin ng thi l kt qu ca s gio
dc". Vy ngi gio vin phi hng dn cho hc sinh nhng g
v hng dn nh th no? Nhim v t hc c ghi chi tit trong
phn cui ca gio n v vic giao nhim v t hc phi m bo
sao cho khi hon thnh n, ngoi vic hon thin v vn dng kin
thc hc, hc sinh c th pht hin ra mi quan h gia kin
thc hc vt ni dung s nghin cu tip theo. Vic hng dn
bao gm:
Hng dn hc sinh nghin cu sch gio khoa v cc ti liu
tham kho
Hng dn hc sinh gii cc bi tp k thut
2.2.1. Hng dn hc sinh s dng sch gio khoa v ti liu
tham kho
Sch l ngun tri thc c bn v l phng tin ch yu lu
truyn kinh nghim ca loi ngi cho cc th h k tip. Vic s
dng sch gio khoa v ti liu tham kho trong hc tp c coi
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nh mt phng php dy hc chng nhng gip cho vic nm
vng kin thc v pht huy tnh tch cc hot ng tr tu ca hc
sinh m cn c tc dng rn luyn cho cc em thi quen v k nng
c sch.
Vi chc nng ch yu l thng tin, sch gio khoa c th c
s dng trn lp ngay trong gi ging v nh.
a- Trong gi ging
Trong gi ging, sch gio khoa c s dng vi hai mc ch:
Lm t liu i chng vi bi ging ca thy hc sinh nm vng
tnh h thng ca bi ng thi nm c nhng phn thy i su
hn v m rng thm.
Rn luyn k nng c hiu ti lp.
c hiu l mt hnh thc t (c ca hc sinh, trong gio
vin giao cho hc sinh c mt on bt xc nh, trong mt thi
gian xc nh, sau yu cu hc sinh tm tt ni dung, tm i ,
tr li cu hi hoc lm bi tp Hnh thc c hiu i hi hc sinh
c nhanh, nm bt vn nhanh v ghi chp nhanh. Trong trng
hp ny gio vin cn hng dn hc sinh:
c lt nhanh mt ln nm c ch m m on
bi cp; c k ln th hai tm kt cu ni dung, xc
nh trng tm; Tm tt ni dung on bi bng tc k.
b- Khi t hc nh
Khi t hc nh, hc sinh c sch gio khoa nhm hai mc
ch: Kt hp sch gio khoa vi v ghi chp v ti liu tham kho
gia cng tinh li tri thc tip nhn trn lp thnh ni dung
hc tp ring ca c nhn. Trong trng hp ny vic c sch
gio khoa khng cn phi hng dn nhiu.
- Chun b trc bi ca bui hc tip sau
Trong trng hp ny gio vin giao cho hc sinh c trc bi
ging vi nhng hng dn sau:
Nm mc ch, yu cu ca bi;
Tm cu trc ni dung ca bi v tm trng tm;
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T tm tt chnh ca tng on, tng phn bng li ca
mnh, gii thch cc thut ng;
Nghin cu cc hnh v cu to v i chiu vi cc s
nguyn l...
Gi nm nhng ni dung phc tp, kh hiu;
Yu cu lm mt vi bi tp vn dng sau khi t c bi;
C th hng dn cho HS trao i theo nhm thu ht
s tp trung nghin cu ca h;
Ghi li nhng iu cn thc mc v gi cho gio vin u
gi ging.
V hng dn hc sinh c ti liu tham kho
Hng dn HS c tng chng, tng on tng ng
vi ni dung bi ging;
Vi mi chng, mi on, phi gi ni dung cn nm,
cn ghi chp,
Vi nhng ni dung c nhiu tc gi vit trn nhiu ti
liu khc nhau th phi hng dn cho hc sinh nm c:
Mi tc gi cp nhng kha cnh no ca vn , u
nhc im ca mt tc phng
Vi nhng vn cn c nhng kin tri ngc nhau,
cn hng dn hc sinh t phn tch, t nh gi cc quan
im v t nu kin ring ca mnh v vic tn ng vi
quan im no hoc c kin no khc vi cc quan im
c gii thiu;
iu cn ch trong vic hng dn hc sinh t dc sch
gio khoa v tj liu tham kho l hng dn hc sinh s
dng s ghi chp. Vi mi phn c u phi ghi tm tt
ni dung, ghi nhn xt ring, nhng thc mc cha gii p
c, nhng tng mi xut hin ca bn thn mi xut
hin.. .
2.2.2. Hng dn hc sinh lm bi tp k thut -[1]
a. Tc dng ca bi tp k thut (BTKT)
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BTKT l mt phng tin s phm c s dng vi mc ch:
Gip hc sinh cng c, h thng ho kin thc, k nng
dc hc;
Dy hc sinh cch vn dng tri thc, k nng vo hot
ng thc tin;
Rn luyn k nng ngh nghip, thc lao ng c lp,
sng to pht trin t duy k thut v nng lc k thut;
Kim tra, nh gi mc nm vng kin thc, k nng
ca HS:
Kch thch hng th i vi mn hc v lng yu ngh.
b. Cc loi BTKT.
C nhiu cch phn loi BTKT, di y r mt s cch phn
loi:
Theo mc ch l lun dy hc th c: Bi tp cung cp
kin thc mi, cng c, h thng ho kin thc, kim tra kin
thc, k nng...
Theo ni dung th c: Cc loi bi tp v tnh ton v thit
k k thut, ch to cc sn phm k thut...
Theo mc hot ng tm l trong qu trnh gii bi tp
th c.
Bi tp ti hin, sng to...
Yu cu khi thit k bi tp k thut:
Bi tp phi ph hp vi mc ch, yu cu v iu kin
dy hc ca tng bi c th.
Kt hp bi tp nh tnh vi bi tp nh lng theo
hng vn dng, tng hm in hnh ho...
c. Hng dn hc sinh gii BTKT
Cu trc ca vic hng dn gii BTKT ph thuc vo cu trc
qu trnh gii quyt bn thn bi tp. C nhiu loi BTKT khc
nhau, do hng c cch gii khng hon ton ging nhau. y
ch nu cc bc h yu khi gii mt s loi bi tp k thut
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thng gp:
- Qu trnh gii cc bi tp tnh ton, th hin cc thng s k
thut ca cc i tng k thut c thc hin theo s 4.1:

- Qu trnh gii cc bi tp thit k k thut: T vic phn tch
cc qu trnh thit k, ch to cc vt phm k thut, Cuiabxp
xy dng cu trc qu trnh gii loi bi tp ny nh sau: (S
hnh 4.2)

Vic ch ra cc bc v trnh t trong cc s trn cng ch l
tng i Tu iu kin c th ca bi ton m ni dung v trnh t
cc bc trn c th khc nhau. Nhim v ca gio vin trong qu
trnh hng dn hc sinh gii cc BTKT l:
La chn hoc xy dng bi tp theo yu cu bi hc;
Hng dn hc sinh nhn dng bi tp, phn tch bi ton,
xc nh mi lin h gia cc yu t cho v yu t phi
tm;
Nhn xt qu trnh gii bi tp ca hc sinh, ch ra c
nhng sai lm m hc sinh mc phi.
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V d 1: Cho hai hnh chiu ca vt th vt t l 1:1 ( hnh 4.3)
- Xc nh cc kch thc ca vt th;
- V hnh chiu th ba;
- V hnh chiu trc o ca vt th;
- V hnh ct kt hp ca vt th trn hnh ct ng;

Bc 1- Nhn dng v phn tch bi ton
- Bi ton thuc loi th hin kt cu k thut (mt bch).
- Cc yu t d bit: Hnh chiu ng, hnh chiu bng, t l ca
bn v Cc yu t phi tm: Gm cc kch thc ca vt th, hnh
chiu cnh, hnh chiu trc do, hnh ct kt hp.
Bc 2
- Phc hi kin thc c lin quan thit lp mi lin h gia
cc
- Yu t bit vi cc yu t phi tm.
- Da vo t l cho v dng c o (thc o) xc nh cc
kch thc ca vt th: Kch thc chung (chiu di, chiu rng,
chiu cao, ng knh ca vt th, khong cch gia cc l tm,
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bn knh R ca cc gc ln. - Chiu di ton b ca vt th c th
tnh: x = a + 2R1 (c th o c trn hnh chiu ng hoc hnh
chiu bng).
Chiu rng ca y bch c th o c trn. hnh chiu bng:

- Chiu cao Z ca vt th o c trn hnh chiu ng.
- Vt th c tnh cht i xng, t khu phn tch kch thc
trn c th v c hnh chiu th ba vi cc kch thc b phn
- Hnh chiu trc o c th biu din bng hai cch:

Hnh chiu trc o vung gc u vi p = q = r = 1, cc ng
trn l cc cp, c trc di vung gc vi trc OZ v kch thc =
1, 22 trc ngn l 0,7
Hnh chiu trc o xin gc cn vi p = r =1 ; q = 0,5, cc
ng trn khng b bin dng.

V vt th c tnh cht i xng nn c th v hnh ct kt hp,
l hnh biu din mt na hnh ct v phn nhn thy ca na
hnh chiu cn li Khi v c th chn t l v 1 :1 (nguyn hnh)
Bc 3- Thc hin cc bc gi( theo phn tch trn ta c kt
qu nh hnh v 4.4
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Bc 4- y l dng bi tp i hi vn dng kin thc tng
hp v dng c v tiu chun v k thut, v hnh hc v biu din
vt th. Tu theo kt qu c th ca tng hc sinh m nh gi trn
cc mt:
- Trnh t thc hin;
- chnh xc tnh ton cc kch thc;
- chnh xc ca hnh chiu cnh v hnh chiu trc o;
- Tiu chun v ng nt;
- K nng biu din.. . .
V d 2: ng c in mt pha c

f = 50Hz. Cn mc ng c trn vo mch in xoay chiu
100V. Phi mc ni tip n v' mt t in c in dung C bng
bao nhiu ng c hot ng bnh thng.
Bc 1- Nhn dng v phn tch bi ton
Bi tp ny thuc dng bi tp tnh ton cc thng s ca mch
in, cc yu t bit:
in p ton mch U = 100V
Mch ni tip gm ng c ( bit cc thng s nh
mc) v t in.
Cn tm gi tr ca C ng c hot ng bnh thng.
Bc 2- Xc nh nhng yu t c lin quan
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S mch in nh hnh 4.5

Bc 3- Tnh ton
- Dng in nh mc ca ng c:

y cng l gi tr dng in m sau khi mc t vo mch cn
gi ng.
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Nn ta c

Bc 4- Nhn xt: S d c hai gi tr U v trn gin vect
c th tm c hai vect OB i xng vi nhau qua trc Oi.
3. Semina
3.1. Khi nim
Thc ra semina khng hon ton l hnh thc tho lun, n
ging nh hot ng chun b ca mt ging vin trc khi ging
bi hn. Tuy nhin, kt cc ca bui semtna l s tranh lun (hoc
tho lun) nhng vn c hc vin a ra, v vy cc k thut
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tho lun ng vai tr khng nh trong hnh thc dy hc bng
semina.
Semina l hnh thc hc tp, trong mt nhm hc vin c
giao chun b trc mt vn nht mhl sau trnh by trc
lp (nhm) v tho lun vn c chun b.
Mc ch ca semina l to c ht hc vin trc tip lm vic
vi i tng hc tp; to iu kin ngi hc din t s hiu
bit v tng ca mnh v ch c giao. Kt qu ca semina
l kt qu ca s hc thc th di vi hc vin
im mnh ca semina l ch n hi t v tng hp kh nhiu
k thut dy hc: Cc phng php dng ngn ng (ngi hc
phi hc cch thuyt tnh vn c chun b), cc k thut trao
i - vn p (ngi hc phi tr li v bo v kin ca mnh
trc cc cu hi cht vn ca c lp); cc k thut lm vic trc
tip vi i tng (tm ti, nghin cu ti liu, ghi chp, thc
hnh...) cc k thut tho lun (tho lun trong nhm chun b bi
thuyt trnh, tho lun trong hi trng)...v vy semina c coi l
mt trong nhng phng php dy hc ch yu dnh cho ngi
ln.
3.2. Cc hnh thc semina
3.2.1. Trnh by ca hc vin hoc ca nhm hc vin
y l hnh thc ph bin nht ca semina. theo cch ny, mt
cuc semina c hai phn: Phn thuyt trnh ca ngi c giao
chun b trc v phn tho lun. Trong phn thuyt trnh, mt c
nhn hoc mt nhm hc vin c yu cu trnh by bi bo co
chun b trc lp. lm c iu ny, c nhn hoc nhm
phi c s chun b trc v ch c giao. Qu trnh chun
b ny thng c s tr gip ca gio vin.
Trong phn tho lun, cc thnh vin trong lp phn tch bi
thuyt trnh ngn c a ra tho lun, nu cu hi. Nu ngi
trnh by c t tin v d chun b tt v n( dung tri thc th c
th tr l nhng cu hi ca ngi khc. Trong trng hp hc
vin khng kh nng tr ti trc tip th gio vin c th tr
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gip bng cch iu khin v dn dt phn tho lun ca c lp.
3.2.2. Hc vin a ra nhn xt
Trong hnh thc semina ny, ngi c giao chun b v trnh
by trc lp phi a ra nhng nhn nh ca mnh. Phn tho
lun l nhng trao i t do, thn mt gia cc thnh vin. Sau
ln lt cc thnh vin pht biu nhn xt ca mnh tn thnh hoc
khng tn thnh cc nhn nh (hoc mt s) ca ngi bo co;
a ra cc gi sa i, b sung cc nhn nh . Trong trng
hp bt ng kin, nhng thnh vin khng tn thnh phi a ra
cc lp lun. Nhng lp lun ny cn c ghi li thnh vn bn v
c tho lun rt ra ni dung thng nht.
Mt bin th rt hiu qu ca hnh thc a ra nhn xt l s
"phn bc" ca gio vin, "chng li" kin ca c nhm. Trong
tnh hung ny, phn semina do hc vin m nhn. Khi mt hc
vin trnh by, trong nhm c ra mt ch ta v th k ghi chp.
Gio vin ch J ngi gi cc tiu ch xc nh mc tn
thnh hoc khng tn thnh nhn nh ca ngi bo co. Khi hu
ht cc kin ca nhm t n s thng nht tn thnh, gio
vin t thi ngc li, phn bc" nhng kin trc v a
ra mt s gi thuyt tranh lun "hm nng" khng kh. Nu hc
vin tm c vi kin ca mnh, cuc tho lun thc s si ni
gia cc bn s din ra. H thy mnh phi pht biu. Trong trng
hp xut hin xu th mt s hc vin n trnh pht biu, gio vin
c th i ra khi lp v vi sc p ca nhng hc vin tch cc, xu
th ny s b hn ch. Bin php ny s kch thch khng kh " vn
li gio vin" trong hc vin. Cc hc vin nhit tnh bo v quan
im ca mnh s tch cc tm kim lp lun "chng li" gio
vin.
Ni chung, k thut t chc semina theo hnh thc nhn xt,
nht l k nng phn bc li ca gio vin thng c hiu qu cao
trong cc bui semina. Tuy nhin, khi thc hin cc hnh thc ny,
gio vin nn ch ti cc vn c bn: Cc nguyn tc chung
ca tho lun nhm c c m bo? Chn ngi (nhm) chun
b bo co nh th no? Ai s l ngi ng vai tr iu khin?
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lm th no cc kin phn bc l v t, khng c cm hay
thin v c nhn...
4. Tham quan, ngoi kho k thut
Tham quan, ngoi kho l nhng hnh thc t chc dy hc b
tr hu ch trong qu trnh dy hc. Do i tng nghin cu rng
v a dng, thi gian ging dy trn lp hn ch, trang thit b k
thut - cng ngh trong nh trng lun i sau thc tin sn xut
nn trong dy hc k thut, tham quan v ngoi kho c tc dng
to ln trong c nhim v gio dng ln nhim v gio dc.
4.1. Tham quan
4.1.1. ngha ca tham quan
Tham quan l hnh thc t chc dy hc m trong hc snh
c quan st, lm quen vi cc i tng nghin cu thc ca
mn hc trong nhng iu kin hin thc sng ng. Gi tr ca
tham quan ch, hc sinh c th thu lm hiu bit, lin h kin
thc hc vi vic s dng chng trong thc t sn xut v i
sng. Qua hc sinh thy c gi tr ca tri thc trong lao ng,
gi tr ca lao ng i vi s tn ti, pht trin ca x hi v
nhng yu cu ca ngh nghip c th i vi ngi lao ng.
4.1.2. Ni dung tham quan
Tu theo mc ch, chng trnh mn hc v tnh hnh thc t
ca a phng m la chn i tng v ni dung tham quan cho
ph hp. Nguyn tc c bn ca vic la chn ny t phi m bo
mi lin h hu c gia ni dung tham quan vi ni dung, chng
trnh hc tp. Tu theo mc ch v ni dung hc tp, c th t
chc cc dng tham quan sau:
- Tham quan tm hiu my mc, thit b dng trong sn xut hay
mt qu trnh cng ngh no m nh trng cha c hoc tham
quan my mc thit b mi trong cc cuc trin lm k thut cng
ngh.. . nhm phc v mt chng hay mt phn c th ca ni
dung hc tp.
- Tham quan cc c quan khoa hc, vin nghin cu.. . nhm
cho hc sinh lm quen vi nhng thnh tu khoa hc
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- Cng ngh tin tin ang trong qu trnh th nghim. Hnh
thc ny p dng cho cc trng gn cc c quan khoa hc, cc
vin nghin cu.
- Tham quan trin lm vin bo tng, c tc dng m rng hiu
bit, tm nhn cho hc sinh v mt ni dung no v mang tnh
gio dc tt. V d, tham quan v lch s pht minh, sng ch; lch
s ra i v pht trin cc loi my mc, thit b k thut.
4.1.3. Phng php t chc tham quan
a. Khu chun b k hoch
Cn c vo phn phi chng trnh v k hoch dy hc mn
hc, ngay t u nm hay u hc k, gio vin chun b k hoch
cho cc bui tham quan, bao gm thi gian, a im, ni dung v
cch t chc... Gn n ngy tham quan, gio vin phi lin h vi
c s s n tham quan v thng nht chi tit v:
- Mc ch v ni dung tham quan;
- S lng v trnh ngi tham quan;
- V tr, thi gian v phng tin i li;
- Nhng quy nh v an ton trong tham quan;
- Vic phi hp thc hin gia nh trng v c s tham quan
sao cho t mc ch.
b. Trc khi a hc sinh i tham quan
Gio vin cn phi ph bin cho hc sinh nm vng c:
- Trnh t cc i tng cn quan st, cc vn cn trao i,
thu hoch sau bui tham quan;
- Thi gian tham quan v k hoch tng kt;
- Nhng quy nh v t chc, an ton, k lut... trong bui tham
quan.
c. Trong qu trnh tham quan
Cn c s kt hp cht ch gia gio vin v ngi hng dn
tham quan ca c s. Gio vin phi bin ch hc sinh thnh cc
t, cc nhm; duy tr k lut, trt t ca hc sinh; bm st mc ch
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tham quan v to hng th cho hc sinh. Thi gian tham quan mt
bui khng qu 2 gi.
d. Sau bui tham quan
Gio vin t chc tng kt, nh gi kt qu thu c so vi
mc ch ra. Ni dung v hnh thc tng kt c th gm:
- m thoi v cc vn chung vi c lp;
- Hc sinh bo co kt qu thc hin nhim v c giao;
- Tng kt nh gi chung ca gio vin.
V d: T chc tham quan mng in x nghip
1- Mc ch
Lm cho hc sinh thy c thc t qu trnh sn xut, truyn
ti v phn phi in nng
2- Chun b tham quan
Cng vic ca gio vin:
- Lin h v thi gian, a im, xy dng ni dung v thng
nht cch t chc bui tham quan... vi i din x nghip s n
tham quan.
- Giao nhim v cho hc sinh: Sau bui tham quan cn l gii
cc vn nh: Ngun in ca x nghip c ly t u, in p
v cng sut ca trm bin p vo x nghip, t trm bin th h p
ny in c phn phi n cc phn xng, b phn,....nh th
no; x nghip s dng nhng loi thit b, my in no; cc
bin php qun l v s dng hp l in nng m x nghip p
dng; hiu qu kinh t ca vic s dng in nng ca x nghip...
- Ph bin trnh t ni dung bui tham quan, bin ch hc sinh
thnh cc nhm, nhc nh ni quy an ton, k lut trong bui tham
quan. Nhim v ca HS:
- n tp nhng ni dung c lin quan
- Nhn nhim v, chun b phng tin
- C mt ti ni tham quan ng thi gian qui nh
3- Trong qu trnh tham quan
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Di s iu hnh, t chc ca gio vin v ngi hng dn
tham quan, hc sinh ln lt tham quan tng b phn, t trm bin
p n cc phn xng c s dng in nng ca x nghip.
Trng tm quan st, tm hiu ca hc sinh bao gm:
- Trm bin p, h thng dy dn truyn ti (loi bin p, loi
dy dn, tit din, vt liu, cch ghp ni...) cc thit b bin i
in p, dng in.. .
- Cc thit b iu khin, bo v (cu dao, cu ch, nhe,
aptmat...) dc s dng;
- Cc thit b tiu th in nng (ng c in, my hn cc
loi, thit b t nng, thit b lm lnh, thit b chiu sng...);
- Cch b tr mng in chiu sng v mng in ng lc
tng b phn, tng phn xng ca x nghip;
- Cc bin php qun l v s dng tit kim in nng ca x
nghip, cc bin php an ton in.. .
- Hiu qu s dng nng lng in ca x nghip (in nng
tiu th hng ngy, gi tr kinh t thu c t cc phn xng b
phn trong tng thng, tng nm...)
4.1.4. Tng kt bui tham quan
- Gio vin yu cu hc sinh m t v v li s h thng in
ca x nghip, s in mt vi phn xng
- Hc sinh tho lun, lin h nhng hiu bit thu c qua bui
tham quan, c th nu ra cc vn cn thc mc....
Gio vin gii p vn v nhn xt nh gi kt qu bui
hc.
4.2. Hot ng ngoi kho v k thut
4.2.1. ngha ca ngoi kho k thut
Ngoi kho l hot ng hc tp ca hc sinh di s hng
dn ca gio vin ngoi gi chnh kho v theo mt k hoch
nh. Mc ch chnh ca ngoi kho l pht trin ton din tnh t
lc v kh nng t lc ca hc sinh trong hot ng k thut.
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- V mt gio dng, hot ng ngoi kho to iu kin s
dng hp l thi gian ca gio vin v hc sinh ngoi gi hc
cng c, khai thc v m rng kin thc tip thu trn lp lm cho
kin thc tr nn vng chc. V mt gio dc, hot ng ngoi
kho c t chc trn c s s hng th mn hc v s t nguyn
ca hc sinh. V th, cc em thng tham gia nhit tnh, say m,
qua bc l nng khiu c nhn v mt inh vc k thut. y l
yu t thun li gio vin pht hin v bi dng nng lc k
thut cho hc sinh.
4.2.2. Cc hnh thc t chc ngoi kho
Tu theo s lng hc sinh tham gia v iu kin dy hc c
th, c th t chc cc hnh thc ngoi kho khc nhau vi cc ni
dung sau: - Dng c nhn: c sch v ti liu theo ch im; vit
bo co khoa hc theo ti; ch to m hnh, dng c; tham gia
thi tay ngh k thut. Dng nhm: Thit k ch to m hnh, tr
chi k thut; tham quan; lm bo tng, hi vui k thut hoc hi
ngh KHKT
- Dang i chng: Hi vui, hi ngh KHKT, bo tng, gp g
cc nh sng ch, ci tin k thut - cng ngh...
- D t chc di dng no, hot ng ngoi kho cng cn ch
cc nguyn tc sau:
Ni dung ngoi kho phi lin h hu c v phc v cho
ni dung chnh kho;
m bo tnh t nguyn kt hp vi tinh thn trch nhim
cao ca mi c nhn;
Khng lm nh hng n cht lng cc gi chnh kho.
Di y l phc ho hnh thc t chc v ni dung hot ng
ph bin ca nhm k thut v hi vui k thut.
a. Nhm k thut
- Nhm k thut l nhm ca nhng hc sinh say m hot ng
k thut, tham gia hot ng vi tinh thn t nguyn, hot ng c
t chc di s hng dn ca gio vin. Nhm k thut c th l:
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- Nhm ca nhng hc sinh cng ngnh o to nh:
- Nhm nhng ngi th c kh tr, nhm nhng ngi th in
tr...
- Nhm ca nhng hc sinh cng chuyn ngnh o to nh:
Nhm nhng ngi th hn ca tng lai, nhm nhng ngi th
lp rp in t tr...
Nhm k thut cng ngnh hoc cng chuyn ngnh l nhng
nhm hot ng thng xuyn trong qu trnh hc tp trng.
Bn cnh , trong nhiu trng hp c th thnh lp nhm k
thut a ngnh hot ng trong mt khong thi gian nht nh.
Chng hn nh khi cn ch to mt sn phm k thut phc v cho
hi thi sng to ca Ngnh, B hoc Quc gia, khi cn thnh lp
nhm k thut a ngnh bao gm c th c kh, th in, th sa
cha ng lc...
Mi nhm k thut u phi c nhm trng thay mt gio vin
iu hnh hot ng ca nhm.
Ni dung hot ng ca nhm k thut
Hot ng ca cc nhm k thut rt phong ph, a dng, gn
lin vt ni dung, chng trnh o to ng thi hng vic bi
dng t duy k thut v nng lc k thut, pht huy u c sng
to, rn luyn k nng thc hnh ngh nghip v thc hp tc
trong lao ng k thut: Ci tin, sng to k thut cng ngh nh:
Ci tin hoc sng to ra g, dng c gia cng vi nng sut
cao...
- Hp l ho, ti u ho quy trnh cng ngh gia cng, quy trnh
cng ngh lp rp nhm tng nng sut lao ng...
Sng to ra quy trnh k thut mi, v d nh: Quy trnh hn
thp khng g, quy trnh nhit luyn mt loi thp kh thm ti,
gii php k thut nh bng cc chi tit my c hnh dng phc
tp...
b. Hi vui k thut
y l hnh thc ngoi kho ph bin thu ht ng o hc
sinh tham gia, to khng kh si ni trong hc tp, nghin cu. Hi
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vui k thut c th t chc theo hnh thc chuyn , khi lp hoc
hi vui ton trng nhn cc ngy l. Hi vui t chc thng gm
hai phn: Phn nghi l v phn vui chi k thut. Cc tr chi k
thut rt phong ph nh hi hoa dn ch, thi kho tay k thut, thi
tay ngh k thut...
Ngoi ra c th trng by cc sn phm do cc nhm ngoi
kho lm ra (bo tng, sn phm k thut, m hnh...).
hi vui k thut thnh cng cn ch :
- K hoch phi c chun b chu o (phn cng c th, duyt
th trc khi t chc)
- Ni dung hi thi phong ph, hnh thc hp dn, p
- Nn kt hp cc b mn lin quan cng t chc.
Tm li: Tham quan v ngoi kho l nhng hnh thc t chc
dy hc b ch, c tc dng h tr rt tt cho dy hc chnh kho.
Tu thuc vo mc ch, ni dung hot ng v iu kin c th
ca nh trng, gio vin la chn hnh thc v phng php t
chc cho ph hp.
5- n tp, kim tra, nh gi kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh Mt
qu trnh dy hc hon chnh gm su khu tn ti trong mi lin
h bin chng:
1. nh hng, to tm th v kch thch tnh tch cc hc tp;
2. T chc, iu khin hc sinh chim lnh tri thc mi;
3. T chc hc sinh cng c, h thng ho tri thc;
4. T chc, iu khin hc sinh vn dng tri thc, k nng;
5. Kim tra, nh gi vic nm vng tri thc, k nng ca hc
sinh
6. Phn tch kt qu v ci tin nng cao hiu qu ca qu trnh
dy hc.
Vic hng dn n tp, kim tra, nh gi kt qu hc tp ca
hc sinh v thc cht l thc hin cc khu 3,4,5 k trn, lm c s
cho vic phn tch hon thin qu trnh dy hc.
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5.1. Hng dn hc sinh n tp
5.1.1. ngha ca n tp
Qu trnh hc tp ca con ngi l qu trnh nhn thc th gii.
Khi nhn thc chn l, con ngi khng ch hiu m cn cn phi
ghi nh khi cn th ti hin hoc vn dng mt cch nhanh
chng.
Ghi nh mt iu g , theo tm l hc l vic hnh thnh
mt h thng ng lin h thn kinh tm thi tng i vng
chc, c kh nng phc hi li v sau. Mun cho h thng ng
lin h thn kinh tm thi ny tr nn bn vng lu di th phi
cng c n bng cch lp i lp li nhiu ln n thn su trn v
no". Khi ti hin hay vn dng iu ghi nh chnh l khi con
ngi kch hot li h thng ng lin h thn kinh thnh lp
trc y.
Song tt c nhng iu m con ngi tng ghi nh khng
phi lc no cng gi li mi trong no hoc c th ti hin mt
cch trn vn. l do c s qun.
Qun l hin tng cc ng lin h thn kinh tm thi c
thnh lp t trc b c ch tr nn m o i hoc mt hn i,
do lm cho con ngi kh hoc khng th ti hin li c
nhng iu cn thit trong nhng thi im nht nh. Hin tng
"Qun" l k th nguy him ca ngi hc. V th trong qu trnh
dy hc, ngi gio vin phi thng xuyn hng dn hc sinh n
tp, cng c v vn dng kin thc, lm cho n tr nn vng chc.
iu cng chnh l tnh c o ca qu trnh nhn thc ca hc
sinh v cng tr thnh mt trong nhng nguyn tc dy hc.
Cn nhn mnh rng, n tp l cng vic t lc ca hc sinh,
gio vin khng th lm thay m ch gi vai tr t chc, hng
dn. im quan trng u tin ca vic hng dn l lm cho hc
sinh hiu r tm quan trng ca vic n tp, t hc sinh xy
dng cho mnh thc t gic, tch cc, ch ng n tp, cng c
thng xuyn v c k hoch.
5.1.2. Cc hnh thc n tp
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C nhiu hnh thc n tp, mi hnh thc phc v cho mt mc
tiu dy hc xc nh nh: H thng ho kin thc, cng c, vn
dng hoc l phc v cho ng thi cc mc tiu ni trn. Di
y s trnh by chi tit cc hnh thc n tp thng dng.
a. n tp thng xuyn
n tp thng xuyn c tin hnh xen k vi vic nghin cu
kin thc mi. y l hnh thc quan trng nht gip lin kt hu
c gia kin thc c v mi trong bi, b tr c lc cho vic tip
thu kin thc mi, lm cho gi hc si ni, hng th. Hnh thc
ny kch thch hot ng tch cc ca hc sinh v to iu kin cho
vic kim tra, nh gi thc trng vic nm kin thc, k nng ca
hc sinh.
Cc dng n tp trong qu trnh dy hc:
- Phc hi kin thc c trc khi bc vo nghin cu kin thc
mi; - Thc hin bc cng c bi trong cu trc bi ln lp;
- Kt hp kim tra bi c trong khi dy bi mi;
- Lin h bi ging vi thc t sn xut v nghin cu khoa hc
trong lnh vc k thut;
- Nu nhng vn c lin quan n bi hc sau hoc so snh
vi nhng kin thc c ca hc sinh.
b. n tp tng kt chng
n tp tng kt chng hay phn ca chng trnh gip cho hc
sinh h thng ho kin thc, lm r c mi lin h lgic gia
nhng kin thc, k nng ca chng hay gia cc phn ca
chng trnh.
Vic n tp tng kt chng phi c tin hnh di nhng
hnh thc ph hp sao cho c tc dng gip cho hc sinh d nm,
d nh h thng kin thc hc. Mt trong nhng hnh thc c
s dng rng ri l tm tt di dng s , bng h thng ho...
V d, khi n tp chng Gia cng ren trn my tin" c th
thc hin di dng graf nh hnh 4.7:
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c. Tng kt cui nm
Hnh thc ny gip HS c ci nhn tng qut ton b chng
trnh mn hc, cng c nhng kin thc trng tm, tm ra cc mch
logic v tnh h thng ca mn hc, lm c s cho vic vn dng
gii quyt bi tp hoc gii quyt nhim v thc t (da trn cc
bi tng kt chng hc). V d: c th tng kt, tm tt mn
V k thut theo s khi qut 4.8:
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Bn cnh vic h thng ho kin thc nh ni trn, vic n
tp, tng kt cui nm cn c th tin hnh bng cch cho hc sinh
thc hin nhng bi tp c tnh tng hp, khi qut nh:
- Lp bn v k thut hon chnh;
- Lp quy trnh cng ngh gia cng sn phm c kh;
- Xy dng m hnh sn xut - truyn ti - phn phi in
nng
V phng php hng dn n tp..
Vic n tp c th s dng phi hp nhiu phng php dy
hc nh: Thuyt trnh, m thoi, trc quan, graf ho, tho lun
theo nhm, t chc tnh hung.. .
Tuy nhin, hiu v ghi nh bi n mc no l vn ca c
nhn.
V vy, cho vic n tp c hiu qu th bn cnh vic t chc
n tp chung trn lp, gio vin cn nm vng i tng hc sinh
ca mnh dy cho h bit cch la chn phng php t hc ph
hp vi c im c nhn.
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5.2. Kim tra nh gi kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh
5.2.1. Chc nng ca vic kim tra nh gi trong dy hc
Kim tra, nh gi kt qu hc tp ca hc sinh c nhng chc
nng:
a. Chc nng o lng
Chc nng ny th hin ch xc nh c mc hiu bit,
k nng, phm cht tr tu ca hc sinh so vi chun ca mc ch
dy hc nh trc. V th, mc ca kim tra nh gi phi
c xc nh bi mc ch dy hc.
thc hin chc nng ny cn phi:
- Chnh xc ho v lng ho c thng s cn o (hiu bit,
k nng). V d: Ngi ta chia ra cc mc nh, hiu, p dng,
phn tch, tng hp, nh gi...
- Chn n v o (bng im s hay xp loi)
Xc nh chnh xc, nhy v s bin i ca php o (n
ph thuc vo ni dung, thi im v cch t chc kim tra, nh
gi)
b. Chc nng thng tin
Kim tra, nh gi gip gio vin nm c kt qu ging dy,
t iu chnh v hon~thtn ni dung, phng php ging
dy. Mt khc, kim tra, nh gi cng gip hc sinh t nh gi
kt qu hc tp t iu chnh s hc ca mnh theo yu cu ca
mn hc.
c. Chc nng chn lc v phn loi
Thng qua kim tra, nh gi c th:
- Chn ra c nhng kin thc, k nng m hc sinh nm
vng, cha nm vng trong mn hc.
- Phn loi hc sinh mc gii, kh, trung bnh, yu. iu
ny c tc dng kch thch s c gng hc tp ca hc sinh.
- vic kim tra nh gi c c s khoa hc, cn xc nh r
v phn tch c th cc yu t nh mc ch, ni dung, phng
php tin hnh kim tra, nh gi.
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5.2.2. Nhng nguyn tc v yu cu i vi vic kim tra,
nh gi trong dy hc
a. Nhng nguyn tc chung
- Phi xc nh r mc tiu kim tra, nh gi;
- Quy nh v cng c kim tra, nh gi phi c la chn
ph hp vi mc tiu kim tra nh git
- Phi phi hp ng thi nhiu bin php v phng tin c
c gi tr tng hp;
- Bit nhng hn ch ca tng bin php, cng c nh gi
s dng hp l ; - nh gi ch l phng tin i n mc ch ch
bn thn n khng phi l mc ch ca dy hc. (Mc ch chnh
ca kim tra nh gi l c c nhng quyt nh ng n v
qu trnh dy hc).
b. Nhng yu cu cu th i vi kim tra, nh gi trong dy
hc
Phi m bo s lt kim tra theo quy nh ca chng
trnh mn hc; Ni dung kim tra phi dc xy dng da trn
mc ch, yu cu v ni dung ca chng trnh mn hc c ch
thch ng n mc vn dng kin thc, k nng ch khng ch
yu cu thuc ni dung sch gio khoa; nh gi bng li phi ph
hp vi kt qu nh gi cho bng im s. Trong kim tra l
thuyt, cn o v nh gi c:
Mc nm vng kin thc (ghi nh, ti hin, hiu...) Mc
vn dng kin thc vo tnh hung quen thuc, tnh hung mi,
mc sng to...
Kh nng din t hiu bit bng li ni, ch vit;
S lng v mc sai st ca hc sinh.
- Kim tra, nh gi v thc hnh k thut, cn ch ton din
v: Mc nm vng nhng hiu bit k thut c lin quan; Kh
nng thc hin cc thao tc, ng tc k thut Hiu qu thc hnh
(sn phm hay mc c gng hon thnh cng vic c giao.. .).
5.2.3. Cc hnh thc kim tra nh gi
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- Kim tra s b khi bt u hc mn hc: Hnh thc ny
thng p dng cho nhng mn hc c ni dung c xy dng
trn c s nhng ni dung ca cc mn hc khc m hc sinh
bit;
- Kim tra thng xuyn : Kim tra ming 10 - 15 pht trong
cc tit hc hng ngy;
- Kim tra nh k: Kim tra cui chng, cui hc k, nm hc
theo phn phi chng trnh;
- Kim tra chn hc sinh gii cho cc k thi hc sinh gii cc
cp.
5.2.4. Cc phng php kim tra thng c sdng
5.2.4.1. Kim tra vn p
Phng php ny c p dng hng ngy hoc kim tra ht
mn.
-y l phng php c nhiu u im:
- Rn luyn kh nng din t bng li mt vn khoa hc cho
hc sinh
- Hn ch hin tng quay cp nn phn nh thc cht kt qu
hc tp;
- Gio vin c c hi hiu su sc hn nng lc, s trng,
mc nm vng kin thc ca hc sinh.
Khi kim tra vn p cn m bo cc yu cu sau:
- Nhng cu hi, bi tp kim tra phi c chun b trc sao
cho ngn gn, chnh xc, d hiu v th hin r mc i hi i
vi cu tr li;
Ra cu hi hoc bi tp trc, thi gian cn thit cho hc
sinh suy ngh ri sau mi yu cu hc sinh tr li. Khng nn
gi hc sinh trc, t cu hi sau;
- Cn lng nghe cu tr li ca hc sinh c nhn xt chnh
xc v kp thi un nn nhng sai st. nhn xt v cho im cng
khai trc tp th ln.
5.2.4.2. Kim tra vit
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5.2.4.2.1. c trng ca kim tra vit
Kim tra vit l hnh thc kim tra m trong hc sinh th
hin tng hp hiu bit, k nng ca mnh theo yu cu ca
kim tra bng bi vit trn giy. Kim tra vit c nhng u im
sau:
- Trong mt thi gian nht nh c th kim tra c mt s
lng ln hc sinh;
- Thi gian lm bi nhiu nn hc sinh c th cn nhc k
nhng iu cn th hin, hn ch s vp vp;
- C th nh gi mt vi loi t duy mc cao;
- Cung cp cc bn ghi tr li ca hc sinh nghin cu k khi
chm; D qun l v ngi chm khng tham gia trc tip vo bi
cnh kim tra. Tuy nhin, hnh thc ny c nhng hn ch nht
nh:
- Hc sinh hay hc t;
- Kh kim sot c trit hin tng quay, cp hoc trao
i bi nn nhiu khi kt qu kim tra khng phn nh ng thc
cht kt qu hc tp;
- Mt nhiu thi gian chm bi.
Khi s dng hnh thc thi vit, cn m bo nhng yu cu sau:
- Ph phn b im cng rng cng tt v n cho php phn loi
r trnh hc sinh;
- Ni dung kim tra cn c phn ti hin, phn vn dng v
phn sng to;
- T chc kim tra sao cho hn ch ti a hin tng lm bi
thiu trung thc;
chm bi, cho im chnh xc v tr bi ng k hoch.
5.2.4.2.2. Cc hnh thc kim tra vit
Kim tra vit c hai hnh thc: Hnh thc t lun v hnh thc
trc nghim khch quan
Hnh thc t lun: L hnh thc m cc cu hi buc phi tr li
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theo dng m, hc sinh phi t trnh by kin trong mt bi vit
gii quyt vn m cu hi nu ra.
Hnh thc trc nghim khch quan: Mt thi kiu trc nghim
khch quan gm nhiu cu hi, mi cu nu ln vn v thng tin
cn bit hc sinh c th tr li tng cu mt cch ngn gn.
Nu da vo mc cng phu trong vic chun b thi trc
nghim, c th phn chia trc nghim ra loi trc nghim tiu
chun ha v trc nghim dng lp hc.
- Trc nghim tiu chun ho thng do cc chuyn gia trc
nghim son tho th nghim, tu chnh, do mi cu trc nghim
c gn vi cc ch s cho bit thuc tnh v cht lng ca n
( kh, phn bit, phn nh ni dung v mc k nng no).
Mi thi trc nghim gn vi mt tin cy xc nh. Ngoi ra
cn c cc ch dn c th v cch trin khai trc nghim v gii
thch kt qu trc nghim.
- Trc nghim dng lp hc l trc nghim do gio vin t
vit s dng trong qu trnh ging dy, c th cha c th
nghim v tu chnh cng phu. Loi ny ch thng c s dng
trong cc k kim tra vi s lng hc sinh khng ln v khng
tht quan trng.
Nu da trn phng hng s dng kt qu trc nghim, c th
phn chia ra trc nghim theo chun (nng - referrenced test) v
trc nghim theo tiu ch (criterion- referrenced test):
- Trc nghim theo chun l trc nghim c s dng xc
nh mc kt qu t c ca mt c nhn no so vi cc c
nhn khc cng lm mt bi trc nghim.
- Trc nghim theo tiu ch l trc nghim c s dng xc
nh kt qu t c ca mt c nhn no so vi tiu ch xc
nh no cho trc.
Cc kiu cu hi trc nghim khch quan
Cc kiu cu hi thng dng trong nhm trc nghim khch
quan c tm tt trong s 4.9:
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Di y s trnh by tng kiu cu hi mt cch chi tit cho
vic vn dng vo thc t c d dng.
Cu ghp i (matching items): Loi ny i hi hc sinh phi
la chn hai phn ni dung hai ct ghp vi nhau sao cho ph
hp v ngha. V d: Hy la chn ni dung trong ct bn phi
ghp vi ni dung c lit k ct bn tri:

a TK v du T5K
10

b TTK v du nh TT
5
K
7

c WK v du nh WK
6

d BK v du nh BK
8

e WTK v du nh WT7K
10

p n: 1- d, 2- a, 3- b
i vt toi cu hi ghp i, ngi ta thng cho s yu t
ct bn tri t hn s yu t ct bn phi, v rng khi s yu t
hai ct m bng nhau th hai yu t cui cng s mc nhin c
ghp vi nhau m khng phi la chn.
Cu in khuyt (supply items): Ngi ta a ra mt mnh
c khuyt mt b phn, hc sinh phi ngh ra mt ni dung thch
hp in vo ch trng.
V d:
Dng in xoay chiu ba pha l h thng.. . c cng bin ,
cng tn s nhng lch nhau v pha 1200
p n: Ba dng xoay chiu mt pha.
Cu tr li ngn (short answer): L cu trc nghim ch i hi
tr li bng ni dung rt ngn. Ly v d vi cu hi trc nghim v
in: V d : Bi ton c bn trong vn ti in nng i xa l
g?
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p n: Gim tn tht in p
Cu ng sai (yes/no questions): a ra mt nhn nh, hc
sinh phi chn la mt trong hai phng n tr li khng nh
nhn nh l ng hay sai. V d vi cu trc nghim:
nh lut m cho ton mch biu th quan h gia cng
dng in vi in p v in tr trong ca ngun in
A) ng
B) Sai
p n: B
Cu nhiu la chn (multiple choise questions): Ngi ta a ra
mt nhn nh v 4 n 5 phng n tr li. Hc sinh phi chn v
nh du vo mt phng n ng hoc phng n tt nht.
Trong cc kiu cu trc nghim, kiu cu nhiu la chn c
s dng ph bin hn c v chng c cu trc n gin, d xy
dng thnh cc bi thi, d chm im. Di y chng ta s kho
st k v kiu cu ny. Loi cu trc nghim nhiu la chn thng
dng nht l loi c 4-5 phng n tr li. V s phng n nh
vy va gim xc sut lm ng do on m h ho xung
cn 25% n 20%, ng thi cu cng khng qu phc tp, kh
xy dng.
Cu trc nghim nhiu la chn c hai phn:
- Phn u c gi l phn dn, nu ra vn , cung cp thng
tin cn thit hoc nu mt cu hi;
- Phn sau l cc phng n la chn, thng c nh du
bng cc ch ci A,B,C,D... hoc cc ch s 1, 2,3...
Trong cc phng n la chn ch c duy nht mt phng
n ng hoc c mt phng n ng nht. Cc phng n khc
a vo c tc dng "gy nhiu (distractor) i vi hc sinh. Nu
cu nhiu la chn c son tt th mt ngi nu khng nm
vng vn s khng th nhn bit c trong tt c cc phng
n la chn u l phng n ng, u l phng n gy
nhiu.
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Chng ta hy xem xt mt th d v cu trc nghim vt l sau
y: "Mt vin bi c nm ln theo phng thng ng. Sc cn
ca khng kh khng ng k. Trong qu trinh chuyn ng, lc
no gia tc ca vin bi c hng t trn xung?"
A) Ch khi vin bi i t di ln
B) Ch khi vin bi im cao nht ca qu o
C) Khi vin bi i ln v i xung
D) Ch khi vin bi im cao nht ca qu o v i xung E)
Khi vin bi i ln, khi im cao nht ca qu o v khi i xung
Trong cc phng n trc nghim ni trn, phn dn cho i
tng trc nghim nhng thng tin suy lun v t la
chn phng n tr li:
Khi vin bi i ln, tc ca n gim do gia tc phi cc
hng ngc vi vn tc vin bi. V vn tc lc hng ln nn
gia tc phi hng xung.
Khi vin bi i xung, tc ca n tng, do gia tc ca n
phi c hng trng vi hng vn tc, tc l hng xung.
im cao nht ca qu o, vin bi c tc tc thi bng
khng nhng vn tc ca n i hng ln sang hng xung,
ngha l gia tc hng xung.
Nh vy, trong c ba trng hp vin bi u b tc dng bi mt
lc hng xung, l lc hp dn ca tri t. Theo nh lut II
Newton, gia tc phi c hng ca lc tc dng, ngha l hng
xung trong c ba trng hp. V th, cu tr li ng nht trong
trong th d ny l cu E. R rng, vi cu trc nghim trong th d
va nu, nu hc sinh khng nm c kin thc vt l v chuyn
ng c gia tc v lc hp dn th khng th bit phng n cn
la chn l phng n no. Ngay c . vi nhng hc sinh bit
nhng khng hiu su vn th ch c th la chn phng n C,
v nh vy cu tr li ca hc sinh vn l sai. Chnh cc phng n
A,B,C,D trong th d ny c tc dng gy nhiu i vi hc sinh,
thm ch lm cho hc sinh lc hng hon ton nu kin thc
khng vng.
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Trong khi son tho cu trc nghim, ngi ta thng c gng
lm cho cc phng n gy nhiu u c v "c l" v "hp dn"
nh phng n ng.
V nguyn tc, i vi ngi c knh nghim vit trc nghim,
mt ni dung bt k no cn kim tra u c th c th hin vo
mt cu trc nghim theo mt kiu no . V th i vi tt c cc
mn hc ngi ta u c th vit cc cu hi trc nghim. Tuy
nhin, do c th ca tng mn hc m vic vit trc nghim cho
mn ny c th kh hn mn kia. Cn lu rng khng phi bt c
ai c kin thc chuyn mn cng vit c cu trc nghim c cht
lng cao cho chuyn mn . Mun vit cu hi trc nghim tt
phi suy ngh su sc v chuyn mn v tch lu kinh nghim sau
mt thi gian th nghim lu di.
5.2.4.2.3. So snh trc nghim khch quan v t lun - [5]
Trc nghim t lun cho php c mt s t do tng i no
tr li mt cu hi t ra, nhng i hi hc sinh nh li nhiu
hn l nhn bit thng tin, ng thi yu cu hc sinh phi bit sp
xp v din t kin ca h mt cch chnh xc, r rng, sng
sa. Bi trc nghim t lun thng c chm im mt cch ch
quan v cc im cho bi nhng ngi chm khc nhau c th
khng thng nht. Thng thng mt bi trc nghim t lun gm
t cu hi hn l mt bi trc nghim khch quan v phi cn nhiu
thi gian tr li mi cu hi.
- Trong trc nghim khch quan thng c nhiu phng n tr
li c cung cp cho mi cu hi nhng ch c mt phng n
ng hoc ng nht. Bi trc nghim c chm im bng cch
m s ln m ngi lm trc nghim chn c phng n tr
li ng trong s nhng phng n tr l c cung cp. S (r
gi l trc nghim khch quan v vic cho im l khch quan ch
khng phi ch quan nh bi trc nghim t lun. Kt qu chm
im mt bi trc nghim khch quan s nh nhau, khng ph
thuc vo vic ai chm bi .
Nu so snh trc nghim khch quan v trc nghim t lun th
mi hnh thc c u nhc im nht nh, kh kt lun c hnh
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thc no tt hn. Nhng nhn xt di y s lm sng t nhn
nh :
- Trc ht mt thi trc nghim khch quan gm rt nhiu
cu hi, m vic to nn mi cu hi i hi rt nhiu cng sc v
s kho lo, do hnh thnh mt thi trc nghim khch
quan cn nhiu thi gian hn so vi hnh thnh thi t lun ch
vi mt vi cu hi. thi trc nghim khch quan cng khng
nh gi c kh nng din t ca hc sinh nh thi t lun, v
khi lm thi trc nghim khch quan hc sinh ch cn nh du
khi la chn phng n tr li hoc ch in vi t cn thit. thi
ny cng khng nh gi c kh nng t duy hnh tng ca hc
sinh.
- Trc nghim khch quan cho php son tho cc thi n
hng trm cu hi, mi cu c th tr li trong mt vi pht, v
trong vng mt ting ng h hc sinh c th tr li xong mt
thi kh di. Mt thi nh vy c kh nng ph kn tt c cc ni
dung ca mt mn hc hoc mt chng trnh hc. Ngc li, mt
thi t lun lm trong mt vi ting ng h ch c th lin quan
n mt vi ch ca mn hc hoc chng trnh hc. Chnh v
nguyn nhn trn m khi thi bng trc nghim khch quan hc
sinh khng th hc t nh kiu thi bng t lun.
- Nu trc nghim khch quan rt tn cng lm thi th b li,
vic chm bi thi khi c p n l ht sc nhanh chng. Ngi
ta c th chm bi thi bng cch s dng phiu c l m s
phng n tr li ng, dng cc phn mm c bi thi nh my vi
tnh hoc nh cc my qut du hiu quang hc c th qut hng
chc nghn bi thi trong mt gi.
- S khc nhau quan trng nht gia trc nghim khch quan v
t lun l tnh khch quan. i vi thi t lun, kt qu chm
thi ph thuc nhiu ch quan ca ngi chm, do rt kh cng
bng, chnh xc hn ch mc ch quan , ngi ta ci tin
vic chm bi t lun bng cch ra c cu trc quy nh v a
ra cc p n c thang im chi tit. Tuy vy nhiu th nghim cho
thy s thin lch ca vic chm bi t lun thng rt ln. Vi
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loi trc nghim khch quan, khi c p n sn, vic chm
bi l hon ton khch quan, chnh xc khng ph thuc vo ngi
chm, nht l khi bi c chm bng my. y l u im ln ca
trc nghim khch quan.
Bng so snh sau y cho thy tu theo tng vn , u th
thuc v hnh thc no.


u th thuc v
phng php
Vn Trc
nghim
KQ
T lun
Tn t cng ra thi
nh gi dc kh nng din t, c bit l din t t duy
hnh tng


thi ph kn ni dung mn hc
t may ri do trng t, trt t
t tn cng chm thi
Khch quan trong chm thi
p dng c cng ngh mi trong vic nng cao cht
lng k thi, gi b mt thi, hn ch quay cp khi thi, hn
ch tiu cc trong chm thi v gip phn tch kt qu thi




Qua nhng so snh trn y c th thy rng, trc nghim khch
quan v t lun u l nhng hnh thc hu hiu nh gi kt
qu hc tp. Ngi gio vin cn nm vng bn cht tng hnh
thc v cng ngh trin khai c th c th s dng mi hnh
thc ng lc ng ch.
Phm vi ng dng ca mi hnh thc
Trc nghim t lun c ng dng khi:
- Khi hc sinh khng qu ng;
- Khi mun khuyn khch v nh gi cch din t;
- Khi mun tm hiu tng ca hc sinh hn l kho st thnh
qu hc tp;
- Khi c th tin tng kh nng chm bi t lun l chnh xc;
- Khi khng c nhiu thi gian son nhng c thi gian
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chm bi;
Trc nghim khch quan nn dng trong nhng trng hp sau:
- Khi s hc sinh rt ng;
- Khi mun chm nhanh;
- Khi mun c im s ng tin cy, khng ph thuc vo ngi
chm bi;
- Khi coi trng cng bng, v t, chnh xc v mun ngn chn
s gian ln trong thi c;
- Khi mun kim tra mt phm vi hiu bit rng, mun ngn
nga nn hc t, hc vt v gim thiu s may ri.
5.2.4.2.4. Cch vit cc cu hi trc nghim
a- Cch vit cu hi trc nghim khch quan
Yu cu chung:
S dng ngn ng ph hp vi hc sinh.
- Khng hi kin ring ca hc sinh, ch hi s kin, kin
thc.
Yu cu i vi loi trc nghim nhiu la chn:
Cc phng n sai phi c v hp l. Cu trc ca cu nhiu
phi ging hoc gn ging vi cu ng. Trnh vic to phng n
ng khc bit so vi cc phng n khc (di hn hoc ngn hn,
m t t m hn..) S phng n chn nn t 4 n 5 phng n;
m bo cho cu dn ni lin vi mi phng n theo ng ng
php;
- Ch c mt phng n chn l ng;
- Trnh dng cu ph nh, c bit l ph nh hai ln; Trnh
lm dng kiu "khng phng n no trn y ng" hoc "m
phng n trn y u ng";
- Phi sp xp cc phng n ng theo th t ngu nhin.
Yu cu i vi loi ng sai:
- Cu pht biu phi hon ton ng hoc sai, khng c ngoi
l;
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- Son cu tr li tht n gin;
- Trnh dng cu ph nh, c bit l ph nh hai ln.
Yu cu i vi loi cu ghp i:
- Hng dn r v yu cu ca vic ghp cho ph hp;
- nh s mt ct v ch ct kia;
- Cc dng trn mi ct phi tng ng v ni dung, hnh
thc phng php, di;
- Trnh cc cu ph nh;
S t trn hai ct khng nh nhau, thng ch 5 n 10.
Yu cu i vi loi in khuyt:
Ch mt ch trng;
- Thit k sao cho c th tr li bng mt t n nht mang tnh
c trng (i tng, c im, thi gian, khi nim);
- Cung cp thng tin chn t tr li;
Ch c mt la chn l ng.
b - Cch vit cu hi t lun
T lun l mt kiu trc nghim thun li cho vic nh gi
cch dit t v nhng kh nng t duy mc cao, tuy nhin
kh chm mt cch khch quan. pht huy u im ca loi trc
nghim ny v hn ch thin lch ca vic chm bi, cn lu
cc im sau:
- m bo sao cho t lun ph hp vi mc tiu hc tp v
ni dung ging dy;
- Lm cho hc sinh hiu r mnh phi tr li ci g, cu phi r
rng v xc nh;
- Cho hc sinh sinh bit s s dng tiu ch no nh gi bi
t lun, s cho im nh th no;
Lu hc sinh v b cc v ng php;
- Nn s dng nhng cu, t khuyn khch t duy sng to, bc
l c ph phn v kin c nhn;
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- Nu nhng ti liu chnh cn tham kho;
- Cho gii hn di (s t);
- m bo thi gian hc sinh lm bi khi lm lp hoc
thi gian np bi khi lm nh;
Khi ra bi t lun c cu trc, nn quy nh t l im cho
mi phn, v khi chm bi nn chm tng phn cho mi hc sinh.
5.2.4.2.5. Quy trnh chun b v trin khai mt k thi trc
nghim khch quan tiu chun ho
trin khai mt k thi c quy m ln ngi ta phi chun b
ht sc cn thn v thi, quy trnh thi, th thc chm im, cch
cng b kt qu... Quy trnh t chc mt k thi trc nghim tiu
chun ho rt phc tp. C th m t tm tt cc bc ca quy
trnh nh sau:
1. Xc nh cc mn thi v ni dung tng qut cn kim tra i
vi tng mn, ng thi nh ra nhng yu cu v trnh t duy,
chng hn: Nh, hiu, bit, vn dng, phn tch, tng hp...
thc hin bc ny ngi ta thng thc hin ma trn hai
chiu: Cc dng phn theo cc ni dung, cc ct phn theo trnh
t duy, trong
mi ghi s cu hi cn thit (hoc t l %) ca phn ni dung
v trnh t duy tng ng;
2. Phn cng cho gio vin, mi ngi vit mt s cu hi trc
nghim theo cc yu cu c th v ni dung v mc tr nng xc
nh;
3. Trao i trong nhm ng nghip. Qu trnh trao i ny rt
quan trng, gip tc gi pht hin v sa cha c nhiu sai st
m bn thn khng cm thy;
4. Bin tp v a cc cu trc nghim vo "ngn hng" lu
trong my tnh. Ph trch bin tp phi l ngi am hiu v c
chuyn mn ln k thut vit trc nghim. Ngn hng cu hi c
qun l bng mt phn mm tin hc chuyn dng;
5. Lp thi v t chc thi th trn mt s nhm hc sinh. Cc
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nhm ny l "mu" i din cho i tng hc sinh chung ca bi
trc nghim; 6. Chm thi v phn tch thng k cc kt qu thi th.
Phng php thng k cho php xc nh cc c trng ca mi
cu trc nghim nh kh, phn bit. Qua c th nh gi
c tin cy ca trc nghim, phn loi cht lng cc cu trc
nghim;
7. Gia cng ti cc cu hi km cht lng v thay cc cu
c gia cng vo ngn hng;
8. Ra thi chnh thc: Cn c vo bng c trng hai chiu
(phn b cu theo ni dung v mc tr nng tng ng vi bng
c trng hai chiu), nh phn mm tin hc la chn mt cch
ngu nhin t ngn hng s cu hi cn thit vi cc c trng xc
nh ( kh, phn cch, mc tr nng) lp nn mt thi.
Phn mm tin hc c th to ra cc thi tng ng c cng ni
dung nhng khc nhau v hnh thc bng cch o ln th t cc
cu hi (khi c th o ln) v cc phng n tr li A,B,C;
9. In thi v t chc thi: thi c in sn, pht cho tng hc
sinh trong phng thi;
10. Chm v phn tch cc kt qu thi;
11. Cng b kt qu thi;
12. Trong ton b quy trnh, cc bc t 2 -7 phi lp li nhiu
ln hon thin dn v tng s lng cc cu hi trc nghim
trong ngn hng. Qua c th thy rng ngn hng cc cu trc
nghim khng phi l kho d tr bt ng m nh l mt c th
sng, lun c b sung, loi b, hon thin v pht trin.
Mt tc dng ht sc quan trng ca cc k thi i tr bng trc
nghim tiu chun ho l: Nhng thng tin thu c qua vic phn
tch thng k ton b bi lm ca hc sinh qua cc k thi l nhng
s liu ht sc qu bu nh gi nh lng v tnh hnh gio
dc ca tng khu vc, tng cng ng, tng nhm hc sinh v
nh gi xu th pht trin ca cht lng gio dc theo thi gian.
5.2.4.3. Kim tra bng quan st
Kim tra bng quan st l hnh thc kim tra m trong gio
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vin quan st trc tip hoc quan st bng phng tin k thut
nh gi mc thnh tho ca hc sinh khi thc hin mt k
nng (thc hin c hay thc hin t n trnh k xo).
Hnh thc ny thng dng nh gi kt qu hc thc hnh
ca hc sinh nhng cng c dng nh gi mt s k nng v
nhn thc, v nhy v chnh xc ca phn trc cc tnh
hung... u im:
Trong nhng iu kin nht nh, c th nh gi chnh xc v
y cc thao tc, ng tc, hnh vi ca hc sinh;
- m bo cng khai v cng bng khi cho im.
Nhc im
- Gio vin rt cng thng nht l khi phi quan st trong mt
khong thi gian mt vi tit thc hnh;
Kt qu kim tra ph thuc vo yu t ch quan ca ngi quan
st.
Nu ngi quan st tp trung, sc kho v tm trng tt th kt
qu nh gi chnh xc. Nu ngi quan st thiu tp trung, sc
khe v tm trng khng tt th kt qu nh gi thiu chnh xc.
Bin php khc phc:
- Trong trng hp quan st trc tip bng mt nn b tr t nht
hai ngi cng quan st i tng.
Nu c iu kin th b tr camera t ng ghi li ton b qu
trnh.
Trng hp kim tra thc hnh c camera t ng nhng cng
cn c gio vin gn hc sinh gim st vn m bo an
ton th c th kt hp c hai m bo chnh cao ca vic
nh gi.
III. MT S IM TRNG YU V NGHIP V DY
HC CA GIO VIN
1. Nhng k nng ng lp c bn
Kh nng din t mt tng cng quan trng gn nh bn
thn tng. Tc ng ca mt bi pht biu i vi ngi nghe
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chu nh hng rt ln bi cch trnh by bi pht biu . Nu
mun ngi nghe ho hng vi nhng tng ca mnh, trc ht
bn thn ngi trnh by phi ho hng.
1.1. ngha ca vic lm ch k nng ng lp
- To ra lng t tin khi truyn t;
- Gy c thin cm i vi ngi nghe;
- Khc phc c hi hp trong khi trnh by,
- Lm cho ba yu t ngn t, m iu v dng v gn b vi
nhau mt cch nhun nhuyn. S nht qun gia ba yu t ny l
nhn t c bn quyt nh tin cy i vi mt bi pht biu.
1.2. Nhng yu t ct yu ca k nng ng lp
m iu ca ging ni, dng v, s ci m, lch thip ca ngi
ni l nhng gia v chnh lm nn s thnh cng ting giao tip.
Di y l nhng yu t gip cho bui ni chuyn tr nn sinh
ng, th v v tr nn cun ht.
a - Ging ni
Ging ni ca din gi phi c nhng c im sau:
- m lng: Va v d nghe, thm ch ngi ngi cui
phng vn nghe c.
- m vc: m vc l cao hay thp ca ging ni. Cn chuyn
iu cao thp truyn cm,trnh dng ging ni u u.
Tc : Trung bnh tc khong 125 t trong mt pht. n
nhng im quan trng nn ni chm li gy tc ng mnh.
Tm ngng: Nhng ch tm ngng s lm tng thm trng lng
cho nhng li ni trc . Hy tm ngng sau khi kt thc mt
tng hoc mt on bi. Thng thng nn dng li khong 2
giy.
- Pht m: Cn pht m cho ng ng iu. Hy luyn nhng t
kh trc khi trnh by.
- T m: Nn trnh hoc gim bt nhng t m: " OK", "Cc
v th y,,, "Ti mun ni rng"
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- Khi tm dng cng nn trnh pht ra nhng t m nh "tm",
"", " '...
b- Ngn ng c ch (ngn ng phi li)
Ci quan trng khng ch l ni dung ca iu m ngi gio
vin n ra m cn cch ni ra nh th no. Nu ni dung ca bi
c gio vin ni ra mt cch sinh ng, th v, ngn ng c ch
li nht qun vi ging ni th bi ni c sc cun ht rt ln.
- Hnh thc bn ngoi: Hc sinh bao gi cng nhn thy gio
vin trc khi nghe gio vin ni. V vy, trang phc ca gio vin
phi thch hp khng gy phn tn s ch ca hc sinh.
- Thi : Nn gi thi t nhin, phong cch t nhin.
- T th: Gi t th thng v thoi mi.
- ng tc: Nn s dng nhng ng tc nh nhng v t nhin,
khng hp tp, vi vng.
- C ch: Ci ng quan tm l i tay ca ngi gio vin
nh th no trong khi trnh by. C ch ca i tay phi t nhin,
khng cng nhc, g b.
- Nt mt: Nt mt phi th hin nhit tnh v t tin.
- nh mt: Tip xc bng mt s gip to lp v tng thm s
thin cm. Nn a mt nhn u mi ngi khong 2-3 giy
tng thm hiu qu Hy chm ri quan st ngi nghe theo tng
nhm.
c - Kim ch s hi hp
Lo lng khi ln lp l hin tng tm l bnh thng v l
biu hin ca s mong mun lm tt cng vic. Tuy nhin 10 lng,
hi hp li l yu t lm hn ch rt ln cht lng ca bi ni,
thm chi cn lm cho gio vin nhm ln, b st ni dung v trnh
t cc bc. Nhng gi sau y c th tham kho hn ch
hoc khc phc cm gic 10 lng:
- Hy chun b tt b cc bi ging;
- To hnh nh tng tng: Trc khi bc vo lp hy tng
tng mt bi pht biu. Hy hnh dung, tng tng rng, mnh
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va kt thc mt bi ging xut sc c hc tr hoan nghnh;
- Th su vi ln trc khi ng dy ni;
- Hy trnh by phn m u tt nht trong kh nng ca mnh.
Nhng pht u tin nu gy c n tng mnh c th gip
gim bt i nhiu 10 lng. Nn vit trc nhng cu u tin ca
phn m u; Nn suy ngh theo hng tch cc, rng mi ngi
trong lp u l bn mnh, u thn thin vi mnh;
- Tp trung th gin: Hy c trm ngm trc khi trnh by bi;
- S dng phng tin trc quan: Nn chun b mt s v b
cc bi ging thnh thong c th lic nhn nhng im chnh;
- Nn bt u bng mt cu hi v yu cu hc sinh tr li. iu
ny to cho gio vin mt pht trn tnh.
- Di y l bn hng dn thc hin s dng k nng ng
lp c bn.
Bn hng dn thc hin s dng k nng ng lp c bn

1- Ging ni:
m lng: va , d nghe
m vc: Chuyn iu ng lc
Tc : Trung bnh 125 t/ pht
Tm ngng: Thch hp
Pht m: ng
T m: Hn ch ti thiu
2 - Ngn ng phi li
T th: Thng v t nhin
Hnh dng bn ngoi: n mc sch s v ph hp
C ch: T nhin
Tip xc bng mt: ng u
Biu hin nt mt: T tin, thoi mi
ng tc: Nh nhng, ng lc
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3- Kim ch s hi hp
Th hin s thoi mi
Phn gii thiu m u gy c n tng mnh
T chc tt
S dng phng tin trc quan

2. D gi, nh gi bi dy
2.1. Mc ch
D gi, rt kinh nghim v nh gi bi dy l mt hot ng
ca t gio vin chuyn mn nhm xc nh thc trng hot ng
dy hc ci tin, nng cao hiu qu dy hc. C th l:
- Xem xt qu trnh dy hc mn hc trong vic thc hin mi
quan h thy - tr - ni dung dy hc t iu chnh, b sung
l lun dy hc k thut.
Gio vin trao i, hc tp, gip ln nhau c v chuyn mn
k thut v nghip v s phm.
- Pht hin, bi dng gio vin dy gii, lm nng ct cho vic
xy dng i ng gio vin, nng cao cht lng dy hc mn hc.
2.2. Tin trnh d gi
Quy trnh d gi gm nm bc, mi bc nhm ti mt mc
ch ring

Bc Mc ch
1- Lm quen Lm quen vi nhau v lm quen vi tnh hung GV b
quan st
Trao i v kt qu mong i v nhng 10 lang c th
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2-hp mt trc khi
d gi
Thng bo v ngi d gi v:
- Ch v mc tiu dy hc
- K hoch bi ging
Thng nht v:
- Tit hc s d
- S liu cn thu thp
- Cch thc thu thp s liu
3- Quan st trong
lp hc
Quan st s th hin ca gio vin v hc sinh Thu thp
s liu thng nht
4- nhun b cho hp
sau d gi
Phn tch s liu thu c khi d gi
La chn cc im c th tho lun trong cuc hp sau
d gi
5- Hp mt sau d
gi
Chia s nhng iu quan st c v kin phn nh
Tho lun nhng ci thin c th
ra mc tiu cho tn d gi sau
Xy dng k hoch v cch thc t mc tiu -
2.3. Quan st trong d gi
Cu hi t ra cho ngi d gi l: Quan st ai? Quan st ci
g? Quan st nh th no?
Ni chung c th quan st, ghi chp tt c nhng g din ra
trong tit hc. Tuy nhin ci cn phi ch quan st l:
- Tng tc gia thy v tr, gia tr vi tr th hin t cu
hi v x l cc kin ca hc sinh
- Cc hot ng ca tr.

Quan st ai Quan st ai Quan st th no
K nng hnh th Gio vin Thc hin theo hng dn trong th
k nng hnh th
Bi tp Gio vin Quan st s phn hi ca pha hc
vin i vi bi tp (r rng? kh
khn? gp phn vo vic hc tp?)
Tng kt, c rt Gio vin S dng cc cu hi thm d
t cu hi, x l
kin ng gp ca hc
i
Gio vin Ghi li cc cu hi v phn chia theo
mc
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Tng tc Gio vin v
Hc sinh
Thc hin theo mu " Ti nghe ai
ni" v ghi vo mu bng theo di
i h i
S tham gia ca hc
vin
sinh vin Ghi vo mu "Cng c quan st ch
trng vo HS"
C th b tr video quay li ton b gi hc. iu rt c ch
v gio vin ging c c hi xem li phn th hin ca mnh trn
lp v so snh vi kin ng gp ca ng nghip.
Di y l cc biu mu ca TITI phc v cho quan st v ghi
nhn trong gi ging:
Mu 1- Cc tiu ch cho k nng hnh th (Quan st 2 ln, mi
ln 5 pht. Ln u gn u bi ging, ln th hai gia bi
ging)

Ging ni
R rng
Tc ni
Pht m
Ngng ngh
m lng va
S bin th trong tc v m lng
Khng c t m
T vng v ngn ng
Ph hp
ng
D hiu
Thut ng k thut c gii thch
Ngn ng c th
Giao tip bng mt (3giy)
Nhit tnh
Thoi mi
. Chuyn ng bnh tnh
Thn thin
Bin i nt mt, li ni
T tin
v tr thun li trong phng
Mu 2 - Ti nghe ai ni
- Trc khi bi ging bt u, xc nh bn thi im quan st,
mi ln khong 5 pht. V d, tit hc 45 pht, s quan st pht
th 3 - 8, 15 - 20, 25 - 30, 35 - 40.
- Trong mi ln, c 10 giy ghi li mt ln bn nghe thy ai ni
vo phiu.
- Kt qu 4 ln quan st c ghi vo 4 phiu, cui cng tnh
tng s ln vo phiu tng hp. T phiu tng hp rt ra nhn xt
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Ln th.. ..... Thi gian t.. ....... n.........
Nghe ai ni S lng
Gio vin
Sinh vin
Gio vin v sinh vin
Khng ai

Phiu tng hp
Nghe ai ni s lng
Gio vin
sinh vin
Gio vin v sinh vin
Khng ai
Mu 3- Cc cu hi tt n mc no
Khi d gi, ghi li chnh xc cc cu hi

Loi cu hi S lng V d ghi c
Loi ng:
C/khng
S lng
Ai trong s cc bn




Loi m cp thp:
Gi m: Nu nh ngha
ca.. .
Hiu: Em gii thch nh th
no... ?




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M cp cao:
Vn dng: Vn dng ci
hc
vo tnh hung mi Phn
tch: Phn tch ci mi, ph
phn ci g da trn nhng
tiu ch c sn Tng hp: To
ra ci g mi, ghp cc b
phn li vi nhau
nh gi: nh gi ci g
mi, sng to ra cc tiu ch.




Tng s
Mu 4 - Cng c quan st ch trng vo hc vin

Nhn thy Tii m phin si ( pht th)
(nhiu) 2 5 2 5 14 17 20 23 26 29 32 35 38 41 44
vit bng
S bng
GyAo
Ti llu pht
tay






























M hnh
nh
Biu treo
tng






























vt tht
Slide
Video
Nghe(
nhiu)
2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29 32 35 38 41 44
Gio vin
ni






























HS tho
lun






























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Nhiu HS
ni






























Tng n ln
quan dn
cng vic






























Ting ng
phin nhiu
vic hc






























Khng c g
lin quan
n bi hc






























Lm vic
(mt)
2 5 8 11 14 17 20 23 26 29 32 35 38 41 44
H tr HS
Nghe
Ghl chp

Quan st st
thc hnh






























Tlc hanh
hochot
ng






























Bo co/
thut li






























Lm bi
km tra






























Ni vi cc
anh vn
khc






























Ni vi gio
vin






























Lm vic
theo nhm






























Lm bi v
nh






























Vit bng
Cc HoT
ng khc






























Lm vic
rng(mt)






























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M mng
Chi
Ni chuyn
i loanh
quanh






























Ch 1
Cc vic
khc






























Sau khi x l d liu thu c, ngi d gi vit vo phiu
nh gi bi dy theo mu 5 (Phiu nh gi gi dy).



Trng.. . . . . . . Cng ho x hi ch ngha Vit Nam
Khoa.. . . . . . . . . . . . c lp - T do - Hanh Phc
B mn..........
PHIU NH GI BI DY
Ngy thng nm
Ngi dy.......................
Lp:.......... Trng.............
Bi dy..... (tit)
Phn nhn xt nh gi
1. V ni dung bi dy
2. V phng php, t chc bi dy
3. V tc phong, giao tip
4. V s chun b ca gio vin v hc sinh cho bi dy
5. nh gi chung v kin ngh
(C th bng im s hoc xp loi)

Ngi d k tn
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CHNG V
CNG NGH DY HC HIN I
I. KHI NIM V CNG NGH V CNG NGH DY
HC
1. Cng ngh
Cng ngh l mt h thng phng tin, phng php v k
nng nhm vn dng quy lut khch quan, tc ng vo mt i
tng no , t mt hiu qu xc nh cho con ngi.
Trong sn xut cng nghip, con ngi sng to ra nhng
quy trnh cng ngh m trong my mc, thit b, phng php
gia cng, k nng lao ng c phi hp hi ha v nh m
bin ti nguyn thin nhin thnh sn phm vi cht lng v gi
thnh mong mun. Mt quy trnh cng ngh c chp nhn nu
n kh thi v c tnh hiu qu cao. Cng ngh [ mt loi hng ha
c th mua, bn c thng qua phng thc chuyn giao cng
ngh.
2. Cng ngh dy hc
C nhiu cch hiu khc nhau v cng ngh dy hc. Di y
tm tt mt vi cch hiu c ch nhiu hn:
- Cch hiu th nht: [6]
Cng ngh dy hc l mt qu trnh khoa hc trong cc
ngun nhn lc v vt lc c s dng nng cao hiu qu vic
ging dy v hc tp. Theo cch hiu , cng ngh dy hc c
coi nh mt sn phm v nh l mt qu trnh.
Vi quan nim nh mt sn phm, cng ngh dy hc bao gm
cc quy trnh, s thc hnh v vt liu dy hc. Sn phm phi
bao gm sn phm khng thc th (non- physical) nh hc tp
chng trnh ha, hc tp c th ha, k nng dy hc...v sn
phm thc th (physical) nh my ghi m, my vidieo, my vi tnh,
my chiu...
Vi quan nim nh mt qu trnh, cng ngh dy hc bao gm
cc chc nng lin quan ti vic qun l, t chc v ngun nhn
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lc, vic nghin cu, m bo hu cn, s dng v thit lp cc h
thng.. .
- Cch hiu th hai: [7]
Khi tip cn qu trnh dy hc theo quan im cng ngh, tc
gi cho rng, qu trnh dy hc l mt qu trnh m trong nh
trng thng qua phng tin, phng php v k nng dy hc,
tc ng vo hc sinh nhm hnh thnh nhng nhn cch theo mc
tiu gio dc - o to ca x hi. Trn c s tc gi nh ngha:
Cng ngh dy hc l mt h thng phng tin, phng php
v k nng, tc ng vo con ngi nhm hnh thnh nhng nhn
cch xc inh. Dy hc l mt cng ngh nn cng chuyn giao
c.
3. Phn loi cng ngh dy hc
C hai tc gi ca [6] v [7] c s thng nht v phn loi cng
ngh dy hc. Theo h, cng ngh dy hc c phn ra:
- Cng ngh dy hc truyn thng
- Cng ngh dy hc hin i (hoc cng ngh dy hc mi).
Ngoi hai cch phn loi ni trn, cn c cch phn loi khc
m trong qu trnh cng ngh dy hc c phn thnh ba qu
trnh nh hay ba cng on cng ngh:
Qu trnh th nht l qu trnh cng ngh trc ln lp. y l
qu trnh cng ngh son bi ca gio vin, cn c gi l cng
on gia cng v mt s phm nhng tri thc v k nng s dy
cho ngi hc.
Qu trnh th hai l qu trnh cng ngh ln lp. y l cng
on chuyn tri thc v k nng t ngi dy sang ngi hc.
Qu trnh th ba l qu trnh cng ngh sau ln lp. y l cng
on gia cng tinh kin thc v k nng m ngi hc lnh hi
c khi ln lp.
4. Khi nim v cng ngh dy hc hin i
Cng ngh dy hc hin i c hiu l cng ngh dy hc
bng my tnh. Cng c th ni mt cch tng qut hn: Cng
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ngh dy hc hin i l cng ngh dy hc vi ba cng on hp
thnh c thc hin trn c s ca cng ngh thng tin. Tnh hin
i ca cng ngh dy hc c nh gi theo cc ch tiu sau:
- Phi c thc hin trn c s ca phng tin hin i, bao
gm:
Phng tin thu thp d liu cho bi ging nh my quay
vi deo, my nh k thut s, my scanner...
Phng tin x l v lu tr d liu ca bi ging nh
my tnh v cc phn mm x l d liu chuyn dng, cc
CD...
Phng tin trnh din bi ging nh t hp my tnh -
my chiu (projector), t hp my tnh - bng in t khi
trnh din trn lp hoc my tnh- mng khi thc hin dy
hc t xa.
Ngi dy ngoi trnh chuyn mn phi c tri thc v k
nng v tin hc lm ch c ba cng on ca qu trnh dy
hc. Ngi hc phi c hc liu thch hp v c kh nng ng x
ngang tm vi nhng thun li do cng ngh hin i mang li[16].
5. Vai tr ca cng ngh dy hc hin i
- Chng ta ang sng trong thi i ca nn kinh t tri thc m
c im ni bt l s bng n thng tin do hng ngy trn th gii
c hng ngn pht minh, sng ch ra i. Trong iu kin , ch
nh c cng ngh thng tin mi c th thu thp, x l v chn la
c nhng tri thc mi, cn thit phc v trc tip cho vic ging
dy, hc tp, nghin cu trong cc nh trng v nh gio dc
ca mt quc gia mi khng b lc hu so vi trnh pht trin
ca th gii.
Nh ng dng k thut thng tin hin i vo dy hc m kh
nng trc quan ha ca qu trnh dy hc l rt ln. Ngy. nay, mt
i tng c th c m phng khng ch trng thi tnh m cn
trng thi ng; khng ch trong mt phng m c trong khng
gian; khng ch bn ngoi m cn c cu trc bn trong; khng ch
m phng i tng theo mt v tr m cn c th m phng
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nhiu v tr vi nhng gc nhn khc nhau, khng ch m phng v
hnh dng, kch thc, hot ng m cn phi hp c mu sc, m
thanh... V vy i tng nghin cu rt st vi dt tng thc t.
iu trc ht c ngha nng cao hiu qu ca qu trnh dy
hc v n gim nh kh khn ca gio vin trong vic m t, gii
thch i tng, ng thi lm tng hiu qu lnh hi ca ngi
hc. S liu di y minh ha cho iu [15]:

TT Hot ng hc Lng thng tin ghi
nh dc (%)
1 Nghe 20
2 Nhn 30
3 Nghe v nhn 50
4 T trnh by 80
5 T trnh by v lm 90
Mt khc n cn c ngha gn lin l lun vi thc tin v n
lm cho ngi hc sau khi ra trng cm thy t tin m khng cm
thy ng ngng trc thc t sinh ng, khng cm thy s xa cch
gia nhng ci c hc trong nh trng vi thc t ngh nghip.
Cng ngh dy hc hin i khng ch gip gii quyt tt cc
bi ging trc tip trn lp m cn to iu kin trin khai vic dy
hc t xa thng qua h thng my tnh v mng. Hnh thc dy hc
nh th xa i yu t khng gian ngn cch gia ngi dy v
ngi hc, gip cho ngi hc c th hc m khng cn n
trng. l mt trong nhng yu t c s v l iu kin hin
thc ha tng xy dng nn gio dc quc gia thnh mt nn
gio dc m trong mi ngi d bt k u, ti thi im no
cng c c hi hp th mt nn gio dc cht lng cao cng
nh hin thc ha tng bin x hi thnh mt x hi hc tp.
Dy hc bng cng ngh mi gip cho ngi hc m c bit l
th h tr nhanh chng tip cn v lm quen vi cng ngh mi, t
gip cho th h tr hnh thnh phong cch vn ha ph hp vi
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phong cch vn ha ca th gii mi.
- To iu kin ngi hc thc hin ng vai tr trung tm
ca qu trnh dy hc: T mnh thu thp, x l, quyt nh s dng
thng tin di s hng dn ca ngi dy v qua m t bin
i mnh.
II. CC CNG ON CA CNG NGH DY HC HIN
I
Phn ny trnh by mt s im trng yu ca cc cng on
cng ngh dy hc hin i. Trong mi cng on, s gii thiu
cng ngh dy hc truyn thng v cng ngh dy hc hin i
ngi c c c ci nhn y hn v cng ngh dy hc.
1. Cng ngh son bi
Mt bi dy m c bit l bi dy k thut thng c c phn
ch v phn hnh. Vic x l phn hnh khi chun b bi cng nh
khi trnh by trn lp l phc tp v tn rt nhiu thi gian hn so
vi phn ch. Tuy nhin nhng kh khn ch l ci kh trong
cng ngh dy hc truyn thng. i vi cng ngh dy hc hin
i, ci kh ca phn hnh khng cn l vn .
Nu trc y phn hnh l ci kh, ci kh ca ngi gio vin
dy k thut th ngy nay nh vo cng ngh thng tin, phn hnh
l ci to nn s say m ca thy khi chun b cng nh khi trnh
din v l ci thu ht s ch ca ngi hc trong gi ln lp cng
nh gi t hc.
1.1. Cng ngh son bi truyn thng
a. Phn ch
- Ni dung bi thuc v phn ch c gio vin chun b cn
c vo cng mn hc, sch gio khoa v cc ti liu tham
kho.
- Phng tin chun b bi: Giy, bt, my ch, phng tin sao
chp...
b. Phn hnh
D l hnh c ly t sch gio khoa, t ti liu tham kho hay
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l hnh do gio vin sng to ra lm phong ph cho bi ging,
u c chun b vi phng tin thng dng nh giy, bt, dng
c v, thit b can in, sao chp...
Vi phng tin nh vy, phn hnh ca bi ch l hnh tnh v
ch yu c biu din trong mt phng. Vic chun b tn nhiu
cng sc v thi gian nht l khi chun b nhng bn v phc tp
m t cu trc ca my
1.2. Cng ngh son bi hin i
Son bi theo cng ngh hin i l son bi bng my tnh trn
nhng phn mm thch hp vi s h tr ca cc thit b thu thp
d liu hin i. Chng ny s gii thiu cng ngh son bi cho
hai kiu bi ging c s dng ri rc trong cc trng chuyn
nghip v i hc: Son bi di dng trang Web v son bi trn
phn mm Powerpoint.
1.2.1. Son bi di dng trang Web
1.2.1.1. u nhc im ca bi ging di dng trang Web
Bi ging di dng trang Web c nhiu u im:
C th dng trnh din trc tip trc ngi hc khi dy cc lp
tp trung, cng c th dng dy hc t xa.
Nu chun b bi trong cc file ni dung (file ngun) mt cch
chi tit vi mt h thng chng, mc, tiu mc cht ch v lin
kt chng vi h thng danh mc trong khung danh mc ca
trang Web th ngi dy c th thc hin tt nhng s phm.
C th khai thc cc ngun d liu trong my tnh, CD cng
nh trn mng phc v cho bi ging thng qua cng c Hyperlink.
C th phi hp mu sc, m thanh vi cc hnh m phng lm cho
bi ging sng ng, hp dn ngi hc.
Ngi hc c th hc trc tip trn trang Web hoc c th in bi
ra giy hc.
Cn c vo h thng ti liu tham kho c lit k trn trang
Web, ngi hc c th truy tm chng trn mng m rng tri
thc. Trng hp tn ca ti liu tham kho c lin kt sn
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vi a ch ngun, th vic dng ti liu tham kho ca ngi hc
cng thun li. Bn cnh u im, vic dy hc bng trang Web
cng c nhng nhc im:
Vic chun b bi ging rt cng phu, i hi gio vin phi c
trnh tin hc nht nh to c hnh nh t cc phn mm
ho v c th s dng c d liu t my nh, my quay vi
deo.. .
Khi son trang Web, nu gio vin khng chu kh cht lc ni
dung v khng phn nh ni dung bi bng cng c Bookmark thi
khi ging trc tip trn lp tp trung, gio vin s tung ln mn
hnh tng mng ch dy c. iu s lm mt s tp trung ca
ngi hc vo ci m gio vin ang trnh by.
1.2.1.2. Khi qut v cng ngh son bi dng trang Web
Bi son di dng trang Web c thc hin trn mt s phn
mm nh:
Web Publisher ca hng Asymetrix
- Nestscap Composer
- Weo Factory
- Frontpage
- Frontpage Express...
Hin ti cc my tnh s dng Window XP v Ms Office 2003
u c ci t sn Publisher 2003 v Front Page 2003.
a- Cng ngh son bi phn ch
Phn ch ca bi trn trang Web c to lp do s t hp cc
ngun d liu khc nhau. Tu vo c im ca mi loi d liu
m cch x l i vi chng cng khc nhau:
- D liu do gio vin sng tc c truy nhp trc tip t bn
phm v c lu thnh file vn bn trong my tnh.
- Nu d liu l cc n phm nh sch gio khoa, cc loi ti
liu tham kho th phi dng my qut qut v lu thnh file c
ui. pdf. Sau phi dng cc phn mm nhn dng(ocr), v d
nh VnDOCR (Vietnamese Document Optical Character
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Recognition) hoc Omnipage chuyn thnh file vn bn c th
bin son, hiu chnh c.
- Nu d liu l cc file vn bn trong cc CD c php
copy th copy cc file ny vo trong my tnh.
- Nu d liu l cc file vn bn trong cc a CD khng c
php copy th phi cho chy v chp nh trn mn hnh
(capture) bng cc phn mm thch hp, chng hn nh Snaglt,
Hypersnap..., sau dng cc phn mm nhn dng chuyn nh
chp thnh file vn bn c th hiu chnh c.
b) Cng ngh son bi phn hnh tnh
Tuy theo tnh cht ca loi d liu m hnh tnh trong bi c
to lp khc nhau:
- Vi nhng hnh n gin, gio vin c th v trc tip bng
cng c Drawing trong Ms Offce hoc bng cng c Paint trong
Windows. Vi nhng hnh phc tp c th dng cc phn mm
ho nh Multisim, Mathcad, Solidworks... v v lu li nh
thnh file c ui. gif hoc. jpeg.
- Nu d liu l hnh v hoc nh trong cc n phm th trc
ht phi dng my qut v sau dng phn mm nhn dng.
- Nu d liu l nh chp t cc my nh k thut s th my
t ng to file c ui. jp9' ch cn kt ni my nh vi my tnh
chuyn nh vo my tnh l s dung c ngay.
- Trng hp cn hiu chnh li hnh nh th dng phn mm
Photoshop.
- Nu d liu l hnh v hoc nh trong cc a CD c php
copy th copy trc tip vo my tnh.
- Nu d liu l hnh v hoc nh trong cc CD khng c
php copy th phi cho a chy v chp nh li bng phn mm
thch hp, sau nhn dng li bng cc phn mm nhn dng.
c. Cng ngh son bi phn hnh ng - [7]
Hnh ng l nhng hnh phng hoc hnh khng gian m
phng hot ng ca cc i tng kho st. Vi cc phn mm
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ho hin i, i tng kho st c th c m phng mt cch
ton din c v cu to, nguyn l hot ng, trnh t tho, lp cc
b phn...
- Hnh ng trong bi son c th c to ra t nhiu ngun
khc nhau: Hnh ng do gio vin sng tc: sng tc c hnh
ng, phi ci t thm cc phn mm nh Mathcard, Solidworks...
Cc file hot hnh c th chuyn thnh cc file c ui. gif,. avi
hoc tung nh cc phn mm GIF MovieGear, MPG Encoder..Khi
son bi c th copy vo file ngun ca trang Web hoc c th to
nt Hyperlink.
- Hnh ng c th ly t cc my nh k thut s: Hnh ng
c quay bng my nh k thut s u c t ng to file c
ui. tung. T b nh ca my nh k thut s, hnh ng c
chuyn vo my tnh lu thnh th mc ring v c th s dng
cho bi nh cng c Hyperlink hoc to thnh file ngun trc tip
ca trang Web.
- Hnh ng c th ly t cc CD: Nu cc file hnh ng
c php copy th copy vo my tnh, nu khng c php copy
th cho chy v chp thnh phim AVI nh cc phn mm nh
Snaglt, HyperSnagDX, Screemcam, sau dng cc phn mm
thch hp tch phim thnh chui Frames c th hiu chnh
hnh nh theo mun
- Hnh ng c th ly t my quay vi deo k thut s: Hnh
c t ng to file c ui tung. Ch cn chuyn sang my tnh
l c th dng c ngay.
- Hnh ng c th ly t cc bng hnh: Vi loi d liu ny,
cn phi ci dt thm bn mch chuyn i tng t - s nh
VideoMagic v cc phn mm tng ng. Loi ny hin nay t
dng.
1.2.1.3. Son bi dng trang Web trn phn mm Frontpage
2003
C mt s phn mm thit k trang Web, trong phm vi bi
ny ch gii thiu tm tt cng ngh son bi dng trang Web s
dng phn mm Microsoft Office Frontpage 2003.
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c th hin th ni dung ting Vit ca trang Web trn trnh
duyt Web (lnternet Explorer) th khi son tho ni dung cn s
dng chun Font Umcode vi mt s loi font thng dng nh
Arial, Tahoma, Times New Vic son bi c th theo trnh t sau:
Bc 1- To th mc (folder) cha trang Web: C th to
trong C hoc D, chng hn ta to folder Bai giang'!nternettrong
C.
Bc 2- Khi ng Frontpage 2003:
Start\program\MsOffice\Ms Office Frontpage 2003.
Bc 3- Thc hin thit k Website:
- Thit lp th mc mc nh tin cho thao tc trong trong
khi thit k: Sau khi Ms Office Frontpage 2003 c khi ng
ta chn F;)e\open Sc\ tm n th mc "Baiging-internet"\ Open.
- Thit k Website: File\new\newpage\more page template, ca
s Page Template xut hin, chn Frames Pages, trong ca s
Frames Pages c nhiu mu trang Web kiu khung (Frames), bm
chn mt mu theo minh, ri bm OK (hnh 5.1)

Gi s ta chn mu c Header, Footer v contents; l trang
Web c 4 nh hnh 5.2
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Lc ny giao din ch Dezign, trn mi ca trang Web
u c ch dn Set initial Page v new Page. Vt bi ging dng
trang Web, cc c th s dng nh sau:
- th nht pha trn cng (head) ghi tiu chnh ca ton
bi ging.
- th hai pha bn tri (left) ghi h thng danh mc (phn,
chng, mc, tiu mc) theo trnh t logic ca bi.
- th ba pha di cng (foot) ghi ti liu tham kho v cc
ch thch khc.
- th t chnh gia (content) hin th ni dung tng ng
vi cc danh mc left.
Bc 4- To file cho cc
thit k Website, ngi ta dng ngn ng nh du siu vn
bn vit tt l HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). Cc file t
liu HTML trong my tnh u c phn m rng tm hoc. hm.
Trong Website, mi mt c s s c ghi thnh mt file.
a- To file cho trang ch (lndex.htm)
Khi ca s nh hnh 5.2 xut hin, bm Save trn thanh cng
c, ca s Save As (hnh 5.3) xut hin;
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Trong ca s Save As ni ln khung ca trang Web vi ng
bao m mu xanh v tn file tng ng ngm nh lndex. Th
mc mc nh lc ny l "Baigiang-lnternet". Bm nt Save to
lp file v ta c file trang ch l index.htm
b) To file cho trang tiu (Head.htm)
Trn head, bm vo Newpage, chn Save trn thanh cng c
hoc File\save ca s Save As xut hin (hnh 5.4). Trong chn
File name ta t tn fije head.htm v bm tip Save lu file
head.lm vo th mc 8aigiang-internet.

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c - To file lu h thng danh mc bi ging (left.htm)
Bm vo New Page bn tri ca hnh 5.2, sau chn nt
Save trn thanh cng c. Ca s Save As xut hin, t tn file l
left.htm, sau chn Save.
d- To file hin th ni dung bi ging (Content.htm)
Tng t nh trn, t gia ta chn New page v sau chn
nt Save trn thanh cng c, t tn file l content.htm, sau chn
Save.
e- To file ghi ti liu tham kho v cc ch gii khc
(footer.htm)
T di cng cn li ca hnh
5.2 ta chn New page v sau chn nt Save trn thanh cng
c, t tn file l footer.htm, sau chn Save.
n y ta hon tt cc bc c bn to ra khung ca mt
website vi 5 file l head.htm, left.htm, content.htm, footer.htm,
index.htm nh hnh 5.5

Ngoi ra ta c th iu chnh kch thc hin th ca mi trang
trn trang ch index.htm bng cch bm chut tri trn thanh cun
ri ko iu chnh theo mun.
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to mu nn cho mi trang thnh vin trn trang index.htm,
bm chut phi vo mi trang v chn Page properties nh hnh
5.6, v chn mu ph hp mc Background.

Bc 5- Thit k ni dung cho cc file c s to lp trn
thit k ni dung c th
cho cc file trn, ta c th m
trang ch file inex.tm)
thit k. Tuy nhin lm th
khng tin li v ca s thit
k qu hp.
Thng thng, khi thit k
file c s no th m ring file
bng cch kch p tn fle
nm bn tri mn hnh (hnh
5.7)

a- Thit k ni dung cho file heahtm
File head.htm cha tiu chnh ca ton bi nn ni dung n
gin. Vic thit k tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
Kch p tn file head.htm, ca s son tho xut hin. Lc ny
tn file head.htm nm st pha trn ca s s sng ln (hnh 5.8);
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Tin hnh nhp d liu vo file. Chng hn ta nhp tiu "Bi
ging internet",
Chn font, c, mu sc ca ch, mu ca nn tu ; Lu li kt
qu son tho.
b Thit k ni dung cho file left.htm
Sau khi kch p vo tn file bn tri mn hnh, ca s son
tho xut hin v vic thit k ni dung tng t nh trn.
Ni dung phi nhp vo File ny l h thng danh mc vi hai,
ba cp hoc nhiu hn theo trnh t logic ca bi. H thng ny cn
c nh du bng cng c Buletts and Numbering. V d:
CU TRC CHNG TRNH BI GING
Chng 1- Mng my tnh v internet
1.1 - Khi qut
- Mng my tnh
- Internet
- M hnh khch ch
- My ch
1.2- Mng my tnh
- nh ngha
- Mng ni b (Mng LAN)
- Mng din rng (Mng WAN)
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- Internet
c. Thit k ni dung cho file footer.htm
Cc bc thit k tng t nh trn. Ni dung c nhp vo
file footer.htm l tn cc ti liu tham kho nh cc n phm, cc
CD, cc Website.. .
n y ta c c Website vi bn c thit k nh hnh
5.9

Bc 6- Thit k cc file ni dung (file ngun)
File ngun cha ni dung chi tit tng ng vi mt danh mc
sp xp trong file left.htm. Ni dung c th bao gm c phn
ch v phn hnh. C bao nhiu danh mc th c by nhiu file
ngun. Vic thit k tin hnh theo trnh t sau:
a- Tr v giao din Dezign, bm chn New, ca s thit k m
ra.
Pha trn mn hnh ch New page-1 htm s sng ln.
b- Nhp d liu vo ca s thit k
c- Chn font, c, mu ch v mu nn
d- Bm chn Save trn thanh cng c, ca s Save As xut hin.
Trong File name ta t tn file trng vi tn danh mc c thit
k. Sau bm Save lu li ni dung thit k.
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V d : Thit k file ni dung cho tiu mc trng my tnh,
thuc mc 1. 1 : File\New\Blank Page, ca s thit k xut hin
vi tn file New- page. 1htm. Ta nhp ni dung sau vo file:
MNG MY TNH
Mt h thng c t nht hai my nh tr ln
Cho php mi ngi lin lc v nhau
Chia s c ti nguyn
Mng ni b cn gi l mng LAN
Mng din rng c tn l mng WAN

Nhp xong, bm Save, ca s Save As xut hin. Trong chn
file name, g tn file l "mangmaytinh.htm v chn Save lu file
trn (hnh 5.11).
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Bc 7- Lin kt cc file trong Website
Mi mt danh mc ca bi c mt file ngun tng ng. By
gi phi lin kt danh mc vi file ngun. V d nh phi lp lin
kt gia tiu mc "Mng my tnh vi file "mangmaytinh.htm", ta
tin hnh nh sau: - M file "left.htm";
Bi en tiu mc "Mng my tnh) v nhy chut phi vo .
Ca s xut hin (hnh 5. 1 2);

Bm chn "Hyperlink" ca s "Insert Hyperlin" xut hin (hinh
5.13) Bm chn tn file "mangmaytinh.htm" hoc ta c th g tn
file vo hp chn Address v chn nt "Ok" hon thnh thit lp
lin kt.
Bm nt "Save" trn thanh cng c hoc bm file\Save lu
trng thi lin kt.
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Bc 8- Trnh duyt lnternet Explorer
Bm tip vo biu tng lntemet Explorer, ca s lntemet
Explorer xut hin;
Chn File\open, ca s open xut hin;
Bm vo Browse, ca s lnternet Explorer xut hin, trong
c cc file ca Website;
- Bm vo file lndex.hm bm tip Open. Ca s Open cho bit
file lndex.htm m;
- Bm OK kt thc trnh duyt. Ca s lntemet Explorer xut
hin phc v trnh din.
- Khi tiu mc trng my tnh" trong left s thay i mu
v c gch chn. Nu a con tr chut vo n s bin thnh
bn tay ang ch.
- Kim tra kt qu lin kt bng cch bm chut vo tiu mc
"Mng my tnh". Nu ni dung file "Mangmaytinh.htm" xut hin
bn phi (content) nh hnh 5.14 th lin kt thnh cng.
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Vic lin kt cho cc danh mc khc trong CU TRC
CHNG TRNH BI GING, cng c thc hin tng t
nh trn.
L u v trinh duyt Internet Explorer.
Ln trnh duyt u tin, phi chy file Index.htm" trn trnh
duyt lntemet Explorer. Nhng ln sau ch cn chn nt "Refresh"
trn thanh cng c ca trnh duyt lntemet Explorer hoc chn
"View\Refresh" trn menu ca trnh duyt.
Bc 9 - Lin kt cc tiu mc trong mt file ngun vi tn ca
chng trong left
Ni dung mt file ngun c th gm nhiu on, mi on c
mt s tiu mc cp ba, cp bn hoc hn th. Khi trnh din, nu
khng mun cho ton file xut hin cng mt lc m mun cho
xut hin ln lt tng on nh th phi dng cng c nh du
(Bookmark) nh du tng tiu mc v lin kt chng vi tiu
mc trong file left.htm:
M file ngun, t mu (Highligt) tiu mc cn lin kt;
Trn thanh cng c, bm chn lnse\bookmark, ca s Bookmark
xut hin. Trong Bookmark na me xut hin tiu mc c t
mu. Ta c th hiu chnh cho gn, sau OK;
- Bm biu tng Save trn thanh cng c xc nhn vic
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nh du;
- Quay v file lefl.htm, t mu ln tiu mc cn lin kt;
- Nhy chut phi vo tiu mc c t mu, ca s xut
hin, bm chn Hyperlink, ca s Edit Hyperlink xut hin. Trong
chn Look in, m file ngun cha tiu mc cn lin kt. bm
chn tn file v bm Bookmark, ca s Select Place in
Document xut hin, bm vo tn ca tiu mc ri bm nt OK
kt thc thao tc nh du v lin kt. Sau bm OK trn thanh
cng c xc nhn lin kt.
- Trnh duyt Web: Bm vo Refresh chy li trn
lnternetExplorer.
Tip tc lm nh vy vi tt c cc tiu mc.
1.2.1.4. Vn a hnh vo bi ging
C mt s phng n a hnh tnh, hnh ng vo ni dung
bi ging trn trang Web:
- C th gn trc tip hnh vo file ngun;
- C th to thnh cc file ngun c lp trong trang Web;
- Nu hnh tnh hoc ng ang trong mt th mc no ca
my tnh hoc trong a CD hoc mt trang Web khc, ta c th
s dng chng bng cng c Hyperlink. Ti nhng on ni dung
ca bi ging cn ly nhng hnh ny ra minh ho, ta t nhng nt
lnk v lin kt nhng nt vi cc file hnh trong nhng ngun
d liu ni trn. Khi cn minh ho, gio vin ch cn bm nt link
l di tng s xut hin. Tuy nhin cch lm ny c nhc im:
Nu ngi hc mun copy bi ging ca thy vo my tnh c nhn
th phi copy c nhng ngun d liu ny. V d: Gi s ta ang
trnh by $3- ng hc ct v cc yu t ct khi phay thuc
chng "Gia cng Phay" trong bi ging "Cc phng php gia
cng to phoi nh hnh 5.15.
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Phn hnh ca bi hin ln trong Content l hnh tnh do gio
vin v. Hnh tch ny khng minh ha ng hc qu trnh
phay. minh ha r rng hn, ta cn thm phn hnh ng.
Gi s ta c CD cha phim vi deo m t qu trnh phay.
s dng on phim ny cho bi, ta lm nh sau:
M file ngun "ng hc ct v cc yu t ct.htm" nh hnh
5.16.
Ti y ta b tr nt link th nht ly on phim vi deo m t
qu trnh phay bng dao phay ngn;

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- To nt Link l mt mt hnh bt k, trong v d ta chn elip;
- Nhy chut phi vo nt Link, ca s xut hin;
- Bn chn Hyperlink, ca s Edit Hyperlink xut hin;
- Trong chn Look in, ta tm n E (Disk E), m cc th
mc: 00 - Gio trnh\data\ Video\phay bng dao phay ngn (hnh
5. 17). Sau bm OK kt thc lin kt.

Cng lm tng t vi nt Link th hai ly on phim vi deo
v qu trnh phay mt nh hnh phc tp trn my iu khin theo
chng trnh s. Khi trnh din, ch cn bm vo nt Link th nht
hoc th hai, ta s c phim vi deo v phay mt phng bng dao
phay ngn hoc phay mt nh hnh.
1.2.2. Son bi trn phn mm Powerpoint
Powerpoint l phn mm thng dng phc v cho trnh din
lun vn, lun n tt nghip, bo co trong cc hi ngh v phc v
cho dy hc bng my tnh.
u im :
- D s dng khi son bi cng nh khi trnh chiu.
- Ti c c phn ch v phn hnh (tnh v ng)
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- Do tnh nng hot hnh, c th cho ch v hnh xut hin ty
ngi thit k.
- Phi hp c c mu sc v m thanh.
- Ti mt trang (Slide) ang c trnh chiu, c th lp tc
nhy v mt Slide bt k nh lin kt logic gia cc Slde trong
mt fle.
- C th khai thc ti nguyn c trong my hoc trong cc
ngun d liu khc trc tip a vo cc Slide v c th lin kt
vi cc file khc nm trong nhng phn mm khc ly d liu
phc v cho trnh din nh cng c Hyperlink.
- Ngi hc c th nhn c ni dung bi ging bng cch in
n hoc copy c file bng (ra mm hoc bng USB.
Vi nhng u im nu, Powerpoint c bit thun li cho
vic thc hin nhng s phm trong dy hc.
Nhc im:
- Bn thn Powerpoint ch m phng c i lng nghin cu
trong h ta phng.
- Khng trc tip truyn ln mng c nh mt trang Web. V
vy n ch c dng dy trc tip cc lp tp trung.
1.2.2.1. K thut son bi trn Powerpoint
Bc 1- Khi ng Powerpoint: Start\programfiles\Ms
office\Ms office Powerpoint hoc bm vo biu tng Microsot
Powerpoint trn thanh Mcrosoft. Giao din Microsotf Powerpoint
(Presentations 1 ) ch son tho (Normal View) xut hin
(hnh 5.18). ch ny, trn mn hnh c ba :
bn tri sp xp cc Slide theo hng dc c nh du theo
th t 1, 2, 3.. .
bn phi l cc thng bo hng dn
gia l Slide hin hnh ang ch son tho.
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Gc mn hnh pha di, bn tri, gii thiu ba ch lm vic:
- Ch son tho (Normal View).
- Ch sp xp Slide theo hng ngang (Slide Sorter
View).
- Ch trnh chiu (Slide Show current Slide).
Ba ch ny c th chuyn i cho nhau nhanh chng.
Bc 2- Chn kiu Slide: Bm
chn biu tng. New trn thanh
cng c) bn phi mn hnh xut
hin cc mu Slide (hnh5.19). Nhy
chut vo mu c chn, gia
xut hin kiu Slide v ta c th
tin hnh son tho.
Sau khi son tho xong mt
Slide, nu mun dng tip kiu Slide
th dng lnh lnsert\ Duplicate
Slide.

C mi ln bm chut l ta c thm mt Stide. Nu mun thay
i kiu Slide th dng lnh lnsert\ New Slide.
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Bc 3- Son tho
a- Son tho phn ch
Trong mi Slide thng c sn t hai Texbox tr ln. Texbox
th nht ghi tiu , nhng Texbox khc ghi ni dung bi.
Phn ch c a vo cc Texbox bng cc cch thc khc nhau:
- Nu ni dung cha c trong mt file vn bn no m l do
gio vin suy ngh, sng tc th nhp trc tip vo Texbox t bn
phm.
- Nu phn ch nm trong cc file vn bn trong my tnh hoc
trong cc a CD th a vo Texbox bng cch copy.
- Nu phn cho l cc ti liu c in n th phi dng my
scanner qut v lu li thnh file c ui. pdf. Sau phi dng
phn mm nhn dng bin thnh file vn bn c th hiu chnh
c. Cui cng mi copy t file ny np vo Texbox.
- Nu phn cho l d liu trong cc CD v l cc file vn bn
khng c h tr copy vo my tnh th phi cho a chy ri dng
cc phn mm thch hp chp nh (capture), chng hn nh cc
phn mm Snaglt, Hyper Snap... , sau phi dng phn mm
nhn dng chuyn nh chp ca n thnh fle vn bn bin son
c. Cui cng mi copy vo Texbox.
b) Son tho phn hnh
Vic a mt hnh tinh hoc ng vo mt Slide bng cch no
ph thuc vo hnh thuc loi d liu no.
- Trng hp hnh l d liu c sn trong my th ly ra bng h
lnh t menu Insert
Nu l hnh v: lnsert\picture\ ClipArt\ kch chut tip
vo Search in bn phi mn hnh xc nh a ch tm
kim\Go\kch chut vo i tng\chn tip Automatically
hoc When clicked.
Nu l nh: lnserl\picture\From file\tm n th mc cha
nh\kch chut vo tn file\bm chn Insnert\ iu chnh kch
thc nh ph hp.
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Nu l cc hnh mu: lnsert\picture\autoshapes\ca s
Autoshapes xut hin\kch chut vo nhm i tng\ ca s
hnh mu xut hin\ kch chut vo i tng\ a con tr
ln mn hnh\ kch chut nh v hnh\ iu chnh kch
thc cho ph hp.
Nu l mu ch: lnse/picture/ WorkArt v lm tng t.
Nu l th : lnserl/picture/ Chart v lm tng t.
Nu l hnh ng v m thanh: lnsert\ Movies and Sound.
n y c hai la chn: Hoc Movie from Clip Organizer
hoc Movie from File\ tm n tn file v kch chut vo
flie\ok. Trng hp hnh l d liu trong CD
Nu l loi c th copy c th copy vo my tnh sau
copy vo Slide hoc to nt Link.
Nu l loi khng copy c vo my tnh th cho chy
v dng cc phn mm chp nh nh Snaglt chp nh trn
mn hnh, sau lm th tc nhn dng v to thnh file t
liu.
Hnh l d liu trong cc vn bn in n: Dng my qut
nh Scanner qut thnh nh. Sau khi c nhn dng s
tr thnh file t liu.
Hnh l d liu thu c t my nh k thut s hoc my
quay vi deo k thut s th hnh c to file. jpg hoc.
mpg. Ch cn kt ni my nh hoc my quay vi deo vi my
tnh lu hnh li thnh file t liu l c th a vo c
Slide hoc s dng minh ha nh to nt Link.
Nhng im cn lu v k thut son bi trn Powerpoint
Khi trnh by bi ging trn lp, khng nn cho lon b ni
dung c son tho trn mt Slide xut hin cng mt lc m nn
cho xut hin t t theo s iu khin ca ngi dy. Tt nht l
ni n u th cho xut hin n . Mun vy, khi son bi cn
phi thc hin cc bc sau: Phn chia phn ch nh a vo
Slide thnh tng cu, tng on ngn mt cch hp l;
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- Nhp mi cu hoc mi on vo mt Texbox (s Texbox
c th b sung ty );
- Tin hnh hot hnh (animate) cc Texbox theo trnh t
logic ca bi.
- Vi cch lm , khi trnh chiu trn lp, gio vin ch cn
nhy chut l mt cu hoc mt on xut hin theo ng ca
mnh.
V d: on bi sau y gi s l ni dung c nh a vo
mt Slide:
a- Lin kt cc trang
lin kt cn thc hin cc thao tc sau:
- T mu on vn bn cn lin kt
- Vo lnh Edit\Hyperlink
Trn ca s Create H/perlinkl khu Word Wide Web trong
trng URL ta chn vol.vn.vn.
- Nhm k t t ng chuyn sang mu xanh v dc gch
chn.
Khi nhy chut vo chng s i n trang ch vol.vn.vn
on bi ny c th chia ra su phn v a vo su Texbox
nh hnh 5.20 Bc 4 - Hot hnh cc i tng trn mt Slide
Hot hnh mt i tng (Textbox hoc hnh nh) tc l tin
hnh mt s thao tc trn i tng sao cho khi trnh din, i
tng xut hin v chuyn ng vi kiu cch, v thi im
theo ca ngi trnh din.
a - Hot hnh mt Texbox
trc quan ha cc thao tc hot hnh, ta s dng ngay cc
Texbox trn hnh 5.20 lm v d. Gi s ta hot hnh Texbox th
nht cha tiu ( a - Lin kt trang):
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Nhy chut phi vo ng bao ca Texbox, ca s th nht
xut hin; Trong ca s bm chn Custom Animation, ca s
Custom Animation xut hin bn phi mn hnh (hnh 5.21);
Bm chn Add effect, ca s th ba xut hin;
Trong ca s ny c bn la chn. Gi s chn Entrance, ca
s th t xut hin;

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Trong ca s th t c cc phng n hot hnh, ta bm chn
mt phng n. Gi s ta bm chn Fly in (hnh 5.22). Khi
trong ca s Custom Animation xut hin dng ch Modify: Fly in
(hnh 5.23) di l cc chn:
Sut: Cho xut hin bng cch nhy chut hay t ng.
Direction: Chn hng chuyn ng.
Speed: Chn tc chuyn ng.
Ngay pha di li xut hin mt khung ch nht nh c mang
s 1 biu th cho Texbox ang c hot hnh. Bm vo mi tn
chn s xut hin mt ca s mi, trong c mt s la chn
gip ta chn li mt s thng s hot hnh mt cch chi tit hn:

chn Effect options, ca s Flyin xut hin (hnh5.24) cho php ta
la chn ba yu t:
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Song (m thanh): Chn loi m thanh no khi Texbox xut
hin.
After Animation: Chn i tng bin mt hay khng bin mt
sau khi xut hin.
Animate tex: Chn kiu xut hin ca phn ch trong Texbox
(xut hin tt c cng mt lc (An t ong hay xut hin tng t (by
word) hay tng ch ci (hy letter ).
Sau bm nt Trng la chn thi gian Texbox xut hin
sau khi nhy chut v thi gian chuyn ng ca Texbox. Chn
xong bm OK quay v ca s Custom Animation.

C bao nhiu i tng c hot hnh (Texbox hoc hnh v)
th trong ca s Custom Animation c by nhiu khung ch nht
nh c nh s km theo mi tn chn c sp xp theo s th t
1, 2, 3... (hnh 5.25). Khi cn thay i th t xut hin ca mt
i tng, bm chut vo s th t ca i tng , sau bm
chut vo mi tn tng hoc gim pha di.
Nu mun hy b nhng la chn ni trn, bm vo mi tn
chn trong khung ch nht nh biu th cho Texbox, mt ca s
xut hin, ta bm chn Remove.
Mun kim tra li kt qu hot hnh, bm vo nt Play. Nu
mun trnh chiu th th bm vo nt Slide show.
b - Hot hnh i tng l hnh v, nh
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Vic hot hnh cc i tng l hnh v, nh...cng tin hnh
nh i vi mt Texbox. Khi trnh din phn hnh cng c th cho
ton th mt i tng xut hin hoc c th cho tng phn ca i
tng xut hin theo li din gii ca gio vin. iu c bit
thun li khi trnh by cho ngi hc bit mt i tng c hnh
thnh nh th no. Vi cch thc cho tng phn ca i tng xut
hin, ngi hc c th va quan st va v theo.
V d: Xc nh hnh chiu ca hnh phng ABC trn mt phng
hnh chiu XOY trong php chiu vung gc.

Hnh phng ABC, hnh chiu ca n A
1
B
1
C
1
v cc ng
ging biu th cc tia chiu nm trong h ta vung gc OXYZ
c biu din nh hnh 5.26.
Khi v cn lu : A
1
B
1
, B
1
C
1
, A
1
C
1
l nhng on thng ri
nhau, ba vng trn nh biu th ba nh A
1
, B
1
, C
1
V Cc Texbox
biu th cc ch u l nhng phn t ri rc (khng group). Vi
cho cc phn t xut hin t t, ta cho chng xut hin theo
trnh t sau:
- Trc ht cho h ta vung gc OXYZ xut hin.
- Ln lt cho cc cnh AB, BC, AC v cc ch A, B, C xut
hin.
- Cho tia chiu AA
1
xut hin, khi n dng th cho hnh chiu
ca im A v ch A
1
xut hin (hnh chiu ca im A l mt mt
im c biu th bng mt vng trn nh).
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- Cho tia chiu BB1 xut hin, khi n dng th cho hnh chiu
ca im B v ch Bi xut hin.
- Cho tia chiu CC1 xut hin, khi n dng th cho hnh chiu
ca im C v ch Ci xut hin.
- Ln lt cho cc cnh AiBil Bch Alci Xut hin.
- Khi ta c tam gic A1B1C1 l hnh chiu ca tam gic
ABC trn mt phng XOY.
Bc 5 - La chn mu nn ca mi Slide

- a v ch son tho;
- Nhy chut phi vo Slide, ca s xut hin\bm chn
Background\ca s Background xut hin\bm vo mi tn
chn\chn more colors hoc Fill effect chn mu\Ok (hnh5.27).
Gi s ta chn Fill effect th ca s Fill effect xut hin (hnh
5.28);
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Trong ta ca s Fill effect ta bm nt Gradient chn mu
(colr):
- one color hoc
- Two color hoc
- Preset
Sau chn hng ca vch mu (Shading Style): Horizontal
(vch nm ngang)
- Vertical (vch thng ng)
- Diagonal Up (theo ng cho i ln)
- Diagonal Down (theo ng cho i xung)
- From come (mu sng gc v m dn ra)
- From Center (mu sng tm v m dn ra)
Trong ca s cn c ba nt chn ha tit:
. Texture (hoa vn)
. Pattern (k vch hoc caro)
. Picture (hnh nh)
Chn xong th bm OK quay v ca s Background.
- Bm Aplly nu ch chn mu v ha tit cho Slide hin hnh
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hoc Apply to All nu chn cho tt c cc Slide (hnh 5.29)

Bc 6- Chn mu nn ca Texbox
Mu nn ca Texbox c th khng chn s dng chung mu
nn ca Slide. Nu chn th chn sao cho tng phn cao nht
vi mu nn ca Slide:
- Nhy chut phi vo ng bao ca Texbox\ca s xut
hin\bm chn Format Placeholder ca s Format Autoshape xut
hin\bm nt Co/ors and Lines\bm chn Co/or chn more
colors hoc Fill effect. Nu chn more cotors th ca s Color xut
hin, ta chn mu thch hp v bm OK. Nu chn Fill eftct th
ca s Fill effect xut hin v qu trnh chn tng t nh chn
mu nn ca Slide.
Bc 7 - Chn mu, font v c ch ca Texbox
Ni chung mu ch phi chn c tng phn cao vi nn ca
Slide hoc nn ca Texbox:
Bm chut vo dng bao ca Texbox hoc t en phn cho,
bm vo nt ch A trn thanh cng c v chn mu ch; bm
vo font ch v c ch trn thanh cng c chn font v c hp
l.
Bc 8- Chn kiu xut hin ca Slides
Mi Slide c th c thit k mt kiu xut hin khi trnh
chiu. chn kiu xut hin ca mi Slide, ta a v ch sp
xp Slides theo hng ngang (Slide Sorte View); chn ch
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Transition, ti bn phi mn hnh, xut hin ca s Slide
Transition(hinh 5.30).

Vic hot hnh tin hnh theo trnh t sau:
- Nhy chut vo Slide, trong ca s Slide Transition ta bm
chn mt loi hnh chuyn ng ca Slide.
- St di l tiu mc Modify Transition. Ti c hai la
chn:. Speed: Tc chuyn ng (nhanh, chm, va). Sound:
m thanh km theo lc xut hin
- Tip di l tiu mc Advance Slide. Ti c hai la
chn: On Mouse Cch (xut hin khi nhy chut)
. Automatically (t ng xut hin)
Sau khi hot hnh xong Slide u tin, nu dng kiu hot hnh
cho mi Slide th bm chn Apply to A" Slide, cn khng th
tip tc hot hnh cho cc Slide tip sau.
- Chy th kt qu hot hnh ca mi Slide bng cch bm nt
Play, mun chiu th th bm Sc Show.
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Bc 9 - Thit k trang ch (Home)
Slide u tin ca fle thng dng gii thiu tiu v
nhng vn lin quan. Slide th hai thng dng lm trang ch.
Trang ch l trang b tr h thng danh mc cc chng ca mn
hc hoc b tr h thng danh mc ca mt chng nu mt file
thit k cho mt chng.

Vic thit k trang ch bao gm:
Nhp danh mc vo trang ch vi lu : Mi danh mc t ln
n nh phi s dng mt Texbox thun tin cho vic lin kt
v trnh din sau ny; nh du cc danh mc (Bullets and
Numbering);
Thit k mu nn Slide, mu cc Texbox, font, c v mu ch
trong Texbox Cc cng vic thit k mu nn Slide cng nh mu
nn, mu ch ca Texbox tin hnh nh bc 5 v bc 6. y
ch ni thm v cch thit k cc danh mc kiu thanh nh hnh
5.31 :
Bm vo Autoshape (trn thanh cng c v)\Action buttons\ bm
chn nt Action button: Custom (hnh 5.32), a con tr ln mn
hnh, con tr bin thnh du +, nhn chut, r - th, ta s c mt
thanh (Hnh 5.33);
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- iu chnh kch thc thanh cho ph hp;
- Thit k mu nn ca thanh bng cc thao tc: Nhy chut
phi vo thanh, ca s xut hin, bm chn Format Autoshape, ca
s Format Autoshape xut hin. Bm vo mi tn chn ca chn
Color chn mu ph hp (hnh 5.34);
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- a mt Texbox vo chng ln thanh;
- Nhp danh mc vo Texbox;
- Chn font, c, mu ch ca Texbox cho ph hp;
- a Bun vo u thanh (dng mt i tng ca Autoshape).
Bc 10 - Lin kt trang ch vi cc Slide lin quan
Mi mt chng dc thit k trn mt s Slide nht nh.
m bo tnh logic khi trnh chiu v c th nhy t mt Slide
ang trnh chiu sang mt Slide bt k, cn phi thc hin mt s
lin kt gia cc Slide trong mt file. Thng thng trong mt file
phi m bo ti thiu cc mi ln kt sau:
Lin kt gia tn chng trong trang ch vi Slide ng
u mt chng.
Lin kt gia Slide ng cui mt chng vi trang ch.
Lin kt lin kt gia hai Slide ng cnh nhau
Lin kt gia trang hin hnh vi cc Slide lm t liu
gii thch, minh ha.
Lin kt gia trang hin hnh vi cc ngun d liu khc
trong my tnh, trong a CD, trong cc trang Web...
lin kt cn xc nh s lng Slide thit k ca mt
chng.
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Gi s chng 1 gm 10 Slide, nu tr trang u v trang ch
th chng 1 phi bt u t Slide s 3 v kt thc Slide s 12.
Chng 2 bt u t Slide s 1 3.
a - Lin kt trang ch vi Slide u tin ca mt chng Nhy
chut phi vo nt Bun hoc nhy trc tip ln Texbox hoc
thanh (nu danh mc c thit k dng thanh) mang tiu ca
chng, ca s xut hin;
- Bm chn Action Setting, ca s Action Setting xut hin;
- Bm nt Hyperlink\ bm vo mi tn trong chn, ca s xut
hin, ta tm v bm vo Slide\ca s Hyperlink to slide xut hin\
bm chn vo s ca Slide ng u chng (gi s l Stide s 3
nh hnh 5.35)\OK quay v ca s Action Setting\ v bm tip
OK kt thc mt lin kt.

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b) Lin kt Slide cui mt chng vi trang ch
- a Slide cui ca chng v ch son tho. Trn thanh
cng c v, bm Autoshape\ Action Buttons\bm vo nt Home
con tr thnh du +, a con tr vo pha di ca Slide, nhn
chut, r ri th (drag - chp), ta c biu tng ca Home (nh)
ng thi ca s Action Setting xut hin, bm vo nt Hyperlink
to. Trong Hyperlink ta bm vo mi tn chn v bm chn Slide.
Ca s Hyperlink to Slide xut hin, bm chn s ca trang ch
(Slide s 2), bm OK\ quay v bm tip OK kt thc (hnh
5.36).
c- B tr nt tin mt bc v nt li mt bc
Mi Slide cn b tr mt nt li mt bc (Previous Slide) v
mt nt tin mt bc (Next Slide):
- Bm Autoshape\ Action Buttons\ bm chn nt Previous
a con tr ln mn hnh\ nhn chut, r ri th\ ca s xut
hin\ok
- Bm Autoshape\ Action Battons\ bm chn nt Next
v thc hin nh trn.
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Ngoi ra trong Autoshape cn c cc nt lin kt nh:
Nhy n trang cui cng
Nhy v trang u tin
Nhy n trang bt k
Ty theo yu cu lin kt m t cc nt ny vo ng v tr cn
thit v tin hnh lin kt bnh thng.
2. Cng ngh tn lp
Cng ngh ln lp l cng ngh chuyn tri thc, k nng t
ngi dy sang ngi hc.
Tnh cng ngh ca qu trnh chuyn giao ny th hin ch c
s dng: Phng tin k thut;
H phng php dy hc ph hp vi mc ch v ni dung ca
bi; K nng s phm v k nng s dng trang thit b k thut
ca gio vin; K nng tip nhn thng tin ca ngi hc;
Sn phm ca qu trnh ny l s thay i trong nhn thc ca
ngi hc trn c s ca lng kin thc v k nng tip nhn
c. C quan im cho rng, sn phm ca qu trnh ny l kt
qu tip thu tri thc v k nng ca ngi hc m kt qu c th
nh gi c bng t s gia lng kin thc, k nng ngi hc
thu nhn c v lng kin thc, k nng m ngi dy truyn
th. Hiu nh vy l cha y v nu ch ghi nhn c thi th
l "Thng tin cht" Ci thc cht ca nhn thc l ghi nhn
c, hiu c, vn dng c vo cc tnh hung quen thuc
cng nh nhng tnh hung mi trong thc tin. Ch khi no hiu
c, vn dng c, mi c coi l c s thay i trong nhn
thc.
2.1. Cng ngh tn lp truyn thng
Tng ng vi cng ngh son bi truyn thng l cng ngh
ln lp truyn thng:
Phng tin vt cht c s dng: My chiu qua u, my
chiu dias, bng, phn, thc l, compa ln, cc phng tin trc
quan nh hnh v, tranh gio khoa, vt tht, m hnh, bng biu...
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H phng php c s dng: Cc phng php truyn thng
m ch yu l dng li.
H thng k nng ca ngi dy: K nng trnh by bng
(vit,v, phn phi din tch bng), s dng ngn ng, thu ht s
ch ca ngi hc, gi nhp ging bi theo thi gian, iu
khin lp hc...
H thng k nng ca ngi hc: K nng theo di hot ng
ca thy nm bt c u l trng tm, u l th yu, k nng
nghe, k nng tm tt li ca thy thnh ca mnh, k nng tc
k...
Cch thc chuyn giao: Mt phn ni dung ch yu c trnh
by trn bng kt hp vi gii thch bng li, phn cn li c
truyn t bng cch hng dn ngi hc t nghin cu trong
sch gio khoa v ti liu tham kho.
Cch thc tip nhn: Tip nhn thng qua h thng gic quan
m ch yu l thnh gic v th gic. Tuy nhin ngi hc tip nhn
thng tin khng phi nh my ghi m hoc my chp nh m va
tip nhn va x l (phn loi, cht lc, tm tt, ghi nh). Mt
phn thng tin c x l v c ghi vo b nh ca no- l
phn thng tin m ngi hc hiu, mt phn khc c tip
nhn nhng cha c x l y (cha hiu ngay) th c ghi
li trn v ghi. V vy qu trnh nhn thc ca ngi hc trn lp
l qu trnh tip nhn v x l thng tin s b.
Cn ghi ch thm rng, qu trnh tip nhn v x l thng tin s
b ny bao gm c qu trnh ti hin. Khi tip nhn thng tin,
ngi hc khng ch phn loi, cht lc, ghi nh m cn tm tt
tc k vo v nhng ci hiu v nhng ci cha hiu. Qu trnh
tc k vo v chnh l mt phn ca qu trnh ti hin. iu cho
thy rng, nu ngi hc n lp ch nghe m khng ghi chp th
s khng c qu trnh ti hin s b v nu khng c qu trnh ti
hin s b th b no s lm vic km tch cc v hiu qu ghi, nh
s thp hn. Cho nn c th xem hin tng ngi hc ln lp
khng ghi chp l mt biu hin thiu tch cc ca qu trinh nhn
thc.
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Tnh hiu qu ca cng ngh ln lp truyn thng:
n thi im ny chng ta c c s nhn nh rng, vi
phng tin vt cht th s v t i, vi h phng php dy hc
ch yu dng li, hiu qu ca cng ngh ln lp truyn thng ni
chung l hn ch: Nng sut chuyn giao kin thc v k nng thp
(vit, v bng phn trn bng tn rt nhiu thi gian nht l khi
biu din i tng phc tp) Nng lc trc quan hn ch v khng
m phng c i tng trng thi ng.
- Ngi hc tip nhn thng tin bng thnh gic nhiu hn bng
th gic nn nng sut tip nhn thng tin cng thp.
2.2. Cng ngh ln lp hin i
Tng ng vi cng ngh son bi hin i phi c cng ngh
ln lp hin i. Tnh hin i th hin cc im sau:
- Phng tin vt cht k thut l h thng my tnh - my chiu
(projector) - mn thu hnh hoc h thng my tnh - bng thng
minh. Bn cnh , ngi hc c cung cp c ti liu gio
khoa hoc bi ging ca gio vin
H phng php dy hc ch yu c dng l h phng php
dy hc tch cc, trong t lc ca ngi hc c t v tr
trung tm. H thng k nng ca ngi dy: Ngoi nhng k nng
s phm chung nh trong cng ngh ln lp truyn thng, ngi
dy cn c k nng chuyn bit l k nng s dng h thng thit
b hin i v k nng trnh din theo s phm c son
tho khi lp k hoch dy hc. Cch thc chuyn giao: Thng tin
gm phn ch, phn hnh tnh v ng u c truyn thng bng
h thng my tnh - my chiu hoc h my tnh - bng in t kt
hp vi li gii thch ca ngi dy. Phn chnh ca qu trnh cng
ngh ln lp hin i c th tm tt nh Kt ni my tnh vi my
chiu hoc bng in t;
Bt n chiu v khi ng my tnh;
To lu thng gia my tnh v my chiu (nu thit b i hi):
Nhy chut phi ln mn hnh\ ca s xut hin\chn graphics
options\....\ Notesbook + Monitor;
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Khi ng Powerpoint hoc Ms Frontpage
Tin hnh trnh din theo ng trnh t cc bc:
. t vn
. Gii quyt vn v kt lun vn
Cng c bi v luyn tp
V k thut trnh din cn ch :
Ni dung phn ch v phn hnh trong mi Slide c phn
chia thnh nhiu phn t hot hnh v c xut hin theo mt
trnh t xc nh. Khi trnh din mt Slide phi iu khin chut
cho cc phn t xut hin t t, dy n u cho xut hin n
.
Mi Slide c th c lin kt vi cc Slide ph hoc c th c
lin kt vi cc ngun d liu khc lm nhim v gii thch, minh
ha. V vy, khi trnh chiu cn ch cc nt lin kt ly cc
ngun d liu ra ng thi im.
Trng hp bi c son trn trang Web th ni dung cng
c phn chia thnh tng phn nh, mi phn u c nh du
(bookmark) v c lin kt vi cc mc. Ti mi tiu mc
cng c th c lin kt vi cc ngun d liu lm nhim v gii
thch, minh ha. V vy, khi trnh din bi trn trang Web phi ch
n k thut trnh din nh Powerpoint.
Li gii ca cu hi hoc bi tp vn dng thng c chun
b di dng trc nghim. Sau khi trnh chiu bi tp v b cu hi
trc nghim th t chc m thoi trc tip. Kt thc m thoi mi
trnh chiu p n ng cng c kt qu nhn thc cho ngi
hc.
3. Cng ngh sau ln lp
Cng ngh sau ln lp l cng ngh gia cng tinh tri thc v k
nng d c tip nhn v gia cng s b khi ln lp. y l lc
m ngi hc t mnh sp xp li, h thng ha, o su, m rng,
tp vn dng tri thc, k nng, v vy cng on ny c v tr v
cng quan trng i vi kt qu nhn thc ca ngi hc.
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3.1. Cng ngh truyn thng
- Phng tin vt cht c huy ng l v ghi trn lp, sch
gio khoa, sch tham kho v cc dng hc tp n gin
H phng php c vn dng l cc phng php t nhn
thc nh: Phn tch, tng hp ti liu tm ra tnh h thng, tnh
logic ca ni dung
- H thng k nng c huy ng gm c k nng hot ng
tr c nh: K nng c, so snh, h thng ha, khi qut ha, tru
tng ha, c th ha tri thc, k nng vn dng l thuyt vo cc
tnh hung v k nng hot ng chn tay nh: K nng v v ghi
chp bng bt...
3.2. Cng ngh hin i
Nu trong cng ngh truyn thng, phng tin vt cht c
s dng l v ghi trn lp, sch gio khoa, sch tham kho v cc
dng hc tp n gin th trong cng ngh hin i, phng tin
c bn nht l my tnh hoc h my tnh - mng vi ngun hc
liu mi: Bi ging ca thy v h thng ti liu tham kho phong
ph trong my tnh hoc trn mng hoc trong cc CD. Tt
nhin nhng hc liu ny khng loi tr nhng hc liu truyn
thng.
H phng php: Phng php t nhn thc
- H thng k nng: V c bn h thng k nng hot ng tr
c l khng khc so vi cng ngh truyn thng. Tuy nhin do s
dng my tnh v hc liu c to ra nh cng ngh thng tin, do
cng ngh hin i i hi ngi hc phi c trnh tin hc v
k nng s dng my tnh khai thc cc ngun hc liu v s
dng cc phn mm ha. Theo quan im dy hc hin i - dy
hc tch cc ly ngi hc lm trung tm th qu trnh dy hc l
qu trnh m trong ngi thy to ra iu kin, mi trng
thun li ngi hc t mnh tm kim, la chn v tnh hi tri
thc, k nng cn thit di s hng dn ca thy. Theo quan
im ny th cng on sau ln lp l cng on trung tm ca ca
qu trnh dy hc.Tht vy:
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- Vi cng ngh dy hc bng my tnh, ngoi sch gio khoa,
ngi thy to ra ngun ti liu gm bi ging v b ti liu
tham kho phong ph. Vi nhng ti liu tham kho c to ra
thnh cc folder hoc cc file ngun, ngi hc ch cn nhy chut
vo tn ti liu l c th tham kho ngay c. Vi nhng ti liu
mi ch c tn v a ch trang web, ngi hc c th truy tm trn
mng tha mn nhu cu ca mnh.
- Vi s nh hng ca bi ging, ngi hc c th c, phn
tch, tng hp ti liu tham kho, quyt nh la chn nhng ni
dung thit yu. Nhng ni dung ny cng vi nhng g ghi c
trn lp v bi ging ca thy, ngi hc sp xp li, h thng ha
li thnh bi hc ring ca mnh. Si hc mi l bi hc mang
du n c trng ca nhng thay i trong nhn thc ca mt
nhn cch.
H thng bi tp v p n ca mi chng, mi tit hc
c son thnh cc file c lp, ngi hc c th t lm bi tp,
t kim tra nh gi kt qu hc tp ca mnh mt cch thng
xuyn v do c th iu chnh kp thi hot ng hc ca mnh.
Trong qu trnh t hc, ngi hc c th xin kin ca thy
hoc trao i vi bn hc nhng thc mc, nhng tng ca
mnh thng qua E.mail v Chart. Vi Chart, vic trao i thng tin
c th thc hin ng thi ba, bn ngi trong mt Forum. Nh
vy, t hc nh vn thc hin c hnh thc tho lun theo
nhm.
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CHNG VI
O TO NGH THEO MUN K NNG
HNH NGH -[8]
1. M U V MUN K NNG HNH NGH
(MKH)
Trong thi i ngy nay, khoa hc k thut pht trin nh v
bo, ang hng ngy hng gi lm thay i b mt ca sn xut,
lm cho c cu ngh nghip lun lun bin ng. Nhiu ngh mi
xut hin, nhiu ngh c mt i, v nhng ngh cn li cng
thng xuyn pht trin. Khi nim hc mt ngh "hon chnh"
phc v sut i tr nn li thi. "Hc sut i", "Cn g hc
ny v khng ngng nng cao trnh p ng nhu cu lun
lun bin i ca th trng lao ng tr nn nhu cu tt yu
ca con ngi. Bi vy qu trnh o to ngh theo nin ch vt
mt k hoch do to cng nhc tr ln km linh hot v km
hiu qu. c bit trong iu kin nc ta hin nay, vic ph bin
ngh rng ri cho thanh thiu nin v nhn dn lao ng vi nhng
ni dung o to ngh ti thiu gip h t tm kim cng n
vic lm trong nc, i xut khu lao ng nc ngoi hoc
nng cao nng sut lao ng ang l mt nhu cu bc bch ca x
hi. V vy, Ngh quyt Hi ngh ln th t Ban Chp hnh Trung
ng ng kho VII khng inh ch trng "M rng gio dc
ngh nghip, tng bc hnh thnh nn gio dc k thut trong x
hi".
Vi nhng l do trn, vic nghin cu v ng dng phng thc
o to v bi dng ngh ngn hn theo "Mun k nng hnh
ngh" (MKH) tr thnh vn cp thit hin nay.
o to ngh theo MKH c nhng u im sau:
- o to lun bm st c yu cu ca sn xut, nhanh chng
v kp thi b sung nhng kin thc v k nng ngh ph hp vi
s bin i nhanh chng ca tin b k thut v cng ngh. y l
h thng m, c th b sung hoc thay i cc n nguyn hc tp
mt cch d dng.
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- Mc tiu o to v cu trc ni dung a dng, thi gian o
to ngn, ph hp vi nhu cu ca ngi hc cng nh ngi s
dng lao ng.
o to ban u v nng cao trnh l mt quy trnh c
thc hin k tc v thng xuyn, to iu kin cho ngi lao ng
c th nhanh chng i vo ngh nghip cng nh c th nng cao
trnh ngh nghip ti nh cao khi c iu kin.
Ni dung o to c tch hp gia l thuyt v thc hnh
ngh, thc hin tt nguyn l "hc i i vi hnh" nng cao
cht lng v hiu qu o to
Qu trnh o to ngh c tnh mm do, to iu kin lin
thng ngh, c bit vi nhng ngh c cng lnh vc k thut nh
vic s dng chung mt s mun n v.
Hiu qu o to cao v hu ht cc kin thc v k nng u c
th c s dng ngay hnh ngh sau khi hc xong mi mun
hoc mi MKH
Hc sinh c th t hc, t nh gi nh c cc bn hng dn,
cc bi kim tra sau khi hc xong mi n nguyn, mi mdun.
Nh c nhng quy nh v hng dn c th i vi gio vin
m vic ging dy, hng dn ca gio vin din ra mt cch thun
li.
C iu kin c bit ho cao trong o to" nh vic nh gi
kh nng, trinh ca tng hc vin trc khi c v vic hng
dn ngi hc la chn cc mun thch hp i vi h v thch
hp vi mc tiu o to ca nh trng.
Tuy nhin, o to ngh theo MKH cng c nhng nhc im:
- Thiu tnh h thng cht ch ca tng b mn khoa hc k thut.
Ni dung o to hon chnh ton kho ca mt ngh thiu phn
lgic.
Vic trang b nhng kin thc k thut c bn cho mt ngh
din rng to kh nng pht trin lu di cng nh to nn kh
nng thch ng cao ca hc sinh vi s bin i ca khoa hc v
cng ngh b hn ch b' thi gian o to ngn v cu trc ca qu
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trnh o to thiu lgic. Mt khc nhng kin thc ny c coi l
"cha cn thit" vi qu trnh o to ngn hn.
- Vi nhng MKH m phn thc hnh chim qu t, hoc khi
cc chun nh gi khng c quy nh r rng th o to theo
MKH c th km hiu qu.
- o to theo MKH tn km hn phng thc o to di hn
v bin son ti liu phc tp, phng tin, thit b ging dy cn
hon chnh theo quy nh.
- Gio vin cn c trnh cao v phi c bi dng phng
php ging dy theo MKH.
Bi vy, o to ngh theo MKH s rt thun li cho cc loi
hnh o to ngn hn, cn vi ngh o to di hn th cn c
vn dng tng bc v phi hp gia phng php o to theo
MKH v phng thc truyn thng hin nay.
II. MT S KHI NIM
1. M un k nng hnh ngh - K hiu MKH.
V tng qut c th hiu: Muh k nng hnh ngh l mt
phn ni dung o to ca mt hoc mt s ngh hon chnh, c
cu trc theo cc mun tch hp gia l thuyt v thc hnh m
sau khi hc xong hc sinh c th ng dng hnh ngh trong x
hi.
MKH l mt khi nim rt Jinh hot, bi l phm vi hnh ngh
ca mi ngh rt a dng: Din ca ngh c th rng, hp; trnh
ngh c th cao, thp khc nhau, tu theo yu cu v iu kin c
th ca ngi s dng lao ng. Ni cch khc: MKH linh hot v
n ph thuc vo t chc quy trnh cng ngh (lao ng) v s
phn cng lao ng ca tng gim c x nghip cho mi ngi lao
ng. V d, trong mt hiu may t nhn nh, ngi th may cn
bit do, ct v may cc kiu qun o. Nhng trong mt x nghip
may cng nghip, ngi th may ch cn bit may thng tho mt
b phn ca chic o nh c o chng hn, v nh vy h ch cn
hc xong mun may c o l c th hnh ngh c.
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2. Mun - k hiu l Mo
thun li cho qu trnh ging dy v hc tp cng nh c
th dng chung mt s kin thc, mt s k nng ngh cho nhiu
ngh khc nhau, mi MKH c chia thnh nhiu Mo. Mi Mo
tng ng vi mi cng vic hp thnh MKH. Cng c nhng
MKH n gin th khng cn chia nh, ngha l bn thn n ch
gm mt mun. T ta nh ngha: Mo l mt phn ca MKH,
c phn chia mt cch lgic theo tng cng vic hp thnh ca
mt ngh no , c m u v c kt thc r rng, v v nguyn
tc cng vic ny khng th chia nh c. Kt qu ca cng vic
ny l mt sn phm, mt dch v.
V d: "MKH bo dng m c chia thnh cc mun sau:
1. Bo dng h thng nh la 5. Ra v xe
2. Bo dng cquy 6. Bo dng bnh file
3. Bo dng h thng lm mt 7. Bm lp
4. Thay du bi trn 8. Bo dng h thng phanh Vic phn
chia c minh ho bi hnh 6.1

3. n nguyn hc tp - K hiu N
Ni dung o to ca mi mun Mo c Chia thnh tng
phn t gi l n nguyn hc tp. Mi n nguyn hc tp trnh
by mt vn chuyn bit v kin thc v k nng ca mt cng
vic no v c th dng cho ngi dy ln ngi hc.
Mi n nguyn hc tp thng c cu trc bi cc phn sau
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y:
- Mc tiu cho ngi hc
- Danh mc cc phng tin, thit b, vt liu...cn cho vic hc
tp
- Danh mc cc n nguyn hc tp c lin quan
- Ti liu hc tp ca n nguyn
- Cc cu hi, cc bi tp kim tra nh gi kt qu hc tp
4. B ti liu dng cho dy v hc ca mun Mo
thun li cho ngi hc, mi mun Mo c bin son
thnh mt b ti liu bao gm:
- Ti liu hng dn cho ngi dy
- Ti liu hng dn cho ngi hc
- Danh mc cc cng c, thit b, vt liu cn thit
- Mt b cc n nguyn thuc m un
- Ti liu v kim tra, nh gi trnh , iu kin ca hc sinh
trc khi hc m un ny.
III. HAI GIAI ON THC HIN O TO NGH THEO
MKH
c th o to ngh theo MKH, c s o to phi thc hin
giai on thit k v tip theo sau l giai on trin khai o to.
Ni dung cng vic ca mi giai on c h thng ho nh sau:
1. Giai on thit k ni dung
Giai on ny bao gm cc cng vic sau:
- iu tra v d bo nhu cu o to (v ngnh ngh v trnh
v cc chun quc gia, a phng...)
- Phn tch ngh v cc cng vic trong quy trnh hnh ngh
- Phn tch cc k nng v cc chun v k nng (yu cu v
trnh ) ca cc cng vic
- Xc nh cc n nguyn hc tp N v cc m un Mo
- Xy dng ni dung cc n nguyn hc tp
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- Xy dng kho t liu cc n nguyn hc tp thnh h thng
- Lp cc b ti liu cho tng m un Mo
Giai on thit k ch cn tin hnh mt ln vi quy m tng th
xy dng mt kho nhiu cha c h thng n nguyn hc tp
ca cc ngh hon chnh. Tuy nhin kho t liu ny thng xuyn
c hon thin bng cch hiu chnh nhng n nguyn lc
hu v b sung nhng n nguyn mi, lm cho ni dung o to
ngh thng xuyn c ci tin, hin i ho p ng yu cu
ca cng ngh sn xut, ca tin b k thut.
2. Giai on trin khai do to
Cng vic o to c tin hnh theo cc bc sau y:
1. Kim tra, nh gi trnh ca hc sinh nhp hc
2. Phn loi trnh hc sinh v phn lp
3. Xc nh ni dung o to cho tng lp (hoc cho tng c
nhn nu c nhn ho qu trnh o to). Trong bc ny, cn c
vo trnh hc sinh nhp hc v mc tiu ca kho hc la
chn nhng Mo v N Cn thit cho kho hc (hoc cho tng hc
sinh). Mt s N hc tp thuc mt s Mo no c th b qua
nu hc sinh nm vng trc khi vo hc. Tm li trong bc
ny, cn xy dng MKH cho ph hp vi u ra v u vo ca
kho hc.
4. Tin hnh qu trnh o to (hoc t o to)
5. nh gi, cp chng ch sau khi hc xong mi MKH Qu
trnh ny c th hin s tip cn ngh theo MKH (Hnh 6.2)
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Giai on 2 c tin hnh thng xuyn, linh hot p ng
cho nhu cu c bit ho trong vic hc ngh ca mi ngi cng
nh ca th trng lao ng.
IV. PHNG PHP XC NH NHU CU O TO V
PHN TCH NGH
1. Xc nh nhu cu o to
Mc ch ca vic xc nh nhu cu o to l o to ngh gn
vi nhu cu ca th trng lao ng. c bit o to ngh theo
MKH phi nhm mc ch : Khi hc xong, hc sinh c kh nng
v c c hi hnh ngh c. Xc nh nhu cu trc ht l xc
nh c tn v s lng cc ngh m th trng lao ng ang
i hi v s i hi.
xc nh nhu cu o to cn:
Phn tch vn mt cn i v i ng nhn lc ca tng a
phng, tng ngnh, trong c nc v c th trng lao ng
nc ngoi.
Phi phn tch gi thnh, hiu qu ca qu trnh o to
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Trong x hi cn hng ngn ngh, nhng khng phi ngh g
cng cn o to v c th o to. C nhng ngh o to c
trng lp dy ngh, nhng c ngh phi o to ti v tr sn xut,
v s lng t, hoc thit b qu phc tp, t tin, khng th trang
b cho nh trng.
Cn ch n nhng lnh vc ang c u tin pht trin
trong h thng kinh t quc dn hoc nhng ngh c nhu cu ln
v n nh lu di.
2. Phn tch ngh
Trc khi xy dng ni dung o to cho mt ngh cn phn
tch ngh mt cch chi tit. Ni dung ca vic phn tch ngh
bao gm:
a. Xc nh nhim v ngh: Xc nh r nhng nhim v ca
v tr cng vic m ngi cng nhn phi m nhim.
b. Xc nh danh mc cc cng vic Mo: Cn c vo nhim
v ca v tr cng vic m xc nh danh mc cc cng vic Mo'
V nguyn tc Mo khng th chia nh hn c. Tuy nhin vi
nhng Mo qu b, ngi ta c th kt hp mt s cng vic li
thnh mt cng vic ln hn hnh thnh mt m un Mo ln
hn v nh vy Mo ny c th chia nh c. Trong qu trnh phn
tch ngh, xc nh cc danh mc cng vic theo mt trnh t
logic, cn bo m nhng tiu chun sau y vi mi cng vic:
+ C m u v kt thc r rng
+ C th tn ti c lp
+ C kt qu r rng
+ Kt qu c th nh gi c theo cc chun quy nh
+ Khng trng lp vi cc cng vic khc ca mt ngh.
c. Xc nh cc hot ng: Tc l xc nh r cc hot ng
thuc Mo v mc t quyt nh cng vic phi lm ca ngi
th.
d. Xc nh cc chun v trnh : L chun mc v trnh
l thuyt hoc k nng, k xo m ngi hc cn phi t c.
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e. Xc nh cc iu kin thc hin cng vic Mo: Xc
nh danh mc cc phng tin, thit b cn thit cng nh iu
kin nhp hc. Kt qu ca vic phn tch 5 vn trn s l bn
phn tch ngh hon chnh lm c s cho vic xc nh ni dung
v bin son cc ti liu ging dy.
Ch : Cc cng vic ca mt MKH c th thuc nhiu lnh vc
ngh khc nhau. V d, MKH "Bo dng k thut khch sn
nh" c th bao gm cc cng vic (Mo) nh bng 1 di y.
Bng 1. Phn tch cng vic ca MKH Bo dng k thut
khch sn nh

Th
t
Tn cng vic Lnh vc cng vic Lnh
vc
ngh
Mo1
Mo2
Mo3
Mo4

Mo5
Mo6
Mo7

Mo8
Mo9
Mo10

Mo11

Mo12
Thay bng n
Thay cm in 1 pha
Thay cu ch
Thay thong m cc vi
nc
Thay vi nc v van
Thay ng ng b tc
Thay kho ca v ca s

Thay knh ca s b v
Sn v
Bo dng v sa cha kt
nc
Lm sch li lc ca my
iu ho nhit
Thay lp t
in dn dng
- nt-
- nt-
Lp t v bo dng
ng ng nc
-nt-
-nt-
Lp v bo dng ca
v ca s
-nt-
Sn
Hn

Lp t v b/ dng
my iu ho
Bo dng t
in
-nt-
-nt-
ng
ng
-nt-
-nt-
Mc

Mc
X.dng
C kh

My
lanh
t
Bn phn tch ngh mang tnh vic lm ny ch thch ng vi
nhng ngh x hi din hp, mang tnh c th ca tng a
phng, x nghip. Nu cn phi xy dng mt ngh chun cho c
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nc th cn phn tch ngh nhiu x nghip, nhiu a phng
khc nhau c nhng c tnh ngh din rng mang tnh quc
gia. lm vic , cn c s tham gia ca nhng chuyn gia c
trnh chuyn mn cao, c kinh nghim thc tin trong ngnh
ngh, ng thi cng cn c s tham gia ca nhng ngi s dng
lao ng v nhng gio vin c kinh nghim trong o to.
3. Phn tch cc cng vic v cc k nng ngh
Mi cng vic (mi Mo) Ca mt MKH gm nhiu bc hot
ng. Khi hnh ngh, cc hot ng c thc hin theo mt
quy trnh xc nh. V vy, khi phn tch ngh, cn phi phn tch
cng vic thnh cc bc hot ng c th v sp xp chng theo
mt trnh t logic cht ch.
Bng 2 thng k cc bc cng vic ca m un "Lp cc b
phn ca h thng in ln tng" minh ho cho vic phn tch
cng vic thnh cc bc hot ng.
Bng 2.
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M un Mo : lp Cc b phn ca h thng in trn tng
Cc bc cng vic (hot ng)
1. c s xc nh loi, s lng cc linh kin cn thit
2. Chn cc linh kin
3. Chn cc cng c lp t
4. Xc nh kch thc cc l lp cc linh kin
5. Chn mi khoan khoan l cho tng loi
6. Chn cc "phch cm in"
7. Chn cc [oi thang
8. Chn o qun v thit b bo h lao ng
9. Chn, s dng cc du hiu v an ton lao ng
10. nh du tt c cc l khoan
11. nhn ba v mi t
12. c l tm tt cc cc l khoan
13. nhn my khoan v cc cng c khoan
14. Kim tra, chun b, th my khoan v cc cng c khoan

15. Khoan l
16. ng cc nt vo l
17. nhn cha vn
18. Lp cc linh kin
1 9. Kim tra
Mi cng vic i hi ngi lao ng phi c nhng k nng
nht nh.
i vi nhng cng vic thy c, th i hi nhng k nng
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v tay chn l chnh, cn nhng cng vic khng thy c th i
hi nhng k nng t duy v c nhiu cng vic i hi k nng t
duy ln k nng tay chn. o to ngh c hiu qu, cn phi
phn tch k nng v mc k nng yu cu i vi tng cng
vic. Nhng k nng ny cn c quy nh theo cc chun ban
hnh. Trng hp cha c chun quc gia th cn tho thun vi
ngi s dng lao ng hoc vi ngi hc xc nh mc tiu
o to.
- K nng thng c chia thnh ba loi:
- K nng nhn bit (Cognitive)
- K nng cm th (affective)
- K nng hnh ng (psychomotor)
Hai k nng trn thuc v k nng t duy v k nng sau l k
nng chn tay.
ngha ca vic phn tch cng vic v phn tch k nng ngh
Phn tch cc bc ca cng vic v k nng ngh l mt vic ht
sc phc tp, tn nhiu thi gian v cng sc, nhng l bc quan
trng v n quyt nh ni dung v thi gian o to hp l hnh
thnh cc k nng Khi phn tch phi dng cc phng php
khoa hc c th loi tr c cc thao tc tha, khng hp l,
thiu logic.
Mc tiu ca vic phn tch t hnh thnh c mt danh mc
cc bc cng vic v danh mc k nng ngh cn thit, lm c s
cho vic thit k cc n nguyn hc lp sau ny v s gip chng
ta c c s khoa hc thit k ni dung o to hp l khng
tha cng nh khng b st cc khu trong vic hnh thnh cc k
nng cn thit.
V. PHNG PHP XY DNG B TI LIU HC TP
CHO MUN NGH
1. Xy dng danh mc cc n nguyn hc tp
Sau khi phn tch ngh, vic quan trng tip theo l xy dng
cc n nguyn hc tp c th hnh thnh c nhng kin thc
v k nng cn thit.
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Vic xy dng danh mc n nguyn da trn nguyn tc: Mi
k nng cn c mt n nguyn hc tp hnh thnh.
tin vic theo di cung nh d s dng, cc n nguyn
c sp xp theo tng nhm trong danh mc t nhng n
nguyn c tnh chung nht nh an ton lao ng", "Nhn bit v s
dng cc loi cng c lao ng",... n nhng n nguyn hnh
thnh k nng ring cho tng cng vic.
V d, i vi ngh "Bo dng v li t ch khch" gm 124
n nguyn, s c sp xp nh bng 3. T danh mc n
nguyn ny, tu thuc vo mc tiu o to ngi ta c th chn
mt s n nguyn thuc cc m un ngh cn thit cho cc m
un k nng hnh ngh khc nhau. V d, i vi ngi li xe, ch
cn bit ti m khng cn bit bo dng th ch cn chn cc n
nguyn thuc m un " Li t".
Bng 3- Danh mc cc n nguyn hc tp Lnh vc ngh: C
kh ng lc. Ngh: Bo dng v li m ch khch

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I. Phn chung
1. Nhng b phn chnh ca m ch khch
2. Cc loi cha vn, c vn v cch s dng
3. Lp cc ng mm p sut thp
4. S dng ng h ch s (indcator) o trong v ngoi.
5. Cc b phn chnh ca ng c v chc nng ca chng
6. Vn hnh ng c xng 4 k
7. Dng kch nng xe
8. Xc nh cc loi thang ca file v cng dng.
II. Np xylanh
9. Np xylanh ng c xng
10. T s tin v p sut
1 1. C cu xupap
12. Cc th ca xupap
13. Tho lp xupap
14. iu chnh khe h ca xupap
1 5. Kim tra p sut bn ca ng c xng
16. Kim tra p sut nn ca ng c iezen
17. Sit cc thng gp xylanh
18. Tho np ng c xng v ng c iezen
III. Bu lc kh.
19. Bu Jc kh, cng dng v phn loi
20. Tho lp bu lc kh ca xe
21. Bu lc du- bo dng
IV. H thng nhin liu
22. Bu lc phin liu ng c iezen- cng dng
23. Lm sch, thay bu lc nhin liu ng c iezen
24. R r h thng nhin liu ca ng c (bm nhin liu)
25. Tho lp vi phun ca ng c iezen
26. Bm cp phin liu kiu mng c kh, tho v lp
27. Bm cp nhin liu, kiu pittng

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28. p dng nguyn l venturi cho qu trnh ho trn nhin liu
29. Bo dng bm cp phin liu kiu mng c kh
30. Cng dng ca ch ho kh Stromberg tit lu bin thin
31. Cng dng ca ch ho kh Su c gim p n nh
32. Kim tra kh thi theo thnh phn CO v HC
33. Nhn bit tc hi ca t n mi trng
34. S chy nhin nu trong ng c
35. Cng dng ca ch ho kh c tit lu c nh.
36. Thng nhin liu, lm sch thng v ng dn nhin liu
V - H thng nh la
37. H thng nh la
38. Bun n in) - phn bit cc loi.
39. Bo dng v thay i bui
40. Th bui bng my th
41. p dng l thuyt in t vo h thng nh la.
42. iu chnh h thng nh la
43. T im kim tra v thay th
44. B chia in, gc nh la
45. C cu nh la sm bng chn khng
46. C cu nh la sm bng c kh
47. Tho lm sch v lp dy in cao p
48. Kim tra cun bbin
49. Kim tra thi im nh la bng n
50. Kim tra h thng nh la bng my xil
51. Nhng hng hc thng thng ca h thng nh la
52. Kim tra dng cao p
53. t im ta bng my th gc nh la sm
54. Kim tra m bch kim, thay th
VI - Acquy
55. Bo dng acquy
56. Np acquy
57. Np nhanh acquy
58. Tho, lp acquy vo xe
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VIII. H thng lm mt
59. H thng lm mt
60. H thng lm mt khp kn
61. H thng lm mt bng p sut
62. Kt c, tho lp vo xe
63. Bm nc, tho lp vo h thng lm mt
64. Quai
65. Van hng nhit( kt cu) hot ng) kim tra tho lp)
66. Lm sch kt c, thng h thng lm mt
67. Kim tra h thng lm mt khi tc
68. Kim tra mc nc lm mt
69. iu chnh nhit ca ng c khi qu ng
70. Kt cu dy ai ch V, iu chnh, thay th.
VIII. H thng bi trn v du bi trn
71. Ma st
72. Ma st thu ng
73. B phn bo p sut du, kim tra p sut du
74. Bi trn gm xe
75. Du ng c phn loi
76. Du truyn lc
77. M bi trn
78. Bu lc du, lm sch thay th
79. H thng b' trn ng c
80. Thay du ng c
81. Phanh (ra- nguyn tc hot ng, iu chnh
82. Phanh tay
83. Du phanh
84. Phanh trng- nguyn tc hot ng- iu chnh
85. Thay du cho h thng phanh thu lc

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86. R r trong h thng phanh thy lc- cch khc phc
87. Kim tra lm sch m phanh
IX. Ly hp
88. Ly hp mt d, hai
89.Tho lp d p v a ma st
90. Bnh , tho lp kim tra cn bng
91. Kim tra gn (ra ly hp
92. Tho lp vnh rng
93. Kim tra v iu chnh hnh trnh t do ca ly hp
94. Kim tra mc cht lng trong ly hp thu lc
95. R r trong ly hp thu lc, cch khc phc
96. Cu ch ng
97. Sa dng ch thp v khp gi cacng
98. Hp vi sai
X. H thng phanh - bnh xe
99. Tho v lp bnh xe, iu chnh bi
XI. H thng li
100. Nhn bit cc toi h thng !i v kt cu ca chng
101. Nhn bit cc loi h thng phanh ko ca c cu ti
102. Ti sao cn bng bnh file l quan trng
103. Kim tra cn bng tnh ca bnh xe
104. dn bng ng ca bnh xe
105. Kim tra h thng 1i iu chnh
106. Xc nh trong ti cho php v bn knh vng quay
107. Kim tra p sut qu mc ca h thng li thu lc
108. Sa cha cc thanh ko ca c cu li

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XII - Li t
109. Tp ti t- kin thc v t
110. Ra v t
111. Phun sn v t
112. nh bng sn v t
113. Lm sch ng c v pha trong t
114. nht hng ln t, d hng xung
115. Lm sao khc phc tnh trng phanh khng n
116. Li file t sao cho kinh t
117. t
118. Ko rmooc (hoc file khc)
119. Qung ng phanh- kim tra
120. Hp s, i s
121. Khi ng c
122. Khi ng t
123. Tt ng c
124. Kim tra t hng ngy
2. Xy dng. n nguyn hc tp
n nguyn hc tp (NI t nhng phn t c bn ca ni dung
o to ca cc MKH. Bi vy vic xc nh cc N l c bit
quan trng trong phng thc o to ngh theo m un.
2.1. Cc yu cu
Vic xc nh cc N cn m bo cc yu cu sau:
Cc N khng c phn trng lp
Cc N c th dng chung cho nhiu ngh
- Ni dung cc N phi th hin c cc yu cu v nhng k
nng v kin thc mt cch trn vn, hon chnh
2.2. Cc nguyn tc
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m bo cc yu cu trn, vic xy dng cc N phi tun
th cc nguyn tc sau:
Nguyn tc th nht: Cc n nguyn phi bao gm su phm
tr:
- An ton lao ng;
- L thuyt;
- Cc hot ng, thao tc thc hnh;
- Cc s , biu ;
- Cc thng tin k thut v thit b, cng c;
- Cc thng tin k thut v vt liu, phng php.
Nguyn tc th hai: Trong qu trnh xy dng mt N cn xc
nh cc mi quan h gia n vi cc N khc ca ngh bo
m tnh lgic, tnh h thng ca cc N cng nh ch ra cc kh
nng dng chung N cho cc ngh khc
Nguyn tc th ba: Mt N ch c hnh thnh mt k nng
hoc kin thc qua vic s dng mt hoc mt nhm cc dng c
hoc cng c no V d, k nng o chiu di qua vic s dng
mt s loi dng c o. iu ny va trnh c s trng lp trong
qu trnh s dng, lp ghp cc n nguyn thnh MKH, va m
bo tnh kinh t trong o to.
2.3. Trnh t cc bc xy dng n nguyn
Sau khi phn tch ngh xc nh c cc cng vic (m
un) ca ngh cng nh cc bc ca tng cng vic nh trnh
by trn, chng ta c th tin hnh xy dng cc N theo cc
nc:
- Xc nh tn, phm vi v loi hnh n nguyn
- Xc nh mc tiu hc tp ca n nguyn
- Xc nh ni dung nh gi kt qu hc tp ca n nguyn
- Xc nh ni dung ca n nguyn
- Chun b hnh v
- Hi tho, trao i kin
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- Hiu chnh bn tho v chun b in b ti liu hc tp Qu
trnh xy dng n nguyn c tm tt trong hnh 6.3

Trong quy trnh ny c ba bc c bit quan trng l: xc nh
mc tiu, xc nh ni dung o to v xc nh ni dung nh gi
kt qu hc tp. T ni dung o to m xc nh ni dung nh
gi sao cho bo m c nhng yu cu v k nng t duy v k
nng thc hnh m mc tiu ra cho n nguyn.
2.4. Xc nh tn loi hnh v phm vi ca n nguyn hc
tp
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a. Xc nh tn n nguyn
Tn n nguyn phi xc nh r ni dung c bn ca n
nguyn nhng ht sc ngn gn, v d, o bng thc l v thuc
gp", "Khoan l trn tng bng khoan in", "c s mch
in lp t"...
b. Xc nh loi hnh cc n nguyn
Cn c vo ni dung, n nguyn c chia thnh cc loi
chnh sau y:
- Loi hnh hot ng: Loi ny thng trnh by nhng ni
dung c lin quan ch yu n vic hnh thnh nhng k nng hot
ng nh "iu chnh xupap ng c t trong", "Lm sch bnh
lc kh ca ng c t"...
- Loi thng tin k thut v phng tin, thit b, cng c:
Loi ny trnh by nguyn l hot ng, kt cu v s liu k thut
ca cc cng c, my mc thit b.. .V d, " Nhn bit cc loi
my khoan v mi khoan", "Phn loi ng c t", "Nhn bit cc
loi dao phay v cng dng ca chng"...
- Loi thng tin k thut v vt liu,phng php: Loi ny
thng trnh by cng dng, cu trc v cc c im k thut hay
phn loi cc vt liu, chng hn nh: "Nhn bit cc loi g", "
Nhn bit cc toi cp in v cng dng ca chng... N loi ny
cng c th trnh by v nhng phng php gia cng khc nhau.
- Loi thng tin biu , s : Tt c cc N c lin quan
n vic c v din gii cc biu , bn v, s v mch in,
in t, thu lc, s v nguyn l lm vic ca cc thit b u
thuc loi ny. V d "c s nguyn l lm vic ca my tin",
"c s xy dng", "c s mch in ca chung in"...
- Loi l thuyt: Loi ny thng cp n nhng nguyn l
k thut, quy tc ton hc, vt l, cc phn ng ho hc...V d
"nh lut m", "Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca my bin
p"...
- Loi an ton lao ng: Loi ny trnh by tng qut v an
ton lao ng nh cp cu, trang b bo h lao ng, phng ho, an
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ton v in...
c- xc inh phm vi ca n nguyn
Nguyn tc c bn nht xc nh ni dung ca N l N ch
hnh thnh mt k nng hoc mt n v kin thc qua vic s
dng mt hoc mt nhm dng c, bi l v nguyn tc s phm
ni chung, rn luyn hnh thnh hai k nng mt lc thng
mang li hiu qu thp.
- Trong vic xc nh ni dung cc N cng cn xc nh phm
vi p dng ca chng, ngha l n c th dng chung cho nhng
m un hnh ngh no? Vic dng chung cc N l ht sc quan
trng v n mang li hiu qu cao v kinh t v o to.
Tnh dng chung ca N c minh ho s 6.4. S cho
thy cc loi N thuc mt ngh no y, nu c xc nh vi
khun kh thch hp s c kh nng dng chung rt ln i vi
nhiu ngh v cng tng tnh u vit ca phng thc o to ngh
ly N lm n v son tho ni dung o to.
V d v tnh dng chung ca cc n nguyn
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d. Xy dng mc tiu ca n nguyn hc tp
Mc tiu ca n nguyn l c s xy dng ni dung hc tp
cng nh ni dung nh gi, ng thi n cng nh hng cho
ngi hc trong qu trnh hc tp n nguyn y. Mc tiu ca n
nguyn c trnh by trong chng 111- (Phn mc tiu thc
hin cui cng). y ch pht trin thm mt s nt.
Mc tiu phi th hin: Khi hc xong, hc sinh c th thc hin
c hot ng no, vi nhng iu kin cho trc no v t
chun quy nh no?
khi qut c mc tiu mt cch chnh xc, ngi ta
thng phn chia k nng ra ba cp t thp n cao:
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- C kin thc, hiu bit;
- Bit ng dng;
- Bit gii quyt vn (y l mt k nng tng hp v trnh
cao ca mc tiu o to).
Mc tiu phi c vit ngn gn, r rng, nhng phi y
v chun xc.
Sau y l v d v cch vit mc tiu cho cc loi n nguyn
hc tp
i vi loi hnh n nguyn hot ng
V d 1 : "o bng thc cun v thc gp"
n nguyn hc tp ny thuc loi hnh thnh k nng hot
ng v dng chung cho nhiu ngh. Mc tiu c xy dng nh
sau:
"Khi hc Xong nguyn ny ngi th c th o chiu di bng
thc cun kim loi, v thc gp bng g hoc kim loi"
Mc tiu ny tuy ngn gn nhng th hin c kt qu ca
hot ng (bit o) v iu kin hc tp cng nh thc hin
hot ng (vi thc cun v thc gp).
y l mt n nguyn son tho chung cho nhiu ngh nn ch
trnh by iu kin c bn dng tng qut m cc ngh u cn,
l cng c thc hin hot ng ngh nghip (thc cun v
thc gp). Cn cc iu kin khc nh v tr lm vic trong hm
m, trn cng trng xy dng, di nc,...th khng ghi, m khi
vn dng cho mi ngh c th c th c b sung thm.
Cn cc chun k nng th khng c ghi vo y. L do cng
tng t nh trn, v chun o c ph thuc vo kch thc o v
ngnh ngh. V d, sai lch v kch thc ca mt chi tit my
khc vi sai lch v kch thc ca mt cnh ca. Bi vy cc
chun ny c th c b sung cho cc trng hp c th khi s
dng n nguyn ny.
V d 2: "Khoan l trn tng bng khoan in cm tay". y
cng l n nguyn thuc loi hnh hot ng. Mc tiu c xc
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nh: "Khi hc xong n nguyn ny ngi th c th khoan cc l
c kch thuc khc nhau trn tng bng khoan in cm tay dt
cc chun c ghi trong ni dung nh gi kt qu hc tp"
Nh vy, i vi mt ngh c th cc chun c ghi r rng,
trc tip trong mc tiu hoc gin tip qua cc chun nh gi kt
qu hc tp. i vi n nguyn thuc loi thng tin k thut v
cng c v thit b
V d 3: "Nhn bit cc loi cha kho vn v cng dng".
Loi n nguyn ny rt kh p dng cho cc chun, bi vy
mc tiu thng c th hin nh sau:
khi hc xong n nguyn ny ngi th c th nhn bit cc
cha vn, bit chn cha vn ph hp vi loi u inh vt"
V d 4: "Nhn bit cc loi dao phay v cng dng" c mc
tiu l: khi hc xong n nguyn ny ngi th c th nhn bit
c tn gi cc loi dao phay, chn c loi do phay ph hp
cho tng loi nguyn cng phay"
i vi n nguyn loi thng tin k thut v s / biu
V d 5: c s mch in ca h thng chung in" Mc
tiu c vit:
"Khi hc xong n nguyn ny ngi th c th bit nguyn l
lm vic ca h thng chung im bit cch ni cc b phn ca
h thng chung in vi nhau nh th no hon chnh mch
nguyn l trong nhng v d v kin trc nh c th.
Nh vy, y khng ch bit c v hiu s nguyn l
cho trc m cn phi bit ch ra cch hon thnh s nguyn l
trong nhng v d c th. i vi n nguyn loi l thuyt
Khi vit mc tiu cho loi ny, iu quan trng l nhng tiu ch
c thay bng cc chun nh gi kt qu hc tp v phi trnh
by r trong mc tiu hc sinh c th bit ngay t u m chun
b cho vic hc tp ca mnh t kt qu.
V d 6: Mc tiu ca n nguyn "Nguyn l phay" c vit:
khi hc xong n nguyn ny ngi th c th hiu c cc
chuyn ng ct kim toi trong khi phay bit c quan h gia
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tc ct v bc n dao, nhng iu kin cn thit tin hnh
qu trnh phay, s lng li ct ca dao phay ng thi ct trong
qu trinh phay .
2.5. Son tho ni dung kim tra
- nh gi cho n nguyn Yu cu ca ni dung nh gi:
- Phi phn nh chnh xc mc tiu o to
- Phi l php th tin cy nh gi cht lng ca hc sinh
tt nghip.
son tho ni dung nh gi cho n nguyn cn da trn
cc c s sau :
- Cc chun k nng quc gia (hoc a phng) c ban
hnh hoc ang dc chp nhn.
- Cc cng ngh chun ang c hoc sp s dng.
- Nhng iu kin hnh ngh xc nh (cng c, phng tin,
quy trnh cng ngh...)
Khi son tho cc ni dung nh gi, cn tr li c cc cu
hi sau y:
- Nhng hot ng no ngi hc c th thc hin c sau khi
hc xong mi n nguyn?
- Nhng chun no hc sinh c th t c khi thc hin tng
bc cng vic ca m un.
Hc sinh phi tin hnh cng vic trong iu kin no? - C bo
m an ton lao ng khng?
Ni dung nh gi c th l nhng cu hi trc nghim hoc cc
bi tp thc hnh tu theo tng loi n nguyn hc tp.
V d 1 : Bi kim tra n nguyn "Xc nh cc loi dao tim
thuc loi Thng tin v dng c thit b
"Hy chn ng tn cc loi dao tin hnh 6.5 v in vo
vng trn di !"
1- Dao tin phi tin ngoi
u thng
2- Dao tin tri, tin ngoi
u thng
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3- Dao tin phi, tin ngoi
u cong
4- Dao tin tri, tin ngoi
u cong
5- Dao tin ren
6- Dao tin nh hnh
7- Dao xn bc
8- Dao ct t
9- dao tin trong
10- Dao tin ngoi gn HKC
11 - Dao tin ren trong

V d 2: Bi kim tra cho n nguyn "c cc k hiu ca s
in trong kin trc" thuc loi thng tin k thut v s / biu
. "Xc nh cc s k hiu v in s vo vng trn di
cho ng tn ca mi
i tng trong hnh 6.
6"
1 Dy dn mch in
2- Cng tc n
3- Cng tc hai chiu
4- T in
5- Hp phn nhnh
in
6- cm n
7- cm di
8- cm c tip a
9- Dy dn ngm
tng
10 Dy dn nt
11- Dy dn ngm sn
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u cong
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12- Aptomat mt pha
13- Aptomat ba pha
14- n neon
15- n si t
16- Cng t
17- ng c in
18- Bnh nc nng
19- Dng y c ch s lng
20- My iu ho
21 - n p trn
22- Nhnh dy
23- My git
V d 3 - Bi kim tra cho n nguyn "o ng knh cc trc v
cc l bng thc cp" thuc loi n nguyn hot ng
1- "o ng knh cc trc v l trn hnh 6. 7 v ghi gi tr o
vo hnh tng ng",

2- o khong cch tm gia cc l v ghi gi tr o vo hnh6.8

2.6. Xc nh ni dung ca n nguyn
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Ni dung N cn c son tho theo cc yu cu sau y:
- y cc thng tin v nhng chi tit cn thit c nu
ln trong mc tiu ca N cng nh hc sinh c th hon
thnh cc cu hi trc nghim v nhng bi tp c son tho cho
vic nh gi cc kt qu hc tp sau khi hc xong N.
- Phi bao gm tt c nhng phm tr ca cc k nng ph hp
vi kh nng ng dng N cho nhiu ngh.
- R rng, d hiu, c th bao gm c phn bi vit v phn hnh
v gio vin c th minh ho, din gii v hc sinh c th t hc
c.
- Ni dung ca N cn xc nh nhng k nng tin lm c
s cho vic hnh thnh nhng k nng c bn, trn c s m
son tho ni dung o to hnh thnh cc k nng tin
cho N.
- V d, khi hnh thnh k nng khoan cc l ca bng in, cn
c k nng tin l k nng o c xc nh khong cch cn
thit v nh du.
Phi cp n nhng thng tin k thut v dng c, thit b,
vt liu cn dng hc N cng nh kin thc v an ton lao
ng.
- Vi N n gin, c th son tho ni dung di dng mt ti
liu hng dn hc tp (ging dy) trong c ghi r tn k nng
cn hnh thnh, nhng hng dn c bn hnh thnh k nng.
- iu c bit quan trng l: Khi lp danh mc cc k nng v
son tho cc bn hng dn thc hin phi son sao cho tht n
gin, cng t bc cng tt, nhng phi bo m tnh logc v tnh
h thng ngi dy d s dng v pht trin trong khi dy.
- An ton l mt phn ca ni dung ca N v phi c trnh
by y , ngn gn.
- Cc hot ng (thao tc) cn thit hnh thnh mt k nng
phi c trnh by theo trnh t logic ca chng ngi hc c
th t hc. Mi thao tc c nh s th t v trnh by ngn gn,
r rng, chnh xc, km theo ch dn thc hin v chun mc ca
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tng thao tc (nu c).
V d di y minh ho cho ni dung ca n nguyn:
Tn n nguyn: "Khoan l trn tng bng khoan in cm
tay'l Ni dung

TT Tn hot ng Ni dung chnh cn ch An ton
1
2

3

4

5

6


7

8

9
10
nh du l
c l nh tm
ca l
Chn mi khoan

Chn khoan n
cm tay
Lp m; khoan

Chn tc khoan


Khi ng th

t khoan vo t
tm ng gc
Khoan
Kim tra



L khoan th cn c ng
knh ln hn 8mm
Ch cng sut, kch thc
v iu kin khoan
Lp mi khoan, vn ai
kho cht mi khoan
Quan h gia tc v
ng knh khoan



Mi khoan vung gc vi
mt tng
Lc c nh, gi gc
o su ca l
Ch iu
kin dy dn





Ch an
ton khi vn
ai










2.7. Cu trc ca n nguyn
thun tin cho vic bin son cng nh s dng, cu trc ca
N phi theo mt mu thng nht. Cu trc trong hnh 6.9 c th
tham kho:
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3. Xy dng b ti liu cho mun ngh
Mi m un, cn c mt b ti liu hc tp gm ti liu hng
dn cho gio vin, ti liu hng dn hc sinh, danh mc vt liu
v thit b, danh mc cc n nguyn v ni dung nh gi kt qu
hc tp.
V d, cu trc ca b ti liu hc tp mun ngh ngnh du s
lp in trong phng" c trnh by s 6.10 di y:
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VI. PHNG PHP XY DNG MUN K NNG HNH
NGH V P DNG TRONG O TO V BI DNG
1. Xy dng mun k nng hnh ngh
Thng thng, MKH bao gm mt s mun ca mt ngh no
, bi l ngh x hi thng l mt ngh din hp hoc mt phn
ca mt ngh o to hon chnh.
Tuy nhin, trong thc t, do s phn cng ca ngi s dng
lao ng m ngi lao ng phi hon thnh mt s cng vic (m
un ngh) ca mt s ngh khc nhau thuc nhng lnh vc khc
nhau. V d, trong mt khch sn nh, cn mt ngi th bit sa
cha in (ngh in dn dng) li bit sa cha h thng nc
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(ngh xy dng) v sa cha cc ca g (ngh mc), v do vy h
phi hc mt MKH gm cc mun thuc cc ngh v cc lnh vc
khc nhau.
V th trng lao ng rt a dng, hnh ngh c th MKH
phi ph thuc ch yu vo yu cu ca ngi s dng lao ng.
V d vi MKH "Lp in cho gia nh", c th c nhiu cu trc
khc nhau: - Trng hp ngi cng nhn i lp in cho tng h
gia nh vi mt cn h hoc mt ngi nh nh th ngi y phi
lm tt c mi cng vic hon chnh h thng in cho ch h
v nh vy anh ta phi hc ht tt c cc mun cn thit.
- Trng hp lp in cho c mt dy nh hoc mt to nh cao
tng s th phi cn n mt t cng nhn v mi ngi s c
chuyn mn ho mt s cng vic no . Bi vy ngi hc ch
cn hc mt s mun m thi, nhng vn c th hnh ngh c.
2. p dng MKH trong o to v bi dng ngh
2.1. Xy dng b ti liu hc tp cho c nhn
B ti liu thng c xy dng trc cho mi mun trn c
s phn tch ngh v cc nhim v (cng vic) ca ngh. Tuy
nhin, trong trng hp c th, p ng nhu cu ca ngi s
dng (hoc ngi hc) ng thi ph hp vi trnh v kh nng
ca hc sinh trc khi vo hc, b ti liu hc tp c th c iu
chnh cho ph hp. Nhng kin thc hoc k nng no m hc
sinh bit th khng cn phi hc nhng n nguyn na. Bi
vy, qu trnh xy dng b ti liu hc tp ph hp vi tng hc
sinh c tin hnh theo cc bc sau:
- nh gi v phn loi hc sinh
- Cn c vo mc tiu ca mun ngh chn cc n nguyn
cn thit v iu chnh b ti liu hc tp. Quy trnh c tin
hnh nh s 6.5
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2.2. M rng din ngh hoc nng cao trnh ngh
MKH thng thng c xy dng cho ngh x hi din
hp.Tuy nhin vi mc ch nng cao trnh ng thi c th m
rng din ngh cho ngi lao ng h c kh nng thch ng
cao vi nhu cu x hi th cc mun ngh phi gm hai loi:
mun c bn v mun nng cao. Trong qu trnh p dng, c th
chn tp hp cc mun khc nhau c nhng MKH c trnh
cao, thp v din ngh rng, hp khc nhau nh s
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vi phng php s dng linh hot cc mun nh vy s c kh
nng o to cc cng nhn lnh ngh din rng trong cc trng
dy ngh theo phng thc m un.
Ngoi ra, o to tip ni hoc bi dng nng cao trnh
ngh th tu thuc vo trnh hc vin cng nh nhu cu ca
ngi hc, vic p dng cc MKH cng c th theo nhiu m hnh
khc nhau.
Thng thng nht l bi dng nng cao trnh hoc o to
tip ni cho ngi lao ng trn c s nhng k nng c bn
c o to ca cng mt ngh ( hnh 6.13).
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Tuy nhin, cng c trng hp ngh c c nhng bin i v
c bn, ngi lao ng cn c bi dng hoc o to li. H
khng ch cn c trang b thm mt s k nng mi m cn cn
c trang b thm mt s kin thc mi v vn ho, k thut theo
yu cu ca tin b k thut.
V d nh khi chuyn t mt my tin c kh sang my tin iu
khin bng chng trnh, ngi cng nhn cn hc thm ton, tin
hc,...Nhng kin thc ny c khi lng ln, khng c kh nng
thch hp vi cc k nng trong cc n nguyn, th c th ging
dy cc kin thc ny song song vi MKH (hnh 6.14). Trong
trng hp ny c th tin hnh o to cc k nng theo MKH ti
c s o to ngh hoc c s sn xut, cn phn l thuyt c th
o to trng dy ngh hoc trng i hc, ni c iu kin
ging dy tt hn. y l m hnh o to lin kt m mt s nc
thng gi l "o to kp".

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Trng hp ngi lao ng c o to cc k nng c bn
theo din rng nhng ngh din hp chuyn su li c o to
theo MKH. y cng c th l m hnh o to kt hp gia nh
trng v x nghip, trong o to c bn c tin hnh nh
trng, cn o to chuyn su theo MKH c tin hnh cc x
nghip hoc nh trng nu c iu kin (hnh 6.15)

Mt m hnh khc l o to ngh theo hai giai on. Giai on
1 o to ngh theo mt s MKH mt s hc sinh c th i lm
ngay, s cn li c nguyn vng hc tip s c chn lc hc
tip giai on 2 theo cc MKH nng cao song song vi l thuyt
ngh din rng tr thnh ngi cng nhn k thut din rng c
trnh cao ( hnh 6.16)

o to theo m hnh ny tuy c phc tp nhng mm do. N
lm linh hot hn cc kho o to ngh di hn cc trng ngh
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v p ng t hn nhu cu ca th trng lao ng trong nn kinh
t nhiu thnh phn. Cc MKH nng cao cng c th p ng c
song song o to bi dng nng cao trnh hoc o to li
ngi lao ng c trnh ngh cao (khi cc k nng ca ngh
b thay i). V d, p ng vi s bin i ca sn xut v
tin b ca k thut, ngi lao ng khng nhng cn bi dng
v k nng ngh, m cn cn trang b thm mt s kin thc v
qun l v doanh nahip (hnh 6.171.

Kt lun v o to to ngh theo mun k nng hnh ngh
Vi phng php tip cn o to ngh theo MKH nh trn th o
to l mt qu trnh ni tip t hp n rng, t thp n cao, c
th lin tc hoc gin on tu theo nhu cu v iu kin ca ngi
hc. Phng php ny lm cho gio dc chnh quy v gio dc
thng xuyn tip cn vi nhau v nh lm cho qu trnh o
to ngh tr nn ht sc mm do v linh hot, p ng tt hn cho
nhu cu th trng lao ng v gp phn hnh thnh mt nn gio
dc k thut t thp n cao trong x hi
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. Nguyn Vn Bnh - Trn Sinh Thnh - Nguyn Vn Khi
Phng php dy hc k thut cng nghip- tp 1- NXB Gio dc
1990.
2. GS.TS Nguyn B Kim
Phng php dy ton.
3. Trn Khnh c
S phm k thut- NXB Gio dc- 2002.
4. S tay phng php lun dy hc
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Ti liu ca chng trnh h tr LNXH - 2002.
5. GS.TSKH Lm Quang Thip
Gio dc hc i hc, chng 4, sch H Quc gia H Ni -
2003.
6. GS. TSKH Lm Quang Thip
Gio dc hc i hc, chng 5, sch H Quc gia H Ni -
2003.
7. GS. TSKH Nguyn Xun Lc
cng mn hc Cng ngh dy hc hin i- 2006.
8. GS.TS Nguyn Minh ng (Ch bin), PTS L Trn Lm,
KS Hun mun k nng hnh ngh
Chng trnh KH-CN cp Nh nc KX 07, NXB Khoa hc v
K thut H Ni 1993.
9. Thi Duy Tuyn
Nhng vn c bn ca gio dc hc hin i - NXB Gio dc
1999.
10. Thi Duy Tuyn
L lun dy hc- Vin Khoa hc Gio dc - H Ni 1998.
11. Nguyn Sinh Thnh - Nguyn Vn Bnh
Phng php dy hc KTCN (sch cao ng)- NXB Gio dc
1999
12. ng B Lm - Trn Khnh c - Phan Vn Kha.
Phng php nghin cu gio dc k thut v ngh nghip. H
Ni 1996.
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Chu trch nhim xut ban: PGS. TS. T ng Hi
Bin tp v sa bi: ThS. Nguyn Huy Tin
Ngc Linh
Trnh by ba: Hng Lan



NH XUT BN KHOA HC V K THUT
70 Trn Hng o - H Ni

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Hetp3
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t1, Left, Indent: First line: 0 cm, Automatically adjust right indent when grid is defined,
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