Thuy Luc - Huynh Cong Hoai

Tom tat bai giang - TS Huynh cong Hoai HBK tp HCM 1
THUY LC
(HYDRAULICS)
TS. Huynh cong Hoai
Bo mon C Lu Chat - Khoa Ky thuat Xay dng H Bach Khoa tp HCM
www4.hcmut.edu.vn/~hchoai/baigiang
NN An, NT Bay, LS Giang, HC Hoai, NT Phng, LV Dc, Giao trnh
Thuy lc , Lu hanh noi bo HBK tp HCM, 2005
2. Nguyen canh Cam va cac tac gia Thuy lc tap II, NXB DH va THCN,
1978
Nguyen canh Cam va cac tac gia Bai tap Thuy lc tap II, NXB DH va
THCN, 1978
French R.H Open channel Hydraulics. McGra-Hill, Singapore 1986
Koupitas C.G. Elements of Computation Hydraulics . Pentics Pres, 1983
6. Haestad press. Computer Application Hydraulic Engineering , 2002
TAI LIEU THAM KHAO
Chng:
1 DONG CHAY EU TRONG KENH H
1.1 KHAI NIEM CHUNG
Khi dong chay eu xay ra th:
- Chieu sau, dien tch t va bieu o phan bo van toc tai cac mat cat doc
theo dong chay khong oi .
- ng dong, mat thoang, ng nang va ay kenh song song vi nhau.
Dong chay eu Dong khong eu
Dong chay eu co ap Dong chay eu khong ap ( kenh h)
ieu kien can e co dong chay eu
- Hnh dang mat cat t khong oi (kenh lang tru)
- o doc khong oi (i = const)
- o nham khong oi ( n = const)
1.2 CONG THC CHEZY VA MANNING
Chezy (1769)
Ri C V =
C = R
n
1
6
1
Manning
=
i AR
n
Q
3
2
1
=
3 2
1
AR
n
K = i K Q =
K c goi la modul lu lng
Cong thc tnh toan dien tch t va chu vi t hnh thang
m = cotg | : he so mai doc
: dien tch t
|
2
1 2 m h b + +
P = chu vi t
1.3 XAC NH HE SO NHAM
Cac yeu to anh hng en he so nham nh sau
o nham be mat Lp phu thc vat Hnh dang mat cat kenh
Vat can Tuyen kenh S boi xoi Mc nc va lu lng
1.3.1 Trng hp mat cat kenh n gian
Phng phap SCS (soil Conversation Service Method)
Phng phap dung bang
Phng phap dung hnh anh
Phng phap dung bieu o lu toc
) 95 , 0 ( 78 , 6
) 1 (
6 1
+
=
x
h x
n
h: Chieu sau dong chay
x =
8 , 0
2 , 0
U
U
U
0,2
: Van toc tai v tr 2/10 cua chieu sau hay 0,8 h tnh t ay,
U
0,8
: Van toc tai v tr 8/10 cua chieu sau hay 0,2 h tnh t ay
Phng phap cong thc thc nghiem
Simons va Sentruk (1976): n = 0,047d
1/6
d: ng knh hat cua long kenh (mm).
1.3.2 Trng hp mat cat kenh phc tap
Cox(1973)
A
A n
n
N
i
i i
e
_
=
=
1
A
1
: Dien tch t cua tng dien tch n gian
A: Dien tch t cua toan bo mat cat.
1.4 TNH TOAN DONG EU:
1.4.1. Bai toan kiem tra
a. Xac nh lu lng :
n
1
n
2
n
3
A
2
A
1
A
3
Biet : A, i, n
i AR
n
Q
3
2
1
=
b. Xac nh o sau h :
Biet : i, n, Q, hnh dang mat cat kenh
i AR
n
Q
3
2
1
=
h
= Th dan -> h
oi vi mat cat hnh tron co the dung bieu o
Modul lu lng:
i
Q
AR
n
K = =
3 / 2
1
Modul lu lng khi
chay ngap :
t t
= |
.
|
\
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
= =
Tnh t so : K/K
ng
T : K/K
ng
h/D h
1.4.2 Bai toan thiet ke
Dung bieu o
Neu kenh co cung ieu kien : i, n, mat cat co hnh dang li nhat ve thuy lc la :
a. Mat cat co li nhat ve thuy lc
- Co cung dien tch t A nhng cho lu lng ln nhat
- Cung chay vi lu lng nhng co dien tch t A nho nhat
hoac
i AR
n
Q
3
2
1
=
T Mat cat co R ln hay co P
min
se la mat
cat co li nhat ve thuy lc
Nh vay trong tat ca cac loai mat cat, mat cat hnh tron la mat cat co li
nhat ve thuy lc
b. Mat cat hnh thang co li nhat ve thuy lc
+ = =
+ + =
+ + =
+ + =
= + + =
+
=
+
+
=
( ) + =
|
Neu cac mat cat hnh thang cung mot dien tch t A, cung mai doc m, th mat
cat hnh thang nao co chu vi t nho nhat se la mat cat co li nhat ve thuy lc.
T so gia b/h e co mat cat co li nhat ve thuy lc c xac nh nh
sau:
c. Thiet ke kenh
- Xac nh lu lng Q ( ma, nhu cau xa nc )
- Xac nh o nham n ( loai vat lieu long kenh..)
- Xac nh o doc i ( phu thuoc a hnh ..)
- Xac nh hnh dang mat cat phu thuoc yeu cau thiet ke ( hnh tron, hnh
thang, hnh ch nhat . )
- Xac nh kch thc kenh :
+ Mat cat ch nhat : xac nh b va h , phai cho b e tm
h hoac ngc lai, hoac dung ieu kien b/h cua mat cat
co li nhat ve thuy lc
+ Mat cat hnh thang : xac nh m da vao ieu kien on
nh mai doc. Xac nh b va h nh trng hp mat cat
hnh ch nhat
+ Mat cat hnh tron : xac nh ng knh D da vao t
so o sau h/D cho phep trong cong
- Kiem tra van toc trong kenh phai thoa man : V
KL
< V < V
KX
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3
o th dung e tnh toan cong tron
h/D
A/A
ng
B/D
K/K
ng
V/V
ng
R/R
ng
P/P
ng
Cau 1: Cau nao sau ay ung:
a) Dong eu ch co the xay ra trong kenh lang tru.
b) Trong kenh lang tru ch xay ra dong eu.
c) Dong khong eu ch xay ra trong song thien nhien.
d) Trong kenh co dien tch mat cat t khong oi th luon luon co dong eu
Cau 2: Dong chay eu trong kenh h co:
a) ng nang, ng mat nc va ay kenh song song nhau.
b) Dien tch mat cat t va bieu o phan bo van toc doc theo dong chay khong oi.
c) Ap suat tren mat thoang la ap suat kh tri.
d) Ca ba cau tren eu ung.
CAU HOI TRACNGHIEM:
Cau 4: Trong dong chay eu:
a) Lc ma sat can bang vi lc trong trng chieu len phng chuyen ong.
b) Lc ma sat can bang vi lc quan tnh.
c) Lc gay nen s chuyen ong la lc trong trng chieu len phng chuyen ong.
d) a va c eu ung.
Cau 3: Trong kenh co mat cat hnh tron ng knh D:
a) Van toc trung bnh at gia tr cc ai khi chieu rong mat thoang B = 0,90D.
b) Van toc trung bnh at gia tr cc ai khi chieu rong mat thoang B = 0,78D.
c) Van toc trung bnh at gia tr cc ai khi chieu rong mat thoang B = 0,46D.
d) Van toc trung bnh at gia tr cc ai khi chieu rong mat thoang B = 0,25D.
Ve nha suy luan ???
Cau 5: Trong kenh lang tru co lu lng khong oi:
a) o sau dong eu tang khi o doc i giam.
b) o sau dong eu khong oi o doc i tang.
c) o sau dong eu tang khi o doc i tang.
d) Ca 3 cau tren eu sai.
Cau 6: Mat cat kenh co li nhat ve mat thuy lc :
a) Co the ap dung oi vi kenh co nhieu loai mat cat khac nhau.
b) at c lu lng cc ai neu gi dien tch mat cat t la hang so.
c) at c dien tch mat cat t toi thieu neu gi lu lng la hang so.
d)Ca ba cau tren eu ung.
Ch ng:
DONG ON NH KHONG EU BIEN OI DAN TRONG KENH H
2.1 CAC KHAI NIEM
2.1.1 Nang lng rieng cua mat cat:
Nang lng toan phan E
g
V
h a
g
V p
z E
2
cos
2
2 2
o
u
o
+ + = + + =
h
h
u
a
Mat chuan nam ngang
Mat thoang
ay kenh
0 0
g
V
h a E
2
2
o
+ + = o doc ay kenh nho cosu = 1
Nang lng rieng cua mat cat E
0
vi mat chuan nam ngang i
qua iem thap nhat cua mat
cat o.
2
2 2
0
2 2 gA
Q
h
g
V
h E
o o
+ = + =
Ta co the phan 2 loai chuyen ong khong eu trong kenh:
- Chuyen ong khong eu bien oi dan.
- Chuyen ong khong eu bien oi gap.
E
0min
h
cr
E
0
h
E
0
h
Bien thien cua E
0
theo h
Q = const
o
2
2 2
0
2 2 gA
Q
h
g
V
h E
o o
+ = + =
ng cong E
0
= f(h)
Khi h E
0
E
0
h
ng phan giac th nhat E
0
= h,
la 1 ng tiem can
Khi h 0 E
0

Truc hoanh E
0
la 1 ng tiem can
2.1.3 o sau phan gii ( h
cr
):
o sau phan gii h
cr
la o sau e cho nang lng rieng cua mat cat o at gia tr cc tieu.
0
0
= |
.
|
\
|
=
cr
h h
dh
dE
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
dh
dA
A g
Q
gA
Q
h
dh
d
dh
dE
3
2
2
2
0
2
2
1
2
o o
dA/dh = B
3
2
0
1
gA
B Q
dh
dE o
=
phng trnh tnh
o sau phan gii: g
Q
B
A
cr
cr
2 3
o
= =
o
Trong o : A
cr
va la dien tch mat cat t , B
cr
be rong mat thoang tnh vi o sau phan gii h
cr
.
Kenh hnh ch nhat: v A = bh va B = b
nen
3
2
3
2
2
g
q
gb
Q
h
cr
o o
= =
q = Q/b: lu lng tren 1 n v be rong kenh goi la lu lng n v
Kenh tam giac can: v A = mh
2
va B = 2mh nen
Kenh hnh thang: cong thc gan ung
5
2
2
2
gm
Q
h
cr
o
=
crCN N
N
cr
h h |
.
|
\
|
+ =
2
105 , 0
3
1 o
o
b
mh
crCN
N
= o
3
2
2
gb
Q
h
crCN
o
=
trong o
Kenh hnh tron: ta co the ap dung cong thc gan ung
25 , 0
2
26 , 0
01 , 1
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
g
Q
d
h
cr
o
vi ieu kien
85 , 0 02 , 0 s s
d
h
cr
2.1.4 So Froude
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
lc trong
tnh quan lc
so t vi le t
3
2
2
gA
B Q
Fr
o
o - He so sa cha ong nang.
B - Chieu rong mat thoang
N
B
gA
C =
van toc truyen song nhieu ong nho trong nc tnh
so Froude the hien t so gia van toc trung bnh cua dong chay va van toc truyen song.
2.1.5 o doc phan gii
o doc phan gii i
cr
la o doc cua mot kenh lang tru, ng vi mot lu lng cho
trc, o sau dong chay eu trong kenh h
0
bang vi o sau phan gii h
cr
.
Xac nh i
cr
cr cr cr cr
i R A C i R A C Q = =
0 0 0
( )
g
i R C A
B
A
g
Q
B
A
cr cr cr cr
cr
cr
cr
cr
2
3 2 3
o o
= = Ngoai ra
cr cr
cr
cr cr cr
cr
cr
B C
gP
B R C
gA
i
2 2
o o
= =
suy ra
-Neu i h
cr
.
-Neu i >i
cr
th h
0
< h
cr
.
-Neu i = i
cr
th h
0
= h
cr
.
h E c c
0
0
0
>
c
c
h
E
0
0
=
c
c
h
E
Trang
thai chay
Phan biet theo
o sau
h
So
Froude
Van
toc
Em h > h
cr
Fr < 1 V < C
Phan
gii
h = h
cr
Fr = 1 V = C
Xiet h < h
cr
Fr > 1 V > C
0
0
<
c
c
h
E
Y ngha vat ly trang thai chay
Vi C van toc truyen song trong nc tnh:
B
gA
C =
B : be rong mat thoang va A dien tch t
Fr=0
Nc tnh
Fr <1
Chay em
Fr =1
Chay phan gii
Fr > 1
Chay xiet
2.1.6.Cac trang thai chay
h E c c
0
0
0
>
c
c
h
E
0
0
=
c
c
h
E
Type of flow Way to determine
Depth
h
Froude
number
velocity
Subcritical
flow
h > h
cr
Fr < 1 V < C
Critical
flow
h = h
cr
Fr = 1 V = C
Super-
critical flow
h < h
cr
Fr > 1 V > C
0
0
<
c
c
h
E
2.1.6. Types of flow:
Subcritical flow :is the most common in nature and is relatively deep and slow
moving.
Supercritical flow :is less common and is characterised by a very fast, relatively
shallow flow
However, both may occur in the same channel at the same discharge
The ways to determine the types of flow
Specific energy curve E
0
= f(h)
E
0min
h
cr
E
0
h
E
0
h
Q = const
o
Supercritical
flow
Subcritical flow
2.1.7. Y ngha dong chay emva xiet
(ii) Dong chay qua ca cong
Ca
cong
Ca ieu
khien mc
nc
Mat nc sau cong
h
cr
Chay em
Dong chay em qua cong
Ca cong
chuyen
ong xuong
h
cr
Chay xiet
Mc nc co
nh
Nc
nhay
Dong chay xiet qua cong
Vi C van toc truyen song trong nc tnh:
B
gA
C =
B : be rong mat thoang va A dien tch t
Fr=0
Nc tnh
Fr <1
Chay em
Fr =1
Chay phan gii
Fr > 1
Chay xiet
(i) Lan truyen song trong dong chay
2.2 PHNG TRNH VI PHAN C BAN CUA DONG ON NH, KHONG EU
BIEN OI DAN TRONG KENH H
0
ds
dz
dh
l
a
h
z
ng mat
nc
ng nang
V
Mat chuan
g
V
h a
g
V p
z E
2 2
2 2
o o
+ + = + + =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + = =
g
V
ds
d
ds
dh
i
g
V
ds
d
ds
dh
ds
da
ds
dE
J
2 2
2 2
o o
Xem qui luat ton that doc ng cua dong
khong eu = dong eu
=> J c tnh theo cong thc Chezy:
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
K
Q
R C A
Q
R C
V
J = = =
ds
dA
gA
Q
gA
Q
ds
d
g
V
ds
d
3
2
2
2 2
2 2
o o o
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
A = f{s,h(s)}
ds
dh
B
s
A
ds
dh
h
A
s
A
ds
dA
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
ds
dh
B
s
A
gA
Q
g
V
ds
d
3
2 2
2
o o
|
.
|
\
|
+
c
c
+ =
ds
dh
B
s
A
gA
Q
ds
dh
i
R C A
Q
3
2
2 2
2
o
3
2
2
2 2
2
1
. 1
gA
B Q
s
A
gA
R C
R C A
Q
i
ds
dh
o
o
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c

=
lang tru, cA/cs = 0 2
3
2
2 2
2
1
1
Fr
J i
gA
B Q
R C A
Q
i
ds
dh
=
o
2.3 CAC DANG NG MAT NC TRONG KENH LANG TRU
2.3.1 Trng hp kenh co o doc thuan i > 0
Moun lu lng K
R
K = K(h) = CA
J K Q =
ng vi o sau dong eu h
0
ng vi o sau dong khong eu h
0 0 0 0
R A C K = i K Q
0
=
K = CA
R
i
Fr
K K
ds
dh
2
2 2
0
1
1
= 2
3
2
2 2
2
1
1
Fr
J i
gA
B Q
R C A
Q
i
ds
dh
=
o
a. Trng hp kenh lai: 0 0 K
2
o
/ K
2
< 1
Fr
2
< 1
ms > 0
>
ng nc dang
=
h --->
K ---> ts ---> 1
Fr
2
---> 0 ms ---> 1
---> i
ng mat nc nam ngang
h ---> h
o
K ---> K
o
ts ---> 0
Fr
2
< 1 ms > 0
--->0
ng mat nc tiem can vi ng N-N
N
K
K
a
I
b
I
0 1
Fr
2
< 1
ms > 0
<
ng nc ha
=
h ---> h
cr
K < K
0
ts < 0
Fr
2
--->1 ms ---> 0
+
---> -
ng mat nc thang goc vi K-K
h ---> h
o
K ---> K
o
ts ---> 0
Fr
2
< 1 ms > 0
--->0
ng mat nc tiem can vi ng N-N
N
K
K
a
I
b
I
0 1
Fr
2
> 1
ms < 0
>
ng nc dang
=
h ---> h
cr
K < K
0
ts < 0
Fr
2
--->1 ms ---> 0
-
---> +
ng mat nc thang goc vi K-K
b. Trng hp kenh doc: 0 0 K
2
o
/ K
2
< 1
Fr
2
< 1
ms > 0
>
ng nc dang
=
h --->
K ---> ts ---> 1
Fr
2
---> 0 ms ---> 1
---> i
ng mat nc nam ngang
h ---> h
cr
K > K
o
ts ---> 0
Fr
2
---> 1 ms > 0
--->
ng mat nc thang goc ng K-K
a
II
b
II
c
II
0<i
cr
< i
w
h
0
h
cr
Tng t vi cac trng hp con lai
Bang tom tat
N
B
K
K
a
I
b
I
0 < i < i
cr
h
cr
h
0
a
II
b
II
c
II
i
cr
< i
w
h
0
h
cr
a
III
c
III
i
cr
=i
b
0
c
0
w
w
w
w
h
c
r
b
c
i <0
h
cr
Nhan xet
ng nc ha ch co khu b
ng nc dang cac khu con lai (a, c)
2.4 TNH TOAN VA VE NG MAT NC TRONG KENH
Phng phap sai phan hu han.
1 2
h
1
h
2
AS
i
V
1
V
2
+ = + + =
o
+ =
+ =
=
=
A
A
Sai phan
A
= A
= A
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= A
Cach tnh toan
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
= A
Biet: Lu lng (Q), hnh dang mat cat, o doc (i), o nham (n), o sau h
1
tai
mat cat au ( hoac cuoi)
h
1
Gia s
V
1
h
2
V
2
+
=
=
A S
h
2
+Ah
Sau khi xac nh c A S , tng t ga s h
3
va
xac nh A S gia h
2
va h
3
. Lap lai trnh t tnh toan
se xac nh c v tr cac o sau h
4
, h
5
t o ve
c ng mat nc
h
1
Q
i, n
s
h
2
Gia s h
2
AS
Xac nh
Biet
h
cr
i i
cr
K
N
N
K
h
o
i> i
cr
Nc nhay
Nc nhay
c
II
b
II
h
cr
K K
i= 0
C
o
h
cr
K
K
i< 0
C
Cau 4. Mot kenh co o doc i > icr, o sau nc trong kenh h < h0.
a) o sau nc giam doc theo chieu dai kenh.
b) Nang lng rieng cua mat cat tang doc theo chieu dai kenh.
c) Nang lng rieng cua mat cat giam doc theo chieu dai kenh.
d) Ca 2 cau a) va c) eu ung.
Cau 3. Mot kenh co o doc i>icr, o sau nc trong kenh h > h0. Dong chay trong
kenh trang thai:
a) Luon chay xiet b) Chay xiet neu h < hcr.
c) Luon chay em d) Chay em neu h > hcr
Cau 1. Mot kenh co o doc i > icr, so Froude Fr > 1. Dong chay trong kenh trang thai:
a) Chay xiet b) Chay em.
c) Chay xiet neu h < h0 d) Chay xiet neu h > hcr
Cau 2. o sau phan gii trong kenh:
a) Nho hn o sau dong eu khi o doc kenh i > icr.
b) Bang o sau dong eu khi o doc kenh i = icr.
c) Ln hn o sau dong eu khi o doc kenh i < icr.
d) Ca 3 cau tren eu ung.
TRAC NGHIEM
Nc nhay la mot hien tng xay ra khi dong chay i t chay xiet sang chay em.
Hien tng nc nhay tao ra mot cuon xoay lam bien oi ot ngot t o sau chay
xiet (h< h
cr
) sang o sau chay em (h > h
cr
).
Chay em
C
Nc nhay
a
K K
1
1
2
2
h
h
l
n
V
2
V
1
S o nc nhay
l
sn
Chay xiet
h
h
h
cr
A
B
Chng:
NC NHAY
3.1 KHAI NIEM
Tai sao nc nhay xuat hien ?:
E
0
(h)
C
h
cr
h
h
E
0
= E E
0min
E
0
E
0
h
Khao sat cho trng hp i = 0
Mat chuan la ay kenh
+ = =
o
K
h
V
1
h
i= 0
T bieu o E(h) cho thay nang
lng se tang t E
min
en E khi
o sau tang t h
cr
en h.
Khong the xay ra v nang
lng theo dong chay ch co
the giam khong the tang
Nc
nhay
Nang lng rieng =
Nang lng toan phan
ng dung nc nhay :
Nc nhay tao ra mot cuon xoay manh liet nen dong chay qua nc nhay se b tieu
hao nang lng kha ln.
Trong xay dng dung nc nhay e tieu hao nang lng sau cong trnh e tranh xoi l.
Cac loai nc nhay
Fr = 11,7 : nc nhay song
Fr = 2.54,5 : nc nhay dao ong
Fr = 1,72,5 : nc nhay yeu
Fr = 4.59 : nc nhay on nh
Fr > 9 : nc nhay manh
Nc nhay song : < 5%
Nc nhay yeu : 5% 15 %
Nc nhay dao ong : 15% 45%
Nc nhay on nh : 45% 70%
Nc nhay manh : 70% 85%
Tieu hao nang lng
3.2 PHNG TRNH NC NHAY
A
C
1
y
C1
S o tnh nc nhay
G
B
D
h
P
2
P
1
h
K
C
y
C2
C
2
T
=
Gia thiet:
- Mat cat trc va sau nc nhay
ng dong thang song song - - >
phan bo ap suat theo qui luat thuy
tnh
- Bo qua ma sat ay kenh
Ap dung nguyen ly ong lng cho the tch ABCD, chieu tren phng s:
S
( ) + + + + = o o
V
1
, V
2
van toc trung bnh cua dong chay tai mat cat AB, CD
T
s
: lc ma sat tren long kenh => 0
G
s
: trong lng khoi nc tren phng S => 0
Rs : phan lc ay tren phng S => 0
P
1S
= P
1
va P
2S
=P
2
: ap lc nc tai h va h
Ap suat phan bo theo qui luat thuy tnh
1 1 C s 1
A y P =
2 2 C s 2
A y P =
0 02 01
o = o = o
Vi
( )
2 1 1 2
A y A y V V Q
2 C 1 C 0
= o
+ = +
o o
Phng trnh nc nhay
3.3 HAM NC NHAY
( ) + = O
o
O(h)
E
0
(h)
C
C
1
h
cr
h
h
O, E
0
E
0min
O
min
Bien thien cua E
0
va O theo h
AE
n
dA
B
y
C
C
dh
x
h
( ) = + =
O
B
dh
dA
=
trong o:
(y
c
A) la moment tnh cua dien tch A
so vi truc x c xac nh:
Khi h bien thien mot ai lng dh th A bien thien mot ai lng dA
-> moment tnh cua mat cat mi (A+dA) /v mat thoang dA
dh
A ) dh y (
c
+ +
( )
( )
A
A
A
+ A +
=
A
( )
va
vi
=
A
+ =
A
A
A
+ A
=
A A
0 A B
gA
Q
2
2
0
= +
o
g
Q
B
A
2
0
3
o
=
o
o
=o th cc tieu cua ham nc
nhay trung vi cc tieu cua ham
nang lng rieng
h=h
cr
O = O
3.4 TNH TOAN NC NHAY
3.4.1. Chieu sau nc nhay:
Trng hp ac biet: Kenh hnh ch nhat:
+ = +
o o
T phng trnh nc nhay
Suy ra khi nc nhay xuat hien th ham nc nhay ( ) A y
gA
Q
h
C
+ = O
2
0
o
tai mat cat trc va sau nc nhay se bang nhau:
( ) ( ) O = O
Do o : Neu biet h A
1
y
c1
O
1
Gia thiet
h A
2
y
c2
O
2
O
1
= O
2
no
stop
yes
( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
o
= +
o
= O
2
h
gh
q
b A y
gA
Q
h
2
2
0
c
2
0
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
o
= = = =
|
|
.
|
\
|
' '
+
' '
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
'
+
' 2
h
h
h
b
2
h
h
h
b
2 3
cr
2 3
cr
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
' '
+
' '
= '
(
(
|
.
|
\
|
'
+
'
= ' ' 1
h
h
8 1
2
h
h
3
cr
Cong thc gan ung mat cho cat bat ky:
Khi h< 5 h
cr
mot cach gan ung chieu sau noi tiep co the xac nh theo
cong thc cua A. N. Rakhmanov
cr
2
cr
h 2 , 0 h
h 2 , 1
h
+ '
= ' '
cr
2
cr
h 2 , 0
h
h
2 , 1 h
' '
= '
3.4.2 Ton that nang lng nc nhay:
|
|
.
|
\
|
o
+ ' '
|
|
.
|
\
|
o
+ ' =
|
|
.
|
\
|
o
+ ' '
|
|
.
|
\
|
o
+ ' =
= A
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2 2
2
1 1
2 1 n
gA 2
Q
h
gA 2
Q
h
g 2
V
h
g 2
V
h
E E E
oi vi kenh ch nhat:
( )
h h 4
a
h h 4
h h
E
3 3
n
' ' '
=
' ' '
' ' '
= A
h h a ' ' ' =
vi
3.4.3 Chieu dai nc nhay ( ln):
oi vi kenh ch nhat:
Safranez (1934):
' ' =
Bakhmetiev va Matzke (1936): ( ) h h 5 l
n
' ' ' =
Silvester (1965): ( )
01 , 1
2
1 n
1 Fr h 75 , 9 l ' =
3.5 CAC DANG NC NHAY KHAC
3.5.1 Nc nhay ngap
Khi mat cat trc nc nhay hoan chnh b ngap th ta co nc nhay ngap.
h
c
h
h
K K
Nc nhay ngap
h
ng
h
C
a
A
B
B
A
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
C
h 2
h
h
ng
h
h
1 Fr 2 1
h
h
=
la so Froude ng vi o sau ha lu h
h
va V
h
la van toc ha lu
Theo Smetana, chieu dai nc nhay ngap c tnh:
( )
C h nn
h h 6 l =
Chng:
DONG CHAY QUA CONG TRNH
PHAN I DONG CHAY QUA AP TRAN
ap tran la mot cong trnh ngan dong chay va cho dong chay qua nh ap.
ap tran c dung e kiem soat mc nc va lu lng.
Co 3 loai ap tran thong dung
ap tran thanh mong
ap tran mat cat thc dung
ap tran nh rong
4.1 AP TRAN THANH MONG
H
0,67H
ap tran thanh mong
o < 0,67H
4.1.1 Cong thc tnh lu lng
Ap dung phng trnh nang lng hoac dung
phng phap phan tch th nguyen:
=
m : he so lu lng
o
+ =
b : be rong ap tran
V
o
: Van toc tien gan
V
o
Neu thay
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
o
=
m
o
co the c tnh theo cong thc
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+ |
.
|
\
|
+ =
Bazin
Vi pham vi : 0,2 m <b < 2 m
0,24 m P
|
.
|
\
|
< |
.
|
\
|
Tr so
pg
P
z
|
.
|
\
|
phu thuoc vao
(phu luc 4).
H
P
Z
h
h
P
1
4.2.1 Cac trang thai chay (i) chay t do (ii) chay ngap
H
P
1
P
h
h
H
P
Z
h
h
Chay t do
Chay ngap
=
Trong thc te do chieu rong ap ln Be rong ap b c chia thanh nhieu nhp
mo tru gia va mo ben
dong chay se b co hep ngang
_
= c
c : He so co hep ben do anh hng cua tru gia va mo ben

c
+
=
mb
: He so co hep do mo ben
mb
: He so co hep do mo ben
n: So nhp ap
b: Be rong moi nhp

mb
= 1
mb
= 0,7
mt
= 0,8
mt
= 0,45
mt
= 0,25
He so co hep do mo tru va mo ben
_
= c
m : he so lu lng
m = m
tc
.o
hd
.o
H
m
tc
: He so lu lng tieu chuan
ap tran loai Creager m
tc
= 0,48 0,5
ap tran hnh a giac m
tc
= 0,3 0,45
phu luc .4.3
o
H
: He so ieu chnh do cot nc tran H khac vi cot
nc thiet ke (H
tk
).
H > H
tk
: ap co chan khong o
H
> 1
H = Htk : o
H
= 1
H < Htk : ap khong co chan khong o
H
< 1
phu luc 4.4
o
hd
: He so ieu chnh do thay oi hnh dang ap so vi hnh
dang tieu chuan
phu luc 4.5
4.3 AP TRAN NH RONG
3H < o < 8H
H
0
P
1
H
h
1
1
o
4.3.1 Cac trang thai chay
(i) chay t do
(ii) chay ngap
Chay ngap
H
h
P
Z
1
K K
h
h
H
0
P
1
H
h
1
1
Chay t do
H
0
P
1
Z
2
h
n
Cac trang thai chay qua ap tran nh rong
ieu kien chay ngap
h
h
> P
Chay ngap
H
h
P
Z
1
K K
h
h
H
0
P
1
Z
2
h
n
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
>
Trng hp chay khong ngap
Viet phng trnh nang lng cho 2 mat cat 0-0 va 1-1
H
0
P
1
H
h
1
1
o
+ + = + =
o
o
E =
( )
+
=
_
o
( ) =
=
Khi ca ap hnh ch nhat: =
Ta co the bien oi a ve dang nh sau:
=
=
=
at =
=
at
=
m: he so lu lng cua ap tran nh rong phu luc 4.6
: he so lu toc phu luc 4.7
=
T Neu biet m va co the suy ra k (k
1
va k
2
)
Co k suy ra h (o sau tren nh ap)
phu luc 4.7
Chu y: k
1
cho h ng vi dong chay xiet tren nh ap
k
2
cho h ng vi dong chay em tren nh ap
Chng minh tng t
Trng hp chay ngap:
=
Trng hp ca ap hnh ch nhat:
=
Thong thng mc nc h
n
gan bang h , do o co the tnh :
Chay ngap
H
h
P
Z
1
K K
h
h
H
0
P
1
Z
2
h
n
=
n
: he so lu toc phu luc 4.7 phu luc 4.6
PHAN 2: DONG CHAY QUA CONG
Cong la ten chung e ch cac cong trnh ieu khien mc nc hay lu lng.
(i) cong lo thien (ii) cong ngam
4.4 CONG LO THIEN
Cong lo thien la loai cong khong co tran hoac vom
Che o chay:
T do
Chay ngap
a h
c
h
ng
Chay ngap
Nc chay ngap
a
h
h
0
0
C
C
Chay t do
H
0
H
h
c
h
h
Xac nh trang thai chay
Gia s nc nhay tai mat cat co hep h = h
c
h
Neu h > h
h
Nc nhayphong xa -> Chay t do
h < h
h
Nc nhay ngap -> Chay ngap
4.4.1 Cong thc tnh lu lng chay qua cong lo thien:
Chay t do
Viet phng trnh nang lng cho 2 mat cat 0-0 va c-c:
a
h
h
0
0
C
C
Chay t do
h
c
o
E + + =
_
+
=
o

=
Q = Vc A = .A
Trng hp mat cat cong ch nhat:
Q = .b h
c
) ( 2
c o
h H g
c : he so co hep a h
c
c = Q = b ca ) . ( 2 a H g
o
c
phu luc.4.8
Chay ngap
Gia thiet rang ap suat tren mat cat co hep phan bo theo quy luat tnh
a h
c
h
ng
Chay ngap
Nc chay ngap
H
0 H
h
h
Viet phng trnh nang lng cho hai mat
cat 0-0 va c-c
V
c
=
) ( 2
ng o
h H g
Q = V
c
A = .b c a
) ( 2
ng o
h H g
h
ng
: xac nh theo cong thc nc nhay ngap trong chng 3
Gan ung co the lay h
ng
= h
h,
cong thc tnh Q co the viet
Khi o m cong a kha nho hn so vi o sau h
h
, th xuat hien nc ngap lang h
ng
= h
h
= c
4.5 CONG NGAM
c xay dng qua e, ap hoac di ng co mat cat khep kn
Cong ngam thng co mat cat hnh tron hoac hnh ch nhat
4.5.1 Trang thai chay trong cong ngam
Chay khong ap
- Chay ban ap
- Chay co ap
N
N
K
K
K
K
Mc nc thng ha lu
thap hn nh cong
Mc nc thng lu cao
hn nh cong
Mc nc ha lu thap hn
nh cong
Mc nc thng halu
cao hn nh cong
4.5.2 Cong thc tnh toan
a. Chay khong ap:
Chieu dai cong L < 8H
Tnh toan nh chay qua
ap tran nh rong
b. Chay ban ap:
ap cong lo thien (h)
L
vao
= 1,4 a
Khoang cach t ca cong en mat cat co
hep co the c xac nh theo cong thc
thc nghiem sau
L
vao
a
h
c
L
c. Chay co ap:
mot ong ngan co ap
Q =
c
.A. o
gZ 2
Z
o
= Z +
g
V
o
2
2
o
Z
h
> Z
d
- D/2 Z = Z
tl
- Z
h
Z = Z
tl
(Z
d
-D/2)
Z
V
o
Z
d
Z
tl
Z
h
A: Tiet dien ngang cong
Z: Chenh lech mc nc thng ha lu
+ +
=
_
o
c
: He so lu toc qua cong
c
: He so ton that cuc bo
L: Chieu dai cong
R: Ban knh thuy lc mat cat
thang ng cong
C: He so Chezy
D
Z
h
<Z
d
- D/2
c
: He so lu toc qua cong
=
L
CAU HOI TRAC NGHIEM
Cau 1. Dong chay qua ap tran thc dung, che o chay ngap, co:
a) Mc nc ha lu cao hn ngng ap tran
b) Dong chay qua ap tran la chay em
c) Mc nc ha lu anh hng ti lu lng qua ap tran
d) Ca 3 cau eu ung
Cau 2. Dong chay qua cong h (lo thien), che o chay t do, co:
a) Nc nhay ngap
b) Nc nhay t do
c) Dong chay qua ca cong che o chay em
d) Ca 3 cau eu sai.
Cau 3. Ap suat tren be mat ap tran Creager:
a) Bang ap suat khong kh.
b) La ap suat chan khong khi cot nc tren ngng tran cao hn cot
nc thiet ke.
c) Ln hn ap suat khong kh khi cot nc tren ngng tran cao hn cot
nc thiet ke.
d) Ca 3 cau eu sai.
Cau 4. Trong cong thc tnh lu lng qua cong ngam khi chay co ap, he
so lu lu toc c tnh
+ E + =
, trong o ton that doc ung chay trong cong c tnh vi ieu kien
dong chay trong cong la:
a) Chay roi thanh trn thuy lc b) Chay roi thanh nham thuy lc
c) Chay roi thanh hoan toan nham d) Cho tat ca trang thai chay
Cau 10. Neu cung mot o sau H trc nh ap va cung be rong b, dong chay
qua ap la chay t do th loai ap cho lu lng ln nhat la :
a) ap tran thanh mong b) ap tran mat cat thc dung
c) ap tran nh rong d) Ca 3 eu bang nhau
ap tran thanh mong
ap tran thanh mong hnh tam giac
ap tran Tr An
ap tran Tr An- Creager Ophixerop
Mot loai ap tran
Cong lo thien
Cong ngam mat cat hnh tron
Cong ngam mat cat hnh hop
Cong ngam mat cat hnh hop
CHNG
NOI TIEP VA TIEU NANG
PHAN 1. NOI TIEP DONG CHAY HA LU CONG TRNH
Dong chay t thng lu qua ap tran hay qua
cong c noi tiep vi kenh dan ha lu bang
hai hnh thc
Noi tiep chay ay
Noi tiep chay mat
Noi tiep chay ay
Noi tiep chay mat
Van toc ln xuat hien ay Van toc ln xuat hien be mat
5.1 NOI TIEP CHAY AY
5.1.1 Cac dang noi tiep chay ay
5.1.2 Cong thc tnh toan
Nc nhay phong xa
h
h H
ng
h
c
c
c
Nc nhay ngap
Viet phng trnh nang lng cho 2 mat cat 0-
0 va c-c.
c
c
h
h
h
0
0
H
P
V
0
Mat chuan
f
c c
c
h
g
V
h E
g
V
P H + + = = + +
2 2
2
0
2
0
o o
o
E =
Ton that nang lng
Mat cat hnh ch nhat
( )
c c
h E g bh Q =
0
2 h
c
th dan
h
c
So sanh h
h
Nhay ngap
Nhay t do
( )
E +
=
o
( ) =
5.2. NOI TIEP CHAY MAT
Noi tiep chay mat thng gap trong ieu kien cong trnh co bac thang
Noi tiep chay mat
Noi tiep chay mat ay khong ngap
Mc nc ha lu dang len
Noi tiep chay mat ngap
Mc nc ha lu tiep tuc dang cao
Noi tiep chay mat ay ngap
Mc nc ha lu dang cao
PHAN 2. TIEU NANG HA LU CONG TRNH
Khi noi tiep chay ay thng
gay xoi l tren mot oan dai
sau cong trnh
Cong trnh
tieu nang
a nc
nhay tai
chan cong
trnh
Giam
chieu dai
oan chay
xiet
Noi tiep chay ay
Be tieu nang
Tng tieu nang
Be tng ket hp
oan chay xiet
5.3 BE TIEU NANG
Phng phap tnh toan
Nguyen tac tnh toan
o sau d sao cho h
2
la o sau sau nc
nhay cua h
c
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
h
c
: xac nh t phan tnh toan dong chay
ay
o sau sau nc nhay khi co nc nhay tai mat
cat co hep
Dong chay t be qua kenh ha lu c xem
nh dong chay qua mot ap tran nh rong
( ) H =
|
|
.
|
\
|
A + =
V
o
2
/2g
H
E
P
h
c
h
2
H
02
d
A
h
h
V
2
V
2
2
/2g
( )
g
V
bh g
Q
z
h
2
' 2
2
2
2
2
= A
( ) ( )
= A
d = h
2
- Az - h
h
o
o
= 0,95 1 ( he so lu toc qua dap tran )
he so an toan: o = 1,05 - 1,1.
5.4 TNG TIEU NANG
Nguyen tac tnh toan
Chieu cao tng sao cho h
2
la o sau sau
nc nhay cua h
c
Phng phap tnh toan
h
c
: xac nh t phan tnh toan dong chay
ay
Lu lng chay qua tng tieu nang c
tnh nh qua ap tran mat cat thc dung
(
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
o sau sau nc nhay khi co nc nhay tai mat
cat co hep
2 3
02
2
/
t n
H g b m Q o =
m
t
:he so lu lng khi chay qua tng tieu nang m
t
= 0,4 0,42.
o
n
:he so ngap
3 2
02
2
/
t n
g b m
Q
H
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
o ( )
+ H = + H = ma
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
o
C = h
2
- H
2
o
o
o
(o = 1,05 - 1,1)
V
o
2
/2g
H
E
0
P
h
c
h
2
H
02
c
V
2
/2g
h
h
H
2
5.5 XAC NH CHIEU DAI BE
|L
m
+ L
| la he so kinh nghiem, lay bang 0,70,8
L la chieu dai khu nc vat di
ap tran thc dung mat cat hnh thang:
( )
0 0
3 0 33 1 H , P H , L
ri
+ =
ap tran nh rong:
( )
0 0
24 0 64 1 H . P H , L
ri
+ =
L
1
= L
ri
- S
V
o
2
/2g
H
E
o
P
L
be
L S L
1
|L
n
h
h
L
ri
H
o
Cau 2. Xet ve mat cong trnh th dang noi tiep nc nhay phong xa
a) La li nhat v no tieu hao nhieu nang lng nhat.
b) La bat li nhat v phai gia co ha lu ln.
c) La ieu khong tranh khoi.
d) Tat ca eu sai.
Cau 3.Xet ve mat cong trnh th dang noi tiep nc nhay tai cho
a) Can phai xay dng v no tieu hao nhieu nang lng nhat.
b) La khong nen xay dng v no khong on nh.
c )La ieu khong tranh khoi.
d) Tat ca eu sai.
Cau 1. Noi tiep chay ay c s dung nhieu so vi noi tiep chay mat v
a) Noi tiep chay ay de tnh toan.
b) Noi tiep chay ay on nh hn.
c) Noi tiep chay ay kinh te hn.
d) Tat ca eu ung.
TRAC NGHIEM
Cau 5.Lu lng dung e tnh toan tieu nang la
a) Lu lng thiet ke.
b) Lu lng max cua dong chay.
c) Lu lng min cua dong chay.
d) Tat ca eu sai
CHNG
DONG THAM QUA CONG TRNH AT
6.1 MOT SO KHAI NIEM VA NH NGHA
6.1.1 o rong (n)
T le phan tram the tch gia phan rong
va toan the phan at a
=
Wo : The tch lo rong
W : The tch at a bao gom ca phan rong va phan ran
6.1.2 Van toc tham thc va van toc tham trung bnh (V):
Van toc tham thc te la van toc tham qua cac khe rong cua at a
Van toc tham trung bnh la van toc tham c xem nh tham qua ca phan at
va phan khe rong cua at a
A
A
=
0
A0 : the tch nc tham trong thi gian At
A : Dien tch mat cat ca phan rong va phan at
6.1.3 Cot nc o ap (thuy lc) :
Mat chuan
p/
z
h
A
6.1.4 He so tham(k) ( o dan thuy lc)
+ =
Dong tham
V : nho V
2
/2g
Cot nc o ap ~ cot nc nang lng
Lu lng tham trem mot n v tiet dien ngang cua dong tham khi chu tac ong
bi mot n v cot nc thuy lc tren mot n v chieu dai tham ( ngha la co mot
o doc thuy lc bang mot n v).
Loai at He so tham (k)
(cm/s)
Set 10
-9
- 10
-6
Bui, bui cha cat 10
-6
- 10
-4
Cat tuyen chon tot 10
-3
- 10
-1
oi vi at khong ong chat , d hng th k thay oi theo tng iem va tai mot iem
th k
x
= k
y
= kz
6.2 NH LUAT DARCY (Henry Darcy ,1856 )
Khi dong tham on nh, lu lng tham t le vi o doc cot nc o ap
(hydraulic gradient) va dien tch tham A
Ah
h
1 V
AL
Mat chuan
h
2
A
A
A
=
A
A
=
V la van toc tham (van toc Darcy)
=
Tong quat : van toc tham tai tng iem
trong mien tham
ieu kien ng dung nh luat Darcy s
v
=
Vi : Re = 5
v
s
6.3 CONG THC DUPUIT FORCHERHEIMER
Trong trng hp tham khong ap vi o doc nho, cac ng dong tren mot mat cat
t c xem song song th cot nc o ap h = p/+z la hang so tai cac iem tren
mot mat cat .
Cong thc Darcy tr thanh cong thc
Dupuit - Forcherheimer
=
Vi: h :o sau dong tham
V :van toc c xem phan bo
eu tren mat cat
Do o :
h
Tang khong tham
Tang tham
u
s
Khi ay tang khong tham nam
ngang, chon lam mat chuan th
h chnh la o sau mc nc
ngam ( z = 0)
Mat chuan
6.4 CHUYEN ONG ON NH CUA DONG THAM VAO GIENG NC.
6.4.1. Gieng phun: Tham co ap
R r
r
o
h
s
Q
Tang khong tham
Tang tham nc
b
H
ng cot nc
o ap
o
Tang khong tham
h
o
Xet mot mat tru ban knh r
ong truc vi thanh gieng
Lu lng tham qua mat
tru ban knh r, cao b
=
t =
Van toc
t
=
Tch phan t r
o
en r ng vi h t h
o
en h |
|
.
|
\
|
=
t
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
t
Tch phan t r
o
en R ng vi h t h
o
en H
Goi : R ban knh anh hng, H chieu cot nc o ap khi cha bm
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
t
S = H h
o
: chieu sau hut nc
6.4.2 Gieng thng
Xet mat tru tron ong tam
vi thanh gieng, ban knh r
=
Van toc
Lu lng dong tham
qua mat tru
t =
t
=
t
= Tch phan t r
o
en r ng vi h t h
o
en h
( )
=
t
Tch phan t r
o
en R ng vi h t h
o
en H
t
=
|
.
|
\
|
=
t
S = H - h
o
Khi S/2H~0
t
=
R
r
o
h
s
Q
!
Tang tham nc
H
o
Tang khong tham
ng bao hoa
h
o
S
R c xac nh :
Theo tng loai at ma lay gan ung nh sau:
- oi vi at c hat trung bnh R=250m500m
- oi vi at hat to R=700m1000m
Cong thc kinh nghiem
=
(i-cac d )
6.5 THAM QUA AP AT
H
m
A
B
C
A
O
H
F
E
o
a
0
h
x
o
1
m
1
L
o
Tang khong tham
m = cotg o
m
1
= cotg o
1
Bien oi mai nghieng AC thanh thang ng
AO, sao cho lu lng qua AC giong nh AO
+
=
Mikhailop
Dupuit-Forcherheimer: =
V
=
=
= Tch phan t 0 en x tng ng t H en h

k
Lay goc toa o tai O
=
+
H
m
A
B
C
A
O
H
F
E
o
a
0
h
x
o
1
m
1
L
o
Tang khong tham
V
L
( )

= +
=
+
tai x = H+L, h = a
o
+
Can xac nh a
o
+
h
Xac nh v tr ng bao hoa
chieu dai cua dai nguyen to
m
1
z
A
A
= =
m
1
z
Darcy
=
Lu lng tham qua MN
)
=
Lu lng tham nay cung bang lu lng tham i qua ap at
+
=
+
=
+
=
+ +
=

Giai phng trnh bac 2 cho a
0
:
Co a
o ,
xac nh c q va ng bao hoa
)
= =
dz
z
a
0
M
N
m
1
a
o
+

6.6 THAM CO AP QUA AP
Tang khong tham
Tang tham
H
1
H
2
e xac nh van toc tham (u) , cot nc o ap (h), da vao phng trnh tham Darcy nh sau:
c
c
=
c
c
=
x
z
Phng trnh
lien tuc
=
c
c
+
c
c
h(x,z)
at ong chat va ang hng:
V D TNH TOAN TH M CO AP B NG PH NG PHAP SAI PHAN H U H N
Mot ap betong co be rong 60m, thng lu cha nc co o sau 10m, ha lu khong co
nc. ap c xay tren mot tang at tham nc ong chat day 80m, vi he so tham la
k = 10-4m/s. Mot hang c c ong gia ay ap sau 35m e giam lu lng tham
qua ap. Xac nh lu lng tham qua ay ap neu xem dong tham ch anh hng trong
pham vi 105m ve pha thng lu ap va 135m ve pha ha lu ap.
A B C
D
E F G
H
I
10 m
Kch thc , v tr ap va li tnh toan
Lu lng tham trong 1 ngay em la: q = 39,007 m3/m ngay em
A B C
D
E F G
H
I
10 m
u
1
u
2
u
3
u
4
u
5
ng ang cot nc o ap va van toc tham di hang c
Tnh toan chi tiet va chng trnh may tnh xem trong phu luc
CHNG
DONG KHONG ON NH TRONG KENH
I.KHAI NIEM
Dong khong on nh la dong chay ma cac yeu to cua dong chay eu phu
thuoc vao thi gian,
o sau : h = h(x,t)
Van toc : V = V(x,t)
Lu lng: Q = Q(x,t)
Dong khong on nh thng xuat hien
Song, kenh b anh hng thuy trieu
Kenh xa nha may thuy ien khi lu lng xa thay oi ot ngot
II.PHNG TRNH LIEN TUC:
h
Q
dX
c
c
+
S thay oi the tch trong oan dx trong thi gian dt
c
c
h
B
h
c
c
th bang lu lng ra lu lng vao trong thi gian o
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
- =
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
=
c
c
+
c
c
Phng trnh lien tuc
Cac dang khac :
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
III. PHNG TRNH ONG LNG:
Cac gia thiet:
Bien oi cham, bo qua lc quan tnh
Ton that nang lng c tnh nh dong eu
Phan bo ap suat tren mat cat ng c xem theo qui luat thuy tnh
o doc nho
c
c
=
Ap lc tren mat 1-1 =
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+ = |
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+ =
Ap lc tren mat 2-2
h
dX
h
B
c
c
+
h
- C
h
c
1
1
2
2
A
i
x
Trong lc theo ph ng x =
Ma sat
t =
t
o
: ng suat ma sat
P : chu vi t
Tong lc theo phng dong chay (X):
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
c
c
c
c
=
_
F
1
F
2
+ F
3
- F
f
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
c
c
c
c
=
_
Lay moment tnh tai mat cat 2-2 oi vi mat thoang suy ra
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
Ngoai ra
h
B
h
c
c
=
- C
h
c
A
c
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+ |
.
|
\
|
c
c
+ =
c
c
c
c
+ |
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
Khai trien va bo cac so hang bac cao
= =
t
Va viet lai
Thay vao |
.
|
\
|
+
c
c
=
_

Ap dung phng trnh ong lng: S bien oi ong lng trong mot n v thi
gian trong mot the tch kiem soat th bang tong cac lc tac ong len the tch o
h
Q
dX
c
c
+
S bien oi ong lng trong the tch kiem
soat gii han m/c 1-1 va 2-2
1
1
2
2
ong lng vao m/c 1-1
= =
ong lng ra m/c 2-2
( ) ( )
(
c
c
+ =
c
c
+ =
S gia tang ong lng trong the tch kiem soat:
( )
c
c
=
Theo phng trnh ong lng _
= +
( ) ( )
|
.
|
\
|
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
(
c
c
+
n gian va chia 2 ve cho va dx:
( ) ( ) ( ) =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
( ) ( ) ( ) =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
( ) =
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Cac dang cua phng trnh ong lng
Chu y: =
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
( ) = +
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Viet lai:
( ) =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Hay
c
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
c
c
=
Dong eu
Dong khong eu
Dong khong on nh
IV.PHNG PHAP NG AC TRNG SONG BIEN O NHO
Co phng trnh lien tuc
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
( ) =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Phng trnh ong lng :
Van toc truyen song: Van toc lan truyen khi gay mot nhieu ong trong
nc tnh, co o sau h
=
Neu song co bien o nho va vi mot so ga thiet sau
1. Kenh nam ngang : o doc i = 0
2. Khong co ma sat: o doc nang J = 0
3. Van toc dong chay nho va s bien oi van toc nho : =
c
c
4. Tiet dien mat cat t A doc theo dong chay xem bang mot tiet
dien trung bnh khong oi Ao va
=
c
c
5. Be mat thoang B bang be rong trung bnh khong oi Bo
=
Mat cat ch nhat
He phng trnh lien tuc va ong lng co the viet lai thanh dang n gian:
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
( ) =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
at neu mat cat hnh ch nhat th =
Nhan cho pt (1)
=
c
c
+
c
c
(1)
(2)
Nhan g cho pt (2)
=
c
c
+
c
c
Cong ve theo ve
=
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
Neu
=
th : =
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
(3)
(4)
Tr ve theo ve va neu =
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
Y ngha phng trnh ng ac trng :

x
t
L
0
x
x
M
L
R
t
M
L
t
R
1
x
R
M
L
R
t
L
1
h
0
=
=
0
x
t
t
l
h
0
L
=
R
=
Cach xac nh o sau (h) va
van toc (V) tai M(x,t)
Tai M ve ng ac trng
thuan C
o
+
(co o doc 1/C
o
)
cat truc hoanh (t = 0) tai L
Tren ng MLcho :
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
Tng t ve ng ac trng
nghch Co
-
(co o doc -1/Co),
MR:
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
(1)
(2)
T (1) va (2)
( ) ( )
(
+ + =
V h
L
,V
L
,h
R,
, Vr
a biet tai thi
iem t = 0
V
M
, h
M
,
x
x
M
( ) ( )
(
+ + =
x
t
M
L
t
R
1
R
M
L
R
t
L
1
0
x
M
L
l
x
x
h
0
R
=
=
Tuy nhien neu v tr M gan
au kenh hoac cuoi kenh th
phai can them ieu kien bien
V du iem M(x,t)
( ) ( )
(
+ + =
( ) ( )
(
+ + =
e xac nh V
L
, h
L
, tai L
ta ve mot ng ac trng
nghch C
o
-
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
Biet h
R1
, V
R1
, biet t ieu kien au +
V
L
Hoac h
L
h
L
V
L
ieu kien bien
V
M,
h
M
(1)
(2)
(1)
(2)
Biet h
L1
, V
L1
, biet t ieu kien au +
V
R
Hoac h
R
h
R
V
R
ieu kien bien
V
M,
h
M
T ng t M
Cac ieu kien au va ieu kien bien song bien o nho:
1.ieu kien ban au : V(0, x), h(0,x)
2. ieu kien bien :
au kenh : V(t,0) hoac h(t,0)
Cuoi kenh : V(t,l) hoac h(t,l)
e giai toan song co bien o nho hay mot bai dong khong on nh thong thng, can
thiet phai co :
V d : M t kenh ch nh t rong b = 10m, dai 1000 m noi vi mot ho cha. Tai thi iem t
= 0, nc tnh vi o sau h
o
= 5m. Tai au kenh o sau thay oi theo thi gian
h = h
o
+ sin(2t t/T) vi T = 400. Xac nh V, h tai v tr x= 500 m thi iem t = 200 s.
c
o
= 7 m/s
t
L
=128,57 s
h
L
=5,9 m
V
L
=1,26 m/s
h
R1
=5 m
V
R1
=0 m
x
R1
=900 m
V
R
=0 m/s
h
L1
=5 m
V
L1
=0 m
x
L1
=100 m
h
R
=5 m
V
M
=1,26 m/s
h
M
=5,6 m
h
o
=5m
500 m
1000 m
0
M
200 s
L
128,57 s
R
1
R
L
1
C
+
0
t
x
ho
C
+
C
-
C
-
100 m
900 m
V. PHNG PHAP NG AC TRNG CHO MOT KENH MAT CAT HNH CH
NHAT:
Van toc truyen song trong kenh hnh ch nhat :
= == >
=
do o
c
c
=
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
va
=
== >
Xet cho mot n v be rong kenh B = 1m
=> A = h = =>
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
Thay vao pt lien tuc va ong lng :
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
( ) =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
chia (1) cho C/g
=
c
c
c
c
c
c
nhan (2) cho g

(1)
(2)
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
cong hai ve :
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
c
c

=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
hay
( ) ( )
=
c
c
+
c
c
Neu
( ) = th :
( ) ( )
=
c
c
+
c
c
( ) =
ng ac trng thuan ( C+) :
ng ac trng nghch ( C-) :
( ) + =
( ) =
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
M
C
+
C
-
Chay
em
M
L R
L R
Chay xiet
i ra khoi
kenh
t
X L
M
C
+
C
-
0
Chu y
Nhng neu dong chay xiet (V>C) th ng ac trng nghch va thuan cung chieu nhau
Khi V va C eu dng, neu dong chay em (V < C) th ng ac trng nghch va
thuan ngc chieu
Tong quat ieu kien bien va ieu kien ban au cho bai toan dong khong on nh nh sau:
1.ieu kien ban au : V(0, x), h(0,x)
2.ieu kien bien :
Chay em :
Chay xiet:
+au kenh Dong chay i vao kenh: can 2 ieu kien bien V(0,t) va h(0,t)
Dong chay i ra kenh : khong can ieu kien bien
+ Cuoi kenh : Dong chay i ra khoi kenh: khong can ieu kien bien
Dong chay i vao kenh can 2 ieu kien bien V(0,t) va h(0,t)
+ au kenh : ch can 1 ieu kien bien V(0,t) hoac h(0,t)
+ Cuoi kenh : ch can 1 ieu kien bien V(0,t) hoac h(0,t)
( ) + =
( ) =
VI. KHAI NIEM PHNG PHAP SAI PHAN HU HAN:
Xet mien tnh toan Xot c ri rac hoa nh hnh ve
i+1
i
i-1
n
n+1
t
x
-
0
At
Ax
Tai iem i va i+1 thi iem t ta co :
( )
( )
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
+ |
.
|
\
|
c
c
+ =
+
+ +
Neu bo cac so hang bac cao , suy ra
A
= |
.
|
\
|
c
c
+
+
+
Tng t , neu tai iem i thi iem n va n+1 ta cung co
A
=
A
= |
.
|
\
|
c
c
+ +
Thay vao trong phng trnh lien tuc va pt ong lng :
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
+
+ +
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
+
A
+
+ +
Van toc va o sau
h
i
n+1
, V
i
n+1
h
i
, V
i
n
thi iem n thi iem n+1
oi vi nhng iem nam tren bien, can phai bo sung them ieu kien bien mi xac
nh c cac gia tr h va V
ieu kien on nh cua pp sai phan hien
ieu kien Courant - Friedrichs Lewy (CFL)
A
s A
=
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c
( ) =
c
c
+
c
c
+
c
c

Thuy Luc - Huynh Cong Hoai

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Tom tat bai giang - TS Huynh cong Hoai HBK tp HCM 1

= Tch phan t 0 en x tng ng t H en h

Tom tat bai giang - TS Huynh cong Hoai HBK tp HCM 6

Y ngha phng trnh ng ac trng :

nhan (2) cho g

Tom tat bai giang - TS Huynh cong Hoai HBK tp HCM 9

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