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ACID BENZOIC V MUI BENZOATE

1. c im Tnh cht Ngun gc
Acid benzoic (C
7
H
6
O
2
): tinh th dng hnh kim hoc tm l nh, mu trng la
ng nh trng.
Natri benzoate (C
6
H
5
COONa): dng bt trng,ha tan c trong nc, rt d
tan trong nc nng.
Acid benzoic c nhiu trong v cy anh o, qut, mn, hi v cy ch hoc
c iu ch theo con ng ho hc bng cch oxi ho toluen bng acid
nitric hoc acid cromic hoc bng oxy khng kh (trong pha lng), decarboxyl ho
anhidrit phtalic trong pha kh 340
o
C vi cht xc tc ZnO.
2. Tc dng
Acid benzoic tc dng theo c ch trc tip. Khi cc phn t acid benzoic
khuch tn vo bn trong t bo vi sinh vt n s tc ng ln mt s enzyme
gy hn ch s trao i cht, lm c ch qu trnh h hp ca t bo, c ch
qu trnh oxy ha glucose v pyruvate, ng thi lm tng nhu cu oxy trong
sut qu trnh oxy ha glucose nn c tc dng ngn cn s phn i ca vi
khun, c ch s pht trin ca nm men v nm mc gy h hng thc phm.
Kh nng chng nm mc ca acid benzoic cao hn i vi nm men v vi
khun. Acid benzoic cn c kh nng tc dng ln mng t bo hn ch s
hp thu acid amin ca t bo vi sinh vt v cc ti mng.
Hot tnh khng khun ph thuc rt nhiu vo pH, tc dng bo qun ch
xy ra mi trng acid pH = 2.5 3.5, khi pH cng thp hot tnh khng khun
cng cao.
- pH = 2 2.5: cn hm lng acid benzoic 0.02 0.03%
- pH = 3.5 4: cn 0,08% tiu dit mc; 0.1- 0.15% dit nm men; 0,15 0,2%
dit vi khun lactic.
- pH trung tnh: hiu qu gim 300 ln so vi pH = 3.
3. ng dng Nng cho php Tc hi
3.1 ng dng Nng cho php
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Ngy nay con ngi tng hp c acid benzoic s dng trong thc
phm. Acid benzoic c s dng nhiu trong bo qun tri cy v rau qu.
Chng c s dng nhiu trong cc thc phm c tnh acid cao nh: sa ln
men, qu ngm gim, hoa qu ngm ng,cc loi sn phm nc tri cy,
rau thanh trng Liu lng cho php ti a l 0,1 0,12%, thng dng 0.05-
0.075% i vi nc qu chua v 0.075-0.1% i vi nc qu t chua.
Liu lng gy c ngi l 6mg/kg th trng. Nn s dng liu lng
nh hn 1g/kg thc phm.
Nng acid benzoic s dng trong thc phm: 0,05 0,15%.
Nng benzoate trong sn phm c tc dng bo qun l 0,07 0,1%.
Liu gy cht ngi: 500mg/kg.
3.2 Tc hi
Cc mui benzoate c c tnh thp i vi con ngi v ng vt. ngi
liu lng gy c qua da l 6mg/kg th trng. Tuy nhin, i vi liu lng 5
10g trong vi ngy thng qua ng ming vn khng gy ra nh hng bt li
no i vi c th. l do con ngi v ng vt c c ch gii c rt tt i
vi cc mui benzoate. Nhng hp cht ny kt hp vi glycin trong gan to
thnh acid hippuric v c thi ra ngoi qua nc tiu. C ch ny loi b 65
95% acid benzoic t cc thc phm c a vo c th. Cc mui benzoate
cn li trong c th s c gii c bng con ng kt hp vi acid
glucoronic.
Tuy nhin nu n nhiu acid benzoic c th s b nh hng v acid
glucoronic dng tng hp protein s b mt do tc dng vi acid benzoic
gii c. Ngoi ra, acid benzoic c th tc ng h h hp v h thn kinh trung
ng, gy kch ng mt. Nu s dng nng cao s lm thay i mi v ca
sn phm, nh hng ti thn ca ngi s dng.
Nhc im: dng benzoic hoc benzoate trong bo qun sn phm c th
lm cho sn phm b thm en, v d nhn bit d v, lm gim ch tiu cm
quan ca sn phm.
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4. Nghin cu v acid benzoic
Cc nh khoa hc pht hin ra cc bc cui cng to acid benzoic trong
thc vt (Ngy vit: 11/10/2012 12:00)
Theo Joshua Widhalm nh nghin cu sau tin s ca trng Purdue, mt trong
nhng tc gi ca pht hin ny: "C rt nhiu tim nng m ra cnh ca cho
php cc nh khoa hc to ra cy trng c hm lng acid benzoic cao. Nu
bn mun thay i s lng ca cc hp cht thu ht cn trng th phn, hoc
ci thin kh nng bo v ca cy trng, th vic tm hiu v con ng to ra
acid benzoic trong cy l rt quan trng"...
Cc nh khoa hc trng i hc Purdue tm ra ton b con ng m cy
trng s dng to ra acid benzoic, tin thn ca mt s hp cht quan trng.
Natalia Dudareva, mt gio s v rau hoa hng u, cho bit cy trng s dng
acid benzoic to ra cc hp cht bo v, cht iu ha sinh trng v thu ht
cn trng th phn. Cc loi thuc nh thuc chng ung th Taxol, cng i hi
c acid benzoic cho s hnh thnh. Cy trng to ra acid benzoic bng cch thay
i cu trc ha hc ca axit cinnamic nh cch m nhiu sinh vt phn hy axit
bo.
Theo Joshua Widhalm nh nghin cu sau tin s ca trng Purdue, mt trong
nhng tc gi ca pht hin ny: "C rt nhiu tim nng m ra cnh ca cho
php cc nh khoa hc to ra cy trng c hm lng acid benzoic cao. Nu
bn mun thay i s lng ca cc hp cht thu ht cn trng th phn, hoc
ci thin kh nng bo v ca cy trng, th vic tm hiu v con ng to ra
acid benzoic trong cy l rt quan trng".
Dudareva, Widhalm v nh nghin cu tng hc bc sau tin s ti trng i
hc Purdue, Anthony Qualley cng b kt qu nghin cu ca h trong K
yu ca Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Quc gia. H s dng hoa d yn tho
(petunias) lm m hnh.
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Theo Dudareva: "Kt qu nghin cu ny lm sng t cc bc cn thit
to ra acid benzoic. By gi, chng ta c th a thng tin ny vo sch gio
khoa".
Cu trc ha hc ca axit cinnamic l mt vng vi mt chui ba carbon bn.
S pht hin cho thy bn enzym lm vic loi b i hai phn t carbon v
kt qu l to ra acid benzoic.
Dudareva ni rng khi c thy c vn ny, c nhn ra rng qu trnh to
ra acid benzoic s l kh quen thuc vi mt s nh khoa hc.
Theo Dudareva: "Trong thc vt v ng vt, qu trnh ny tn ti trong qu
trnh oxy ha acid bo. Trong qu trnh , bn ph v hai n v cacbon trong
cc axit bo".
Widhalm cho bit pht hin ny cho thy kh nng ca cy trng thc hin mt
quy trnh ph bin v thch ng cho s sng cn ca cy.
"Thc vt tin mt bc xa hn bng cch s dng quy trnh ny to ra
cc hp cht c li. C mt s cc cht ha hc nht nh c sn thc vt v
thc vt tm thy s kt hp nhng cht ha hc to ra nhng sn phm
khc nhau" (Theo Widhalm).
(Thng tin chi tit xem ti: Completion of the Core b-oxidative Pathway of
Benzoic Acid Biosynthesis in Plants, PNAS, 2012.)