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CHAPTER 2
INCIDENTS PREVENTION
Understand the concepts of incident
2.1.1 Define incidents
2.1.2 Define accidents
2.2 Understand principle of incidents prevention
2.2.1 Explain principle of incidents prevention
2.3 Recognize causes of incident
2.3.1 Classify the types of incident
2.3.2 Determine three model of accident theory
a. Heinrichs Theory
b. Multiple Causation Theory
c. Bird Loss Causation Model
2.3.3 Discover the three basic causes of incident
a. Basic causes
b. Indirect causes
c. Direct causes
2.4 Understand incidents prevention costs
2.4.1 List the design costs
2.4.2 List the operational costs
2.4.3 List safe guarding of the future costs
2.5 Know accident prevention programme
2.5.1 State management commitment in accident prevention
2.5.2 Develop the accident prevention planning
2.5.3 Determine the accident prevention training
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What is An Incident???
An unexpected, unplanned event in a sequence of events.
That occurs through a combination of causes.

Which result in :
Physical harm ( injury, ill-health or disease ) to an individual
Damage to property
A near miss
Any combination of these effects.
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Why Prevent Incident???
Legal
Human right
Business
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6 Principles of
INCIDENTS PREVENTION by Ministry of
Labour and National Services UK ( 1956 )
Accident prevention is an essential part of good management and of
good workmanship.
Management and workers must fully cooperate.
Top management must take the lead in organising safety.
There must be definite and known safety policy in workplace.
The organisation and resources necessary to carry out the policy
must exist.
The best available knowledge and method must be applied.
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Types of INCIDENTS
Cause immediate injury or damage to
equipment or property
-a forklift dropping a load
- Someone falling off a ladder.


Occur over an extended period
-Hearing loss
- Illness resulting from exposure to chemicals.

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Model of ACCIDENTS
THEORY
Domino Theory
Loss causation model
Multi causality Accident Model
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Domino Theory
Introduced by Herbert W.Heinrich ( 1930 ).
Injury from an accident is the result of a series of events that is
dependent on each other.

-Injuries are caused by accidents
- Accidents are caused by unsafe acts and unsafe condition.
- Unsafe acts and unsafe condition are caused by the faults of
person.
- Faults of person are caused by a personal flaw such as violent
temper, nervousness or ignorance.
- The injured worker s ancestry and social environment.
Injuries
accidents
Hazard
person
ancestry
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Multicausality Accident
Model
Refers to the facts that there may be more that one cause to
any accident.

Example: Someone who had tripping accident over a piece of
wood lying on a floor in a dark walkway.
Cause A
( poor lighting )
Cause B
( Not look where
going )
Cause C
( Wood in
walkway )
Accident ( Trip)
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Loss Causation Model
Introduced by Frank E. Bird ( 1970 ).
Revised Heinrich Domino.
Blaming management

Lack of
Control
Basic
causes
Immediate
causes
Incidents Loss
Threshold Limit
Inadequate sys
Inadequate Stand
Inadequate Compliance
Personal factors
Job/syt factors
Substandard act/practice
Subst. Conditio
Event unintended harm or
Damage
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3 Basic Causes of
Accident
Poor Management Safety Policy
& Decision
Personal factors
Environment factors
Basic Causes
Unsafe act Unsafe condition
Unplanned
accidents
ACCIDENTS
Personal injury,
Property damage
Indirect Causes
direct Causes
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Cost of Incident
Prevention
Insured : RM 1
uninsured :
RM 8~36
Accident Cost
Iceberg
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Cost of Incident
Prevention
i ) Design cost: Installing machine guard to protect worker
ii) Operational cost : Running a Safety Department ( training, PPE )
iii) Planning and consequence- limiting cost
Safeguarding the future, cost for environmental sampling, safety
audit.
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Du Pont Ten Principles of
Safety Management
All injuries and occupational illness are preventable
Management is directly responsible for doing this
Safety is condition of employment
Training is required
Safety audit and inspection must be carried out.
Deficiencies must be corrected
All unsafe practices, incidents and injury accidents will be
investigated.
Safety away from work is as important as safety at work.
Accident prevention is cost effective; the highest cost is human
suffering.
Employees must be actively involved.