Phng php gii cc bi tp c trng v Axit cacboxylic

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PHNG PHP GII CC BI TP C TRNG V AXIT CACBOXYLIC
TI LIU BI GING

1. Xc nh CTPT t CT thc nghim
Cch lm: gm 3 bc
Bc 1: T CT thc nghim, vit li CTPT theo n .
Bc 2: Tnh k theo n.
Bc 3: so snh gi tr k tm c vi c im Ha hc ca cht hu c cho hoc tnh cht ca k.
VD: Axit cacboxylic no, mch h X c cng thc thc nghim (C
3
H
4
O
3
)
n
, vy cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C
6
H
8
O
6.
B. C
3
H
4
O
3.
C. C
12
H
16
O
12.
D. C
9
H
12
O
9.

(Trch thi tuyn sinh H C khi B 2008)
i vi bi tp ny c th lm theo 3 cch:
Cch 1: Da vo cng thc tnh bt bo ha k
Axit cacboxylic no, mch h k =
2
4 2 3 2
2
3 n n +
= n = 2 .
CTPT ca X l C
6
H
8
O
6.

lm cch ny th cc em phi nm rt vng cng thc tnh bt bo ha k.
Cch 2: Da vo vic xy dng CTPT tng qut.
Axit cacboxylic no, mch h c CTPT tng qut dng: C
x
H
2x+2-k
(COOH)
k.

p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t, ta c:

=
= +
= +
n k
n x
n k x
3 2
4 2 2
3

=
=
=
3
2
3
k
n
x

Cch lm ny tuy di hn nhng li quen thuc hn vi a s cc em.
Cch 3: Da vo cng thc thc nghim v c im ha hc.
(C
3
H
4
O
3
)
n
l acid CTCT dng:
( )
2
3
2
3
4
2
3
3
n
n
n
n
n
COOH H C


no, mch h
2
3
2
2
3
2
2
5 n n n
+ = 2 = n
Cch lm ny cng kh ph bin, v c bn l tng t nh cch 2, nhng khng phi gii h pt.
2. Bi tp v phn ng t chy
Ty theo cu to ca axit (mch C, s nhm chc, ...) m ta c cc dy ng ng khc nhau. Trong
chng trnh ph thng, ta ch yu xt dy ng ng este no, n chc, mch h, c cc c im sau:
- Cng thc dy ng ng: C
n
H
2n
O
2.

- Khi t chy:
2 2
H O CO
n = n
.

Ngoi ra, cng cn ch n cc dy c cng thc dng C
n
H
2n-2
O
x
(no, mch h, 2 chc hoc khng no,
mt ni i, mch h, n chc) khi t chy:
2 2
H O CO
n < n v
2 2
axit CO H O
n = n - n
V D : Cho m gam hn hp gm hai cht X v Y u thuc dy ng ng ca axit metacrylic tc dng
vi 300 ml dung dch Na
2
CO
3
0,5M. Thm tip vo dung dch HCl 1M cho n khi kh CO
2
ngng
thot ra th thy tiu tn ht 100 ml. Mt khc, t chy hon ton m gam hn hp A ri dn sn phm
chy qua bnh I cha dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, sau qua bnh II cha dung dch NaOH c th thy tng
khi lng ca bnh II nhiu hn bnh I l 20,5 gam. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 12,15 gam. B. 15,1 gam. C. 15,5 gam. D. 12,05 gam.
Gi CTPT trung bnh ca X v Y l
2
n 2n-2
C H O
T phn ng: ,1
2- +
3 2 2 hh
CO + 2H CO + H O n = 0,3 0,5 2 - 0 = 0,2 mol
T phn ng:
2
+ O
2 2 2
n 2n-2
C H O nCO + (n - 1)H O 0,2(44n - 18n + 18) = 20,5
n = 3,25 m = 0,2(14 3,25 + 30) = 15,1 gam

3. Bi tp v hng s axit















Phng php gii cc bi tp c trng v Axit cacboxylic
- Axit cacboxylic l cc axit yu nhng c y tnh cht ca mt axit (5 tnh cht: lm qu tm, tc
dng vi kim loi gii phng hiro, tc dng vi baz/oxit baz, mui).
- mnh ca axit (c trng bi K
a
, K
a
cng ln, tnh axit cng mnh) ph thuc vo gc hirocacbon
(R) lin kt vi nhm chc cacboxyl COOH.
V D : Bit hng s axit ca CH
3
COOH: K = 1,5 10
a (CH COOH)
3

-5
. pH ca dung dch hn hp CH
3
COOH
0,1M v CH
3
COONa 0,1M l:
A. 4,824. B. 3,378. C. 1,987. D. 2,465.
V axit CH
3
COOH l mt axit yu, khng phn ly hon ton, ta gi x l in ly ca CH
3
COOH trong
dung dch ny.
T gi thit, ta c s in ly:
CH
3
COOH CH
3
COO
-
+ H
+
Trc phn ly: 0,1 0,1 0
Phn ly: 0,1x 0,1x 0,1x
Sau phn ly: 0,1(1 x) 0,1(1 + x) 0,1x
Thay cc gi tr nng ti thi im cn bng sau phn ly vo biu thc tnh K
a
, ta c:
( (

CH COO H
3
- +
0,1(1 + x) 0,1x
-5 -4
K = = = 1,5.10 x 1,5.10
a
| | CH COOH 0,1(1 - x)
3
Do , pH = -lg H = -lg(0,1 1, 5.10 ) = 4,824 (

+ 4

4. Bi tp v phn ng th Hiro linh ng
Hiro trong nhm chc ca axit c kh nng th bi ion kim loi v c gi l Hiro linh ng.
Phn ng th Hiro linh ng bng ion kim loi c th xy ra vi kim loi, oxit kim loi, baz, hoc mui,
. khi tc dng vi axit.
Do cc phn ng ny lm thay i thnh phn nguyn t ca cc cht ban u nn phng php ch yu
gii cc bi tp loi ny l phng php Tng gim khi lng v Bo ton khi lng.
Ngoi ra, do tnh cht nh lng nhm chc ca cc phn ng ny m ta c th dng kh nng phn ng
v t l phn ng bin lun v xc nh loi nhm chc v s lng nhm chc cha Hiro linh ng
ca cc hp cht, tin ti vic bin lun CTCT cc hp cht hu c.
VD
1
: Trung ha 5,48 gam hn hp gm axit axetic, phenol v axit benzoic, cn dng 600 ml dung dch
NaOH 0,1M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng, thu c hn hp cht rn khan c khi lng l:
A. 6,84 gam. B. 4,90 gam. C. 6,80 gam. D. 8,64 gam.
(Trch thi tuyn sinh H C khi A 2008)
p dng phng php tng gim khi lng: m = 5,48 + 22 0,06 = 6,8 gam
VD
2
: Cho 3,6 gam axit cacboxylic no, n chc X tc dng hon ton vi 500 ml dung dch gm KOH
0,12M v NaOH 0,12M. C cn dung dch thu c 8,28 gam hn hp cht rn khan. Cng thc phn t
ca X l
A. C
2
H
5
COOH. B. CH
3
COOH. C. HCOOH. D. C
3
H
7
COOH.
(Trch thi tuyn sinh H C khi B 2008)
Cch gii chi tit bi tp ny bng phng php Bo ton khi lng v Tng gim khi lng c th tham
kho cc bi hc trc.
Tuy nhin, trong trng hp bt c d, ta vn c th tm c kt qu ng l B khi th li cc p n vi
bi theo kinh nghim s mol thng l mt s trn
y, ch c CH
3
COOH (M = 60) c s mol tng ng l
3,6
= 0,6 mol l tha mn kinh nghim trn v
60
p n B nhiu kh nng l p n ng nht.
VD
3
: Cho 5,76 gam axit hu c X n chc, mch h tc dng ht vi CaCO
3
thu c 7,28 gam mui
ca axit hu c. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l:
A. CH
2
=CH-COOH. B. HCC-COOH.
C. CH
3
-CH
2
-COOH. D. CH
3
COOH.
(Trch thi tuyn sinh Cao ng 2007)
VD
4
: t chy hon ton a mol axit hu c Y c 2a mol CO
2
. Mt khc, trung ha a mol Y cn va
2a mol NaOH. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca Y l:
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Phng php gii cc bi tp c trng v Axit cacboxylic
A. HOOC-COOH. B. HOOC-CH
2
-CH
2
-COOH.
C. CH
3
-COOH. D. C
2
H
5
-COOH.
(Trch thi tuyn sinh H C khi A 2007)
D kin 1 Y c 2 nguyn t C loi B, D.
D kin 2 Y c 2 chc axit loi C.
5. Bi tp v phn ng t chy mui cacboxylat
t chy hp cht hu c c cha kim loi to mui cacbonat
Th n = n + n
C (cht hu c) C (CO ) C (mui cacbonat)
2
V d: Cht hu c X (C, H, O, Na) Na CO
+ O , t
2
o
2 3 2 2
+ CO + H O
n = n + n
C (X) C (CO ) C (Na CO )
2 2 3
VD
1
: Trung ha mt lng axit hu c n chc A bng NaOH va . C cn dung dch sau phn ng
ri t chy ht lng mui khan thu c 7,92 gam CO
2
; 6,36 gam Na
2
CO
3
v hi nc. Cng thc ca
X l:
A. HCOOH. B. C
2
H
3
COOH. C. CH
3
COOH. D. C
2
H
5
COOH.
Gi cng thc ca A l C
x
H
y
COOH.
T s cc phn ng:
C H COOH C H COONa Na CO + CO
x y x y

+ NaOH + O , t
2
o
2 3 2 2
+ H O
6, 36
n = 2n = 2 = 0,12 mol
A Na CO
2 3
106
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi C trong phn ng chy, ta c:
6, 36 7, 92
n = n + n = + = 0,2 mol
C (A) C (Na CO ) C (CO )
4
2 3 2
106 44

S nguyn t C trong A l:
2
CO
A
A
n
0,24
C = = = 2
n 0,12
A l CH
3
COOH
VD
2
: t chy hon ton 1,608g cht hu c A ch thu c 1,272g Na
2
CO
3
v 0,528g CO
2
. Cho A tc
dng vi dung dch HCl th thu c mt axit hu c 2 ln axit B. Cng thc cu to caA l:
A. NaOOC-CH
2
-COONa. B. NaOOC-COOH.
C. NaOOC-COONa. D. NaOOC-CH=CH-COONa.
Khng cn mt cng gii chi tit bi ton, ch cn mt nhn xt: t chy hon ton A khng thu c
H
2
O trong CTPT ca A khng cn cha nguyn t H l ta c th tm c p n ng l C.
6. Bi tp v phn ng to dn xut ca axit cacboxylic
VD: Cho 0,04 mol mt hn hp X gm CH
2
=CH-COOH, CH
3
COOH v CH
2
=CH-CHO phn ng va
vi dung dch cha 6,4 gam brom. Mt khc, trung ho 0,04 mol X cn dng va 40 ml dung dch
NaOH 0,75M. Khi lng ca CH
2
=CH-COOH trong X l:
A. 1,44 gam. B. 2,88 gam. C. 0,72 gam. D. 0,56 gam.
(Trch thi tuyn sinh H C khi B 2009)