Bài Giảng Môn Động Cơ Đốt Trong Trang 140

Bi ging mn hc i Cng ng C t Trong
BM ng C t Trong
LI NI U
Bi ging mn hc i Cng ng C t Trong c son trn c s yu cu
trong ni dung ging dy mn hc cho cc lp sinh vin chnh quy chuyn ngnh Cng
ngh ch to my Trng H Bch Khoa H Ni ng thi n cng c th c dng
lm ti liu tham kho cho sinh vin chuyn ngnh ng c, ngnh t. Bi ging c
son trn c s tham kho gio trnh ng C t Trong ca GS.TS Phm Minh Tun v
mt s ti liu khc trong v ngoi nc.
Bi ging c hon thnh trong t kt thc tp s nm u tin ca tc gi ti
trng i Hc Bch Khoa H Ni.
Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n tp th cn b ging dy B mn ng c t trong,
vin C kh ng lc Trng i hc Bch khoa H Ni ng gp nhng kin qu
bu tc gi hon thnh bi ging ny.
Tc gi cng xin gi li cm n xu sc n GS.TS Phm Minh Tun, PGS.TS L
Anh Tunn gip nhit tnh v ng gp cc kin qu bu gip tc gi hon thnh
bi ging ny.
Tc gi
Nguyn Vit Thanh
Ging vin tp s Nguyn Vit Thanh
BM ng C t Trong
Phn m u
Vi nt s lc v ng c t trong
1. ng c t trong l mt loi ng c nhit
ng c nhit ni chung l nhng my bin i nhit thnh cng. ng c
t trong l mt loi ng c nhit, trong qu trnh t chy nhin c thc
hin ngay trong bung cng tc ca ng c. C th phn loi ng c t
trong trong h thng ng c nhit theo s di y:
NG C
NHIT
My hi nc
Tuabin kh
ng c t
trong
ng c phn
lc
ng c xng
ng c
diesel
ng c Gas
Cc ng c
nhit khc
Hnh 0-1: ng c t trong trong h cc ng c nhit

2. Vi nt v lch s pht trin ng c t trong
Mt vi mc ng ghi nh:
1860: ng c t trong u tin ra i do ng Lenoir l mt ngi hu
bn v mt nh k thut nghip d Paris ch to. ng c chy kh t,
c hiu sut e = 2-3%.
1876 Otto- mt nh bun thnh ph Koln nc c ch to mt loi ng
c cng chy kh t nhng t hiu sut cao hn vi e = 10%.
1886: Hng Daimler- Maybach cho xut xng ng c xng u tin c
cng sut Ne = 0,25 m lc v tc vng quay n = 600 v/ph.
1897: ng c diesel u tin ra i c hiu sut kh cao, e = 26%.
1954: ng c piston quay do hng NSU-Wankel ch to ni bt v tnh
gn nh.
BM ng C t Trong
Ngnh ch to ng c t trong pht trin rt mnh. Hin nay sn lng hng

nm c tnh 40 triu chic vi di cng sut t 0,1 n khong 70.000 kW cho
cc lnh vc kinh t nh giao thng vn ti, xy dng, nng nghip, lm nghip,
nng lng... v gia dng.
3. Phn loi ng c t trong
C nhiu cch phn loi ng c t trong khc nhau
a Theo nhin liu: ng c xng, ng c diesel v ng c gas- cn gi l
ng c chy kh.
b. Theo cch thc t nhin liu trong bung chy: t cng bc bng tia la
in nh trong ng c xng, ng c kh v t do t chy nh ng c diesel.
c. Theo s xy lanh: ng c 1 xy lanh v ng c nhiu xy lanh.
d. Theo cch b tr dy xy lanh i vi ng c nhiu xy lanh: ng c mt
hng xy lanh, ch V (hnh 0-2,a) hay ng c hnh sao (hnh 0- 2,b). ng c
hnh sao thng dng cho my bay.
a)
b)
Hnh 0-2: a) ng c ch Vv b) ng c hnh sao

e. Theo loi chuyn ng ca piston: ng c piston chuyn ng tnh tin
v ng c piston quay hay cn gi l ng c r to nh ng c Wankel.
f. Theo iu kin np: ng c tng p v ng c khng tng p.
g. Theo s hnh trnh piston trong mt chu trnh: ng c hai k v ng c
bn k.
h. Theo phng php lm mt: ng c lm mt bng nc v ng c lm mt
bng gi.
i. Theo tc ca piston: ng c tc thp, tc trung bnh v ng
c cao tc.
4. u nhc im ca ng c t trong
Khi so snh vi cc ng c nhit khc, ng c t trong c nhng u im
ni bt sau:
BM ng C t Trong
Hiu sut cao n 46%, trong khi hiu sut ca my hi nc kiu

piston 16%, ca turbin hi 22- 28% v ca turbin kh 30%.
Kch thc v trng lng nh, cng sut ring ln do mi qu trnh bin i
trng thi ca mi cht thc hin bn trong bung cng tc ca ng c.
Ngoi ra, do dng nhin liu c nhit tr cao nn rt thch hp trn cc phng tin vn ti vi iu kin lm vic di ng.
Khi ng, vn hnh, chm sc d dng.
Tuy nhin ng c t trong c nhng nhc im c bn l:
Khng pht ra m men ln ti tc vng quay nh nn khng khi
ng c khi c ti v vy cn c h thng khi ng ring.
Kh nng qu ti km.
Cng sut cc i khng cao. Mt trong nhng ng c ln nht th
gii hin nay l ng c ca hng MAN- B&W c cng sut 68.520 kW
(s liu 1997) trong khi cng sut ca tuc bin hi bnh thng c th
t vi chc vn kW.
Nhin liu t v cn dn trong thin nhin v c nhng yu cu kht
khe nh hm lng tp cht thp, tnh chng kch n cao, tnh t chy
cao... gi thnh ngy cng cao.
nhim mi trng v kh x v n.
Tuy nhin trong vi ba thp nin ti, ng c t trong vn l loi ng c
khng th thay th.
BM ng C t Trong
Phn I
nguyn l lm vic ca ng c t trong
Chng I: Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c t trong
c th hiu c nguyn l lm vic ca ng c t trong, trc ht phi
tm hiu bn cht ca cc nhin liu c s dng v hn hp gia nhin liu vi
khng kh to thnh hn hp chy.
1.1 Nhin liu lng dng trong ng c t trong
Khi tinh luyn du m hoc tng hp nhin liu th kh hay nhin liu rn
ta thu c xng, du ho, du diesel v du my. Trong s xng v du
diesel c s dng lm nhin liu cho ng c t trong.
1.1.1 Du diesel
Du diesel l loi nhin liu nng vi = 0,8- 0,95 g/cm3 c tnh t chy cao
(khng cn ngun la bn ngoi).
1.1.1.1 Thnh phn chnh
Du diesel c tnh t chy cao v trong thnh phn ca n c nhiu
ccbuahydr no CnH2n+2 dng mch thng nn d b phn hu nhit cao
trong phn ng xy ho to nhit, v d xtan C16H34 (hnh 1-1).
Hnh 1-1: Xtan C16H34, mt loi ccbuahydr no mch thng

1.1.1.2 nh gi tnh t chy ca du diesel
BM ng C t Trong
Xtan C16H34 l mt cacbuahydr no, dng mch thng c tnh t chy cao.
Cn - mtylnaphtalin C11H10 l mt cacbuahydr c dng mch vng (hnh 1-2),
c kt cu phn t rt bn vng, do tnh t chy rt km. nh gi tnh
t chy ca du diesel, ngi ta s dng mt thng s gi l s xtan (Xe). xc
nh s Xe ca mt loi du diesel, trn mt ng c th nghim c bit c
th thay i c t s nn, theo mt qui trnh nht nh, ngi ta th nghim
ng c vi du diesel ny. Sau , ngi ta tin hnh th nghim tng t vi
nhin liu l mt hn hp gm xtan (C 16H34) v - mtylnaphtalin gi l nhin liu
so snh. Thnh phn xtan trong hn hp so snh c iu chnh cho n khi
tnh t chy ca hai loi nhin liu th nghim l tng ng. Khi , thnh phn
xtan tnh theo % trong hn hp so snh c coi l s Xe cn xc nh ca du
diesel.
Hnh 1-2: - mtylnaphtalin C11H10 c kt cu phn t dng mch vng

R rng, s Xe cng ln th tnh t chy ca nhin liu cng cao v ngc li.
i vi xtan, Xe = 100; cn i vi - mtylnaphtalin, Xe = 0. Cc loi du diesel
thng dng c Xe nm trong khong 35-55.
1.1.2 Xng
Xng l loi nhin liu nh, = 0,5-0,8 g/cm3, d bay hi v c tnh t chy
km.
1.1.2.1 Thnh phn chnh
S d xng c tnh t chy km v thnh phn ca xng gm nhiu
cacbuahydr no nhng c dng mch nhnh v ccbuahydr thm nhn benzen l
cc kt cu rt bn vng, v d nh mtylbenzen C6H5CH3 v isctan
C8H18(hnh 1-3).
a)
BM ng C t Trong
b)
Hnh 1-3: a): mtylbenzen C6H5CH3 v b): iscctan C8H18

Trong ng c xng c mt hin tng chy khng bnh thng gn vi bn cht
ca ng c ny l hin tng chy kch n. Sau khi bu gi bt tia la in, mng
la s lan trn t bu gi ra khp bung chy t hn hp. l qu trnh chy
bnh thng. Nu mt vng no c nhng nguyn nhn lm tng nhit
cc b v do iu kin din ra ti y qu trnh t bc chy khi
mng la t bu gi cha lan trn ti. l qu trnh chy khng bnh thng gi l
chy kch n. Khi , tc chy rt ln, mt khc c s chn p d di gia
hai vng chy (vng chy do tia la in v vng chy kch n) nn trong xy lanh
c ting g rt anh, ti trng ng ln, nhit v p sut ti y rt cao
khin nhin liu b phn hu nn kh thi c khi en. ng c rt nng v
rung, cng sut gim v khng th tip tc lm vic .
R rng, xng c cu trc phn t cng bn vng th tnh t chy cng km
do kh xy ra kch n v ngc li.
1.1.2.2 nh gi tnh chng kch n ca xng
Isctan C8H18 (hnh 1-3) c kt cu phn t dng mch vng nn rt bn
vng, c tnh chng kch n cao. nh gi tnh chng kch n ca xng,
ngi ta dng mt thng s gi l s ctan (O). Mt hn hp ca isctan C 8H18 vi
hptan C7H16 - mt cacbuahydr no mch thng- c dng lm nhin liu so snh
vi cch thc tng t nh xc nh ch s xtan ca du diesel trnh by trn.
Vi isctan C8H18, O = 100; cn i vi hptan C7H16, O = 0. Loi xng no c tr
s ctan cng cao th tnh chng kch n cng ln. Xng t thng thng c s
ctan trong khong 80-100.
Gia tr s xtan (Xe) v s ctan (O) c mi quan h rt r nt. Nhin liu
c s xtan Xe cng cao th c s ctan O cng thp v ngc li. Mi quan h
ny c th c din t bng cng thc thc nghim sau:
O = 120 - 2Xe
(1-1)
1.1.3 H s d lng khng kh
BM ng C t Trong
Trong ng c, hn hp gia nhin liu v khng kh c nn v t trong xy

lanh nn to nhit v sinh cng. Mc m nht ca hn hp l mt thng s
lm vic quan trng ca ng c. Mc m nh ca hn hp c nh gi
thng qua mt thng s c bit gi l h s d lng khng kh c xc nh
nh sau.
Coi rng, thnh phn ch yu ca nhin liu ch gm c cc nguyn t
hydr, xy v ccbon. Nu gi thnh phn khi lng ca cc nguyn t trn ln lt
l H, O v C, ta c:
H+O+C=1
(1-2)
Mi loi nhin liu c th c cc thnh phn H, O v C nht nh cho trong

cc ti liu chuyn mn. Nhin liu khi chy s to nhit v tun theo cc phng
trnh phn ng sau:
C + O2 = CO2
(1-3)
2 H 2 + O2 = 2 H 2 O
(1-4)
Cn c vo phng trnh (1-3) v (1-4), ta c th xc nh cc phng trnh

cn bng khi lng ca cc phn ng
12 kg C + 32 kg O2 = 14 kg CO2
(1-5)
4 kg H2 + 32 kg O2 = 36 kg H2O
(1-6)
Phng trnh (1-5) v (1-6) vit cho C kg ccbon v H kg hydr c dng

C kg ccbon +
8
11
C kg xy =
C kg ccbonic
3
3
H kg hydr + 8 H kg xy = 9 H kg nc
(1-7)
(1-8)
Lng xy (kg) cn thit cho hai phn ng (1-7) v (1-8) l

8
C +8H
3
(1-9)
Trong 1 kg nhin liu c sn O kg xy. V vy lng xy cn thit trong khng

kh Oct t chy hon ton 1 kg nhin liu l
Oct =
8
C +8H-O
3
(1-10)
Ta bit, thnh phn khi lng ca xy trong khng kh l 0,23 cn thnh

phn th tch l 0,21. T c th xc nh lng khng kh cn thit t
chy hon ton 1 kg nhin liu L0
L0 =
1 8
C + 8H O (kg/kg
0,23 3
nhin liu)
(1-11)
10
BM ng C t Trong
Thc t, bng thc nghim c th xc nh c lng khng kh thc s np

vo ng c tnh cho 1 kg nhin liu l L. T s
=
L
Lo
(1-12)
c gi l h s d lng khng kh v do c trng cho mc m nht ca

hn hp.
1.2 Cc khi nim c bn
6
CT
3
CD
Hnh 1-4: minh ha mt s khi nim c bn

1. trc khuu, 2: thanh truyn, 3: piston, 4: xu pp thi, 5: vi phun (ng c
diesel) hoc bu gi (ng c xng), 6: xu pp np,CT. im cht trn,
CD. im cht di.
1.2.1 im cht
V tr m ti piston i chiu chuyn ng gi l im cht. C hai
im cht l im cht trn (CT) v im cht di (CD), hnh 1-4. Khi
piston im cht trn v im cht di, bung cng tc c th tch nh nht
Vmin v ln nht Vmax. Khong cch gia 2 im cht c gi l hnh trnh piston
S.
1.2.2 K
Khi piston thc hin mt hnh trnh S (m) gia hai im cht ngi ta gi
piston thc hin mt k.
Theo s k ngi ta phn loi ng c 2 k v ng c 4 k.
1.2.3 Th tch cng tc Vh
11
BM ng C t Trong
L th tch gia hai im cht ca xy lanh c ng knh D (m)

Vh =
D 2
S
4
(1-13)
1.2.4 T s nn
=
Vmax
Vmin
(1-14)
1.3 Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c 4 k khng tng p
a)
12
BM ng C t Trong
b)
Hnh 1-5: th cng a) v th pha b) ca ng c 4 k khng tng p
1.3.1 Qu trnh np
Qu trnh np c tin hnh ch yu do piston khi
chuyn ng t im cht trn n im cht di to ra s
chnh p, do mi cht c ht vo xy lanh. Kh np mi
ca ng c xng ni chung (tr loi ng c phun xng trc
tip vo bung chy) l hn hp ca xng v khng kh cn
ca ng c diesel v ng c phun xng trc tip l khng
kh.
Trong thc t, qu trnh np bt u ti im d1 (hnh
1-5,a) tng ng vi v tr gc 1 (hnh 1-5,b) trc im cht
trn, xu pp np m. Gc 1 c gi l gc m sm xu pp np.
Sau khi n im cht trn, piston bt u i xung, p
sut trong xy lanh gim dn. T thi im p sut trong xy
lanh bng p sut trn ng ng np pk tr i cho n khi
piston ti im cht di ti im a, kh np mi c ht vo
trong xy lanh. M sm xu pp np nhm mc ch, khi kh
np mi thc s i vo xy lanh th din tch thng qua ca
xu pp np kh ln nn sc cn kh ng nh, do np
c nhiu kh np mi.
13
BM ng C t Trong
Nhm tn dng qun tnh ca dng kh np np

thm, xu pp np cha ng ti im cht di m ng sau
mt gc 2 (hnh
1-5,b) ti im d2 (hnh1-5,a). Gc 2 gi l gc ng mun xu pp np. T a
n d2 gi l thi k np thm.
V mt nguyn tc, ngi ta tn dng cc bin php c th np c nhiu
kh np mi, do t c nhiu nhin liu, nhm tn dng kh nng ng c
pht ra cng sut cao. nh gi cht lng qu trnh np, ngi ta a ra thng s
h s np v l t s gia khi lng mi cht thc t np vo xy lanh G tt v lng
mi cht theo l thuyt Glt cha trong th tch cng tc Vh nhit v p sut
trn ng ng np tk v pk
G
G tt
v = tt =
(1-15)
G lt k Vh
Do tn tht kh ng qua xu pp np, do kh st trong xy lanh gin n u
qu trnh np v do mi cht mi c sy nng bi kh st v cc chi tit trong xy
lanh nn thng thng v < 1.
1.3.2 Qu trnh nn
Piston tip tc chuyn ng hng ti im cht trn. T im d2, l im xu
pp np ng tr i, mi cht thc s c nn. Trong qu trnh nn, nhit v
p sut trong xy lanh tng dn. Gia mi cht v cc chi tit trong xy lanh din ra
qu trnh trao i nhit rt phc tp. n gin trong tnh ton, ngi ta coi
qu trnh nn l mt qu trnh a bin vi ch s nn a bin trung bnh n 1.
Trn c s c th tnh nhit v p sut cui qu trnh nn a bin ti
im c (khng chy) theo cc cng thc sau:
Tc = Ta n1 1
(1-16)
p c = p a n1
(1-17)
i vi ng c diesel, nhin liu c th t chy T c phi

ln hn nhit t chy ca nhin liu. T (1-16) ta rt ra t s
nn phi ln hn mt t s nn gii hn gh. Trong thc t, t s
nn ca ng c diesel t 12 n 24. Ngc li i vi ng c
xng, nhit trong qu trnh nn cao rt d xy ra kch n.
V vy t s nn ca ng c xng khng cao v nm trong
khong 6 n 10. Cui qu trnh nn ti gc s (hnh1-5,b) trc
im cht trn ti im c' (hnh1-5,a), nhin liu c p sut
cao c phun vo bung chy qua vi phun i vi ng c
diesel ha trn vi khng kh to thnh hn hp; cn i vi
ng c xng bu gi bt tia la in t hn hp. Gc s c
14
BM ng C t Trong
gi l gc phun sm (ng c diesel) hay gc nh la sm

(ng c xng).
1.3.3 Qu trnh chy v gin n

a. Qu trnh chy
Bn cht ca qu trnh chy l qu trnh xy ho nhin liu, phn ng ny to
nhit. Sau mt khong thi gian ngn chun b i -tnh t lc bt u phun
nhin liu (ng c diesel) hay bt u bt tia la in (ng c xng)- qa
trnh chy thc s xy ra. Giai
on ny gi
a)
b)
Hnh 1-6: Din bin qu trnh chy ng c diesel a) v ng c xng b)

l thi k chy tr cn i gi l thi gian chy tr (s). Trong ng c diesel, do
hn hp hnh thnh bn trong xy lanh nn u tin phn hn hp c chun b v
p
tch t trong giai on chy tr s chy rt nhanh, tc tng p sut rt ln,

to ra ting g rt anh c th cho ng c diesel. Tip sau l giai on
va chun b chun b hn hp va chy nn chy t t hn. V th, chu trnh
lm vic ca ng c diesel ging vi chu trnh cp nhit hn hp, hnh 1-6,a.
Cn hu ht ng c xng, do hn hp c chun b bn ngoi xy lanh, do
hn hp khi vo trong xy lanh c thnh phn tng i ng u nn phn ln
15
BM ng C t Trong
hn hp chy rt nhanh sau thi gian chy tr. V th chu trnh lm vic ca
ng c xng gn vi chu trnh cp nhit ng p, hnh 1-6,b.
Tuy nhin c hai loi ng c, sau khi chy phn ln hn hp, qu trnh chy
cn tip tc vi tc chy nh ko di trn ng gin n do chy nt phn hn
hp cha chy gi l chy rt. Chy rt ch lm nng cc chi tit, hiu qu s dng
nhit thp nn ngi ta c gng nghin cu v p dng cc bin php hn ch
chy rt nh chn gc phi kh v gc phun sm hay nh la sm thch hp, tn
dng xoy lc ca mi cht trong qu trnh np hon thin qu trnh np v
tng tc chy
b. Qu trnh gin n
Tip theo qu trnh chy l qu trnh gin n sinh cng (t im z n im
b', hnh 1-5,a). Thc ra u qu trnh gin n cn c qu trnh cp nhit do chy
rt. Mt khc cn c hin tng trao i nhit gia mi cht vi thnh vch cc chi
tit. V vy qu trnh gin n l mt qu trnh nhit ng phc tp. Tng t nh
qu trnh nn, ngi ta coi gn ng y l mt qu trnh a bin vi ch s
gin n a bin n2.
1.3.4 Qu trnh thi
Cui qu trnh gin n, xu pp thi c m ti im b , (hnh
1-5,a) tng ng vi gc 3 (hnh 1-5,b) trc im cht di nhm
li dng chnh p trong xy lanh vi ng thi thi t do mt lng
ng k kh chy. Gc 3 c gi l gc m sm xu pp thi.
Tip theo, do piston i ln, kh chy c thi cng bc qua xu pp
thi ra ngoi. Do tn tht kh ng khi qua xu pp thi, p sut
trong xy lanh trong qu trnh thi cao hn so vi p sut trn ng
thi pt. Nu p sut pt cng cao, cng bm trong qu trnh thi
cng ln, mt khc kh st cng nhiu, lm bn mi cht cng
tc ca chu trnh tip theo. V vy ngi ta c gng tm cc
bin php gim pt nh chn gc m sm xu pp thi v thit k ng thi hp l. Nhm li dng qun tnh ca dng kh thi
thi sch thm, cui qu trnh thi, xu pp thi khng ng ti
im cht trn m ng ti im r' (hnh 1-5,a) sau im cht
trn tng ng vi gc 4 (hnh 1-5,b) tc l u qu trnh np
ca chu trnh tip theo.
Nh vy cui qu trnh thi v u qu trnh np, c hai xu pp np v thi u
m trong khong 1 + 4 - gi l gc trng ip (hnh 1-5,b). Do chnh p nh v
tit din thng qua ca xu pp np cn rt nh nn lng kh thi lt vo ng np
khng ng k.
Tm li, mt chu trnh lm vic ca ng c 4 k tng ng vi 4 hnh trnh
ca piston gm c cc qu trnh xt trn. thi sch v np y, phi la
chn cc gc m sm, ng mun ca cc xu pp - cn gi l pha phi kh- hp l.
16
BM ng C t Trong
Pha phi kh cng nh gc phun sm (ng c diesel) hay nh la sm (ng c

xng) ti u thng c la chn bng thc nghim.
1.4 Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c 2 k
Chu trnh lm vic ca ng c 2 k, ng c diesel cng nh ng c xng,
c thc hin sau 2 hnh trnh ca piston. Tuy nhin ch c cc qu trnh np,
nn, gin n v thi c mt s im khc bit cn qu trnh chy vn ging nh
ng c 4 k. Do , di y ch trnh by tm tt din bin cc qu trnh
trong ng c 2 k trn c s mt m hnh n gin trnh by trn hnh 1-7 m
khng trnh by t m nh ng c 4 k.
1.4.1 Din bin cc qu trnh

a. Hnh trnh I
Piston i chuyn t im cht trn n im cht di, kh chy v ang
chy trong xy lanh gin n sinh cng. Khi piston m ca thi A, kh chy c p
sut cao c thi t do ra ng thi. T khi piston m ca qut B cho n khi
n im cht di, kh np mi c p sut cao np vo xy lanh ng thi qut
kh chy ra ca A.
Nh vy trong hnh trnh I gm cc qu trnh: Chy gin n, thi t do, qut
kh v np kh mi.
b. Hnh trnh II
Piston di chuyn t im cht di n im cht trn, qu trnh qut np
vn tip tc cho n khi piston ng ca qut B. T cho n khi piston
ng ca thi A, mi cht trong xy lanh b y qua ca thi ra ngoi, v vy
giai on ny gi l giai on lt kh. Tip theo l qu trnh nn bt u t khi
piston ng ca thi A cho ti khi nhin liu phun vo xy lanh (ng c diesel)
hoc bu gi (ng c xng) bt tia la in. Sau mt thi gian chy tr rt ngn
qu trnh chy s xy ra.
17
BM ng C t Trong
c'
b
a d o pt
pk
V
A
CD
CT
Hnh 1-7: Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c 2 k

Nh vy trong hnh trnh II gm c: qut v np kh, lt kh, nn v chy
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 1-8: Cc kiu qut kh ca ng c 2 k

a) qut vng, b) v c): qut thng
Theo cch t chc qut kh, ngi ta phn bit cc loi qut khc nhau. Nu
qut kh nh hnh 1-7 v 1-8,a qua ca thi gi l qut vng, cn nh hnh 1-8,b
qut qua xu pp thi v qua piston i nh nh hnh 1-8,c gi l qut thng.
So vi qut vng, dng kh qut khi qut thng t b ngot nn cht lng qu
trnh qut np tt hn.
c im ca ng c 2 k l kh np mi phi c p sut p k ln qut
kh chy ra ng thi c p sut pt. Thng thng ngi ta thit k my nn kh
ring lp trn ng c hoc tn dng khng gian bn di piston - hp trc khuu
nn kh np nh mt vi ng c xng c nh, hnh 1-9.
18
BM ng C t Trong
Hnh 1-9: Nn kh qut bng hp cc te- trc khuu

1.4.2 So snh ng c 2 k v 4 k
Nu cng ng knh xy lanh D, hnh trnh piston S v s vng quay n th
v l thuyt cng sut ca ng c 2 k gp hai ln cng sut ca ng c 4
k. Trong thc t do c tn tht hnh trnh cho cc qu trnh np thi v tn
cng nn v qut kh nn ch gp 1,6 n 1,8 ln.
M men ca ng c 2 k u hn.
C cu phi kh ca ng c 2 k n gin hn nhng cht lng np thi
khng tt bng ca ng c 4 k.
1.5 Nguyn lm vic ca ng c tng p
Mt phng php rt hiu qu tng cng sut ng c l tng lng mi cht
np bng cch nn mi cht trc khi np vo xy lanh. Phng php ny gi l tng
p ng c.
1.5.1 Tng p c kh
My nn 5 c truyn ng t trc khuu ca ng c 1, hnh 1-10,a. Phng
php ny c u im l khi s vng quay ca ng c thay i t ngt, my
nn vn cung cp cho ng c lng mi cht cn thit. Tuy nhin chnh v c
dn ng t ng c nn lng kh nn ch ph thuc vo tc vng quay ca
ng c m thi dn ti nhc im l my nn khng cung cp lng kh nn ph
hp cho ng c khi ti trng thay i.
1.5.2 Tng p kiu tucbin- my nn
19
BM ng C t Trong
4
5
8
3
1
3
1
7
6
a)
6
2
b)
Hnh 1-10: a) tng p c kh, b) tng p bng tucbin-my nn

1: ng c, 2: ng thi, 3: my nn, 4: bnh lm mt trung gian, 5: ng np, 6:
mi cht trc my nn, 7: b truyn c kh, 8: tuc bin.
Theo phng php ny (hnh 1-10,b) kh thi ca ng c c dn vo
tucbin 8 sinh cng lm quay my nn 3. Tc vng quay ca tucbin-my nn
c th ti 100.000 v/ph. Phng php ny tn dng thm c nng lng ca kh
thi. Nhng khi tc vng quay ng c thay i t ngt, do qun tnh ca
tucbin-my nn nn my nn khng cung cp c lng khng kh cn thit.
Mt khc, ch tc vng quay v ti nh, cng ca tucbin khng
cho my nn lm vic bnh thng.
1.5.3 Tng p hn hp
Hnh 1-11 miu t s ng c tng p hn hp. My nn c dn ng
khng nhng t ng c m cn t tucbin. Phng php ny khc phc c nhc
im c bn ca haiphng php trnh by trn. ng c c cung cp kh
nn ph hp hn ti cc ch ti trng v tc vng quay khc nhau, k c
khi tc thay i t ngt.
Trong thc t cn c mt s phng php khc nh tng p bng cch tn dng
sng p sut trn ng np, tng p dng kh thi gin n nn kh np
(COMPREX)... nhng do khun kh c hn nn khng c trnh by y.
20
BM ng C t Trong
6
7
8
1
5
3
2
Hnh 1-11: Tng p hn hp

1: ng c, 2: ng thi, 3: my nn s cp, 4: tucbin, 5: b truyn c
kh, 6: bnh lm mt trung gian, 7: ng np, 8: my nn th cp.
1.6 Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c nhiu xy lanh
Trong hu ht cc ng c nhiu xy lanh, kch thc cc chi tit ca cc xy
lanh nh nhau nn qu trnh lm vic ca cc xy lanh cng ging nhau nhng khc
nhau v pha, ph thuc vo b tr lm vic tng quan gia cc xy lanh ca ngi
thit k. Vic b tr ny theo nhng nguyn tc sau:
Bo m cho m men ca ng c trong mt chu trnh ng u nht.
Theo nguyn tc ny ng c mt hng xy lanh ngi ta b tr sao cho
gc gia hai xy lanh lm vic lin tip (tnh theo gc quay trc khuu)
u nh nhau.
(o)
xy
lanh
xy lanh 1
0-180 180-360 360-540 540-720
Ht
Nn
Nn
Ht
Ht
Nn
Ht
Nn
21
BM ng C t Trong
Hnh 1-12: Trc khuu v s lm vic ca ng c 4 k 4 xy lanh

Khng ti trng tp trung qu nhiu vo mt hoc mt s c no
trc c sc bn ng u.
Trc khuu phi c dng ng lc hc hp l.
T s quyt nh hu ht mi b tr v kt cu ca ton ng c.
Sau y ta s p dng nhng nguyn tc ny xt mt v d c th nhng
kh ph bin l ng c 4 k, 4 xy lanh, hnh 1-12.
Vi dng trc khuu nh hnh v c th b tr gc cng tc gia hai xy lanh lin
tip nhau l K =720o /4 = 180o tc l c u n 180 o c mt ln sinh cng,
do m men ca ng c pht ra u. Mt khc, trc khuu c dng i xng
vi c trc gia nn tnh cn bng ng lc hc tt. Vi dng trc khuu trn c
th c 2 th t lm vic l 1-3-4 -2 hoc 1-2-4-3. Vi mt th t lm vic c
th, v d 1-3-4-2, ta c s lm vic ca ng c trong hai vng quay ca
trc khuu th hin qua bng trn hnh 1-12. T , ta c th xc nh gc
quay ca cc xy lanh th hai, ba, t theo gc quay ca xy lanh th nht hay ni
cch khc l tng quan v pha gia cc xy lanh:
2 = 1 + 180o
3 = 1 + 540o
4 = 1 + 360o
(1-18)
1.7 Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c piston quay
22
BM ng C t Trong
Vtra:
Vtrb:
Vtrc:
AC: n p
AB: nn
BC: thi
AC: ch y
AB: thi
BC: n p
AC: thi
AB: n p
BC: nn
Hnh 1-13: Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c piston quay

1: rto (piston quay), 2: trc c, 3: vnh rng ca rto, 4: bnh rng trc c, 5: xy
lanh, 6: bung np, 7: ca np, 8: bu gi (ng c xng) hoc vi phun (ng c
diesel), 9: ca thi.
Hnh 1-13 trnh by nguyn l lm vic ca mt loi ng c piston quay c
rto 1 (piston quay) dng 3 cung. Vnh rng trong 3 ca rto lun n khp vi bnh
rng trc c 4. Tm ca rto lch vi tm ca trc c mt khong l e. Khi rto
chuyn ng song phng, ba nh A,B,C ca rto lun tip xc vi b mt xy
lanh 5 c profil c bit 2 cung, do to ra ba khng gian thay i l AC, AB
v BC.
Trn hnh 1-13,a, theo chiu quay ca rto, khng gian AC tng dn th tch
v thng vi ca np 7 nn ti y s xy ra qu trnh np; khng gian AB gim
dn th tch vi qu trnh nn cn khng gian BC din ra qu trnh thi. Khi
nh C i qua ca np 7, khng gian AC t th tch cc i v qu trnh np ti
y kt thc. Tip theo, th tch khng gian AC gim dn thc hin qu trnh
nn mi cht.
Ti v tr nh th hin trn hnh 1-13,b, bu gi (ng c xng) bt tia la in
t hn hp hay vi phun (ng c diesel) phun nhin liu hinh thnh
hn hp. Sau mt thi gian chy tr, qu trnh chy s thc s din ra. p sut
trong khng gian ny tng vt tc dng ln b mt AC ca rto to ra m men
quay do rto 1 lch tm vi trc c 2. Qua b truyn bnh rng 3-4, m men c
23
BM ng C t Trong
truyn ra trc c ra ngoi ko my cng tc. ng thi ti v tr trn hnh 113,b khng gian BC din ra qu trnh np cn kh chy c thi ra ra ngoi t
khng gian AB.
Tng t nh vy (hnh 1-13,c), khng gian AC qu trnh gin n kt thc v
chun b bt u qu trnh thi. Cn ti khng gian AB, qu trnh np bt u
trong khi khng gian BC ang thc hin qu trnh nn.
Nh vy, khi rto thc hin mt chu trnh tng ng vi 3 vng quay ca trc c
2, c ba khng gian u thc hin mt chu trnh lm vic gm c cc qu trnh
np, nn chy-gin n v thi tng ng vi ng c piston thng thng 4 k ba
xy lanh.
So vi ng c piston thng thng, ng c piston quay c nhng u im
sau:
Piston quay nn cn bng d dng bng i trng. V th, tc vng
quay ng c c th rt cao.
Cht lng np-thi cao v dng ca np -thi (khng phi dng xu pp) nn
tit din lu thng ln.
ng c rt gn v c cng sut cao.
Khuyt im ch yu ca ng c Wankel l cc chi tit bao kn dng
thanh cc nh ca rto v b mt xy lanh mn rt nhanh v vn tc trt ln
v kh bi trn. Do , tui th ca ng c khng cao.
1.8 Nhng thng s kinh t - k thut c bn ca ng c
1.8.1 Cng
a. Cng ch th Li
L cng dng ca chu trnh nhit ng ca ng c. Trn th cng c
th xc nh c Li (hnh 1-5).
b. Cng tn hao c kh Lm
L cng mt mt cho cc tn tht c kh nh ma st, dn ng cc c cu
ph, cng cho qu trnh np thi (cng m trn th cng, hnh 1-5) tnh cho
mt chu trnh ca ng c.
c. Cng c ch Le
L cng trc khuu truyn ra bn ngoi ko cc my cng tc.
Le = Li - Lm
(1-19)
1.8.2. p sut trung bnh

a. p sut ch th trung bnh pi
24
BM ng C t Trong
L cng ch th tnh cho mt n v th tch cng tc ca xy lanh. c trng cho tnh hiu qu ca ng c.
pi =
Li
Vh
(1-20)
b. p sut tn tht c gii trung bnh pm

L cng tn tht c kh tnh cho mt n v th tch cng tc ca xy lanh
pm =
Lm
Vh
(1-21)
c. p sut c ch trung bnh pe

L cng c ch tnh cho mt n v th tch cng tc ca xy lanh
pe =
Le
Vh
(1-22)
Tng t nh (1-19), ta c
pe = pi - pm
(1-23)
1.8.3 Cng sut

a. Cng sut ch th Ni
L cng sut ng vi cng ch th Li.
Gi f l s chu trnh ca mt xy lanh trong mt giy, ng c 4 k c f =
n/120, cn ng c 2 k c f = n/60.
Nu gi l thng s c trng cho s k, ng c 4 k = 4 v ng c 2
k = 2, ta c th vit f = n/(30. ).
Cng sut ch th Ni c tnh nh sau:
N i = zfL i =
p i Vh zn
30
(1-24)
trong , z l s xy lanh.
b. Cng sut c ch Ne
L cng sut ng vi cng c ch Le. Tng t nh (1-24) ta c:
Ne =
p e Vh zn
30
(1-25)
Trong k thut ngi ta thng xc nh Ne trn bng th cng sut trn c s

o m men Me v tc vng quay:
25
Ne = Me. =
M e n
30
BM ng C t Trong
(1-26)
1.8.4 Hiu sut

a. Hiu sut ch th i
L hiu sut ca chu trnh nhit ng trong ng c
Li
Q ct
i =
(1-27)
trong Qct l nhit lng ca lng nhin liu gct cung cp cho ng c trong 1
chu trnh.
Qct = gct.Qnl
vi Qnl l nhit tr ca nhin liu (J/kg)
Trong thc t i = 22-50%
b. Hiu sut c gii m
Le pe N e
=
=
Li
pi
Ni
m =
(1-28)
Thng thng m = 65- 93%

c. Hiu sut c ch e
Theo nh ngha: e =
Le
, t cc phng trnh (1-27) v (1-28) rt ra:
Q ct
e = im
(1-29)
Tu theo loi ng c e thay i t 15 n 46%.

1.8.5 Sut tiu hao nhin liu
Gi Gnl l lng tiu th nhin liu o c trong mt n v thi gian, sut tiu
hao nhin liu l lng nhin liu tiu th tnh cho mt n v cng sut ng c
trong mt n v thi gian.
a. Sut tiu hao nhin liu ch th gi
gi =
G nl
Ni
(1-30)
b. Sut tiu hao nhin liu c ch ge

ge =
G nl
Ne
(1-31)
26
BM ng C t Trong
T (1-29), (1-30) v (1-31) ta c th rt ra

ge =
gi
m
(1-32)
Nh vy ta c hai thng s l e v ge cng c trng cho tnh kinh t ca

ng c. Nhng khc vi e, ng c c tnh kinh t cng cao tc l c g e cng
nh.
Trong thc t, ng c t-my ko (thng l ng c cao tc) c ge khong
160-190 g/m lc.h i vi ng c diesel v khong 210-250 g/m lc gi i vi
ng c xng. Mt s ng c diesel c ln v d ca hng MAN- B&W (s liu
1996) c sut tiu rt thp ti 128 g/m lc.h.
Ne
Me
ge
n
Hnh 1-14: c tnh ngoi ca ng c.

Trong cc ti liu k thut ca ng c thng cho cc thng s ch
nh mc nh tc vng quay ne (v/ph), cng sut Ne (m lc hay kW), sut tiu
hao nhin liu ge [g/m lc.h] hay [g/kWh], m men cc i Memax (N.m) v tc
vng quay ng vi Memax. Nh sn xut cng c th cho ng c tnh Ne, Me
v ge theo tc vng quay khi c cu iu khin v tr cung cp nhin liu
nhiu nht gi l c tnh ngoi ca ng c, hnh 1-14. Cc ng c tnh
ny thng c xy dng ti phng th nghim.
27
BM ng C t Trong
PHN 2
CC C CU V H THNG CA NG C T TRONG
C th coi ng c t trong l mt my bao gm cc c cu v h thng ch yu theo
s nh sau:
28
BM ng C t Trong
Chng II: C cu trc khuu thanh truyn

C cu trc khuu - thanh truyn l c cu chnh trong ng c v bao gm
hu ht cc chi tit ch yu nh piston, trc khuu, thanh truyn, vv...Trc khi
kho st cc chi tit c th, ta tm hiu qui lut ng hc v ng lc hc ca
c cu lm c s kho st lc v m men tc dng ln c cu sau ny.
2.1 ng hc, ng lc hc ca c cu trc khuu - thanh truyn
2.1.1 Qui lut vn ng ca c cu trc khuu - thanh truyn
Tm qui lut chuyn ng tnh tin ca piston l nhim v ch yu khi
nghin cu ng hc c cu trc khuu - thanh truyn . tin vic nghin
cu, ta gi thit trong qu trnh lm vic, trc khuu quay vi mt tc gc
khng i.
a. Chuyn v ca piston
A
CT
CD
l
D
O
C
R
29
BM ng C t Trong
Hnh 2-1: S ca c cu trc khuu - thanh truyn

Hnh 2-1 gii thiu s ca c cu trc khuu - thanh truyn thng dng.
Chuyn v x tnh t CT ca piston tu thuc vo v tr gc quay ca trc
khuu. T hnh v ta c:
x = AB = AO - (BD + DO) = (l + R) - (Rcos + lcos)
vi l l chiu di thanh truyn v R l bn knh quay ca trc khuu.
Gi =
R
l thng s kt cu, ta c th vit:
l
1
1
x = R 1 + cos + cos
(2-1)
y l dng cng thc chnh xc ca chuyn v piston. tnh ton gn

ng tr s ca x, c th dng cng thc gn ng. T tam gic OCB, ta c:
sin
sin
nn cos = 1 2 sin 2 = (1 2 sin 2 ) 2

Khai trin v phi ca ng thc thnh chui Mcloranh ta c:
=
v do
cos = 1 sin 2
1 1
( 1)
1
(1 2 sin 2 ) = 1 2 sin 2 + 2 2
4 sin 4
2
2!
1 1
1
( 1)( 2)
2
2 2
6 sin 6 +...
3!
1
1
1 6 6
= 1 2 sin 2 4 sin 4
sin ...
2
8
16
1
2
B cc s hng ly tha bc 4 tr ln ri thay tr s gn ng ca cos vo

phng trnh (2-1), sau khi rt gn ta c cng thc gn ng sau y:
x R (1 cos ) + (1 cos 2 )
4
(2-2)
b. Vn tc ca piston
Ly o hm cng thc (2-2) i vi thi gian, ta c tc ca piston:
v=
dx dx d dx
=
=
.
dt
d dt
d
Trong =
d
l tc gc ca trc khuu. Do :
dt
v = R(sin +
sin 2)
2
(2-3)
30
BM ng C t Trong
Trong thit k ngi ta cn ch n tc trung bnh ca piston phn

loi ng c t trong.
Tc trung bnh ca ng c tnh theo cng thc sau:
v tb =
Trong :
S. n
(m/s)
30
- S l hnh trnh piston, S = 2R (m)

- n l tc vng quay ca ng c (vg/pht).
ng c tc thp: vtb = 3,5 - 6,5 m/s

ng c tc trung bnh: vtb = 6,5 - 9 m/s
ng c tc cao: vtb > 9 m/s
c. Gia tc ca piston
Ly o hm cng thc (2-3) i vi thi gian, ta c cng thc tnh gia tc
ca piston:
j=
dv dv d dv
=
=
.
dt
d dt
d
j = R2 (cos + cos 2)
(2-4)
2.1.2 Lc v m men tc ng ln c cu trc khuu - thanh truyn ng c

1 xy lanh
xt lc v m men tc ng ln c cu, trc ht ta xt lc tc dng ln
piston. Cc lc ny gm c lc kh th P kt, lc qun tnh chuyn ng tnh tin
Pj. Gi din tch tit din ca piston (ng thi ca xy lanh) l Fp, ta c:
Pkt = pktFp = pktD2/4
(2-5)
v gi khi lng ca nhm piston - gm c piston, cht piston v xc mng- l m np

ta c:
Pj = mnpj = mnp R 2 (cos + cos 2)
(2-6)
31
BM ng C t Trong
Pkt
N
Pj
Ptt
P1
Pk
Z
+ Ptt
Hnh 2-2: Lc v m men tc ng ln c cu trc khuu - thanh truyn

Gi
Pj1 = -mnp R2cos v
(2-7)
Pj2 = -mnp R2cos2
(2-8)
l lc qun tnh tnh tin cp 1 v cp 2 ta c:

Pj = Pj1 + Pj2
(2-9)
Do lc qun tnh v lc kh th cng tc dng trn ng tm xy lanh nn lc

tng hp ca chng P1 cng c phng tc dng l ng tm xy lanh:
P1 = Pkt + Pj
(2-10)
Lc P1 c phn thnh lc tc dng dc tm thanh truyn P tt v lc ngang N

p piston ln thnh xy lanh. Theo s hnh 2-2 ta c th tnh c:
N = P1tg
(2-11)
Ptt = P1/cos
(2-12)
Lc Ptt tc dng ln trc khuu li c phn thnh hai lc l lc tip tuyn T

sinh ra m men quay v lc php tuyn Z gy un trc khuu. T tam gic OBC
(hnh 2-2) ta tnh c:
T = Pttsin( + ) = f1()
(2-13)
Z = Pttcos( + ) = f2()
(2-14)
32
BM ng C t Trong
Do , c th xc nh d dng m men quay M theo gc quay trc khuu

ng c:
M = TR = f3()
(2-15)
M men M s cn bng vi m men cn trn trc M c v lm thay i tc

gc ca trc:
M = Mc + J
(2-16)
Trong J l m men qun tnh tng ng ca cc khi lng quay quy v

tm trc khuu v l gia tc gc ca trc.
Lc ngang N gy ra m men lt ngang ng c. Trong thc t, m men lt
s c cn bng bi m men gm my ca cc lin kt gi ng c trn b v d
nh bu lng nn.
Ngoi ra, cc khi lng lch tm khi quay cn sinh ra lc qun tnh ly tm P k
qui dn v tm cht khuu c th hin nh trn hnh 2-2.
1 hng xy lanh
Khi bit lc v m men tc ng ln c cu trc khuu - thanh truyn ca
mt xy lanh, i vi th t lm vic cho, ta hon ton c th xc nh lc v
m men gy ra cc xy lanh khc trn c s xc nh cc gc lch pha gia
chng. Ly v d cho ng c 4 xy lanh, 4 k, hnh 1-12, t quan h pha (118):
2 = 1 + 180o
3 = 1 + 540o
4 = 1 + 360o
ta c th xc nh m men quay sinh ra trn trc khuu l tng m men quay
ca cc xy lanh. i vi ng c c z xy lanh:
z
M=
i=1
TiR
(2-17)
T y ta c th tm c m men trung bnh Mtb chn c my cng tc

(c m men cn Mc bng Mtb) hoc lm c s cho cc tnh ton lin quan nh
tnh bnh , trc khuu vv...
2.2 Kt cu cc chi tit chnh
2.2.1 Piston
a. Vai tr
33
BM ng C t Trong
Vai tr ch yu ca piston l cng vi cc chi tit khc nh xy lanh, np xy lanh

bao kn to thnh bung chy ng thi truyn lc ca kh th cho thanh
truyn cng nh nhn lc t thanh truyn nn kh. Ngoi ra mt s ng
c 2 k, piston cn c nhim v ng m cc ca np v thi ca c cu phi
kh.
b. iu kin lm vic
iu kin lm vic ca piston rt nng nhc, c th l:
Ti trng c hc ln v c chu k:
p sut ln, c th n 120 kG/cm2
Lc qun tnh ln, c bit l ng c cao tc.
Ti trng nhit cao:
Do tip xc trc tip vi kh chy c nhit ti 2200 - 2800 K nn nhit
nh piston c th n 500- 800 K. Do nhit cao, piston b gim
sc bn, b kt, nt, lm gim h s np, gy kch n ...
Ma st ln v n mn ho hc:
Do c lc ngang N nn gia piston v xy lanh c ma st ln. iu kin bi
trn ti y rt kh khn, thng thng ch bng vung t nn kh bo m
bi trn hon ho. Mt khc do thng xuyn tip xc trc tip vi sn vt
chy c cc cht n mn nh cc hi axit (H2S04, H2CO3...) nn piston cn
chu n mn ho hc.
c. Vt liu ch to
Vt liu ch to piston phi bo m cho piston lm vic n nh v lu
di trong nhng iu kin khc nghit nu trn. Trong thc t, mt s vt
liu sau c dng ch to piston.
Gang: Thng dng gang xm, gang do, gang cu. Gang c sc bn nhit v
bn c hc kh cao, h s gin n di nh nn kh b b kt, d ch to v r.
Tuy nhin gang rt nng nn lc qun tnh ca piston ln o gang ch dng
nhng ng c tc thp. Mt khc h s dn nhit ca gang nh nn nhit
nh piston cao.
Thp: Thp c sc bn cao nn piston nh. Tuy nhin h s dn nhit cng
nh, ng thi kh c nn hin nay t c dng. Mt s hng s dng thp
ch to piston nh Ford (M) hay Junker (c) trong chin tranh th gii th
hai.
Hp kim nhm: Hp kim nhm c nhiu u im nh nh, h s dn nhit ln,
h s ma st vi gang (xy lanh thng bng gang) nh, d c , d gia cng nn
c dng rt ph bin ch to piston. Tuy nhin hp kim nhm c h s gin
n di ln nn khe h gia piston v xy lanh phi ln trnh b kt. Do , lt
kh nhiu t bung chy xung hp trc khuu, ng c kh khi ng v lm
vic c ting g khi piston i chiu. nhit cao, sc bn ca piston gim
34
BM ng C t Trong
kh nhiu. V d khi nhit tng t 288 ln 623 K, sc bn ca hp kim nhm

gim 65 n 70% trong khi sc bn ca gang ch gim 18-20%. Mt khc
piston chu mn km v t.
d. Kt cu
nh
u
thn
chn
Hnh 2-3: Kt cu piston

thun li phn tch kt cu, c th chia piston thnh nhng phn nh
nh, u, thn v chn piston, hnh 2-3. Mi phn u c nhim v ring v
nhng c im kt cu ring.
nh piston: nh piston c nhim v cng vi xy lanh, np xy lanh to
thnh bung chy. V mt kt cu c cc loi nh piston sau:
Hnh 2-4: Cc dng kt cu nh piston
35
BM ng C t Trong
nh bng: (hnh 2-4, a), din tch chu nhit nh, kt cu n gin.
Kt cu ny c s dng trong ng c diesel bung chy d b v
bung chy xoy lc (xem chng 5).
nh li: (hnh 2-4, b) c sc bn ln. nh mng, nh nhng din tch
chu nhit ln. Loi nh ny thng c dng trong ng c xng 4 k
v 2 k xu pp treo, bung chy chm cu. Trn hnh 2-4, c th hin
kt cu nh piston ng c 2 k qut vng qua ca thi. Pha dc
ng c lp v pha ca qut hng dng kh qut ln st np xy
lanh ri vng xung ra ca thi, nhm mc ch qut sch bung chy.
nh lm: hnh 2-4, d, c th to xoy lc nh, to thun li cho qu trnh
hnh thnh kh hn hp v chy. Tuy nhin sc bn km v din tch
chu nhit ln hn so vi nh bng. Loi nh ny c dng trong c
ng c diesel v ng c xng.
nh cha bung chy: thng gp trong ng c diesel (xem chng 5).
i vi ng c diesel c bung chy trn nh piston, kt cu bung
chy phi tho mn cc yu cu sau y tu tng trng hp c th:
Phi ph hp vi hnh dng bung chy v hng ca chm tia phun
nhin liu t chc to thnh hn hp tt nht (hnh 2-4, e).
Phi tn dng c xoy lc ca khng kh trong qu trnh nn, hnh
2-4, f): bung chy denta, g): bung chy omega, h): bung chy
MAN.
u piston: ng knh u piston thng nh hn ng knh thn v thn
l phn dn hng ca piston. Kt cu u piston phi bo m nhng yu
cu sau:
Bao kn tt cho bung chy nhm ngn kh chy lt xung ccte du v
du bi trn t ccte sc ln bung chy. Thng thng ngi ta dng xc
mng bao kn. C hai loi xc mng l xc mng kh bao kn
bung chy v xc mng du ngn du sc ln bung chy. S xc
mng tu thuc vo loi ng c:
ng c xng: 3-4 xc mng kh, 1-2 xc mng du,
ng c diesel cao tc: 3-6 xc mng kh, 1-3 xc mng du,
ng c diesel tc thp: 5-7 xc mng kh, 1-4 xc mng du.
Xc mng c lp lng trong rnh xc mng nn c th t xoay trong
rnh xy lanh khng b mn cc b.
36
BM ng C t Trong
Tn nhit tt cho piston v phn ln nhit ca piston truyn qua xc

mng cho xy lanh n mi cht lm mt. tn nhit tt thng dng cc
kt cu sau:
Phn chuyn tip gia nh v u c bn knh R ln (hnh 25,a).
Dng gn tn nhit di nh piston (hnh 2-5,b).
Dng rnh ngn nhit gim lng nhit truyn cho xc mng th
nht (hnh 2-5,c)...
A
R
b)
a)
Theo A
d)
e)
c)
Hnh 2-5: Kt cu u piston

Lm mt nh piston (hnh 2-5,d) nh ng c t IFA-W 50. Trong
nhng ng c c ln, nh piston rng c lm mt bng du lu thng,
hnh 2-6.
Sc bn cao: tng sc bn v cng vng cho b cht piston ngi
ta thit k cc gn tr lc (hnh 2-5, e)
Thn piston: c nhim v dn hng cho piston chuyn ng trong xy lanh.
Chiu cao h ca thn (hnh 2-6) c quyt nh bi iu kin p
sut tip xc do lc ngang N gy ra phi nh hn p sut tip xc cho
php:
p=
N
[ p]
hD
(2-18)
37
BM ng C t Trong
Hnh 2-6: u piston rng, lm mt bng du lu thng

V tr tm cht: c b tr sao cho piston v xy lanh mn u, ng
thi gim va p v g khi piston i chiu. Mt s ng c c tm
cht piston lch vi tm xy lanh mt gi tr e v pha no sao cho
lc ngang Nmax gim, hnh 2-7, hai bn chu lc N ca piston v xy
lanh mn u.
e
Hnh 2-7: Thn piston

Chng b kt piston: c nhiu nguyn nhn gy b kt piston trong
xilanh, c th do :
lc ngang N (hnh 2-8a)
lc kh th ( hnh 2-8b)
38
BM ng C t Trong
kim loi gin n.

nn piston thng b b kt theo phng tm cht piston. i vi piston
bng hp kim nhm, h s gin n di ln nn cng d xy ra b kt.
pkt
Hnh 2-8: Cc nguyn nhn gy b kt piston

khc phc hin tng ny ngi ta s dng nhng bin php sau:
c)
a)
b
b)
e)
d)
Hnh 2-9: Cc bin php chng b kt piston

Ch to thn piston c dng van, trc ngn trng vi tm cht (hnh 2-9,a).
Tin vt 2 mt b cht ch li mt cung = 90-100 o chu lc m
khng nh hng nhiu n phn b lc (hnh 2-9,b).
39
BM ng C t Trong
X rnh gin n trn thn piston (hnh (hnh 2-9,c,d). Khi x rnh ngi ta khng
x ht bo m cng vng cn thit v thng x cho trnh cho xy
lanh b g xc. Khi lp phi ch b mt thn x rnh v pha N nh. Loi ny
c u im l khe h lc ngui nh, ng c khng b g, khi ng d dng.
Nhng khi x rnh, cng vng ca piston gim nn phng php ny ch dng
ng c xng.
c hp kim c gin n di nh (v d hp kim inva c h s gin n di
ch bng 1/10 ca hp kim nhm) vo b cht piston (hnh 2-9, e) hn ch gin
n ca thn theo phng vung gc vi tm cht.
Hnh 2-10: Kt cu chn piston

Chn piston: hnh 2-10 nu mt kt cu in hnh ca chn piston. Theo
kt cu ny, thn c vnh ai tng cng vng. Mt tr a cng vi
mt u chn piston l chun cng ngh khi gia cng v l ni iu
chnh trng lng ca piston sao cho ng u gia cc xy lanh. sai
lch v trng lng i vi ng c t my ko khng qu 0,2-0,6% cn
ng c tnh ti v tu thu gii hn ny l 1-1,5%.
2.2.2 Cht piston
a.Vai tr
L chi tit ni piston v thanh truyn, tuy kt cu n gin nhng cht piston
c vai tr rt quan trng bo m iu kin lm vic bnh thng ca ng
c.
b.iu kin lm vic
Cht piston chu lc va p, tun hon, nhit cao v iu kin bi trn
kh khn.
c. Vt liu ch to
Cht piston thng c ch to t thp t ccbon v thp hp kim c vi cc
thnh phn hp kim nh crm, mng gan vi thnh phn ccbon thp. tng
40
BM ng C t Trong
cng cho b mt - tng sc bn mi- cht c thm than, xianua ho, hoc ti
cao tn v c mi bng.
d. Kt cu v cc kiu lp ghp
a s cc cht piston c kt cu n gin dng tr rng. Cc mi ghp gia
cht piston v piston, thanh truyn theo h trc bo m lp ghp d
dng. Trong thc t c ba kiu lp ghp sau:
C nh cht trn thanh truyn (hnh 2-11,a): Khi cht piston phi c
lp t do trn b cht. Do khng phi gii quyt vn bi trn ca mi
ghp vi thanh truyn nn c th thu hp b rng u thanh truyn v
nh vy tng c chiu di ca b cht, gim c p sut tip xc- mn- ti
y. Tuy nhin mt phng chu lc ca cht t thay i nn tnh chu
mi km.
C nh cht piston trn b cht (hnh 2-11,b): Khi cht phi c lp
t do trn thanh truyn. Cng ging nh phng php trn, do khng phi bi
trn cho b cht nn c th rt ngn chiu di ca b tng chiu
rng u nh thanh truyn, gim c p sut tip xc- mn- ca mi
ghp ny. Tuy nhin, mt phng chu lc ca cht piston khng thay
i nn tnh chu mi ca cht km.
b)
a)
vt
h m
Hnh 2-11: Lp c nh cht piston trn u nh thanh truyn a) v trn b

cht b)
Lp t do c hai mi ghp (hnh 2-12,a): Ti hai mi ghp u khng
c kt cu hm. Khi lp rp, mi ghp gia cht v bc u nh thanh
truyn l mi ghp lng, cn mi ghp vi b cht l mi ghp trung gian,
c di (0,01-0,02 mm i vi ng c t, my ko). Trong qu trnh
lm vic, do nhit cao, piston bng hp kim nhm gin n nhiu hn
cht piston bng thp, to ra khe h mi ghp ny nn cht piston c th
t xoay. Khi , mt phng chu lc thay i nn cht piston mn u
41
BM ng C t Trong
hn v chu mi tt hn. V vy, phng php ny c dng rt ph bin

hin nay. Tuy nhin phi gii quyt vn bi bi trn c hai mi ghp
v phi c kt cu hn ch di chuyn dc trc ca cht, thng thng dng
vng hm hnh 2-12,b hoc nt kim loi mm c mt cu nh trn hnh 212,c. Trc khi lp cht vo b cht nn ngm piston trong du hoc trong
nc nng lp rp d dng.
c)
a)
b)
Hnh 2-12: Lp t do cht piston

Do c cc mi ghp ng nn phi gii quyt bi trn cho cc mi ghp ny.
Sau y l mt s phng n c dng trong thc t. i vi b cht thng c
khoan l dn du do xc mng du gt v (hnh 2-13,a) hoc khoan l hng
du (hnh 2-13, b). Cn i vi thanh truyn, bi trn ngi ta c th dng l hng
du (hnh 2-13, c) hoc bi trn cng bc kt hp vi lm mt nh piston bng du
c p sut cao dn t trc khuu dc theo thn thanh truyn nh c dng ng c
t IFA W 50 hoc ZIL 130 (hnh 2-13, d v e).
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Hnh 2-13: Bi trn cc mi ghp cht piston

42
BM ng C t Trong
2.2.3 Xc mng
a. Vai tr
Nh trnh by phn u piston, xc mng kh lm nhim v bao kn
trnh lt kh, cn xc mng du ngn du bi trn t hp trc khuu sc ln
bung chy.
b. iu kin lm vic
Cng nh piston, xc mng chu ti trng c hc ln, nht l xc mng u
tin. C th l p sut ca kh chy rt ln nh trnh by phn iu kin lm
vic ca piston, ngoi ra xc mng cn chu lc qun tnh ln, c chu k v va
p. ng thi, phi k n nhit cao, ma st ln, n mn ho hc v ng
sut un ban u khi lp rp xc mng vo rnh piston.
c. Vt liu ch to
Mt yu cu rt quan trng i vi vt liu ch to xc mng l phi bo m
n hi nhit cao v chu mn tt. Hu ht xc mng c ch to
bng gang xm pha hp kim. V xc mng u tin chu iu kin lm vic
khc nghit nht nn mt s ng c xc mng kh u tin c m crm xp
c chiu dy 0,03-0,06 c th tng tui th ca xc mng ny ln 3 n 3,5 ln.
d. Kt cu
Xc mng kh: V i th, xc mng c kt cu n gin l mt vng h
ming (hnh 2-14,a). Kt cu ca xc mng kh c c trng bng kt cu
ca tit din v ming xc mng.
Loi tit din ch nht (hnh 2-14,b) c kt cu n gin nht, d ch
to, nhng p sut ring khng ln, thi gian r kht vi xy lanh sau khi lp
rp lu. Loi c mt cn = 15-30' (hnh 2-14,c) c p sut tip xc ln v
c th r kht nhanh chng vi xy lanh, tuy nhin ch to phin phc v
phi nh du khi lp sao cho khi xc mng i xung s c tc dng nh
mt li co gt du. c c u im trn m trnh phi nhng iu
phin phc nu, ngi ta a ra kt cu tit din khng i xng (hnh
2-14, d v e). Khi lp vo piston v xy lanh, do c sc cng nn xc mng
b vnh i nn c tc dng nh mt mt cn. Khi lp rp phi ch : nu vt
pha
ngoi (hnh 2-14, d) th phi lp hng xung pha
43
a)
e)
BM ng C t Trong
g)
c)
f)
h)
d)
b)
i)
Hnh 2-14: Kt cu xc mng kh

di cn vt pha trong (hnh 2-14, e) th phi lp hng ln bung chy,
nhm trnh hin tng gim lc cng ca xc mng do p sut cao ca kh
lt t bung chy. Loi hnh thang- vt (hnh 2-14, f) c tc dng gi mui
than khi xc mng co bp do ng knh xy lanh khng hon ton ng
u theo phng dc trc, do trnh c hin tng b kt xc mng trong
rnh ca n.
V kt cu ming, loi thng (hnh 2-14, g) d ch to nhng d lt kh
v sc du qua ming. Loi vt (hnh 2- 13, h) c th khc phc phn
no nhng nhc im trn. Loi bc (hnh 2-14, i) bao kn rt tt, nhng
kh ch to.
Xc mng du: Nu ch c xc mng kh th c hin tng "bm" du ln
bung chy qua khe h mt u xc mng trong rnh xc mng khi piston i
chiu chuyn ng (hnh 2-15). Du s b chy, kt mui v tiu hao nhiu
du bi trn. Xc mng du lm nhim v ngn du v ngoi ra dn u du
ln mt xy lanh.
Hnh 2-15: Hin tng bm du ca xc mng kh
44
BM ng C t Trong
Thng thng rnh xc mng du ca piston c rnh thot du (hnh 2-16,a).

Hnh 2-16, c trnh by kt cu tit din xc mng du c dng li co gt du
thng gp trong thc t. Du gt v s theo cc l khoan trn piston ri xung
cc te du. Hnh 3- 15, d nu kt cu ca xc mng du t hp gm ba chi tit
ring r. Do c l xo hnh sng (hnh 3-15, e) p hai vng thp mng ln mt
u ca rnh nn xc mng khi lm vic khng c khe h mt u. Do , xc
mng du t hp c tc dng ngn du v gim va p rt tt.
a)
d)
c)
b)
e)
Hnh 2-16: Kt cu xc mng du
2.2.4 Thanh truyn

a. Vai tr
L chi tit ni gia piston v trc khuu hoc guc trt.
b. iu kin lm vic
Thanh truyn chu lc kh th, lc qun tnh ca nhm piston v lc qun
tnh ca bn thn thanh truyn. Cc lc trn u l cc lc tun hon, va p.
c. Vt liu ch to
i vi ng c tnh ti v ng c tu thu tc thp, ngi ta dng thp t
ccbon hoc thp ccbon trung bnh nh 30, 35, 45. i vi ng c t my ko
v ng c tu thu cao tc, ngi ta dng thp ccbon trung bnh nh 40, 45
hoc thp hp kim crm, ni ken. Cn i vi ng c cao tc v cng ho nh
ng c t du lch, xe ua... ngi ta dng thp hp kim c bit c nhiu
thnh phn hp kim nh mnggan, niken, vnphram...
d. Kt cu
Ngi ta chia kt cu thanh truyn lm 3 phn l u nh, u to v thn
thanh truyn (hnh 2-17).
45
BM ng C t Trong
u
nh
thn
u
to
Hnh 2-17: Kt cu thanh truyn

Sau y ta xt kt cu tng phn c th.
u nh:
Khi cht piston lp t do vi thanh truyn, trn u nh thng phi c
bc lt (hnh 2-18, a). i vi ng c t my ko thng l ng c
cao tc, u nh thng mng gim trng lng. Trn nh u
nh, mt s ng c ngi ta thng lm vu li trn u nh
iu chnh trng tm thanh truyn cho ng u gia cc xy lanh
(hnh 2-18, b). bi trn bc lt v cht piston c nhng phng n
nh dng rnh hng du (hnh 2-18, c) hoc bi trn cng bc do dn
du t trc khuu dc theo thn thanh truyn (hnh 2-18, a). ng
c 2 k, do iu kin bi trn kh khn, ngi ta lm cc rnh cha
du bc u nh (hnh 2-18,d). Cng chnh v bi trn kh khn
nn mt s ng c ngi ta dng bi kim thay cho bc lt (hnh 2-18,
e). Khi lp rp thanh truyn vi cht piston v piston kh phc tp.
Bc lt u nh thanh truyn thng bng ng thanh hoc thp c
trng hp kim chng mn. Bc lp c di vo u nh ri c doa
t kch thc chnh xc lp ghp.
46

b)
a)
BM ng C t Trong
c)
d)
e)
Hnh 2-18: Kt cu u nh thanh truyn

Khi cht piston c nh trn u nh thanh truyn, u nh phi c
kt cu kp cht nh th hin hnh (hnh 2-10).
Thn thanh truyn
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Hnh 2-19: cc loi tit din thn thanh truyn

Tit din thn thanh truyn thng thay i t nh n ln k t u
nh n u to. Tit din trn (hnh 2-19, a) c dng n gin, c th
to phi bng rn t do, thng c dng trong ng c tu thu. Loi ny
khng tn dng vt liu theo quan im sc bn u. Loi tit din ch
I (hnh 2-19, b) c sc bn u theo hai phng, c dng rt ph bin,
t ng c c nh n ng c c ln v c to phi bng phng php rn
khun. Loi tit din hnh ch nht, van (hnh 2-19, c v d) c u im
l d ch to, thng c dng ng c m t, xung my c nh.
u to thanh truyn
lp rp vi trc khuu mt cch d dng, u to thanh truyn thng c ct lm hai na v lp ghp vi nhau bng bu lng hay vt cy. Do
bc lt cng phi c chia lm hai na v phi c c nh trong l u to
thanh
truyn.
Hnh
2-20
th
hin
47
BM ng C t Trong
vu l- i g nh v
bc lt
Hnh 2-20: Kt cu c nh bc lt trn u to thanh truyn

mt dng kt cu ny gi l kiu vu li g. Do u to thanh truyn chia
lm hai na, mt s ng c, ngi ta lp mt s m bng thp mm
b
mt
phn
cch.
Khi
a)
d)
b)
c)
e)
A-A
f)
g)
Hnh 2-21: Cc dng kt cu u to thanh truyn

sa cha ln, s ly bt cc tm m ny ra ri tin hnh doa hoc co r li bc
lt. Phng php ny ch dng vi nhng ng c c tnh n chic. Ngoi ra,
khi lp m b mt phn cch s lm tng ti trng tc dng ln chi tit ghp
ni hai na u to l bu lng hay gu ging thanh truyn, v khi cng ca
mi ghp s gim. i vi ng c c ln, tin khi ch to, ngi ta ch to u
to thanh truyn ring ri lp vi thn thanh truyn (hnh 2-21,a). B mt lp
ghp gia thn v u to thanh truyn c lp cc tm m thp dy 5-20
mm c th iu chnh t s nn cho ng u gia cc xy lanh. Trong
48
BM ng C t Trong
mt s trng hp, do kch thc u to qu ln nn u to thanh truyn c chia

lm hai na bng mt phng cho (hnh 2-21,b) t lt vo xy lanh khi lp
rp. Khi , mi ghp s phi c kt cu chu lc ct thay cho bu lng thanh
truyn nh vu hoc rng kha. gim kch thc u to thanh truyn, c loi
kt cu bn l v hm bng cht cn (hnh 2-21, c). Mt s ng c hai k c
nh c thanh truyn khng chia lm hai na phi dng bi a (hnh 2-21, d)
c lp dn tng vin. Mt s ng c nhiu xy lanh kiu ch V hoc hnh
sao, thanh truyn ca hai hng xy lanh khc nhau, thanh truyn ph khng lp
trc tip vi trc khuu m lp vi cht ph trn thanh truyn chnh (hnh 2-21,
e) hoc hai thanh truyn lp lng vi nhau trn trc khuu nn mt thanh truyn
c u to dng hnh nng (hnh 2-21, f). Mt s ng c c trc khuu trn c,
b tr khong cch gia cc xy lanh hp l, chiu dy u to khng i xng
qua mt phng dc ca thn thanh truyn (hnh 2-21, g).
2.2.5 Bu lng thanh truyn
a. Vai tr
L chi tit ghp ni hai na u to thanh truyn, c th dng bu lng hay
vt cy (gu ging) tuy c kt cu n gin nhng rt quan trng nn phi c
quan tm khi thit k v ch to. Nu bu lng thanh truyn do nguyn nhn
no b t s dn ti ph hng ton b ng c.
b. iu kin lm vic
Bu lng thanh truyn khi lm vic chu cc lc nh lc xit ban u, lc qun
tnh ca nhm pistonthanh truyn khng k np u to thanh truyn. Nhng
lc ny u l cc lc c chu k cho nn bu lng thanh truyn phi c sc bn
mi cao.
Hnh 2-22: Mt dng kt cu bu lng a) v gu ging thanh truyn b)

c. Vt liu ch to
49
BM ng C t Trong
Bu lng thanh truyn thng c ch to bng thp hp kim c cc thnh phn

crm, mnggan, niken...Tc ng c cng ln, vt liu bu lng thanh truyn
c hm lng kim loi qu cng nhiu.
d. Kt cu
Nh trnh by trn, hai na u to thanh truyn c th c ghp ni
bng bu lng (hnh 2-22, a) hoc gu ging (hnh 2-22, b). Hnh 2-22-a th
hin kt cu in hnh ca bu lng thanh truyn, thng gp ng c t
my ko. Theo kt cu ny, hai na u to c nh v bng mt tr ca bu
lng. u bu lng c mt vt A chng xoay khi lp rp. Cn mt vt B c tc
dng lm mm phn i din vi mt vt A phn lc hai pha trn b mt
t c ng u sao cho tng phn lc tc dng ng trn ng tm bu lng
trnh cho bu lng b un. Bn knh gc ln ca cc phn chuyn tip nm
trong khong 0,2-1 mm nhm gim tp trung ng sut. Phn ni gia thn v
ren thng lm tht li tng do ca bu lng. ai c c kt cu c bit
ng st trn cc ren ng u. Ren c to thnh bng nhng phng php
gia cng khng phoi nh ln, cn. Ngoi ra bu lng thanh truyn cn c ti, ram
v x l b mt bng phun ct, phun bi t cng HRC 26-32. Khi lp
ghp phi dng c l lc k bo m m men xit ng qui nh ca nh
ch to.
2.2.6 Trc khuu
L chi tit rt quan trng v chim t trng kh ln, c th n 25-30% gi
thnh ng c .
a. Vai tr
Trc khuu nhn lc tc dng t piston to m men quay ko cc my cng
tc v nhn nng lng ca bnh truyn cho thanh truyn v piston
thc hin qu trnh nn cng nh trao i kh trong xy lanh.
b. iu kin lm vic
Trc khuu chu lc T, Z do lc kh th v lc qun tnh ca nhm pistonthanh truyn gy ra. Ngoi ra, trc khuu cn chu lc qun tnh ly tm ca cc
khi lng quay lch tm ca bn thn trc khuu v ca thanh truyn. Nhng lc
ny u c tnh chu k, gy un, xon, dao ng xon v dao ng ngang
trn cc .
c. Vt liu v phng php ch to
Thp: Trc khuu ca ng c tc thp nh ng c tu thu v tnh
ti thng c ch to bng thp ccbon trung bnh nh thp 35, 40, 45. Cn
trc khuu ca ng c cao tc thng dng thp hp kim crm, niken. ng
c cng ho nh xe ua, xe du lch, trc khuu c ch to bng thp hp
kim c cc thnh phn mnggan, vnphram...Thp ccbon c u im l r
50
BM ng C t Trong
v c h s ma st trong ln nn gim dao ng xon tt nhng sc bn

khng cao bng thp hp kim. Phi trc khuu thp thng to bng phng
php rn khun hoc rn t do. Sau phi c v thng ho trc khi gia
cng c. Tip theo gia cng c th, trc khuu c nhit luyn v x l
b mt ri gia cng tinh ln cui nh mi cc c trc. Vi kiu to phi
bng phng php rn, lng d gia cng c thng kh ln. Nu to phi bng
phng php c th ln d gia cng c t hn. Tuy nhin, sc bn ca trc
khuu khng cao bng khi dng phng php rn.
Gang gra-phit cu: Gang cu c c im rt d c v r. Ngoi ra,
do c ccbon dng gra-pht cu nn ma st trong ln, chu mn tt v
khng nhy cm vi ng sut tp trung. Khi c to phi c th c c
phi c hnh dng phc tp nh yu cu thit k ra nhm bo m sc
bn u trn ton b trc khuu. Tuy nhin kh khn ln nht khi ch to
trc khuu bng gang cu l kh cu ho.
d. Kt cu
Kt cu trc khuu ph thuc trc ht vo loi trc khuu. Ngi ta phn chia
trc khuu thnh mt s loi sau:
Trc khuu ghp v trc khuu nguyn. Trc khuu ghp l trc gm
nhiu chi tit c lp vi nhau (hnh 2-23). Loi trc khuu ny c dng
nhiu trong ng c c ln, ng c ng gam (xem 2.2.8.2) v i khi
ng c c nh nh ng c xe my.
Hnh 2-23: Trc khuu ghp

Trc khuu nguyn l trc ch gm mt chi tit (hnh 2-24). Trc khuu
nguyn c dng trong ng c c nh v trung bnh, v d ng c c
t, my ko.
51
BM ng C t Trong
5
2
3
Hnh 2-24: Trc khuu ng c 4 k, 4 xy lanh

1: u trc, 2: cht khuu, 3: c khuu, 4: m khuu, 5: i trng, 6: ui trc
khuu
Trc khuu c v trc khuu trn c. Gi s xy lanh ca ng c l z
v s l i. Nu trc khuu c s l i = z + 1, tc l gia hai xy
lanh
lin
tip
nhau
lun
c
Hnh 2-25: Trc khuu ng c 4 k, 4 xy lanh, trn c

mt th c gi l trc khuu c (hnh 2-24); cn nu i < z + 1
th trc khuu c gi l trc khuu trn c. Thng thng trc khuu
trn c z = i/2 + 1. Hnh 2-25 m t trc khuu ng c 4 k, 4 xy lanh,
trn c, ch c c 3 . xt t m kt cu cc phn ca trc
khuu, ngi ta chia trc khuu thnh cc phn nh th hin trn hnh 224. Sau y ta s xt tng phn c th.
52
BM ng C t Trong
Hnh 2-26: Mt loi kt cu u trc khuu ng c t

u trc khuu: Hnh 2-26 th hin mt loi kt cu u trc khuu
ng c t. u trc lp vu quay trc khi cn thit hoc khi
ng bng tay quay (ma ni ven). Trn u trc khuu thng c then
lp pu li dn ng qut gi, bm nc cho h thng lm mt, a gim dao
ng xon (nu c) v lp bnh rng trc khuu. B truyn bnh rng t
trc khuu dn ng trc cam phi kh v bm cao p (ca ng c
diesel) hoc b chia in nh la (ca ng c xng) v bm du ca
h thng bi trn. Ngoi ra u trc khuu loi ny cn c kt cu hn
ch di chuyn dc trc. Cc b mt u ca c trc u tin khi di
chuyn dc trc s t vo cc tm chn c trng hp kim chu mn.
C khuu: C trc khuu c gia cng v x l b mt t cng v
bng cao. Phn ln cc ng c c c trc cng mt ng knh. c
bit c ng c, thng l ng c c ln, vi ng knh c trc ln dn t
u n ui trc khuu c sc bn u. Tuy nhin s rt phc tp
v c nhiu bc lt hoc c ng knh khc nhau. C khuu thng
rng lm rnh dn du bi trn n cc c v cht khc ca trc
khuu.
Cht khuu: Cht khuu cng phi c gia cng v x l b mt t
cng v bng cao. ng knh cht thng nh hn ng knh c,
nhng cng c nhng trng hp ng c cao tc- do lc qun tnh ln- ng
knh cht khuu c th bng ng knh c khuu. Trong trng hp u
to thanh truyn lm lin khi lp bi kim mt s ng c hai k, do
phi lp lng thanh truyn t u trc khuu nn ng knh cht phi ln
hn ng knh c. Cng nh c khuu, cht khuu c th lm rng
53
BM ng C t Trong
gim trng lng v cha du bi trn. dn du bi trn ln b mt

cht khuu c cc phng php kt cu nh trnh by trn hnh 2-27.
Du bi trn thng c dn t thn my n cc c trc khuu, ri theo
cc
ng
b)
a)
c)
d)
Hnh 2-27: Kt cu dn du bi trn cht khuu

rnh trong c, m khuu dn ln cht khuu (hnh 2-27, a). V tr ly du
ra bi trn cht khuu thun li nht l v tr m ti p sut tip xc
nh nht (hnh 2-27, a) nhng kh gia cng. Ly du ra nh hnh 2-27, b
th d gia cng hn nhng lm gim ng k sc bn trc khuu. Phng
n ly du ra nh trn hnh 2-27-c thun li cho gia cng hn v nh hng
khng ln n sc bn trc khuu. Do lc ly tm, cc cn bn cha trong
du bi trn vng ra xa tm quay nn nh c ng nh du sch pha
trong khoang rng ca cht c dn ra bi trn (hnh 2-27,a). Do trc
khuu c cc khoang cha du nn khi khi ng phi c thi gian
du in y cc khoang. nhanh chng a du ln bi trn ln b
mt cht khuu, ngi ta dng ng dn lp p trong trc khuu (hnh 227, d), tuy nhin du khng c lc sch thm nh hiu ng ly tm nh
ni trn.
M khuu:M khuu n gin v d gia cng nht c dng ch nht v
dng trn (hnh 2-28, a v b). i vi ng c c c khuu lp bi, m
khuu trn ng thi ng vai tr c khuu. gim trng lng, ngi ta
54
BM ng C t Trong
thit k m khuu ch nht c vt gc (hnh 2-28, c). M khuu van

(hnh 2-28, d) c sc bn u hn.
b)
a)
c)
d)
Hnh 2-28: Cc dng m khuu

trc khuu c cng vng v sc bn cao, trc khuu thng c
thit k c trng ip. trng ip, k hiu l (hnh 2-29, a), c
th xc nh theo cng thc sau:
d + dc
(2-19)
= ch
R
2
trng ip cng ln, cng vng v bn ca m khuu, hay ni

chnh xc hn, ca ton b trc khuu cng cao. Mun tng trng ip,
theo
cng
thc
(2-19),
b)
a)
r
r
dch
dc
Hnh 2-29: Cc bin php kt cu tng bn m khuu

hoc tng ng knh cc c trc, c cht dc, dch, - p sut tip xc v
mi mn cc c ny s gim- hoc gim bn knh quay R ca trc
khuu - tc l gim hnh trnh hay vn tc trung bnh ca piston ng
thi cng c ngha gim mi mn cp piston - xy lanh.
trnh tp trung ng sut, gia m v c khuu, cht khuu thng c
cc bn knh chuyn tip r (hnh 2-29, b)
i trng:
55
BM ng C t Trong
i trng l cc khi lng gn trn trc khuu to ra lc qun tnh ly tm

nhm nhng mc ch sau:
Pk
a)
Pj1
b)
Pj1
c)
mrR 2sin
Pt = Pk /2
Pj1/2
Pk
Pk
M Pt
d)
M Pk
Pk
Pk
Hnh 2-30: Vai tr ca i trng

Cn bng lc qun tnh ly tm Pk ca trc khuu (hnh 2-30, a).
Cn bng mt phn lc qun tnh chuyn ng tnh tin cp I
(hnh 2-30, b).
Gim ti trng tc dng cho mt c khuu, v d cho c gia trc
khuu ng c 4 k, 4 xy lanh (hnh 2-30, d). i vi trc khuu ny,
cc lc qun tnh ly tm P0k t cn bng nhng to ra cp m men
MPk lun gy un c gia. Khi c i trng, cp m men M Pt ca
i trng s cn bng cp m men M Pk nn gim c ti cho c
gia.
i trng cn l ni khoan bt cc khi lng khi cn bng ng

h trc khuu.
56

a)
b)
BM ng C t Trong
c)
Hnh 2-31: Kt cu i trng

V mt nguyn tc, i trng cng b tr xa tm quay th lc qun tnh
ly tm cng ln. Tuy nhin, khi s lm tng kch thc hp trc khuu.
V mt kt cu c cc loi i trng sau:
i trng lin vi m khuu, thng thng dng cho ng c c nh v
trung bnh nh ng c t, my ko (hnh 2-31, a).
d ch to, i trng c lm ri ri lp vi trc khuu. Lp bng
phng php hn thng lm cho trc khuu bin dng v li ng
sut d lm gim sc bn mi ca trc khuu nn phng php ny it
c dng. Thng thng i trng c lp bng bu lng vi trc khuu
(hnh 2-31, b). gim lc tc dng ln bu lng, i trng c lp vi
m khuu bng rnh mang c v c kp cht bng bu lng (hnh 231, c).
ui trc khuu:
Hnh 2-32 nu mt kt cu in hnh ca ui trc khuu, rt ph bin
ng c t, my ko. Theo kt cu ny, ui trc khuu c mt
bch lp bnh v c lm rng lp vng bi trc s cp hp
s. Trn b mt ngng trc c lp pht chn du, tip l ren hi du
c chiu xon ngc vi chiu quay ca trc khuu gt du tr li. St vi
c trc cui cng l a chn du. Du c cc kt cu chn du ngn
li s ri xung v theo l thot tr v cc te du.
57
BM ng C t Trong
Hnh 2-32: Mt loi kt cu ui trc khuu t

Ngoi ra, mt s ng c, ui trc khuu cn l ni lp chn di
chuyn dc trc, lp bnh rng dn ng cc c cu ph nh bm cao p,
bm du... nh ng c t TATRA 928 chng hn.
2.2.7 Bnh
a. Vai tr
Cng nh cc my mc khc, bnh ca ng c t trong c vai tr gi
cho khng ng u ca ng c nm trong gii hn cho php. Ngoi ra,
bnh cn l ni lp cc chi tit ca c cu khi ng nh vnh rng khi
ng, l ni nh du tng ng vi im cht v khc vch chia gc quay
trc khuu.
b. Vt liu ch to
Bnh ng c tc thp thng dng gang xm, cn ca ng c tc
cao thng dng thp t ccbon.
a)
b)
c)
d)
58
BM ng C t Trong
Hnh 2-33: Kt cu bnh

c. Kt cu
Theo kt cu,ngi ta chia bnh thnh cc loi sau:
Dng a (hnh 2-33, a), bnh mng, m men qun tnh nh nn ch
dng cho ng c tc cao v rt hay gp ng c t, my ko. B
mt bnh c gia cng phng nhn lp a ma st v a p ly
hp. Ngoi ra, trn bnh thng c lp p vnh rng khi ng.
Dng vnh (hnh 2-33, b), bnh dy, m men qun tnh ln. Mt s
ng c cn s dng bnh nh mt pu li truyn cng sut ra ko
cc my cng tc.
Dng chu (hnh 2-33, c) l dng trung gian ca hai loi trn, bnh c
m men qun tnh v sc bn ln, loi ny hay gp ng c my ko.
Dng vnh c nan hoa. tng m men qun tnh ca bnh , phn ln
khi lng bnh dng vnh xa tm quay v ni vi moay bng cc gn
kiu nan hoa (hnh 2-33, d).
Bnh ca ng c c ln nh ng c tu thu c ln chng hn thng c ghp t nhiu phn ging nhau d ch to.
Thng thng sau khi ch to, bnh v trc khuu thng c lp vi nhau
ri c cn bng ng. Gia trc khuu v bnh u c kt cu nh
v bo m v tr tng quan khng thay i.
2.2.8 Cc loi ca trc khuu
2.2.8.1 Bc lt
Bc lt trn trc khuu gm bc lt c khuu v bc lt cht khuu. V mt
kt cu, hai loi tng t nh nhau, ch khc nhau ch yu l v kch thc.
a. Kt cu:
V thc cht, bc lt gm gp bc bng thp trn b mt c trng mt lp hp
kim chu mn. Gp bc thng c ch to bng thp t ccbon c n
hi cao v trnh b ti cng trong qu trnh p lp hp kim chu mn. tng
tnh
bm
ca
hp kim chu mn trn gp thp, gia hai lp c mt lp kim loi rt mng khong
0,05-0,1 mm. Thng thng bc c chia lm hai na v c kt cu hm trn
(hnh 2-20).
59

a)
BM ng C t Trong
b)
Hnh 2-34: Bc lt mng a) v bc lt dy b)

C th chia bc lt thnh hai loi l bc lt mng v bc lt dy. Bc lt mng
(hnh 2-34, a) thng c s dng ng c t my ko, c u im thun tin
khi thay th, sa cha theo ct, tc l thay bc c ng knh ln hn. Bc lt dy
(hnh 2-34, b) c gp bc v lp hp kim chu mn u dy v thng c g vai
cng c trng hp kim chu mn hn ch di chuyn dc trc. Gia hai b
mt phn cch ca bc i khi c cc tm m thp, khi sa cha thng c
ly bt i c th co r bc lt theo kch thc sa cha. (xem 2.2.4 phn u
to thanh truyn)
b. Vt liu chu mn
Hp kim chu mn cho bc lt ca ng c t trong thng c cc loi sau:
Hp kim bc bt:
Ph bin l bc bt nn thic v bc bt nn ch. V t chc kim loi,
v d nh bc bt nn thic, gm nhng ht ng (Cu) v hp kim ng
thic (CuSn) cng trn nn thic (Sn) mm. Khi lm vic, nn thic
mm s mn nhanh chng v to thnh ni cha du bi trn, cn cc ht
cng s ly trc. Hp kim bc bt c u im l c tnh do cao, d c,
c tnh bm tt v d r kht vi trc. Tuy nhin p sut tip xc cho php
nh, chu nhit km v thic kh t. V vy bc lt vi hp kim bc bt
thng ch c dng trong ng c xng.
Hp kim ng ch
T chc kim loi ca hp kim ng ch l hn hp c hc ca ng (Cu)
v ch (Pb), c th l cc tm ch mm trn nn ng cng. Hp kim
ng ch c sc bn c v nhit cao, cng ln, p sut tip xc cho
php ln, dn nhit tt, do c dng trong nhng ng c c p sut ln
nh ng c diesel. Nhc im c bn ca hp kim ng ch l d b thin
tch khi c do nhit nng chy ca ng v ch rt khc nhau. Ngoi
ra khi dng hp kim ng ch, c trc phi c nhit luyn t
cng cao.
Hp kim nhm
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BM ng C t Trong
Hp kim nhm ng vai tr l hp kim chu mn c trng, cn v

khuych tn trn gp thp to bm dnh. Bc lt hp kim nhm c
sc bn c hc v cng cao, h s dn nhit ln, do ngy cng c dng rng ri thay th cho hp kim ng ch. Nhc im c bn ca
hp kim nhm l kh dnh bm trn gp thp v h s gin n di ln nn
khe h bc- trc phi ln hn khi dng hp kim ng ch.
Hp kim gm
Hp kim gm c u im ch yu l t phi lo bi trn v kim loi dng
xp c th cha c cha du bi trn. Ngoi ra, kh nng chu nhit ca
hp kim gm rt cao. y l loi vt liu mi, gi thnh ch to cn kh cao
nn cha c s dng rng ri.
2.2.8.2 bi
gim chiu di trc khuu - tc l chiu di thn my- ca ng c nhiu
xy lanh, c khuu ng thi l m khuu c lp bi (hnh 2-35). Khi trc
khuu gm nhiu on trc c nh v v lp ghp vi nhau bng bu lng.
Nh vy c th ghp to ra trc khuu cho cc ng c ng gam mt cch
d dng. Hng TATRA thng s dng kiu trc khuu ghp dng bi cho cc
ng c t lm mt bng gi.
ng c ng gam l h cc ng c c cc chi tit ch yu nh piston, xc
mng, xy lanh, thanh truyn... ging nhau nhng s xy lanh khc nhau nn c cng
sut khc nhau.Ch to ng c ng gam c th nng cao cht lng gim c
gi thnh v sn lng cc chi tit ch yu ln nn c th tp trung u t cng
ngh tin tin.
bi trn cc cht khuu (vn phi dng bc lt), du phi c dn t mt c
c bc lt- thng u trc khuu - gi l c gi ri theo cc ng dn trong
trc khuu n cc c cht. Tuy nhin, p sut du sau mi cht khuu s
gim dn nn cht lng bi trn khng ng u. C th, cht khuu cui cng
d b thiu du bi trn, nht l khi
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BM ng C t Trong
du bi trn
Hnh 2-35: Trc khuu dng bi

khe h cc trc ln v qu mn. Du bi trn thiu c th dn ti trc lp hp
kim chu mn khi gp thp hay cn gi l chy bc, gy h hng ng c.
CHNG III. THN MY V NP XY LANH

ng c c th chia thnh 5 phn, hnh 3-1, ghp bng bu lng, gu ging.
Thn xy lanh 3, hp trc khuu 4 v my 5 to thnh thn my.
62
BM ng C t Trong
1
2
3
4
5
Hnh 3-1. S phn chia ng c

1: np che, 2. np xy lanh, 3 : thn xy lanh, 4: hp trc khuu, 5: my, 6: cc te du
(mng du).
Thn my, np xl: chi tit c nh, phc tp, lp cc chi tit CC & HT khc.
Hnh dng v kt cu ca chng ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:
Kiu k/c (lin hay ri), kiu /c (xng, diesel, N e nh, ln, loi bung chy, b tr
xu pp...)
Phng php lm mt (nc, khng kh)
Phng php ch to (c hay hn)...
3.1 Thn my
3.1.1 Vai tr
Chi tit ln nht v kch thc v khi lng.
V khi lng thn my chim
30 n 60%: ng c t, my ko, m t xe my khi ch to bng phng php
c
50 n 70%: ng c xe la, tu thu v tnh ti khi ch to bng phng php c
Phng php ch to hn: 20 n 25% khi lng.
3.1.2 Vt liu
Gang c, hp kim nhm hoc uyra.
Thp tm hn: /c ln
3.1.3 Kt cu
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BM ng C t Trong
Loi thn my c xy lanh c lin vi thn gi l thn my kiu thn xy lanh

(hnh 3-2, a). Khi xy lanh lm ring thnh ng lt ri lp vo thn th thn my
loi ny gi l v thn (hnh 3-2,b). Khi ng c lm mt bng nc, khong khng
gian bao quanh xy lanh cha nc gi l o nc (hnh 3-2, a,b).
1
2
2
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 3-2: Thn my kiu thn xy lanh - hp trc khuu.

1: thn xy lanh, 2: hp trc khuu.
Khi thn xy lanh c lin vi hp trc khuu th thn my l loi thn xy lanhhp trc khuu (hnh 3-2, a,b). Hp trc khuu c th chia thnh hai na (hnh
3-1) vi trc khuu l trt hoc lm lin (hnh 3-2, c), khi trc phi
dng bi (xem 2.2.8.2).
4
3
2
2
5
1
6
Hnh 3-3: Thn my ri

1: hp trc khuu, 2: thn xy lanh, 3: np xy lanh, 4: gu ging np my, 5: gu
ging thn my, 6: my: l lp trc cam, 7: gu ging ton b, 8: my.
Khi thn xy lanh lm ri vi hp trc khuu v lp vi nhau bng bu lng hay
gu ging th thn my l loi thn my ri. Kt cu trn hnh 3-3,a rt ph bin
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BM ng C t Trong
ng c t, my ko. Mt s ng c tu thu ch dng mt loi gu ging

sut t np xy lanh cho n b mt cc te du, hnh 3-3, b.
Thn my ca ng c lm mt bng gi thng l thn my ri, hnh 3-4. V
mt nguyn tc c th dng gu ging ring r (hnh 3-4,a) hay mt gu ging
ghp np v thn xy lanh vi hp trc khuu (hnh 3-4,b). Xy lanh c th lm
lin vi thn hoc lm di dng ng lt ri lp vo thn.
4
3
2
1
5
b)
a)
c)
Hnh 3-4: Thn my ng c lm mt bng khng kh

1: hp trc khuu, 2: thn xy lanh, 3: np xy lanh, 4: gu ging, 5: lt xy
lanh.
Tu theo phng php lp t trc khuu trong hp trc khuu m thn my
c kt cu khc nhau. Nhng phng php thng gp trong thc t l:
c)
a)
b)
Hnh 3-5: Cc kiu lp t trc khuu

a): trc khuu treo, b): trc khuu t, c): trc khuu lun
65
BM ng C t Trong
Trc khuu treo, hnh 3-5,a. Hp trc khuu chia lm hai na, na di l cc
te du. Thn my hay ton b ng c c lp t trn cc gi . y
l kiu ph bin cho ng c t, my ko.
Trc khuu t, hnh 3-5,b. Hp trc khuu cng chia lm hai na, na di
ng thi l b my. Trc khuu v ton b thn my cng cc chi tit lp
rp c t trn b my.
Trc khuu lun, hnh 3-5,c. Hp trc khuu nguyn khi, do khi lp rp
trc khuu vo ng c phi bng cch lun.
Theo tnh trng chu lc kh th, ngi ta cn phn bit thn my theo cc
dng sau:
Thn xy lanh hay xy lanh chu lc, hnh 3-2,a v 3-4,a (xy lanh lin vi
thn my). Lc kh th tc dng ln np xy lanh, qua gu ging np my
truyn xung thn xy lanh.
V thn chu lc, hnh 3-2,b (xy lanh lm di dng ng lt ri lp vo
thn my). Lc kh th truyn qua gu ging xung v thn, xy lanh hon
ton khng chu lc kh th.
Gu ging chu lc, hnh 3-3,b v 3-4,b (thn xy lanh v hp trc khuu
di). Lc kh th hon ton do gu ging chu.
Thn my l chi tit rt phc tp, trn b tr cc chi tit ca c cu trc
khuu- thanh truyn, c cu phi kh, h thng lm mt... nhng quan trng
nht l xy lanh ca ng c. C th chia ra mt s loi xy lanh nh sau:
Xy lanh lin vi thn my: hnh 3-4,b v 3-6,a. Thn my c cng vng
cao, c lm mt tt do tip xc trc tip vi nc lm mt hay khng kh.
Tuy nhin, i vi ng c lm mt bng nc, hnh 3-6,a, do kt cu hp
kn nn kh c. Ngoi ra ton b thn my u dng vt liu tt nh xy
lanh nn lng ph vt liu. Loi thn my ny c dng ch yu trong ng
c c nh c p sut v nhit khng cao.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Hnh 3-6: Cc loi xy lanh

a) thn xy lanh, b) v c) lt xy lanh kh, d) lt xy lanh t.
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Lt xy lanh kh: (hnh 3-6, b), lt xy lanh bng vt liu cht lng cao c p
vo l xy lanh. Sau khi p c g nh ln khi lp vi m np my s
kn kht hn. Phng php ny khng lng ph vt liu, thn my c
cng vng cao, nhng truyn nhit ra mi cht lm mt kh khn hn.
tit kim vt liu hn na, mt s ng c ch c lt xy lanh phn trn
(bung chy), hnh 3-6,c, l ni xy lanh mn nhiu nht do nhit , p
sut cao, bi trn kh khn v n mn ho hc do kh chy.
Lt xy lanh t: (hnh 3-6, d), xy lanh c ch to di ri lp vo thn my.
G vai xy lanh cng c lp nh ln nh loi trn bo m kn kht. Nc
lm mt bao quanh xy lanh nn hiu qu lm mt tt. Do c dng hp rng
nn thn my d c. Tuy nhin cng chnh v rng h nn cng vng
ca thn my khng cao. Ngoi ra, phi gii quyt bao kn xy lanh
trnh lt nc lm mt xung cc te du.
3.2 Np xy lanh
3.2.1 Vai tr
Cng Piston & xylanh to thnh bung chy.
Lp: bu gi, vi phun, cm xu pp, c cu gim p h tr khi ng (xem chng
9)...
B tr cc ng np, thi, nc lm mt, du bt...
3.2.2 iu kin lm vic
Nhit cao, Pkt (lc kh th) ln, n mn ho hc.
3.2.3 Vt liu
Np xy lanh ca ng c diesel c bng gang hp kim, dng khun ct, hoc c hp
kim nhm.
Np xy lanh ng c xng c hp kim nhm,c u im nh, tn nhit tt, gim kch
n. Tuy nhin c nhc im: sc bn c v nhit thp so vi gang.
Np xy lanh ng c lm mt bng gi hp kim nhm c hoc dp (ng c my
bay).
3.2.4 Kt cu
a. ng c xng:
Kt cu ph thuc : kiu bung chy, s xupap, cch b tr xupap v bu gi, phung
php lm mt, cch b tr ng np, thi.
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5
4
3
2
1
6
7
Hnh 3-7. Bung chy bn cu trong ng c xng

1: ng thi (hoc np), 2: khoang nc lm mt, 3: l thng nc ln np my, 4: l
gu ging, 5: khoang lp a y, 6: khoang lp bu gi, 7: bung chy.
VD 1: Hnh 3-7:
Bung chy bn cu
C cu phi kh xupap treo, xupap np ln hn xupap thi
Bu gi bn hng bung chy
Khoang nc lm mt bao quanh do lm mt tt, trnh kch n.
Khoang 5 lun a y dn ng xupap
Cc l nh 3 dn nc lm mt t thn my
L 4 c ng knh ln hn lp gu ging np my.
nh piston li (ng chm khut) to chn xoy lc nh thun li cho qu
trnh chy sau ny.
VD 2: Hnh 3-8:
Bung chy hnh chm Ricc, ng c c trung bnh v thp thng
C cu xupap t thn my do np my n gin.
Nhng im xa nht cch u tm bu gi (vi bn knh R) nn gim xc xut xy ra
kch n.
Bu gi b tr gn xu pp thi (nng nht) gim kch n nhng nhit bu gi cao.
Bu gi c th gn xu pp np khng qu nng
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A
4
5
A-A
6
1
Hnh 3-8. Np xy lanh vi bung chy Ricc
1: bung chy, 2:v tr xy lanh, 3: v tr xu pp np, 4 v 6: v tr bu gi, 5: v tr xu pp
thi.
b. ng c diesel
Np xylanh phc tp hn: b tr cc ng np, thi, cm xupap (treo), vi phun,
bung chy ph (xem chng 5), van kh nn, van gim p, bu gi sy (xem chng 9)...
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Hnh 3-9. Np xy lanh kp ng c diesel t vn ti ca hng MAN

VD 1: Hnh 3-9: NXL kp /c t ti MAN.
Gang xm c pha HK.
ng np v thi c b tr v hai pha
ng np dng xon c to xoy tip tuyn trong qt np.
B/c thng nht trn nh PT.
Khoang nc LM bao quanh cc ng np, thi.
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Vi phun nghing vi trc XL.

V d 2: Hnh 3-10: Np xy lanh ng c lm mt bng gi
Chu s nhit ln nht.
Lm ri, lp vi hp trc khuu bng gu ging.
Gn tn nhit cao 14 20 mm.
Hp kim nhm c
Lp vi xylanh v hp trc khuu bng 3 gu ging.
Bung chy thng nht.
Np xylanh lm chm cu.
Xupap nghing ph hp chm cu bung chy
Vi phun nghing vi tm xylanh.
Khng cn m np my
Hnh 3-10. Np xy lanh ng c t vn ti, lm mt bng gi ca hng KHD
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CHNG IV. C CU PHN PHI KH

4.1 Yu cu v phn loi
Yu cu: Thi sch v np y.
Phn loi:
C cu phi kh (CCPK) dng cam - xupap: ph bin, kt cu n gin, iu
chnh d dng.
CCPK dng van trt: din tch thng qua Ftq ln, kh ch to ch ng c
c chng: VD: ng c xe ua.
CCPK dng piston: ng c 2 k: kt cu gin, cht lng np thi km.
Ch xt: CCPK dng xupap, gm hai kiu:
a)
8
5
3
4
4
Khn p
7
3
b)
Kh
n p
2
2
Hnh 4-1. C cu phi kh dng XP

1: tr/c, 2: c/, 3: LX XP, 4: XP, 5: np my, 6: thn my,
7: a y, 8: n gnh, 9: c m.
C cu phi kh xupap t (hnh 4-1, a)
Ton b c cu phi kh thn my, chiu cao H ng c khng ln thun
li b tr trn phng tin vn ti
S chi tit it lc qun tnh nh mt cam & con i t mn.
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Kh b tr bung chy gn (khc phc mt phn: b tr xupap nghing so vi

tm xylanh) nh.
Bung chy khng gn ng c xng d kch n.
Do kh np thi ngot v nh.
Dng trong mt s ng c xng.
C cu phi kh xupap treo (hnh 4-1, b)
B tr c thn my v np xy lanh tng chiu cao H ca ng c.
Nhiu chi tit lc qun tnh ln b mt cam v con i ln mn nhiu.
Np xylanh phc tp kh ch to
Xupap b tr trong xylanh (treo) bung chy gn ln v gim kch n
trong ng c xng.
Dng kh t ngot tn tht nh cht lng np thi cao.
Ph bin (ng c xng & diesel).
4.2 B tr xupap v dn ng c cu phi kh
4.2.1 S xupap
2: 1 np, 1 thi. DnmXP np > DnmXP thi: u tin np hn mt cht.
Tng s XP: tng tit din thng qua tng cht lng np thi.
3: 2 np, 1 thi
4: 2 np, 2 thi: tin tin: ng m 2 ng np lch nhau cng ri cao
ngay c ti thp hon thin to ha kh & chy tng hiu qu & kinh t.
5: 3 np, 2 thi: xe con ca BMW.
4.2.2 B tr xupap
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
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Hnh 4-2. B tr XP
Xen k: cc ng np v thi v mt bn ng c (hnh 4-2, a) ng thi
sy nng ng np tng cng bay hi to thnh ha kh, nhng lm
gim ch dng ng c xng.
Ring r hai bn (hnh 4-2, b): trnh sy tng lng mi cht np dng
trong ng c diesel & mt s ng c xng.
Xupap song song vi tm xylanh hoc nghing bung chy gn: bung
chy chm cu xupap treo (hnh 4-2, d) hoc xupap t (hnh 4-2,e).
4.2.3 Dn ng xupap
Gin tip: qua con i, a y, n gnh, c m... (hnh 4-1).
Trc tip: (hnh 4-3, a), qua a y khuych i hnh trnh xupap (hnh 4-3, b).
Phi dn ng trc cam vi khong cch xa. (SOHC: Single Overhead Camshaft,
DOHC: Double Overhead Camshaft)
a)
b)
Hnh 4-3. Dn ng trc tip XP

4.2.4 Dn ng trc cam
Nguyn tc: Trc cam dn ng t trc khuu
Trc tip: dng bnh rng i = 1:2 (/c 4 k), i = 1:1 (/c 2 k)
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Bnh rng nghing, bnh rng trc cam bng g php, cht do m.
Du lp (hnh 4-4, a) bo m v tr tng quan trc khuu v trc cam.
Thm bnh rng trung gian tng khong cch A (hnh 4-4, b).
Gin tip: bng xch ai hay xch rng (hnh 4-4, c), bnh rng cn (hnh 4-4, d)
Tng khong cch A
Xch, ai: n
Xch ro sai lch gc phi kh
Khc phc mt phn: bnh cng xch
Bnh rng cn: khng ro, n nhng ch to, lp rp, iu chnh kh
b)
a)
c)
d)
Hnh 4-4. Dn ng tr/c

4.3 Kt cu ca cc chi tit chnh
4.3.1 Xupap
a. Vai tr
ng m ng np, thi thc hin trao i kh
b. iu kin lm vic
p lc & nhit cao. t0xp thi = 800-850oC (/c xng), = 500-600oC (diesel)
n mn ho hc do sn phm chy
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Va p vi cong vnh, mn r b mt nm
Vn tc mi cht qua xupap ln (400-600 m/s /v XP thi) n mn c hc nm v
.
c. Vt liu
Xupap thi:
Nm hoc ton b xupap bng thp hp kim chu nhit c Si, Cr, Mn
M Co b mt nm chng mn, g
Xupap np:
Thp hp kim Cr, Mn, Si nhng khng cao nh xupap thi
d. Kt cu
Nm, thn v ui xupap, (hnh 4-5).
Nm xupap
ui
thn
nm
Hnh 4-5. Kt cu cc phn ca XP

Gc ca b mt lm vic (hnh 4-6, a): cng nh tit din thng qua cng ln
nhng dng kh cng b ngot tng sc cn lu ng ca dng kh;
chiu dy nm nh gim sc bn nm.
Hu ht XP thi c = 45o, XP np: 30o 45o.
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a)
b)
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c)
d)
Hnh 4-6. Kt cu nm XP
Chiu rng b ca nm (hnh 4-6, a): ph thuc tng quan cng - nm: trnh
nm mn rnh v thun tin sa cha mm hn nm bnm > b
Nm bng (hnh 4-6, a): n gin, d ch to, din tch chu nhit nh.
Nm lm (hnh 4-6, b): Rchuyn tip ln dng cho xupap np: kh ngot, tn tht
nh, np nhiu. Lm nh. (Ch : dng XP thi: vng cht ln, thi ko sch).
Nm li (hnh 4-6, c): dng cho XP thi gim vng cht thi sch. Cung chuyn
tip m nh. (Ch : dng XP np: ngot nhiu, np gim).
XP thi rng, 50-60% th tch cha ntri (hnh 4-6, d): natri nng chy (nhit nng
chy ca Na tnc = 97oC). sng snh trong l rng ti nhit nm thn ng
dn hng m/cht lm.
Thn Xupap (hnh 4-7)
Nhim v: dn hng, tn nhit cho nm.
Phn ni nm & thn: nh li d gia cng & trnh b kt do gin n nhit.
Hnh 4-7. Thn XP

ui Xupap
Kt cu lp a l xo xupap (LX XP):
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c)
d)
Hnh 4-8. Kt cu ui XP
Rnh bc (hnh 4-8, a) lp mng hm: d gia cng nhng tp trung ng sut
Rnh cn (hnh 4-8, b) lp mng hm: tp trung ng sut nhng kh gia
cng hn
Cht bng vt liu tt (hnh 4-8, c) lp a LX XP: n gin nhng tp trung
ng sut.
ui XP ch to ring bng thp stenit v c ti cng hn vi thn chu mn tt
& tit kim vt liu qu.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Hnh 4-8. Kt cu ui XP
ui XP c ren lp a LX XP (hnh 4-8, d): cam dn ng trc tip XP: iu chnh
khe h: xoay a trn.
a)
b)
Hnh 4-9. Kt cu iu chnh khe h nhit

Kt cu iu chnh khe h nhit
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S cn thit: CCPK dn ng gin tip XP: nhiu chi tit gin n nhit knh
XP (ko ng kn) phi c kt cu iu chnh khe h nhit (gi tr do nh sn xut
qui nh)
XP t (hnh 4-9, a): trn con i; XP treo (hnh 4-9, b): trn c m
iu chnh: XP phi ng kn, dng thc l dy (hnh 4-9), xong hm vt iud
chnh.
Kt cu xoay XP
Mc ch: mn u thn, nm XP, khng cong vnh, kn kht, tng tui th.
Kt cu: VD: hnh 4-10 (t g/thiu, ko cn ghi), VD khc: cnh trn thn XP thi (/c
c ln B&W)
2
3
4
5
6
7
10
Hnh 4-10. Kt cu XP t xoay

1:LX XP, 2: thn XP, 3: ng dn hng XP, 4: LX a , 5: bi trt, 6: v bc, 7: np XL,
8: , 9: LX, 10: rnh trt.
4.3.2 xupap
a. Vai tr
Tip xc vi nm XP khi XP ng.
ri bng vt liu chu mn lp vo thn my (XP t) hoc np my (XP treo)
tng tui th, thun tin khi sa cha.
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b. Vt liu
Thn my & np xylanh bng hp kim nhm: c hai xupap ri.
Thn my & np xylanh bng gang: c th ch lm XP thi ri.
XP ri: thp hp kim, gang trng, lp c di vo thn my hoc np xylanh
(hnh 4-11).
c. Kt cu
a)
b)
c)
d)
o
75
o
45
30
Hnh 4-11. Kt cu XP
Rnh hm, kim loi bin dng khi p (hnh 4-11, a): hm
Mt cn t hm (hnh 4-11, b)
Nong sau khi lp (hnh 4-11, c)
Ba gc (hnh 4-11, d): gc lm vic 45 0, hai gc dn hng 30 v 75 0, mi nh
hnh, gc 450 mi sau cng.
4.3.3 ng dn hng xupap
a. Vai tr
Dn hng xupap
Lm ri: d gia cng, sa cha, thay th, dng vt liu tt tng tui th
b. Vt liu
Gang hp kim, gang do: ng c thng thng.
ng thanh, kim loi bt tm du: ng c cao tc.
c. Kt cu
Hnh tr rng, vt u lp (hnh 4-12, a).
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Lp di vi thn my, np xylanh.

cn nh (v d 1/100) (hnh 4-12, b): d lp
a)
b)
c)
1/100
d
Hnh 4-12. Kt cu ng dn hng XP

Vai c khi lp (hnh 4-12, c).
G/c chnh xc ng knh d sau khi lp khe h
XP np < XP thi v xupap thi nng hn.
d. Vn bi trn ng dn hng xupap
Vung t du t gin c m: n gin nht.
Bung chy cng bc: du c p t h thng bi trn.
M che bng thp (hnh 4-13,a) hay cao su (hnh 4-13,b): hn ch lt du vo ng dn
hng chy, kt mui kt XP, hao du bi trn.
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Hnh 4-13. Kt cu ngn du ui XP

4.3.4 L xo XP
a. iu kin lm vic
Chu sc cng ban u
Ti trng thay i tun hon khi xupap ng m.
b. Vt liu
Thp l xo (LX), = 3 - 5 mm.
c. Kt cu
Hnh tr, hai u mi phng lp a XP, LX (hnh 4-14).
S vng 4 -10.
Hnh 4-14. Kt cu LX hnh tr

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d. Vn trnh cng hng trong CCPK

a)
b)
c)
2
1
Hnh 4-15. Cc bin php kt cu LX XP trnh cng hng
L do:
C cu phi kh c: yu t kch thch (cam), n hi (LX), cn (ma st) to thnh h
dao ng c hc (D).
Khi cng hng bin dao ng ca XP qu ln sai lch qui lut ng m XP,
va p, gy LX XP...do phi trnh cng hng.
Cc bin php:
Tc ng n cu trc h dao ng t h c nhiu tn s ring:
L xo bc xon khc nhau (hnh 4-15, a).
L xo cn (hnh 4-15, b).
Nhiu (2, 3) l xo khc chiu xon (khng kt) lng vo nhau (hnh 4-15,
c), l xo 1 lp lng trong lo xo 2.
u im: ng sut lo xo nh, gy mt lo xo th XP khng b ri vo trong
xylanh (XP treo).
Gim chn:
Cc trt (hnh 4-16, a): ma st cc trt vi l, sc cn KK tiu tn nng
lng D, trnh cong XP.
Vnh gim rung (hnh 4-16, b): ma st LX- vnh gim rung tiu tn nng
lng D.
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b)
a)
vnh gim
rung
Hnh 4-16. Cc bin php trnh cng hng LX XP bng gim chn
4.3.5 Trc cam (Tr/c)
a. Vai tr
Mang cc cam phi kh.
Mang b phn ca h thng khc (hnh 4-17), VD: cam bm chuyn NL, bnh rng
bm du, b chia in - nh la...
b. iu kin lm vic
Khng nng nhc.
Trt b mt lm vic hng ch yu l mi mn.
c. Vt liu
Thp t cc bon: 30, cc bon trung bnh: 40, 45 hoc thp HK: 15Cr, 15Mn, 12CrNi...
B mt lm vic cam, c trc thm than, ti cng su 0,7-2 mm, HRC 52-65.
B mt cn li HRC 30-40.
d. Kt cu
Cc phn (hnh 4 -17)
c im kt cu
4
2
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Hnh 4-17. Trc cam

1: u tr/c, 2: c tr/c, 3: cam np v cam thi, 4: cam lch tm bm xng, 5: bnh rng
dn ng bm du bi trn
Cam np v cam thi:
cam ri
Hnh 4-18. Cam ri lp trn trc

Lin vi trc (hnh 4-17): ng c c nh, c trung bnh
Ri lp then, ai c kp (hnh 4-18): ng c c ln.
r2
r3
r
c)
b)
a)
d)
r2
r1
r1
Hnh 4-19. Cc dng cam thng gp

a) v b) cam li, c) cam tip tuyn, d) cam lm
Cc dng cam: li, tip tuyn, lm. Ph bin: li i xng: hai cung (hnh 4-19, a), ba
cung (hnh 4-19, b). Gia cng: tin, mi chp hnh.
V tr gia hai cam cng tn ca hai xylanh lm vic k tip nhau c:
c = k/2 (/c 4 k) v c = k (/c 2 k)
k: gc cng tc.
Gc gia nh cam np v cam thi trong cng mt XL k (hnh 4-20):
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a)
N p
Thi
CT
CD
CD
b)
N p
Thi
CD
CT
CD
Hnh 4-20. Xc nh gc gia cam np v cam thi ca mt XL

1
1
k = = (360 o 1 + 2 + 3 4 )
2
4
Mt s -t ng c hin i ca hng TOYOTA, BMW, HONDA trang b c cu
phi kh thay i c pha phi kh sao cho t ti u cc ch lm vic khc nhau
ca ng c, VD:
TOYOTA dng cng ngh VVT-i (Variable Valve Timing and Lift wiht
Intelligence),
HONDA: VTEC (Valve Timing Electronic Control),
BMW cng ngh VANOS (Variable Nockenwellen Steuerung)....
Nguyn tc chung l s dng h thng c in t bao gm hai trc cam ring cho cam
np v cam thi trn np xy lanh, gia chng b tr mt c cu c iu khin bi mt
b ECU xoay tng i hai trc vi nhau nhm thay i gc phi kh cho ph hp vi
ch lm vic ca ng c. Tt nhin, cu to v iu khin c cu phi kh khi s
rt phc tp.
Thng qua mt h thng c in t bao gm b iu khin ECU, cc cm bin v b
phn chp hnh lm cho cam np v cam thi xoay tng i vi nhau. Khi (hnh 420, a) v k thay i.
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T u nhng nm 2000, mt s ng c -t ca hng BMW dng cng ngh c in t Valvetronic thay i hnh trnh xu pp np (hnh 4-20, b) iu khin lng kh
np vo xy lanh thay cho bm ga. Do tn tht gim nn np c nhiu hn lm tng
cng sut ng c.
C truc cam
S c trc cam zc:
zc = z/2 + 1
z: s xylanh
ng knh c Dc bng nhau lp lun kh.
ng knh c Dc nh dn lp d. Nhng: ph tng s/c phc tp.
Chn dc trc
Bnh rng thng chn dc trc ko c nh v tr
Bnh rng nghing (m) chn dc ngay sau bnh rng (trnh cong trc) (hnh 421).
iu chnh khe h bng thay i chiu dy bc chn.
Bi trn b mt t bng du t li trc cam. gim m/s
Lp bch chn bng bu lng, tho lp qua l trn bnh rng
Hnh 4-21. Chn dc tr/c

4.3.6 Con i
a. Vai tr
Truyn chuyn ng t cam sang xupap.
b. iu kin lm vic
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Ti trng c hc khng khc nghit.

Hng ch yu: mn.
c. Vt liu
Thp t cc bon: 15, 30; thp hp kim: 15Cr, 20Cr, 12CrNi...
Thm than, ti cng b mt lm vic: HRC 52-65
Gang trng (ton b); gang trng (nm) hn vi thn con i bng thp.
Con ln ca con i: thp vng bi, ti HRC 58-62
d. Kt cu
a)
b)
Hnh 4-22. C/ hnh nm v c/ hnh tr

Con i hnh nm v con i hnh tr
C cu phi kh xupap t
L do: con i dn ng xupap phi c vt iu chnh khe h nhit tm con i
(hnh 4-22, a). y con i ph thuc kch thc cam. con i nh, thn < y
hnh nm.
thn nh p sut tip xc ln mn nhiu.
thn nh lp t di ln khi tho: phi tho trc cam.
C cu phi kh xupap treo
L do: con i a y rng nh, thn = y hnh tr (hnh 4-22, b)
thn ln p sut tip xc nh mn t.
thn = y lp, tho d dng (ko phi tho tr/c).
c im kt cuchung
y chm cu trnh co xc khi tm c/ khng tm tr/c (hnh 4-23, a).
Rcu = 500-1000 mm.
88
BM ng C t Trong
Lch tm e = 1-3 mm, cam cn, y con i cu (hnh 4-23, b) con i t xoay
mn u.
Ch : ch lm vic vi cam li.
Hnh 4-23. Mt s c im kt cu ca c/ hnh nm v c/ hnh tr

Con i con ln
Con i con ln (hnh 4-24): ma st ln nh hn
Vt chng xoay con i
Lm vic vi mi cam: li, lm, tip tuyn
Hnh 4-24. C/ con ln

Con i thu lc
89
BM ng C t Trong
4
5
Hnh 4-25. Nguyn l lm vic c/ thu lc

1: thn con i, 2: ng dn du trn thn my, 3: piston, 4: ui XP, 5: LX, 6: van bi.
Ch : c c chn trn cho piston trn hnh 4-25
Nguyn l lm vic: Con i thu lc (hnh 4-25) c piston 3 lun t vo ui
xu pp 4 di tc dng ca l xo 5. Khi cam y thn con i i ln, du bn di
piston b nn, van bi 6 ng li, piston v thn con i nh mt khi cng i ln
m xu pp. Tuy nhin, gia piston v thn cng nh van 6 c khe h nn du
bn di piston b r r, do thc t piston dch chuyn tng i so vi thn
xung di mt cht. n hnh trnh ng xu pp, di tc dng ca l xo 5 y
thn con i v piston v hai pha, p sut di piston gim, van bi 6 m, do d
du c b sung t ng du 2 trn thn my vo khoang du bn di piston.
Khng c khe h nhit rt m du
S dng /c t du lch
90
BM ng C t Trong
CHNG V. H THNG NHIN LIU

Khi qut:
Nhim v: cung cp nhin liu (NL) to thnh ha kh (HK) cho ng c ph hp vi
cc ch lm vic.
ng c xng:
HK ng nht v kh hnh thnh bn ngoi xy lanh (tr /c phun xng trc tip
Gasoline Direct Injection- GDI)
Gii hn chy hp 0,6 < < 1,2
iu chnh ti trng: iu chnh lng bng van tit lu hay cn gi l bm ga trn
ng np. Thc cht: iu chnh ng thi c nhin liu v khng kh.
ng c diesel:
HK bn trong khng ng nht.
91
BM ng C t Trong
Gii hn chy rng: 1,2 < < 10

iu chnh ti: iu chnh cht: ch thay i lng nhin liu phun gct (g/chutrnh).
Kt lun: h thng nhin ng c xng v diesel phi khc nhau.
5.1 HTNLca /c xng
5.1.1 Yu cu v phn loi
Cung cp HK c ph hp vi tng ch lm vic ca /c.
Phn ln nhin liu trong HK dng hi xng, phn cn li c x ti dng ht
c kch thc rt nh.
phi ng u gia cc xy lanh.
Hai loi: HTNL dng BCHK thng gi l ccbuarat v HTNL phun xng.
5.1.2 HTNL dng BCHK
ph
h
6
Hnh 5-1. S HTNL dng b ch ho kh

1: thng xng, 2: lc, 3: bm, 4: bung phao, 5: gc l, 6: hng khuych tn, 7: bm ga.
5.1.2.1 S v nguyn l lm vic
Trn hnh 5-1 th hin r s HTNL dng b ch ho kh. Xng t thng cha 1
c bm 3 ht qua lc 2 n bung nhin liu hay cn gi l bung phao 4 ca b ch
ho kh. C cu van kim - phao gi cho mc xng trong bung nhin liu n nh trong
qu trnh lm vic. Trong qu trnh np, khng kh c ht vo /c phi lu ng qua
hng khuych tn 6 c tit din b thu hp. Ti y, do tc dng ca chn khng, gi l
ph, xng c ht ra t bung phao qua gc l 5. Thc cht, gc l l mt chi tit c
ch to chnh xc c th tit lu nh lng lu lng xng ht ra ng nh thit k.
Sau khi ra hng khuych tn, nhin liu c dng khng kh x ti ng thi bay hi v
ho trn to thnh HK np vo /c. Lng HK i vo /c c iu chnh nh bm ga 7.
5.1.2.2 c tnh l tng ca b ch ho kh
L thuyt v thc nghim: HK phi ph hp vi cc ch lm vic ca /c (hnh 52) c tnh l tng ca BCHK.
92
BM ng C t Trong
iu kin xy dng: n = const ph ch m bm ga hay ti trng ca /c.

Gii thch c tnh l tng:
Khng ti ti nh (a-b):
+ Bm ga m nh % kh st nhiu
+ Nhit /c thp
/k bay hi, ho trn to HK v chy km phi rt m: = 0,4-0,8.
c
1
d
b
a 20
80
100 % m bm
ga
Hnh 5-2. c tnh l tng ca b ch ho kh

Ti nh ti ln (b-c):
Bm ga m to dn, ti trng tng nhng /k trn c ci thin HK cn nht
dn ti = 1,07-1,15 /c lm vic tit kim nht (ge min).
Ti ln ton ti (c-d):
+ Phi lm m /c pht ra cng sut cao tc l c tnh hiu qu cao (pe ln).
+ Ti d bm ga m hon ton, HK c lm m nht: = 0,75-0,9 /c pht ra
cng sut cc i.
c tnh ca BCHK n gin (gm cm bung phao 4, gc l nhin liu 5, hng
khuych tn 6, bm ga 7 nh th hin trn hnh 5-1)
Lu lng khng kh:
G kk = h f h 2p h kk
(5-1)
Lu lng nhin liu:

G nl = d f d 2( p h nl h ) nl
(5-2)
+ fh v fd l tit din thng qua hnh hc

+ h v d l h s bp dng ca hng khuych tn v ca gc l nhin liu
93
BM ng C t Trong
+ h l khong cch t mt thong bung phao n ming vi phun.

= A
G kk
vi A l hng s = 1/L0 (xem cng thc 1-12).
G nl
(5-3)
Thay (5-1) v (5-2) vo (5-3) ta c:

=k
p h
p h nl h
(5-4)
vi k l mt hng s t l. T (5-4) HK m dn (hnh 5-3) khng tho mn c

tnh l tng BCHK thc t phi c cc h thng vi cc chc nng khc nhau bo
m cung cp HK vi ph hp vi cc ch lm vic ca /c.
ph
Hnh 5-3. c tnh BCHK n gin
5.1.2.3 Cc h thng & c cu ca BCHK

a. H thng chnh
Nhim v chnh: cung cp HK cho /c lm vic kinh t nht trong vng lm vic ph
bin ca /c (bc): theo c tnh l tng: cung cp HK nht dn khi ti trng tng. Cc
loi:
HTC gim chn khng sau gc l chnh
+ Khi ph nh, xng cha ht ra, mc xng tng dn ln.
+ T khi ph = nlh tr i, xng phun ra: nh BCHK n gin gim dn (HK
m dn), mt thong trong ng 3 h dn n khi y = H.
+ Ti y = H: mt dng khng kh t ngt qua gc l khng kh 2 vo ng 3 ra vi
phun p sut trong ng 3 t p 0 gim t ngt mt lng nht nh lu lng nhin
94
BM ng C t Trong
liu qua gc l 1 tng ln t ngt HK m ln t ngt ( gim t ngt nh th hin

trn hnh 5-4).
+ T tr i, ph tip tc tng nh hng n vic ht xng qua gc l 1 gim
tc tng lu lng nhin liu gim so vi giai on trc HK nht dn ( tng
dn).
+ p dng: ph bin.
kk
2
y
H
3
p0
ph
1
ph
Hnh 5-4. HTC gim chn khng sau gc l chnh

HTC c gc l b sung
+ Cu to: hai gc l nhin liu hai h thng cung cp nhin liu c lp vo hng
khuych tn.
+ H thng th nht: HTC kiu gim chn khng sau gc l chnh (kiu a) bao
gm gc l 1 v gc l khng kh c tit din thng qua bng .
kk
ph
y
1
2
ph
Hnh 5-5: HTC c gc l b sung

+ H thng th hai vi gc l 2: BCHK n gin.
c tnh
95
BM ng C t Trong
- Khi ph cn nh, xng cha c ht ra nhng mc xng vi phun c nng

dn ln.
- T khi ph = nlh tr i, xng c phun ra.
C hai h thng 2 (BCHK n gin) gim dn (HK m dn), ng thi mt
thong y trong ng 3 t t h xung cho n khi y = H.
- T tr i, ph tip tc tng
+ Lu lng nhin liu qua gc l 1 khng i (v ch ph thuc cao H) HK
nht dn.
+ H thng 2 (BCHK n gin) HK m dn.
+ Trn c s la chn tng quan cc thng s ca 2 gc l hp l tng hp li,
t khi y = H HK nht dn.
HTC iu chnh chn khng hng
a)
b)
c)
Hnh 5-6: HTC iu chnh chn khng hng

+ Bn cht: tng din tch lu thng hng khuch tn theo ti lu lng khng
kh tng nhanh hn lu lng nhin liu HK nht dn.
+ C th: khi bm ga m n mt mc no nhm tng ti chn khng
hng khuych tn ln s m cc l l xo (hnh 5-6,a v c) hay van (hnh 5-6, b)
b sung khng kh HK nht dn.
HTC thay i tit din gc l kt hp vi h thng khng ti
96
BM ng C t Trong
4
3
2
1
5
Hnh 5-7: HTC thay i tit din gc l kt hp vi h thng khng ti

1: gc l chnh, 2: ng HK ca h thng khng ti, 3: gc l khng ti, 4: gc l khng kh
khng ti, 5: kim iu chnh tit din gc l 1.
- HTC v h thng khng ti lun cng lm vic k c vng ti trng ln.
- Khi bm ga (hnh 5-7) m dn:
+ Kim 5 i ln lm tng tit din gc l chnh 1 HK m ln.
+ chn khng sau bm ga gim dn h thng khng ti s cho HK nht dn
(xem 2. H thng khng ti di y).
+ La chn tng quan cc thng s ca cc gc l kt qu tng hp: HK nht
dn.
Loi ny c dng xe my.
b. H thng khng ti
S cn thit
ng c chy khng ti bm ga ng gn kn lu lng khng kh qua hng
khuych tn nh ph nh khng ht xng HTC khng c kh nng cung cp HK
cho /c chy khng ti.
Trong khi , chn khng sau bm ga ps ln tn dng ht xng ra hng
khuych tn v to thnh HK h thng khng ti.
Nguyn l lm vic
- Khng kh c ht qua gc l 5 vo ng HK 4
97
BM ng C t Trong
- Xng c ht t bung phao qua gc l nhin liu 6 (hnh 5-8)

- Xng ho trn s b vi khng kh to thnh dng nh tng HK qua van 3
l 1 phun vo sau bm ga tip tc bay hi v ho trn trn ng np vo xy
lanh /c.
4
2
3
1
Hnh 5- 8. H thng khng ti
1: l cung cp HK, 2: l chuyn tip, 3: vt iu chnh HgH, 4: ng HK, 5: gc l khng

kh , 6: gc l nhin liu, 7: vt knh ga.
Khi chuyn t ch khng ti v ch c ti bm ga m to dn ps gim i
lng HK t h thng khng ti gim trong khi HTCcha hot ng v ph cn nh
/c c th b cht my
- Khc phc: l chuyn tip 2:
+ Khi bm ga m qua l 2 l 2 sau bm ga b sung HK khi chuyn tip.
+ Cn ch khng ti, l 2 cung cp thm khng kh vo ng 4.
- iu chnh ch khng ti:
+ Mc ch: /c lm vic n nh tc n nh nht c th tit kim nhin liu.
+ Cch iu chnh: vn cht vt HK 3 ni ra theo qui nh ca nh ch to (v d
i vi xe my Dream II l 2
1
vng). Vn vo mt cht tng m ca bm ga
8
Khi ng /c, nh ga /c chy khng ti n cao Ni dn vt 7: bm ga s ng

nh li tc /c gim i khi tc khng ti nh nht m /c vn n nh
xong.
98
BM ng C t Trong
c. H thng lm m
Vai tr: cung cp thm xng lm m HK /c pht ra cng sut ln hn. Hai
phng php: lm m c kh v lm m chn khng.
H thng lm m c kh
Khi /c lm vic ch ti nh v trung bnh, bm ga 5 (hnh 5 -9) m cha ln
ch c HTC lm vic cung cp HK nht dn (trn hnh 5-9, gc l 2 v vi phun i
din cho HTC xt mc 1. ca 5.1.2.3).
Hnh 5-9: H thng lm m c kh

1: gc l lm m, 2: gc l ca h thng chnh, 3; kim iu chnh, 4: n dn ng, 5:
bm ga.
Khi bm ga 5 m ln (v d 80% tr i), qua n 4 kim 3 c nng ln
m gc l 1 b sung xng vo HTC lm m HK.
Bm ga m cc i gc l 1 c m to nht HK c lm m nht /c
pht ra cng sut cc i nhng tnh kinh t ca /c gim.
m b- m
hn h p
%
99
BM ng C t Trong
Hnh 5-10: c tnh ti ca /c khi lm m c kh

1: c tnh ti ch tc vng quay n nh, 2: c tnh ti n ln.
u im: n gin, chc chn.
Nhc im: thi im bt u lm m ch m bm ga, tc n c
tnh ng lc hc ca /c khng tt (hnh 5-10):
+ Khi n ln cng sut /c tng nhanh theo m bm ga nn lm m 80% l
hp l (hnh 5-10, ng 1).
+ Cn ch n nh, cng sut ca /c tng chm (ng 2) nn khi lm m
80%, cng sut tng rt t Tt nht nn lm m sm hn (khong 50 %).
Khc phc: Lm m chn khng.
H thng lm m chn khng (Hnh 5-11)
+ Khi bm ga m nh, ps ln , tc dng ht piston 6 i ln thng sc cng l xo
7 ko piston. Gc l lm m 2 ng Ch c HTC (giclo 3) cung cp HK nht dn.
+ Khi bm ga m ln hoc n gim, ps gim l xo 7 y piston 6 i xung qua
n 5 nng kim 4 m gc l 2 b sung thm nhin liu vo HTC lm m HK.
7
6
5
4
Hnh 5-11: H thng lm m chn khng

1: bm ga, 2: gc l lm m, 3: gc l h thng chnh, 4 kim iu chnh lm m, 5:
n dn ng, 6: piston, 7: l xo
u im: ps m bm ga v tc vng quay n thi im bt u lm
m % m ga v n:
100
BM ng C t Trong
+ Ti ch n nh v % m ga nh ???ps nh t pbl l xo 7 y piston

6 i xung lm cho gc l 2 bt u lm m.
+ Ti ch n ln v % m ga ln ???ps nh t pbl l xo 7 y piston
6 i xung lm cho gc l 2 bt u lm m.
Khc phc nhc im ca lm m c kh.
Nhc im: l xo, khe h n nh km.
Tt nht: BCHK c hai h thng lm m: c kh v chn khng.
d. H thng khi ng
Tnh cn thit
Khi khi ng, /c lnh xng kh bay hi, d to mng trn thnh ng np
cn nhiu xng khi ng.
Khi ng tc vng quay ca /c rt nh (50 n 100 v/ph) (xem chng IX)
tc khng kh qua hng rt nh kh nng xng ht xng t HTC km.
Phi c HTK cung cp thm nhin liu khi K.
NLLV ca HTK n gin nhng rt ph bin trong thc t (hnh 5-12):
Khi khi ng bm gi 4 ng li ph v ps u ln HTC 3 v h thng
khng ti 2 ng thi lm vic HK rt m khi ng.
4
3
6
2
1
Hnh 5-12: H thng khi ng

1: bm ga, 2: ng HK khng ti, 3: xng t h thng chnh, , 4: van an ton. 5:
bm gi, 6: lin kt bm gi- bm ga.
Khi /c n, chn khng sau bm gi 5 ln van an ton 4 s m ra cung
cp thm khng kh trnh cho HK qu m /c khng b cht my ngay sau khi n.
101
BM ng C t Trong
Khi ng xong nh bm gi 4 m cc i trnh tn tht kh ng.

e. H thng tng tc
Tnh cn thit: Khi tng nhanh tc hay ti trng /c m t ngt bm ga
Khng kh tng nhanh nhng nhin liu tng khng kp do x >> kk HK nht i t
ngt c th lm cht my cn h thng tng tc (hnh 5-13) b sung nhin liu kp thi.
6
5
4
8
2
3
Hnh 5-13: H thng tng tc

1: bm ga, 2: n dn ng, 3 van bi, 4 piston, 5 xy lanh, 6: l xo, 7: vi phun, 8: van
ri.
Nguyn l lm vic
Tng tc bm ga m t ngt: h n 2 v l xo 6 y piston 4 i xung p
sut bn di piston tng ln t ngt van 3 ng li xng nng van 8 ln qua vi
phun 7 phun vo hng khuych tn b sung tng tc.
Khi tng ti t t bm ga m chm, xng lt qua van bi 3 tr li bng phao,
khng xy ra tng tc.
Khi khng tng tc, xng qua van bi 3 (bi lp l) np vo di piston 4.
Vai tr ca l xo: khi tng tc l xo 6 b nn li. Kt thc m bm ga t
ngt l xo gin ra t t qu trnh phun nhin liu mt thi gian na (mt vi giy)
Trnh hin tng /c r my ln t ngt ri cht my v HTCcha kp cung cp
xng.
g. C cu hn ch tc vng quay
Vai tr: t ng hn ch tc vng n quay, gi n < n max khi sc cn bn ngoi
gim hoc mt t ngt (v d gy trc truyn cng sut hoc chn vt ca tu thu nh
ln khi mt nc do sng to). Nu khng /c chy khng ti vi tc vng quay rt
102
BM ng C t Trong
ln, lm tng mi mn v c th lm h hng cc chi tit chuyn ng do lc qu tnh

qu ln.
Nguyn l lm vic (c cu hn ch tc vng quay c kh n gin: hnh 5 14):
Khi tc ca /c tng qu cao trong lc bm ga m to (ti ln) dng khng
kh vo /c vi tc cao nn c ng nng ln tc dng ln mt vt trn bm ga 2
thng sc cng l xo 1 bm ga do c ng bt n gim.
Trong thc t cn c cc c cu hn ch tc vng quay kiu chn khng hay in
t...
2
1
Hnh 5-14: C cu hn ch tc vng quay

1: l xo, 2: bm ga, 3: h thng chnh
h. C cu hiu chnh theo cao
Tnh cn thit:
cao tng mt khng kh cng gim lng khng kh thc t gim i
HK m ln gim cng sut ca /c v lm tng c hi trong kh thi. c cu hiu
chnh theo cao (hnh 5-15) gim nhin liu tng ng vi gim kk.
6
5
1
2
3
103
BM ng C t Trong
Hnh 5-15: C cu hiu chnh BCHK theo cao

1: gc l nhin liu, 2: ng xng vo h thng chnh, 3: kim iu chnh, 4: ba r mt, 5:
phao, 6: ng xng vo bung phao.
Nguyn l lm vic:
Ln cao p0 gim ba r mt 4 gin n qua kim 3 ng bt gc l 2 gim lu lng
nhin liu.
5.1.2.4 BCHK c trang b in t
tho mn nhng yu cu ngy cng cao i vi qu trnh hnh thnh kh HK, nhm
gim sut tiu hao nhin liu v c hi trong kh thi cng nh ci thin cht lng lm
vic ca /c mi ch lm vic, ngi ta trang b cc b phn in t cho b ch
ho kh. BCHKkhi c gi l BCHKin t. Hnh 5-16 trnh by mt BCHKin t
c tn l Ecotronic ca hng Bosch- Pierburg. V c bn, BCHKin t gm mt
BCHKthng thng, mt b K in t 20 v cc c cu K 4 thay i m bm
ga 1 v c cu K 5 thay i m bm gi 6.
B K in t 20 gm c cc b phn chnh nh u nhn tn hiu 19, b vi x l
trung tm 18 v u pht tn hiu ra 17. Tn hiu vo s c tip nhn v x l. Sau ,
b K s pht tn hiu ra K cc c cu chp hnh 4 v 5 nhm to ra thnh phn kh
HK ti u cho mi ch lm vic ca /c.
Trong c cu iu chnh m bm ga kiu in t - chn khng 4, v tr ca mng
n hi c xc nh bi s cn bng gia lc tc dng ln mng do chn khng sau
bm ga v lc phc hi ca l xo. chn khng trong khng gian pha trn mng c
iu chnh nh hai nam chm in iu chnh cc van thng. Nh cn y 3, mng xc
nh m ca bm ga 1. V tr ca mng n hi c ghi nhn v truyn tn hiu v
b K in t 20 qua ng 12.
Khi /c khi ng, b K ng bm gi v m bm ga mt gc ph hp.
HTCv h thng khng ti cng lm vic cho HK m khi ng ging nh
BCHKthng thng (xem 4. ca 5.1.2.3).
Ch tng tc c thc hin nh sau. T tn hiu m t ngt bm ga 11, b K
in t s ch th cho c cu 5 ng m rt nhanh bm gi 6. Do HK m ln t
ngt p ng cho /c tng tc .
Khi /c chy khng ti, b K in t gi cho tc vng quay khng ti n kt = const.
Khi v tr ca bm ga v bm khi ng u do b K in t quyt nh. Ngoi ra,
cn K 7 - do c cu K 5 dn ng- s tc ng ln kim hiu chnh 8 ng bt gc l
khng kh ca h thng khng ti, HK s c lm m. Do thnh phn HK c iu
chnh t ng ph hp vi ch khng ti nn nkt nh, tit kim nhin liu. Cng chnh
v vy m /c khng b cht my trong nhng trng hp sau: khi /c t khng ti chuyn
v ch c ti hoc gi mt s h thng tiu th vo /c (v d h thng iu ho nhit
104
BM ng C t Trong
trn t); hay khi /c ang chy c ti chuyn v chy khng ti nn nhit /c gim
dn lm tng nht ca du bi trn dn n ma st tng.
Ch ko, v d nh khi t xung dc, ngi li b chn ga nn bm ga 1 ch do
c cu 4 K. Khi , bm ga s m mt mc no sao cho chn khng sau
bm ga nh n mc khng ht xng ra h thng khng ti. Ni khc i khi /c
b ko, /c khng tiu th xng nn tit kim nhin liu v gim nhim mi trng.
2
4
9
10
11
15
12
17
18
19
16
13
14
20
Hnh 5-16: BCHKK bng in t

1: bm ga, 2: cm bin tc m bm ga, 3: cn y, 4: c cu iu chnh m
bm ga kiu in t - chn khng, 5: c cu K ng m bm khi ng, 6: bm
khi ng (bm gi), 7: cn y, 8: kim iu chnh tit din thng qua gc l khng kh
khng ti, 9: cm bin nhit /c, 10: tn hiu nhit /c, 11: tn hiu tc m bm
ga, 12: tn hiu v tr mng n hi ca b iu chnh m bm ga kiu in t - chn
khng 4 (hay gc m bm ga), 13: tn hiu tc vng quay /c, 14: tn hiu t cm
bin xc nh (xem hnh 10-5), 15: cc tn hiu ra b iu chnh m bm ga, 16:
tn hiu ra iu chnh m bm gi, 17: u pht tn hiu ra, 18: b vi x l, 19: u
thu nhn tn hiu vo, 20: b K in t.
5.1.3 HTNL phun xng
5.1.3.1 HTNLphun xng gin tip v trc tip
105
BM ng C t Trong
BCHK: xng c ht vo ng c
Phun xng: xng c phun vo ng c
Phun gin tip: vo ng np: ph bin hin nay i vi /c -t, gn y: xe
my.
Phun trc tip: vo trong xy lanh: (GDI (Gasoline Direct Injection) tin tin
(1995 n nay), hin i v tn dng nhng u vit ca /c diesel c trin vng pht
trin.
Gii hn kho st: phun xng gin tip.
5.1.3.2 Phn loi HTNLphun xng
8
7
6
9
5
1
3
4
Hnh 5-17: S h thng phun xng

1: khng kh np, 2: thit b o lu lng khng kh, 3: bm HK, 4: xu pp np, 5: vi
phun, 6: tn hiu K phun, 7: b K phun xng, 8: cc tn hiu cm bin vo b x l, 9:
xng t bm chuyn.
Theo s vi phun:
H thng phun a im (Multi - Point): 1 vi phun/ 1 xl b tr ngay trc xu pp np
u im: xng phun vo xu pp c nhit cao iu kin bay hi tt hn, trnh
ng bm thnh mng xng.
H thng phun n im (Single - Point): mt vi phun chung cho tt c cc xy
lanh.
Theo cch phun:
Phun lin tc
Phun gin on
Theo cch iu khin:
K c kh
106
BM ng C t Trong
K in t
K c khin t.
rt nhiu loi h thng phun xng. Ch xt mt s loi.
5.1.3.3 Mt s HTNL phun xng thng dng

a. K-Jetronic (Bosch)
a im, lin tc v K bng c kh (hnh 5-18).
6
13
4
5
14
2
18
15
12
17
16
10
11
Hnh 5-18: H thng phun xng K- Jetronic

1: van l bp bnh, 2: profil iu chnh, 3: i trng, 4: piston, 5: ca thot, 6: vi phun,
7: b hng chnh p, 8: bm, 9: b iu chnh p sut, 10: b d tr p sut, 11: van-r
le gim p, 12: van-r le b sung khng kh (by pass), 13: gc l gim chn, 14: bm
ga, 15: vt iu chnh khng ti, 16: thng xng, 17: lc xng, 18: xu pp.
Mch xng: t bm 8 b d tr p sut 10 lc tinh 17 b K thu- c
vi phun 6 xu pp np.
107
BM ng C t Trong
Vai tr v nguyn l lm vic ca mt s b phn:

B iu chnh p sut 9: duy tr p sut nht nh trong h thng khi /c lm vic.
B d tr p sut 10: duy tr p sut xng mt thi gian sau khi dng /c khi
ng li d dng.
Vi phun 6 kiu van l xo: p sut m 4 bar.
B K kiu thu- c: K lu lng qua tit din 5.
+ Nguyn tc lm vic: p lc dng kh np trn van l 1 cn bng p lc xng ln
b mt trn piston 4 xc lp v tr ca van l 1 v v tr ca piston 4 quyt nh din
tch thng qua ca l thot 5 quyt nh lu lng vi phun 6.
B iu chnh 7 (mng n hi + l xo): gi chnh p trc v sau ca thot 5
khng i lu lng xng ch ph thuc tit din thng qua ca ca thot 5 (thng s
iu chnh duy nht, xem cng thc (5-1)).
Cc van tit lu 13: gim chn cho h thng.
Cc van 11 v 12: r le nhit kiu bimetall
+ Van 11: lm vic khi hm nng my gim p sut trn piston 4 m rng
thm ca thot 5 tng xng
+ Van 12: lm vic ng thi khi hm nng my m ng ni tt (by pass)
tng khng kh
cng sut ln khc phc ma st ln do nhit du bi trn thp.
Vt 15: thay i v tr tng quan gia piston 4 v van l 1 iu chnh ch
khng ti.
Dng profil 2: quyt nh ch lm m ton ti /c pht ra cng sut cc i.
S cn c vi phun h tr khi ng (khng v): phun thm xng lm m HK
trong qu trnh khi ng.
b. L-Jetronic
a im, phun gin on v K bng in t (hnh 5-19).
108
BM ng C t Trong
8
11
1
10
13
15
14
12
Hnh 5-19: L- Jetronic

1: l van lt, 2: b K in t, 3: l cn gim chn, 4: vi phun in t, 5: thng xng,
6: bm , 7: lc, 8: b iu chnh p sut, 9: cng tc, 10: r le nhit- thi gian, 11: vi
phun khi ng, 12: cm bin nhit /c, 13: bm HK, 14: r le nhit, 15: ng b
sung khng kh.
Nguyn tc lm vic: Xng t thng cha 5 bm in 6 lc tinh 7 vi
phun 4.
Gkk c o trc tip: tn hiu gc lch l van 1 qua vn k ( tm van lt) ECU
2 phn nh gi tr lu lng khng kh ECU tnh ton tn hiu ra thi gian m
vi phun 4 lng xng phun.
Gkk c o trc tip cht lng HK tnh trng hao mn /c v s khc bit
trong lot /c ch to.
Vai tr v nguyn l lm vic ca mt s b phn:
L cn 3: gim dao ng cho van lt 1.
Vi phun 4: van in t, tn hiu K t ECU 2 quyt nh thi gian m van
lng xng phun.
B iu chnh p sut 8: gi chnh p trc v sau vi phun khng i lng
xng phun ra ch thi gian m ca vi phun.
Thi im phun: t tn hiu gc nh la sm (thuc h thng nh la), phun ng
thi hai ln trong 1 chu k gim bt s khc bit thi im phun gia cc xy lanh.
Vi phun 11- cng tc khi ng 9: b sung xng vo ng ng np h tr khi
ng.
R le nhit - thi gian 10: K thi gian m vi phun khi ng 11 theo tn hiu
nhit /c iu chnh lng xng h tr khi ng.
109
BM ng C t Trong
Cm bin nhit 12: b K 2 tng thi gian m vi phun 4 tng lng

xng phun ra khi hm nng my.
R le nhit 14: m thm ng khng kh 15 (by pass) tng khng kh khi hm
nng my.
Cng tc trn van 13: xc nh v tr van tit lu 13 ECU 2
+ c nh nht v n > nkt: (v d t xung dc, phanh) ECU ngt xng khi
/c b ko tit kim xng v bo v mi trng.
+ v tr xc nh (ti ln n ton ti): ECU K phun thm (lm m) /c
pht ra cng sut cao.
Phm vi s dng: Hin i, ph bin trn t xng
c. Mono - Jetronic
n im, phun lin tc hay phun gin on, K in t.
Nguyn l lm vic:
- Xng t thng bm 1 lc 2 vi phun 4 phun ln van tit lu 9 x ti
xng v ho trn tt vi khng kh
- Tn hiu cm bin 5 o G kk (tn hiu chnh) ECU 8 tn hiu ra K nng
kim phun (phun lin tc) hoc thi gian m vi phun (gin on).
- Lu lng k kiu dy t 5 (nhit - in tr): dy in tr bng platin c dng
chy qua, dng khng kh lm mt dy thay i nhit dy. gi nhit dy dn
khng thay i dng in chy qua dy phi tng ln mt tng ng vi lu lng
khng kh Gkk: tn hiu K chnh.
- Cc tn hiu khc: nhit , n, v tr bm ga ECU K lm m khi hm
nng my, khi tng tc, khng ti, lm m, ngt xng khi b ko
nh gi:
Gi thnh v v mc hon thin cc chc nng: trung gian gia h thng dng
BCHK v h thng phun a im.
110
BM ng C t Trong
11
4
12
6
7
10
Hnh 5-20: H thng phun xng Mono-Jetronic

1: bm, 2: lc, 3: b n p, 4: vi phun in t, 5: nhit in tr o lu lng khng kh,
6: van b sung khng kh (by pass), 7: cm bin gc m bm ga, 8: b K in t, 9:
bm ga, 10: tn hiu tc vng quay /c, 11: tn hiu nhit /c, 12: cm bin thnh
phn HK .
d. So snh HTNL phun xng v HTNL dng BCHK

BCHK:
n gin, gi thnh thp v lm vic chc chn.
Cht lng lm vic khng cao: tn xng (g e ln), tnh hiu qu khng cao (pe nh),
kh thi nhim.
Phun xng:
Khng c hng khuych tn v khng sy ng np np nhiu kk hn.
gia cc xy lanh ng u hn (a im).
Mt phn kh ln xng bay hi trong xy lanh gim nhit mi cht tng .
ba u im trn tng tnh hiu qu (pe ln) v tnh kinh t (ge nh).
Khng cn h thng tng tc ring do ECU phn ng tc thi tng lng nhin
liu phun ph hp vi lng khng kh np.
Tnh tch ng cao: tnh ti nh trm pht in, hay di ng nh trn t, xung
my, my bay...
111
BM ng C t Trong
c iu chnh chnh xc v ct hon ton nhin liu khi /c b ko gim

c thnh phn c hi trong kh thi gim nhim mt (xem chng X).
Gi thnh cao hn, bo dng, sa cha phc tp.
Phm vi s dng: V nhng u im quan trng ny, v gi thnh in t ngy cng
h ng c phun xng ngy cng c dng ph bin hn dng cc bua ra t. Hin
nay, hu ht xe hi du lch ca cc hng t ni ting trn th gii u lp /c phun xng
thay cho cc bua ra t.
5.2 H thng nhin liu v hnh thnh kh hn hp trong ng c diesel
5.2.1 Yu cu v phn loi
Yu cu:
T ng cung cp lng nhin liu theo ti trng v tc vng quay n.
Cung cp nhin liu ng u cho cc xy lanh.
Phun nhin liu vo xy lanh ng lc v ng quy lut.
Nhin liu phi c x nh, phn b ph hp vi hnh dng bung chy.
Phn loi: HTNL thng thng (c kh) & HTNL tch p (Common Rail CR- iu
khin in t)
HTNL thng thng (c kh): hnh 5-21.
7
9
5
1
Hnh 5-21: S h thng nhin liu ng c diesel

1: thng nhin liu, 2: lc, 3: bm chuyn nhin liu, 4: bm cao p, 5: ng ng cao
p, 6: vi phun, 7: ng hi du r r, 8: van hi du, 9: vt x kh khng kh.
112
BM ng C t Trong
HTNL tch p (Common Rail CR- iu khin in t)

+ S
Hnh 5-21.b H thng nhin liu tch p (Common Rail)

1. Thng nhin liu, 2. Lc, 3. Bm chuyn, 4. Bm siu cao p, 5. ng ng cao p, 6.
Vi phun, 7. ECU (Electronic Control Unit), 8. ng tch p (Rail), 9. B iu chnh p
sut
113
BM ng C t Trong
Quelle: BOSCH
Fig. 1: Common Rail System for Passenger Cars
Quelle: BOSCH
Fig. 1. Cylinder head (Common-Rail)
114
BM ng C t Trong
+ c im
p sut phun rt ln phun rt ti, cht lng to hn hp tt tnh kinh t v hiu
qu cao.
C hai loi, quan trng nht: Bm cao p, Vi phun.
5.2.2. Bm cao p
Vai tr: nn nhin liu diesel p >> pc (p sut cui qu trnh nn) t vi trm ti 2000
bar (2400 bar, 4/2008, 2012: 3000 bar: Bosch: gii hn vt l(!)).
a. Bm cao p n kiu Bosch (Hnh 5-22 )
Nguyn l lm vic v c im kt cu:
12
13
14
15
16
17
11
10
b)
c)
d)
e)
h
8
7
6
5
18
4
g)
h)
3
19
a)
20
21
Hnh 5-22: Bm cao p n kiu Bosch
115
BM ng C t Trong
1: cam, 2: con i con ln, 3: vt iu chnh, 4: l xo, 5: ng trt, 6: piston, 7: vt kp

cht vnh rng, 8: xy lanh, 9: van mt chiu, 10: thn bm, 11: van mt chiu, 12: ai
c, 13: l xo van mt chiu, 14: m lm kn, 15: l np v thot nhin liu, 16: thanh
rng, 17: vnh rng, 18: a l xo, 19: mt lm vic ca van, 20: vnh trit p, 21: mt
tr dn hng.
Cam 1 quay, nng con i 2 v piston 6 i ln
u piston ng cc l np 15 p sut tng vt van mt chiu 11 m phun
Rnh vt gp l thot 15 p sut gim t ngt van 11 ng kt thc phun
Cam nng max l xo 4 y piston i xung nhin liu np qua l 15 chu
trnh tip.
Thay i gct (ti trng): thanh rng 16 - vnh rng 17 xoay piston 6 hnh trnh c
ch h thay i.
u bng ch thay i thi im kt thc phun.
u vt thay i ng thi thi im bt u v kt thc phun.
Van mt chiu: vnh tr gim p 20: trnh phun rt.
Khe h cc b i (bm cao p v van mt chiu rt nh) (t 0,002 n 0,008 mm
tu theo ng knh piston), chnh xc rt cao (v d van 0,0005 mm) b i
siu tinh xc.
iu chnh:
s: bng vt 3: thay i v tr ban u ca piston.
gct ng u: ni vt 7, xoay piston.
Tin hnh trn bng th (cn) bm cao p.
b. Bm phn phi (Hnh 5-23)
116
BM ng C t Trong
10
11
9
8
7
6
5
12
13
14
Theo A
5
12
15
16
2
1
Hnh 5-23: Bm phn phi

1: trc dn ng bm, 2: con ln, 3: a cam, 4: l xo, 5: piston, 6: qu ga, 7: ca thot,
8: nhnh phn phi, 9: van mt chiu, 10: ng cao p n cc vi phun, 11: ng
nhin liu hi, 12: ca np, 13: xy lanh, 14: cn iu khin, 15: l thot kt thc phun,
16: ng nhin liu t bm chuyn vo bm cao p.
c im kt cu v nguyn l lm vic
Ch c mt t bm cho ton ng c (nhiu xy lanh).
Trc 1 (dn ng t trc khuu) mang a cam 3 quay, cc vu cam lun lun t
xung cc con ln 2 a cam v piston 5 va quay va tnh tin ln xung
Cam y piston ln: phun khi piston bt cc kn cc ca np 12
Kt thc phun: qu ga 6 m l thot 15 trn thn piston.
L xo y piston xung: np qua l 12 cho chu trnh tip.
iu chnh gct (ti): nng h qu ga thay i thi im kt thc phun.
Quay: phn phi nhin liu xy lanh theo th t lm vic.
c. Bm cao p - vi phun
c im kt cu:
Bm cao p ng thi l vi
phun khng c ng ng cao p
khng tn tht dc ng, iu
kin ng u gia cc xy lanh
ging nhau.
Nguyn l lm vic:
117
BM ng C t Trong
Phm vi ng dng: ng c c ln: xe ti m, tu thu.
4
9
3
5
1
7
a)
b)
Hnh 5-25: Bm cao p-vi phun

1: kim phun, 2: ng kp, 3: thn vi phun (xy lanh), 4: kim phun (piston), 5: l tit lu,
6: khoang nhin liu, 7: l phun, 8 v 9: ng du lm mt kim phun, a): qu trnh np
nhin liu vo khoang 6, b): qu trnh phun.
Hnh 5-25 trnh by mt kiu bm cao p - vi phun cn dc gi l bm P-T
(pressure-time) ca hng Cummins, iu khin lng nhin liu phun bng thu lc. Mt
s t vn ti m ang hot ng nc ta v d nh t KOMATSU s dng kiu bm
P-T ny. Kim phun 4 (ng thi l piston bm cao p) c dn ng t cam b tr trn
np xy lanh ca ng c hoc t trc cam ca ng c qua cc chi tit trung gian nh con
i v c m.
Do tc ng ca c cu cam, khi kim phun 4 i ln (hnh 5-25, a), l tit lu 5 m ra,
nhin liu t bm chuyn kiu bnh rng theo ng du trong thn 3 i vo khoang 6
thc hin qu trnh np. Lng nhin liu np ph thuc vo p sut nhin liu sau bm
chuyn v thi gian m l tit lu 5. Thi gian m l 5 ph thuc trc ht vo tc
vng quay ca ng c. p sut nhin liu sau bm chuyn c iu chnh theo ti trng
v tc vng quay ca ng c thng qua mt c cu iu chnh c bit.
Sau khi ln n im cht trn, cam tc ng lm cho kim 4 i xung. u tin, l
tit lu 5 b ng li, nhin liu t khoang 6 c phn di ca kim 4 nn vi p sut rt
ln qua cc l phun 7 vo bung chy ng c. Khi kim 4 xung n v tr thp nht, lc
nhin liu t bm chuyn i theo ng du 8 v 9 lm mt kim phun.
d. Bm siu cao p
118
BM ng C t Trong
Bm th tch chnh xc cao p sut phun rt ln ti 2000 bar, dng trong HTNL
tch p CR.
Quelle: BOSCH
Bild 2:
High pressure pump
119
BM ng C t Trong
Quelle: BOSCH
Bild 3:Hochdruckpumpe (Schema, Querschnitt)
5.2.3 Vi phun
a. Vi phun c kh
a)
11
12
9 10
8
7
6
5
c)
b)
3
2
13
14
15
16
Hnh 5-24: Vi phun

1: kim phun, 2: kim phun, 3: ai c, 4: thanh y, 5: thn vi phun, 6: l xo, 7: ng
lng, 8: cht l xo, 9: vt iu chnh, 10: np che, 11: m, 12: ng hi du lt, 13:
u lp vi ng cao p, 14: khoang nhin liu, 15: l phun, 16: cht kim phun.
Ph bin: vi phun c kim (hnh 5-24, a, b) v vi phun c cht (hnh 5-24, c).
120
BM ng C t Trong
Khc nhau ch yu: kt cu kim phun 2 v kim phun 1.

Nguyn l lm vic v c im kt cu:
- p lc nhin liu ln din tch vnh khn thng l xo nng kim, m l phun
phun nhin liu vo bung chy.
- p lc nhin liu gim t ngt kim ng kt thc phun.
- ng u hi du lt v thng cha.
- B i kim-: siu tinh xc.
- C cht: p sut phun cng ln kim cng nng ln cht cn ngc chui vo
l tit lu tng phun cng ti.
iu chnh p sut phun
Vt iu chnh 9 thay i sc cng l xo 6, trn thit b chuyn dng cn chnh
vi phun.
b. Vi phun in t
L van in t. Thi gian m vi phun quyt nh gct.
121
BM ng C t Trong
8
1
1
Hnh 5-29. Vi phun in t dng trong h thng nhin liu tch p

1. kim phun, 2. piston, 3. tit lu, 4. van iu khin, 5. ca v ng hi, 6. thanh y, 7.
u ni in, 8. nam chm in, 9. ca vo t ng cao p, 10. l xo kim phun, 11. khoang
cao p, 12. l phun.
Vi phun in t, hnh 5-29, c s dng ph bin trong h thng nhin liu tch p.
Nl t ng tch p ca 9 khoang cao p 11, tc dng ln tit din chu lc ca kim
phun 1 theo xu hng nng kim ln. Ngoi ra, kim cn chu cc lc p xung bi l xo 10
v p lc ca nhin liu ln piston 2. Khi vi phun khng lm vic, tng lc p ln hn
lc nng nn kim phun ng cc l phun 12. Khi c dng in iu khin t ECU vo
nam chm in 8, thanh 6 b ht ln lm m van 4, nhin liu t khoang bn trn piston 2
chy qua cc l tit lu 3 ra ca hi 5. Khi p lc tc dng ln piston 2 gim, lc nng
thng lc p nn kim 1 nng ln m l cc l12 phun nhin liu vo xy lanh. Tn hiu
iu khin t ECU ngt s kt thc qu trnh phun.
c. Vi phun thch anh
Vi phun thch anh (Piezo Injector) l loi phun phun tin tin c tc m kim phun
nhanh gp 4 ln vi phun in t. Nguyn tc lm vic cng tng t nh vi phun in
t. Thay cho b phn iu khin in - thu lc vi phun in t (hnh 5-29), trong vi
phun thch anh s dng c cu iu khin bng thanh thch anh. in p iu khin t
ECU tc dng ln thanh thch anh s lm thay i chiu di ca n c tc dng lm cho
122
BM ng C t Trong
kim phun nng ln m cc l phun, phun nhin liu vo xy lanh. Hnh 5-30 trnh by mt
loi vi phun thch anh ca hng Denso (Nht Bn).
Hnh 5-30. Vi phun thnh anh

Nguyn tc: Tinh th thch anh thay i th tch (co gin) di tc dng ca mt in
p thay i ng m kim phun.
Hai loi 3 v 4 hin i, iu khin bng in t t ECU, dng trong HTNL CR. C
th phun nhiu ln/1 chu trnh tng cht lng lm vic: hn hp tt, chy tt, chy
m, t c hi trong kh thi (vd: 5 ln phun: 2 mi (chy m), 1 phun chnh, 2 phun sau
(gia nhit xy ho CO, HC...).
5.3 Cc phng php hnh thnh ha kh trong ng c diesel
ng c diesel hnh thnh ha kh (HK) bn trong phng php hnh thnh kh
HK quyt nh kt cu, b tr v thng s k thut ca HTNL, bm cao p, vi phun
Theo s phn chia khng gian b/ch hnh thnh HK trong b/ch thng nht v b/ch
ngn cch.
5.3.1 Bung chy thng nht
B/ch thng nht: bao gm mt khng gian duy nht.
a. HK th tch
c im kt cu ()
123
db
D
BM ng C t Trong
db
D
Hnh 5-26. B/ch thng nht vi phng php HK th tch

Thnh mng, b/c nng db/D = 0,75 0,90, hnh 5-26, chn kh yu.
Vi phun nhiu l: 5 n 10
ng knh l rt nh d = 0,15 0,25 mm
p sut phun ln khong 200 600 bar
Tia nhin liu ti st thnh b/ch, khng chm.
C ch to HK (CC)
Piston i ln khi nn khng kh b chn vo nh piston khng mnh lit xoy
lc khng mnh t nh hng n to ha kh: b/c khng tn dng xoy lc.
Cui nn nhin liu phun rt ti (pf cao, l nh) tia phun ph hp vi profile b/ch
tia nhin liu thm nhp phn ln th tch b/ch bay hi, ho trn vi khng kh hnh
thnh HK.
Sau khi chy tr i qu trnh chy thc s din ra.
Bn cht: ph hp tia nhin liu v kk trong th tch b/c hnh thnh HK.
u nhc im
u im:
Do chy mnh lit tp trung gn CT hiu qu sinh cng cao.
Bung chy gn tn tht nhit nh.
Hai iu dn n hiu sut cao -sut tiu th nhin liu thp (g e khong 220
240 g/kWh), d khi ng.
124
BM ng C t Trong
Nhc im:
To thnh HK ng thi trong b/c lng HK chun b trong giai on chy tr
ln bc chy mnh lit
rt ln ng c lm vic khng m (g v rung).
Tia nhin liu khng th thm nhp ton b th tch b/c mt phn ng k khng
kh khng c tham gia to thnh HK ln (1,7 2,0) tnh hiu qu ca ng c
khng cao (pe nh).
Kh bo m s ph hp ca tia nhin liu vi hnh dng b/c ch lm vic
rt nhy cm vi thay i v ti trng, tc vng quay, nhin liu.
Vi phun nhiu l rt nh, p sut phun ln vi phun v bm cao p kh ch to,
d b kt tc, chng mn.
Phm vi ng dng
ng c c trung bnh v c ln: ng c tu thu, tnh ti.
b. HK th tch - mng
c im kt cu
B/c c thnh dy vi
db
= 0,35 0,75, su, hnh 5-27, kiu , ... (xem chng II,
D
kt cu nh piston).
Vb/Vc ln (0,75 0,90).
Vi phun 3 5 l.
p sut phun khng ln (15 20 MN/m2).
a)
db
D
b)
db
D
Hnh 5-27. B/ch vi HK th tch-mng
125
BM ng C t Trong
C ch lm vic
Piston i ln nn khng kh b chn mnh lit vo khng gian trn nh piston
xoy lc hng knh vi cng ln (b/ch thng nht tn dng xoy lc).
Cui nn phun nhin liu mt phn b xoy lc x nh, ho trn vi khng kh
to thnh HK (trong th tch b/c) sau chy tr bc chy.
Phn cn li (n 50%) bm ln thnh b/ch to thnh mng bay hi xoy cun
dn to thnh HK chy t t.
Bn cht: s dng xoy lc mnh kk, khng ch (50%) nhin liu tham gia chun
b.
u nhc im (so snh vi HH th tch)
u im:
Tn dng xoy lc khng kh c tn dng trit hn do cng nh
hn (1,5 1,7) lm tng tnh hiu qu (pe tng khong 10 12%)
Khng ch lng nhin liu tham gia chun b khi chy tr b lng HK chun
b (trong i) t hn
nh hn lm vic m hn.
Xoy lc vi cng ln mi ch t nhy cm vi thay i ch lm

vic cng nh loi nhin liu.
p sut phun nh hn, s l phun t hn nn bm cao p v vi phun ch to d
dng hn.
Nhc im:
u piston nng lc qun tnh ln.
B/c khng gn bng tn tht nhit v tn tht lu ng cng ln hn mt cht
ge cao hn mt cht.
ng dng
Dng rng ri cho ng c t, my ko: ch lm vic thay i nhiu
c. HK mng
Bung chy mng do Gio s Meurer pht minh, hng MAN p dng u tin b/ch
M (vit tt ca Meurer) hay b/ch MAN.
c im
Khng gian trn nh piston hnh cu d = 0,5 D, su, hnh 5-28.
Vi phun c 1 2 l
126
BM ng C t Trong
p sut phun tng i nh (15 18 MN/m2)

Tia phun gn tip tuyn vi thnh b/c cu.
ng np tip tuyn vi xy lanh khng kh xoy trn.
Phun du lm mt nh piston (xem chng II) duy tr nhit 300 400oC
d
D
Hnh 5-28. Bung chy HK mng

C ch lm vic
Cui nn, nhin liu phun ra phn ln ln thnh b/ch (khong 90- 95%), c xoy
kk dn thnh mng mng.
Phn cn li rt ti trong th tch b/c, b xoy lc x nh, bay hi ho trn thnh hh
bc chy gia nhit cho mng mng bay hi dn v cun vo ngn la chy. (HK
mng).
Bn cht: khng ch nhin liu (5-10%) tham gia chun b chy tr, cn li dng
mng.
u nhc im
u im:
Khng ch c lng nhin liu chun b khi chy tr
nh, chy nhin liu
mng t t m.
T chc tt qu trnh chy v tn dng trit khng kh ge nh (230 g/kWh) v pe
ln (0,65 0,75 MN/m2).
127
BM ng C t Trong
Xoy lc ln, sy nng nhin liu t thnh b/ch t nhy cm vi thay i ch

lm vic v nhin liu.
Nhc im:
u piston di, iu kin lm vic ca xc mng kh khn.
D > 200mm kh t chc HK mng dn u trn 3/4 din tch b/c.
ng dng
ng c D = 100 150 mm.
Kh thi nhiu c hi gn y t c s dng hn.
5.3.2 Bung chy ngn cch
Bung chy c 2 khng gian ni vi nhau bng nhng hng thng nh.
c)
a)
b)
Hnh 5-29. Bung chy ngn cch

a) v b): b/ch xoy lc, c): b/ch d b
c im kt cu
B/c ngn thnh hai khng gian gi l b/ch chnh v b/ch ph: b/c xoy lc v b/c d
b, hnh 5-29.
Tit din hng thng bng mt vi phn trm din tch Fp.
Vp = (0,25 - 0,40)Vmin.
Vi phun mt l, ng knh ln
p sut phun nh (8 15 MN/m2).
128
BM ng C t Trong
C ch lm vic
Piston nn khng kh t b/c chnh hng thng b/ch ph xoy ri cng
rt ln.
Nhin liu phun vo b/ch ph x nh, bay hi v ho trn vi khng kh, chy
tr bc chy.
p sut trong b/c ph tng vt y sn vt chy, HK ang chy, HK v nhin liu
cha chy ngc tr li b/c chnh.
Tip tc din bay hi, to thnh HK v chy vi cng ri ln b/c chnh.
Bn cht: dng mt phn cng nn to ra ng nng rt ln ca khng kh v
khng ch kk to ha kh.
u nhc im
u im:
Tn dng trit khng kh rt nh (1,2 1,4) pe cao (0,65 0,75 MN/m2).
Khng ch lng khng kh tham gia HK
nh m.
Cng ri rt mnh t nhy cm vi thay i ch lm vic, nhin liu.

Vi phun mt l, p sut phun nh bm cao p v vi phun t mn, ch to, bo
dng d dng.
Nhc im:
Tn tht lu ng, tn tht nhit (b/c khng gn) ln ge ln (240 265 g/kWh),
kh khi ng, phi h tr.
Kt cu b/c phc tp.
ng dng
ng c D < 100 mm (c nh) v khng dng c nhng pp trn
5.4 C cu iu tc
5.4.1 Tnh cn thit phi lp iu tc cho ng c diesel
129
BM ng C t Trong
M
2
1
n
Hnh 5-30. c tnh ca ng c v my cng tc
1: m men ng c, 2: m men cn ca my cng tc
Tnh n nh ng c- my cng tc:
M v Mc ct nhau cng dc cng n nh.
ng c xng
iu chnh ti bm tit lu hay bm ga trn ng np
Khi n tng tn tht tng rt nhanh (t l vi n 2) M gim nhanh (hnh 5-31,a)
rt n nh khng cn iu tc hoc ch cn c cu hn ch tc vng quay. (xem
mc 5.1).
ng c diesel
iu chnh ti: gct
ng np khng c bm tit lu khng c tn tht cc b ng np M rt
thoi (hnh 5-31,b) ng c diesel phi c iu tc bo m ng c n nh.
M
a)
b)
Mc
Mc
1
2
3
1
n
Hnh 5-31. V tnh cn thit t iu tc trn ng c diesel
130
BM ng C t Trong
a): ng c xng, b): ng c diesel, 1: ti ln, 2: ti trung bnh, 3: ti nh.

5.4.2 B iu tc
Vai tr: gi cho ng c lm vic n nh vi my cng tc.
Nhiu loi: c kh, iu tc chn khng, iu tc in t...
iu tc c kh kiu Watt, hnh 5-32.
5
b)
Mc
2
4
1
3
2
a)
Hnh 5-32. C cu iu tc kiu Watt

1: trc iu tc, 2: qu vng. 3: l xo, 4: khp trt, 5: thanh ni, 6: thanh rng bm cao
p
c tnh ng c khi c iu tc
M
a)
b)
1
2
3
n
M
1
c)
n
d)
2
3
n
Hnh 5-33. c tnh ng c vi cc loi iu tc

131
BM ng C t Trong
a): iu tc mt ch , b): iu tc gii hn, c): iu tc hai ch , c): iu tc a ch.

iu tc mt ch : gi cho ng c ch lm vic n = const: my pht in, hnh 533, a.
iu tc gii hn: gi cho n < ngh: diesel tu thu khi chn vt nh khi mt nc
do sng, hnh 5-33, b.
iu tc hai ch , hnh 5-33, c:
+ iu tc mt ch n nh gi cho ng c lm vic n nh ch khng ti
v ti nh
+ iu tc gii hn n ln.
n trung bnh, ch lm vic do ngi vn hnh iu khin. Dng cho ng c
t, v d t IFA-W50.
iu tc a ch, hnh 5-33, d
Hot ng mi ch tc trong vng lm vic ca ng c. Dng trn t
tnh n nh cao.
132
BM ng C t Trong
CHNG VI. H THNG BI TRN

6.1 Cng dng v cc thng s s dng ca du bi trn
Nhim v ca HTBT: a du bi trn b mt lm vic ng c lm vic bnh
thng v tng tui th.
6.1.1 Cng dng ca du bi trn
Bi trn gim ma st, gim mi mn, tng tui th, gim ge.
Ra sch b mt ma st ca cc chi tit.
Lm mt mt s chi tit (VD: nh piston b/c MAN).
Bao kn khe h gia cc chi tit (VD: piston- xy lanh- xc mng gim lt kh).
Chng xy ho (kt g) b mt chi tit nh ph gia pha trong du.
Rt ngn qu trnh chy r ng c:
Dng du bi trn c nht nh, pha mt s cht ph gia c bit c tc dng lm
mm t chc t vi kim loi mt lp rt mng trn b mt chi tit cc chi tit chng r
kht rt ngn thi gian v chi ph chy r.
6.1.2 Mt s thng s s dng ca du bi trn
Th hin tnh nng v phm vi s dng ca du. Khi mua da vo ch s SAE v API
ghi trn bao b.
6.1.2.1 Ch s SAE (cp nht)
Phn loi du theo cp nht 100oC v -18o ca Hip hi k s t Hoa k
(Society of Automobile Engineers- SAE) ban hnh thng 6.1989.
Ch s SAE ln nht ca du cao
Loi n cp: ch c mt ch s nht: V d SAE-40, SAE-50, SAE-10W, SAE20W.
C ch W (Winter: ma ng) nht nhit thp ti a (nhit khi ng t
-30 n -5oC );
Khng c ch W nht 100oC.
Loi a cp: c hai ch s nht: SAE-20W/50, SAE-10W/40....
VD: SAE-20W/50:
nhit thp SAE-20W
nhit cao SAE-50.
133
BM ng C t Trong
a cp: phm vi nhit s dng rng hn. VD: SAE-40 t = 26 - 42oC; SAE20W/50 t = 0 n 40oC.
6.1.2.2 Ch s API (ch s cp cht lng)
nh gi cht lng du nht ca Vin ho du Hoa k (American Petroleum
Institute).
Du chuyn dng ch dng cho mt loi ng c. VD: API-SH v API-CE
Ch s th nht sau du - ch loi ng c s dng du: S (Spark Ignition) cho
ng c xng, C cho ng c diesel (Compression Ignition);
Ch s th hai ch cp cht lng tng dn theo th t ch ci (alphabet).
Du Honda hin nay: API-SJ
Du a dng l dng cho c ng c xng v diesel. VD: API-SG/CD: dng cho
ng c xng cp G cn dng cho ng c diesel cp D. Ch s cho ng c no (S
hay C) vit trc du / u tin dng cho ng c .
Ch :
Dng ng SAE do nh ch to qui nh
Thay du ng lc: VD xe my DREAM II thay du ln th nht sau 1000 km, ln
th hai tr i sau 4000 km.; sau , chu k thay du l 4000 km. Nu ng nhiu bi,
nng, ng c c... rt ngn chu k thay du (sau 2000, 3000 km).
API cng cao (du tt) thi gian thay du cng lu, s ln thay du t hn.
6.2 Cc loi h thng bi trn
6.2.1 Bi trn bng vung t
Cc chi tit chuyn ng (trc khuu, thanh truyn, bnh rng... ) vung t du
vch xy lanh, cc cam...
Du vung t dng sng m ri, ng bm kt cu hng du (VD u nh
thanh truyn (xem hnh 2-18).
u im: Rt n gin,
Nhc im: khng an ton.
Phm vi s dng: Dng cho ng c c nh: xe my, xung my, bm nc...
6.2.2 Bi trn bng du pha trong nhin liu
Dng ng c xng hai k qut vng dng hp cc te - trc khuu (xem 1.4).
Du c pha vi xng t l 1/20 n 1/33.
Ht du trong hn hp ngng ng trn chi tit bi trn.
134
BM ng C t Trong
Pha du:
+ Pha sn bn cc trm xng du.
+ Pha lin tc t hai thng ring r trn ng c trong khi ng c lm vic, VD
xe my hai k YAMAHA, SUZUKI...
+ Bm phun du trc tip vo hng khuych tn hay v tr bm ga.
u im: n gin
Nhc im: + Khng an ton
+ Pha nhiu du chy mui than tn nhit khi piston km piston qu
nng, d chy sm, kch n, bu gi b on mch, nhim mt.
+ Pha t thiu du piston d b kt.
6.2.3 Bi trn cng bc (dng bm du)
6.2.3.1 H thng bi trn cc te t, hnh 6-1.
7
8
10
9
4
16
11
15
12
2
5
1
14
13
Hnh 6-1: H thng bi trn cc te t

1: cc te du, 2: phao ht du, 3: bm, 4: van an ton bm du, 5: bu lc th, 6: van an
ton lc du, 7: ng h bo p sut du, 8: ng du chnh, 9: ng du bi trn
trc khuu, 10: ng du bi trn trc cam, 11: bu lc tinh, 12: kt lm mt du, 13:
van khng ch lu lng du qua kt lm mt, 14: ng h bo nhit du, 15: np rt
du, 16: thc thm du.
135
BM ng C t Trong
Nguyn l
Bm du c dn ng t trc khuu hoc trc cam. Du trong cc te 1 c bm
ht vo bm qua phao ht du 2. Phao 2 c li chn lc s b nhng tp cht c kch
thc ln. Ngoi ra, phao c khp tu ng nn lun lun ni trn mt thong ht
c du k c khi ng c b nghing. Sau bm, du c p sut cao (c th n 10
kG/cm2) chia thnh hai nhnh. Mt nhnh n kt 12, ti y du c lm mt ri tr v
cc te. Nhnh kia i qua bu lc th 5 n ng du chnh 8. T ng du chnh, du
theo ng nhnh 9 i bi trn trc khuu sau ln bi trn u to thanh truyn v cht
piston v theo ng nhnh 10 i bi trn trc cam... Mt nhnh khc chim khong 1520% lu lng bm dn n bu lc tinh 11. Ti y, nhng phn t tp cht rt nh
c gi li nn du c lc rt sch. Sau khi ra khi lc tinh vi p sut cn li nh,
du chy tr v cc te 1.
c im kt cu
Phao ty ng: lun bm mt thong.
Van an ton 4: gi cho p sut du khng i trong vng tc lm vic.
Van an ton 6: khi bu lc b b tc, van 5 m, phn ln du s khng qua lc th ln
thng ng du chnh i bi trn, trnh hin tng thiu du cung cp n cc b mt
cn bi trn.
Van 13: khi nhit du ln cao qu (khong 80 oC), do nht gim, s m du
qua kt lm mt ri li tr v cc te.
Thc thm du 16: du b hao ht do bay hi v cc nguyn nhn khc nn phi
thng xuyn kim tra lng du trong cc te. Khi mc du vch di phi b sung
thm du.
u nhc im
u im: n gin
Nhc im:
Ton b du bi trn cha trong cc te cc te su chiu cao ng c ln.
Du trong cc te lun lun tip xc vi kh chy, hi nhin liu (ng c xng)
tui th ca du gim.
ng dng: ph bin trn -t, my ko...
6.2.3.2 H thng bi trn cc te kh
c im: thm mt n hai bm 2 chuyn du t cc te kt lm mt 13

thng cha 3 bn ngoi.
136
BM ng C t Trong
7
8
10
9
11
12
13
2
3
1
6
Hnh 6-2. H thng bi trn cc te kh

1: cc te, 2: bm chuyn, 3: thng du, 4: li lc s b, 5: bm du i bi trn, 6: bu
lc th, 7: ng h bo p sut du, 8: ng du chnh, 9: ng du bi trn trc
khuu, 10: ng du bi trn trc cam, 11: bu lc tinh, 12: ng h nhit du, 13:
kt lm mt du.
u nhc im
u im: Phn ln du cha ngoi cc te khc phc c nhng nhc im ca
cc te t.
Nhc im: Phc tp hn v c thm bm chuyn.
Phm vi s dng
ng c diesel lp trn my i, xe tng, my ko, tu thu...
6.3 Kt cu mt s b phn chnh
6.3.1 Bm du
Bm th tch p cao.
Bm bnh rng n khp ngoi, hnh 6-3.
Bnh rng ch ng 4 c dn ng t trc khuu hay trc cam. Khi cp bnh rng
quay, du bi trn t ng du p sut thp c gung sang ng du p sut cao
theo chiu mi tn. trnh hin tng chn du gia cc rng khi vo khp, trn mt
u ca np bm c phay rnh trit p 3. Van an ton gm l xo 10 v bi cu 11. Khi p
sut trn ng ra vt qu gi tr cho php, p lc du thng sc cng l xo 10 m bi 11
137
BM ng C t Trong
to ra mt dng du chy ngc v ng p sut thp. i vi kiu bm ny, lu

lng v hiu sut bm ph thuc rt nhiu vo khe h hng knh gia nh rng vi
thn bm v khe h hng trc gia mt u bnh rng v np bm. Thng thng cc
khe h ny khng vt qu 0,1 mm.
6
4
3
2
1
10
11
Hnh 6-3: Bm du bnh rng n khp ngoi

1: thn bm, 2: bnh rng b ng, 3: rnh gim p, 4: bnh rng ch ng, 5: ng
du ra, 6: ng du vo, 7: m lm kn, 8: np van iu chnh, 9: tm m iu chnh,
10: l xo, 11: van bi.
Bm bnh rng n khp trong
6
4
3
8
e
2
1
Hnh 6-4: Bm bnh rng n khp trong

1: thn bm, 2: bnh rng b ng, 3: ng du vo, 4 v 7: rnh dn du, 5: trc dn
ng, 6: bnh rng ch ng, 8: ng du ra
138
BM ng C t Trong
Thng dng cho ng c dng t du lch do yu cu kt cu gn nh, hnh 6-4.

Loi bm ny lm vic tng t nh bm bnh rng n khp ngoi theo nguyn l gung
du, tuy nhin vi th tch gung thay i.
Bm phin trt c s kt cu trnh by trn hnh 6-5. R to 5, lp lch tm vi
thn bm 1, c cc rnh lp cc phin trt 3. Khi r to quay, do lc ly tm v lc p ca
l xo 7, phin trt 3 lun t st b mt v bm 1 to thnh cc khng gian kn v do
gung du t ng du p sut thp 2 sang ng du p sut cao 4. Bm phin trt c
u im rt n gin, nh gn, nhng ng thi bm cng c nhc im c bn l mi
mn b mt tip xc gia phin trt v thn bm rt nhanh.
5
6
3
7
2
1
Hnh 6-5: Bm cnh gt

1: thn bm, 2: ng du vo, 3: cnh gt, 4: ng du ra, 5: r to, 6: trc dn ng,
7: l xo.
6.3.2 Lc du
Theo cht lng lc, ngi ta chia ra lc th v lc tinh.
Lc th cp du i bi trn, lu lng du qua lc ln tn tht p sut ca lc th
khng c qu ln, (0,1 MN/m2) cn bn c kch thc ln hn 0,03 mm.
Lc tinh lc tp cht rt nh n 0,1 m sc cn rt ln lp mch r, lu
lng khng qu 20% ca ton mch, lc xong v cc te.
Theo kt cu c th chia lc du thnh cc loi: bu lc c kh, bu lc ly tm, lc t
tnh.
6.3.2.1 Bu lc c kh
a. Lc thm
Dng rt rng ri.
Nguyn l lm vic: du c p sut ln chui qua (thm qua) khe h nh ca phn t
lc tp cht c kch thc ln hn khe h s b gi li du c lc sch.
139
BM ng C t Trong
Cc dng k/c:
Bu lc thm dng li lc bng ng (hnh 6-6) thng c dng trn ng c
tu thu v ng c tnh ti. Li lc gm cc khung lc 5 bc bng li ng p st trn
trc ca bu lc. Li ng dt rt dy c th lc sch tp cht c kch thc 0,1-0,2 mm.
4
3
6
5
2
Hnh 6-6: Bu lc thm dng li lc

1: thn bu lc, 2: ng du vo, 3: np bu lc, 4: ng du ra, 5: phn t lc, 6:
li ca phn t lc.
Bu lc thm dng tm kim loi hnh 6-7
1
2
7
6
3
5
6
4
Hnh 6-7: Bu lc thm dng tm kim loi

1: np bu lc, 2: ng du ra, 3: thn bu lc, 4: ng du vo, 5: phin lc, 6:
phin gt, 7: phin cch.
140
BM ng C t Trong
C li lc gm cc phin kim loi dp 5 (dy khong 0,3 n 0,35 mm) v 7 sp xp

xen k nhau to thnh khe lc c kch thc bng chiu dy ca phin cch 7 (khong
0,07 n 0,08 mm). Cc phin gt cn 6 c cng chiu dy vi phin cch 7 v c lp
vi nhau trn mt trc c nh trn np bu lc. Cn cc tm 5 v 7 c lp trn trc 8
c tit din vung v c tay vn nn c th xoay c. Du bn theo ng du vo 4 vo
bu lc, i qua cc khe h gia cc tm 5 li cc cn bn c kch thc ln hn khe h
ri theo ng du ra 4 i bi trn. Khi xoay tay vn ca trc 8, li lc quay theo nn cc
phin gt 6 s gt cc cn bn bm bn ngoi li lc trnh cho lc b b tc.
Bu lc thm dng li lc v bu lc thm dng phin lc nu trn thng c
dng cho bu lc th. Sau mt thi gian s dng do nh ch to qui nh, cc phn t lc
c bo dng v dng li.
Bu lc thm dng li lc bng giy, len, d, hng dt... Trn hnh 6-8 trnh by mt
loi c li lc bng d. Li lc 3 gm cc vng d p cht vi nhau. Du sau khi thm qua
li lc d s chui qua cc l trn trc 6 theo ng du ra 5. Bu lc thm loi ny c th
dng lm bu lc th (du sau lc i bi trn) hay bu lc tinh (du sau khi lc tr v cc
te). Khc vi cc loi li lc xt trn, li lc bng giy, len, d, hng dt... sau mt
thi gian s dng phi thay th, khng dng li c.
5
4
2
1
Hnh 6-8: Lc thm dng lm lc tinh

1: thn bu lc, 2: ng du vo, 3: li lc bng da, 4: np bu lc, 5: ng du ra, 6:
trc bu lc.
Ni chung, cc bu lc thm c kh nng lc tt, lc rt sch, kt cu n gin nhng
thi gian s dng ngn. Thng thng ch sau 50 gi lm vic, lc b b do cn bn
bm y phn t lc.
141
BM ng C t Trong
b. Lc ly tm
Trn hnh 6-9 trnh by kt cu in hnh ca bu lc ly tm. Du c p sut cao theo
ng 3 vo r to 7 ca bu lc. R to c lp trn vng bi 6 v trn r to c cc l
phun 11. Du trong r to khi phun qua cc l phun 11 to ra ngu lc lm quay r to vi
tc c th t 5000 n 6000 v/ph, sau chy tr v cc te theo ng 2. Di tc
dng ca phn lc, r to b nng ln v t vo vt iu chnh 9. Do ma st vi b mt
trong ca r to nn du cng quay theo. Cn bn trong du c t trng ln hn trng
lng ring ca du s vng ra xa st vch r to (theo dng ng parabol) nn du cng
gn tm r to cng sch. Du sch theo ng ng 10 n ng du 5 i bi trn.
Theo thi gian lm vic, cn bn lu gi trong bu lc lm gim dn kh nng lc ca
bu lc. nh gi mc bn ca bu lc c th cn c vo thi gian t lc dng ng
c n khi khng nghe thy ting quay ca r to. Thi gian ny cng ngn, chng t lc
cng b bn. n mt thi gian nht nh (do nh ch to qui nh) bu lc c bo
dng lm sch cn bn ng bm trn vch r to.
9
8
10
11
6
5
Hnh 6-9: Lc ly tm
1: thn bu lc, 2: ng du v cc te. 3: ng du vo lc, 4 van an ton, 5: ng
du i bi trn, 6: vng bi , 7: r to, 8: np bu lc, 9: vt iu chnh, 10: ng ly du
sch, 11: l phun.
Tu theo cch lp bu bu lc ly tm trong h thng bi trn, ngi ta phn bit bu
lc ly tm ton phn v bu lc ly tm bn phn.
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Bu lc ly tm ton phn c lp ni tip trn mch du. Ton b lng du do

bm cung cp u i qua lc. Mt phn du (khong 15-20%) qua cc l phun r to ri
chy tr v cc te. Phn cn li theo ng du 5 i bi trn. Bu lc trnh by trn hnh
6-9 chnh l bu lc ly tm ton phn. Bu lc ly tm trong trng hp ny ng vai tr
ca lc th. VD: My ko MTZ 50
Bu lc ly tm bn phn khng c ng du i bi trn. Du i bi trn trong h
thng do lc ring cung cp. Ch c khong 10 n 15% lu lng do bm cung cp i
qua lc ly tm bn phn, c lc sch ri tr v cc te. Bu lc ly tm bn phn ng vai
tr lc tinh trong h thng bi trn. VD: IFA W50.
Hin nay, bu lc ly tm c dng rng ri v c cc u im sau y:
Khng dng li lc bo dng khng phi thay cc phn t lc.
Kh nng lc tt hn nhiu so vi lc thm dng li lc.
Tnh nng lc t ph thuc vo mc cn bn ng bm trong bu lc.
c. Lc t tnh
thu gom cc mt st ln trong du, thng thng nt tho du y cc te c
gn mt thanh nam chm vnh cu gi l lc t tnh. Do hiu qu lc mt st ca nam
chm rt cao nn loi lc ny c s dng rt rng ri trong cc ng c ngy nay.
6.3.3 Thng gi hp trc khuu
Trong qu trnh ng c lm vic, kh nn v kh chy c nhit cao thng lt t
bung chy xung hp trc khuu mang theo hi nhin liu v cc sn phm chy
gim nht du, phn hu tui th.
trnh cc tc hi trn, ng c c t chc thay i kh bn trong hp trc khuu
hay gi l thng gi hp trc khuu theo nhng phng n trnh by di y.
a. Thng gi h
y l kiu thng gi t nhin, kh trong hp trc khuu t thot ra ngoi, hnh 610. Kh trong hp trc khuu lu ng l do piston chuyn ng hoc do t chuyn
ng (nu l ng c lp trn t) to thnh vng p sut thp ming ra 5 ca ng 6
nn kh trong hp trc khuu t thot ra ngoi. Khng kh vo c lc bi b lc 3,
cn kh thot ra c gn li du b phn lc 7. Ti y, du li ri tr li hp trc
khuu.
143

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2
3
4
7
6
5
Hnh 6-10: Thng gi h

1: bu lc gi, 2: np xy lanh, 3; lc kh thng gi, 4: ng gi vo, 5: ca gi ra, 6: ng
ra, 7: lc ngn du.
Phng n ny n gin nhng hiu qu thng gi khng cao, chng phi thay du v
kh trong hp trc khuu thot ra gy nhim mi trng.
b. Thng gi kn
L kiu thng gi li dng chn khng trong ng np ht kh trong hp trc
khuu a vo trong xy lanh ca ng c cng vi kh np mi, hnh 6-11. C th, khng
kh t bu lc gi 5 qua ng thng trn np bu lc theo ng 2 vo hp trc khuu. Sau
khi thng gi hp trc khuu, kh theo ng ra 3 tr li bu lc v c ht vo ng c.
144
BM ng C t Trong
1
6
5
Hnh 6-11: Thng gi kn

1: ng du, 2: ng gi vo, 3: ng gi ra, 4: ng np, 5: bu lc gi, 6: du gi bi.
Do thng gi cng bc nn hiu qu thng gi cao, chu k thay thay du di hn v
gim nhim mi trng. Tuy nhin, xu pp v xy lanh d b ng mui v mn nhanh.
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CHNG VII. H THNG LM MT

7.1 Cng dng ca h thng lm mt (HTLM)
Nhit cc chi tit rt cao nh nh piston n 600oC, xu pp thi n 900oC.
Nhit gy ra cc tc hi nh:
Gim sc bn, cng vng v tui th cc chi tit.
B kt piston-xy lanh, trc khuu-bc lt...
Gim h s np gim cng sut.
ng c xng: d kch n.
Vai tr HTLM: tn nhit khi cc chi tit, gi cho nhit ca chng khng vt qu
gi tr cho php bo m iu kin lm vic bnh thng ca ng c.
Tuy nhin, nu lm mt qu cng c nh hng sau:
nhit chi tit thp hi nhin liu ngng t trn b mt ra tri du bi trn
mi mn d di. ng thi, nht ca du bi trn cao ma st tng cng tn
tht tng v cng sut tiu hao cho cc b phn ca h thng lm mt nh bm, qut cng
tng tn tht c gii.
7.2 Cc loi h thng lm mt
7.2.1 HTLM bng nc
a. Kiu bc hi (hnh 7.1).
5
7
4
1
Hnh 7-1: H thng lm mt bc hi

1: thn my, 2: piston, 3: thanh truyn, 4: hp cc te-trc khuu, 5: thng nhin liu, 6:
bnh bc hi, 7: np xy lanh.
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Nguyn l lm vic
Nc nhn nhit si, ni ln mt thong bc hi mang nhit mt nhit,
chm xung lu ng i lu t nhin.
u nhc im
n gin
Tiu hao nhiu nc.
Nc lu ng chm lm mt khng u chnh lch nhit gia cc phn
c lm mt.
ng dng:
ng c c nh t nm ngang.
b. Kiu i lu t nhin (hnh 7-2)
5
6
8
1
7
Hnh 7-2: H thng lm mt i lu t nhin

1: thn my, 2: xy lanh, 3: np xy lanh, 4: ng nc ra kt, 5: np rt nc, 6: kt
nc, 7: khng kh lm mt, 8: qut gi, 9: ng nc lm mt vo ng c.
Nguyn l lm vic
Nc nhn nhit ni ln trn theo ng dn kt lm mt 6.
Qut gi 8 ht khng kh qua kt lm mt nc, nc chm xung i vo thn
my.
u nhc im
Tt hn bc hi.
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BM ng C t Trong
Tc lu ng nh (0,12-0,19 m/s) chnh lch nhit nc vo ra ln lm

mt khng ng u.
Tng tc bng tng chiu cao lp t kt, ng c rt cng knh.
ng dng
ng c tnh ti.
c. Kiu tun hon cng bc
c im: tng tc lu ng ca nc bng bm.
Tun hon kn mt vng (Hnh 7-3)
5
2
1
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
Hnh 7-3: H thng lm mt cng bc tun hon kn mt vng

1: thn my, 2: np xy lanh, 3: ng nc ra khi ng c, 4: ng dn bt nc, 5: van
hng nhit, 6: np rt nc, 7: kt lm mt, 8: qut gi, 9: puli, 10: ng nc ni tt v
bm, 11: ng nc vo ng c, 12: bm nc, 13: kt lm mt du, 14: ng phn
phi nc.
Nguyn l lm vic
Bm 12 ht nc ngui t kt 7 kt 13 lm mt du vo ng c ng phn
phi 14 lm mt xy lanh lm mt np my nc nng ng 3 van hng
nhit 6 kt nc qut ht khng kh qua kt do qut 8 lm mt nc gim nhit
bm ht vo ng c.
c im kt cu
Van hng nhit 5:
+ Vai tr v nguyn l lm vic: Khi nhit nc thp van 4 ng, van 3 m
hon ton nc khng ra kt m v bm vo /c nhit nc tng nhanh chng
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rt ngn thi gian qu gim hao mn cc chi tit: nhit thp hi nhin
liu ngng t trn b mt xy lanh ra tri du bi trn.
5
6
4
3
2
7
Hnh 7-4: Van hng nhit

1: hp xp, 2: ng v bm, 3: van v bm, 4: van ra kt, 5: ng ra kt, 6: ng
nc nng n t ng c, 7: thn van.
+ Nhit nc t nhit qui nh cht lng (gm 1/3 th tch l ru ty lc
v 2/3 l nc ct) ho hi hp xp 1 gin n m van 4 , ng dn van 3. iu
chnh nhit lm mt ng c trong mt phm vi nht nh.
+ Khi nhit cao van 4 m v van 3 ng hon ton ton b nc lm mt ra
kt: van hng nhit khng cn tc dng iu chnh nhit .
ng 4 (hnh 7-3): dn bt kh v hi t bm 12 van hng nhit 5 kt 7.
Bm nc 12: thng l bm ly tm, dn ng ai t trc khuu.
Qut gi 8: thng l qut chiu trc.
+ Chiu nghing & chiu quay ca cnh quyt nh khng kh c ht vo qua kt
(hnh 7-3) dng cho ng c t, my ko tn dng tc dng khng kh ngc khi
xe chy hay y ra qua kt dng cho ng c tnh ti.
+ S cnh qut thng khng ln hn 6 v gc gia cc cnh c th khng u
nhm gim n.
+ Qut gi c trang b ly hp in t (IFA-W50) hoc thu lc ch ng
quay qut khi ng c nng gim tn hao cng sut khi hm nng my.
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Hnh 7-5: Np kt nc
1: van x, 2: van ht
Np kt nc 6: c hai van (hnh 7-5)
+ Van x 1: gim p khi p sut trong h thng cao (khong 1,15-1,25 kG/cm 2) khi
ng c qu nng.
+ Van ht 2: b sung kk khi p sut chn khng trong h thng > 0,05-0,1 kG/cm2.
ng dng
Ph bin trn ng c t, my ko v ng c tnh ti.
Cng bc tun hon hai vng (hnh 7-6)
5
6
1
Hnh 7-6: H thng lm mt cng bc hai vng

1: thn my, 2: np xy lanh, 3: van hng nhit, 4: kt lm mt, 5: ng nc ra vng
h, 6: bm vng h, 7: ng nc vo vng h, 8: bm nc vng kn.
Nguyn l
Nc sng hay nc bin (trong vng h) lm mt nc ca ng c (vng kn)
ng dng
Ph bin cho ng c tu thu.
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2
1
Hnh 7-7: H thng lm mt mt vng h

1: thn my, 2: np my, 3: van hng nhit, 4: ng nc ra, 5: lc li, 6: bm nc.
Mt vng h, hnh 7-7
Nguyn l
Bm 6 ht nc sng, bin lm mt ng c ra sng, bin.
u nhc im
n gin.
Nhit nc lm mt thp (khong 60oC) gim ng cn trong khoang nc
chnh lch nhit ln ng sut nhit ln.
ng dng
Tu sng nh, xung.
7.2.2 HTLM bng khng kh, (hnh 7-8)
1
Hnh 7-8: H thng lm mt bng khng kh

1: qut gi, 2: cnh tn nhit, 3: tm hng gi, 4: v bc, 5: ng thot khng kh
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Nguyn l
Qut gi 1 khng kh vi lu lng ln lm mt ng c.
Rt ngn qu trnh qu bng ly hp in t hoc thu lc.
Bn hng gi 3 phn phi khng kh lm mt ng u.
Cc chi tit cn lm mt: xy lanh, np xy lanh... (xem chng III) phi c cc gn
tn nhit.
7.2.3 So snh HTLM bng nc v khng kh
HTLM nc:
u im
Hiu qu lm mt cao hn: lm mt ng u hn (do nhit dung ring v
nht ln hn nhiu so vi ca khng kh)
Cng sut tn cho qut v bm nc t hn.
Lm mt tt gii hn v kch n (c xng) cao hn, cc chi tit mn u hn.
Khng phi b tr cc gn tn nhit gia cc xy lanh chiu di ng c ngn
hn do ng c cng vng hn.
Qut gi c cng sut nh hn t n hn.
Nhc im:
Phc tp hn v c cc b phn nh kt nc, bm...
ng c x lnh: phi c bin php chng ng cho nc.
Nc c th d r xung cc te du gy mn trc cc chi tit ma st nh piston, xy
lanh, trc v trc.
HTLM bng gi:
u im: n gin, s dng tin li thch hp cho ng c lm nghip, qun s.
Nhc im: tng ng vi u ca lm mt bng nc.
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CHNG VIII. H THNG NH LA TRONG NG C XNG

Nhim v: to ra in p rt cao gia hai in cc ca bu gi tia la in t hn
hp xng- khng kh.
Phn loi: theo phng php to in p cao (cn gi l cao p) mt s loi thng
dng.
8.1 H thng nh la thng, dng c quy, hnh 8-1
Nguyn l lm vic
W1
W2
10
8
3
11
12
Hnh 8-1: H thng nh la thng bng c qui

1: c qui, 2: my pht, 3: b iu chnh in, 4: kha in, 5: in tr R 1, 6: kha h tr
khi ng, 7: bin p nh la, 8: b to xung, 9: t in, 10: b chia in, 11: dy cao
p, 12: bu gi.
Kha in 4 ng, gi l dng s cp I 1 t cc + cm ngun R1 W1 b to
xung 8.
Khi tip im ng cho I1 i qua cc m ca cm ngun.
Khi cam m tip im I1 b ngt t ngt 0 bin thin t ngt t thng
cm ng sang W2 sut in ng cm ng E 2 15.000 n 21.000 V b chia in 10
dy cao p 11 bu gi 12 tia la in t hn hp.
c im kt cu
B ngun: c qui 1 v my pht 2 lp song song.
+ Khi tc n nh c qui cung cp in cho cc ph ti in.
+ Khi tc ln my pht cung cp in cho ton b h thng v np in
cho c qui.
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+ B iu chnh in 3 phi hp hot ng ca c qui v my pht trong b

ngun. C th:
iu chnh th hiu ca my pht gi cho in p my pht khi cp in khng i.
Hn ch cng dng in ca my pht bo v my pht (chy) khi ph ti qu
ln.
Ngn dng in ngc t c qui my pht khi c qui cung cp in cho h thng
bo v my pht.
T in 9: gim thiu tia la in cp tip im sinh ra do E 1 200 n 300 V (t
cm).
M vt:
+ Vt liu: hp kim platin, mi phng
+ Khe h quyt nh: thi gian ng tip im (ngn) gi tr I khi ngt (nh)
ln ca E2 (nh) (... tc cao nh la km).
Kha h tr khi ng 6: ni tt in tr R1 khi khi ng b s gim I1 do in
p ca c qui st kh ln (v cp thm cho ng c in khi ng).
Cc b phn iu chnh: s theo n, ti trng v s ctan O ca nhin liu. Nguyn
tc: thay i v tr tng i gia trc cam v cp tip im.
ng dng
Trn ng c t, m t, xe my, my pht in... i c v xe Trung Quc gi r.
8.2 H thng nh la bng manht (hnh 8-2)
6
C
W1
3 W2
7
N 1
8
S 2
10
Hnh 8-2: H thng nh la bng manht

1: r to, 2: stator, 3: bin p nh la, 4: b to xung, 5: kha tt my, 6: in cc bo
v, 7: b chia in, 8: dy dn cao p, 9: bu gi, 10: bnh rng truyn ng.
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Nguyn l lm vic
R to quay t thng W1 v W2 bin thin sut in ng cm ng E 1 (20 - 30
V) E2 (1000 n 1500 V) khng nh la.
Khi cp tip im I1 tng t 0 max cam m tip im I1 gim t ngt
v 0 t thng W1 v W2 bin thin t ngt sut in ng cm ng E1 ( 200 - 300
V), E2 (15.000 n 20.000 V) b chia in 7 bu gi 9 tia la in.
c im kt cu
Ch c ngun in duy nht l manht (my pht).
Kha 5: tt my. Khi ng I1 khng b ngt bu gi khng nh la.
T C: gim thiu tia la do E1.
in cc 6 bo v cun W2 khi b nh thng do in p qu cao (ti 1,5 ln)
khi h mch.
ng Dng
ng c cao tc nh m t, xe my, xe ua, my bay, ng c xng khi ng ca ng
c diesel... Thch hp cho /c n ln.
8.3 H thng nh la bn dn
8.3.1 H thng nh la bn dn dng tip im (Hnh 8-3)
B
E
C
W2
W1
4
6
5
7
8
10
11
Hnh 8-3: H thng nh la bn dn c tip im

1: b to xung, 2: in tr mch iu khin R b, 3: transitor, 4: bin p nh la, 5: in
tr mch s cp R1, 6: kha h tr khi ng, 7: kha in, 8: c qui, 9: b chia in, 10:
dy cao p, 11: bu gi.
Nguyn l lm vic
Kho in 7 ng in th cc pht E dng v thng vi (+) c qui.
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Cp tip im ng in th cc gc B m v cc B thng (-) c qui iu

khin Ib (iu khin) i t cc E cc B m cng tc E-C Ic (dng cc gc) t E
C I1 = Ib v Ic.
Tip im m Ib trit tiu kho E-C kho t ngt I1 trit tiu E2 rt ln
W2 nh la.
c im:
Dng kho transitor hoc tiristo iu khin bng tip im c kh dng in i qua
tip im nh hn (so vi nh la thng) tip im t b hng.
ng dng:
Chuyn tip t HTL thng sang HTL bn dn hon ton.
8.3.2 H thng nh la bn dn khng dng tip im, Hnh 8-4
3
16
8
5
2
17
9 10
18
W2
11
W1 12
13
14
6
1
15
Hnh 8-4: S h thng nh la bn dn khng tip im

1: khung t, 2: r to, 3: c qui, 4: kha in, 5: cun dy, 6: im ni, 7: in tr mch
s cp, 8: t in, 9: b rung bn dn, 10: b chuyn pha, 11: b khuych i, 12: bin
p nh la, 13: b chia in, 14: dy cao p, 15: bu gi, 16: xung iu khin, 17: xung
c m un ha, 18: xung sau khuych i.
Nguyn l lm vic
Kho 4 ng dng in trong cun dy 5 mch t 1.
R to 2 quay ln lt ng m mch t 1 t thng bin i im ni 6
xut hin xung in 16 lc qua t in 8 b rung bn dn 9 m un ho thnh
cc xung in 17 mch chuyn pha 10 iu chnh s theo n kiu in t b khuych
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i 11 tn hiu 18 W1 E2 cao p W2 b chia in 13 dy cao p 14 bu

gi 15 tia la in.
u nhc im:
Khng c tip im rt an ton, khng cn bo dng.
Cht lng nh la rt tt mi ch , khi ng d dng, tng tc nhanh
chng...
Tnh kinh t, hiu qu cao, kh x t nhim.
Gi thnh cao.
ng dng
Cng ngh in t pht trin nhanh, gi thnh linh kin gim lin tc HTLBD
ngy cng c s dng rng ri dn thay th cc h thng nh la c in.
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CHNG IX. H THNG KHI NG

9.1 Tc vng quay ti thiu khi ng
ng c xng
Hn hp bn ngoi xy lanh
Xng d bay hi
t chy cng bc bng tia la in
Khi khi ng HH rt m (H thng K, h tr khi ng, xem mc 4. ca
5.1.2.3) d khi ng, nmink nh: khong 50 v/ph.
ng c diesel
Hn hp bn trong xy lanh
t chy do nn vi ln lt kh nhiu.
kh k, nmink ln:
+ 125 v/ph, bung chy thng nht
+ 150 n 200 v/ph, bung chy ngn cch.
9.2 Cc loi h thng khi ng
9.2.1 Khi ng bng c qui, Hnh 9-1
8
9
K
7
K'
K'
16
11
10
A-A
12
6
5
13
4
14
2
15
Hnh 9-1: H thng khi ng bng c qui
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1: bnh ng c t trong, 2: stator, 3: r to, 4: v ng c in, 5: c gp, 6: n

mch s cp ca h thng nh la, 7: in tr mch s cp ca h thng nh la, 8: c
qui, 9: kha khi ng, 10: r le in, 11: cn dn ng, 12: khp bnh rng khi ng,
13: trc ng c in, 14: bi, 15: l xo, 16: khp trt.
Nguyn l lm vic
Kha 9 ng, con trt r le 10 b ht sang tri ln lt ng K-K v K'-K'.
K-K ng ni tt in tr mch s cp h tr khi ng (xem 8.1).
K'-K' a in vo stato c gp 5 r to 3 3 quay.
R le 10 cn dn ng 11 y khp 12 (ang quay) v bn phi n khp vi
vnh rng bnh 1 lm quay trc khuu khi ng.
Khi ng c n n tng. Do khp mt chiu 12 r to ch quay khng ti (n
khng ln) bo v /c in khi hng.
Khi ng xong, m kha 9:
L xo hi v y con trt r le 10 v v tr ban u khp 12 tch ra khi vnh
rng bnh , K-K v K'-K' m ra ng c in dng, in tr 7 khng b ni tt.
ng c t trong t lm vic.
u nhc im:
Thun tin khi s dng, khi ng nhanh, kch thc ton b thit b nh
c qui d b qu ti nn thi gian khi ng ngn (khng qu 15- 20s)
Phi thng xuyn chm sc bo dng c qui, ng c in (chi than, c gp...).
ng dng:
Rt ph bin ng c c nh v trung bnh c xng, diesel, c bit l ng c t,
xe my..
9.2.2 Khi ng bng khng kh nn, hnh 9-2
6
2
1
4
5
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Hnh 9-2: H thng khi ng bng khng kh nn

1: my nn kh, 2: bnh cha kh nn, 3: van khi ng 4: van phn phi, 5: ng c, 6:
van mt chiu, 7; ng dn kh nn.
Nguyn l lm vic
My nn kh 1 nn kk bnh 2 (2-3 MN/m2): ngun kh nn.
M van 3: kh nn t bnh 2 van phn phi 4 ng dn 7 van mt chiu 6
cc xy lanh vo thi k ng vi hnh trnh gin n sinh cng y piston i xung
trc khuu quay khi ng.
Ngun kh nn:
My nn ring vi ngun dn ng ring
Mt s ng c dng mt xy lanh nh mt my nn cung cp kh nn cho ln
khi ng sau. Khi nn kh phi ct nhin liu xy lanh ny.
u nhc im:
Khi ng rt chc chn
Thi gian khi ng c th ko di.
Cng knh, phc tp.
ng dng:
Dng trong ng c diesel c trung bnh v c ln cho my pht in, tu thy, xe
my qun s...
9.2.3 Khi ng bng ng c xng ph, hnh 9-3
2
1
3
4
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Hnh 9-3: H thng khi ng bng ng c xng ph

1: c cu khi ng ng c ph, 2: ng c chnh, 3: ng c xng ph, 4: hp bnh
, 5: ly hp.
Nguyn l lm vic:
Khi ng ng c ph 3 nh c cu khi ng 1 (git dy qun pu li) Khi ng
c ph n n nh ng ly hp 5 Quay trc khuu ng c chnh.
Ly hp l khp mt chiu ngn m men ng c chnh sang ng c ph (xem
9.2.1).
Cng sut ng c xng ph khong 20% cng sut ca ng c chnh.
u nhc im:
Thi gian khi ng c th kh lu
S ln khi ng khng hn ch
Nhit lm mt ng c ph hm nng ng c chnh h tr khi ng
khi ng rt chc chn.
Cu to, s dng v thao tc tng i phc tp.
ng dng:
Dng ng c diesel my ko, my i, my xc...
9.2.4 Khi ng bng sc ngi
ng c c nh (xe my, my pht in c nh, my nng nghip...) dng sc ngi
quay trc khuu khi ng.
Cc loi: git dy qun, (xem 9.2.3), p chn, tay quay (ma ni ven), hn hp tay quay
hoc p chn v c qui...
9.3 Thit b h tr khi ng
ng c d khi ng cn h tr k.
xt: h thng khi ng thuc h thng nhin liu (chng 5), ni tt in tr
mch s cp, xem 9.2.1).
Ngoi ra: thit b h tr khi ng khc:
9.3.1 C cu gim p
Bng tay, hnh 9-4
Gt tay quay 1 cam 2 s t ln c m xu pp lun lun m khng c qu
trnh nn quay trc khuu d dng t nmink.
161
BM ng C t Trong
Gt tay quay v v tr ban u xu pp c gii phng c qu trnh nn

chy khi ng.
ng dng: ng c diesel nng nghip, tu thu.
2
3
Hnh 9-4: C cu gim p trn np xy lanh

1: cam, 2: tay gt, 3: xu pp thi.
ng c xng hai k c nh qut vng (xe my Peugeot, Simon Mofa...) van gim
p trn np xy lanh ng m bng dy ko h tr khi ng.
T ng, hnh 9-5
1
2
162
BM ng C t Trong
Hnh 9-5: C cu gim p t ng

1: trc cam phi kh, 2: con i, 3: qu vng, 4: l xo, 5: cht quay, 6: vu nng.
Khi khi ng, n nh, l xo 4 ko qu vng 3 y con i t vo vu 6 thay v t
vo vng c s ca cam 2 xu pp khng th ng kn khng c qu trnh nn
quay nh nhng.
Khi n ln qu vng 3 vng ra thng sc cng l xo vu 6 tch khi b mt
con i xu pp lm vic theo qui lut ca cam ng c c khi ng.
ng dng: ng c bn k c nh Honda GX 120 K1, GX 160 K1... git dy qun.
9.3.2 Thit b sy khng kh np
Vai tr: t nng khng kh ng np hoc trong bung chy h tr k.
V d: bu gi sy, hnh 9-6, in c qui, c diesel bung chy xoy lc.
5
3
1
Hnh 9-6: Sy nng kh np trong bung chy bng in tr

1: np xy lanh, 2: in tr, 3: in cc, 4: thn bu gi sy, 5: vi phun.
9.3.3 Thit b sy ton b ng c (c)
Mc ch
Tng nhit ton b c thun li cho bay hi, ho trn to thnh hn hp, gim
ma st v tn tht nhit khi nn d khi ng.
Cc phng n:
nc nng vo h thng lm mt v du nng vo h thng bi trn.
Dn hi nc c nhit cao vo bnh trao i nhit gia nhit nc lm mt ng
c (VD: tu thy).
Thit b gia nhit lin ng c hm nng nc v du bi trn (VD: my ko).
163
BM ng C t Trong
n x to ra lung khng kh nng sy ng c lm mt bng khng kh, dng

x lnh.
CHNG X. KH THI V VN NHIM MI TRNG
Khi nim chung
Bo v mi trng l nhim v cp bch.
ng c t trong l mt ngun nhim ch yu, hng nm kh thi vo mt hng
trm triu tn c hi. (Ring -t: ton TG 720 triu; Vit Nam: 1.000.000 -t v 20
triu xe my, s liu 2008).
Phi kim sot kh thi ng c bng tiu chun.
Kim sot t ngun: tiu chun th cng nhn kiu (approval test), th mu cho loi
ng c. Tiu chun M, Chu u (EURO), Nht. Cc nc khc s dng v c sa i
nh tiu chun quc gia.
Kim sot thng xuyn: Tiu chun ng kim quc gia.
10.1 Thnh phn c hi trong kh thi
Nhiu loi, nhng ch yu l:
ng c xng
CO
NOx (cc loi xtnit)
CmHn (nhin liu, du bi trn khng chy) (HC: hydrocarbon).
ng c diesel
CO
NOx
C m Hn
P-M (Particulate-Matter: cc cht thi dng ht, ch yu l b hng)
10.2 Cc phng php gim nng c hi trong kh thi ng c
c chia lm hai nhm:
Nhm th nht: cu to, v t chc cc qu trnh lm vic, nhin liu, s dng...
Nhm th hai: x l kh thi.
Mt vi bin php c tnh cht in hnh v i din cho mi nhm.
10.2.1 Lun hi kh thi, (Exhaust Gas Recirculation- EGR) (hnh 10-1).
Mc ch chnh
164
BM ng C t Trong
Mt phn kh thi ngc v ng np gim nng -xy khi chy gim

NOx.
Nguyn l lm vic
Van tit lu 6 v b iu chnh 5 iu chnh lng kh thi lun hi ch lm
vic ng c, ng c xng ti 20%, diesel ti 30%.
Lm mt gim nhit kh lun hi.
4
3
5
6
1
Hnh 10-1: S ng c s dng lun hi kh thi

1: ng c, 2: bnh tiu m, 3: ng thi, 4: ng lun hi kh thi, 5: b iu khin,
6: bm tit lu kh thi.
u nhc im
n gin, hiu qu gim NOxtt
Tnh kinh t gim: tng ge
ng dng
Dng cho c ng c diesel v ng c xng nhng ch ch ti nh.
Khng lun hi ch ton ti v gim cng sut cc i ca ng c.
10.2.2 Hnh thnh kh hn hp phn lp (Stratified Mixture Formation)
Nguyn tc
To ra s phn lp ( khng ng nht) trong bung chy ca ng c xng phun
trc tip (Gasoline Direct Injection- GDI).
B tr bu gi nh la ti v tr c nh (hn hp m) t hn hp ban u.
Hn hp sau khi bc chy lm mi t hn hp cn li ( ln, hn hp nht)
trung bnh l hn hp nht ( ng c thng thng l qu nht, khng th chy c)
chy kit gim c hi trong kh thi.
165
BM ng C t Trong
V d
Ford Proco, hnh 10-2,
Vi phun 2 phun xng gn tm xy lanh to thnh tia phun vi gc tia khong
o
100 .
ng np 5 xon tip tuyn khng kh xoy trn trong xy lanh cun xng
theo, ho trn vi khng kh, to thnh hn hp.
Do lc ly tm cng xa tm hh cng m.
Khi bu gi bt tia la in, hn hp st bu gi (c thnh phn m) chy, lm mi
t phn hn hp cn li. i vi loi hnh thnh kh hn hp ny
Thi im phun v thi im nh la iu khin bng in t.
166
BM ng C t Trong
1
7
5
Hnh 10-2: Phng php hnh thnh kh hn hp phn lp Ford Proco

1: xy lanh, 2: vi phun, 3: bu gi, 4: np xy lanh, 5: ng np, 6: ng thi, 7: piston.
10.2.3 X l kh thi
Trn ng ng thi b tr cc b x l cc thnh phn c hi, nhng tng cn ng
thi, gim cng sut, tng tiu sao nhin liu.
10.2.3.1 ng c xng
Hiu qu nht hin nay: B chuyn i xc tc ba ng (Three Ways Catalytic
Converter, hay Three Ways Catalyzator) ng thi x l CO, CmHn v NOx ti 90%, (hnh
10-3).
5
2
Hnh 10-3: B x l ba thnh phn

1: v, 2: lp m, 3: li, 4: lp vt liu trung gian, 5: lp xc tc.
Cu to v nguyn l
167
BM ng C t Trong
V thp 1, lp m 3, li 2 bng thp l cun hoc gm rng chiu dy vch

khong 0,2 mm v mt khong 80 l/cm2 to ra cc rnh lu thng cho kh thi lu
ng qua.
B mt ca rnh mt lp vt liu trung gian 4 (wash -coast) bng -Al2O3 c tc
tng li lm tng din tch tham gia phn ng (15-25 m2/cm3).
Ph ln lp trung gian mt lp vt liu xc tc 5 bng kim loi him l hn hp
platin v rodium t l 1,5 n 2 gam cho 1 dm3 li.
Platin c tc dng xc tc xy ho CO, CmHn, rodium xc tc kh NOx.
CO + 1/2 O2 = CO2
CmHn + (m + n/4) O2 = m CO2 + n/2 H2O.
NO + CO = 1/2 N2 + CO2.
(%)
(%) v ng iu
ch
nh
NOx
CmHn
CO
CO
0,9
1,0
NOx
CmHn
1,1
0,9
1,0
1,1
a)
b)
Hnh 10 - 4: Thnh phn c hi ca kh thi trc a) v sau lc b).
Hiu qu x l:
nng trc b x l - nng sau b x l
=
nng trc b x l
ph thuc , t ti 90% ti mt vng rt hp = 1 (hnh 10-4,b) HTNL phi gi

= 1.
Cm bin trn ng ng thi cung cp tn hiu v ECU iu khin
lng xng phun ra ph hp lng kk np = 1
Cu to v hot ng cm bin (hnh 10-5):
+ Gm cc in cc xp 4 bng platin, gia l lp cht in phn rn 2.
+ B mt in cc ngoi tip xc vi dng kh thi c nng xy rt nh, in
cc trong tip xc vi khng kh tnh.
168
BM ng C t Trong
+ Do chnh lch v nng xy gia hai in cc xut hin mt in p

truyn tn hiu v ECU iu khin xng phun.
+ Nhit hot ng cm bin: 300 oC tr ln ion xy mi i qua cht in phn
cn gia nhit cho cm bin (khng th hin trn hnh 10-5).
iu kin lm vic ca b chuyn i xc tc:
+ Vng nhit 300 n 900oC.
+ Tp cht hoc cc cht ph gia trong xng hoc du bi trn bm trn b mt
hp th gim hiu qu x l khng c dng xng pha ch.
6
5
1
khthi
2
Hnh 10-5: Cm bin thnh phn h s d lng khng kh.

1: ng ng kh thi, 2: cht in phn rn, 3: v bo v, 4: in cc, 5: np bo v, 6:
vn k.
ng dng
M (1995), EU (2000), Nht, TQ (2003)... qui nh -t lp ng c xng mi phi
trang b b chuyn i xc tc.
10.2.3.2 ng c diesel
X l CO, CmHn bng b xc tc -xy ho
Cht xc tc lm phn ng chy CO v CmHn tip tc ngay c nhit kh thp.
X l NOx
Bng mui u-r (Selective Catalyst Reduction - SCR)
169
BM ng C t Trong
Th ng dung dch ur
NOxtrong kh
thi t ng c
Gia nhit thu phn dung

B phn kh xc t c
dch ur t o thnh amoniac
N2v H2O
II
Hnh 10-6. X l xc tc kh NOx

X l P-M
Bng b lc mui than (Diesel Particle Filter, DPF), hnh 10-6

Li lc trn hnh 10-6,a bng gm xp t trong v thp kh thi i qua cc l xp
ca li lc cc ht mui than b gi li.
Li lc trn hnh 10-6,b bng ng thp mng c l qun quanh bng si gm.
Vn ti sinh lc: sc cn ca bu lc ngy cng tng theo thi gian lm vic
phi x l cc cht thi tch lu trong b lc gi l ti sinh lc, thng thng bng
phng php t CO2:
170
BM ng C t Trong
Dng cht xc tc gim nhit chy ca mui than: Bnh thng mui than chy
600 - 700oC, ch khi ng c lm vic ch ti cc i xc tc nh pha mng gan
vo du diesel, hoc trn ln cloxit ng vi dng kh thi gim nhit chy ca
mui than trong kh thi xung n 300oC.
Tit lu ng np tng nhit kh thi (n 600-7000C).
Phun thm nhin liu (phun sau) trn ng gin n tng nhit kh thi.
Phun nhin liu vo ng thi chy, gia nhit t mui than.
a)
2
b)
Hnh 10-6: Lc mui than trong kh thi ng c diesel.

1: li lc bng gm xp, 2: li lc c xng bng thp, qun si gm.
171
BM ng C t Trong
Mc lc
LI NI U...................................................................................................................3
Phn m u...................................................................................................................4
Vi nt s lc v ng c t trong...............................................................................4
1. ng c t trong l mt loi ng c nhit....................................................4

2. Vi nt v lch s pht trin ng c t trong............................................4
3. Phn loi ng c t trong..............................................................................5
4. u nhc im ca ng c t trong.................................................................5
Phn I................................................................................................................................ 7
nguyn l lm vic ca ng c t trong....................................................................7
Chng I: Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c t trong...........................................7

1.1 Nhin liu lng dng trong ng c t trong.................................................7
1.1.1 Du diesel..................................................................................................7
1.1.1.1 Thnh phn chnh.................................................................................7
1.1.1.2 nh gi tnh t chy ca du diesel......................................................7
1.1.2 Xng............................................................................................................8
1.1.2.1 Thnh phn chnh.................................................................................8
1.1.2.2 nh gi tnh chng kch n ca xng..................................................9
1.1.3 H s d lng khng kh ..........................................................................9
1.2 Cc khi nim c bn.....................................................................................11
1.2.1 im cht................................................................................................11
1.2.2 K............................................................................................................11
1.2.3 Th tch cng tc Vh .............................................................................11
1.2.4 T s nn.................................................................................................12
1.3 Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c 4 k khng tng p...................................12
1.3.1 Qu trnh np............................................................................................13
1.3.2 Qu trnh nn..........................................................................................14
1.3.3 Qu trnh chy v gin n.........................................................................15
1.3.4 Qu trnh thi...........................................................................................16
1.4 Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c 2 k..........................................................17
1.4.1 Din bin cc qu trnh..........................................................................17
1.4.2 So snh ng c 2 k v 4 k..................................................................19
1.5 Nguyn lm vic ca ng c tng p...........................................................19
1.5.1 Tng p c kh.........................................................................................19
1.5.2 Tng p kiu tucbin- my nn...............................................................19
1.5.3 Tng p hn hp.........................................................................................20
1.6 Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c nhiu xy lanh..........................................21
1.7 Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c piston quay...............................................22
1.8 Nhng thng s kinh t - k thut c bn ca ng c................................24
172
BM ng C t Trong
1.8.1 Cng.........................................................................................................24
1.8.2. p sut trung bnh...................................................................................24
1.8.3 Cng sut.................................................................................................25
1.8.4 Hiu sut.................................................................................................26
1.8.5 Sut tiu hao nhin liu............................................................................26
PHN 2............................................................................................................................ 28
CC C CU V H THNG CA NG C T TRONG..............................28
Chng II: C cu trc khuu thanh truyn.........................................................29

2.1 ng hc, ng lc hc ca c cu trc khuu - thanh truyn ....................29
2.1.1 Qui lut vn ng ca c cu trc khuu - thanh truyn......................29
1 xy lanh............................................................................................................31
1 hng xy lanh...................................................................................................33
2.2 Kt cu cc chi tit chnh............................................................................33
2.2.1 Piston........................................................................................................33
2.2.2 Cht piston................................................................................................40
2.2.3 Xc mng.................................................................................................43
2.2.4 Thanh truyn...........................................................................................45
2.2.5 Bu lng thanh truyn...............................................................................49
2.2.6 Trc khuu...............................................................................................50
2.2.7 Bnh ...................................................................................................58
2.2.8 Cc loi ca trc khuu....................................................................59
2.2.8.1 Bc lt....................................................................................................59
2.2.8.2 bi........................................................................................................61
CHNG III. THN MY V NP XY LANH..............................................62
3.1 Thn my........................................................................................................63
3.1.1 Vai tr.......................................................................................................63
3.1.2 Vt liu.....................................................................................................63
3.1.3 Kt cu....................................................................................................63
3.2 Np xy lanh ....................................................................................................67
3.2.1 Vai tr ......................................................................................................67
3.2.2 iu kin lm vic....................................................................................67
3.2.3 Vt liu.....................................................................................................67
3.2.4 Kt cu......................................................................................................67
CHNG IV. C CU PHN PHI KH.........................................................72
4.1 Yu cu v phn loi.......................................................................................72
4.2 B tr xupap v dn ng c cu phi kh......................................................73
4.2.1 S xupap...................................................................................................73
173
BM ng C t Trong
4.2.2 B tr xupap..............................................................................................73
4.2.3 Dn ng xupap........................................................................................74
4.2.4 Dn ng trc cam...................................................................................74
4.3 Kt cu ca cc chi tit chnh.........................................................................75
4.3.1 Xupap.......................................................................................................75
4.3.2 xupap...................................................................................................79
4.3.3 ng dn hng xupap..............................................................................80
4.3.4 L xo XP..................................................................................................82
4.3.6 Con i ....................................................................................................87
CHNG V. H THNG NHIN LIU...........................................................91
5.1 HTNLca /c xng..........................................................................................92
5.1.1 Yu cu v phn loi................................................................................92
5.1.2 HTNL dng BCHK..................................................................................92
5.1.2.1 S v nguyn l lm vic.................................................................92
5.1.2.2 c tnh l tng ca b ch ho kh....................................................92
5.1.2.3 Cc h thng & c cu ca BCHK........................................................94
5.1.3 HTNL phun xng....................................................................................105
5.1.3.1 HTNLphun xng gin tip v trc tip................................................105
5.1.3.2 Phn loi HTNLphun xng..................................................................106
5.1.3.3 Mt s HTNL phun xng thng dng.................................................107
5.2 H thng nhin liu v hnh thnh kh hn hp trong ng c diesel..........112
5.2.1 Yu cu v phn loi..............................................................................112
5.2.2. Bm cao p............................................................................................115
5.2.3 Vi phun.................................................................................................120
5.3 Cc phng php hnh thnh ha kh trong ng c diesel..........................123
5.3.1 Bung chy thng nht...........................................................................123
5.3.2 Bung chy ngn cch............................................................................128
5.4 C cu iu tc.............................................................................................129
5.4.1 Tnh cn thit phi lp iu tc cho ng c diesel...............................129
5.4.2 B iu tc..............................................................................................131
CHNG VI. H THNG BI TRN............................................................133
6.1 Cng dng v cc thng s s dng ca du bi trn..................................133
6.1.1 Cng dng ca du bi trn...................................................................133
6.1.2 Mt s thng s s dng ca du bi trn.............................................133
6.2 Cc loi h thng bi trn.............................................................................134
6.2.1 Bi trn bng vung t.............................................................................134
6.2.2 Bi trn bng du pha trong nhin liu..................................................134
6.2.3.2 H thng bi trn cc te kh...............................................................136
6.3 Kt cu mt s b phn chnh.......................................................................137
174
BM ng C t Trong
6.3.1 Bm du.................................................................................................137
6.3.2 Lc du...................................................................................................139
6.3.2.1 Bu lc c kh......................................................................................139
6.3.3 Thng gi hp trc khuu......................................................................143
CHNG VII. H THNG LM MT..........................................................146
7.1 Cng dng ca h thng lm mt (HTLM)..................................................146
7.2 Cc loi h thng lm mt............................................................................146
7.2.1 HTLM bng nc...................................................................................146
7.2.3 So snh HTLM bng nc v khng kh...............................................152
CHNG VIII. H THNG NH LA TRONG NG C XNG........153
8.3 H thng nh la bn dn...........................................................................155
CHNG IX. H THNG KHI NG........................................................158
9.1 Tc vng quay ti thiu khi ng.....................................................158
9.2 Cc loi h thng khi ng.........................................................................158
9.2.4 Khi ng bng sc ngi.....................................................................161
9.3 Thit b h tr khi ng..............................................................................161
9.3.1 C cu gim p ......................................................................................161
9.3.2 Thit b sy khng kh np.....................................................................163
CHNG X. KH THI V VN NHIM MI TRNG................164
10.1 Thnh phn c hi trong kh thi..............................................................164
10.2 Cc phng php gim nng c hi trong kh thi ng c................164
10.2.3 X l kh thi........................................................................................167
10.2.3.1 ng c xng....................................................................................167
10.2.3.2 ng c diesel ..................................................................................169
Mc lc.......................................................................................................................... 172
175

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Bài Giảng Môn Động Cơ Đốt Trong Trang 140

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Bi ging mn hc i Cng ng C t Trong

Nguyn Vit Thanh

Ging vin tp s Nguyn Vit Thanh

Bi ging mn hc i Cng ng C t Trong

Hnh 0-1: ng c t trong trong h cc ng c nhit

Ging vin tp s Nguyn Vit Thanh

Bi ging mn hc i Cng ng C t Trong

Ngnh ch to ng c t trong pht trin rt mnh. Hin nay sn lng hng

Hnh 0-2: a) ng c ch Vv b) ng c hnh sao

Ging vin tp s Nguyn Vit Thanh

Bi ging mn hc i Cng ng C t Trong

Hiu sut cao n 46%, trong khi hiu sut ca my hi nc kiu

Ging vin tp s Nguyn Vit Thanh

Bi ging mn hc i Cng ng C t Trong

Hnh 1-1: Xtan C16H34, mt loi ccbuahydr no mch thng

Bi ging mn hc i Cng ng C t Trong

Hnh 1-2: - mtylnaphtalin C11H10 c kt cu phn t dng mch vng

Ging vin tp s Nguyn Vit Thanh

Bi ging mn hc i Cng ng C t Trong

Hnh 1-3: a): mtylbenzen C6H5CH3 v b): iscctan C8H18

1.1.3 H s d lng khng kh

Ging vin tp s Nguyn Vit Thanh

Bi ging mn hc i Cng ng C t Trong

Trong ng c, hn hp gia nhin liu v khng kh c nn v t trong xy

Mi loi nhin liu c th c cc thnh phn H, O v C nht nh cho trong

Cn c vo phng trnh (1-3) v (1-4), ta c th xc nh cc phng trnh

Phng trnh (1-5) v (1-6) vit cho C kg ccbon v H kg hydr c dng

Lng xy (kg) cn thit cho hai phn ng (1-7) v (1-8) l

Trong 1 kg nhin liu c sn O kg xy. V vy lng xy cn thit trong khng

Ta bit, thnh phn khi lng ca xy trong khng kh l 0,23 cn thnh

Ging vin tp s Nguyn Vit Thanh

Bi ging mn hc i Cng ng C t Trong

Thc t, bng thc nghim c th xc nh c lng khng kh thc s np

c gi l h s d lng khng kh v do c trng cho mc m nht ca

Hnh 1-4: minh ha mt s khi nim c bn

Ging vin tp s Nguyn Vit Thanh

Bi ging mn hc i Cng ng C t Trong

L th tch gia hai im cht ca xy lanh c ng knh D (m)

1.3 Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c 4 k khng tng p

Ging vin tp s Nguyn Vit Thanh

Bi ging mn hc i Cng ng C t Trong

Ging vin tp s Nguyn Vit Thanh

Bi ging mn hc i Cng ng C t Trong

Nhm tn dng qun tnh ca dng kh np np

i vi ng c diesel, nhin liu c th t chy T c phi

Bi ging mn hc i Cng ng C t Trong

gi l gc phun sm (ng c diesel) hay gc nh la sm

1.3.3 Qu trnh chy v gin n

Hnh 1-6: Din bin qu trnh chy ng c diesel a) v ng c xng b)

tch t trong giai on chy tr s chy rt nhanh, tc tng p sut rt ln,

Ging vin tp s Nguyn Vit Thanh

Bi ging mn hc i Cng ng C t Trong

Bi ging mn hc i Cng ng C t Trong

Pha phi kh cng nh gc phun sm (ng c diesel) hay nh la sm (ng c

1.4.1 Din bin cc qu trnh

Ging vin tp s Nguyn Vit Thanh

Bi ging mn hc i Cng ng C t Trong

Hnh 1-7: Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c 2 k

Hnh 1-8: Cc kiu qut kh ca ng c 2 k

Bi ging mn hc i Cng ng C t Trong

Hnh 1-9: Nn kh qut bng hp cc te- trc khuu

Bi ging mn hc i Cng ng C t Trong

Hnh 1-10: a) tng p c kh, b) tng p bng tucbin-my nn

Ging vin tp s Nguyn Vit Thanh