N

X
U

T

B

N

X

Y

D

N
G



C

C

K

T

C

U


T
R

N
G

I

H

C

T
H

Y

L

I


L TRNG THNH (ch bin)
LU MC LAN - HONG NH TR









C HC KT CU













NH XUT BN XY DNG


L TRNG THNH (ch bin)
LU MC LAN - HONG NH TR









C HC KT CU













NH XUT BN XY DNG
H NI - 2006



LI NI U
Gio trnh C hc kt cu ln ny c bin son theo cng
Chng trnh ging dy mn C hc kt cu do tiu ban mn hc ca
B Gio dc v o to son tho. So vi ln xut bn trc, gio trnh
ln ny c vit ngn gn, r rng v c b sung, sa cha, iu
chnh mt s phn thun tin hn cho vic hc tp ca sinh vin.
Sch c th dng lm ti liu hc tp cho sinh vin cc ngnh ca
Trng i hc Thy li, c th lm ti liu tham kho cho cc ngnh
ca cc trng i hc khc, ng thi cng c th lm ti liu tham
kho cho cc k s, nghin cu sinh v cc cn b k thut c lin quan
n tnh ton kt cu cng trnh.
Phn cng bin son nh sau: TS. L Trng Thnh vit chng
m u, Chng 2 v Chng 3 v l ch bin; Ths. Lu Mc Lan vit
cc Chng 1, 4, 5; PGS.TS. Hong nh Tr vit cc Chng 6, 7, 8;
Ths. Phm Vit Ngc gip ch bn v sa cha bn tho cun
sch ny.
Tuy c nhiu c gng trong bin son, song kh trnh khi
nhng thiu st. Chng ti mong nhn c nhng kin ng gp ca
cc bn ng nghip, sinh vin v bn c hon thin hn trong ln
xut bn sau.

CC TC GI

M U
1. I TNG V NHIM V CA MN HC
Mt cng trnh xy dng gm nhiu cu kin lin kt li vi nhau chu c lc gi l
kt cu.
C hc kt cu l mn khoa hc thc nghim trnh by cc phng php tnh ton kt
cu v bn, cng v n nh khi cng trnh chu cc nguyn nhn tc dng khc
nhau nh ti trng, s thay i nhit , chuyn v cc lin kt ta.
Tnh kt cu v bn nhm m bo cho cng trnh c kh nng chu tc dng ca
cc nguyn nhn bn ngoi m khng b ph hoi.
Tnh kt cu v cng nhm m bo cho cng trnh khng c chuyn v v rung
ng ln ti mc c th lm cho cng trnh mt trng thi lm vic bnh thng ngay c
khi iu kin bn vn cn bo m.
Tnh kt cu v mt n nh nhm m bo cho cng trnh bo ton v tr v hnh dng
ban u trong trng thi cn bng bin dng.
C hc kt cu ging Sc bn vt liu v ni dung nghin cu nhng phm vi nghin
cu th khc nhau. Sc bn vt liu nghin cu cch tnh bn, cng v n nh
ca tng cu kin ring bit, tri li C hc kt cu nghin cu ton b cng trnh gm
nhiu cu kin lin kt li vi nhau.
Nhim v ch yu ca C hc kt cu l xc nh ni lc v chuyn v trong cng
trnh. bn, cng v n nh ca cng trnh lin quan n tnh cht c hc ca vt
liu, hnh dng v kch thc ca cu kin v ni lc pht sinh trong cng trnh. Hn na
kch thc ca cc cu kin li ph thuc vo ni lc trong kt cu . Do cng vic
u tin khi tnh cng trnh l xc nh ni lc v chuyn v pht sinh trong cng trnh di
tc ng bn ngoi. Cc mn hc tip sau nh: Kt cu b tng ct thp, kt cu thp,
g.v.vda vo tnh nng ca cc vt liu nghin cu tin hnh gii quyt ba bi ton
c bn nh trnh by trong mn Sc bn vt liu l: bi ton kim tra, bi ton thit k
v bi ton xc nh ti trng cho php theo iu kin bn, cng v n nh. Ngoi ra C
hc kt cu cn nghin cu cc dng kt cu hp l nhm tit kim vt liu xy dng.
Mn C hc kt cu cung cp cho cc k s thit k cc kin thc cn thit xc
nh ni lc v chuyn v trong kt cu, t la chn c kt cu c hnh dng v kch
thc hp l. Mn hc gip cho cc k s thi cng phn tch ng n s lm vic ca kt
cu, nhm trnh nhng sai st trong qu trnh thi cng cng nh tm ra cc bin php thi
cng hp l.
5
2. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
Khi tnh ton mt cng trnh thc, nu xt ht mi yu t lin quan, bi ton s rt
phc tp v hu nh khng th thc hin c. n gin tnh ton, nhng phi m bo
chnh xc cn thit, ta a vo mt s gi thit gn ng. Bi vy C hc kt cu l
mn khoa hc thc nghim; nghin cu l lun v thc nghim lun gn lin vi nhau.
Cc kt qu nghin cu l lun ch c tin cy khi c thc nghim xc nhn.
A. Cc gi thit - Nguyn l cng tc dng
C hc kt cu cng s dng cc gi thit nh trong Sc bn vt liu l:
1. Gi thit vt liu lm vic trong giai on n hi tuyt i v tun theo nh lut
Hooke, ngha l gia bin dng v ni lc c s lin h tuyn tnh.
2. Gi thit bin dng v chuyn v trong cng trnh (kt cu, h...) l rt nh so vi
kch thc hnh hc ban u ca n. Gi thit ny cho php xc nh ni lc theo s kt
cu khng c bin dng.
Nh hai gi thit ny chng ta c th p dng nguyn l c lp tc dng (hay nguyn
l cng tc dng) tnh ton kt cu. Nguyn l c pht biu nh sau:
Mt i lng nghin cu no do nhiu nguyn nhn tc dng ng thi trn cng
trnh gy ra, bng tng i s (tng hnh hc) ca i lng do tng nguyn nhn tc
dng ring r gy ra:
Biu din dng ton hc:
= + + S
t
+ S

=
) , t , P ... P , P (
n 2 1
S

1
P
S +
2
P
S
n
P
S
1
S .P
1
+
2
S .P
2
++
n
S .P
n
+ S
t
+ S

Trong :
i
S (i= 1,2...n) l gi tr ca i lng S do P
i
= 1 gy ra.
S
t
, S

l gi tr ca i lng S do s thay i nhit v dch chuyn gi ta gy ra.
B. S tnh ca cng trnh
Khi xc nh ni lc trong cng trnh nu xt mt cch chnh xc v y cc yu t
hnh hc ca cc cu kin th bi ton s qu phc tp. Do trong tnh ton kt cu ngi
ta c th thay th cng trnh thc bng s tnh ca n.
S tnh l hnh nh ca cng trnh thc c n gin ha. Mt s tnh tt
phi tho mn hai yu cu: Tnh n gin v phn nh tng i chnh xc i x thc ca
cng trnh. a cng trnh thc v s tnh ca n, thng tin hnh theo 2 bc:
6
Bc 1: Chuyn cng trnh thc v s
cng trnh, bng cch:
a)
+ Thay cc thanh bng ng trc ca n
v cc tm v bng mt trung bnh.
+ Thay cc mt ct ngang ca cc cu
kin bng cc c trng hnh hc ca n nh:
din tch F, mmen qun tnh J .v.v
+ Thay cc thit b ta bng cc lin kt
ta l tng.
b)
+ a ti trng tc dng trn mt v bn
trong cu kin v t trc hay mt trung bnh
ca n.
Bc 2: Chuyn s cng trnh v s
tnh bng cch b bt cc yu t ph, nhm
lm cho vic tnh ton n gin ph hp vi
kh nng tnh ton ca ngi thit k.
c)
V d nh dn ca cng (van cung) cho
trn hnh 1a, sau khi thc hin cc php bin
i trong bc th nht ta c s cng
trnh nh hnh 1b. Nu dng s ny tnh
ton kt qu chnh xc nhng kh phc tp, do
nu coi cc mt dn l khp l tng th bi
ton s n gin song sai s mc phi kh nh.
S tnh ca dn ca cng (van cung) nh
trn hnh 1c.
Hnh 1
Nu s cng trnh ph hp vi kh nng tnh ton th c th dng n lm s
tnh m khng cn n gin ho hn na. V d vi h khung cho trn hnh 2a, sau khi
thc hin php bin i bc th nht ta c s cng trnh trn hnh 2b. S ny
cng l s tnh ca khung v ph hp vi kh nng tnh ton.
Cch chn s tnh ca cng trnh l mt vn phc tp v quan trng v kt qu
tnh ton ph thuc rt nhiu vo s tnh. Ngi thit k lun lun phi c trch nhim
t kim tra xem s tnh ton chn c ph hp vi thc t khng, c phn nh chnh
xc s lm vic thc t ca cng trnh hay khng, la chn s tnh ngy mt tt hn.
7



a) b)
Hnh 2



3. PHN LOI S TNH CA KT CU
Trong thc t c nhiu hnh thc kt cu cho nn s tnh cng c nhiu loi. Ngi
ta phn loi s tnh bng nhiu cch, thng da vo cu to hnh hc v phng php
tnh phn loi.
A. Phn loi theo cu to hnh hc
Theo cch ny kt cu c chia thnh hai loi: h phng v h khng gian.
1. H phng: H phng l h m cc trc cu kin
v tt c cc loi lc tc ng u nm trong cng mt
mt phng, cc h khng tho mn iu kin trn gi l
h khng gian.
a)
b)
Hnh 3
Trong thc t, cc cng trnh xy dng hu ht u
l h khng gian, song do tnh ton h khng gian
thng phc tp nn gn ng c th phn tch a v
h phng tnh ton.
Trong h phng da theo hnh dng cng trnh, ngi ta cn chia thnh nhiu dng kt
cu khc nhau:
+ Dm (Hnh 3a,b)
+ Dn (Hnh 4a,b)
+ Vm (Hnh 5a,b)
+ Khung (Hnh 6a,b)
+ H lin hp (h
treo trn hnh 7 l h lin
hp gia dn v dy xch)

a)
b)
Hnh 4
a)
b)
Hnh 5
8






Hnh 6
a)
b)
Hnh 7
Hnh 8
P
1

P
2

P
3

2. H khng gian:
Nhng h khng gian thng gp l:
+ Dm trc giao (Hnh 8)
+ Dn khng gian (phn di Hnh 9a)
+ Khung khng gian (phn di Hnh 9b)
+Tm (Hnh 9c)
+ V (Hnh 9d, e, f)






B. Phn loi theo phng php tnh
Theo cch ny ta c hai loi h: H tnh nh v h siu tnh.
1. H tnh nh: H tnh nh l h ch cn dng cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc
l xc nh ht phn lc v ni lc trong h.
V d: Dm cho trn hnh 3a; dn cho trn hnh 4a; vm cho trn hnh 5a; khung cho
trn hnh 6a l h tnh nh.
2. H siu tnh: H siu tnh l h m nu ch dng cc phng trnh cn bng tnh
hc khng thi th cha xc nh ht phn lc v ni lc trong h. tnh cc h
Hnh 9
a)
b)
c)
f)
e)
d)
9
10
siu tnh, ngoi nhng iu kin cn bng tnh hc ta cn phi s dng thm cc iu kin
ng hc v cc iu kin bin dng.
Cc kt cu cho trn hnh 3b, 4b, 5b, 6b u l h siu tnh.
4. CC NGUYN NHN GY RA NI LC V CHUYN V.
Cc nguyn nhn gy ra ni lc v chuyn v trong kt cu thng gp l ti trng, s
thay i khng u ca nhit , s dch chuyn ca cc gi ta .vv
Ti trng tc dng vo cng trnh thng phn ra lm cc loi sau:
- Ti trng lu di v ti trng tm thi:
+ Ti trng lu di l ti trng tc dng trong sut qu trnh lm vic ca cng trnh
nh: trng lng bn thn, p lc ca t p .v.v
+ Ti trng tm thi l ti trng ch tc dng trong mt khong thi gian no nh:
cc thit b t trn cng trnh, p lc nc, gi, ng t .v.v
- Ti trng bt ng v ti trng di ng:
+ Ti trng bt ng l nhng ti trng c v tr khng thay i trong sut qu trnh
tc dng ca n: thng l ti trng lu di.
+ Ti trng di ng l nhng ti trng c v tr thay i trn cng trnh nh ti trng
on xe la, t, on ngi .v.v
- Ti trng tc dng tnh v ti trng tc dng ng:
+ Ti trng tc dng tnh l ti trng tc dng vo cng trnh mt cch nh nhng yn
tnh, gi tr ca ti trng tng t t khng lm cho cng trnh dch chuyn c gia tc hay
gy ra lc qun tnh.
+ Ti trng tc dng ng l ti trng khi tc dng vo cng trnh c gy lc qun tnh
nh: p lc gi, bo, ng t .v.v
Trong gio trnh ny chng ta ch xt trng hp ti trng tc dng tnh.
S thay i nhit v dch chuyn gi ta gy ra ni lc v chuyn v trong h siu
tnh nhng khng gy ra phn lc v ni lc trong h tnh nh. (xem chi tit trong cc
Chng 4, 5, 6).

CHNG 1
PHN TCH CU TO HNH HC CA CC H PHNG
Mt h kt cu thng c cu to t nhiu cu kin lin kt vi nhau cng chu
cc nguyn nhn bn ngoi. Cch ni cc cu kin c th thc hin di nhiu hnh thc
khc nhau nhng iu c bn l h (kt cu) phi c kh nng chu lc m khng thay i
hnh dng hnh hc ban u ca n. Trong chng ny s trnh by cc quy tc cu to
mt h phng nh vy.
1.1. CC KHI NIM M U
xy dng cc quy tc cu to hnh hc ca h thanh phng ta cn tm hiu cc khi
nim sau:
1.1.1. H bt bin hnh
H bt bin hnh (BBH) l h khi chu ti trng vn gi nguyn hnh dng hnh hc
ban u ca n nu ta xem bin dng n hi ca cc cu kin l khng ng k, hoc xem
cc cu kin ca h l tuyt i cng.
Xt h trn hnh 1.1.
A
B C
P
H l BBH v di tc dng ca ti trng nu
xem cc cu kin l tuyt i cng th h vn gi
nguyn hnh dng hnh hc ban u ca n.
Thc vy, nu coi cc cu kin AB, BC, CA l
tuyt i cng (chiu di ca chng khng i) th
theo hnh hc vi ba cnh xc nh ta ch c th
dng c mt tam gic duy nht ABC m thi.
Hnh 1.1
Tr mt vi trng hp c bit, hu ht cc kt cu trong xy dng phi l h BBH.
H BBH khi chu lc s pht sinh duy nht mt h ni lc cn bng vi ngoi lc.
1.1.2. H bin hnh
P
H bin hnh (BH) l h khi chu
ti trng s b thay i hnh dng hnh
hc ban u mt lng hu hn, d ta
xem cc cu kin ca h l tuyt i
cng.
A
D
P
B
C
B
C
H trn hnh 1.2 l h bin hnh v
di tc dng ca ti trng h ABCD
c th thay i hnh dng hnh hc ban
u v c th b sp theo ng t
nt ABCD, mc d ta xem cc thanh
AB, BC, CD l tuyt i cng.
Hnh 1.2
Hnh 1.3
11
Ni chung h bin hnh khng c kh nng chu ti trng, do trong cc kt cu
cng trnh ngi ta khng dng h bin hnh.Trong thc t h bin hnh ch c dng khi
ti trng tc dng c th lm cho h nm trong trng thi cn bng. V d h dy xch trn
hnh 1.3.
1.1.3. H bin hnh tc thi
H bin hnh tc thi (BHTT) l h khi chu ti trng s b thay i hnh dng hnh
hc mt lng v cng b, mc d ta xem cc cu kin ca h l tuyt i cng.
Sau khi thay i hnh dng hnh hc mt lng v cng b h li tr nn bt bin hnh.
H trn hnh 1.4a l mt v d n gin v h
BHTT, v d coi thanh AC v BC l tuyt i cng,
im C vn dch chuyn mt on v cng b v C
trn tip tuyn chung (c phng thng ng) ca
hai cung trn tm A v B, bn knh AC v BC tip
xc vi nhau ti C. Sau khi dch chuyn v C hai
cung trn bn knh AC v BC ct nhau ti C h
khng cn dch chuyn c na, lc ny h tr nn
bt bin hnh.
C
b)
A
P
B
C
a)
a

A
P
B
C
tip tuyn ti C
a
H BHTT cng khng c s dng trong thc
t, v hoc l ni lc khng xc nh c bng l
thuyt (h ni lc l bt nh), hoc l h ni lc
pht sinh qu ln s gy bt li cho cng trnh.
Hnh 1.4
V d trn h c s nh hnh 1.4b cho ta thy lc dc trong cc thanh AC v BC l:
N
C-A
= N
C-B
= N =

sin 2
P

Khi gc 0 th N s lm cho thanh hoc lin kt b ph hoi.
1.1.4. Ming cng
Trong thc t h BBH c
nhiu hnh dng khc nhau nhng
cng chung tnh cht l c kh
nng chu ti trng. thun tin
trong vic nghin cu ta c th
khi qut ha cc h BBH bng
cch a ra khi nim ming cng.
a)
b)
d)
Hnh 1.5
c)
Hnh 1.6
Ming cng l mt h phng bt k bt bin hnh mt cch r rt. V d cc h trn
hnh 1.5 u l cc ming cng. Ta qui c biu din ming cng nh hnh 1.6.
12
,
1.1.5. Bc t do
Bc t do ca h l s thng s c lp cn thit xc nh v tr ca h i vi mt
h khc c xem l bt ng.
i vi mt h trc ta bt ng trong mt phng, mt im c hai bc t do l hai
chuyn ng tnh tin theo hai phng, cn mt ming cng c ba bc t do l hai chuyn
ng tnh tin theo hai phng v mt chuyn ng quay quanh giao im ca hai phng
.
1.2. CC LOI LIN KT
ni cc ming cng vi nhau v ni ming cng vi tri t thnh h phng bt
bin hnh, ta phi dng cc lin kt. Sau y ta nghin cu cc lin kt c dng trong h
phng.
1.2.1. Cc loi lin kt ni cc ming cng vi nhau
1. Lin kt n gin
Lin kt n gin l lin kt ch dng ni hai ming cng vi nhau. Ngi ta chia
lin kt n gin thnh ba loi nh sau :
a. Lin kt thanh hay lin kt loi mt
Cu to ca lin kt thanh l mt thanh c khp l tng hai u dng ni hai
ming cng vi nhau (Hnh 1.7a).
Nghin cu tnh ng hc ca lin kt thanh ta thy nu dng lin kt thanh ni
ming cng B vo ming cng A c xem l bt ng, th n s kh c mt bc t do
ca ming cng B i vi ming cng A, l dch chuyn theo phng dc trc thanh.
V mt tnh hc trong lin kt thanh s pht
sinh mt phn lc lin kt dc theo trc thanh
(Hnh 1.7b).
Nh vy, mt lin kt thanh kh c mt
bc t do v pht sinh trong mt phn lc dc
trc thanh.
Cn c vo tnh cht ni trn ta thy cu to
ca lin kt thanh khng nht thit l mt thanh
thng (Hnh 1.7a) m c th l mt ming cng
bt k c khp l tng hai u (Hnh 1.7c).
Trong trng hp ny lin kt vn kh c mt
bc t do dc theo phng ni hai khp v trong
lin kt vn pht sinh mt phn lc hng theo
phng ni trn.
A
a)
Hnh 1.7
B
b)
A
B
B
c)
A
13
b. Lin kt khp hay lin kt loi hai
c)
K
a)
K
A B
Cu to ca lin kt khp nh hnh 1.8a.

b)
B A
B
A
Khi dng lin kt khp ni ming cng B
vo ming cng A c xem l bt ng th lin kt
ny kh c hai bc t do ca ming cng B so vi
ming cng A, v lc ny ming cng B khng th
chuyn ng tnh tin theo hai phng bt k no
trong mt phng ang xt m ch c th quay quanh
ming cng A ti khp K. Trong lin kt s pht
sinh mt phn lc t ti K c phng cha bit nn
c th phn tch thnh hai thnh phn theo hai
phng nh trn hnh 1.8b.
Hnh 1.8
Nh vy, mt lin kt khp kh c hai bc t
do v pht sinh hai thnh phn phn lc i qua khp.
V mt ng hc mt lin kt khp tng ng vi hai lin kt thanh.
Nu ni ming cng B vo ming cng A bng hai thanh th ming cng B b kh mt
hai bc t do l hai chuyn ng tnh tin theo hai phng ca hai thanh v ch c th
quay quanh giao im K ca hai thanh nh hnh 1.8c. Ta gi giao im l khp gi to.
c. Lin kt hn hay lin kt loi ba
Khi dng mt mi hn ni ming cng B
vo ming cng bt ng A tc l gn cht ming
cng B vo ming cng A (Hnh 1.9a).
Lc ny mi hn kh c ba bc t do ca
ming cng B i vi ming cng A, v ming cng
B khng th dch chuyn tnh tin v cng khng th
quay c so vi ming cng A.
Do trong lin kt hn pht sinh ba thnh
phn phn lc nh trn hnh 1.9b.
Nh vy, mt lin kt hn kh c ba bc t
do v pht sinh ba thnh phn phn lc.
V mt ng hc mt mi hn tng ng vi
ba lin kt thanh khng ng qui (Hnh 1.9c), hoc
tng ng vi mt khp v mt thanh khng i
qua khp (Hnh 1.9d).
Hnh 1.9
c)
B
A
d) K
A B
a)
H
A B
b)
A B
14

2. Lin kt phc tp
H = 3
b)
Hnh 1.10
a)
K = 2
A
C
B
Lin kt phc tp l lin kt ni ng thi
nhiu ming cng vi nhau, s ming cng ln
hn hai.
Trong thc t ta c th gp cc lin kt
phc tp di dng lin kt khp phc tp
(Hnh 1.10a) hoc lin kt hn phc tp
(Hnh 1.10b).
tin cho vic nghin cu ta a ra khi nim v phc tp ca mt lin kt phc
tp. phc tp ca mt lin kt phc tp l s lin kt n gin cng loi tng ng
vi lin kt phc tp .
Trn hnh 1.10 cho ta thy lin kt khp phc tp tng ng vi hai lin kt khp
n gin v nu coi ming cng A l ming cng c nh, ni ming cng B vi ming
cng A bng khp K, lin kt s kh c hai bc t do ca ming cng B. Tip theo ni
ming cng C vi ming cng A bng khp K s kh thm c hai bc t do ca ming
cng C. Nh vy khp K kh c bn bc t do tc l tng ng vi hai khp n
gin. L lun tng t ta thy lin kt hn phc tp trn hnh 1.10b tng ng vi ba
lin kt hn n gin.
T nhn xt trn ta c th suy ra: phc tp ca mt lin kt phc tp (p) bng s
lng ming cng (D) quy t vo lin kt tr i mt.
p = D - 1 (1-1)
Trong : p : phc tp ca lin kt phc tp;
D :S ming cng quy t vo lin kt phc tp.
1.2.2. Cc loi lin kt ni cc ming cng vi tri t
Lin kt ni cc ming cng vi tri t cn c gi l lin kt ta, chng bao gm:
Gi c nh, gi di ng, ngm cng v ngm trt (Bng 1-1).
Bng 1-1
Tn gi ta S biu din
S lin kt thanh
tng ng
Gi di ng

1
Gi c nh

2
Ngm cng

3
Ngm trt

2
15
Nu coi tri t l ming cng bt ng th lc ny cc lin kt ta s tr thnh lin
kt ni cc ming cng vi nhau (cc lin kt phn 1.2.1), ngha l c s tng ng gia
lin kt thanh - gi di ng, lin kt khp - gi c nh, lin kt hn - ngm cng.
Lin kt ta ngn cn chuyn v theo phng no s pht sinh phn lc theo phng
ca chuyn v .
1.3. CCH NI CC MING CNG THNH MT H PHNG BT BIN HNH
ni cc ming cng ta phi dng cc lin kt, vn t ra y l: Mun ni mt
s lng xc nh cc ming cng thnh h bt bin hnh th cn s dng bao nhiu lin
kt (iu kin cn) v phi xp xp cc lin kt nh th no bo m cho h thu c
l bt bin hnh (iu kin ). Sau y ta s ln lt nghin cu hai vn ny.
1.3.1. iu kin cn
iu kin cn biu th mi quan h gia s lng cc bc t do cn phi kh v s bc
t do c th kh c khi dng cc lin kt ni cc ming cng vi nhau. Ta ln lt
xt cc trng hp sau:
1. H bt k
Gi s ta cn ni D ming cng vi nhau bng T lin kt thanh, K lin kt khp v H
lin kt hn ( quy i v lin kt n gin) thnh mt h bt bin hnh. iu kin cn
c xt nh sau:
Coi mt ming cng no l bt ng th ta cn phi ni (D - 1) ming cng cn li
vo ming cng bt ng , nh vy s bc t do cn phi kh l 3(D - 1). Xt v kh
nng vi s lng cc lin kt c dng nh trn ta c th kh c ti a T + 2K + 3H
bc t do. Gi n l hiu s gia s bc t do c th kh c (kh nng) v s bc t do
cn kh (yu cu) ta c :
n = T + 2K + 3H - 3 (D - 1)
C th xy ra ba trng hp :
a) n < 0 : Kh nng thp hn yu cu, nh vy h thiu lin kt, ta c th kt lun
ngay l h bin hnh.
b) n = 0 : Kh nng p ng ng yu cu, nh vy h lin kt. bit h c
bt bin hnh hay khng ta cn phi xt thm iu kin . Nu h BBH th gi l h
tnh nh.
c) n > 0 : Kh nng ln hn yu cu chng t h tha lin kt. bit h c bt
bin hnh hay khng ta cn phi xt thm iu kin . Nu h BBH th gi l h siu
tnh. S n biu th s lng lin kt tha tng ng vi lin kt thanh (lin kt loi
mt) c trong h.
Nh vy iu kin cn trong trng hp h bt k l :
n = T + 2K + 3H - 3 ( D - 1 ) 0 (1-2)
16
2. H ni vi t
Trong thc t hu ht cc cng trnh (hay h) u c ni vi tri t. Nu quan
nim tri t l mt ming cng ta c th kho st iu kin cn cho h ny bng cng thc
(1-2), tuy nhin h ni t kh ph bin nn tin cho vic s dng ta c th thit lp
iu kin cn cho trng hp ny nh sau:
Gi s trong h c D ming cng (khng k tri t) ni vi nhau bng T lin kt
thanh, K lin kt khp, H lin kt hn ( quy ra lin kt n gin) v ni vi tri t bng
lin kt ta tng ng C lin kt thanh.
Ly tri t lm ming cng bt ng ri xt mi quan h gia kh nng v yu cu ta
c:
+ Yu cu: Cn phi kh 3D bc t do
+ Kh nng: Cc lin kt c th kh c ti a T + 2K + 3H + C bc t do.
Vy iu kin cn cho trng hp h ni t l:
(1-3)
3. Trng hp ring: H dn
n = T + 2K + 3H + C - 3 D 0
Dn l h gm cc thanh thng ni vi nhau ch bng cc khp hai u mi thanh.
Giao im ca cc thanh c gi l mt dn.
H trn hnh 1.11a l h dn t do (khng ni t). H trn hnh 1.11b l h dn ni
t. H trn hnh 1.11c khng phi l h dn v thanh 1-3 khng phi ch c khp hai
u.
Hnh 1.11
b)
nhp ca dn
1
2
3
4
5
c)
a)
mt dn
thanh dn





i vi h dn ta cng c th s dng cng thc (1-2) hoc (1-3) kho st iu
kin cn, song cn lu trong h dn cc lin kt khp thng l khp phc tp nn cn
phi quy i ra lin kt n gin nn d dn n nhm ln. thun tin v n gin cho
vic kho st, di y ta s thit lp iu kin cn p dng ring cho h dn, trong
khng cn quan tm n phc tp ca cc lin kt khp trong dn.
a. Trng hp h dn t do ( khng ni t)
Gi s trong h dn c D thanh v M mt. Gi s ly mt thanh no lm ming
cng bt ng. Nh vy h cn li D - 1 thanh v M - 2 mt cn ni vo ming cng bt
ng. Xt mi quan h gia cung v cu ta thy mt im trong mt phng c hai bc t do
nn:
17
+ Yu cu: Cn phi kh 2(M - 2) bc t do
+ Kh nng: H cn li (D - 1) thanh tng ng vi lin kt loi mt nn c th kh
c ti a (D - 1) bc t do.
Vy iu kin cn cho trng hp h dn khng ni t l:
n = (D - 1) - 2(M - 2) 0
Hay (1-4)
b. Trng hp h dn ni t
n = D + 3 - 2M 0
Gi s trong h dn c D thanh v M mt ni vi t bng lin kt ta tng ng C
lin kt thanh. Ta kho st iu kin cn nh sau: Chn tri t lm ming cng bt ng,
nh vy ta cn phi ni M mt vo tri t bng D thanh v C lin kt ta. Quan h gia
cung v cu l:
+ Yu cu: Cn phi kh 2M bc t do
+ Kh nng: Cc lin kt c trong h c th kh c ti a D + C bc t do.
Vy iu kin cn cho trng hp h dn ni t l :
(1-5)
n = D + C - 2M 0
1.3.2. iu kin
Khi iu kin cn tha mn ta ni h c hoc tha lin kt, tuy nhin nu cc
lin kt khng c b tr mt cch hp l th n s khng kh ht c s bc t do cn
phi kh ca h v h c th vn l bin hnh hoc bin hnh tc thi.
Nh vy, iu kin cho h bt bin hnh l cc lin kt cn c b tr mt cch
hp l kh ht s bc t do ca h. gii quyt vn ny ta ln lt kho st mt s
trng hp c th sau:
1. Cch ni mt im (mt) vo mt ming cng thnh h phng bt bin hnh
Xt ming cng bt ng A v mt im (mt) K nm ngoi ming cng .
ni im K vo ming cng ta cn
phi kh c hai bc t do ca im K,
ngha l phi dng hai lin kt thanh nh
hnh 1.12a.
Hai thanh ny khng c nm trn
cng mt ng thng nh hnh 1.12b, v
trong trng hp ny im K s c th
chuyn v v cng b theo phng vung
gc vi hai thanh v h s BHTT.
Nh vy, iu kin cn v ni mt im vo mt ming cng thnh mt h
phng bt bin hnh l phi dng hai thanh khng thng hng. Gi h hai thanh khng
thng hng ny l b i.
Hnh 1.12
a)
K
A
b)
K
A
18
Ta c th vn dng b i pht trin hoc m rng ming cng nh thnh ming
cng ln hn nhm a h gm nhiu ming cng v h c t ming cng hn kho st
cho d dng.
2. Cch ni hai ming cng thnh mt h phng bt bin hnh
Mun ni ming cng B vo ming cng A c xem l bt ng thnh mt h BBH
ta cn phi dng 3 thanh, hoc mt khp v mt thanh, hoc mt mi hn (Hnh 1.13)

c)
H
A



B
Hnh 1.13
b)
K
A B
a)
B
A
* Dng mt mi hn (Hnh 1.13c) ni hai ming cng vi nhau chc chn ta c
mt h BBH.
* Dng 3 thanh ni 2 ming cng thnh h BBH th 3 thanh khng c ng quy
(Hnh 1.13a).
* Dng mt khp v mt thanh ni hai ming cng vi nhau thnh mt h BBH th
phng ca lin kt thanh khng c i qua khp (Hnh 1.14c).
Tht vy:
Nu dng 3 thanh ng quy (Hnh 1.14a) th c 3 thanh u khng ngn cn c
chuyn v xoay v cng b quanh tm K' ca ming cng B quanh ming cng A c
xem l bt ng. Kt qu l h BHTT v sau khi dch chuyn 3 thanh khng cn ng quy
na v h li BBH.

b)




Khi 3 thanh song song v c chiu di bng nhau (Hnh 1.14b) chuyn v xy ra l
hu hn, h s bin hnh.
Nu dng mt khp v mt thanh c phng i qua khp h cng BHTT. Cch chng
minh tng t nh h trn (Hnh 1.4a).
Hnh 1.14
B A
c)
K
B
T
A
a)
B
A
K
19
3. Cch ni ba ming cng thnh mt h bt bin hnh
T iu kin cn ta thy mun ni ba ming cng A, B, C thnh mt h BBH th cn
phi kh su bc t do ca hai ming cng chuyn ng so vi ming cng th ba c
xem l bt ng. Nh vy s lin kt ti thiu phi dng l tng ng vi su lin kt
thanh. Chng c th c b tr theo cc cch sau :
Dng hai mi hn (Hnh 1.15a)
Dng ba khp (Hnh 1.15b)
Hnh 1.15
B
A
C
b)
B
A
C
c)
B
A
C
e)
B
A
C
a)
B
A
C
d)
Dng mt mi hn, mt khp
v mt thanh (Hnh 1.15d)
Dng su lin kt thanh c
b tr nh hnh 1.15c,e.
Dng hai khp v hai thanh.
Dng mt khp v bn thanh
Cc cch ni ba ming cng trn
hnh 1.15 cho ta thy trong mt s
trng hp ta c th s dng cch ni
hai ming cng bit phn tch
iu kin nh hnh 1.15a,c,d, ta c
th ni ming cng A v ming cng
B thnh mt h BBH ri ni ming
cng C cn li vi ming cng mi
hnh thnh c mt h BBH.
Khi ba ming cng c ni
tng cp hai ming cng vi nhau
bng mt khp hoc hai thanh nh
trn hnh 1.15b,e ta phi dng iu
kin ni ba ming cng nh sau:
iu kin cn v ni ba ming cng thnh mt h bt bin hnh l ba khp thc
hoc gi to tng h (giao im ca hai thanh ni tng cp ming cng) khng c nm
trn cng mt ng thng.
Nu ba khp tng h cng nm
trn mt ng thng th h s BHTT.
H trn hnh 1.16 l BHTT v cu to
ca n tng t nh h BHTT c
kho st trn hnh 1.4a.
B C
A
Hnh 1.16
20
4. Trng hp tng qut ni nhiu ming cng thnh mt h phng bt bin hnh
Trong trng hp ny khi iu kin cn tha mn ta c th phn tch iu kin
theo nhiu cch khc nhau nhng ng li chung l vn dng linh hot tnh cht ca b
i, iu kin ni hai ming cng hoc ba ming cng bit pht trin dn tng ming
cng ca h hoc thu hp h cho n mc ti a cho php. Nh vy, ta s a h c
nhiu ming cng v h c s lng ming cng t hn.
Nu h thu v mt ming cng th h s BBH
Nu h thu v hai ming cng th s dng iu kin ni hai ming cng kho st.
Nu h thu v ba ming cng th s dng iu kin ni ba ming cng kho st.
Trong nhng trng hp phc tp, khi khng th dng cc bin php trn phn tch
ta c th dng cc phng php khc nh phng php ti trng bng khng hoc phng
php ng hc kho st.
V d 1-1: Phn tch cu to hnh hc ca h trn hnh 1.17a.

Hnh 1.17
A
B
C
D
E
G
H I
F
a)
L
K
1,3

K
1,2

K
2,3

I
II
III
b)
K
1,2
K
1,3

K
2,3

c)








iu kin cn: y l h ni t ta dng cng thc (1-3) xt iu kin cn. C
nhiu cch quan nim khc nhau v s lng ming cng v lin kt ca h:
* Quan nim mi thanh thng l mt ming cng:
Nh vy D= 8; T= 0; K= 3 (khp E l khp phc tp c phc tp p=2); H= 4; C= 6.
Theo (1-3) ta c: n = 0 + 2.3 + 3.4 + 6 - 3.8 = 0 H lin kt.
* Quan nim mi thanh gy khc l mt ming cng:
Nh vy: D = 4; T = 0; K = 3; H = 0; C = 6.
Theo (1-3) ta c: n = 0 + 2.3 + 0 + 6 - 3.4 = 0 H lin kt.
* Quan nim tri t l mt ming cng: Dng cng thc (1-2) kho st
Nh vy D = 5; T = 1; K = 4; H = 1
Theo (1-2) ta c: n = 1 + 2.4 + 3.1 - 3.(5 - 1) = 0 H lin kt.
21
Nh vy, khi xt iu kin cn ta c th thc hin theo nhiu cch quan nim khc
nhau song trong mi trng hp ta u c mt kt lun thng nht l h lin kt v c
kh nng BBH, cn xt tip iu kin .
iu kin : Coi tri t l mt ming cng, ni vi ming cng ABC bng ngm
A, to thnh ming cng mi, ta k hiu l (I). Coi thanh CDE l ming cng (II) v thanh
EFH l ming cng (III). Nh vy ta dng cch pht trin dn ming cng a h v
cn ba ming cng (Hnh 1.17b).
+ Ming cng (I) ni vi ming cng (II) bng khp thc K
1,2
;
+ Ming cng (I) ni vi ming cng (III) bng hai thanh HL v EI ct nhau to
thnh khp gi to K
1,3
;
+ Ming cng (II) ni vi ming cng (III) bng khp thc K
2,3
;
Ba ming cng (I), (II), (III) ni vi nhau tng cp bng ba khp thc v gi to K
1,2
,
K
1,3
, K
2,3
khng cng nm trn mt ng thng nn h l bt bin hnh.
iu kin ca h trrn cng c th c xt vi cch quan nim khc, a h v
gm hai ming cng trong ming cng (I) bao gm tri t v thanh ABC, ming cng
(II) l thanh HFE ni vi nhau bng ba thanh CE, HL v EI khng ng quy v khng
song song, nn h l bt bin hnh.
Bng cch kho st tng t ta thy nu thay i v tr ca cc lin kt trong h nh
trn hnh 1.17c th h s bin hnh tc thi.
V d 1 - 2: Phn tch cu to hnh hc ca h trn hnh 1.18a.

Hnh 1.18
a)
1
2
3 7
4
6
5
A
B
C
K
2,3
K
1,3
K
1,2

I
II
III
b)
1
2
3
7
4
6
A
B
C
5







iu kin cn: y l h dn ni t.
Ta dng cng thc (1 - 5) vi D = 12, M = 8, C = 4 ta c: n = 12 + 4 - 2 . 8 = 0
H lin kt nn c kh nng BBH.
iu kin : (Hnh 1.18b).
Ta quan nim tri t l ming cng (I).
22
Ming cng (II) l hnh (1 - 3 - 4) c hnh thnh t tam gic khp 1, 2, 3 ni thm
im 4 vo bng b i hai thanh 2 - 4 v 3 - 4.
Lm tng t nh vy ming cng (III) l hnh (4 - 5 - 7). H gm ba ming cng (I),
(II), (III) ni vi nhau tng cp:
+ Ming cng (II) ni vi ming cng (III) bng khp thc K
2,3
.
+ Ming cng (I) ni vi ming cng (II) bng khp gi to K
1,2
.
+ Ming cng (I) ni vi ming cng (III) bng khp gi to K
1,3
.
Ba khp thc v gi to thng hng nn h BHTT.
Nu thay i v tr hoc phng ca cc lin kt sao cho ba khp trn khng thng
hng th h s bt bin hnh.
BI TP CHNG 1
Phn tch cu to hnh hc ca cc h phng cho trn cc hnh sau:


















Hnh 1.20
Hnh 1.23
Hnh 1.19
Hnh 1.21
Hnh 1.22
Hnh 1.24
Hnh 1.25
Hnh 1.26
23

Hnh 1.28
24




Hnh 1.27
Hnh 1.29

Hnh 1.30
Hnh 1.31






Hnh 1.33
45
o
Hnh 1.34 Hnh 1.32
45
o

Hnh 1.35
Hnh 1.37
Hnh 1.36
Hnh 1.39
30
o
45
o
Hnh 1.40

Hnh 1.38
CHNG 2
CCH XC NH PHN LC, NI LC TRONG H
THANH PHNG TNH NH CHU TI TRNG BT NG
H tnh nh l h lin kt v bt bin hnh. Ni lc pht sinh trong h ch do ti
trng gy ra, v ch ph thuc vo s hnh hc ca kt cu, m khng ph thuc vt
liu, kch thc v hnh dng tit din ngang ca thanh. Vi h phng, ni lc ti mt ct
ngang no (trong trng hp tng qut) c ba thnh phn: M men un (M), lc ct
(Q), v lc dc (N).
C nhiu phng php xc nh cc thnh phn ni lc ny, song c th nu ra ba
phng php c bn nht l:
- Phng php mt ct ( bit trong Sc bn vt liu).
- Phng php ho ( bit trong c hc c s).
- Phng php ng nh hng (s trnh by chng 3).
Cc hnh thc kt cu trong xy dng rt a dng. Mi loi kt cu c cch cu to v
c tnh chu lc ring. Nu bit vn dng cc c tnh nh vy vic tnh ton phn lc, ni
lc trong h thanh phng s nhanh v n gin hn nhiu.
2.1. PHN TCH CU TO V TNH CHT CHU LC
CA H THANH PHNG TNH NH
Nh bit i vi h tnh nh, tt c cc phn lc lin kt v ni lc hon ton c
xc nh t iu kin cn bng ca ton h hoc cn bng b phn ca h.
Cn c vo cu to v tnh cht chu lc ca h, ngi ta chia h thanh phng tnh
nh thnh hai loi: H n gin v h phc tp.
2.1.1. H n gin
H n gin l h ch gm mt ming cng ni vi t
vi s lng lin kt tng ng ba lin kt thanh. Tu theo
s cu to ca ming cng, h n gin c phn ra cc loi
sau:
1. Dm tnh nh n gin: Khi mimg cng l mt
thanh thng nh: dm n gin (Hnh 2.1a); dm n gin c
u tha (Hnh 2.1b); dm mt u ngm mt u t do (dm
cng sn) (Hnh 2.1c).
Ti trng tc dng ln dm thng l cc lc c phng
vung gc vi trc dm v m men tp trung. Do vy, thnh
phn phn lc theo phng dc trc thanh thng bng
khng v ni lc pht sinh trong dm ch c m men un v
lc ct.
Hnh 2.1
a)
b)
c)
25
2. Khung tnh nh: Khi ming cng l mt thanh gy khc (Hnh 2.2) ni lc pht
sinh trong khung c ba thnh phn l m men un, lc ct, lc dc.
Hnh 2.2
3. Dn dm tnh nh: Khi ming cng c hnh thnh t
cc thanh thng ni vi nhau ch bng cc khp hai u mi
thanh (Hnh 2.3).
Khong cch gia cc gi ta ca dn gi l nhp. Giao im
ca cc thanh gi l mt dn. Nhng thanh nm pha trn v pha
di ca dn to thnh ng bin trn v bin di. Cc thanh
nm gia hai ng bin gi l thanh bng. Khong cch gia cc
mt thuc ng bin gi l t.
tnh ton dn c n gin, ta tha nhn cc gi
thit sau:
Hnh 2.3
nhp dn
bin trn
mt
bin di
t
1) Mt ca dn phi nm ti giao im ca cc trc
thanh v l khp l tng.
2) Ti trng ch tc dng ti cc mt ca dn.
3) Trng lng bn thn ca cc thanh khng ng k
so vi ti trng tc dng trn dn.
tha mn cc gi thit trn ta phi b tr h thng truyn lc sao cho ti trng ch
t vo cc mt dn v l cc lc tp trung.
T cc gi thit trn ta i n kt lun sau:
Cc thanh dn ch chu ko hoc nn, ngha l trong dn ch tn ti lc dc N m
khng c m men un M v lc ct Q (mi thanh dn c xem nh mt lin kt thanh).
Trong thc t cc thanh dn c ni vi nhau ti cc mt bng inh tn, bu lng,
hoc cc mi hn .vv(Hnh 1a), ngoi ra cc thanh dn cn c trng lng bn thn, nn
cch tnh nh trn ch cho kt qu gn ng. Tuy nhin sai s mc phi cng khng ln v
c th chp nhn c trong tnh ton thc t.
Dn l loi kt cu nh, tn dng c kh nng lm vic ca vt liu (do cc thanh
dn ch chu ko hoc nn ng tm), nn c s dng nhiu cc cng trnh cn vt
nhp ln nh: kt cu mi, dn cu, ct in .v.v
4. H lin hp tnh nh n gin: Lc ny, ming cng thng l cc cu kin chu
un c gia cng bng cc thanh chu ko hoc nn nh trn hnh 2.4.
Trong h n gin ch tn ti ba thnh phn phn
lc lin kt, nn chng hon ton c xc nh t h ba
phng trnh cn bng tnh hc c lp ca h, trong
ti thiu phi c mt phng trnh cn bng m men.
Hnh 2.4
26
2.1.2. H phc tp
H phc tp l h gm nhiu ming cng ni vi nhau bng cc khp hoc thanh, v
ni vi t bng s lng lin kt ln hn ba (qui ra lin kt thanh) sao cho h l bt bin
hnh lin kt.
xc nh phn lc trong h phc tp, v s lng phn lc ln hn ba, nn ngoi ba
phng trnh cn bng ca ton h, ta cn phi b sung thm mt s phng trnh cn bng
b phn ca h, sao cho s phng trnh cn bng lp c phi bng s n phn lc
cn tm.
Cn c vo cu to v tnh cht chu lc ca h
ngi ta chia h phc tp ra cc loi:
a)
B
C
1. H ba khp
A
b)
A
B
C
L h gm hai ming cng ni vi nhau bng mt
khp v ni vi t bng hai gi khp c nh (ba khp
A, B, C khng thng hng) Hnh 2.5.
Tu theo s cu to ca hai ming cng, h ba
khp cn c phn ra:
+ Vm ba khp: khi cc ming cng l thanh cong
(Hnh 2.5a).
+ Khung ba khp: khi cc ming cng l cc thanh
gy khc (Hnh 2.5b).
+ Dn ba khp: khi cc ming cng l cc dn
phng (Hnh 2.5c).
Di tc dng ca ngoi lc, trong h ba khp
pht sinh bn thnh phn phn lc ti gi ta A v B.
Phn lc ton phn ti hai gi ta ny lun c phng
nghing, ngay c khi chu lc thng ng.
Tht vy, xt h ba khp bt k chu lc P
(Hnh 2.6). H cn bng di tc dng ca ba lc:
lc P v hai phn lc ti gi ta A v B, nn ba
lc ny phi ng quy. im ng quy K ng
nhin phi nm trn ng tc dng ca lc P v
phng BC ca phn lc ti B. Phn lc ti A
phi qua K, ngha l phng ca phn lc A v B
nghing (tr trng hp c bit khi ng thng
CB song song vi phng ca lc P).
Bn thnh phn phn lc ti gi A v B c xc nh t bn phng trnh: ba
phng trnh cn bng ca ton h v mt phng trnh cn b phn nh mt ct i qua
khp C. (xem chi tit trong mc 2.5 ca chng ny)
A
A
B
C
Hnh 2.6
P
B
K
Hnh 2.5
c)
A
B
C
27
2. H ghp
Hnh 2.7
A B
C D
a)
A
B
C D
b)
H ghp l h gm nhiu ming cng
ni vi nhau v ni vi tri t to thnh
mt h lin kt v bt bin hnh.
H ghp trn hnh 2.7 gm cc dm
ni vi nhau, gi l dm tnh nh nhiu
nhp. H ghp trn hnh 2.8 gm h ba
khp, khung n gin v dm n gin ni
vi nhau v d dng nhn thy chng l h
bt bin hnh lin kt.
A B
C
D
a)
F
E G
Hnh 2.8
b)
A B
C
D
F
E G
T s cu to h ta c nhn xt: nu
loi b dm BC th dm AB vn bt bin
hnh, ngc li, nu loi b dm AB th
dm BC tr thnh bin hnh. V th ta gi
h BC l h ph ca h AB v gi h AB l
h chnh ca h BC.
Nh vy, h chnh l h s bt bin hnh nu loi b cc h ln cn, h ph l h s
bin hnh nu loi b cc h ln cn. Vi h trn hnh 2.8, h ba khp ABC l h chnh ca
h DEF v h DEF l h chnh ca dm EG.
Cc h ph mun ng vng c phi da vo h chnh ca n. Do c th biu
din h cho theo s tng nh trn hnh 2.7b v hnh 2.8b, trong cc h ph c
t trn cc h chnh tng ng.
V tnh cht chu lc ta c nhn xt sau:
+ Ti trng tc dng trn h chnh ch gy ra phn lc v ni lc trong h chnh m
khng gy ra phn lc v ni lc trong h ph. Lc ny do h qu bin dng ca h chnh,
h ph ch b nghing i m khng b bin dng nn khng pht sinh ni lc.
+ Ngc li ti trng tc dng trn h ph th c h ph v h chnh ca n u pht
sinh phn lc v ni lc. Ti trng truyn p lc t h ph vo h chnh qua lin kt ni
gia h ph v h chnh (p lc ny bng phn lc ca h ph nhng ngc chiu).
3. H lin hp phc tp
H lin hp tnh nh l h bt bin hnh gm nhiu h lin kt vi nhau (nh dm,
vm, dn, dn vm, dy cp hoc dy xch) bng s lin kt va cng nhau chu lc.
H lin hp c cc b phn dm hoc dn c gia cng bng dy xch chu ko
(Hnh 2.9a, b, c) gi l h treo (c ng bin vng xung).
H c gia cng bng cc thanh chu nn gi l h vm (Hnh 2.9d, e).
28







Hnh 2.9
a)
b)
e)
d)
c)
4. H c h thng truyn lc (h c mt truyn lc)
H c h thng truyn lc l h m ti trng khng tc dng trc tip ln kt cu chu
lc chnh (dm dc chnh) m tc dng trn cc dm dc ph. Ti trng truyn t dm dc
ph xung dm dc chnh qua h thng cc dm ngang gi l mt truyn lc. Hnh 2.10
m t mt dm c h thng truyn lc nh vy.
Hnh 2.10
mt truyn lc
Kt cu c mt truyn lc c nhiu u
im: c nh v tr t lc trn kt cu chnh
v bo v c n trong qu trnh chu ti,
gim nh c trng lng kt cu chu lc
chnh. Loi kt cu ny c s dng nhiu
cho sn nh, mi nh v kt cu mt cu
Kt cu chu lc chnh c th l bt k (dm, dn, vm, khung) tnh nh hoc siu
tnh.
2.2. CCH XC NH PHN LC, NI LC TRONG H THANH PHNG
TNH NH CHU TI TRNG BNG PHNG PHP MT CT
xc nh phn lc trong cc lin kt hoc ni lc ti mt tit din no ta s
dng phng php mt ct nhm bin ni lc thnh ngoi lc, thit lp cc iu kin cn
bng di dng gii tch t suy ra cc phn lc hoc ni lc cn tm.
Ni dung phng php nh sau:
1. Thc hin cc mt ct qua cc lin kt cn xc nh phn lc, hoc qua cc tit din
cn tm ni lc. Mi mt ct phi chia h thnh hai phn ring bit.
2. Xt cn bng mt phn no . Thay th tc dng ca phn b loi b bng phn lc
lin kt tng ng (hoc cc thnh phn ni lc ti tit din b ct), cc i lng cha bit
ny c th gi thit hng theo chiu dng quy c.
3. Lp cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc cho phn h ang xt, chng hn:
a) X = 0; Y = 0; M
A
= 0;
dm dc ph
dm dc chnh
29
(cc trc chiu X, Y khng c song song vi nhau)
b) X = 0; M
A
= 0; M
B
= 0;
(A v B khng c nm trn ng thng vung gc vi trc X)
c) M
A
= 0; M
B
= 0; M
C
= 0;
(A, B v C khng c nm trn cng mt ng thng)
Trong h tnh nh ta s thit lp c mt h phng trnh cn bng c lp va
xc nh phn lc lin kt (ni lc) cn tm trong h. Trong qu trnh thit lp cc
phng trnh cn bng cn vit sao cho mi phng trnh c cha s n t nht (thng
mt n).
4. Gii h phng trnh trn ta xc nh c cc thnh phn phn lc (ni lc) cn
tm. Kt qu mang du dng th chiu ca phn lc (ni lc) ng vi chiu gi thit, cn
kt qu mang du m th ngc vi chiu gi thit.
V d 2-1: Xc nh ni lc ti tit
din K ca khung cho trn hnh 2.11a.
Hnh 2.11
2a
q
K
qa
a
a
a)
R
A
=2qa
R
B
=3qa
H
A
=2qa
M
K

K
b)
2qa
2qa
N
K

Q
K

a/2 a/2 a/2
a/2
qa
2

2
qa
2

2
A A
B
Gii:
1. Gi thit chiu cc phn lc lin
kt ti A v B nh hnh v. Xt cn bng
ton h ta c:
X = H
A
- q.2a = 0
M
A
= R
B
.a - q.2a.a +
2
qa
2
- qa.
2
a 3
= 0
M
B
= R
A
.a - q.2a.a +
2
qa
2
- qa.
2
a
= 0
Gii ra ta c:
H
A
= 2qa; R
A
= 2qa; R
B
= 3qa;
Cc kt qu u mang du dng
chng t chiu cc phn lc gi thit
l ng.
2. Dng mt ct a-a i qua K chia h thnh hai phn c lp. Xt cn bng phn tri K
(ni lc ti tit din K v cc ngoi lc nh hnh 2.11b)
3. Vit cc phng trnh cn bng i vi phn ang xt
X = N
K
- 2qa = 0
Y = Q
K
+ 2qa = 0
M
K
= M
K
+
2
qa
2
- 2qa.2a + 2qa.
2
a
= 0
30
4. Gii cc phng trnh trn ta c:
N
K
= 2qa; Q
K
= -2qa; M
K
= 2,5qa
2

V gi thit cc thnh phn ni lc theo qui c ca sc bn vt liu nn lc dc ti K
l dng (lc ko), lc ct ti K l m, m men un ti K cng th di ca thanh.
2.3. TNH H DM, KHUNG N GIN CHU TI TRNG BT NG
Yu cu c bn khi tnh ton h thanh tnh nh cng nh siu tnh l v ng v
nhanh cc biu ni lc.
Trong thc hnh, khi v biu ni lc trong nhng h thanh gm nhng thanh thng,
khng cn thit lp cc phng trnh ni lc (tr trng hp tht cn thit) m v theo gi
tr ni lc ti mt s tit din c trng cn thit mc ti thiu. Cch v thc hnh ny
c xy dng trn c s p dng nguyn l cng tc dng v cc lin h vi phn bit
gia ngoi lc v ni lc. v nhanh biu ni lc ta c th tham kho Bng 3.1.
Trong Bng 3.1 gii thiu dng biu ni lc (M, Q, N), s tit din c trng cn xc
nh ni lc v cc s liu cn thit khc khi v biu ni lc tng ng vi cc dng ti
trng c bn tc dng trn mt on thanh bt k.
Vi h thanh phng, ta biu din v quy c du ca cc thnh phn ni lc nh sau:
+ M men un M
K
v ng th cng.
+ Lc ct Q
K
dng khi n c xu hng lm cho phn ang
xt quay thun chiu kim ng h.
+ Lc dc N
K
dng khi n c chiu i ra khi tit din.
V d quy c dng ca ni lc ti mt ct no trn thanh
ngang nh hnh 2.12.
T ba phng trnh cn bng tnh hc i vi phn ang xt ta
d dng xc nh c gi tr ca cc thnh phn ni lc M
K
, Q
K
,
N
K
.
+ M men un M ti tit din K c gi tr c xc nh bng
tng m men ca cc lc tc dng trn phn tri (hay phn phi)
i vi trng tm ca tit din K.
+ Lc ct Q ti tit din K c gi tr bng tng hnh chiu ca
cc lc tc dng trn phn bn tri (hay bn phi) ln phng
vung gc vi trc thanh ti K.
+ Lc dc N ca tit din K c gi tr c xc nh bng tng hnh chiu ca cc lc
tc dng ln phn bn tri (hay bn phi) ln phng trc thanh ti K.
bn phi
Hnh 2.12
bn tri
q
K
P
a
a
M
K

N
K

Q
K

a
K
K
P
M
K

N
K

Q
K

q
a
a
a
31
Sau khi xc nh c ni lc ti mt s tit din cn thit trn h, da vo cc lin h
vi phn gia ti trng v ni lc bit trong sc bn vt liu xc nh dng ca biu
ni lc trn tng on thanh trong ti trng tc dng l lin tc v biu ni lc.
Vi h dm v khung ch gm cc thanh thng, khi chia on ta thy chng c hai
dng on thanh:
+ on thanh khng c ti trng tc dng trn thanh.
+ on thanh c ti trng tc dng trn thanh.
Cch v nhanh biu ni lc cho cc on ny nh sau:
Vi on thanh khng c ti trng tc dng trn thanh, ta tnh gi tr ni lc ti hai
u thanh, t ng gi tr vo hai u thanh tng ng ri ni chng li bng ng
thng.
Vi on thanh c ti trng tc dng trn thanh, ta tnh gi tr ni lc ti hai u
thanh, t ng gi tr vo hai u thanh tng ng, ri ni tm thi hai gi tr bng
ng thng, sau treo biu cc b do ti trng tc dng trong thanh khi xem on
thanh l dm n gin (cc tung
M
,
Q
,
N
).
V d 2-2: V biu ni lc cho dm trn hnh 2.13.
Gii:
a) Xc nh phn lc. Xt cn bng
ton h:
H
A
= 0
Z = H
A
= 0 H
A
= 0
M
A
= R
B
.2a + qa
2
- q.2a.a + qa.a +
+

+
3
a
a 2
2
qa 3
= 0; R
B
=
4
11
qa
M
B
= R
A
.2a - qa
2
- q.2a.a - qa.a
-

3
a
2
qa 3
= 0; R
A
=
4
7
qa.
b) V cc biu ni lc: Do ti trng
vung gc vi trc dm nn lc dc bng
khng ti mi tit din. Ta ch cn v biu
lc ct v m men un.
* on AC: Trong on ny c ti trng phn b u nn:
+ Biu Q c dng ng thng, xc nh theo hai gi tr ti A v C.
Q
AC
= R
A
=
4
7
qa; Q
CA
= R
A
- qa =
4
3
qa
a a a
7qa
4
R
A
=
C
qa
2 qa
3q
q
D
A
B
11qa
4
R
B
=
+
-
Q
7qa
4
3qa
4
qa
4
5qa
4
6qa
4
3qa
8
Hnh 2.13
M
qa
2
qa
2
8
qa
2
8
qa
2

2
3qa
2

16
qa
2
14
32
33
u M c d
M
AC
= -qa
2
(cng trn); M
CA
= R
A
a - qa
2
-
+ Bi ng ng cong parabol b c 2, ta c:
2
qa
2
=
4
qa
2
(cng di)
tung treo
M
=
8
(vng xung).
qa
2
* on BC: Tng t nh on AC ta c:
u
- qa - qa = -
+ Bi Q:
4
qa
; Q
BC
= R
A
- qa - q2a = -
4
qa 5
Q
CB
= R
A
+ Bi M: u
M
CB
= R
A
a - q
2
a
2
- qa
2
=
4
qa
2
(cng di)
M
BC
= R
A
.2a - qa
2
- q.2a.a - qa.a = -
2
qa
2
(cng trn)
tung treo
M
=
8
(vng xung)
qa
2
* on BD: on ny c ti trng phn b lut bc nht nn:
g con bc ha
Q
DB
= 0; Q
BD
= 3q.a
+ Biu Q c dng n g i.
2
1
=
2
qa 3

tung treo
Q
=
8
3q.a (vng xung)
1
+ Biu M c dng ng cong bc ba:
M
DB
= -3q
2
qa
2
3 2
a
.
a
= - (cng trn); M
BD
= 0
treo
M
=
16
1
3q.a =
16
3
tung qa
2
(vng xung).
t
n m men ca on.
iu ny ph hp vi cch v nhanh biu nh nu trn.
Ch :
Biu m men trong on BD c dng bc ba, v nguyn tc ta phi tnh bn gi tr
c trng ca biu m men, nhng do biu Q trong on ny n iu (khng c
g chun) nn ch cn ba gi tr nh tnh xc nh biu
Bng 3-1:

S
ti trng




q
o
q(z)= (l-z)z


4q
o
l
2
q
o
q(z)=q
o
sin(nz/l)

Dng
biu





S tit din
cn tnh N
1 2 3 3 5 5




N

N
0 0
8
1
qlsin
8
1
qlsin
16
1
qlsin ) 1 2 (
2
q

l
sin

Dng
biu





S tit din
cn tnh Q
1 2 3 3 5 5




Q

Q
0 0
8
1
qlcos
8
1
qlcos
16
1
qlcos ) 1 2 (
2
q

l
cos

Dng
biu





S tit din
cn tnh M
2 3 3 3 3 3




M

M

0
8
1
ql
2

16
1
ql
2

16
1
ql
2

48
5
ql
2

2
2
q

l

l
q = 0

l
q=const

q
l
bc mt

q
l
bc mt

q
l

z
l

Q

l/2 l/2

N

l/2 l/2
l/2 l/2

Q

l/2 l/2
l/2 l/2

N

l/2 l/2

Q

l/2 l/2

N

l/2 l/2

M

l/2 l/2

M

l/2 l/2

M

l/2 l/2

M

l/2 l/2
l/2 l/2

M

34
V d 2-3: V biu ni lc cho
khung nh hnh 2.14. Kim tra li gi tr
ni lc ti K bng ng nh hng.
Gii:
a) Xc nh phn lc. Xt cn bng
ton h:
Y = R
A
- q.2a = 0 R
A
= 2qa
M
A
= H
B
.a + qa.a - qa
2
- q.2a.a = 0
H
B
= qa
M
F
= H
A
.a - 2qa
2
- q.2a.a - qa
2
= 0
H
A
= 3qa
b) V cc biu ni lc:
* on CD: Trong on ny khng c
ti trng tc dng trong thanh:
- Biu lc dc v lc ct c dng song
song vi ng chun.
N
CD
= N
DC
= 0
Q
CD
= Q
DC
= 0
- Biu m men un c dng ng thng
M
CD
= M
DC
= qa
2
(cng di)
* on BE: Tng t on CD:
N
BE
= N
EB
= 0
Q
BE
= Q
EB
= -2qa
M
BE
= 0; M
EB
= -2qa
2
(cng phi)
* on AD: Trong on ny chu lc
tp trung ti F c phng vung gc vi
trc thanh:
- Biu lc dc c dng song song
vi ng chun:
N
AD
= N
DA
= - R
A
= -2qa (nn)
- Biu lc ct l hai on c dng
song song vi ng chun, bc nhy ti
F c gi tr l qa.
Q
AF
= Q
FA
= - 3qa;
Q
FD
= Q
DF
= - 2qa;
H
A
=3qa
a 2a
C
qa
2
R
A
=2qa
q
D
A
B
E
a
a
F
qa
H
B
=2qa
N
-
qa
-
2qa
+
-
Q -
2qa
2qa
2qa
3qa
qa
2

2
qa
2
4
5qa
2
M
4qa
2
2qa
2
qa
2
Hnh 2.14
35
- Biu m men un l hai on thng c mi gy ti F
M
AD
= 0; M
DA
= -3qa.2a + qa.a = -5qa
2
(cng tri)
4
qa
2
Tung treo ti F:
M
= (vng sang tri)
* on DE: Trong on ny chu ti phn b u q vung gc vi trc thanh:
- Biu lc dc c dng song song vi ng chun:
N
DE
= N
ED
= - qa (nn)
- Biu lc ct c dng bc nht:
Q
ED
= 0; Q
DE
= + 2qa;
- Biu m men un c dng bc hai:
M
ED
= -2qa
2
(cng trn) M
DE
= - 4qa
2
(cng trn)
2
qa
2
Tung treo:
M
= (vng xung)

2.4. TNH DN CHU TI TRNG BT NG
Nh phn tch mc 2.1, trong cc thanh dn ch tn ti lc dc N. Do , khi thc
hin mt ct qua mi thanh dn ta ch cn thay th tc dng ca phn thanh b loi b bng
mt thnh phn ni lc l lc dc N.
Trong mc ny ta s nghin cu cch xc nh lc dc trong cc thanh dn theo mt s
phng php thng dng sau y:
2.4.1. Phng php tch mt
Phng php tch mt l trng hp ring ca phng php mt ct, trong h lc
cn kho st cn bng l h lc ng quy.
xc nh lc dc trong cc thanh ca dn, c th thc hin cc bc sau:
+ Ln lt tch tng mt ra khi dn bng nhng mt ct bao quanh mt.
+ Thay th tc dng ca cc thanh b ct bng lc dc trong thanh . Khi cha bit
lc dc trong thanh th gi thit lc dc c chiu dng, hng ra ngoi mt ang xt. Sau
khi thay th, ti mi mt ta c mt h lc ng quy cn bng.
+ Kho st s cn bng ca tng mt. V h lc l phng v ng quy nn ti mi mt
c hai phng trnh cn bng c lp thng dng l phng trnh hnh chiu theo hai
phng bt k khng song song, chng hn:
X = 0 v Y = 0.
36
T cc phng trnh cn bng ta suy ra c ni lc cn tm. Nu kt qu mang
du dng th chiu gi nh l ng, lc dc l ko. Nu kt qu mang du m th
chiu ca lc dc cn tm ngc vi chiu gi nh, lc dc l nn.
V nguyn tc, c th tch cc mt theo th t bt k v ti mi mt c th vit
phng trnh hnh chiu ln hai phng X, Y bt k khng song song, cui cng vn tm
c y cc ni lc trong dn. Tuy nhin, nu th t tch mt v cch chn trc khng
kho th trong mt phng trnh cn bng c th tn ti nhiu lc cha bit, do phi gii
mt h phng trnh. Bin php tt nht l chn sao cho trong mi phng trnh cn bng
ch cha mt n s. Mun vy, khi p dng phng php tch mt ta nn thc hin theo
nhng ch dn sau:
+ Nn ln lt tch cc mt theo th t sao cho ti mi mt ch c hai lc dc
cha bit.
Ti mi mt ta ch c hai phng trnh cn bng cho nn nu ch c mt hoc hai
lc dc cha bit th c th tm c ngay. Trong trng hp h cho trn hnh 2.15, c th
tch theo th t 1, 2, 3, 4...
+ Ti mi mt, tm lc dc trong thanh cha bit th nht th nn lp phng trnh
hnh chiu ln phng vung gc vi thanh cha bit th hai.
Lm nh vy th trong mi phng trnh ch cha mt n s v cc kt qu tm c
s c lp vi nhau, mc sai lm dt dy.
V d 2-4: Xc nh lc dc trong cc thanh 1-2, 1-3 v 2-3 trong h trn hnh 2.15a.
Tch mt 1 (hnh 2.15b), tm N
1-3
ta s
dng phng trnh hnh chiu ln phng X
vung gc vi thanh 1-2:
Hnh 2.15
a)
2P
2
P P
1
3 5
7
6 4
R
A
=2P

R
B
=2P
b)
R
A
=2P
y
x

N
1-3
N
1-2

1
c)
P
y
N
2-4 2

N
2-1

N
2-3

X = N
1-3
.sin - R
A
.cos = 0;
N
1-3
=2.P.cotg (lc ko).
tm N
1-2
ta dng phng trnh hnh
chiu ln phng Y vung gc vi thanh 1-3:
Y= N
1-2
.sin + R
A
= 0;

sin
P 2
(lc nn). N
1-2
=
Sau khi bit N
1-2
ta c th tch mt 2
tm N
2-4
v N
2-3
(hnh 2.15c). Chng hn cn
tm N
2-3
ta chiu cc lc ln phng vung
gc vi thanh 2-4:
Y= N
2-3
.cos + N
1-2
.cos + P = 0;

sin
P 2
sin
P
(lc nn). v cos = sin, nn: N
2-3
= Nhng N
1-2
=
37
T phng php tch mt ta suy ra cc h qu quan trng sau:
1) Ti mt mt ch c hai thanh khng thng hng v khng c ti trng tc dng th
lc dc trong hai thanh bng khng.
V d nh trng hp dn trn hnh 2.16, lc dc trong cc thanh 1-2 v 1-10 bng
khng v mt 1 tha mn cc yu cu ca h qu 1.
chng minh h qu 1 ta kho st s cn bng ca mt mt c hai thanh khng
thng hng v khng c lc t mt (Hnh 2.17a).
2
P
10 8 7
6
4 3 5
9
1
Hnh 2.16
P P P
X = N
2
.sin = 0; v 0 nn N
2
= 0.
Y = N
1
.sin = 0; v 0 nn N
1
= 0.
Trong trng hp h trn hnh 2.16 ta c:
+ Ti mt 9: N
9-2
= 0; cn N
9-10
= N
9-8
.
+ Ti mt 7: N
7-4
= 0 cn N
7-8
= N
7-6
.
+ Ti mt 5 ta thy ch c hai thanh v mt lc P, thng hng vi thanh 5-6; c th
xem lc P nh mt thanh bit ni lc, do : N
5-4
= 0; cn N
5-6
= - P.
2) Ti mt mt c ba thanh trong c
hai thanh thng hng v nu ti mt khng
c ti trng tc dng th thanh khng thng
hng khng lm vic (lc dc bng khng) cn
lc dc trong hai thanh thng hng bng
nhau.
Hnh 2.17
b)
y
x

N
3

N
1

N
2

a)
y
x

N
2

N
1

90
o

chng minh h qu 2 ta kho st s
cn bng ca mt v trn hnh 2.17b,
Ta c: Y = N
1
.sin = 0; v 0 nn N
1
= 0.
X = N
3
- N
2
= 0; nn N
3
= N
2
.
l iu cn chng minh.
Trc khi tnh dn ta nn ch s dng cc h qu trn pht hin cc thanh khng
lm vic v loi chng ra khi h, nh vy h cn li s n gin v d dng tnh ton hn.
Cch tnh tch mt c u im l n gin, d p dng nhng cng c nhc im l
nu xy ra sai lm trong mt bc tnh ton no th cc kt qu tip sau cng b sai
ko theo.
2.4.2. Phng php mt ct n gin
Phng php mt ct n gin c p dng khi ch cn dng mt mt ct l c th
xc nh c ni lc trong thanh cn tm. Trng hp ny xy ra khi mt ct ct qua
khng qu ba thanh cha bit ni lc.
38
xc nh lc dc trong cc thanh dn, c th thc hin cc bc sau:
+ Thc hin mt ct qua thanh cn tm ni lc v qua hai thanh khc cha bit ni
lc, mt ct cn phi chia dn ra thnh hai phn c lp.
+ Thay th tc dng ca cc thanh b ct bng cc lc dc tng ng. Cng nh
phng php tch mt, khi cha bit lc dc ta gii thit l dng ngha l hng ra
ngoi mt ang xt.
+ Lp iu kin cn bng ca mt phn dn b ct (phn phi hoc phn tri). Trong
trng hp ny ta c h lc phng bt k, nn c ba phng trnh cn bng. T cc
phng trnh cn bng suy ra cc ni lc cn tm. Nu kt qu mang du dng th
chiu ni lc hng theo chiu gi nh, tc l ko. Ngc li nu kt qu mang du m
th chiu ni lc hng ngc chiu gi nh, tc l nn.
trong mi phng trnh cn bng ch cha mt n s ta nn lm nh sau:
+ Trng hp ba thanh cha bit ni lc ct nhau tng i mt, tm ni lc
trong thanh th nht, nn s dng phng trnh cn bng di dng tng m men ca cc
lc i vi giao im ca hai thanh cn li.
+ Trng hp trong s ba thanh b ct cha bit ni lc c hai thanh song song,
tm ni lc trong thanh khng song song ta s dng phng trnh cn bng di dng
tng hnh chiu ca cc lc ln phng vung gc vi hai thanh song song.
V d 2-5: Xc nh lc dc trong cc thanh 2-3 v 4-8 ca dn trn hnh 2.18.
Tm N
2-3
: thc hin mt ct 1-1 qua thanh
2-3 v hai thanh cha bit ni lc 3-9 v 9-8.
Thay th cc thanh b ct bng lc dc tng
ng nh trn hnh 2.18.

Hnh 2.18
2
3
9
1
P
P
2P
r
d
1
1
P
2
2
2
P
2
P
2P
4
5
6
7 8
Kho st cn bng phn bn tri mt ct.
tm c ngay N
2-3
ta lp phng trnh cn
bng di dng tng m men ca cc lc
thuc phn ang xt i vi giao im ca hai
thanh 3-9 v 9-8 tc l i vi im 9.
Khi , cc lc cha bit N
3-9
, N
9-8
khng tham gia phng trnh cn bng, ta c:
0 d
2
P
P 2 r N M
3 2
tr
9
=

=

r 2
Pd 3
N
3 2
=

(lc nn).
Tm N
4-8
: thc hin mt ct 2-2 nh trn hnh 2.18. Mt ct ny qua ba thanh cha bit
ni lc, trong hai thanh 3-4 v 8-7 song song. Do , tm N
7-8
ta lp phng trnh
cn bng di dng hnh chiu cc lc thuc phn phi (hoc phn tri) ln phng vung
gc vi hai thanh song song 34 v 87, ta c:
0
2
P
P 2 P sin N Y
8 4
ph
=

+ =

sin 2
P
N
8 4
(lc ko).
39
Ch thch:
Nu mt ct i qua bn thanh (hoc hn na) cha bit ni lc th ni chung ta khng
th xc nh ngay c cc lc dc theo mt mt ct. Trong trng hp c bit khi cc
thanh b ct ng quy ti mt im K no tr mt thanh th ta c th tm ngay c ni
lc trong thanh khng ng quy t mt mt ct.
a
k
g
f
c b d
Hnh 2.19
e
h
1
1
V d, vi h trn hnh 2.19, mt ct 1-1 i qua
nm thanh cha bit ni lc trong c bn thanh
ng quy im K, tm N
a-b
trong thanh khng
ng quy ta c th s dng phng trnh cn bng
M
K
= 0.
2.4.3. Phng php mt ct phi hp
Phng php ny c p dng tnh dn khi khng dng c phng php mt
ct n gin.
Khi m mt mt ct phi ct qua qu ba thanh cha bit lc dc, hay cc lc dc
khng th xc nh c bng mt mt ct, khi cn phi phi hp thm vi mt s mt
ct khc (cng t cng tt) va lp c mt h phng trnh cn bng c s phng
trnh bng vi s n cn xc nh.
hiu r bn cht ca phng php ny, ta hy xt v d sau:
V d 2-6: Xc nh lc dc trong thanh 2-5
v 5-3 ca dn trn hnh 2.20.
1
3
3,5P
5
2
Hnh 2.20
4
I
I
P

3,5P
II
P P P P P P
Thc hin mt ct I-I: mt ct ny i qua hai
thanh cn tm ni lc 2-5 v 5-3 ng thi qua
hai thanh cha cn tm ni lc l 1-2 v 4-3.
c c phng trnh ch cha N
2-5
v
N
5-3
ta lp phng trnh cn bng hnh chiu ca
cc lc bn tri mt ct ln phng thng ng:
( )
2

( )
2

y
tr
= N
2-5
.sin - N
3-5
.sin - 3,5P - P - P = 0,
( )
2

( )
2

hay N
2-5
.sin - N
3-5
.sin - 0,5P = 0 (a)
Thc hin mt ct II-II (tch mt). Mt ct ny i qua hai thanh cn tm ni lc 2-5,
3-5 v hai thanh khc cha cn tm ni lc l 1-5, 5-4. thit lp phng trnh ch cha
N
2-5
v N
3-5
ta lp phng trnh hnh chiu ca cc lc tc dng bn trong mt ct ln
phng ngang:
( )
2

( )
2

X = N
2-5.
cos + N
3-5
.cos = 0. (b)
)
2
sin(
P 25 , 0
N N
5 2 5 3

= =

Gii h phng trnh (a) v (b) ta c: .
40
2.4.4. Phng php ha - Gin Maxwell- Cremona
Phng php ha l phng php v gii bi ton. Phng php ny n gin,
mc chnh xc ca kt qu ph thuc rt nhiu vo dng c v v cch v. Khi c
dng c v v mt cch thn trng th kt qu v c th p ng c yu cu thc t.
C th vn dng phng php ha xc nh phn lc v ni lc trong cc h
tnh nh ni chung. Trong mc ny ch gii thiu cch vn dng phng php ha
tnh h dn, l trng hp thng c dng trong thit k s b.
Cch gii bi ton c thc hin ch trn mt hnh v gi l gin ni lc hay gin
MaxwellCremona do nh vt l hc ngi Anh J. Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) cp
v nh hnh hc Italia l Luigi Cremona (1830-1903) pht trin, p dng vo kt cu dn.
Trc khi i vo nghin cu gin ni lc ta cn tm hiu cch xc nh ni lc
trong cc thanh ca dn bng ha .
Gi s cc phn lc gi ta u bit (cch xc nh phn lc bng ha c
cp trong C hc c s) yu cu xc nh ni lc trong cc thanh ca dn. T C hc c
s ta bit: iu kin cn v cho h lc ng quy c cn bng l a gic lc ca
h lc ny phi khp kn. Ln lt p dng iu kin ny cho tng mt ca dn b tch ra
theo th t sao cho ti mi mt ca dn ch c hai ni lc cha bit tr s nhng bit
phng th ta s xc nh c ni lc trong tt c cc thanh ca dn.
Cch thc hin cng ging nh trong
phng php tch mt, nhng y khng dng
iu kin cn bng gii tch m dng iu kin
cn bng di dng ha .
Hnh 2.21
a)
P
2
=P
2
P
3
=P P
1
=P
1
8 6
5
4
3
R
A
=1,5P
i vi dn trn hnh 2.21a nu tch mt 1 ta
thy ti mt ny c ba lc: phn lc R
A
bit,
hai lc N
1-2
v N
1-8
cha bit tr s nhng phng
ca chng c xc nh.
7
R
B
=1,5P
v a gic lc ca chng, trn hnh 2.21b
ta s v vect ba cng phng v cng chiu vi
phn lc R
A
v c chiu di biu th tr s ca R
A

theo mt t l xch no . T ngn v gc ca
vect ny, k hai ng song song vi hai
phng ca thanh 1-2 v 1-8, hai ng ny ct
nhau ti c. Theo iu kin cn bng nu trn
on ac v cb ln lt biu th gi tr ca lc N
1-2

v N
1-8
.
b)
1
N
1-8
N
1-2

c
a
b
N
1-2

N
1-8

1,5P
1,5P
a
b
c
N
1-2

N
2-3

P
d
N
2-8

P
1
N
2-3
N
1-2

N
2-8
c)
41
cb ac Chiu ca vect hng vo mt 1 nn N
1-2
l lc nn, cn chiu ca vect
hng ra ngoi mt nn N
1-8
l lc ko.
Tip chuyn sang mt 2. Ti mt ny c bn lc: hai lc bit l P v N
1-2
, hai
lc cha bit tr s nhng c phng xc nh l N
2-3
v N
2-8
.
ab bc Hnh 2.21c l a gic lc ca h lc ny; sau khi v hai vect v biu th
phng chiu v tr s ca hai lc bit l N
1-2
v P, t a v c k hai ng song song vi
phng ca thanh 2-8 v 2-3 cho ti khi ct nhau ti d.
T iu kin cn bng ta thy hai lc cn tm N
2-3
v N
2-8
c biu th bng hai vect
cd da v , nhng lc ny hng vo mt 2 nn l lc nn.
Cng tin hnh tng t nh vy i vi cc mt khc theo th t 8, 7, 3 ta s xc
nh c ni lc trong tt c cc thanh ca dn.
Nu gp tt c cc a gic lc v cho tng mt trn mt hnh v chung vi cng mt
t l xch th ta s c gin ni lc.
v gin ni lc ta cn thng nht mt s iu kin, quy c v tin hnh theo
th t nh sau:
1. Xc nh cc phn lc ta (c th s dng phng php ha hoc gii tch).
2. K hiu cc min ngoi chu vi dn bng
cc ch ci a, b, c... Mi min c gii hn
trong phm vi hai ngoi lc. Quy c c tn cc
ngoi lc v phn lc bng hai ch s biu th hai
min hai bn do lc phn gii. Ch phi
c hai ch s theo th t thun chiu kim ng
h quanh chu vi dn. V d lc P
1
c l b-c;
phn lc R
B
c l e-a... (Hnh 2.22a).
a)
P
2
=P
2
P
3
=P
3. V a gic lc cho cc ngoi lc v phn
lc theo mt t l xch no . Khi v a gic lc
ta khng v chiu mi tn ca lc m ghi hai ch
s tng ng biu th lc. Ch s u biu th gc,
ch s th hai biu th ngn ca vect lc tng
ng. V d, lc P
1
(Hnh 2.22a) c biu th
bng on b-c trn a gic lc (Hnh 2.22b), v P
1

hng xung nn im ngn c nm di im
gc b. a gic lc ca ngoi lc v phn lc i
vi dn trn hnh 2.22a l ng khp kn abcdea
(Hnh 2.22b).
Hnh 2.22
P
1
=P
1
b
6
5
4 3
R
A

a
R
B
c
d
e
b)
a
b
c
d
e
3,4
5
1,6
2
42
4. nh s cc min trong dn bng cc con s 1, 2, 3... Lc ny ni lc trong mi
thanh c c bng hai con s biu th hai min hai bn thanh. Khi ct mt thanh no
ta phi thay th tc dng ca n bng hai lc ngc chiu c gi tr bng nhau t ti
hai mt m thanh ni.
Cch c hai lc ny cng c khc nhau, mun c ni lc t ti mt i no ta c
bng hai ch s biu th hai min hai bn thanh tng ng theo th t thun chiu kim
ng h quanh mt i. V d vi lc dc trong thanh bin trn u tin bn tri, khi lc
ny t ti mt a ta c l b-1 cn khi t ti mt c chu lc P
1
ta c l 1-b.
5. Ln lt v a gic lc cho tng mt theo th t sao cho ti mi mt ch c hai
thanh cha bit ni lc. Khi v cn ch s dng cch k hiu ni trn, khng v cc mi
tn, lc bit v trc ri da vo iu kin khp kn ca a gic lc xc nh lc
cha bit. Tt c cc a gic lc v cho mi mt u phi c thc hin trn cng mt
hnh v ca a gic lc v bc ba, theo cng mt t l xch.
V d xt mt A, trn hnh 2.22b, on a-b, biu th phn lc R
A
bit, t b v a ln
lt v cc ng song song vi cc lc cha bit b-1 v 1-a. Giao im ca hai ng
ny xc nh v tr ca im 1. on b-1 v 1-a biu th gi tr ca lc b-1 v 1-a. Chiu
1-a hng ra ngoi mt ang xt nn lc 1-a l ko.
Tip tc xt mt di lc P
1
ta v c ng khp kn 1bc21. i vi cc mt
khc cng tin hnh tng t s c gin ni lc.
Ta thy mi mt ca dn tng ng mt a gic lc khp kn, mi min ca dn tng
ng vi mt im ca gin ni lc.
xc nh gi tr ca ni lc trong thanh i-k no ca dn ta o chiu di ca on
i-k tng ng trn gin ni lc theo t l xch chn khi v gin .
bit chiu hoc du ca ni lc ta thc hin nh trnh by im 4.
Ch :
1. Khi gp nhng dn trong khng th thc
hin tch mt sao cho ti ch c hai ni lc
cha bit, ta cn kt hp vi cch tnh gii tch
gii quyt.
V d vi dn v trn hnh 2.23 khi tch n
mt k v mt l ta s gp phi kh khn trn. gii
quyt, trc khi v gin ta cn s dng phng
php mt ct (mt ct 1-1) xc nh lc dc N
trong thanh k-m; sau v gin nh thng l (v
lc N bit).
1
l
N
k m
N
Hnh 2
1
.23
43
2. Nu ngoi lc nm trong
chu vi dn th trc khi t tn
cc min ngoi chu vi dn ta a
cc ngoi lc ra ngoi chu vi
bng cch t thm cc thanh
quy c. Tt nhin thanh quy
c phi t sao cho tnh cht
lm vic ca dn khng thay i.
Hnh 2.24
a)
P
1

P
2

b
a
b)
P
2

P
1

V d khi gp trng hp dn v trn hnh 2.24a ta c th a lc P
1
ra ngoi chu vi
dn bng cch t thm thanh quy c a-b nh trn hnh 2.24b.
2.5. TNH H BA KHP CHU TI TRNG BT NG
2.5.1. Xc nh phn lc
H ba khp c cc loi: Vm ba khp, khung ba khp v dn ba khp. Nguyn tc
tnh ton cc h ny ging nhau. Di y ta trnh by cch tnh phn lc trong vm ba
khp.
Xt vm ba khp cho trn
hnh 2.25. Gi A v B l phn lc
ton phn ti gi ta A v B. Cc
phn lc ny c phng cha bit
nn c th phn tch thnh hai
thnh phn sau:
Nu phn tch theo phng
AB v phng thng ng, ta c:

d
A A V Z A + = ; Hnh 2.25
l

A
B
P
1
C
A
B
H
A
Z
B

V
A
d
B
V
V
B

d
A
V
H
B
Z
A
h
P
2
P
4

P
3


d
B B V Z B + =
Nu phn tch theo phng ngang v phng ng, ta c:
A A V H A + = B B V H B + = ;
Trong :
d
A V
d
B V , : l thnh phn phn lc thng ng ti A v B c l V
A
dm v V
B
dm,
cch tnh cc thnh phn phn lc ny ging nh phn lc thng ng ca dm n gin.
A Z , B Z : l thnh phn phn lc theo phng ng ni hai khp A, B gi l lc vm
A V B V , : l thnh phn phn lc thng ng ti A v B.
A H B H , : l thnh phn lc x ngang.
Nh vy, mun xc nh cc phn lc A, B ta ch cn ln lt xc nh cc phn lc
thnh phn ca chng.
44
1. Xc nh cc thnh phn V
A
d
v V
B
d

xc nh cc phn lc v ta nn dng cc phng trnh cn bng m men
i vi cc gi A v B v lc ny cc lc Z
A
v Z
B
khng tham gia vo phng trnh cn
bng.
d
B
V
d
A
V
T phng trnh M
B
= 0, suy ra .
d
A
V
T phng trnh M
A
= 0, suy ra .
d
B
V
2. Xc nh cc thnh phn Z
A
v Z
B

Cc lc ny c xc nh theo iu kin m men un ti khp C bng khng. Nu
kho st phn vm bn tri ta c:
M
C
= - Z
A
.h + = 0,
tr
C
M
Trong :
- tng m men ca cc lc t trn phn vm bn tri i vi im C (khng
k lc Z
A
);
tr
C
M
h- khong cch t khp C n ng ni AB.
h
M
Z
tr
C
A
= T suy ra:
Tng t, nu kho st phn vm bn phi, ta c:
h
M
Z
ph
C
B
=
- tng m men ca cc lc t trn phn vm bn phi i vi im C (khng
k lc Z
B
).
ph
C
M
Cc phn Z
A
v Z
B
thng ch tn ti trong cc h ba khp nn c gi l cc lc
vm.
3. Xc nh cc thnh phn H
A
v H
B

T Hnh 2.25 ta d dng xc nh c cc thnh phn H
A
v H
B
theo Z
A
v Z nh
sau:
H
A
= Z
A
.cos; H
B
= Z
B
.cos
Trong trng hp h ch chu ti trng tc dng thng ng, sau khi vit iu kin cn
bng hnh chiu ca tt c cc lc trn trc nm ngang, ta c:
H
A
= H
B
= H (H c gi l lc x ca vm)
Suy ra: Z
A
= Z
B
= Z
Nh vy, trong trng hp h ba khp chu ti trng thng ng th lc vm v lc x
hai gi u bng nhau v tr s.
45
4. Xc nh thnh phn V
A
v V
B

T hnh 2.25 ta d dng xc nh c
V
A
= V
A
d
+ Z
A
.sin; V
B
= V
B
d
- Z
B
.sin
5. Xc nh cc phn lc ton phn v A B
A B Phn lc ton phn v l tng hnh hc ca cc thnh phn phn lc tng ng:
A A A
d
A H V Z V A + = + = B B B
d
B H V Z V B + = + = ;
Do , ln ca phn lc A v B c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
2
A
2
A
H V + B =
2
B
2
B
H V + A =
2.5.2. Xc nh ni lc
Sau khi bit cc thnh phn phn lc, ta c th xc nh cc thnh phn ni lc trong
vm theo phng php mt ct trnh by trong 2.1. Di y ta s thit lp cng thc
tnh ni lc cho vm ba khp khi vm ch chu ti trng thng ng.
1. Biu thc m men un
Gi s cn thit lp biu thc m men un M
k
(z) ti tit din k c honh z trn
vm ba khp chu ti trng thng ng nh trn hnh 2.26.
Dng mt ct qua k v xt cn bng ca mt phn vm, chng hn phn bn tri, ta
c:
M
k
(z) = .z - P
1
.a
1
- P
2
.a
2
- Z
A
.y
k
*
d
A
V
i chiu vi dm n gin tng ng
ngha l dm n gin c cng nhp v chu
ti trng tc dng nh trn vm ta thy i
lng: .z - P
1
.a
1
- P
2
.a
2
chnh l m men
un (z) trong dm ti tit din k tng
ng c honh z. Do c th vit:
d
A
V
d
k
M
M
k
(z) = (z) - Z
A
.y
k
*
d
k
M
T hnh 2.26 ta thy y
k
* = y
k
cos, m
H
A
= Z
A
cos, nn biu thc trn c dng:
M
k
(z) = (z) - H
A
.y
k

d
k
M
V ti trng thng ng, nn: H
A
= H
B
= H
Do ta c: M
k
(z) = (z) - H.y
k
(2-1)
d
k
M
Trong :

z
z
B
Z
B
a
1
V
B

A

k
V
A

Z
A
P
P
i

y
k
*
2
k
a
2
y C
h
f
l
P
1
y
k

H
B
d
d
Hnh 2.26
H
A
P
i
P
2
P
1
k
V
B

V
A

a
2
a
1
z
A B
d
d

46
M
k
(z) - m men un ti tit din k bt k c honh z trn vm chu ti trng tc
dng thng ng.
(z) - m men un ti tit din k tng ng trong dm n gin c cng nhp v
cng chu ti trng tc dng nh trn vm.
d
k
M
f
M
d
C
H - lc x ca vm v bng
y
k
- khong cch theo phng thng ng t tit din k n ng thng AB ni
hai gi ca vm.
Qua cng thc (2-1) ta c th gii thch c tnh u vit ca kt cu vm so vi kt
cu dm nh sau: M men un ti mt tit din bt k ca vm bng m men un tng
ng trong dm c cng nhp v c cng ti trng tr i tch s H.y
k
. Tch s H.y
k
lm cho
m men un trong vm nh hn m men un trong dm. Nu kho chn c hnh dng
ca vm sao cho tch s H.y
k
lun lun bng ng i lng (z) th m men un ti
mi tit din ca vm u bng khng, lc vm hon ton khng chu un m ch chu
nn. Nh vy khng nhng s tit kim c vt liu m cn c th s dng c nhng
vt liu ch chu c nn nh gch, xy vm.
d
k
M
2. Biu thc lc ct
Gi s cn thit lp biu thc lc ct Q
k
(z) ti tit din bt k k c honh z trn
vm ba khp chu tc dng ca ti trng thng ng (Hnh 2.26).
T nh ngha v lc ct, ta c:
Q
k
(z) = .cos
k
- P
1
.cos
k
- P
2
.cos
k
+ Z
A
.sin.cos
k
- Z
A
.cos.sin
k

d
A
V
cos
H
A
Vi Z
A
=
Ta c th vit:
cos
H
A
cos
H
A
Q
k
(z) = ( - P
1
- P
2
)cos
k
+ .sin.cos
k
- cos.sin
k

d
A
V
Q
k
(z) = ( - P
1
- P
2
)cos
k
+ H
A
.tg.cos
k
- H
A
.sin
k

d
A
V
i chiu vi dm n gin c cng nhp v c cng ti trng ta thy i lng
( - P
1
- P
2
) trong biu thc trn chnh l lc ct (z) trong dm ti tit din k tng
ng c honh z, cho nn:
d
A
V
d
k
Q
Q
k
(z) = (z).cos
k
- H
A
.(sin
k
- tg.cos
k
)
d
k
Q
Nhng do ti trng tc dng thng ng H
A
= H
B
= H nn:
Q
k
(z) = (z)cos
k
- H(sin
k
- tg.cos
k
) (2-2)
d
k
Q
Trong :
47
Q
k
(z) - lc ct ti tit din k bt k c honh z trong vm chu ti trng tc dng
thng ng.
(z) - lc ct ti tit din k tng ng trong dm n gin c cng nhp v cng
chu ti trng thng ng tc dng nh trong vm;
d
k
Q

k
- gc hp gia phng tip tuyn vi trc vm ti tit din k v phng nm
ngang;
- gc hp gia phng nm ngang vi phng AB ni lin hai gi.
H - lc x ca vm.
3. Biu thc lc dc
Tng t nh trn, nu vn quy c lc dc ko l dng th biu thc lc dc N
k
(z)
ti tit din k bt k c honh z ca vm ba khp chu tc dng ca ti trng thng ng
c dng:
N
k
(z) = - (z).sin
k
- H.(cos
k
+ tg.sin
k
) (2-3)
d
k
Q
Trng hp c bit nu hai gi c nh A, B c cng cao (ngha l nu gc = 0)
th cc cng thc (2-1), (2-2), (2-3) s c dng n gin hn nh sau:
M
k
(z) = (z) - H.y
k

d
k
M
Q
k
(z) = (z).cos
k
- H.sin
k
; (2-4)
d
k
Q
N
k
(z) = (z).sin
k
- H.cos
k
.
d
k
Q
V d 2-7: Cho vm c trc bin thin
theo phng trnh y =
9
1
.(12 - z)z.
P
1,5
Xc nh ni lc ti tit din k c honh
z = 3m (Hnh 2.27)
y l bi ton h ba khp chu ti trng
thng ng. Cc s liu ca bi ton:
Tng ng vi honh z
k
= 3m, ta xc
nh c tung theo cng thc:
y
k
=
9
1
.(12 - z
k
).z
k
=
9
3 ). 3 12 (
= 3m
Gc nghing ca tip tuyn vi trc vm ti tit din k so vi ng nm ngang c
cc nh nh sau:
z
6m
A B
P=4kN
k
Hnh 2.27
4m
q = 2kN/m
P
P
1,5 1,5
6m
48
9
1
9
1
3
2
tg
k
= y
k
= .(12 - z
k
) = .(12 - 2.3) =
k
2
k
tg 1
tg
+

( )
2
3
2
1 3
2
+
T suy ra: sin
k
= = =0,555;
cos
k
=
k
2
tg 1
1
+
( )
2
3
2
1
1
+
= = 0,832.
Trong trng hp ny hai gi A, B c cng cao nn gc = 0, do ta c
= V
A
; = V
B
; Z
A
= H
A
; Z
B
= H
B
.
d
A
V
d
B
V
T phng trnh cn bng ton h ta tnh c cc thnh phn phn lc:
M
B
= 0 = V
A
= 12kN.
d
A
V
M
A
= 0 = V
B
= 12kN.
d
B
V
Z
A
= Z
B
= Z = H
A
= H
B
= H
h
M
tr
C
= (12.6 - 2.6.3)/4 = 9kN. Vi H =
V ti trng tc dng thng ng v hai gi c nh c cng cao ( = 0) nn ta c
th dng cng thc (2-4) tnh cc ni lc.
M
k
= - H.y
k
= 12.3 - 2.(32/2) - 9.3 = 0
d
k
M
Q
k
= cos
k
- H.sin
k
= (12 - 2.3).0,832 - 9.0,555 = 0
d
k
Q
N
k
= - .sin
k
- H.cos
k
= -(12 - 2.3).0,555 - 9.0,832 = -10,81kN.
d
k
Q
V d 2-8: V biu ni lc cho khung ba khp nh hnh 2.28.
Gii:
a) Xc nh phn lc. Xt cn bng ton h v xt cn bng phn bn tri ca khp C
ta lp c 4 phng trnh xc nh 4 thnh phn phn lc trong khung:
M
A
= V
B
.6 + 10.4.2 + 20 - 40.4 = 0 V
B
= 10kN
M
B
= V
A
.6 - 10.4.4 + 20 - 40.4 = 0 V
A
= 50kN
M
C
T

= H
A
.4 - 50.4 + 10.4.2 = 0 H
A
= 30kN
X = H
B
+ 30 - 40 = 0 H
B
= 10kN
b) V cc biu ni lc: V y l h khung nn ta phi v biu m men un, lc
ct v lc dc. H c 4 on thanh l AD, DC, CE, EB. Kt qu tnh ton ni lc:
49
* on AD: Trong on ny khng c
ti trng tc dng trong thanh:
20kNm
- Biu lc ct v lc dc c dng song
song vi ng chun.
N
AD
= N
DA
= - 50kN (nn)
Q
AD
= Q
DA
= - 30kN
- Biu m men un c dng ng thng
M
AD
= 0;
M
DA
= 30.4 = 120kNm (cng tri)
* on BE: Tng t on AD:
N
BE
= N
EB
= + 10kN (ko)
Q
BE
= Q
EB
= + 10kN
M
BE
= 0;
M
EB
= 10.4 = 40kNm (cng tri)
* on CE: Tng t on AD:
N
CE
= N
EC
= - 30kN (nn)
Q
CE
= Q
EC
= + 10kN
M
CE
= 0;
M
EC
= 20kNm (cng di)
* on CD: Trong on ny chu ti
phn b u q vung gc vi trc thanh:
- Biu lc dc c dng song song
vi ng chun:
N
CD
= N
DC
= - 30kN (nn)
- Biu lc ct c dng bc nht:
Q
DC
= 50kN; Q
CD
= - 10kN
- Biu m men un c dng bc hai:
M
DC
= 120kNm (cng trn)
M
CD
= 0
Tung treo:

M
=
8
q
2
l
=
8
4 . 10
2
= 20 (vng xung)

H
A
=30kN
4m
C
V
A
=50kN
10kN/m
D
A
E
2m
4m
H
B
=10kN
V
B
=10kN
B
40kN
N
-
+
10kN
30kN
50kN
-
Q
+
-
+
10kN
10kN
30kN
50kN
Hnh 2.28
M
40kNm
20kNm
20kNm
120kNm
50
3.5.3. Khi nim v trc hp l ca vm ba khp
trn nhn xt, nu kho chn hnh dng ca trc vm th c th lm cho m men
un trong vm ba khp nh i thm ch hon ton bng khng ti mi tit din, nh th s
tit kim c vt liu. Do ny sinh vn : nn chn trc vm sao cho hp l v trc
vm th no l hp l?
1. nh ngha trc hp l ca vm
V mt kt cu, ta gi trc hp l ca vm l trc chn sao cho th tch vm c gi tr
nh nht m vn m bo iu kin bn.
Ni chung, dc theo trc vm, din tch tit din F ca vm l hm ca cc ni lc M,
N, Q v kh nng chu lc [] ca vt liu dng lm vm.
F = F(M, N, Q, [])
Do , th tch V ca vm c chiu di S s l:
V = ds ]) [ , Q , N , M ( F
S
0

Thng th cc ni lc M, N, Q thay i khi trc vm bin i cho nn bi ton xc
nh trc vm hp l ng vi iu kin V
min
l mt bi ton phc tp.
Ta c th da vo nhng nhn xt trong thc t thit k di y n gin ha bi
ton: vi nhng vm c kch thc thng thng, khi bin i trc m vn gi nguyn
nhp v mi tn vng th chiu di trc vm v lc dc bin i t, cn m men un v lc
ct bin i nhiu. Vi nhng nhn xt , ta c th xem gn ng l th tch vm do m
men un v lc ct quyt nh. Do , ni mt cch gn ng, th tch ca vm nh nht
khi m men un trong vm bng khng v lc ct l o hm ca m men un cng bng
khng.
C th minh ha nhn xt gn ng bng cch so snh biu ng sut php trn
mt tit din vm trong trng hp M v Q khc khng, vi biu ng sut php trong
trng hp M v Q bng khng (Hnh 2.29).
Khi M v Q bng khng, ng sut
php phn b u, vt liu mi im trn
tit din u c s dng nh nhau, nn
c th pht huy ht kh nng ca vt liu.
Da vo l lun gn ng nh trn ta
c th i n nh ngha v trc hp l ca
vm nh sau:
Trc hp l ca vm l trc ch sao cho m men un ti tt c cc tit din ca vm
u bng khng (do lc ct cng bng khng).
Hnh 2.29
N
M


N
51
Trong trng hp vm chu ti trng di ng th trc hp l cng thay i ty theo v
tr ca ti trng. Nu ti trng bt ng ln hn rt nhiu so vi ti trng di ng th khi
chn trc hp l c th ch k ti nh hng ca ti trng bt ng m b qua nh hng
ca ti trng di ng.
Khi xc nh trc hp l ca vm ba khp ta phi xt n ti trng tc dng trn vm
trong c trng lng bn thn vm. Thng thng th khi trc vm thay i, trng
lng bn thn ca vm v cc ti trng tc dng trn vm cng thay i theo. Lc ta
gp trng hp ti trng thay i ph thuc dng ca vm. i khi trc vm thay i,
trng lng bn thn ca vm v cc ti trng tc dng trn vm thay i khng ng k,
lc ta gp trng hp ti trng khng ph thuc dng ca vm. Thc ra trng lng bn
thn ca vm l mt i lng ph thuc vo hnh dng ca vm. Tuy nhin, khi tnh gn
ng ta c th c on trng lng bn thn vm, lc ti trng tc dng trn vm
(gm c trng lng bn thn vm) c xem l c lp vi hnh dng vm.
By gi ta tm trc hp l ca vm ba khp trong mt vi trng hp thng gp
trong thc t.
2. Trc hp l ca vm ba khp chu ti trng thng ng khng ph thuc
dng trc vm
Trong trng hp ti trng tc dng thng ng khng ph thuc dng vm, biu thc
m men un trong dm tng ng cng khng ph thuc dng vm, do ta c th dng
cng thc (2-1) xc nh trc hp l ca vm:
H
) z ( M
d
y(z) = (2-5)
Ta thy lc x H khng ph thuc z nn trc hp l ca vm c dng biu m men
un trong dm tng ng (c nhp v ti trng nh ca vm) vi t l cc tung nh hn
H ln.
V d 2-9: Tm trc hp l ca vm ba khp chu ti trng thng ng phn b u
theo chiu di nhp vi cng q, cho bit vm c chiu di l l, mi tn f, khp C
chnh gia nhp.
Biu thc m men un trong dm chu ti trng phn b u:
2
q
M
d
(z) = z(l - z)
f 8
q
f
M
2 tr
C
l
= Tng t nh v d 2-8, ta xc nh c: H =
2
q
f 8
) z ( z
2
q
l
l ) z ( z
f 4
2
l
l
= Do , theo (2-5) ta c: y(z) =
Nh vy, trong trng hp ny trc hp l c dng ng parabol bc hai.
52
3. Trc hp l ca vm ba khp chu ti trng thng ng ph thuc dng vm
Trong trng hp ny, khng th xut pht t biu thc (2-5) xc nh trc hp l
c v bn thn hm M
d
(z) cng ph thuc ti trng. Nu ly vi phn hai ln biu thc
(2-5) ta s c phng trnh vi phn trc hp l biu th trc tip theo hm ti trng q.
H
q
dz
y d
2
2
= (2-6)
Trong hm ti trng q khng nhng ph thuc bin s z m cn ph thuc hm y
cn tm.
Trong mt s trng hp ta c th tm nghim ca phng trnh vi phn (2-6) bng
phng php gii tch chnh xc, cn ni chung th cch gii s gp nhiu kh khn v ch
c th gii quyt bng cc phng php ng dn.
Di y l mt v d c th gii c bng phng php gii tch.
V d 2-10: Tm trc hp l ca vm ba khp i xng cong trn tru, chu ti trng
thng ng ph thuc dng vm (chng hn vt liu xy hoc t p bn trn vm) theo
quy lut sau (Hnh 2.30)
q(z) = q
o
+ y.
q(z) = q
o
+ y
C
A
B
f
z
q
o
y
z q=q
o
+f
Hnh 2.30
Trong :
q(z) - cng ca ti trng phn b
ti tit din bt k.
q
o
- cng ca ti trng ti nh C
ca vm.
- h s t l.
y - tung ca tit din bt k trong
vm ng vi h trc ta chn;
Phng trnh vi phn ca trc hp l trong trng hp ny c dng:
H
y q
dz
y d
o
2
2
+
=
Nghim tng qut ca phng trnh ny c dng quen bit nh sau:
H

o
q
y = A.shkz + B.chkz - , vi k =
A, B l cc hng s tch phn c xc nh theo cc iu kin bin ca bi ton:
* Ti nh C ca vm i xng cong trn tru, gc nghing ca tip tuyn bng khng,
ngha l khi z = 0 th dy/dz = 0.
* nh C l gc ta cho nn ti tung y ca vm bng khng, ngha l khi z=0
th y = 0.
53
T cc iu kin ny ta c:
Khi z = 0: dy/dz = kA.chkz + kB.chkz = kA.ch0 + kB.sh0 = 0, nn kA = 0, A = 0.

o
q

o
q

o
q
Khi z = 0: y = A.shkz + B.chkz - = B - = 0, suy ra B =

o
q
(chkz - 1). Nh vy phng trnh trc hp l ca vm c dng y =
ng cong ca phng trnh ny chnh l ng dy xch catnit. xc nh h
s k, ta dng iu kin:

1
q
. f
ch arg
2
o
l
o
q
Khi z = l/2: y = f = k =
o
o
q
f q +
l m
f

o
q
= cho tin ta gi: m =
Nh vy phng trnh trc hp l ca vm c th biu din di dng sau:
l m
f
y = (chkz - 1)
l
2
Cn h s k c xc nh theo cng thc sau: k = argchm
( ) 1 m m
2
+ Nu ch rng argchm = ln th ta c th xc nh k theo cng thc:
( ) 1 m m
2
+
l
2
ln k =
Nu cho bit tr s m th ta c th xc nh c h s k v tip tm c trc hp
l ca vm ba khp.
4. Trc hp l ca vm ba khp chu ti trng vung gc vi trc vm
Cc cng trnh lm vic trong mi trng cht lng hoc cht kh thng chu p lc
vung gc vi trc. tm trc hp l ca vm, trc tin ta cn kho st cn bng ca
mt on v cng b ca trc hp l ca vm (Hnh 2.31).
Ly tng m men ca cc lc i vi tm cong 0 ca phn t
M
o
= N - (N + dN) = 0

dS
q
N
u
o
N+dN
T ta c dN = 0 nh vy N = const.
Vit phng trnh hnh chiu theo phng u:
u = N.sin
2
d
+ N.sin
2
d
- qds = 0
d
2
d
2
d
Gc d v cng b nn c th xem sin .
Hnh 2.31
Ta c: N.d - q.ds = 0
54
Nhng ds = d nn sau khi thay vo iu kin ny, ta c:
q
N
= (2-7)
V N=const nn bn knh cong ca vm t l nghch vi cng ca ti trng phn
b q.
Biu thc (2-7) l phng trnh vi phn ca trc hp l ca vm chu ti trng vung
gc vi trc vm. Gii phng trnh ny cho trng hp ti trng q phn b bt k rt
phc tp.
Trng hp c bit, khi q = const (ti trng phn b u) ta c = const. Nh vy,
trc hp l ca vm ba khp chu ti trng phn b u vung gc vi trc ca vm l
ng trn.
2.6. CCH TNH H GHP TNH NH CHU TI TRNG
Ta s tm hiu h ghp tnh nh chu ti trng bt ng thng qua h v trn
hnh 2.32. Th t thc hin:

a)
Hnh 2.32
b)
q V
F

H
F

V
D

H
D
V
F

H
F

F
V
D

H
D
D
E
D
A B
C
P
1

F
G H
P
2

P
3

A B
C
P
1

E
D
q
F
G H
P
2

P
3


















+ Phn tch cu to ca h ghp ta thy:
- Khung ba khp ABCD l h khung chnh ca khung DEF
55
- Khung DEF l khung ph ca ABCD v l khung chnh ca dm FGH.
- Dm FGH l dm ph ca khung DEF.
+ Cn c vo tnh cht chu lc ca h chnh v h ph nu trong 2.1.2, a h
ghp v s tnh tch bit tng h ring bit nh trn hnh 2.32b.
+ Thc hin tnh ton theo th t: tnh h ph trc ri chuyn sang tnh h chnh.
i vi h trn
hnh 2.32. trc ht cn tnh
h ph FGH chu tc dng
ca cc lc P
2
, P
3
; cch xc
nh phn lc V
F
, H
F
nh
bit cc phn trn. Tip
xt h EDF, ngoi ti trng
tc dng ln h (ti trng
phn b q) cn phi k n
lc truyn t h ph FHG
xung. Nhng p lc ny c
gi tr bng V
F
v H
F
bit
nhng chiu ngc li. Thc
hin tnh ton h DEF vi
cc lc bit v xc nh
c cc phn lc V
D
, H
D
ti
khp D. Sau cng tnh h
chnh ACBD chu ti trng
tc dng ln h (lc P
1
)
v cc p lc t ti D truyn
t DEF xung. Nhng p lc
ny c gi tr bng V
D
v H
D

nh bit nhng vi chiu
ngc li.
b)
P = 40kN
q = 10kN/m
20kN
20kN
20kN
a)
3m
C
A
P = 40kN q = 10kN/m
3m 2m 8m
B
c)
d)
-
+
-
-
+
-
+
-
+
60
40
80
20
20
45
35
60
40
60
20
20
45
35
Hnh 2.33
M
(kNm)
Q
(kN)
P = 40kN q = 10kN/m
V d 2-11: V biu
ni lc trong h dm ghp
cho trn hnh 2.33.
Cc kt qu tnh ton
c trnh by trn
hnh 2.33b,c.
3m 3m 8m
75
Hnh 2.34
M
(kNm)
80
56

Ch thch: So snh biu m men un trn hnh 2.33d ca dm ghp hai nhp vi
biu m men un trn hnh 2.34 ca hai dm n gin c cng nhp chu ti trng tng
ng, ta thy m men un ln nht trong dm ghp l 60kNm, cn m men un ln nht
trong dm n gin l 80kNm. iu cho ta thy dng dm ghp c th tit kim vt liu
hn so vi dng dm n gin c cng nhp v ti trng.
2.7. TNH H C H THNG TRUYN LC CHU TI TRNG BT NG
Nhim v ch yu khi tnh h c h thng truyn lc chu ti trng bt ng l xc
nh ni lc (hoc v cc biu ni lc) trong kt cu chu lc chnh. v c biu
ni lc trong kt cu chu lc chnh (thng l cc dm dc chnh) ta phi truyn ti trng
t cc dm dc ph xung dm dc chnh.
Xt h c h thng truyn lc nh hnh 2.35a. Ta thy cc dm dc ph lm vic nh
cc dm n gin k trn cc gi ta hay cc mt truyn lc. Di tc dng ca ti trng,
trong dm dc ph s pht sinh phn lc v ni lc.
1
Hnh 2.35
1
2m 2m 1m
10
4m 3m
2
a)
b)
c)
2kN
5kN/m 8kNm
2kN
5kN/m 8kNm
10
11
12
2
1
2








tnh kt cu chnh, ta thay th tc dng ca ti trng trn dm dc ph bng nhng
p lc ca n xung kt cu chu lc chnh ti v tr phn lc ca dm dc ph nhng
ngc chiu. S truyn ti trng t dm dc ph xung kt cu chu lc chnh nh trn
hnh 2.35b,c. Ta thy cc lc tc ng trn kt cu chnh ca h c h thng truyn lc l
cc lc tp trung c v tr t c nh ti cc mt truyn lc.
V d 2-12: V biu ni lc cho dm trn hnh 2.36a.
Gii: Th t tin hnh:
1. Phn tch s cu to v truyn lc nh hnh 2.36b.
2. V biu ni lc:Biu lc ct trn hnh 2.36c. Bin m men trn hnh 2.36d.
57












BI TP CHNG 3
1. V biu ni lc cc kt cu cho trn hnh 2.37 n hnh 2.40. Da vo biu
ni lc, cho bit gi tr ni lc ti cc tit din K
1
, K
2
, K
3
.
2. V biu ni lc cho cc khung hnh 2.41 n hnh 2.46.
3. Tm v tr khp C v D sao cho m men un ti tit din trn hai gi ta trung
gian bng nhau v bng M
E
(Hnh 2.47).
4. Tnh phn lc v ni lc ti tit din K ca vm ba khp cho trn cc hnh 2.48 n
hnh 2.50.
5. Tnh ni lc cho cc thanh nh du ca dn cho trn cc hnh 2.51 n hnh 2.58.
6. V gin Mc xoen - Crmna cho cc dn trn hnh 2.51, hnh 2.56 v hnh 2.58
v xc nh ni lc trong cc thanh c nh du.
7. V biu ni lc cho h lin hp tnh nh trn hnh 2.59.

K
1

2m 4m 4m 6m
Hnh 2.37
q=4kN/m M=60kNm P=10kN
K
2

K
1

2m 4m
Hnh 2.38
q=10kN/m
M=100kNm
K
2

2m 2m 2m 2m
P=40kN
K
2m 2m 4m 2m
40
Hnh 2.36
40kN
20kN/m
80kNm
2m 2m 2m
20kN/m
40kN
20kN/m
80kNm
20kN/m
20
20 20 40 40 40 20
160
40 60
3
80
60
40
+
-
3
100
3
80
3
160
3
40
a)
b)
c)
M
d)
(kNm)
Q
(kN)
58

K
1

Hnh 2.39
q
1
=10kN/m
M=40kNm
K
2

P=30kN
4m 3m 2m 2m 2m 3m 3m
q
2
=20kN/m
K
3





















Hnh 2.41
q
P= 2qa
M=qa
2

a
a
a a a
P= qa
Hnh 2.42
2a
q
M=qa
2
P= qa
a a a
Hnh 2.43
q
M=qa
2

2a 2a
P= qa
3a
a
a
q
P= qa
Hnh 2.44
q=20kN/m
P=40kN
M=40kNm
2m 2m 4m
3m
3m
1m
Hnh 2.45
q=20kN/m
M=40kNm
4m 4m
P=80kN
4m
3m
Hnh 2.46
2m
2m
2m
2m
P=100kN
C
q
Hnh 2.47
y
l-x l l/3 l-y
x
E D
K
1

Hnh 2.40
M=40kNm
K
2

P=60kN
q=20kN/m
2m 3m 2m 1m 1m 1m 2m
q=20kN/m
59

Hnh 2.48
R=4m
K
2m 2m
P=100kN
2m 2m
q=10kN/m
Hnh 2.49
2,5m
5m 5m
q=20kN/m
2,5m
Hnh 2.50
f=4m K
P=80kN
12m 4m 8m
q=20kN/m
K
y =
(24 - z).z
72
4m
Hnh 2.53
P P
6x3m
Hnh 2.52
d/3
45
o
P
d/3 d/3
Hnh 2.51
d d d d
45
o

P P
Hnh 2.54
d d
P
d
d
4m
Hnh 2.56
20 40kN
6x3m
20
Hnh 2.55
4d
4d
P
Hnh 2.59
d d d d
q
45
o
30
o
P
Hnh 2.58
P
4d
2P
P

Hnh 2.57
P P

60
CHNG 3
CCH XC NH PHN LC, NI LC TRONG H
THANH PHNG TNH NH CHU TI TRNG DI NG
3.1. KHI NIM V TI TRNG DI NG V NG NH HNG
3.1.1. Khi nim v ti trng di ng
Ti trng tc dng vo cng trnh, ngoi ti trng c v tr c nh (hay bt ng), cn
c ti trng c v tr thay i, m ta gi l ti trng di ng nh on xe la, on t,
on ngi i trn cu v.v
Di tc dng ca ti trng di ng, mi i lng nghin cu (nh phn lc, ni lc,
chuyn v v.v) u thay i theo v tr ca ti trng. Do , khi tnh ton cng trnh chu
ti trng di ng ta phi gii quyt hai vn c bn sau:
+ Xc nh v tr ca on ti trng di ng, m khi on ti trng di ng ti v tr ,
th i lng nghin cu c gi tr ln nht. V tr nh vy gi l v tr bt li nht ca on
ti trng di ng i vi i lng nghin cu.
+ Xc nh gi tr ca i lng nghin cu (phn lc, ni lc, chuyn v v.v) khi
bit v tr ca h lc di ng.
Trong tnh ton ta gi thit rng on ti trng di ng trn cng trnh chm n mc
c th coi l tc dng tnh. Ta ch xt ti trng di ng c v tr thay i nhng hng v tr
s khng i, khong cch gia cc ti trng trong on ti trng di ng l khng thay
i.
C nhiu phng php gii quyt hai vn trn, song vi cc trng hp c th
p dng c nguyn l cng tc dng th phng php ng nh hng l n gin hn
c.
Ni dung c bn ca phng php ng nh hng l: tnh mt i lng nghin
cu no do nhiu lc tc dng gy ra (c nh hay di ng), trc ht ta tnh i lng
do mt lc bng n v gy ra, ri p dng nguyn l cng tc dng.
3.1.2. nh ngha ng nh hng: ng nh hng ca i lng nghin
cu S xut hin ti mt v tr K xc nh trn cng trnh (vit tt l ahS
K
, v d nh phn
lc lin kt, ni lc, chuyn v ti mt tit din K no ) l th biu din lut bin thin
ca S
K
do mt lc tp trung bng n v c phng v chiu khng i di ng trn cng
trnh gy ra.
3.1.3. Nguyn tc chung v ng nh hng:
T nh ngha trn, khi v ng nh hng ca i lng S
K
ta thc hin theo th t
sau:
1. Lp h trc ta ri cho lc P = 1 di ng ti v tr c ta z no .
61
2. Coi lc P = 1 t c nh ti ta z, tnh S
K
l hm ca ta z: S
K
= S
K
(z).
3. Cho z bin thin (tc l P = 1 di ng trn cng trnh), v th ca hm S
K
= S
K
(z),
ta c ahS
K
cn tm.
Khi v ng nh hng ta quy c:
- Chn ng chun vung gc vi phng ca lc di ng (hoc song song vi
trc ca thanh)
- Dng cc tung vung gc vi ng chun
- nh du vo ng nh hng
Ch : Nu i lng nghin cu S
K
khng phi l mt hm duy nht lin tc theo
ta z trn ton b cng trnh, th ahS
K
bao gm nhiu on vi cc quy lut bin thin
khc nhau, ta cn phi xc nh c cc quy lut trong tng on tng ng vi v tr ca
lc P = 1 khi di ng.
3.1.4. Phn bit ng nh hng vi biu ni lc
Xt ahM
K
v biu ni lc m men un ca dm n gin cho trn hnh 3.1.
+ ahM
K
do lc P = 1 di ng gy ra cn biu m men un M do ton b ti trng
tc dng tnh trn dm gy ra.
+ Xt tung ti tit din I ta c: y
I
l gi tr m men ti tit din K do P = 1 t ti
tit din I (P = 1 di ng n v tr I) gy ra, v mi tung trn ahM
K
u cho gi tr m
men un ti tit din K, cc tung khc nhau tng ng vi cc v tr khc nhau ca lc
P = 1. Cn M
I
l gi tr m men ti tit din I do ton b ti tc dng tnh ln dm gy ra
v, mi tung ca biu ni lc cho ta gi tr ni lc ti mt ct tng ng.

P
+ a
ahM
K

y
I
K
P=1
a
l-a
z
z
I
z





+ Th nguyn ca tung ng nh hng: Khi v ahS
K
ta thit lp phng trnh
ahS
K
theo ti trng tp trung P = 1 l mt lc khng th nguyn. Thc t ti trng l i
lng c th nguyn, do ta c:
Th nguyn ca tung ahS
K
=
lc ca n nguy Th
S lng i ca n nguy Th

Nh vy, ng nh hng ca phn lc lc, ca lc ct v lc dc l h s; cn ca
phn lc m men v mmen un l chiu di.
M
I

K
a
l-a

Hnh 3.1
M
P
M
K
I
y
K

62
3.2. NG NH HNG PHN LC V NI LC TRONG
MT S KT CU THNG GP
3.2.1. ng nh hng trong dm n gin
y ta p dng nguyn tc chung trnh by trn v cc ng nh hng
trong dm n gin, cc kt qu ny s c s dng v nhanh cc ng nh hng
trong mt s kt cu phc tp hn nh: h dm ghp, h c h thng truyn lc...
1. ng nh hng phn lc
Xt dm c u tha nh hnh 3.2a. Gc ta chn ti gi ta A, lc P = 1 t cch
gi mt khong l z. Khi P = 1 t trn dm th honh z ca lc bin thin trong
khong (-l
1
z l + l
2
).
Dng cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc ta xc nh c hm biu din qui lut bin
i ca phn lc ti cc gi ta:
M
B
= R
A
.l - 1.(l - z) = 0 ta c: ahR
A
=
l
l z

M
A
= R
B
.l - 1.z = 0 ta c: ahR
B
=
l
z

Cc biu thc trn chng t phn lc R
A
v R
B
l hm bc nht theo bin s z. Khi z
thay i trong khong (-l
1
, l + l
2
) th ng nh hng R
A
v R
B
l ng thng xc nh
qua hai im:
Khi z = 0 ta c: R
A
= 1; R
B
= 0;
Khi z = l ta c: R
A
= 0; R
B
= 1;
Cc ng nh hng phn lc R
A
v R
B
v trn hnh 3.2b,c vi quy c du ca
phn lc hng ln trn l dng.
2. ng nh hng ni lc ti mt tit din bt k trn dm
Khi P = 1 vung gc vi trc dm, ni lc trong dm ch c mmen un v lc ct.
Ty thuc mt ct K nm gia hai gi ta hay u tha m cch v nhanh v dng
ng nh hng c khc nhau. Mt khc, khi P = 1 di ng trn phn dm bn tri v bn
phi tit din K, ni lc ti tit din K bin i theo hai qui lut khc nhau. Bi vy, v
c cc ng nh hng ni lc ta phi phn bit xc nh hai hm s .
a) Tit din trong nhp:
Ta v ahM
K
v ahQ
K
ti tit din K nm trong khong gia hai gi ta (trong nhp
ca dm).
+ Khi P = 1 di ng bn tri tit din K tc l -l
1
z a, ta xt cn bng ca phn
dm bn phi tit din K (v c t lc hn), kt qu:
ahM
K
=
l
z
(l - a); ahQ
K
= -
l
z

63
Trn Hnh 3.2d,e ta v
hai ng thng biu th hai
phng trnh trn ng vi v
tr ca P = 1 di ng bn tri
tit din K, gi l nhng
ng tri. Mi ng thng
xc nh bng hai im:
ahR
A
1
+
b)
-
Hnh 3.2
+
i)
1
ahQ
n

g) 1
ahQ
m

-
1
ahR
B
c)
-
+
1
+
a
ahM
K
ng phi
ng tri
-
-
d)
A
A
B
K'
L
M
A
P
1
1
+ ahQ
K
ng tri ng phi
-
+
e)
Q
R
S
A
B
B
-
-
f)
c .tri
ahM
m
h)
b
ahM
n

-
.phi
a)
K
P=1
a
l
R
A

R
B

z
l
1
c b
l
2

n m
B
A
Khi z = 0
ta c: M
K
= 0; Q
K
= 0
Khi z = l
ta c: M
K
= l-a; Q
K
= -1
+ Khi P = 1 di ng trn
phn bn phi tit din K tc
l a z l + l
2
. Xt s cn
bng ca phn dm bn tri
tit din K, kt qu:
ahM
K
=
l
l z
.a;
ahQ
K
=
l
l z

Trn hnh 3.2d,e ta v hai
ng thng biu th hai
phng trnh trn ng vi v
tr ca ti trng P = 1 di ng
bn phi tit din K, gi l
nhng ng phi. Mi
ng thng xc nh bng
hai im:
Khi z = 0 ta c M
K
= +a; Q
K
= +1
Khi z = l ta c M
K
= 0; Q
K
= 0
Hnh 3.2d,e ln lt l ahM
K
v ahQ
K
cn tm.
Nhn xt:
1) T ahM
K
ta thy ng tri v ng phi giao nhau ti im K ng di tit
din K v ng ko di ca ng phi ct ng dng thng ng ng di gi ta A
ti im A vi tung AA = a l khong cch t gi ta A n tit din K.
T nhn xt trn ta suy ra cch v thc hnh ahM
K
ca tit din bt k trong nhp:
64
- u tin v ng phi bng cch k ng thng i qua hai tung di gi ta A
c gi tr AA = a v bng khng ti gi ta B, phn t K ti ht dm l ng phi.
- Sau v ng tri bng cch ni tung ti K vi tung bng khng ti gi ta
A, phn t u dm n K l ng tri.
2) T ahQ
K
ta thy ng tri v ng phi song song vi nhau, ng thi ti gi
ta ahQ
K
c tung bng khng.
T nhn xt ta suy ra cch v thc hnh ahQ
K
cho tit din K bt k trong nhp nh
sau:
- Trc tin v ng phi, l ng thng i qua hai tung di gi ta A c gi tr
bng -1 v bng khng ti gi ta B, phn t K ti ht dm l ng phi.
- Sau v ng tri l ng thng i qua im khng ti gi ta B v song song
vi ng phi, phn t u dm n K l ng tri.
b) Tit din u tha
V d v ahM
m
v ahQ
m
ti tit din m u tha tri ca dm.
+ Khi P = 1 di ng phn tri
tit din m, ta chn gc ta ti tit
din m, chiu trc z nh trn hnh 3.3
v xt s cn bng phn dm bn tri
tit din m, ta c:
Hnh 3.3
P=1
z
c
m
ahM
m
= -1.z = -z
ahQ
m
= -1. vi 0 z c
T hai biu thc trn ta c:
Khi z = 0 M
m
= 0; Q
m
= -1;
Khi z = c M
m
= -c; Q
m
= -1;
Trn hnh 3.2f,g ta v cc ng tri ca ahM
m
v ah Q
m
ng vi 0 z c.
+ Khi P = 1 di ng trn phn bn phi tit din m, ni lc ti mt ct m lun bng
khng nn ng nh hng trng ng chun.
Cch v ng nh hng ti tit din n u tha bn phi ca dm cng tng t
nh khi v cho tit din m. Kt qu nh trn hnh 3.2h,i, lc ny ahQ
n
mang du dng.
Nhn xt:
1) ng nh hng m men un ti tit din K thuc u tha c dng hnh tam gic
trong khong t mt tha n tit din K v c du m, tung ln nht ti mt tha c
gi tr bng khong cch t mt tha n tit din K.
65
2) ng nh hng lc ct ti tit din K thuc u tha c dng hnh ch nht vi
tung bng +1 hoc -1 ph thuc K u tha phi hay tri.
3) ng nh hng ni lc trong dm cng son c dng nh ng nh hng ni
lc ti tit din u tha.
3.2.2. ng nh hng trong h dm ghp tnh nh
Trn c s phn tch h ghp thnh h chnh v h ph (s tng), ta c tnh cht
quan trng sau:
Khi P = 1 di ng trn h chnh s khng gy ra phn lc v ni lc trn h ph.
Ngc li, khi P = 1 di ng trn h ph s gy ra phn lc v ni lc trong h ph v c
trong cc h chnh ca n.
Ta trnh by cch v ng nh hng trong dm ghp tnh nh thng qua v d v
ahR
E
ca dm tnh nh nhiu nhp cho trn hnh 3.4a.

P = 1














Dm cho c s tng nh trn
hnh 3.4b. Ta nhn thy, khi P = 1 di ng trn
ton dm, s c lc n di ng trn dm BC c
cha phn lc R
E
cn v ng nh hng.
Lc ny phn ah R
E
trong khong dm BC v
c bng cch tch ring dm BC ra m
khng lin quan ti cc dm khc. y l dm
n gin c u tha, cch v cc ng nh
hng nh trnh by 3.2.1, kt qu trn
hnh 3.4c.
+
P = 1
Hnh 3.5
z
3
2
ahR
E
(on CD)
R
C
=
(l-z)
l
R
D
=
z
l
R
E
2d d
R
E

+
-
+
A
B
K
1
K
2
C E
D
d d d 2d d d d d
3
2
1
b
a
ahR
E

b
a
Hnh 3.4
+
-
+
d
K
c
ahM
K1

d
1
1
c
d
m
n
ahQ
K2

a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
d
4
d
2
d
2
66
Tip theo, cho P = 1 di ng trn cc dm cn li, xy ra hai trng hp:
+ Nu dm k tip l dm chnh ca n (dm AB) theo tnh cht nu, lc P = 1 di
ng trn dm ny khng gy ra i lng cn v ng nh hng, nn ahR
E
trong
khong dm chnh AB trng vi ng chun (on ab trn hnh 3.4d).
+ Nu dm k tip l dm ph ca dm c cha i lng cn v ng nh hng
(dm CD), vi h trc ta chn nh hnh 3.5.
nh hng ca P = 1 c truyn t h ph vo h dm chnh thng qua phn lc
khp ni R
C
=
l
l ) z (
. l lc tp trung nn R
E
= R
C
.y
C
=
l
l ) z (
.
2
3

Phn lc R
E
bin thin theo qui lut bc nht khi P = 1 di ng t C ti D. ahR
E

trong khong dm ph CD c v trn hnh 3.5.
Ghp cc hnh li trn mt ng chun, ta c ahR
E
trn hnh 3.4d.
Qua cch v ahR
E
trn y, ta rt ra cch v nhanh ng nh hng phn lc v ni
lc trong h dm ghp tnh nh nh sau:
1. Cho P = 1 di ng trc tip trn dm cha i lng cn v ahS
K
. Tin hnh v
ahS
K
trong dm n gin nh trnh by 3.2.1.
2. Cho P = 1 di ng trn cc dm k tip vi dm cha i lng cn v ahS
K
:
+ Nu dm k tip l dm chnh, th ahS
K
trng vi ng chun.
+ Nu dm k tip l dm ph, th ahS
K
l on thng ni tung bit ti khp
ni vi dm chnh v tung bng khng ng di gi ta cn li ca dm ph.
Vn dng iu ny ta c th v nhanh ahM
K1
v ahQ
K2
ca dm trn hnh 3.4a nh
sau:
Mt ct K
1
thuc dm chnh AB. V ahM
K1
khi P = 1 di ng trn dm AB (ng
gy khc aKb). Tip theo cho P = 1 di ng trn dm BC l dm ph ca dm AB nn
ahM
K1
l on thng ni tung bng
2
d
bit ti khp ni B v tung bng khng ti
gi ta E ca dm BC. Cui cng cho P = 1 di ng trn dm CD l dm ph ca dm BC
nn ahM
K1
trong on dm ny l on thng cd ni tung bng
4
d
ti khp ni C v
tung bng khng ti gi ta D (hnh 3.4e)
Mt ct K
2
thuc dm ph CD. Tch ring dm CD ra, l dm n gin, phn ahQ
K2

trong on dm ny l ng cmnd trn hnh 3.4h. Cc dm k tip dm CD l dm BC v
AB u l dm chnh nn ahQ
K2
trong cc on ny u trng vi ng chun.
67
3.2.3. ng nh hng trong dn dm
3.2.3.1. ng nh hng phn lc
Ta nghin cu cch v ng nh hng phn lc trong h dn dm thng qua v d
cho trn hnh 3.6a. Cng tng t nh trong dm, ta xc nh v tr ca ti trng di ng P
= 1 theo ta chy z t gi ta tri, tip tm phn lc R
A
v R
B
tng ng vi v tr ti
trng , ta c:
M
B
= R
A
.l - P(l - z) = 0 M
A
= R
B
.l - Pz = 0
Suy ra: ahR
A
=
l
l z
; ahR
B
=
l
z

V th bin thin ca hai i lng trn theo z, ta s c ahR

A
v ahR
B
nh trn
hnh 3.6 v hnh 3.6c. Nhng ng nh hng ny c dng ging nh ng nh hng
phn lc trong h dm bit.
3.2.3.2. ng nh hng ni lc trong cc thanh dn
C th s dng cc phng php tnh trnh by trn v ng nh hng ni
lc trong cc thanh dn.


a)
d
2
ahR
A

1
8 6
5 4
3
R
A

7
R
B

Hnh 3.6
9
10
b)
1
a
c)
4d d
d
P=1
-
+
-
+
1
ahR
B

1
d)
e)
f)
-
+
1
+
-
1
ahN
1-2
ahN
5-6
ahN
9-10
b
c
d
a b
c
d
e
a
b
d
c
68
1) Dng tch mt
Khi s dng phng php tch mt v ahS
K
ta ln lt xt cc v tr ca lc P=1
nh sau:
* Khi P = 1 t ngay ti mt b tch.
* Khi P = 1 di ng ngoi cc t b ct
* Khi P = 1 di ng trn cc t b ct.
thy r cch lm, ta xt mt s v d c th i vi dn trn hnh 3.6a.
+ ng nh hng N
1-2
. Tch mt 2 (Hnh 3.7a)
* Khi P = 1 t ngay ti mt 2 (Hnh 3.7a):
T phng trnh hnh chiu theo phng 1-2 ta c:
Y = N
1-2
- 1 + R
A
= 0
Suy ra N
1-2
= - R
A
+ 1.
Nhng ti im ny R
A
= + 1 nn N
1-2
= 0
Tung ahN
1-2
ti im ny bng khng (im b trn hnh 3.6d).
Khi P = 1 di ng ngoi cc t b ct 3-2 v 2-4. Mt 2 chu tc dng ca cc lc
nh trn hnh 3.7b. T phng trnh hnh chiu:
Y = N
1-2
+ R
A
= 0 ta c N
1-2
= -R
A
= -(l - z)/l.
ng biu din ca phng trnh ny l ng acd trn hnh 3.6d. Phn thch dng
ca ng ny bao gm im a l im ng di mt 3 v on cd l on ng di cc
mt 4 10 v phng trnh ny ch ng khi lc P = 1 di ng ngoi hai t 3 - 2 v 2 - 4.

a)
5 N
5-7
N
5-6

N
4-5
y
P=1
b)
a)
2 N
2-4

N
1-2

R
A

N
2-3

y
P=1
b)
2
N
2-4
N
1-2

R
A

N
2-3

y
Hnh 3.7






* Khi P = 1 di ng trn cc t b ct 3-2 v 2-4.
Theo nguyn tc h c h thng truyn lc, ng nh hng trong nhng on ny l
on thng ni lin cc tung ng nh hng ng di cc mt.
- Khi P = 1 di ng trn t 3-2, ng nh hng tng ng l on ab.
- Khi P = 1 di ng trn t 2-4, ng nh hng tng ng l on bc.
Ton b ahN
1-2
l ng gy khc abcd trn hnh 3.6d.
Hnh 3.8
5 N
5-7
5-6
N
N
4-5

y
69
+ ng nh hng N
5-6
: Tch mt 5
* Khi P = 1 t ti mt 5 (Hnh 3.8a)
T phng trnh cn bng: Y = N
5-6
- 1 =0, N
5-6
= 1.
Tung ca ahN
5-6
ti mt ny bng +1 (im c trn hnh 3.6e).
* Khi P = 1 di ng ngoi cc t b ct 4-5 v 5-7 (Hnh 3.8b).
T phng trnh hnh chiu: Y = N
5-6
= 0 N
5-6
= 0.
ng biu din ca phng trnh ny l ng thng trng vi ng chun. Phn
thch dng ca ng ny bao gm hai on ab v de (Hnh 3.6e).
* Khi P = 1 di ng trn cc t 4-5 v 5-7. Theo nguyn tc h c h thng truyn
lc, ng nh hng trong nhng on ny l on thng ni lin tung ng di cc
mt ca mi t.
- Khi P = 1 di ng trn t 4-5, ng nh hng tng ng l on bc.
- Khi P = 1 di ng trn t 5-7, ng nh hng tng ng l on cd.
Ton b ahN
5-6
l ng gy khc abcde trn hnh 3.6e.
+ ng nh hng N
9-10
: Tch mt 9
Trong trng hp ny ti trng truyn vo dn qua ng bin di (ng xe chy
di) nn lc P = 1 khng tc dng ti mt 9. Do , sau khi tch mt 9, ta d dng nhn
thy rng N
9-10
lun lun bng khng vi bt k v tr no ca ti trng trn ng bin
di. Vy ahN
9-10
trng vi ng chun (ng abd trn hnh 3.6f).
Nu gi thit ti trng P = 1 di ng trn ng bin trn
(ng xe chy trn) th ahN
9-10
s c dng khc i.
Hnh 3.9
9
N
9-10

N
2-3

y
P=1

* Khi P = 1 t ti mt 9. Kho st s cn bng ca mt 9
di tc dng ca cc lc v trn hnh 3.9 ta c:
Y = N
9-10
.cos + 1.cos = 0
Suy ra: N
9-10
= -1
Tung ca ahN
9-10
ti mt 9 l on cd trn hnh 3.6f.
* Khi P = 1 di ng ngoi t 8-9 b ct. Tch mt 9, ta thy N
9-10
= 0. ng biu
din trng vi ng chun. Phn thch dng l on ab.
* Khi P = 1 di ng trn t 8-9. Theo nguyn tc h c h thng truyn lc, ng
nh hng l on bc.
Vy khi ti trng di ng trn ng bin trn, ton b ahN
9-10
l ng gy khc
abcd (Hnh 3.6f).
70
2) Dng mt ct n gin
Khi s dng cch lm ny, cn phn bit hai loi mt ct:
* Mt ct trong nhp, khi mt ct ny chia dn thnh hai phn, mi phn u c phn
lc ta. V d mt ct 1-1 trn hnh 3.10a.
* Mt ct u tha, khi mt ct ny chia dn thnh hai phn, trong mt phn
khng c phn lc ta. V d mt ct 3-3 trn hnh 3.10a.
- Mt ct trong nhp: Gi s cn v ng nh hng lc dc trong cc thanh
1-2 v 1-4 khi ng xe chy di.
+ ng nh hng N
1-2.
Thc hin mt ct 1-1 qua thanh 1-2 v hai thanh khc l
1-3 v 2-4. xc nh N
1-2
ta dng phng trnh cn bng tng m men ca cc lc i
vi im k l giao im ca hai thanh 1-3 v 2-4. Gi im k l tm m men. Xt ba
trng hp:


















* Khi P = 1 di ng bn tri mt ct: (-2d z +2d), kho st s cn bng ca
phn phi, ta c:
M
k
= N
1-2
.2d + R
B
.2d = 0; N
1-2
= - R
B
= - z/l = - z/6d (a)
Hnh 3.10
b)
1
a
c)
2
2
d)
ahN
1-2
ahN
1-4
ahN
5-6
f
e
b
c
d
.tri
a)
2d
2
1
8
6
5
4
3
R
A

7
R
B

0
l =6d
P=1
k
2d
r
d
d
d
z
3
1
2
3 2 1
-
2
+ +
+
+
+
-
-
a
b
c
d
a
b
c
d
.tri
.tri
.phi
.phi
.ni
.ni
.ni
.phi
d
r
71
l phng trnh ca ng tri khi P di ng phn bn tri mt ct. Phng trnh
ny c dng bc nht. v ng tri, ta tm gi tr hai im:
Khi z = 0 ta c N
1-2
= 0;
Khi z = l = 6d ta c N
1-2
= -1.
Phn thch dng ca ng tri v bng ng lin nt trn hnh 3.10b. Phn ny bt
u t mt bn tri ca dn di mt s 2 l mt cui cng ca phn bn tri mt ct khi
ng xe chy di (on ab).
* Khi P = 1 di ng bn phi mt ct, tc l mt 4 n u mt bn phi ca dn
(3d z 8d). Kho st s cn bng ca phn tri, ta c:
M
k
= N
1-2
.2d + R
A
4d = 0; N
1-2
= -2R
A
= (6d - z)/3d (b)
l phng trnh ng phi, c dng bc nht. v ng phi ta cn tm hai gi
tr: khi z = 0 ta c N
1-2
= -2;
khi z = l = 6d ta c N
1-2
= 0
Phn thch dng ca ng phi bt u t mt s 4 tc l mt u tin ca phn bn
phi khi ng xe chy di cho n ht u mt bn phi ca dn. Trn hnh 3.10b ta v
on ny bng ng lin nt cd.
* Khi P = 1 di ng trn t 2-4 b ct.
Trong thc t ti trng khng t vo cc thanh ca dn m thng t vo cc mt
thng qua h thng truyn lc pha trn. Bi vy khi P = 1 di ng trong khong ny th
theo nguyn tc ca h c h thng truyn lc, ng nh hng l on thng bc ni lin
tung ng di mt 2 ca ng tri v tung ng di mt 4 ca ng phi.
Hnh 3.10b l ahN
1-2
khi xe chy trn ng bin di.
Nhn xt:
- Ta d dng nghim thy: ng tri v ng phi ct nhau di tm m men k.
Tht vy, trong phng trnh ca ng tri v ng phi, cho z = 4d, ta u tm
c N
1-2
= 2/3. iu chng t ng tri v ng phi ct nhau di im k.
- Nu ng xe chy ng bin trn th dng nh hng N
1-2
s khc i. Lc ny
phn thch dng ca ng tri l on ae (Hnh 3.10b) tc l bt u t u mt bn tri
ca dn v kt thc di mt 3 l mt cui cng ca phn bn tri khi lc P = 1 di ng
ng bin trn. Phn thch dng ca ng phi bt u t mt 1 cho ti u mt phi
ca dn (ng fd). ng ni l on ef tng ng di t 1-3. Ton b ahN
1-2
khi
ng xe chy bin trn l ng gy khc acfcd (Hnh 3.10b).
+ ng nh hng N
1-4
. Thc hin mt ct 2-2 qua thanh 1-4 v hai thanh song song
1-0, 2-4. xc nh N
1-4
ta dng phng trnh cn bng hnh chiu ln phng Y vung
gc vi hai thanh song song nm ngang.
* Khi P = 1 di ng bn tri mt ct 2-2 (-2d z +2d), kho st s cn bng ca
phn bn phi, ta c:
72
Y = N
1-4
.cos45
O
+ R
B
= 0, N
1-4
=-
O
B
45 cos
R
= z
d 6
2
(c)
l phng trnh ng tri, c dng bc nht.
Khi z = 0 ta c N
1-4
= 0;
Khi z = l = 6d ta c N
1-2
= - 2
Phn thch dng ca ng tri l on ab trn hnh 3.10c.
* Khi P = 1 di ng bn phi mt ct 2-2 (3d z 8d), kho st s cn bng ca
phn dn bn tri, ta c:
Y = N
1-4
.cos45
O
+ R
B
= 0, N
1-4
=
O
A
45 cos
R
=
d 6
) z d 6 ( 2
(d)
l phng trnh ng phi, c dng bc nht.
Khi z = 0 ta c N
1-4
= 2 ;
Khi z = l = 6d ta c N
1-2
= 0.
Phn thch dng ca ng phi l on cd trn hnh 3.10c.
* Khi P = 1 di ng trn t b ct 2-4: p dng quy tc ca h c h thng truyn
lc; ta c ng ni bc nh trn hnh 3.10c. ahN
1-4
cho trn hnh 3.10c.
Nht xt: Khi mt ct i qua ba thanh trong c hai thanh song song, ng nh
hng ni lc trong thanh khng song song c ng tri v ng phi song song vi
nhau. Tht vy, ta d dng nhn thy cc phng trnh ca ng tri v ng phi c
cng mt h s gc.
- Mt ct u tha: Gi s cn v ng nh hng lc dc trong thanh 5-6 khi
ng xe chy di.
Thc hin mt ct 3-3 qua thanh 5-6 v cc thanh 6-7, 7-8. Mt ct ny chia dn thnh
hai phn, trong phn bn tri khng c phn lc ta. Vi loi mt ct ny ta ch nn
kho st s cn bng ca phn khng c phn lc, d ti trng di ng phn bn tri hoc
bn phi mt ct v lm nh vy th s lc tham gia phng trnh cn bng s t nht.
* Khi P = 1 di ng bn tri mt ct, tc l di ng t mt tri ca dn n mt 7.
Nu chn gc ta ti gi A v chiu dng ca trc z hng v bn tri th ta tm c
phng trnh ah N
5-6
trong khong (d z 2d):
= N
5-6
.r - l(z - d) = 0; N
5-6
= (z - d)/r.
tr
7
M
l phng trnh ng tri.
Khi z = 2d; ta c N
5-6
= d/r;
Khi z = d, ta c N
5-6
= 0.
73
Phn thch dng ca ng tri l on ab (Hnh 3.10d) ng di u mt tri ca dn
v mt 7.
* Khi P = 1 di ng phn bn phi mt ct, tc l t mt 8 n u mt bn phi
ca dn. Lc ny trn phn bn tri ch c cc ni lc N
5-6
, N
7-6
v N
7-8
; phng trnh cn
bng c dng:
= N
5-6
.r = 0; N
5-6
= 0
tr
7
M
l phng trnh ng phi. ng phi trng vi ng chun. Phn thch dng
l on cd (Hnh 3.10d) ng di mt 8 v u mt phi ca dn.
* Khi P = 1 di ng trn t b ct (t 7-8), cng tng t nh trn, theo nguyn tc
ca h c h thng truyn lc, ng nh hng trong on ny l on thng ni lin tung
ng di mt 7 ca ng tri v tung ng di mt 8 ca ng phi. Trong trng
hp ny ng ni l on bc trng vi ng chun. ahN
5-6
cho trn hnh 3.10d.
Ch thch:
1. V nguyn tc c th dng mt trong hai phng php k trn v ng nh
hng lc dc trong tt c cc thanh ca dn dm tnh nh. Trong nhng bi ton c th,
nn chn phng php no cho php thit lp c phng trnh ng nh hng t mt
phng trnh cn bng tnh hc.
2. Trng hp khng th thit lp c phng trnh ng nh hng t mt
phng trnh cn bng, c th dng phng php mt ct phi hp hoc v trc mt s
ng nh hng c lin quan. V d mun v ahN
k-d
ca dn trn hnh 3.14 ta cn v
trc ahN
k-e
bng mt ct qua ba thanh d-e, k-e v g-f, sau dng mt ct qua cc thanh
c-d, k-d, k-e v g-h v ahN
k-d
.
3. Trong thc hnh, khi gp nhng dn phc tp, ta c th v ng nh hng bng
cch: cho P = 1 ln lt t ti tng mt, xc nh lc dc trong thanh cn v ng nh
hng, di mi mt dng mt tung bng gi tr lc dc tng ng vi khi P = 1 t ti
mt , ni cc tung li vi nhau bng nhng on thng (theo nguyn tc h c h
thng truyn lc) ng gy khc chnh l ng nh hng cn tm.
3.2.4. ng nh hng trong vm ba khp
3.2.4.1. ng nh hng phn lc
y ch trnh by cch v ng nh hng ca cc thnh phn phn lc trong h ba
khp chu ti trng thng ng P = 1 di ng m khng trnh by cch v ng nh
hng ca cc phn lc ton phn A v B v l cc ng nh hng va kh khn, va
khng cn thit.
74
1) ng nh hng ca cc thnh
phn phn lc V
A
d
v V
B
d

b)
1
+
ahV
A
d
1
c)
+
ahV
B
d
C
P= 1
V
B
d


A
B
f
Z
a)
l
1
z
V
A
d

Z
l
2

l
.tri
d)
+
ah H
.phi
f
l
1
f
l
2

l.f
l
1
l
2

e)
+
ahV
A
1
tg
l.f
l
1
l
2

Hnh 3.11
f)
+
ahV
B
1
tg
l.f
l
1
l
2
Khi trn h ba khp c ti trng thng
ng P = 1 di ng vi v tr c xc nh
bng honh z, ta tm c biu thc gii
tch ca ng nh hng v t cc
iu kin cn bng:
d
A
V
d
B
V
M
B
= 0 ahV
A
d
= (l - z)/l.
M
A
= 0 ahV
B
d
= z/l.
Ln lt cho honh z hai gi tr khc
nhau ta s v c ng nh hng cc thnh
phn phn lc ny nh trn hnh 3.11b,c.
Ta thy cc ahV
A
d
v ahV
B
d
hon ton
ging nh cc ah phn lc trong dm.
2) ng nh hng lc x H
Ta bit biu thc gii tch ca m men
un ti mt tit din bt k trong vm khi chu
ti trng thng ng l:
M
k
(z) = (z) - H.y
k
.
d
k
M
p dng cng thc ny cho tit din khp C ca vm, ta c:
M
C
= - H.y
c
(v y
c
= f nn H = /f)
d
C
M
d
C
M
Khi lc P = 1 di ng trn vm, tung f l hng lng cn i lng v H bin
i nn ta c th vit
d
C
M
ahH =
f
d
C
ahM

Nh vy, ta v ng nh hng lc x H bng cch v ng nh hng ca m
men un trong dm tng ng ti v tr khp C, ri chia cho hng lng f. ng nh
hng H v trn hnh 3.11d.
3) ng nh hng lc vm Z
Khi lc thng ng P = 1 di ng trn h ba khp ta c ng thc:
H = Z.cos
Do ahZ =
cos
ahH

Nh vy, ta v c ng nh hng Z bng cch ly ng nh hng H chia cho
hng lng cos .
75
4) ng nh hng ca cc thnh phn phn lc ng V
A
v V
B

Khi ti trng thng ng P = 1 bt k v tr no trn h ba khp ta c:
V
A
= + H.tg; V
B
= - H.tg
d

A
V
d
B
V
Khi P = 1 di ng, i lng tg khng thay i, cn cc i lng khc u thay i
cho nn ta c th vit:
ahV
A
= ahV
A
d
+ (ahH).tg
ahV
B
= ah V
B
d
- (ahH).tg
Nh vy, v ng nh hng V
A
(hoc V
B
) ta ly ng nh hng (hoc
ng nh hng ) cng (hoc tr) vi ng nh hng H nhn vi tg. Cc
ahV
A
v ahV
B
v trn hnh 3.11e, f.
d
A
V
d
B
V
3.2.4.2. ng nh hng ni lc
Cng l lun nh trn, ta v c cc ng nh hng ni lc theo nhng cng thc
sau y suy ra t cng thc (2-4).
ahM
k
= ahM
k
d
- (ahH).y
k

ahQ
k
= (ahQ
k
d
).cos
k
- (ahH).(sin
k
- tg.cos
k
)
ahN
k
= -(ahQ
k
d
).sin
k
- (ahH).(cos
k
+ tg.sin
k
)
1) ng nh hng m men un ti tit din k
T cng thc (2-4) ta c:
ahM
k
= ahM
k
d
- (ahH).y
k

Ta thy: v ahM
k
trong h ba khp
(Hnh 3.12a) ta cn ly ahM
k
d

(Hnh 3.12b) ca dm n gin tng ng
tr i ahH c nhn vi hng lng
y
k
(Hnh 3.12c).
Thc hin php tr bng cch t
chng hai ng nh hng ln nhau,
phn gch gch trn hnh 3.12d chnh l kt
qu cn tm. em cc tung kt qu t
ln ng chun ta c ahM
k
nh trn
hnh 3.12e.
Cch lm nh vy thng tn kh
nhiu thi gian cho nn y ta t vn
tm mt cch v thc hnh nhanh chng. T
kt qu v trn hnh 3.12 ta c cc nhn xt
c dng lm c s cho cch v thc
hnh.
B
N
k
M
A
C
z
k
.tri
P= 1
l-u

A
B
Hnh 3.12
f
Z
a)
l
1
u
b)
c)
+
d)
e)
f)
ahM
k
d
(ahH)y
k
ahM
k
ahM
k
z
k
Z
l
2

l

y
k
y
k

+
l.f
l
1
l
2

a
.phi f
l
2

+ z
k -
y
k

-
+
z
k
.ni
a
1
e
d
c
b
D
76
1) Phn ae ca ahM
k
gi l ng tri ng vi trng hp P di ng trn phn bn
tri tit din k. Phn ec ca ahM
k
gi l ng phi ng vi trng hp P di ng trn
phn bn phi tit din k, t k n khp C. Phn cn li ca ahM
k
gi l ng ni ng
vi khi P di ng trn phn CB.
Ta nhn thy nu v c ng phi th s tm c ton b ahM
k
, bi v ng
tri ae bao gi cng i qua im a c tung bng khng ng di gi A v i qua im e
nm trn ng phi ng di tit din k; ng ni bao gi cng i qua im b c tung
bng khng ng di gi B v i qua im c nm trn ng phi ng di khp C.
ng phi c xc nh bng hai im: im a
1
vi tung aa
1
= z
k
v im khng
d nm trn ng chun. im a
1
tm c d dng, ch cn phi tm im khng d.
2) im khng d ca ng phi l im ng di v tr ti trng P = 1 sao cho m
men un M
k
= 0. N chnh l im nm trn ng chun ng di giao im D ca
ng Ak v ng BC.
Tht vy, khi P = 1 t ti im D th phn lc B c phng BCD, cn phn lc A c
phng AD i qua trng tm ca tit din k. Do , khi P = 1 t ti im D th m men
un ti tit din k c xc nh theo phn lc A i qua k nn c gi tr bng khng. Nh
vy im khng d nm trn ng chun ca ng phi l im ng di giao im D
ca ng BC v ng Ak.
l iu phi chng minh.
Hai nhn xt trn cho php ta suy ra cch v thc hnh ng nh hng m men un
ti mt tit din k nm phn bn tri vm nh sau:
+ Xc nh im khng d ca ng phi l im nm trn ng chun ng di
giao im ca ng BC v ng Ak.
+ ng di gi tri A, dng on aa
1
= z
k
. Ni im a
1
vi im khng d s c
ng phi ec (e l im nm trn ng phi ng di tit din k cn c l im nm trn
ng phi ng di khp C).
+ Ni a vi e, c ng tri ae.
+ Ni c vi im b nm trn ng chun ng di gi B, c ng ni cn bng.
ng gy khc aecb l ahM
k
cn tm.
Ch thch:
+ T hnh 3.12 ta thy tam gic AND ng dng vi tam gic AkM; tam gic BDN
ng dng vi tam gic BCL, ta tnh c:
=
k
k
z
y
u v =
2
f
l
(l - u), do : =
k
k
z
y
u =
2
f
l
(l - u)
vi u l khong cch theo phng nm ngang t gi ta tri n im khng d. Suy ra:
u =
f ) z / y (
. f
k k 2
+ l
l

77
Dng cng thc ny ta xc nh c d dng v tr ca im khng d bng gii tch.
+ Trng hp tit din k ming cng bn phi, nguyn tc thc hin cng tng t.
Khi v ah M
k
cng c th quan st h t pha sau chuyn tit din k v phn bn tri.
2) ng nh hng lc ct ti tit din k
Theo (2-4): ahQ
k
= (ahQ
k
d
).cos
k
- (ahH).(sin
k
- tg.cos
k
)
Nh vy, v ahQ
k
trong h ba khp (Hnh 3.13a) ta cn em ahQ
k
d
ca dm n
gin tng ng nhn vi hng lng cos
k
(Hnh 3.13b) ri tr i ahH c nhn vi
hng lng n = (sin
k
- tg.cos
k
), (Hnh 3.13c).
Qu trnh thc hin c trnh by trn hnh 3.13.
T hnh 3.13 ta thy ahQ
k
gm ba on thng: on ae bn tri tit din k, on e
1
c
bn phi tit din k v on ni bc. an thng e
1
c i qua im a
1
vi aa
1
= cos
k
v qua
im khng d.
im khng d chnh l im ng di v tr ca ti trng P = 1 di ng t k n C
sao cho lc ct Q
k
bng khng, ngha l sao cho hp lc bn tri tit din k (phn lc A)
song song vi tip tuyn ca trc vm ti tit din k.
V tr ca ti trng P = 1 chnh l giao im ca ng AD song song vi tip
tuyn ca trc vm ti tit din k v ng BC i qua hai khp B v C.
Do ta suy ra cch v thc hnh
ahQ
k
i vi tit din thuc phn bn tri
ca vm nh sau:
P= 1
l-t
B
N
k
Q
A
C
D
i
+ Xc nh im khng d ca ng
phi l im ng di giao im D ca hai
ng BC v AD. ng AD l ng k
t A song song vi tip tuyn ca trc vm
ti k.
+ ng di gi tri A dng tung
aa
1
= cos
k
. Ni a
1
vi d s c on phi
e
1
c ca ahQ
k
, on ny tng ng vi
trng hp P = 1 di ng trn phn kC.
+ T im a k ng thng song song
vi a
1
d. ng dng thng ng k t tit
din k ct ng va v ti im e. on ae
l ng tri ca ahQ
k
. ng di tit din
k, ahQ
k
bao gi cng c bc nhy bng
cos
k
.
.tr

Hnh 3.13
B
f
Z
a)
l
1

t
b)
c)
+
d)
e)
(ahQ
k
d
)cos
k
(ahH).n
ahQ
k
ahQ
k
a
k

Z
l
2

l
a
.phi
cos
k

+
f
l
2

.n
-
-
+
e
1
a
1
.ni
e
d
c
b
-
+
cos
k

f
l
1
.n
cos
k

cos
k

f
l
2

.n
78
+ T khp C k ng dng thng ng, ng ny ct ng phi ti c. Ni c vi
im b nm trn ng chun ng di gi B, c on ni cb.
ng aee
1
cb l ahQ
k
.
Ch thch:
+ Cng c th xc nh v tr ca im khng d bng cng thc gii tch. T hnh 3.13.
ta c:
= t(tg
k
- tg) v = ) t (
f
2
l
l
do t(tg
k
- tg) = ) t (
f
2
l
l

t =
f ) tg tg (
f
k 2
+ l
l

t l khong cch theo phng ngang t im khng d n gi tri A ca h ba khp.
+ Trng hp tit din k phn ming cng bn phi, nguyn tc thc hin cng
tng t. Khi v ah Q
k
cng c th quan st h t pha sau chuyn tit din k v phn
ming cng bn tri song cn i du.
3) ng nh hng lc dc ti tit din k
Theo (2-4)
ahN
k
= -(ahQ
k
d
).sin
k
- (ahH).(cos
k
+ tg.sin
k
)
Nh vy, v ahN
k
ta cn em ahQ
k
ca dm n gin tng ng nhn vi hng
lng -sin
k
(Hnh 3.14b) ri cng vi ahH nhn vi hng lng u,
vi u = -(cos
k
+ tg.sin
k
) (Hnh 3.14c).
Php cng ny c thc hin trn hnh 3.14d. v c kt qu nh trn hnh 3.14e.
T hnh v ta thy ahN
k
gm ba on thng: ng tri ae, ng phi e
1
c, v ng
ni cn bng.
V tr ca ng phi c xc nh bng im a
1
v im khng I. tm im a
1
,
t im khng a ng di gi tri ta dng tung aa
1
= sin
k
. im I ca ng phi l
im nm trn ng chun ng di giao im I ca ng BC v ng AI k t A
vung gc vi tip tuyn ti k ca vm.
Tht vy, im khng I l im ng di mt v tr ca im t lc P = 1 khi lc
ny di ng trn on kC th phn lc B c phng BC, lc thc hin mt ct qua tit
din k ta s thy hp lc bn tri tit din ch l phn lc A; chnh phn lc ny gy ra lc
dc N
k
bng thnh phn chiu ca lc A ln phng tip tuyn vi trc vm ti tit din k.
Mun cho lc dc N
k
bng khng th ti trng P = 1 trn on vm kC phi c v
tr sao cho phn lc A vung gc vi tip tuyn ca trc vm ti k, ngha l phi c
phng AI. V h nm trong trng thi cn bng nn ba lc P = 1, A, B phi ng quy, do
79
lc P = 1 c v tr trn on kC sao cho n i qua giao im I ca phn lc B v phn
lc A.

I



















im t I ca ti trng P = 1 nh trn hnh v c th nm ngoi phn kC.
Nu tng tng im I c gn vi phn kC ca h bng thanh DE th c th xem
nh lc P = 1 trc tip tc dng ln on kC v gi tr ca lc dc N
k
tng ng ti tit
din k s phi bng khng. Lc , ng di im I s l im khng I ca ng phi
e
1
c.
T nhn xt trn ta suy ra cch v thc hnh ahN
k
nh sau:
+ Xc nh im khng I ca ng phi. im ny l im ng di giao im I
ca ng BC v ng AI i qua A vung gc vi tip tuyn ca trc vm ti k.
B
N
k
A
A
C
D
P= 1

f
Z
a)
l
1
b)
c)
E
Z
l
2
l

.tri
Hnh 3.14
d)
e)
ahN
k

ahN
k

a
.phi
-
.ni
a
1
e
c
b
e
1
(ahQ
k
d
)(-sin
k
) sin
k

k


(ahH).u
-
f
l
2

f
l
1

.u
-
f
l
1

.u
f
l
2

.u
-
sin
k

-
sin
k

I
f
l
2

.u
80
+ T a t tung aa
1
= sin
k
, ni a
1
vi I s c ng phi e
1
c ca ahN
k
ng vi
trng hp P = 1 di ng trn on kC.
+ T a k ng tri ae song song vi e
1
c. Di tit din k bao gi ahN
k
cng c
bc nhy bng sin
k
.
+ Ni c vi im b nm trn ng chun ng di gi B, c ng ni cb.
ng gy khc aee
1
cb l ahN
k
ca h ba khp.
Ch thch:
+ T hnh 3.9a. ta c
= v(tg + cotg
k
) v = ) v (
f
2
+ l
l
do v(tg + cotg
k
) = ) v (
f
2
+ l
l

v l khong cch theo phng nm ngang t im khng I n gi tri A.
T ta suy ra cng thc gii tch xc nh v tr im I nh sau:
v =
f ) g cot tg (
f
+ l
l
k 2

+ Trng hp tit din k phn ming cng bn phi, nguyn tc thc hin cng
tng t. Khi v ahN
k
cng c th quan st h t pha sau chuyn tit din k v ming
cng bn tri.
3.2.5. ng nh hng trong h c h thng truyn lc
Vi h c h thng truyn lc, P = 1 di ng trn dm ph dc, trong khi i lng
cn v ng nh hng li thuc kt cu chu lc chnh. Nu so snh ahS
K
no trong
hai trng hp: khi P = 1 di ng trc tip trn kt cu chu lc (ni cha i lng cn v
ng nh hng, ng nt t trn hnh 3.15c), v khi P = 1 di ng trn dm dc ph
(ng nt lin); Ta thy trong qu trnh di ng trn dm dc ph, s c nhng thi im
lc P = 1 n t ng trn cc mt truyn lc.
nhng v tr lc P = 1 t trn
dm dc ph hay trn kt cu chu lc
chnh l hon ton nh nhau, v ton b p
lc s truyn qua mt truyn lc xung kt
cu chu lc chnh. iu ny c ngha l
tung ahS
K
ng di cc mt truyn lc
trong hai trng hp l nh nhau (cc tung
y
A
, y
B
, y
C
... trn hnh 3.15b), i lng
cn v ng nh hng S
K
bin thin theo
qui lut bc nht. Tht vy, lc P = 1 truyn
p lc xung kt cu chu lc qua hai phn
lc ti cc mt truyn lc B v C theo hm
bc nht. i lng S
K
tnh c:
P = 1
Hnh 3.15
A
a)
b)
c)
z
ahS
K

P = 1
R
B
=
(l-z)
l
R
C
=
z
l
y
A

B C D
y
B

y
C

y
D

K
81
S
K
= R
B
.y
B
+ R
C
.y
C
=
l
l ) z (
.y
B
+
l
l ) z (
.y
C
.
cng l hm bc nht.
Qua phn tch trn, ta suy ra cch v nhanh ng nh hng trong h c h thng
truyn lc nh sau:
Trc ht v ahS
K
vi gi thit P = 1 di ng trc tip trn kt cu chu lc chnh
(khng c mt truyn lc), sau ni tung ca ng nh hng va v ng di cc
mt truyn lc bng cc on thng trong phm vi gia hai mt truyn lc, ta c ng
nh hng cn v.
Ch :
+ ng di cc mt truyn lc t vo t, tung ng nh hng bng khng.
+ ng di cc mt truyn lc m ahS
K
c bc nhy th: nu xt mt ct K bn tri
ta ly tung bn phi, v ngc li, nu xt mt ct K bn phi, ta ly tung bn tri.
3.3. CCH XC NH CC I LNG NGHIN CU DO TI TRNG
GY RA BNG PHNG PHP NG NH HNG
Trong mc ny trnh by cch s dng ahS
K
xc nh gi tr ca S
K
do h lc bt
k tc dng trn cng trnh gy ra. trnh by c tng qut ta gi thit ng nh
hng ca i lng nghin cu S
K
l ng cong bt k. Khi v ahS
K
, cho P = 1 di ng
c phng cng phng vi h lc cho.
3.3.1. Ti trng tp trung
P
1
y
1
ahS
K

y
n

y
i
y
2
ng
chun
P
n
P
2
P
i

Gi s trn cng trnh c c h lc tp
trung P
1
, P
2
, P
n
nh trn hnh 3.16.
Tung y
i
l gi tr ca i lng S
K

khi c mt lc P = 1 t ti v tr ca P
i
gy
ra, vy nn gi tr ca i lng S
K
do P
i

gy ra l = P
i
.y
i

KPi
S
Hnh 3.16
Theo nguyn l cng tc dng th:
S
K
= +

+ + + + = P
1
.y
1
+ P
2
.y
2
+ P
i
.y
i
++ P
n
.y
n

1
KP
S
2
KP
S
i
KP
S
n
KP
S
Hay S
K
= = (3-1)

=
n
1 i
KP
i
S

=
n
1 i
i i
y . P
Nh vy gi tr ca i lng S
K
do cc lc tp trung gy ra bng tng i s cc tch s
gia gi tr ca lc tp trung vi tung ng nh hng ti cc im t lc tng ng.
82
+ Cc lc P
i
c coi l dng khi n cng chiu vi lc P = 1 khi v ng nh
hng.
+ Du ca tung y
i
ly theo du ca ahS
K
.
3.3.2. Ti trng phn b
Gi s cng trnh chu tc dng ca ti trng phn b bin i theo quy lut q(z) nh
trn hnh 3.17.
Trc tin ta xt nh hng ca mt phn t ti trng trn chiu di dz (phn gch
cho trn hnh 3.17). C th xem phn t ti trng ny nh mt lc tp trung dP = q(z)dz
v hy xc nh gi tr ca i lng dS
K
do lc dP gy ra theo (3-1):
dS
K
= dP.y(z) = q(z)dz.y(z)
Do vy gi tr ca i lng S
K
do c on ti trng phn b gy ra l:
S
Kq
= = (3-2)

b
a
z
z
K
dS

b
a
z
z
ds ) z ( y ) z ( q
Trng hp ti trng phn b u (q = const) ta c:
S
Kq
= q = q.

b
a
z
z
ds ) z ( y
Khi c nhiu on lc phn b th:
S
Kq
= (3-3)

=
n
1 i
Kq
i
S =

=

n
1 i
i i
q
Hnh 3.17

ab

ahS
K
z
a
y(z)
z
q(z)dz
z
b

q(z)
dz
Trong l din tch ca phn ahS
K
nm di on ti trng phn b u q
i
.
i
i
0 z

Nh vy, gi tr ca i lng S
K
do ti trng phn b u gy ra bng tch ca cng
ti trng q vi din tch ca phn ng nh hng nm di on ti trng.
+ Lc phn b q
i
l dng nu n cng chiu vi chiu ca lc P=1 dng v ahS
K
.
+ Du ca din tch ly theo du ca ahS
K
.
3.3.3. M men tp trung
Gi s trn cng trnh c m men tp trung M
tc dng nh hnh 3.18.
Thay th m men tp trung M t ti honh z
bng mt ngu lc gm hai lc tp trung P c cnh
tay n z, vi z tin ti 0. Theo (3-1) ta xc nh
c i lng S
K
do hai lc ny gy ra l:
S
K
= [ ] ) z ( y . P ) z z ( y . P lim +


Hnh 3.18
P
ahS
K

z z
P
M
ng
chun
y(z)
y(z+z)

83
Thay P =
z
M

ta c:
S
KM
= M
z
) z ( y ) z z ( y
lim
0 z

+

= M.y(z)
Hay S
KM
= M.tg
Khi c nhiu mmen tp trung tc dng th:
S
KM
= = (3-4)

=
n
1 i
KM
i
S

=

n
1 i
i i
tg M
Nh vy, nh hng ca m men tp trung n i lng S
K
bng gi tr ca m men
tp trung nhn vi gi tr o hm ca ng nh hng ti im t m men hay nhn vi
tang ca gc gia tip tuyn ca ng nh hng ti im t m men vi phng ca
ng chun.
+ M men tp trung M
i
l dng khi c chiu quay thun chiu kim ng h.
+ tg
i
l dng khi ng nh hng ng bin.
Ch :
ah S
Hnh 3.19
y
tr

P
M

tr

y
ph

ph
1) Trng hp ng nh hng c bc nhy ti ni
t lc tp trung, hoc c mi gy ti ni t m men tp
trung (Hnh 3.19), lc ny ta phi tnh hai gi tr ca i
lng S
K
tng ng vi tit din bn tri v bn phi ca
im t lc.
= P.y
ph
hoc = M.tg
ph

tr
K
S
tr
K
S
= P.y
tr
hoc = M.tg
tr
(3-5)
ph
K
S
ph
K
S
2) Trng hp c nhiu lc tc dng trn
cng mt on thng no ca ahS
K
nh trn
hnh 3.20, th trong cng thc (3-1) ta c th thay
th cc lc bng hp lc ca chng.
Hnh 3.20
o
z
1

ah S
K
y
1

P
1

R

y
2

y
o

y
i

y
n

P
2
P
i
P
n

z
2

z
o

z
i

z
n

Gi s trn phn ng thng ca ahS
K
c
cc lc P
1
, P
2
, P
n
tc dng v hp lc ca
chng l R.
Gi l gc hp bi on thng ny vi
ng chun v khong cch t cc lc tp trung
ti giao im 0 (xem hnh v) l z
1
, z
2
,z
n
v ca
hp lc l z
o
khi theo (3-1) ta c:
S
K
= P
1
y
1
+ P
2
y
2
+ + P
n
y
n
= P
1
z
1
tg + P
2
z
2
tg + + P
n
z
n
tg
S
K
= (P
i
z
i
)tg = R.z
o
.tg = R.y
o
(3-6)
(V m men ca mt h lc ly i vi mt im bng m men ca hp lc ca chng
ly i vi im ), (3-6) l iu phi chng minh.
84
V d 3-1: Tnh gi tr m men
un v lc ct ti tit din K ca dm
cho trn hnh 3.21a bng phng
php ng nh hng.
0,25
0,25
0,75
0,5
1
ahQ
K b)
1
+
-
+
Hnh 3.21
2
ahM
K
c)
-
+
1,5
1,5
1,0
(m)
a)
20kN
2m
40kN
60kNm
10kN/m
K
2m 2m 4m
ahQ
K
v ahM
K
do P = 1 di
ng v c nh trn hnh 3.21b,c.
Ti tit din K c m men tp trung
v lc tp trung nn cn phi xc nh
cc gi tr ca m men un v lc ct
ng vi cc tit din bn tri v bn
phi im t m men v lc tp
trung.
+ Ni lc ti tit din bn tri tit
din K:

kNm 35
2
4 . 1
. 10 5 , 1 . 40 ) 5 , 1 .( 20
6
5 , 1
. 60 M
tr
K
=

+ + +

= (cng di)
kN 5 , 37
2
4 . 5 , 0
. 10 75 , 0 . 40 ) 25 , 0 .( 20
6
75 , 0
. 60 Q
tr
K
+ =

+ + +

=
+ Ni lc ti tit din bn phi tit din K:
kNm 95
2
4 . 1
. 10 ) 5 , 1 .( 40 ) 5 , 1 .( 20
2
5 , 1
. 60 M
ph
K
=

+ + +

= (cng di)
kN 5 , 2
4 . 5 , 0
. 10 ) 25 , 0 .( 40 25 , 0 . 20
25 , 0
. 60 Q
ph
= + + +

=
2 2
K


Nu dng phng php mt ct ta cng s tnh c cc gi tr ni lc nh trn.
V d 3-2: Tnh gi tr ni lc ti tit din K ca dm c mt truyn lc chu ti trng
cho nh trn hnh 3.22a bng phng php ng nh hng.
Gii: Th t tin hnh:
1. Phn tch s tng nh hnh 3.22b.
2. V cc ng nh hng ni lc ti K. Vi ahQ
K
, ta phi v ahQ
K
tr
v ahQ
K
ph

v ti K c mt truyn lc t vo.
Cc ng nh hng ni lc trn hnh 3.22c,d v e.

85

80kNm














3. Tnh cc gi tr ni lc ti K:
= - 80.
ph
K
Q

4
0 3 / 2
+ 40.
3
1
- 20.
2
1
.4.
3
2
= -
3
80
kN
= 20.
tr
K
Q
2
1
.(4.1) - 80.

4
1 3 / 2
+ 40.
3
1
- 20.
2
1
.

3
2
. 4 = +
3
100
kN
M
K
= - 80.

4
0 3 / 4
- 40.
3
2
+ 20.
2
1
.4.
3
4
=
3
160
kNm.

3.4. XC NH V TR BT LI NHT CA ON TI TRNG DI NG
BNG NG NH HNG
Khi tnh ton cng trnh di tc dng ca ti trng di ng, cc on ti trng nh:
on xe la, on t, on ngi i li .v.v khi di ng phi tun th nhng quy nh
c th v ti trng, khong cch.v.v.. Nhng on ti trng nh vy gi l on ti trng
tiu chun. Ty theo mc ch s dng, mi cng trnh c tnh ton vi mt on ti
trng tiu chun nht nh. V tr ca on ti trng di ng c xc nh theo ta z
ca mt trong s cc ti trng trong on. Bi vy i lng nghin cu S
K
cng bin i
ph thuc vo ta z, ngha l S
K
= f(z).
K
4m 2m 2m 2m
40kN
20kN/m 20kN/m
a)
2m 2m 2m
b)
+
c)
d)
e)
+
-
2
1
-
-
1
3
2
3
2
3
2
+
ahQ
K
ph

ahQ
K
tr

ahM
K

(m)
Hnh 3.22
86
Nh trn bit, v tr bt li nht (v
tr tnh) ca on ti trng di ng i
vi S
K
l v tr gy nh hng ln nht n
i lng nghin cu S
K
. Do vic tm v
tr bt li nht ca on ti trng c lin
quan n vic tm cc tr ca hm S
K
=f(z).
Ni chung hm S
K
= f(z) t cc tr nhiu
ln ng vi mt s v tr no ca on ti
trng.
S
K

Trong s nhng cc tr c cc tr ln nht v tr s tng ng vi tng du ca n
(on EF v on GH trn hnh 3.23), ta k hiu l max (hoc min ). V tr ca
on ti trng ng vi v tr c max (hoc minS ) l cc v tr bt li nht ca
on ti trng i vi i lng S
K
.
max K
S
min K
min K
S
max K
S
Nh vy, ng li chung tm v tr bt li nht l ln lt cho on ti trng di
ng ti mi v tr trn cng trnh, pht hin ht cc v tr m hm S
K
= f(z) t cc tr
(cho S
Kmax
hay S
Kmin
), so snh cc (hoc ) tm ra max (hoc
min ), v tr c max (hoc min ) l v tr bt li nht cn tm.
max K
S
min K
S
min K
S
max K
S
min K
S
max K
S
Biu hin cc tr v mt ton hc nh sau:
+ Nu hm S
K
= f(z) lin lc v o hm cp mt = f(z) cng lin tc th iu
kin cc tr xy ra khi o hm cp mt bng khng ( = f(z) =
'
K
S
'
K
S
dz
dS
K
= 0). Hm S
K
s t
cc i hay cc tiu ty theo o hm cp hai ca n m hoc dng. Trong thc hnh ta t
gp trng hp ny v o hm = f(z) thng khng lin tc.
'
K
S
+ Nu hm S
K
= f(z) lin tc nhng
o hm cp mt ca n khng lin tc
(Hnh 3.24) th khi tm cc tr ta thng
xt du ca o hm cp mt. Trn
hnh 3.24 ti cc im c honh z
1
,
z
3
, z
4
hm S
K
t cc i, cn li cc
im c honh z
2
, z
5
, z
6
honh S
K

t cc tiu.
Ta thy, ti ni S
K
t cc i (gi
z
i
l honh c cc i), o hm cp
mt khi chuyn t tri sang phi, phi
tha mn mt trong cc iu kin sau:
Hnh 3.23
S
K
=f(z)
A
C
B
H
M
m
i
n
S
K
m
i
n

D
z o I
G
E L
m
a
x
S
K
m
a
x

K
F
Hnh 3.24
S
K

z
S >0
1
o
z
1

z
2

2
3 4
5
6
S >0
S >0
S =0
S =0
S<0
S<0
z
3


K
K
K
K

K

K
z
4

z
5

z
6

87
Chuyn t:
dz
dS
K
0 sang
dz
dS
K
0 (3-7)
>
>
<
=
(ti z = z
i
- dz) (ti z = z
i
+ dz)
<
=
Ti ni hm t cc tiu, o hm cp mt phi:
Chuyn t:
dz
dS
K
0 sang
dz
dS
K
0 (3-8)
>
>
<
=
(ti z = z
i
- dz) (ti z = z
i
+ dz)
< =
V ti trng v ng nh hng c nhiu dng khc nhau, nn khng c mt nguyn
tc chung c th no tm v tr bt li. Di y s trnh by mt trng hp hay gp
trong thc t. l: trng hp on ti trng tp trung di ng trn ng nh hng
dng a gic.
Trong trng hp ny pht hin cc v tr cc tr ca S
K
, ta dng cch th dn.
gim nh khi lng tnh ton, ta da vo mt s tnh cht sau:
1) Hm S
K
ch c th t cc tr khi c t nht mt trong s cc lc tp trung t vo
mt nh no ca ahS
K
.
Xt ahS
K
c dng a gic
mt du (Hnh 3.25), R
j

(j=1, 2m) l hp ca cc lc
tc dng trn on thng th j
ca ng nh hng. Gi cc
gc nghing ca tng on
thng ng nh hng vi
ng chun l
1
,
2
,
m
.
Di tc dng ca cc ti trng
P ta c th xc nh i lng
S
K
theo cng thc (3-6)
Hnh 3.25
ahS
K

m

R
j

R
m

y
m

dz
dy
j
=dz.tg
j

b)

j

j

a)

2

R
1
R
2

+
y
j
y
2

y
1

S
K
=

=
m
1 j
j j
y R
Gi s cho on ti trng dch sang phi mt lng v cng b dz, th S
K
s thay i
mt lng vi phn
dS
K
=

=
m
1 j
j j
dy R
m dy
j
= dz.tg
j
(xem hnh 2.12b)
Nn dS
K
= hay

=

m
1 j
j j
dz tg R

=
=
m
1 j
j j
K
tg R
dz
dS
(3-9)
(3-9) l biu thc tnh o hm cp mt ca S
K
da vo ahS
K
. Mun S
K
t cc tr th
o hm cp mt ny phi i du. iu ny ch xy ra khi R
j
thay i (v tg
j
trong (3-9)
88
khng i), mun vy, phi c t nht mt trong s cc ti trng dch chuyn t on thng
ny sang on thng khc, ngha l phi vt qua mt nh no ca ahS
K
. l iu
phi chng minh.
K hiu ti trng t nh ahS
K
lm cho S
K
t cc tr (
dz
dS
K
i du) l P*. Tnh
cht trn ch l iu kin cn ch khng phi iu kin , v khng phi lc P no t
nh ahS
K
cng l P*.
2) Nu ti trng P* t mt nh li ca ng nh hng th i lng S
K
s c gi
tr tuyt i cc i, cn i qua nh lm th S
K
s c gi tr tuyt i cc tiu.
Xt ahS
K
mang du dng v on ti trng dch chuyn hng sang phi nh trn
hnh 3.26.
Gi s c mt lc P* trng vi mt nh no
ca ahS
K
. Theo (3-7) v (3-8) nu:

0
dz
dS
dz
dS
dz
dS
K
tr
K
ph
K
< =

th S
K
t cc i, cn nu
dz
dS
K
> 0 th S
K
t
cc tiu. Mt khc theo (3-9), khi P* dch chuyn t
bn tri sang bn phi nh ta c:
dz
dS
K
= =P*.(tg
ph
- tg
tr
) = P*.tg.

+

= =
tr
m
1 j
j j
ph
m
1 j
j j
tg * P tg R tg * P tg R
R rng l nu ng nh hng mang du dng v nh li th .tg < 0
(tg
ph
< tg
tr
v tr i s), cn khi nh lm th .tg > 0 (tg
ph
> tg
tr
v tr i s).
Vy khi P* t nh li
dz
dS
K
= P*.tg < 0; S
K
c gi tr cc i. Cn khi P* t
nh lm
dz
dS
K
= P*.tg > 0; S
K
c gi tr cc tiu. l iu cn chng minh.
i vi ahS
K
mang du m chng minh cng tng t.
T nhng tnh cht trn rt ra kt lun: V tr bt li nht ca on ti trng tp trung
di ng trn ng nh hng c dng a gic mt du ch c th xy ra khi c t nht
mt trong s cc ti trng t ti mt nh li no ca ng nh hng.
Da vo kt lun ny, ta c th tm v tr bt li theo cch th dn nh sau: Ln lt
cho tng ti trng tp trung t ti tng nh li ca ng nh hng. Mi ln t th
nh vy cn tin hnh:
+ Tnh o hm cp mt
dz
dS
K
theo cng thc (3-9) trong hai trng hp: Khi on ti
trng bn tri v bn phi v tr va gi thit mt on dz.
Hnh 3.26
ahS
K

ph

tr

R
tr
R
1

P*
R
ph
R
m

+
89
+ Nu trong hai ln tnh, o hm
dz
dS
K
i du, i lng S
K
t cc i (nu ahS
K

mang du dng), hoc cc tiu (nu ahS
K
mang du m).Tnh (hoc ) theo
cng thc (3-1)
max K
S
min K
S
Nu o hm cp mt
dz
dS
K
khng i du, chng t lc P gi thit t trn nh li
ca ahS
K
khng phi l P*, lc ny dch on ti trng sang pha khc. Nu tm S m
c hai ln tnh
min K
dz
dS
K
> 0 th cho on ti trng dch chuyn theo chiu chuyn ng (sang
phi); cn nu c hai ln tnh
dz
dS
K
< 0 th dch on ti trng theo chiu ngc li. Nu
tm th lm ngc li.
min K
S
+ So snh cc (hoc ) tm max (hoc min ), v tr tng ng
ca on ti trng l v tr bt li nht cn tm.
max K
S
min K
S
max K
S
min K
S
V nguyn tc, nu c n lc tp trung v m nh li ca ahS
K
, th phi th (nm) ln
nh trn. Song thc t c th loi bt mt s ln th, v v tr bt li thng xy ra khi cc
ti trng ln nm trn phn ng nh hng c tung ln v cng nhiu ti trng nm
trong phm vi ng nh hng cng tt.
Ch :
1) Trng hp ahS
K
c bc nhy, ta coi bc nhy nh mt on ph c:
tg =
z
y

= (v z 0);
du (+) hay du (-) ty thuc vo y = y
ph
- y
tr
dng hay m. Ta thy:
+ Khi y > 0 (xem hnh 3.27) i lng s t gi tr cc
i nu
dz
dS
K
0 ng vi P* bn phi nh li (bn phi
bc nhy) mt on dz (v o hm bn tri bng +).
+ Khi y < 0, th S
K
t cc i nu
dz
dS
K
0, ng vi P* gi thit bn tri nh li
(bn tri bc nhy).
Hnh 3.27
ahS
K
z

P*
+
nh li
y>0
2) Trng hp ahS
K
c dng a gic hai du, lc ny ta phi tm c maxS
Kmax
v
minS
Kmin
. Xt hai trng hp:
+ Nu on ti trng c th ct ri c (ch khng ch khong cch ti thiu gia cc
ti trng nh on t) th tch chng ra tng nhm ring bit b tr chng trn tng
phn ng nh hng dng (nu tm S
Kmax
) hoc m (nu tm S
Kmin
), ta tr v trng
hp ahS
K
c mt du.
+ Nu on ti trng khng ct ri ra c (on xe la), vic tnh ton vn nh khi
ahS
K
c mt du, nhng phi k ti nh hng ca ti trng t phn ng nh hng
khc du. Cc ti trng ny lm gim gi tr i lng nghin cu.
3) Trng hp c ti trng phn b di ng, ta phn chng thnh nhiu lc tp trung
tnh gn ng.
90
V d 3-3: Xc nh v tr bt li nht ca on ti trng di ng i vi i lng S
K

c ng nh hng nh trn hnh 3.28a.
1. Tnh cc tg
i
vi gi thit ti trng di ng hng sang phi.
tg
1
= 0,75; tg
2
= 0,25; tg
3
= -0,5;
2. Tnh s nh li ca ng nh hng:
tg
12
= tg
2
- tg
1
= 0,25 - 0,75 = -0,5 < 0 nh li.
tg
23
= tg
3
- tg
2
= -0,5 - 0,25 = - 0,75 < 0 nh li.
3. Pht hin cc v tr t lc

dz
dS
k
i du.
H c 4 lc tp trung v hai nh
li, ta phi th 42 = 8 v tr t lc,
nhng do tm S
Kmax
nn ta ch cn gi
thit 4 v tr tnh th nh
hnh 3.28b,c,d v e l .
Th ln 1: Cho lc P
1
t trn
nh li c tung bng 4 (trn hnh
v, lc gi thit l P* c nh thm
du ) xem hnh 3.28b. Xt hai
trng hp.
+ Khi P
1
bn tri nh (P
1
nm
trn on 2) ta c:

dz
dS
K
= 30.0,75+ (50 + 30).0,25 = 42,5 > 0
Hnh 3.28
P
3
P
1

P
2

P
4
P
3
P
1

P
2

P
4
P
3

1

P
2

P
P
4
P
3

1

P
2

P
a)
3m 3m 4m
4m 4m 8m
P
4
=50
P
3
=30 P
1
=30
P
2
=50
ahS
K

1

3
+

3

4
3,75
2,5
1
b)
c)
d)
e)
+ Khi P
1
bn phi nh (P
1
nm trn on 3) ta c:

dz
dS
K
= 30.0,75+ 50.0,25 + 30.(-0,5) = 20 > 0
Trong c hai ln tnh
dz
dS
K
u dng, lc P
1
t trn nh ny khng phi l P*. Cho
on ti trng dch tip sang phi.
Th ln 2: Lc ny lc P
2
trng nh c tung bng 4, ng thi lc P
3
trng nh
c tung bng 3 (Hnh 3.28c), ta c:
+ Khi on ti trng nm bn tri v tr ang xt, tnh:

dz
dS
K
= (50 + 30).0,75 + 50.0,25 + 30.(-0,5) = 57,5 > 0
+ Khi on ti trng nm bn phi v tr ang xt, tnh:

dz
dS
K
= 50.0,75 + 30.0,25 + (50 + 30).(-0,5) = 5 > 0
v tr ny on ti trng khng cho S
K
t cc tr. Tip tc dch sang phi, lc P
4
s
gp nh c tung bng 3.
Th ln 3: Cho P
4
t nh li c tung bng 3 (Hnh 3.28d)
91
+ Khi P
4
bn tri nh, tnh:

dz
dS
K
= 50.0,75+ 30.0,25 + (50 + 30).(-0,5) = 5 > 0
+ Khi P
4
bn phi nh, tnh:

dz
dS
K
= (50 + 30).0,25 + (50 + 30).(-0,5) = -20 < 0
Vy theo iu kin (3-7), lc P
4
t nh ang xt l P*. i lng S
K
lc ny t
cc i.
Th ln 4: Tip tc dch on ti trng sang phi, lc P
3
t nh c tung bng 4
(Hnh 3.28e)
+ Khi lc P
3
bn tri nh, tnh:

dz
dS
K
= (50 + 30).0,25 + (50 + 30).(-0,5) = -20 < 0
+ Khi lc P
3
bn phi nh, tnh:

dz
dS
K
= 50.0,25 + (50 + 30 + 50).(-0,5) = -42,5 < 0
v tr ny on ti trng khng cho S
K
t cc tr. C hai ln tnh
dz
dS
K
u m, nu
tip tc dch on ti trng sang phi th cc o hm
dz
dS
K
cng m cho n khi on ti
trng ra khi ahS
K
. Nh vy trng hp ny, v tr ca on ti trng t trong ln th 3
l duy nht hm S
K
t cc i, y l v tr bt li nht ca on ti trng i vi i
lng S
K
ang xt.
4. Tnh gi tr max
max K
T v tr bt li nht (Hnh 3.28d) ta xc nh gi tr ca i lng S
K
theo cng thc (3-1).
S .
max = 50.3 + 30.(3 +0,75.1) + 50.2,5 + 30.1 = 417,5 n v ca S
K
.
max K
S
3.5. BIU BAO NI LC
Khi thit k cng trnh di tc dng ng thi ca c ti trng bt ng v ti trng
di ng, ta phi bit c gi tr ni lc ln nht v nh nht c th xy ra ti cc tit din
ca cng trnh.
Biu ni lc, m mi tung ca n biu th gi tr ni lc ln nht (hoc nh
nht) c th xy ra ti tit din tng ng, gi l biu bao ni lc.
R rng, cng trnh c thit k theo biu bao ni lc s bn vng di tc dng
ca ti trng bt k.
Xt tung K ca biu bao ni lc S no (k hiu l ), theo nguyn l cng
tc dng, s gm gi tr ca S
K
do ti trng bt ng gy ra (k hiu l ) l mt s xc
nh khng i, cng vi gi tr ln nht (hoc nh nht) ca S
K
do ti trng di ng gy ra
(k hiu l max v min S
K
dd
). C th biu din di dng ton hc:
b
K
S
bd
K
S
bd
K
S
Mt tung K ca biu bao max v min.
92
+ max + minS (3-10)
bd
K
b
max K
S =
bd
K
S
bd
K
S
b
min K
S =
bd
K
S
b
max
S
b
min
S
Cn c biu bao max v min:
= S
bd
+ max S
dd
= S
bd
+ min S
dd
(3-11)
xc nh gi tr ln nht (hoc nh nht) ca S
K
do ti trng di ng gy ra ta s
dng ah S
K
nh trnh by. Khi v biu bao ni lc, ta thng chia kt cu ra lm
nhiu on, tnh cc tung biu bao ti cc im chia, ri ni cc tung bng cc
on thng.
V d 3-4: V biu bao ni lc m men un ca dm trn hnh 3.29 chu tc dng
ca trng lng bn thn q = 20kN/m (ti trng c nh) v h lc di ng P
1
, P
2
(ti trng
tm thi).
4m


q=20kN/m
70kN 30kN
93

















Biu M
bd
do q=20kN/m gy ra v c trn hnh 3.29b.
Chia dm lm su on. xc nh by gi tr max M
K
dd
v by gi tr min M
K
dd
ta
phi v by ng nh hng mmen cho by tit din tng ng vi gi thit lc P = 1 di
ng c phng thng ng v chiu hng xung. (Tt nhin, hai tung biu bao
hai u dm l bit bng khng, nn ch cn li nm tit din).
0
c)
ahM
1

3m
30 70
+
-
2
,
2
5

1
,
5

0
,
7
5

0
,
5

1
,
0

6m
3m 2m 2m 3m 3m 3m
a)
1 2 3 4
5 6
d)
e)
Hnh 3.29
70kN 30
+
-
b)
M
b

2
3
0

2
8
0

1
5
0

1
6
0

4
0

(kNm)
ahM
2

1
,
5

3
,
0

1
,
5
1
,
0

2
,
0

4
2
5

5
2
0

3
4
5

1
6
0

1
4
0

6
0

4
4
0

4
0

(kNm)
M
bao

(m)
(m)
1
6
0

1
8
0

M
b
max
M
b
min
Trn hnh 3.29c,d cho ta ahM
1
, v ahM
2
(cc tit din cn li lm tng t), v v
tr ca ti trng di ng cho max (v nt lin), v cho min (v nt t). ng vi
hai tit din 1 v 2 ta c:
dd
i
M
dd
i
M
max = 70.2,25 + 30.1,25 = 195 kNm; min = 70.(-1) = - 70 kNm
dd
1
M
dd
dd
1
M
dd
max = 30.1 + 70.3 = 240 kNm; min = 70.(-2) = -140 kNm
2
M
2
M
Tung biu bao m men ti tit din 1 v 2 tnh theo cng thc (3-10):
max = 230 + 195 = 425 kNm; min = 230 - 70 = 160 kNm
b
1
M
b
1
M
max = 280 + 240 = 520 kNm; min = 280 - 140 = 140 kNm
b
2
M
b
2
M
Cc tit din 3, 4, 5 lm tng t. Cui cng ta v c cc biu bao m men max
(ng lin nt) v min (ng nt t) trn hnh 3.29e.
BI TP CHNG 3
1. V ng nh hng m men un, lc ct, lc dc cho tit din K ca dm cho trn
hnh 3.30 trong hai trng hp:
a) P = 1 di ng c phng thng ng t A ti B.
b) P = 1 di ng c phng nm ngang t A ti B.
2. Tnh ni lc ti tit din K ca dm cho trn hnh 3.31 bng phng php ng
nh hng khi P = 1 di ng trn dm CD.
3. Dng phng php ng nh hng xc nh ni lc ti cc tit din K
1
, K
2
, K
3
cho cc dm cho trn hnh t hnh 2.37 n hnh 2.40 v hnh 2.48.
4. Tm v tr bt li nht cho on ti trng tp trung di ng trn ng nh hng c
dng a gic cho trn hnh 3.32 v hnh 3.33.

94





l/2
B
q=30kN/m
A
K
Hnh 3.30

l/2
2m
A
K
Hnh 3.31
2m
B
2m 2m
D
C
ahS
K
+
2
6m
Hnh 3.32
6
3
6m 4m 4m
20
4m 3m 2m
20 20 10
-
+
4
6m
Hnh 3.33
6
8m 6m 4m
4
3m l
min
=4m
20 20kN 60kN
4m 3m
20 60
CHNG 4
CHUYN V CA H THANH
Nghin cu cch xc nh chuyn v trong h thanh phng n hi tuyn tnh nhm
gii quyt hai mc ch sau:
* Kim tra cng ca cng trnh.
* Chun b c s cho vic nghin cu h siu tnh.
Trong Sc bn vt liu vic tnh chuyn v trong h n gin c xc nh thng qua
phng trnh ng n hi. Trong C hc kt cu t c hai mc ch trn ta ch
cn xc nh chuyn v ti cc v tr xc nh trn h kt cu m khng cn tm ng n
hi ca h.
4.1. KHI NIM
4.1.1. Khi nim v bin dng v chuyn v
2'
3'
3 2 1
P
Hnh 4.1
ng bin dng
Xt dm nh hnh v. Khi chu lc, trc dm b
cong v c v tr mi. ng cong ca trc dm khi
bin dng gi l ng bin dng ca trc dm.
Di y chng ta s nu ra khi nim v bin dng
v chuyn v.
1. Bin dng
S thay i hnh dng hnh hc ban u ca h gi l bin dng.
Bin dng ca h l do kt qu bin dng ca cc phn t v cng b trong cc cu
kin ca h to thnh, hay ni mt cch khc l kt qu ca s thay i kch thc v
hnh dng ca cc phn t trong h.
2. Chuyn v
Khi h b bin th v tr cc tit din trong h cng b thay i. S thay i v tr ca
cc tit din c gi l chuyn v. Ni mt cch khc ni lc lin quan n bin dng ca
h v chuyn v l h qu ca bin dng. Nh vy mt phn t trong h c ba kh nng
(Hnh 4.1):
+ Khng chuyn v nhng c bin dng (phn t 1). Phn t ny st ngm nn
khng chuyn v c nhng vn c bin dng do ti ngm vn c ni lc.
+ C chuyn v v c bin dng (phn t 2)
+ C chuyn v nhng khng c bin dng (phn t 3). Phn t ny khng b bin
dng v ti khng c ni lc, nhng vn c chuyn v do h qu bin dng ca cc phn
t khc.
95
Trong thc hnh ngi ta thng dng khi nim chuyn v ca tit din thay cho
chuyn v ca phn t
Xt khung trn hnh 4.2, khi chu ti ng bin
dng l ng nt t. Sau bin dng, ti tit din K c
cc chuyn v:
Chuyn v thng theo phng x k hiu l
x

Chuyn v thng theo phng y k hiu l
y

Chuyn v gc xoay k hiu l
cho tng qut cc thnh phn chuyn v trn
c k hiu chung bng ch km theo hai ch s k
v m (
km
), trong :
+ Ch s th nht: k ch v tr v phng ca chuyn v.
+ Ch s th hai: m ch nguyn nhn gy ra chuyn v.
Ta gi
km
l chuyn v n v ch chuyn v ti v tr K, theo phng K do nguyn
nhn m bng n v gy ra.
4.1.2. Cc gi thit p dng v cc phng php tnh
Khi tnh ton chuyn v ca h thanh thng phng ta tha nhn cc gi thit sau:
1. Vt liu ca h l n hi tuyt i v tun theo nh lut Hc.
2. Cc chuyn v v bin dng ca h l rt nh so vi kch thc hnh hc ban u
ca chng.
T cc gi thit trn ta c th p dng nguyn l cng tc dng khi tnh chuyn v ca
h do nhiu nguyn nhn tc dng ng thi.
xc nh chuyn v trong h thanh ta c th i theo mt trong hai hng sau:
* Xut pht t nguyn l bo ton nng lng. Xc nh chuyn v theo th nng
bin dng n hi.
* Xut pht t nguyn l cng kh d ca h n hi.
Cch xc nh chuyn v theo th nng ch p dng c cho h chu tc dng ca ti
trng, trong tnh ton cn gp nhiu bt tin v cha gii quyt c vic xc nh chuyn
v trong nhng h chu s thay i nhit v chuyn v gi ta. Cch xc nh chuyn v
theo nguyn l cng kh d cho php ta c th thit lp c cng thc tnh tng qut
tnh chuyn v ca h khi chu nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau. Ta chn cch th hai.

y

P
Hnh 4.2

x


y
x
o
K
K
96
4.2. CNG KH D CA H N HI
4.2.1. nh ngha cng kh d
Cng kh d l cng sinh ra bi cc lc thc hin trn nhng chuyn v v bin dng
v cng b m ta tng tng ra, hoc do mt nguyn nhn bt k no gy ra. Chuyn
v v bin dng v cng b phi ph hp vi cc iu kin lin kt ngoi v ni ca h,
tc l tha mn iu kin ng hc v c gi l chuyn v kh d v bin dng kh d.
phn bit s khc nhau gia cng thc v
cng kh d ta xt v d sau:

12

Hnh 4.3
P
1

l
P
o
B C
A D

11

c)
P
1

11
P
1

b)

11

12
P
2

Hnh 4.4
P
1

a)

11
b)

12
P
2

a)
+ Dm trn hnh 4.3a chu tc dng ca lc P
1

b bin dng theo ng t nt, tit din u tha
c chuyn v
11
do chnh lc P
1
gy ra gi l
chuyn v thc.
+ Sau ta tc dng tip thm lc P
2
dm b
bin dng thm nh hnh 4.3b. Tit din u tha
c thm chuyn v

12
theo phng ca lc P
1

nhng do lc P
2
gy ra gi l chuyn v kh d i
vi lc P
1
.
Xt mi quan h gia lc (P) v chuyn v (l)
trn hnh 4.3c ta thy:
+ Cng thc T
11
l cng do lc P
1
sinh ra trn
chuyn v thc
11
, trong qu trnh bin dng lc P
1

tng t 0 n P
1
nn:
T
11
=
2
1
P
1
.
11
(l din tch hnh tam gic OAB trn hnh 4.3c).
+ Cng kh d
T
12 l cng do lc
P
1 sinh ra trn
chuyn v kh d

12, trong qu trnh bin dng lc

P
1
khng thay i nn:

T
12
= P
1
.
12
(l din tch hnh ch nht ABCD).

Do chuyn v

12
khng ph thuc vo lc P
1
nn trng thi cn bng bin dng
(TTCB - BD) ca h do lc P
2
tc dng c th tch ring vi TTCB - BD ca h do lc P
1
tc dng (Hnh 4.4).
Trng thi th nht: Trng thi lc do lc P
1
tc dng (Hnh 4.4a), tng qut ta gi
l trng thi k do lc P
K
tc dng (Hnh 4.5a).
Trng thi th hai: Trng thi chuyn v kh d
12
do lc P
2
tc dng gy ra
(Hnh 4.4b), tng qut ta gi l trng thi m(Hnh 4.5b).
97
4.2.2. Nguyn l cng kh d p dng cho h n hi (S.D.Poisson 1833)
Trong C hc l thuyt ta bit ni dung nguyn l cng kh d ca Lagrange p
dng cho h rn tuyt i l:
iu kin cn v mt h cht im (ca vt rn) cn bng di tc dng ca
cc lc l tng cng kh d ca cc lc trn nhng chuyn v kh d v cng b tng ng
phi bng khng.
T
km
= 0 (4-1)
Trong trng hp h bin dng n hi th ngoi cng kh d ca cc ngoi lc ta cn
phi k n cng kh d ca cc ni lc trn nhng bin dng kh d. Nguyn l c pht
biu nh sau:
iu kin cn v mt h n hi cn bng di tc dng ca cc lc l tng
cng kh d ca cc ngoi lc T
km
trn cc chuyn v kh d v cng b tng ng v cng
kh d ca cc ni lc V
km
trn cc bin dng n hi kh d tng ng phi bng khng.
T
km
+ V
km
= 0 Hay T
km
= - V
km

(4-2)
4.2.3. Cng kh d ca ngoi lc
Khi nim v cng kh d trnh by trn c th m rng cho trng hp h chu tc
dng ca nhiu lc nh sau:
Xt mt h n hi cn bng hai trng thi k v m nh hnh 4.5.
Trng thi k h chu tc dng ca
mt nhm lc gm: Lc tp trung P
k
; M men
tp trung M
k
v cc phn lc ti cc gi ta

nh hnh 4.5a.
j
k
R
ds
2
M
k

1
R
1k

3
a)
P
k

"k"
R
2k
R
3k

Hnh 4.5

km

km

m

"m"
b)
q
m

2
1
3
ds

m

o
2
t
o
1
t
1
Trng thi m h b bin dng do
nhiu nguyn nhn tc dng ng thi no :
ti trng; s thay i nhit dc theo th trn
, th di ; chuyn v cng bc ca gi
ta (Hnh 4.5b).
o
1
t
o
2
t
i
m

2
Cng kh d T
km
ca cc ngoi lc t tnh trng thi k trn nhng chuyn v kh
d tng ng trng thi m c th p dng nguyn l cng tc dng:
T
km
= P
k
.
km
+ M
k
.
km
-

- .0 -

1
k
R .
1
m

2
k
R
3
k
R .
3
m

C th vit di dng tng qut nh sau:

98
T
km
= + (4-3)

=

n
1 i
i
km
i
k
. P

=

n
1 j
j
m
j
k
. R
Trong :
l lc tng qut th i trng thi k, trong ly i t 1 n n lc.
i
k
P
l chuyn v kh d tng qut tng ng vi lc tng qut th i do cc nguyn
nhn trng thi m gy ra.
i
km

l phn lc ti lin kt ta th j trong trng thi k, trong ly j t 1 n n

lin kt.
j
k
R
l chuyn v ca lin kt ta th j trong trng thi m.
j
m

Cng ca ngoi lc s ly du dng khi lc v chuyn v cng chiu, ly du m khi

lc v chuyn v ngc chiu.
4.2.4. Cng kh d ca ni lc
tnh cng kh d ca ni lc V
km

cho ton h trc ht ta tnh cng kh d ca mt
on thanh c chiu di ds nh ty (Hnh 4.6).
trng thi k ta tch mt phn t c chiu di ds. Trong trng hp tng qut
ca bi ton phng ti mt ct tri v phi ca phn t c cc lc M
k
, N
k
, Q
k
tc dng (b
qua cc i lng v cng b). Cc lc ny l ni lc ca h trng thi k nhng li l
ngoi lc i vi phn t ang xt trn hnh 4.6a.
trng thi m ti v tr tng ng ta cng tch mt phn t c chiu di ds
(Hnh 4.6b). trng thi m ny phn t s b bin dng do cc ni lc M
m
, N
m
, Q
m
v s
thay i nhit trong thanh gy ra, gm bin dng gc d
m
, bin dng di ds
m
v bin
dng trt .
TB
m

b)
a)









M
m

"m"
ds
d
c)
M
m
N
m

ds+ds
Hnh 4.6
d)
ds
"m"
N
m

TB
.
2
ds

TB

e)
ds
"m"
Q
m
Q
m

M
k

"k"
ds
M
k

N
k

Q
k

Q
k
Q
m

N
k

M
m

"m"
ds
M
m

N
m

N
m

o
2
t
o
1
t
Q
m

99
Theo nguyn l cng tc dng ta c:
Bin dng xoay: d
m
= d(M
m
) + d(t
o
)
Bin dng dc: ds
m
= ds(N
m
) + ds(t
o
)
Bin dng trt: =
TB
(Q
m
) +
TB
(t
o
)
TB
m

1. Bin dng do cc ni lc M
m
, N
m
, Q
m

Do M
m
tc dng hai tit din hai u phn t b xoay to thnh gc:
d(M
m
) =
EJ
ds M ds
m
=

(Hnh 4.6c).
Do N
m
tc dng hai tit din hai u phn t b dn di dc trc mt on:
ds(N
m
) =
EF
ds N
m
(Hnh 4.6d).
Do Q
m
tc dng hai tit din hai u phn t b trt mt gc:

TB
(Q
m
) =
GF
Q
G
m
TB

(Hnh 4.6e).
Trong : : H s iu chnh c xt ti s phn b khng u ca ng sut tip (ph
thuc vo hnh dng ca mt ct).
2. Bin dng do s thay i nhit
Gi v l s thay i nhit th trn v di ca thanh. n gin ta chp
nhn cc gi thit sau:
o
1
t
o
2
t
+ Dc theo th bin ca tng on thanh nhit thay i nh nhau.
+ Theo chiu cao ca tit din nhit thay i theo qui lut bc nht.
Biu bin thin nhit c dng ng thng nh trn hnh 4.7a c v vi gi
thit > . Theo biu ta d dng tnh c bin thin nhit trc ( ) ca
thanh:
o
2
t
o
1
t
o
c
t
t
c
=
h
t b t a
o
2
o
1
+
Nu a = b =
2
h
th ta c: t
c
=
2
t t
o
2
o
1
+

thnh lp cng thc tnh bin dng do s
thay i nhit ta gi thit: > 0; > 0;
> ; gi l h s dn n v nhit ca vt liu.
Nh vy th trn ca phn t s dn di mt on
bng . .ds, trc ca phn t (th trung ha) s
dn di l . .ds v th di ca phn t s dn
di l . .ds (Hnh 4.7b).
o
1
t
o
2
t
o
2
t
o
1
t
o
1
t
o
2
t
o
c
t
Hnh 4.7
2
2 1
1

2
ds
t
o
c
o
2
t
o
1
t
o
c
t
b
a
h
a) b)
ds+ t ds
o
2
ds+ ds
o
1
t
100
Bin dng ca phn t do s thay i nhit gm hai thnh phn:
Bin dng di dc theo trc thanh do nhit gy ra:
o
c
t
ds(t
o
) = . .ds (b)
o
c
t
Bin dng xoay gia hai tit din u tri v phi ca phn t:
d(t
o
) = . ds
h
t
ds
h
t - t
o
1
o
2

= (c)
* Bin dng trt gia hai tit din do nhit gy ra:

TB
(t
o
) = 0
Tnh cng kh d phn t dT
km
ca cc lc M
k
, N
k
, Q
k
ca phn t trng thi k trn
chuyn v kh d tng ng ca phn t trng thi m theo cng thc (4-3)
dT
km
= 2M
k
.
2
d
m

+ 2Q
k
.
2
ds
TB


+ 2N
k
.
2
ds
m

Theo (4 - 2) ta c th tnh c cng kh d ca ni lc phn t
dV
km
:
dV
km

= - dT
km
= - (M
k
.d

m
+ Q
k
.
TB
.ds + N
k
.ds
m
)
Trn ton h cng kh d ca ni lc trng thi k trn nhng bin dng kh d
tng ng trng thi m bng:

V
km

= - [M
k
.d
m
+ Q
k
.
TB
.ds + N
k
.ds
m
]
Thay cc thnh phn bin dng (a), (b), (c) tnh trn vo ta c:

+ + + + =

ds
h
t
M ds N t ds
EF
N N
ds
GF
Q Q
ds
EJ
M M
V
k k c
m k m k m k
km

(4-4)

4.2.5. Cng thc biu din nguyn l cng kh d ca h n hi
Thay cng thc tnh cng kh d ca ngoi lc (4-3) v cng kh d ca ni lc (4-4)
vo (4-2) ta c biu thc y ca nguyn l cng kh d p dng cho h n hi nh
sau:

=

n
1 i
i
km
i
k
. P
+ =
=

n
1 j
j
m
j
k
. R + + +

ds
EF
N N
ds
GF
Q Q
ds
EJ
M M
m k m k m k

+

+ ds
h
t
M ds N t
k k c

(4-5)
Ghi ch:
+ Cng thc (4-5) c p dng cho cc h n hi tuyn tnh gm nhng thanh thng
hoc nhng thanh cong c cong nh (Thanh cong c xem l c cong nh khi
101
h/ 1/10. Trong : h l chiu cao ca tit din, l bn knh cong b nht ca trc thanh
trng thi ban u).
+ Cc tch phn trong cng thc (4-5) l tch phn nh hn, c ly trn tng on
thanh trong cc hm di du tch phn l lin tc. Du tng v phi p dng cho cc
on thanh trong h. Du tng v tri ly theo s lc trng thi k.
4.3. CNG THC MCXOEN - MO TNH CHUYN V
CA H THANH PHNG (1874)
4.3.1.Cng thc tng qut
Cng thc tng qut tnh chuyn v trong h n hi tuyn tnh c thit lp da trn
nguyn l cng kh d (4-5).
Xt h thanh bt k (c th l tnh nh hoc siu tnh), ng thi chu tc dng ca
cc nguyn nhn m sau:
+ Ti trng P
m
(c th l lc tp trung P, lc phn b q, m men tp trung M).
+ S thay i nhit : t
1m
v t
2m

P
m

km

t
1m

m
q
m

K
j
a)
"m"
j
t
2m

Hnh 4.8
K
b)
P
K

"k"
j
R
k

j
+ Chuyn v cng bc

ti cc lin kt ta.
j
m

Gi trng thi ny ca h l
trng thi thc m. Do tc dng
ca cc nguyn nhn m h b
bin dng theo ng t nt nh
trn hnh 4.8a.
Yu cu xc nh chuyn v ti tit din K no trn h.
Trong trng hp h phng bt k, ti tit din K c th c ba chuyn v l chuyn
v ng, chuyn v ngang v chuyn v gc xoay. Ta k hiu chung l
km
.
Gi s cn tm thnh phn chuyn v thng ng ti tit din K (Hnh 4.8a) do nguyn
nhn m gy ra. thc hin c yu cu trn ta tng tng to ra trn h cho mt
trng thi kh d (cn gi l trng thi gi to) k trong t lc P
k
sao cho lc ny sinh
cng kh d trn chuyn v
km
cn tm (Hnh 4.8b). Ngha l:
Nu chuyn v cn tm l chuyn v thng ti mt tit din no theo phng u th
trng thi kh d k ta cn t lc P
k
di dng mt lc tp trung ti tit din , theo
phng u, chiu chn ty .
102
Nu chuyn v cn tm l chuyn v xoay ti mt tit din no th trng thi kh
d k ta cn t lc P
k
di dng mt m men tp trung ti tit din , c chiu chn ty
.
p dng nguyn l cng kh d ca lc trng thi k trn cc chuyn v v bin
dng kh d trng thi m (4-5) ta c:
P
k
.
km
+ =
=

n
1 j
j
m
j
k
. R + + +

ds
EF
N N
ds
GF
Q Q
ds
EJ
M M
m k m k m k

+

+ ds
h
t
M ds N t
k k c

Chia c hai v ca biu thc cho P
k
v k hiu:

k
k
k
P
M
M = ;
k
k
k
P
Q
Q = ;
k
k
k
P
N
N = ;
k
j
k j
k
P
R
R =
Ta c cng thc tng qut tnh chuyn v ca h n hi tuyn tnh:
=
km
+ + +

ds
EF
N N
ds
GF
Q Q
ds
EJ
M M
m k m k m k

+

+ ds
h
t
M ds N t
k k c
=

n
1 j
j
m
j
k
. R

(4-6)
Trong :
k
k
k N , Q , M :Biu thc ni lc ca h trng thi k do lc P
k
= 1 gy ra.
M
m
, Q
m
, N
m
:Biu thc ni lc ca h trng thi m do cc nguyn nhn m
(P
m
, t
m
,
m
) gy ra.

j
k
R :Phn lc ti lin kt th j trng thi k do lc P
k
= 1 gy ra.
:Chuyn v cng bc ti lin kt th j trng thi m
j
m

:H s dn n di do nhit
t : chnh nhit hai pha ca thanh (t = t
2m
- t
1m
)
t
c

:Nhit ti trc thanh.
Ch :
1. Chiu ca lc P
k
= 1 c th chn ty . Nu kt qu tnh chuyn v mang du dng
th chuyn v cn tm cng chiu vi lc P
k
gi thit. Nu kt qu mang du m th
ngc li.
2. Tch s
j
k
R .
j
m
ly du dng khi phn lc
j
k
R cng chiu vi .
j
m

3. Cc tch phn trong cng thc l tch phn nh hn c ly tch phn trn tng
on thanh trong cc hm di du tch phn l lin tc. Du tng v phi p dng
cho cc on thanh trong h.
103
4. Cng thc c dng tnh chuyn v trong h tnh nh cng nh h siu tnh
nu bit c ni lc trong h hai trng thi m v k.
5. Cng thc ch p dng cho cc h n hi tuyn tnh gm nhng thanh thng hoc
nhng thanh cong c cong nh.
4.3.2. Cch vn dng cng thc tnh chuyn v
Cng thc (4-6) l cng thc tng qut tnh chuyn v trong h bt k chu tc dng
ng thi ca nhiu nguyn nhn. Trong thc t ty theo tng trng hp c th ta ch cn
vn dng mt vi s hng ca cng thc. Di y ta s xt mt s trng hp thng
gp.
1. H chu tc dng ca ti trng
Khi h ch chu tc dng ca ti trng. Trng thi m c gi c th hn l trng
thi p. Khi cng thc tnh chuyn v ca Mc xoen - Mo c dng:

+ + = ds
EF
N N
ds
GF
Q Q
ds
EJ
M M
p
k
p k p
k
kp
(4-7)
Trong : M
p
, Q
p
, N
p
L cc biu thc ni lc do ti trng tc dng trng thi p.
V d 4-1: Xc nh chuyn v thng ng ti A ca khung c kch thc v s
chu lc nh trn hnh 4.9a. Cc thanh c mt ct ngang khng i v c dng hnh ch
nht kch thc (bh).
thy r nh hng ca lc ct v lc dc so vi nh hng ca m men. Trong v
d ny ta tnh chuyn v c xt n nh hng ca c ba thnh phn ni lc M, Q, N:
=
A
y

+ + dz
EF
N N
dz
GF
Q Q
dz
EJ
M M
p
k
p k p
k
()
Theo yu cu ca bi
ton tnh chuyn v
ng ti A, ta lp trng
thi k: t lc tp trung
P
k
= 1 c phng thng
ng hng t trn xung
(c th chn chiu ty )
ti tit din A ca h
cho nh trn hnh 4.9b. Hnh 4.9
q
J
J
a

a
"p"
B
C
A
a) b)
z

z
P
k
=1
B
C
A
"k"
z

z
104
Trng thi p(Hnh 4.9a) l trng thi thc do lc phn b q gy ra chuyn v A.
Cc biu thc ni lc trng thi p v k l:
Thanh AB: M
p
=
2
qz

2
; Q
p
= - qz ; N
p
= 0 ;

k
M = - 1.z = - z ;
k
Q = - 1 ;
k
N = 0 ;
Thanh BC: M
p
=
2
qa

2
; Q
p
= 0 ; N
p
= - qa ;

k
M = - 1.a = - a ;
k
Q = 0 ;
k
N = -1 ;
Thay cc i lng ny vo cng thc () ta c:
A
y
= ( ) ( ) ( )( ) ( )( )

+ +

a
0
a
0
2 a
0
a
0
2
EF
dz
qa 1
GF
dz
qz 1
EJ
dz
2
qa
a
EJ
dz
2
qz
z
= ( ) + =

+ + 1
EJ 8
qa 5
F a 5
J 8
GF a 5
EJ 4
1
EJ 8
qa 5
4
2 2
4

Gi l h s k n nh hng ca lc ct v lc dc so vi nh hng ca m men
un. tnh h s ta cn lu :
+ Tit din ch nht c: = 1,2; t s
12
h
bh . 12
bh
F
J
2 3
= =
+ Vt liu n hi ta c lin h:
( ) +
=
1 2
E
G
Trong l h s bin dng ngang Poisson.
Thay vo ta c:
( ) ( ) [ ] 1 2 , 1 1
a 15
h 2
1 2
a 12
h
2 , 1
5
4
a 12
h
5
8
2
2
2
2
2
2
+ + = + + =
Kt qu cho thy tr s ca ph thuc vo t s h/a.
+ Nu a >> h th = 0 tc l nh hng ca lc ct v lc dc khng ng k.
+ Nu cho a = 4h v = 1/3 th = 0,022 = 2,2% ta thy nh hng ca lc ct v lc
dc so vi nh hng ca m men l nh, khng ng k v c th b qua c.
Ch :
Khi vn dng cng thc (4-7) tnh chuyn v cho h chu tc dng ca ti trng ty
theo tng trng hp c th ta c cc cng thc rt gn sau :
Vi h dm v khung. B qua nh hng ca lc ct v lc dc ta c:

= ds
EJ
M M
p
k
kp
(4-8)
Vi h vm c cong thoi. C th b qua nh hng ca lc ct Q. Cng thc
tnh chuyn v c dng:
105

+ = ds
EF
N N
ds
EJ
M M
p
k
p
k
kp
(4-9)
Vi h dn khp. Ni lc trong h dn khp ch tn ti lc dc N cn M v Q bng
khng. Nn ta c:

= ds
EF
N N
p
k
kp
(4-10)
Trong thc t, cc i lng E, F, lc dc N
P
,
k
N thng khng thay i trong tng
thanh dn do :

( )

=
= = =
n
1 i
i
i
ip ik
L
0
p k
L
0
p k
kp
L
EF
N N
ds
EF
N N
ds
EF
N N
(4-11)
V d 4-2: Xc nh chuyn v ng ti mt 5 ca dn c kch thc v s chu lc
trn hnh 4.11a. Cho bit cc thanh dn u c EF = const.
Da vo cng thc (4-10) ta thc hin theo th t sau:
1. Lp trng thi k (Hnh 4.10b) v xc nh lc dc trong cc thanh dn.
2. Xc nh lc dc trong cc thanh dn trng thi p (Hnh 4.10a).

Hnh 4.10
1
6
5
4
2
3
2P
P
d
"p"
a)
P
d d
1
5
4
2





Khi xc nh phn lc v ni lc trong cc thanh dn ta cn lu tnh i xng ca h
gim bt khi lng tnh ton. Kt qu tnh phn lc ghi trn hnh v. Xc nh ni lc
trong cc thanh dn hai trng thi p v k:
Trng thi p: Dng nhn xt khi tch cc mt dn 1, 3 v 5 ta c:
N
1-2
= N
1-4
= N
3-2
= N
3-6
= N
5-2
= 0;
Tch mt 4 (hoc mt 6) ta c:
N
4-5
= N
6-5

= P;
N
4-2
= N
6-2
= - P 2
6
3
2
1
b) "k"
P
K
=1
2
1

106
Trng thi k: Tng t nh trn ta c:
N
1-2
= N
1-4
= N
3-2
= N
3-6
= 0;
N
4-5
= N
6-5

= 1/2 ;
N
4-2
= N
6-2
= - 2 ;
Tch mt 5 ta c: N
5-2
= 1
Vn dng cng thc (4-11) ta tnh c chuyn v ng ti mt 5 nh sau:
=
5
y
( )( )
EF
Pd 3,328
d
2
1
. P . 2 2 d 2 - 2 P - . 2
EF
1
=

+
Kt qu mang du dng cho ta thy mt 5 chuyn v i xung theo chiu ca lc
P
k
= 1 gi thit.
2. H tnh nh chu s thay i ca nhit
Khi h ch chu tc dng ca nhit . Trng thi m c gi c th hn l trng
thi t. Vi lu : S thay i nhit ch gy ra ni lc trong h siu tnh m khng gy
ra ni lc trong h tnh nh. Ta c M
t
= Q
t
= N
t
= 0. Cng thc tnh chuyn v c dng:

kt
=

+ ds
h
t
M ds N t
k k c
(4-12)
Khi trong tng on thanh c:
Nhit thay i nh nhau theo chiu di ca tng on thanh .
H s bin dng di v nhit ca vt liu nh nhau ( = const).
Chiu cao ca tit din h = const.
Cng thc (4-12) c vit li:

kt
=

+ ds M
h
t
ds N t
k k c

Vi cc thanh thng ta c:

ds M
k
=
k
M
:Din tch biu m men un trong tng on thanh trng thi k.

ds N
k
=
k
N
:Din tch ca biu lc dc trong tng on thanh trng thi k.
thun tin khi xt du ca s hng th nht, ta biu din chng di dng tr tuyt
i. Lc ta c cng thc thc hnh tnh chuyn v khi c s thay i nhit nh
sau:

kt
=



+
k k
M N c
h
t
t (4-13)
Trong :

t :Tr tuyt i ca hiu i s chnh nhit hai pha ca thanh
Tch s t
.
k
M
> 0 (ly du dng) khi
k
M cng v pha c nhit thay i ln
hn v ngc li s ly du m khi cng v pha c nhit thay i nh hn.
107
V d 4-3: Xc nh chuyn v ngang ti tit din C, khi cc thanh trong khung c
nhit thay i nh trn hnh 4.11a. Cho bit cc thanh ca h c , h khng i.


a)
-t
o

D
+t
o


"t "
-2t
o


A



C
B
+t
o

+t
o

-2t
o

a
P
k
= 1
1
b)
"k"
C
1
1
a
M
k
c) d)
+
N
k

-
1
1
1
-
a
Hnh 4.11
Lp trng thi k nh trn hnh 4.11b, tnh h trng thi k: V biu m men
un (Hnh 4.11c) v biu lc dc (Hnh 4.11d).
Tnh cc gi tr t
C
v
t
ca cc thanh c thay i nhit :
+ Thanh CD: ; 0
2
t - t
t
C
=
+
= t 2 ) t ( t t = + =
+ Thanh AC v BD: ;
2
t

2
t 2 t
t
C
=
+
= t 3 ) t 2 ( t t = + =
Vn dng cng thc (4-13) ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

+ +

= a 1
2
t
a 1 0 a 1
2
t
2
.a a
t 3
h

2
.a a
t 2
h
t
n
C

( )
2 n
C
ta
h
2,5 t

=
Kt qu mang du m, chng t chuyn v ngang ca im C ngc chiu vi lc
P
k
=1 gi thit (tit din C dch chuyn sang tri).
3. H tnh nh chu chuyn v cng bc ca lin kt ta
Cng tng t nh trng hp h chu s thay i ca nhit . Khi cc lin kt ta
chuyn v cng bc, trong cc h tnh nh khng pht sinh ni lc. Do cng thc tnh
chuyn v c dng:

k
=

=

n
1 j
j
m
j
k
. R (4-14)
Tch s
j
k
R .
j
m
mang du dng khi phn lc
j
k
R cng chiu vi chuyn v ca
lin kt ta th j. Mang du m trong trng hp ngc li.
j
m

108
V d 4-4: Xc nh chuyn v ngang ti u t do C ca khung khi ngm A chu
chuyn v cng bc theo phng ngang l a, theo phng thng ng l b v xoay thun
chiu kim ng h mt gc bng (Hnh 4.12a).
P
k
=1
L
1
0
C
b)
A
C
B
""
b
L a

L
"k"
a)
Theo yu cu ca bi ta cn:
+ Lp trng thi k trong
t lc P
k

= 1 vo u t do C theo
phng ngang (Hnh 4.12b).
+ Tm cc phn lc ti cc
lin kt c chuyn v cng bc do
P
k

= 1 gy ra, kt qu ghi trn
hnh 4.12b.
Hnh 4.12
+ Vn dng cng thc (4-14) ta c: [ ] ( ) + = + = . L a ) . L ( ) b . 0 ( 1.a) (
n
C

Kt qu tnh mang du m cho ta thy tit din C dch chuyn sang phi (ngc vi
chiu ca P
k
=1 gi thit).
4.3.3. H dn tnh nh khi chiu di cc thanh ch to khng chnh xc
Khi lp rp cc thanh ch to khng chnh xc vo h dn, cc mt dn s chuyn v.
Bi ton c th gii quyt tng t nh trng hp h chu s thay i nhit . Cc
thanh c chiu di c ch to di hn chiu di yu cu l c xem nh chu bin
dng v nhit tng ng l .t
c
.L = ; cn cc thanh b ch to ht so vi chiu di yu
cu l c xem nh chu bin dng v nhit tng ng l .t
c
.L = -. Vi L l chiu
di ca thanh dn.
Mt cch tng qut, nu gi
i
l di ca thanh dn th i b ch to di hay ngn
hn chiu di yu cu th sau khi p dng cng thc (4-13) ta c:

im
n
1 i
ik
. N =

=
k
(4-15)
V d 4-5: Xc nh vng ti K ca dn c kch thc v s nh trn hnh 4.13a,
nu trong khi ch to chiu di ca cc thanh 1-2 v 2-3 b ht mt on bng .
Khi vn dng cng thc (4-15) vo bi ton trn ta c: i = 2;
1-2
=
2-3

= - .
Lp trng thi k nh trn hnh 4.13b v tnh h trng thi k:
+ Xc nh phn lc, kt qu ghi trn hnh 4.13b.
+ Tnh ni lc trong thanh dn 1-2 v 2-3 trng thi k.
109

"k"
K

Hnh 4.13
1
6
5
4
2
3
a
"m"
a)
a a
1
5
4
2







2
1
- N N
3 - 2
k
2 - 1
k
= = Do : ( ) ( ) = =

2
1
2
1

k

Kt qu cho thy im K s chuyn v xung mt on bng .
Ch : Trong trng hp h chu nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau ta c th vn dng
nguyn l cng tc dng tnh ring bit vi tng nguyn nhn ri cng cc kt qu.
4.4. TNH CC TCH PHN TRONG CNG THC CHUYN V DO
TI TRNG TC DNG BNG CCH NHN BIU
i vi h gm cc thanh thng nh dm, khung, dn ta c th tnh cc tch phn
trong cng thc chuyn v mt cch n gin v tin li hn so vi cch ly tch phn trc
tip. Cch tnh ny gi l cch nhn biu do A.N.Vrsaghin xut vo nm 1925.
Ta s nghin cu ni dung ca phng php qua cch tnh tch phn trong s hng u
ca cng thc (4-7).
T =

2
1
z
z
P k
dz
EJ
) z ( M ). z ( M
(a)
Gi s trong on thanh thng ang
xt (Z
1
, Z
2
) c:
. EJ = const
. Biu thc ni lc M
p
(z) c dng
bt k lin tc trong on
. Biu thc ni lc ) z ( M
k
c dng
bc nht
Gi l gc nghing gia ng
thng ca biu ) z ( M
k
v ng
chun (trc z) .
T hnh 4.14b ta thy: ) z ( M
k
= Z.tg (b)
6
3
2
1
b)
P
K
= 1
K

2
1

y
o
C
Hnh 4.14
M
k
(z)
k
y

dz
z
1

M
p
(z)
z
M
k
M
p
a)
b)
z
z
c

z
2

110
Thay (b) vo (a) vi lu trong on (Z
1
, Z
2
) ta c: tg = const nn:
( )

=
2
1
z
z
P
dz z M z tg
EJ
1
T
K hiu M
p
(z).dz = d
p
l vi phn din tch ca biu M
p
(phn gch cho) trn
hnh 4.14a. Tch phn c vit li:

=
2
1
z
z
P
d z tg
EJ
1
T
Ta nhn thy tch phn v phi ca biu thc chnh l m men tnh ca din tch
biu M
p
i vi trc oy. Nn . Trong :

=
P C P
. z d . z
+ Z
c
l honh trng tm din tch ca biu m men un M
P
vi trc oy.
+
p
l din tch ca biu m men un M
P
.
+ K hiu
k
y = tg.Z
c
l tung ca biu
k
M ng vi trng tm din tch ca
biu m men un M
P
.
Tch phn (a) c vit li:
p p
.
k
y .
EJ
1
.
c
Z g .
EJ
1
T = = t
S hng u ca cng thc (4-7) c tnh theo cch nhn biu v k hiu nh
sau:

M . M y .
EJ
1
ds
EJ
M M
k p
i
k
i
p
p k
= =

(4-16)
Lm tng t vi cc tch phn cn li ca cng thc (4-7) ta c th vit li cng thc
tnh chuyn v cho h chu ti trng di dng nhn biu nh sau:
N . N Q . Q M . M
k p k p k p kp
+ + = (4-17)
Trong k hiu nhn biu ni lc ca (4-17) bao gm vic ly tng cc kt qu
nhn ca tng on thanh v trong mi on thanh u c xt n cng EJ, EF, GF
tng ng.
Cc ch khi nhn biu :
1. Tung
k
y buc phi ly biu c dng ng thng. Din tch
p
ly biu
c dng bt k.
2. Nu biu ly din tch v v biu ly tung cng du th kt qu nhn biu
mang du dng v ngc li.
3. Theo tnh cht tch phn ca tch phn xc nh, khi biu ly din tch (min ly
tch phn) l hnh phc tp, ta c th chia thnh nhiu hnh n gin (hnh d tm ngay
c din tch v trng tm ca n) p dng ring bit cch nhn cho tng hnh ri cng
kt qu li vi nhau.
111

h
C














4. Biu i xng nhn vi biu phn
xng cho kt qu bng khng.
Trn hnh 4.15 s cung cp cc s liu v
din tch v v tr trng tm ca mt s hnh n
gin thng gp.
Ta s tm hiu cch nhn biu khi gp cc
hnh phc tp (kh tnh din tch v tm v tr
trng tm ca n) thng qua cc hnh n gin
ni trn qua v d sau:
Tnh chuyn v thng ng ca tit din C
trn dm c kch thc v s chu lc nh trn
hnh 4.16.
Trn hnh 4.16 ta thy biu m men un
trng thi p lin tc t A n B. Nhng trng
thi k biu m men un gm hai on thng
c h s gc khc nhau nn khi nhn biu ta
phi chia thnh hai on AC v CB ri nhn ring
trong tng on.
Vi cch chia hnh khi nhn biu trn on AC (Hnh 4.17) ta c th chia biu
M
p
thnh 2 hnh tam gic v mt hnh parabn bc hai (Hnh 4.17b,c,d) v tng t vi
on CB ta cng chia thnh mt hnh tam gic v mt hnh parabn bc hai. Ta c kt qu
nhn l:
Hnh 4.16
"k"
C
B
A
P
k
=1
4 k
y
3 k
y
1 k
y
2 k
y
5 k
y
M
a b
L
q
"p"
C
B
A
M
p

2

M
A
=M

4

M
C

M
k
Hnh 4.15
z
C

L
= h.L
z
c
= L/2
= h.L/2
z
C
= L/3
C
z
C

L
h
= h.L/3
z
C
= L/4
P
2

tip tuyn
C
z
C

L
h
P
n
tip tuyn
C
z
C

L
h
=
h.L
n+1
z
c
=
L
n+2
h
P
2

tip tuyn
C
z
C

L
=
2.h.L
3
z
c
=
3.L
8
= 2h.L/3
z
C
= L/2
h
parabol
bc 2 (P
2
) C
z
C

L
tip tuyn
112
= M
P
[-
1
. +
2
. +
3
. +
4
. +
5
.
d
c

k
M =
EJ
1
1 k
y
2 k
y
3 k
y
4 k
y
5 k
y ]

1

8
qa
2
8
qa
2
b)
a)
M
A

M
C

M
A
M
C

A
C
c)
d)
2 k
y
3 k
y
1 k
y
e)
Hnh 4.17
M
k
M
p






V d 4-6: Xc nh chuyn v ngang ti mt ct C ca khung c kch thc v s
chu lc nh trn hnh 4.18a. B qua nh hng ca lc ct v lc dc.
Theo yu cu ca bi ta cn:
+ Lp trng thi k (Hnh 4.18c). Tnh h trng thi k, biu m men un trng
thi k c v trn hnh 4.18d.
+ Tnh h trng thi p, biu m men un trng thi p c v trn Hnh 4.18b.
M
k
+ Dng cch nhn biu tnh chuyn v ngang ti C:
n
c
= M
p








Hnh 4.18
M = qa
2

EJ = const
q
qa
a)
"p"
D
A
C
B
a
a
3qa
2
3qa
2
qa
2

b)
M
p
qa
2
8
qa
2
2
qa
2
2
P
K
= 1
1
c)
"k"
C
1
1
a
M
k

d)

=
2
a
. a .
8
2
qa
3
2
a .
3
2
.
2
a
.
2
2
qa
a .
3
2
.
2
a
.
2
2
qa
3
a
.
2
a .
2
qa
EJ
1
n
C


EJ 24
qa 5
24
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
EJ
qa
4 4
=

=
n
C

113
Kt qu tnh cho ta thy mt ct C s dch chuyn sang tri mt on bng
EJ 24
qa 5
4

(ngc vi chiu P
k
= 1 gi thit).
4.5. CCH LP TRNG THI KH D K TNH CHUYN V
TNG I GIA HAI TIT DIN V GC XOAY CA THANH DN
Trong thc t khi tnh ton nhiu trng hp ta cn phi xc nh chuyn v thng v
chuyn v gc gia hai tit din vi nhau. Cc chuyn v gi l chuyn v tng i,
cch lp trng thi k tnh cc chuyn v ny c khc so vi cch lp trng thi k
tnh chuyn v tuyt i. Sau y ta s xt mt s trng hp thng gp trong thc t tnh
ton.
4.5.1. Chuyn v thng tng i
Chuyn v thng tng i gia hai im theo mt phng u no l hiu s hnh
chiu ca khong cch gia hai im theo phng u lc sau v trc khi bin dng.
Gi s cn tm chuyn v tng i gia hai im A v B theo phng thng ng y
do nguyn nhn m no gy ra trn h (Hnh 4.19a).
T hnh v ta thy hnh chiu ca khong cch gia hai im A v B theo phng y
lc trc bin dng bng khng cn sau khi bin dng hnh chiu khong cch gia chng
ln phng y l: A'B' =
A
+
B
Vy khi hai im c chuyn v ngc chiu nhau th chuyn v tng i gia chng
bng tng ca hai chuyn v tuyt i ca hai im .
Ta c

AB
=
A
+
B
. tnh
chuyn v tuyt i
A
v
B
.ta cn
lp hai trng thi k
1
v k
2

(Hnh 4.19b v Hnh 4.19c). Nu
b qua nh hng ca lc ct v
lc dc bng cch nhn biu ta
c:
y

A
=

B
=

AB
= +
= [ + ]
=
Hnh 4.19
b)
A
"k
1
"
B
P
k
=1
c)
A
"k
2
"
B
P
k
=1
d)
A
"k"
B
P
k
=1
P
k
=1
M
k
1
M
m

M
k
2
M
m

M
k
1
M
m
M
k

2

M
m

M
k

1

M
k

2

M
m

M
m
M
k

A

C

C
C
A
C
A
A,B,C
B
a)
B
P
m

"m"
A
B
114
Trong
k
M l biu m men trng thi k l t hp ca hai trng thi k
1
v
k
2
(Hnh 4.19d).
Khi hai im c chuyn v cng chiu nhau nh hai im A v C th chuyn v thng
tng i gia hai im theo phng y l hiu ca hai chuyn v tuyt i ca A v C.
Ta c:
AC
=
A
-
C,
vit di dng tng i s th:
AC
=
A
+(-
C
)
Vi cch lp lun tng t nh trn c hai trng hp u cho ta cch to trng thi
k khi cn xc nh chuyn v thng tng i nh sau:
Mun tm chuyn v thng tng i gia hai im no theo phng u bt k th
trng thi k ta cn t hai lc P
k
= 1 ngc chiu nhau theo phng u vo hai im ang
xt.
Sau khi lp trng thi k cc bc tnh tip theo ging nh cch xc nh cc chuyn
v tuyt i.
V d 4-7: Xc nh chuyn v thng tng i gia hai im A v B theo phng
ngang ca khung c kch thc v s chu lc nh hnh 4.20. B qua nh hng ca lc
ct v lc dc.

a) b)






Theo yu cu ca bi ta cn thc hin theo th t sau:
+ Lp trng thi k: t hai lc nm ngang P
k
=1 ngc chiu nhau ti A v B
(Hnh 4.20c).
+ Tnh h trng thi k: V biu m men un (Hnh 4.20d).
+ Tnh h trng thi p: V biu m men un (Hnh 4.20b).
+ Dng cch nhn biu tnh chuyn v ngang tng i gia A v B:


J E 2 1 8 J E
4 2
n
B A
a a
q
3
2 1 qa a
= =
Kt qu mang du dng cho ta thy chuyn v ngang tng i gia hai tit din A
v B hng theo chiu ca hai lc P
k
= 1 gi thit (hai im A v B xch li gn nhau).
M
p
M
k
Hnh 4.20
A
B
"p"
q
EJ = const
a
a
M
p

qa
2
8
B A
"k"
P
k
=1 c) P
k
=1 d)
M
k

a
a
M
p

AB
=
n
M
k
115
4.5.2. Chuyn v gc tng i
Chuyn v gc tng i gia hai tit din l hiu s ca gc hp gia hai tit din
lc sau v trc khi bin dng.
V d cn tm chuyn v gc tng i
gia hai tit din A v B ca h c s chu
lc trn hnh 4.21.
T hnh 4.21a ta thy gc hp gia hai
tit din A v B lc trc khi bin dng bng
khng, cn sau khi bin dng l
AB
v

AB
=
A
+
B

.
Hnh 4.21
M
k
=1 M
k
=1
a)
Vy chuyn v gc tng i gia hai tit
din A v B c tnh bng tng hai chuyn v
gc tuyt i ti hai tit din .
Vi l lun tng t nh chuyn v thng tng i ta c kt lun: Mun tm chuyn
v gc tng i gia hai tit din th trng thi k ta cn t hai m men tp trung
M
k
= 1 ngc chiu nhau ti hai tit din (Hnh 4.21b).
V d 4-8: Xc nh chuyn v gc xoay tng i gia hai tit din A v B ca khung
c s chu lc nh hnh 4.22. B qua nh hng ca lc ct v lc dc.
Th t thc hin nh sau:
+ Lp trng thi k: t hai m men tp trung M
k
= 1 ngc chiu nhau ti A v B
(Hnh 4.22c).
+ Tnh h trng thi k: V biu m men un (Hnh 4.22d).
+ Tnh h trng thi p: V biu m men un (Hnh 4.22b).






+ Dng cch nhn biu tnh chuyn v gc xoay tng i gia A v B:


EJ 12
qa 11
1 . a .
8
qa
.
3
2
1 .
2
a . qa
1 .
2
a . qa
.
EJ
1
3 2 2 2
AB
=

+ =
Kt qu mang du dng cho ta bit chuyn v gc xoay tng i gia hai tit din A
v B l cng chiu vi cp m men M
k
= 1 gi thit.
M
p
M
k
Hnh 4.22
P = qa
a)
A
B
"p"
q
EJ = const a
a
qa
2

qa
2

M
p
b)
qa
2
8
B A
"k"
M
k
= 1
c)
M
k
= 1
1
1
d)
M
k

1

AB
= M
p
M
k
b)
"k"

AB

B
P
m

A
"m"
116
4.5.3. Chuyn v gc xoay ca thanh dn
a)
p
c im ca h dn l khi chu lc trong cc
thanh dn ch tn ti mt thnh phn ni lc l lc
dc, khi b bin dng thanh dn vn thng, chng ch b
bin dng di lm cho cc mt dn b chuyn v thng
do cc thanh dn s b xoay.
A
B
P P P
A

A

Gi s cn tm gc xoay ca thanh dn AB trong
dn c s chu lc trn hnh 4.23a.
Trn hnh 4.23b nu gi AB l v tr ca thanh
AB sau bin dng ng thi gi
A
v
B
l chuyn v
ti mt A v B theo phng vung gc vi trc thanh
AB. Gi
AB
l gc xoay ca thanh dn AB ta c:
B A
B A
AB AB
a
1
a
1
a
tg + =
+
= =
Ta thy gc xoay ca thanh AB trong dn chnh l
tp hp ca hai chuyn v
A
v
B
vi h s l 1/a.
Vy ta c th pht biu cch lp trng thi k nh sau:
Mun tm gc xoay ca thanh bt k trong dn th trng thi k ta cn t hai lc
tp trung ti hai u thanh, ngc chiu nhau, vung gc vi trc thanh v c gi tr bng
n v chia cho chiu di ca thanh (P
k
= 1/a).
4.6. CC NH L V S TNG H
Di y s trnh by bn nh l v s tng h phc v cho vic nghin cu v
tnh ton h siu tnh sau ny.
4.6.1. nh l tng h v cng kh d ca ngoi lc
nh l ny do E. Betti xut vo nm 1872. Xt mt h n hi tuyn tnh hai
trng thi m v k (Hnh 4.24).
+ trng thi m h chu cc
ngoi lc P
m
v cc chuyn v gi ta

m
(Hnh 4.24a).
+ trng thi k h chu cc
ngoi lc P
k
v cc chuyn v gi ta

k
(Hnh 4.24b).
Theo cng thc cng kh d (4-5)
ta c:
Hnh 4.23
b)

B

B
B
A
a

AB

c)
k
B
A
1
P
k
=
a
P
k
=
1
a
a)
P
m
"m"

km

m
Hnh 4.24
"k"
b)

k

P
k

mk

R
m

R
k

117
Cng kh d ca cc ngoi lc trng thi m trn cc chuyn v kh d tng ng
trng thi k:

=

n
1 i
i
mk
i
m
. P
+ =
=

n
1 j
j
k
j
m
. R

+ + ds
EF
N N
ds
GF
Q Q
ds
EJ
M M
k m k m k m
(a)

Cng kh d ca cc ngoi lc trng thi k trn cc chuyn v kh d tng ng
trng thi m:

=

n
1 i
i
km
i
k
. P
+ =
=

n
1 j
j
m
j
k
. R

+ + ds
EF
N N
ds
GF
Q Q
ds
EJ
M M
m k m k m k
(b)
So snh (a) v (b) ta c:

=

n
1 i
i
mk
i
m
. P
+ = + hay T
mk = T
km
(4-18)
=

n
1 j
j
k
j
m
. R

=

n
1 i
i
km
i
k
. P

=

n
1 j
j
m
j
k
. R
Vy nh l Betti c pht biu nh sau:
Trong h n hi tuyn tnh cng kh d ca ngoi lc t vo h trng thi m
trn nhng chuyn v kh d tng ng trng thi k tng h bng cng kh d
ca cc ngoi lc t vo h trng thi k trn cc chuyn v kh d tng ng trng
thi m.
Cn hiu khi nim tng h nh sau:
+ Hai trng thi m v k phi xy dng trn cng mt h.
+ Chuyn v trng thi ny phi c v tr v phng tng ng vi v tr v phng
ca lc trng thi kia.
Sau y ta s vn dng nh l Betti chng minh cc nh l khc.
4.6.2. nh l tng h v cc chuyn v n v

km
a)
"m"
b)
"k" P
k
=1

mk

P
m
=1
Hnh 4.25
nh l ny do J. Maxwell xut nm
1864. Xt mt h n hi tuyn tnh hai
trng thi:
+ trng thi m h chu mt lc
P
m
= 1 gy nn chuyn v
km
theo phng
ca lc P
k
(Hnh 4.25a).
+ trng thi k h chu mt lc P
k
(c th l lc tp trung hoc m men tp trung)
gy nn chuyn v
mk
theo phng ca lc P
m
(Hnh 4.25b).
Theo nh l Betti ta c: 1.
mk
= 1.
km

Vy:
mk
=
km

(4-19)
118
nh l Maxwell c pht biu nh sau:
Trong h n hi tuyn tnh chuyn v n v tng ng vi v tr v phng ca lc
P
m
do lc P
k
bng n v gy ra tng h bng chuyn v n v tng ng vi v tr v
phng ca lc P
k
do lc P
m
bng n v gy ra.
4.6.3. nh l tng h v
cc phn lc n v

m
=1
a)
"m"
r
km

b)
"k"
r
mk

k
=1
m
k
Hnh 4.26
nh l ny do L. Rayleigh
(1842- 1919) xut nm 1875. Xt
mt h n hi hai trng thi:
+ trng thi m: Gi ta th
m c chuyn v cng bc bng n
v gy ra ti gi ta th k phn lc
n v r
km
(Hnh 4.26a).
+ trng thi k: Gi ta th k c chuyn v cng bc bng n v gy ra ti gi
ta th m phn lc n v r
mk
(Hnh 4.26a).
Theo nh l Betti ta c: 1.r
mk
= 1.r
km

Vy: r
mk
= r
km

(4-20)
nh l Rayleigh c pht biu nh sau:
Trong h n hi tuyn tnh, phn lc n v ti lin kt m do chuyn v cng bc ti
lin kt k bng n v gy ra tng h bng phn lc n v ti lin kt k do chuyn v
cng bc ti lin kt m bng n v gy ra.
4.6.4. nh l tng h v chuyn
v n v v phn lc n v
a)
"m"
Hnh 4.27
"k" b)
k

m
=1

km

m
P
k
=1
r
mk

k
m
nh l ny do A.A.Gvoziev xut
nm 1927. Xt mt h n hi hai trng
thi:
+ Trng thi m: Gi ta th m c
chuyn v cng bc bng n v (
m
= 1),
gy ra chuyn v ti mt im k l
km

(Hnh 4.27a).
+ Trng thi k: Mt lc bng n v (P
k
= 1) gy ra ti gi ta th m phn lc n
v l r
mk
(Hnh 4.27b).
Cng kh d T
mk
= 0 v trng thi m khng c ngoi lc tc dng.
Cng kh d:
T
km
=
m
+ P
k
mk
r&
km

&
119
T
km
= +
mk
r&
km

&
p dng nh l Betti (T
km
= T
mk
= 0) ta c:

(4-21)
mk km
- r =
&
&
Nh vy nh l c pht biu nh sau:
Trong h n hi tuyn tnh phn lc n v ti lin kt k do lc P
m
bng n v gy
ra tng h bng chuyn v n v tng ng vi v tr v phng ca lc P
m
do chuyn v
cng bc ti lin kt k bng n v gy ra nhng tri du.
BI TP CHNG 4
1. Xc nh chuyn v thng ng ti tit din K, chuyn v ngang ti tit din I,
chuyn v gc xoay ti tit din C, chuyn v thng tng i gia hai tit din A v B theo
phng AB, chuyn v gc xoay tng i gia hai tit din E v F ca cc h c kch
thc v s chu lc trn cc hnh t hnh 4.28 n hnh 4.39.
2. Xc nh chuyn v thng ng ti mt B, chuyn v ngang ti mt C v gc xoay
ca thanh AB trong dn c kch thc v s chu lc nh trn cc hnh t hnh 4.40 n
hnh 4.43.















Hnh 4.28
4m
4m
8m 8m
2J
2J
J
J
q = 20kN/m
C
K
q = 10kN/m
C
Hnh 4.29
EJ = const
4m
K
4m 4m
Hnh 4.30
4m
4m
2J
J J
q=10kN/m
I
P= 100kN
M=200KNm
E
F
F
EJ = const
q
I
Hnh 4.31
L
E
L
120

Hnh 4.32
J
J
q= 10KN/m
I
P=100kN
M=200kNm
A
B
K
2J
1m 1m
Hnh 4.33
2m
2m
2J 2J
2J
J J
F
E
K
3m 3m
q= 10KN/m

2m
2m







-2t
o

,h=const
I
K
-2t
o
-2t
o
+t
o

Hnh 4.34
3m 3m
Hnh 4.35
-20
o
,h=const
I
K
-20
o
-20
o

4m 4m
+10
o

+10
o

3m
3m
6m

1

6m
I
Hnh 4.36
6m
Hnh 4.37
F
a a a a
a
K
J J
F
F
F
F
q
EJ=const
I
P
R

EJ = const
A
q
R

B












Hnh 4.39 Hnh 4.38
121

122


Hnh 4.40
EF=const
A
B
P
d d
P
P
1
=1kN










3. Xc nh chuyn v thng tng i
gia hai tit din A v B ca khung c kch
thc v s cho trn hnh 4.44. Khung
chu p lc ca ct nc c chiu cao l h.
Bit EJ = const; Trng lng ring ca
nc l
0
.
3. Xc nh chuyn v thng tng i
gia hai tit din A v B ca khung c kch
thc v s cho trn hnh 4.44. Khung
chu p lc ca ct nc c chiu cao l h.
Bit EJ = const; Trng lng ring ca
nc l
0
.
4. Xc nh h s k : 4. Xc nh h s k :
a) Chuyn v gc xoay ti C trn dm hnh 4.45 bng khng. a) Chuyn v gc xoay ti C trn dm hnh 4.45 bng khng.
b) Chuyn v thng ng ti I bng chuyn v thng ng ti F trn dm hnh 4.46. b) Chuyn v thng ng ti I bng chuyn v thng ng ti F trn dm hnh 4.46.

P
2
=2kN
Hnh 4.41
4m
3m
EF
EF
EF
EF
EF
EF
1,5EF
1,5EF
d/2
3m
A
- -
+
A
B
Hnh 4.42
d d
d
+
+t
o
+t
o

B
Hnh 4.43
d d
d
Hnh 4.44
h
A
B
a
F
I
P=2q
Hnh 4.46
kEJ EJ
q
2m 3m 3m 2m 2m 2m
kEJ EJ
P= kq
4m 4m
Hnh 4.45
J C
q
6m
2J 2J
CHNG 5
TNH H SIU TNH THEO PHNG PHP LC
5.1. KHI NIM V H SIU TNH
5.1.1. nh ngha
Trong cc chng trc ta lm quen vi h tnh nh, l h ch cn dng cc
phng trnh cn bng tnh hc l xc nh ht cc phn lc v ni lc ca h. Trong
thc t ta thng gp nhng h m nu ch s dng cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc th
cha xc nh ht cc thnh phn phn lc v ni lc. tnh cc h , cn b sung
thm phng trnh thng l cc phng trnh bin dng, nhng h nh vy gi l h siu
tnh.
H c gi l siu tnh nu trong ton h hoc trong mt vi phn ca h ta khng
th ch dng cc phng trnh cn bng tnh hc xc nh c tt c cc phn lc v
ni lc.
V mt cu to hnh hc, h siu tnh l h bt bin hnh v tha lin kt. S lin kt
tha l c trng ca h siu tnh, song y lin kt tha l nhng lin kt khng cn
thit cho s cu to hnh hc ca h nhng vn cn cho s lm vic ca cng trnh.
V d dm v khung trn hnh 5.1a, b
l h tnh nh. Cc h dm, khung, dn,
vm trn hnh 5.1c,d,g,h l h siu tnh v
t ba phng trnh cn bng tnh hc ta
cha th xc nh c ht cc phn lc.
Hnh 5.1
a) b)
c)
d)
g)
h)
H siu tnh c s dng rng ri
trong cc cng trnh thc t nh cu giao
thng, nh dn dng v cng nghip, cc
p ngn, cng, cu mng, trm thu in
v..v...
5.1.2. c im ca h siu tnh
i chiu vi h tnh nh th h siu tnh c cc c im sau:
1. Chuyn v, bin dng v ni lc trong h siu tnh ni chung nh hn trong h tnh
nh c cng kch thc v ti trng.
Kt qu tnh vng gia nhp, m men un ln nht trong dm tnh nh mt nhp
v dm siu tnh mt nhp hai u ngm ghi trong bng 5.1 cho ta thy chuyn v v ni
lc trong dm siu tnh nh hn trong dm tnh nh kh nhiu.
123
Bng 5-1

Dm
q
EJ
l
q
EJ
l

vng gia nhp

EJ 384
q 5
Y
4
max
l
=
EJ 384
q
Y
4
max
l
=

Gi tr m men un ln nht
Ti gia nhp
8
q
M
2
l
= Ti ngm
12
q
M
2
l
=
V vy dng h siu tnh s tit kim vt liu hn so vi h tnh nh tng ng. y
cng l u im chnh ca h siu tnh.
2. Trong h siu tnh pht sinh cc ni lc do s thay i mhit , s chuyn v cc
gi ta, s ch to v lp rp khng chnh xc gy ra (nhng nguyn nhn ny khng gy
ra ni lc trong h tnh nh).
thy r tnh cht ny, ta xt mt vi v d:
So snh dm n trn hnh 5.2a vi dm siu tnh mt nhp trn hnh 5.2b cng chu
s thay i nhit khng u, trn l t
1
, di l t
2
vi t
2
> t
1
ta thy:
Di tc dng ca nhit dm
c khuynh hng b un cong, nhng
trong dm tnh nh cc lin kt
khng ngn cn bin dng ca dm
nn khng pht sinh phn lc v ni
lc, ngc li trong dm siu tnh,
cc lin kt (ngm) cn tr khng cho
php dm bin dng t do, do pht
sinh phn lc v ni lc.
c) a)
t
2

t
1

Khi lin kt c chuyn v cng bc (b ln) dm tnh nh cho trn hnh 5.2c b
nghing i, cc lin kt khng ngn cn v cho php chuyn v t do nn khng pht sinh
ni lc. Ngc li, khi gi phi ca dm siu tnh trn hnh 5.2d b ln, gi ta gia khng
cho php dm chuyn v t do nh trng hp trn, dm b un cong theo ng t nt,
do trong dm s pht sinh ni lc.
Khi ch to, lp rp khng chnh xc (hnh 5.3).
Gi s chiu di ca thanh CD trong h siu tnh b
ngn so vi chiu di thit k mt on bng . Sau khi
lp rp, thanh CD b dn ra ng thi dm AB cng b
un cong, do trong h tn ti cc ni lc ban u.
Hnh 5.2
d) b)

A B
C
D

t
1

t
2

Hnh 5.3
124
Khi thit k kt cu siu tnh ta cn c bit lu n nhng nguyn nhn gy ra ni
lc k trn. i khi c th s dng tnh cht ny to sn trong h nhng ni lc v bin
dng ban u ngc chiu vi ni lc v bin dng do ti trng gy ra. Bin php ny lm
cho s phn phi ni lc trong cc cu kin ca cng trnh c hp l hn v do tit
kim c vt liu.
3. Ni lc trong h siu tnh ph thuc vt liu, kch thc v hnh dng ca tit din
trong cc thanh.
Sau ny ta s thy, tnh h siu tnh ta phi da vo iu kin bin dng m bin
dng li ph thuc cc cng EJ, EF... nn ni lc trong h siu tnh cng ph thuc EJ,
EF ca cc thanh.
Ba c im trn s thy r hn trong qu trnh tnh h siu tnh sau ny.
5.1.3. Bc siu tnh
Vi nhng gi thit c chp nhn trong c hc kt cu, ta c th a ra khi nim
v bc siu tnh nh sau:
Bc siu tnh ca h siu tnh bng s lng lin kt tha qui i ra lin kt thanh
ngoi s lin kt cn thit cho h bt bin hnh.
C th tnh bc siu tnh (k hiu l n) theo ba cch sau:
1. Theo nh ngha
Ta c th dng cc cng thc (1-2), (1-3), lin h gia s lng cc ming cng v s
lng cc lin kt nghin cu trong chng 1 suy ra cng thc xc nh bc siu tnh
n ca h:
n = (T + 2K + 3H) - 3 (D - 1) H bt k khng ni t
n = T + 2K + 3H + C - 3D H ni t
Trong :
D - s cc ming cng tnh nh (ming cng c chu vi h).
T, K, H - s lin kt thanh, lin kt khp, lin
kt hn dng ni D ming cng ( qui i ra
lin kt n gin) .
Tri t
a)
b)
A B C D
Hnh 5.4
C - s lin kt ta ni vi t c qui ra lin
kt thanh.
2. Loi b dn lin kt
Theo cch ny ta s loi b dn cc lin kt trong
h siu tnh a h siu tnh cho v h tnh nh
(bt bin hnh lin kt). S lin kt b loi b ( qui
i ra lin kt thanh) l bc siu tnh cn tm.
125
V d 5-1: Xc nh bc siu tnh ca cc h trn hnh 5.4.
Khung siu tnh trn hnh 5.4a nu b 3 trong 4 ngm h s tr thnh tnh nh. Do
n = 3.3 = 9, h siu tnh bc 9.
Dm siu tnh tn hnh 5.4b nu b cc lin kt A, B, C s c dm cng sn quen
thuc nn n = 1.2 +1 + 1 = 4. Nu b lin kt B v D ta c dm n gin c u tha nn
n = 1 + 1.3 = 4 dm siu tnh bc 4.
3. Theo cng thc n gin
Trc khi thit lp cng thc ta hy
kho st mt v d sau:
Xt mt khung c chu vi h
(hnh 5.5a). Khung ny l tnh nh, v khi
thc hin mt ct nh trn hnh v ta ch
cn s dng cc phng trnh cn bng tnh
hc l c th xc nh ni lc ti mt tit
din bt k no thuc h.
Nu t thm vo chu vi h mt lin kt loi mt (lin kt thanh), h s tha mt
lin kt (hnh 5.5b). Vy h ny c bc siu tnh bng mt (n = 1).
Nu t thm vo chu vi h mt lin kt loi hai ( lin kt khp ) h s tha hai
lin kt tng ng loi mt (hnh 5.5c). Vy h ny c bc siu tnh bng hai (n = 2).
Nu t thm vo chu vi h mt mi hn (lin kt loi ba) h s tha ba lin kt
tng ng loi mt (hnh 5.5d). Vy h ny c bc siu tnh bng ba (n = 3).
Qua v d trn ta c: Mt chu vi kn c bc siu tnh bng ba, nu thm vo chu vi kn
mt khp n gin th bc siu tnh gim xung mt n v. Bi vy, vi h siu tnh c
V chu vi kn v K khp n gin th bc siu tnh n ca h c xc nh theo cng thc:
n = 3V - K (5-1)
Ch thch: Khi s dng cng thc (5-1) cn quan nim tri t l ming cng h. V
d, khi xt h trn hnh 5.4a th s chu vi kn trong trng hp ny bng 3 ch khng phi
bng 4 v phi quan nim tri t l ming cng h nh trn hnh v. Bc siu tnh ca h
ny bng n = 3.3 - 0 = 9.
V d 5-2: Xc nh bc siu tnh ca khung trn hnh 5.6.
Coi t l mt ming cng h i qua A, C, D. Ta thy h
c 4 chu vi kn (V = 4), s khp n gin l 5 (K = 5) l 3
khp n ti A, B, C v 1 khp phc tp c qui i thnh
2 khp n gin ti E. Vy n = 3.4 - 5 = 7. H siu tnh bc 7.
Hnh 5.5
P P
a) b)
P P
P P
c)
P P
d)
E
A
B
C
D
Hnh 5.6
126
5.1.4. Cc phng php tnh h siu tnh
So vi cc h tnh nh bit, vic tnh ton cc h siu tnh thng phc tp v khi
lng tnh ton ln. C nhiu phng php tnh h siu tnh, trong c hai phng php
c bn l phng php lc v phng php chuyn v.
1. Phng php lc (c cp trong Chng ny), l phng php tng qut p
dng cho kt cu dng thanh bt k vi cc nguyn nhn khc nhau. H c bc siu tnh
cng cao vic tnh ton cng phc tp.
2. Phng php chuyn v (c cp trong Chng 6), thng dng tnh cho h
dm, khung. Vic tnh ton kh thun tin v c kh nng t ng ho cao.
Nhc im ca hai phng php ny l phi gii h phng trnh nhiu n s.
khc phc nhc im ny cc phng php gii ng dn da trn c s ca phng
php chuyn v ra i. Mt trong cc phng php l phng php phn phi m
men (c cp trong Chng 7).
Trong nhng nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca my tnh in t,
phng php phn t hu hn c p dng rng ri v rt hiu qu i vi cc bi ton c
hc mi trng lin tc ni chung v c hc vt rn bin dng ni ring. Ta s nghin cu
phng php ny trong mn hc phng php s.
5.2. NI DUNG PHNG PHP LC TNH H SIU TNH
5.2.1. Ni dung c bn ca phng php
T nh ngha ta thy khng th tnh phn lc, ni lc trc tip trn h siu tnh
cho m phi tnh thng qua mt h khc cho php d dng xc nh phn lc, ni lc. H
mi ny suy ra t h siu tnh cho bng cch loi bt cc lin kt tha gi l h c bn.
bo m cho h c bn lm vic ging h siu tnh cho ta cn phi b sung thm cc
iu kin ph. l ni dung tm tt ca phng php lc.
H c bn ca phng php lc l mt h bt bin hnh suy ra t h siu tnh cho
bng cch loi b tt c hay mt s lin kt tha.
Nu loi b tt c cc lin kt tha th h c bn l tnh nh, cn nu ch loi b mt
s lin kt tha th h c bn l siu tnh c bc thp hn.
iu quan trng l h c bn phi bt bin hnh v cho php ta xc nh c ni lc
mt cch d dng. Bi vy trong a s trng hp, ta thng dng h c bn tnh nh.
i vi h siu tnh trn hnh 5.7a, c th chn h c bn theo nhiu cch khc nhau.
V d trn hnh 5.7b,c,d,e cho ta ba cch chn h c bn tnh nh t mt h siu tnh
cho trn hnh 5.7a.
thit lp cc iu kin ph ta hy so snh s khc nhau gia h siu tnh cho
(hnh 5.7a) vi h c bn (gi s dng h c bn hnh 5.7b). Ta nhn thy:
Ti v tr loi b lin kt trong h siu tnh c cc phn lc X
B
, Y
B
cn trong h c
bn (hnh 5.8) th khng c cc thnh phn lc ny.
127

a)
P
X
B

Y
B

B
A
b)
P
B
A
B
A
d)
P
B
A
A
B
P
e)
P
c)




Hnh 5.7
Trong h siu tnh, chuyn v theo phng ca cc lin kt b loi b u bng
khng, cn trong h c bn cc chuyn v ny c th tn ti.
Nh vy, mun cho h c bn lm vic ging h siu tnh
cho, ta cn:
P
X
1

X
2

B
A
Trong h c bn, t cc lc X
1
, X
2
,..., X
n
tng ng vi
v tr v phng ca cc lin kt b loi b. Nhng lc ny cha
bit v gi vai tr n s (hnh 5.8). V cc n s l lc (lc tp
trung hoc m men tp trung) nn phng php ny mang tn l
phng php lc.
Hnh 5.8
Thit lp iu kin b sung l buc chuyn v trong h c bn tng ng vi v tr
v phng ca cc lin kt b loi b phi bng vi cc chuyn v thc tng ng trong h
siu tnh (thng cc chuyn v ny bng khng). Ni khc i, chuyn v trong h c bn
tng ng vi v tr v phng ca n s X
1
, X
2
,...,X
n
do cc lc X
1
, X
2
,...,X
n
v do cc
nguyn nhn bn ngoi (ti trng P, s thay i nhit t, s ch to lp rp khng chnh
xc v chuyn v gi ta ) gy ra phi bng khng.
Trn hnh 5.8, vi nguyn nhn ti trng ta c hai chuyn v ngang v ng ti B l:
0
) P , X , X ( X
2 1 1
=
0
) P , X , X ( X
2 1 2
=
Nu h c bc siu tnh l n v h c bn tnh nh th ta c n iu kin:
vi k = 1, 2,... n. (5-2) 0
) , t , P , X ,... X , X ( X
n 2 1 k
=

Cc iu kin (5-2) c gi l cc phng trnh c bn ca phng php lc.
Vi h c n bc siu tnh ta thit lp c n phng trnh c bn xc nh n n
s X
1
, X
2
,... X
n
. Sau khi tm c cc lc X
1
, X
2
,... X
n
ta xem chng nh cc ngoi lc tc
dng trn h c bn (hnh 5.8). Lc ny cc lc tc dng trn h c bn u bit, ta d
dng tm c ni lc v bin dng trong h c bn, chnh l ni lc v bin dng trong
h siu tnh cho, v cc lc X
i
tha mn h phng trnh c bn tc l tha mn
iu kin lm vic nh nhau gia h c bn vi h siu tnh cho.
128
Ch :
1. Khi chn h c bn cho h siu tnh chu cc chuyn v cng bc ti cc gi ta.
v phi ca phng trnh c bn lun bng khng nh trng hp ti trng v nhit
tc dng ta ct cc lin kt c chuyn v cng bc m khng loi b n.
Tht vy, gi s xt h siu
tnh cho trn hnh 5.9a nu chn
h c bn bng cch loi b lin
kt ti A c chuyn v cng
bc (Hnh 5.9b) th iu kin
bin dng theo phng ca n
s X
1
s khc khng:
Hnh 5.9
a)
A

X
1

b)
X
1

X
1

m
n
c)
A
a
= - a
) , X ( X
1 1

Nu chn h c bn bng cch ct lin kt c chuyn v th iu kin bin dng vn

bng khng (Hnh 5.9c) bi v lc ny chuyn v tng ng vi cp n s X
1
l chuyn v
tng i, tuy gi A c chuyn v cng bc nhng chuyn v tng i gia hai im ct
m v n vn bng khng.
= 0
) , X ( X
1 1

2. Khi chn h c bn cho h dn siu tnh hoc h siu tnh c cc thanh hai u
khp vi cng hu hn (EF ) v ti trng khng tc dng trn thanh, ta quy nh ch
c php ct v thay th bng cc cp lc X
K
ngc chiu nhau m khng c php loi
b.





Hnh 5.10
a)
P
A
B
EJ
EF
X
1
b)
P
A
B
EJ
X
1
m n
X
1

c)
P
A
B
X
1
Vi h trn hnh 5.10a: nu chn h c bn bng cch loi b thanh cng AB
(Hnh 5.10b) th phng trnh c bn biu th chuyn v tng i gia A v B theo
phng AB, chuyn v ny khc khng v trong thanh AB c bin dng dc trc; nu chn
h c bn bng cch ct thanh AB (Hnh 5.10c) th chuyn v tng i gia hai im m v
n bng khng v phng trnh c bn lun bng khng.
5.2.2. H phng trnh chnh tc
1. Thnh lp h phng trnh chnh tc
Trong gio trnh ny ta ch nghin cu nhng h c th p dng c nguyn l cng
tc dng, vi nhng h ny ta c th biu th phng trnh c bn th k ca h (5-2) di
dng:
129
=
) z , , t , P , X ,... X , X ( X
n 2 1 k

+ + + + + +
n k k k 2 k 1 k
X X X X X X X X
... ...
+

+ +
k kt kP
X X X
= 0
cho gn, ta b bt cc ch s X:

k1
+
k2
+ ... +
kk
+ ... +
kn
+
kP
+
kt
+
k
= 0
Trong :

km
- chuyn v tng ng vi v tr v phng ca lc X
K
do lc X
m
gy ra trong
h c bn;

kP
,
kt
,
k
- chuyn v tng ng vi v tr v phng ca lc X
K
do ring ti
trng, thay i nhit , chuyn v gi ta gy ra trong h c bn.
Nu gi
km
l chuyn v tng ng vi v tr v phng ca lc X
K
do ring lc
X
m
=1 gy ra trong h c bn, ta c:

km
=
km
.X
m

Do phng trnh c bn th k c dng:

k1
.X
1

+
k2
.X
2

+...+
kk
.X
k

+...+
kn
.X
n

+
kP
+
kt
+
k
= 0.
Vi h c n bc siu tnh sau khi ln lt cho k = 1, 2,..., n ta s c h n phng trnh
c bn ca phng php lc.
H phng trnh (5-3) sau y c gi l h phng trnh chnh tc ca phng
php lc. Cc h s
km
(vi k m) ca phng trnh chnh tc gi l h s ph. Cc h s

kk
gi l h s chnh. Cc s hng
kP
,
kt
,
k

gi l s hng t do.

11
X
1

+
12
X
2

+...+
1k
X
k

+...+
1n
X
n

+
1P
+
1t

+
1
= 0

21
X
1

+
22
X
2

+...+
2k
X
k

+...+
2n
X
n

+
2P
+
2t
+
2
= 0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

k1
X
1

+
k2
X
2

+...+
kk
X
k

+...+
kn
X
n

+
kP
+
kt

+
k
= 0 (5-3)
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

n1
X
1

+
n2
X
2

+...+
nk
X
k

+...+
nn
X
n

+
nP
+
nt
+
n
= 0
H phng trnh (5-3) c th vit di dng ma trn nh sau:
[F].{X} + {} = 0
Trong :
[F] - ma trn cc h s
{X}- vc t n lc
{}- vc t cc s hng t do
ngha vt l ca phng trnh chnh tc th k l tng chuyn v ti im t lc X
k

theo phng X
k
do cc n X
1
, X
2
, ... X
n
v ti trng, s thay i nhit v chuyn v gi
ta gy ra trn h c bn phi bng khng.
130
2. Cch tnh cc h s v s hng
V bn cht, cc h s v s hng t do trong (5-3) l chuyn v nn c th xc nh
theo cng thc Mc xoen - Mo:

km
= ds
EF
N N
ds
GF
Q Q
ds
EJ
M M
m k m k m k

+ + . (5-4)
Trong : (
k
M ,
k
Q ,
k
N ), (
m
M ,
m
Q ,
m
N ) - ln lt l biu thc m men, lc ct, lc
dc do ring X
k
= 1, X
m
= 1 gy ra trn h c bn.
i vi nhng h c th p dng php nhn biu theo Vrsaghin, ta c:

km

=
k
M
m
M +
k
N
m
N +
k
Q
m
Q ;
Trong :
k
M ,
k
Q ,
k
N ,
m
M ,
m
Q ,
m
N - ln lt l biu m men, lc ct, lc
dc do X
k
= 1, X
m
=1 gy ra trong h c bn.
Cc h s chnh
kk
lun dng, cc h s ph

km
c th dng, m hoc bng khng.
- Cc s hng t do:

kP
= ds
GF
Q Q
ds
EF
N N
ds
EJ
M M
o
P k
o
P k
o
P k

+ + (5-5)
Trong : - Biu thc gii tch ca m men un, lc dc v lc ct do
ring ti trng gy ra trong h c bn.
o
P
o
P
o
P
Q , N , M
Trong trng hp c th p dng cch nhn biu ta c:

kP
=
o
P
M
k
M +
o
P
N
k
N +
o
P
Q
k
Q
Trong :
, , - Cc biu ni lc do ring ti trng gy ra trong h c bn.
o
P
M
o
P
N
o
P
Q

kt


=

ds . t . . N ds .
h
. . M
c k
t
k
. (5-6)
Vi nhng h gm nhng thanh thng c tit din khng i trong tng on thanh v
nhit thay i nh nhau dc theo chiu di ca tng on thanh, ta dng cng thc thc
hnh sau:

kt
=
( ) ( )
k k
M
t
N c
.
h
. .. t .

+


Trong :
(
k
N

)
v
(
k
M

)
- l din tch biu lc dc v biu m men un do lc
X
k

=1 gy ra trong h c bn.

k
=

i
m
i
k
. R (5-7)
Trong :
-
l chuyn v cng bc ti lin kt th i ca h siu tnh;
i
m

i
k
R l phn
lc ti lin kt th i do lc X
k
=1 gy ra trn h c bn.
Ch : Nu nguyn nhn tc dng trn h siu tnh khng phi l chuyn v cng bc
ca lin kt ta m do ch to, lp rp khng chnh xc th
k
c xc nh theo (4-15).
131
5.2.3. Cch tm ni lc trong h siu tnh
Gii h phng trnh chnh tc (5-3) s xc nh c gi tr cc n lc X
1
, X
2
,... X
n

v t y ta c th v biu ni lc theo hai cch sau:
1. Cch tnh trc tip
t tt c cc n lc ng chiu v tr s vo h c bn cng vi ti trng cho. V
h c bn thng l tnh nh nn cc biu ni lc s c xc nh d dng nh
trnh by trong chng 2.
2. Cch dng nguyn l cng tc dng
M men un, lc ct, lc dc trong h siu tnh do P, t, gy ra c th xc nh theo
biu thc cng tc dng (xem Chng m u). Vi m men un ta c:
M
cc
= 1 M .X
1
+ 2 M .X
2
+ ... + n M .X
n
+ (5-8)
o

o
t
o
P
M M M + +
Trong :
M
cc
- biu m men trong h siu tnh do P, t, gy ra.
1 M , 2 M ,... n M - biu m men trn h c bn do ring X
1
= 1, ... X
n
= 1 gy ra.
- biu m men trn h c bn do ti trng, thay i nhit ,
chuyn v cng bc ca cc lin kt ta gy ra. Trong trng hp h c bn l h tnh
nh th = 0.
o

o
t
o
P
M , M , M
o

o
t
M M =
Biu thc (5-8) hay c p dng v biu m men un v cc biu 1 M , 2 M ,
... n M , c xy dng trong qu trnh tnh h s, s hng t do ca h phng trnh
chnh tc. Biu lc ct, lc dc thng c xc nh theo cch sau y.
o
P
M
3. Cch v biu lc ct, lc dc
Ta c th v biu lc ct t biu m men bit v xc nh biu lc dc t
biu lc ct bit.
a. Xc nh gi tr lc ct ti u mi on thanh theo cng thc:
Q
AB
=
AB
AB o
AB
M
Q (5-9)
l

Trong :
Q
AB
- gi tr lc ct ti tit din A ca thanh AB trong h siu tnh.
- gi tr lc ct ti tit din A ca thanh AB do ti trng tc dng trong on
thanh AB gy ra khi coi thanh nh mt dm n gin hai u khp.
o
AB
Q
M
AB
- hiu i s cc tung m men hai u on thanh A v B.
132
M
AB
- ly du dng khi t trc thanh quay mt gc nh hn 90
o
v phng
ca ng ni hai tung m men hai u thanh l thun chiu kim ng h v ly du
m khi quay ngc chiu kim ng h.
Ta c th chng minh cng thc (5-9) nh sau:
Gi s bit biu m men M
P
nh hnh 5.11a. Tch thanh AB xt, ti tit
din b ct t thm cc ni lc M, Q, N nh hnh 5.11b. Sau thay tc dng ca lc ct
v lc dc bng cc lin kt thanh nh hnh 5.11c.
b)
c)
Hnh 5.11
M
AB
l
AB

N
AB
N
BA
Q
BA
Q
AB
M
BA
q
M
P

P
a)
q
B A
M
l
AB

B A
M
A

N

BA
M
B

q
2
ql
l
AB
M
B
l
AB
M
A





xc nh lc ct trong on thanh AB ta ch cn tm lc ct trn s dm n
quen thuc (hnh 5.11c). Ti mi gi ta phn lc c ba nh hng ca M
A
, M
B
v q. Dng
phng php mt ct ti A, xt cn bng phn tri ta c:

AB
AB BA o
AB
AB
AB BA AB
AB
M - M
Q
M - M
2
q
Q
l l
l
+ = + =
trnh phin phc v qui c du ca m men trong s hng th hai, ta c th vit
cng thc di dng tr tuyt i nh (5-9).
b. Xc nh gi tr lc dc t lc ct:
Cch v biu lc dc theo biu lc ct bit da trn c s kho st s cn
bng v lc ca cc nt hoc ca tng phn h c tch ra khi h thanh (thng qua cc
phng trnh cn bng hnh chiu).
5.3. CC V D P DNG
5.3.1. H siu tnh chu ti trng bt ng
V d 5-3: V biu ni lc trong khung cho trn hnh 5.12a.
Qu trnh tnh ton c thc hin theo th t nh sau:
1. Xc nh bc siu tnh. H cho c bc siu tnh bng 2.
2. Chn h c bn. C nhiu cch chn h c bn, ta chn h c bn nh hnh 5.12b.
3. Thit lp h phng trnh chnh tc. H siu tnh bc hai (n = 2).
133
Ta c hai phng trnh chnh tc:
a
a)
b)

11
X
1

+
12
X
2

+
1P
= 0

21
X
1

+
22
X
2

+
2P
= 0
(a)
Khi xc nh cc h s v s hng t
do ca h phng trnh chnh tc trong
khung v dm, ta b qua nh hng ca lc
dc v lc ct khi tnh cc chuyn v. Ta
cn v cc biu m men un n v ln
lt do X
1
= 1; X
2
= 1 v biu m men
un do ti trng gy ra trong h c bn
(hnh 5.13a, b, c). Ta c:







11
=
1
M .
1
M =
EJ 3
a 4
a a
3
a 2
2
a
J E
1
3
2
2
=

+

22
=
2
M .
2
M =
EJ 3
a
3
a 2
2
a
J E
1
3 2
=

12
=
21
=
1
M .
2
M =
EJ 2
a
a
2
a
J E
1
3 2
=

1P
=
o
P
M .
1
M =
EJ 8
qa 5
a a
2
qa
2
a
a
8
qa
3
2
3
a 2
a
2
qa
2
1
J E
1
4 2 2 2
=

+

2P
=
o
P
M .
2
M =
EJ 4
qa
2
a
a
2
qa
J E
1
4 2
=
Thay cc kt qu vo h phng trnh chnh tc, ta c:

EJ 3
a 4
3
X
1

-
EJ 2
a
3
X
2

+
EJ 8
qa 5
4
= 0
-
EJ 2
a
3
X
1

+
EJ 3
a
3
X
2
+
EJ 4
qa
4
= 0
EJ = const
q
X
2

X
1

Hnh 5.12
q
a
qa
2
Hnh 5.13
a
a)
X
1
= 1
M
1

b)
a
X
2
= 1
M
2
c)
q
2
M
P

o
8
qa
2
134
Hay:
3
4
X
1

-
2
1
X
2

+
8
5
qa = 0
-
2
1
X
1

+
3
1
X
2

-
4
1
qa = 0 .
4. Gii h phng trnh chnh tc xc nh cc n s X
1
, X
2
. Kt qu:
X
1

= -
7
3
qa; X
2

=
28
3
qa.
5. V biu m men un. Trong v d ny ta v biu m men un theo nguyn l
cng tc dng. Vi h ch chu ti trng ta c:
M
P
=
1
M .X
1
+
2
M .X
2
+
o
P
M
T biu thc trn ta xc nh cc gi tr m men ti cc u thanh v p dng cch
treo biu ca dm n s v c biu M
P
ca h siu tnh cho trn hnh 5.14a.
6. V biu lc ct theo biu m men un:
Trn thanh ngang AB: biu lc ct l hng s, c dng ng thng song song
vi ng chun v c gi tr:
Q
BA
=
28
qa 3
14
qa
28
qa
a
1
2 2
+ =

+
Trn thanh ng BC: biu lc ct c dng bc nht, ta ch cn xc nh gi tr ca
lc ct ti cc u thanh Q
CB
v Q
BC
ri ni li vi nhau bng ng thng ta c:
Q
CB
= Q
tr

=
7
qa 3
2
qa
0
14
qa
a
1
2
+ = +

Q
BC

= Q
ph

=
7
qa 4
2
qa
0
14
qa
a
1
2
+ =

Biu lc ct v trn hnh 5.14b.
Hnh 5.14
A
B
C
14
qa
2

a)
M
P

8
qa
2

28
qa
2

Q
BA
=
N
BA
N
BC

B
Q
BC
=
c)
7
4qa
28
3qa
A
B
C
b)
7
4qa
Q
P
7
3qa
28
3qa
+ A B
C
d)
28
3qa
+
7
4qa
N
P

135
7. V biu lc dc theo biu lc ct bng cch tch nt:
V ti trng vung gc vi trc thanh nn lc dc khng thay i trong tng thanh, do
ch cn xc nh mt gi tr lc dc ti mt tit din no trong mi thanh l v
biu .
Tch nt B (hnh 5.14c), sau khi t ti nhng tit din b ct cc lc ct c gi tr v
chiu bit theo biu Q ng thi t cc lc dc N
AB
v N
BC
cha bit (gi thit l
dng hng ra ngoi mt ct), ta vit phng trnh cn bng hnh chiu:
X = N
AB
+
7
qa 4
= 0, suy ra N
AB
= -
7
qa 4

Y = - N
BC
-
28
qa 3
= 0, suy ra N
BC
= -
28
qa 3

Biu lc dc v trn hnh 5.14d.
V d 5-4: V biu ni lc trong khung cho trn hnh 5.15a.
H cho c bc siu tnh bng
mt. Chn h c bn nh trn
hnh 5.15b.
b)
P
X
1
X
1

a)
A
C
D
P
2J
J
J Phng trnh chnh tc:

11
X
1
+
1P
= 0 .
xc nh
11
v
1P
ta cn v biu
1
M v biu (Hnh 5.15c,d).
o
P
M
Ngoi ra, phi xt n nh hng
ca lc dc trong thanh hai u khp
AB, nn ta cn xc nh thm lc dc
trong thanh AB do X
1

= 1 v do ti trng
gy ra trn h c bn, kt qu ghi trn
hnh 5.15c,d.
Xc nh h s
11
v s hng t do
1P
:

11
=
1
M
1
M +
1
N
1
N =
EJ 6
67
1 1
EF
1
EJ 2 3
2
2
.
EJ
1
2
3 3
l
l
l l l l
= + +

1P
=
o
P
M
1
M =
EJ 12
P 7
3
2
2
P
EJ
1
2
P
EJ 2
1
3 2 2
l
l
l
l
l
= +
Thay cc tr s ny vo phng trnh chnh tc v gii ra ta c: X
1

= -
134
P 7

Hnh 5.15
B
l
l
10l
2
J
F =
d)
N
P
=0
o
Pl
A
B
M
P

P
o
c)
l
X
1
=1
N
1
=+1
l
A
B
M
1
136






Cng thc hin cc bc tip theo tng t nh trong v d trn, ta d dng v c
biu m men un, lc ct v lc dc nh trn hnh 5.16a,b,c.
5.3.2. H siu tnh chu s thay i nhit
V d 5-5: V biu m men un trong khung chu s thay i ca nhit c kch
thc v s nh hnh 5.17a. Cho bit chiu cao h ca cc tit din khng i, h = a/10.
EJ = const. Vt liu c h s dn n v nhit l .







H cho c mt bc siu tnh. Chn h c bn nh hnh 5.17b. Phng trnh chnh
tc c dng:
11
X
1
+
1t
= 0
Biu
1
M v
1
N v trn hnh 5.17c,d.
Tnh cc h s:

11

=
1
M
1
M =
EJ 3
a 2
2 a
3
2
2
a a
EJ
1
3
=

1t
=
( ) ( )
1 1
N c M
t
.. t . .
h
. +

= -
2 ) a 1 (
2
t 2 t
2 .
2
a a
h
t t 2
.
+
+

= -13at

Thay vo phng trnh chnh tc v gii phng trnh ta c: X
1
= 19,5EJ
2
a
t

Biu m men un c xc nh theo biu thc: M
t
=
1
M
X
1
. Kt qu v trn
hnh 5.18.
a)
Pl
M
P
134
127
Pl
134
7
Hnh 5.16
b)
P
Q
P

134
127
P
134
7
P
+
+
c)
P
134
127
P
134
7
P
+
N
P

P
Hnh 5.17
a
+2t
o

a)
+t
o

+t
o

a
+2t
o

b)
+t
o

+t
o

X
1
M
1
1
c)
1
a
X
1
=1
1
N
1

1
d)
X
1
=1
1
19,5
M
t

a
EJt
( )
Hnh 5.18
137
5.3.3. H siu tnh c thanh ch to chiu di khng chnh xc
V d 5-6: V biu m men un trong khung siu tnh cho trn hnh 5.19a khi
thanh AB c chiu di ch to b ht mt on l .
c)
a

a)
A
l
2J
J





H cho c mt bc siu tnh. Chn h c bn nh hnh 5.19b. Phng trnh chnh
tc c dng:

11
X
1
+
1
= 0
H ny c kho st trong v d 5-4 khi h chu ti trng, do ta c th s dng
mt s s liu c. Biu
1
M nh trn hnh 5.15c.
H s chnh c gi tr:
11
=
EJ 6
67
3
l

S hng t do
1
biu th chuyn v tng ng vi v tr v phng ca cc lc X
1
do
ht ca thanh AB gy ra trn h c bn.

k
=

i
im ik
N
Trong trng hp ny i = 1;
1m
= - ;
11
N = 1. Do :
1
= 1.(-) = - .
Nghim ca phng trnh chnh tc: X
1

=
3
67
EJ 6
l

Biu m men un trong h siu tnh c xc nh theo cng thc
M

=
1
M X
1

Kt qu nh trn hnh 5.19c.
5.3.4. H siu tnh chu chuyn v cng bc ti cc lin kt ta
V d 5-7: V biu m men un trong dm lin tc cho trn hnh 5.20a, khi ngm
A b xoay thun chiu kim ng h mt gc =
l

v gi ta C b ln xung mt on
bng . Cho bit EJ = const.
H cho l dm siu tnh bc hai. Chn h c bn nh hnh 5.20b.
Hnh 5.19
B
b)
X
1
X
1
J
l
10l
2

J
F =
a
A
B
M

6EJ
a =
67l
2

138
H phng trnh chnh
tc c dng:
a)

11
X
1

+
12
X
2

+
1
= 0

21
X
1

+
22
X
2

+
2
= -
Xc nh cc h s v s
hng t do:

11
=
1
M
1
M
=

l
l
3
2
2 EJ
1
2
=
EJ 3
3
l

22
=
2
M
2
M =

l
l l
2
3
2
2
2 . 2
EJ
1
=
EJ 3
8
3
l

12
=
21
=
1
M
2
M =

+ l l
l
3
2
2 EJ
1
2
=
EJ 6
5
3
l


1
= - l. = -

2
= - 2l. = - 2
Thay cc h s tnh c vo h phng trnh chnh tc v gii ta c cc n lc:
X
1
= 9,43
3
EJ
l

; X
2
= - 2,57
3
EJ
l

Biu m menun c tnh theo biu thc cng tc dng:
M

=
1
M .X
1
+
2
M .X
2

Kt qu v trn hmh 5.21.
5.3.5. Dn siu tnh
V d 5-7: Cho dn chu ti trng nh hnh 5.22a. Xc nh lc dc trong cc thanh
ca dn. Bit EF = const.
Trnh t tnh nh sau:
1. Bc siu tnh. Vi h dn ni t ta c:
n = D + C - 2M = 6 + 3 - 2.4 = 1 Dn siu tnh bc mt.
2. H c bn. Ct thanh 2-3 h c bn c chn nh hnh 5.22b.
3. Phng trnh chnh tc.
11
X
1
+
1P
= 0
Tnh h s
11

v s hng t do
1P
:
Hnh 5.20
X
1

l l
=
l

c)
b)
X
2

X
1
= 1
l
l
M
1
d)
X
2
= 1 2l
2l
M
2
Hnh 5.21
30
18
M

EJ
7l
2

( )
139
Cn tnh lc dc trong cc thanh dn trn h c bn ln lt do cp n lc X
1
= 1
(hnh 5.22c) v ti trng (hnh 5.22d) gy ra. Kt qu tnh c ghi trn ct 3, 4 ca
bng 5-2.

d)






km
=

i
i
i
im ik
) EF (
N . N
l ; suy ra
11
=
EF
) 2 1 ( a 2
. N . N
EF
1
i
6
1 i
1 i 1 i
+
=

=
l

kP
=

i
i
i
o
iP ik
) EF (
N . N
l ; suy ra
1P
=
EF
) 2 2 ( Pa
. N . N
EF
1
i
6
1 i
o
iP 1 i
+
=

=
l
Gii phng trnh chnh tc ta c:
11
P 1
i
X

= = - 0,707P
4. Xc nh lc dc trong dn siu tnh
Vn dng nguyn l cng tc dng
o
iP 1 1 i iP
N X N N + = ta tnh c lc dc trong cc
thanh ca dn siu tnh cho. Kt qu c ghi trn ct 7 ca bng 5-2.
Bng 5-2
Thanh l
i 1 i
N
oi
P
N
1 i
N .
1 i
N .l
i

1 i
N .
o
iP
N .l
i
N
P

1-2 a
-
2
1

0
2
a
0 + 0,499P
1-3 a
-
2
1

0
2
a
0 + 0,499P
1-4
a 2
1
P 2 a 2
2Pa + 0,703P
3-4 a
-
2
1

- P
2
a

2
Pa

- 0,5P
3-2
a 2
1 0
a 2
0 - 0,707P
4-2 a
-
2
1

- P
2
a

2
Pa

- 0,5P

2a(1 + 2 ) Pa(2 + 2 )

Hnh 5.22
a)
1
2
3
4
P
a
b) c)
a
1
2
3
4
P
X
1
X
1
1
2
3
4
X
1
=1
X
1
=1
0 0
1
2
3
4
P
P
P P
140
V d:

= -
4 3
P
N

2
1
(-0,707P) + (-P) = - 0,5P; = -
2 1
P
N

2
1
(-0,707P) + 0 = + 0,499P.
5.4. CCH TNH CHUYN V TRONG H SIU TNH
5.4.1. Cch tnh chuyn v
Cng thc tnh chuyn v ca Mcxoen - Mo (4-6) l tng qut, p dng cho h siu
tnh cng nh tnh nh. Khi s dng cng thc ny ta cn phi tnh h hai trng thi,
trng thi m l trng thi thc ca h, trng thi k l trng thi kh d c to ra bng
cch t mt lc P
k
= 1 c v tr v phng tng ng vi chuyn v cn tm vo h ban
u.
Nu tnh chuyn v trc tip trn h siu tnh cho, ta s phi gii h siu tnh hai ln
vi hai nguyn nhn khc nhau. Nh vy khi lng tnh ton s rt nng n.
Song nu lu ni lc v chuyn v trong h siu tnh do nguyn nhn m gy ra
chnh l ni lc v chuyn v trong h c bn tnh nh tng ng chu tc dng ca cc
n lc v nguyn nhn m, th tnh chuyn v trn h c bn tng ng s n gin hn
nhiu. V nh vy ta ch phi gii h siu tnh mt ln trng thi thc m, cn trng thi
ph k s c tnh trn h c bn tnh nh bt k c suy t h siu tnh cho bng
cch loi b cc lin kt tha.
d hiu hn ta xt khung siu tnh trn hnh 5.23a. Gi s cn tnh chuyn v
ngang ti k do nguyn nhn m gy ra (ti trng P, s thay i nhit t, s ch to
khng chnh xc v chuyn v cng bc ti cc lin kt ta ).









Thay vic lp trng thi ph k t h siu tnh (hnh 5.23a) ta lp trng thi k t h
c bn tng ng (hnh 5.23b), ta c:

km
= = + + (5-10)
o
) , t , P , X , X ( k
2 1

o
) P , X , X ( k
2 1

o
kt

o
k

Trong :
- chuyn v ngang ti k do cc n lc v ti trng cho gy ra trn h
c bn tnh nh. Nu biu din di dng nhn biu ta c:
o
) P , X , X ( k
2 1

= M
m
.
o
) P , X , X ( k
2 1

o
k
M + Q
m
.
o
k
Q + N
m
.
o
k
N (5-11)
Hnh 5.23
a)
m
k
2a
2a
X
1

X
2

b)
m
k
P
k
=1
c)
k
M
k

o
a
P
k
=1
d)
k
Q
k

o
1
P
k
=1
e)
k
N
k

o
1
141
o
kt
, - chuyn v tng ng ti k do nhit , chuyn v cng bc ti cc lin kt
ta gy ra trn h c bn tnh nh chn lm trng thi ph k v chng c xc nh:
o
k

=
o
kt

( ) (
k k
N c M
t
.. t . .
h
. +

)
k
N c M
t
.. t . .
h
. +

(5-12) (5-12)
= =
o
k

o
k

i
im
o
ik
R (5-13)
Trong :
M
m
, Q
m
, N
m
- cc biu ni lc do cc nguyn nhn (P, t, ) gy ra trn h siu
tnh (c c sau khi vn dng cc phng php gii h siu tnh).

o
k
M ,
o
k
Q ,
o
k
N - cc biu ni lc trng thi ph k trn h tnh nh bt bin
hnh c suy t h siu tnh cho (hnh 5.23c,d,e).

( )
o
k
M
,
(
o
k
N

)
- ln lt l din tch ca biu m men v lc dc trong trng thi
ph k chn.

o
ik
R - phn lc ti lin kt c chuyn v cng bc
i
trong trng thi ph k.
Xt cc trng hp ring hay gp (h dm, khung).
H ch c ti trng tc dng:

kP
= M
P
.
o
k
M (5-14)
H chu tc dng ca nhit :

kt
= M
t
.
o
k
M + (5-15)
o
kt

H chu chuyn v lin kt ta:

k
= M

.
o
k
M +
o
k
(5-16)
T v d khung siu tnh trn hnh 5.23 ta suy ra cng thc tnh chuyn v cho h
thanh phng bt k c cong nh nh sau:

km
=

+ + ds
EF
N N
ds
GF
Q Q
ds
EJ
M M
m
o
k m
o
k m
o
k
+
+
( ) ( )
o
k
o
k
N
c
M
t
.. t . .
h
. +

i
i
o
ik
R (5-17)
5.4.2. V d p dng
V d 5-8: Cho h siu tnh chu tc dng ng thi ca ba nguyn nhn P, t, nh
hnh 5.24.
Yu cu: Xc nh gc xoay ti nt B (
B
=?). Cho bit cc biu m men un trn
h siu tnh M
P
, M
t
, M

nh hnh 5.25a, b, c.
Theo yu cu ca bi ta cn:
142
+ Lp trng thi ph k nh hnh 5.25d:
Hnh 5.24
q

4m
t M
k
= 1 vo h tnh nh c suy t h
siu tnh (n = 2) bng cch loi b hai lin kt
tha A.
=
P = 2q
B
+ 25
o

- 15
o

- 15
o

,EJ = const
h = 0,4m
A
C
+ Tnh h trng thi k:
4m
V biu m men
o
k
M v lc dc
o
k
N nh
trn hnh 5.25e,f.
+ Xc nh gc xoay ti B theo nguyn l
cng tc dng:

B(P, t, )
=
BP
+
Bt
+
B


BP
= M
P
.
o
k
M =
EJ 7
q 16
1
2
4
2
q 4
1
2
4
7
q 8
EJ
1
=

+ (rad)

Bt
= M
t
.
o
k
M + =
o
Bt

= = +

+
7 , 26 4 1
4 , 0
40
1 4
2
EJ ) 84 , 79 9 , 133 (
EJ
1
(rad)

B
= M

.
o
k
M + = +
o
B

14
15
- = +
14

(rad)
Vy chuyn v gc xoay ti B l:
B
=
14
7 , 26
EJ 7
q 16
+ (rad)


a)
M
P
A
2q
q
4
133,9
79,48
(EJ)
b)
M
t

(EJ)
c)
M

56
33
56
3
7
q
7
8







e) f)
d)
1
o
R
k
=1
o
o
= 0
N
k

M
k
=1
M
k
M
k
=1
B
k
M
k
= 1





Hnh 5.25
143
5.5. CCH KIM TRA TNH TON TRONG PHNG PHP LC
Khi gii bi ton siu tnh theo phng php lc ta phi tri qua kh nhiu php tnh
trung gian, do d dn n nhng sai s ln trong kt qu cui cng. sm pht hin ra
cc sai s v nhm ln trong tnh ton ta nn vn dng mt s tnh cht c lp vi cc
php tnh s dng kim tra li qu trnh tnh ton v kt qu tnh cui cng.
5.5.1. Kim tra qu trnh tnh ton
1. Kim tra cc biu n v
k
M v biu
o
P
M
Vn dng cc lin h vi phn v iu kin cn bng ca tng b phn c tch ra
khi h nh bit trong Sc bn vt liu kim tra.
2. Kim tra cc h s
km
v cc s hng t do

Gi
S
M l biu m men n v tng cng do cc n X
1

= X
2

=...= X
k

=...= X
n

= 1
tc dng ng thi trong h c bn. C th tm biu ny mt cch c lp hoc bng
cch cng cc biu n v
k
M :

S
M =
1
M +
2
M +...+
k
M +...+
n
M (5-18)
Nhn
S
M vi cc biu n v
k
M v ta c kt qu nh sau:
o
P
M

k
M .
S
M =
k
M [
1
M +
2
M +...+
n
M ]
= [
k
M
1
M +
k
M
2
M + ...+
k
M
n
M ]
=
k1

+
k2

+...+
kk

+...+
kn
= (5-19)

=

n
1 m
km
Lm tng t ly
S
M nhn vi
S
M ta c kt qu:

S
M
S
M = [
1
M +
2
M +...+
n
M ][
1
M +
2
M +...+
n
M ] = (5-20)

= =

n
1 k
n
1 m
km

S
M = [
o
P
M
1
M +
2
M +...+
n
M ]
o
P
M
=
1
M
o
P
M +
2
M +...+
o
P
M
n
M
o
P
M =
1P
+
2P
+...+
nP

=

=

n
1 k
kP
(5 - 21)
iu kin kim tra cho cc h s
km
v
kp
nh sau:

144

Kt qu nhn
S
M vi mt biu n v
k
M no phi bng tng cc h s
thuc hng th k ca h phng trnh chnh tc.

Kt qu nhn
S
M vi chnh
S
M phi bng tng cc h s
km
ca h phng trnh
chnh tc.

Kt qu nhn
S
M vi phi bng tng cc s hng t do
kP
ca h phng
trnh chnh tc.
o
P
M
3. Kim tra kt qu gii h phng trnh chnh tc
Sau khi tm c cc n s X
k
ta thay chng vo h phng trnh ban u, cc n s
X
k
ng th cc phng trnh chnh tc u bng khng. Tuy nhin, trong thc hnh tnh
ton, do hu qu ca vic lm trn cc s liu tnh ton trung gian n mt s hu hn cc
s thuc phn thp phn nn sau khi thay th cc lc X
k
tm c vo h phng trnh
chnh tc ban u, kt qu thng khc khng. nh gi sai s, trong mi phng trnh
ta c th tp hp cc s liu v biu th kt qu tnh bng hiu ca hai s A v B. Ni
chung A - B 0. Mc sai s c biu th qua sai s t i

A
B A
= (100%)
Ty theo yu cu v mc chnh xc cn thit ca cng tc thit k, ngi ta quy
nh sai s t i cho php [] v ngi thit k phi tnh ton sao cho bo m c iu
kin [].
5.5.2. Kim tra biu ni lc cui cng
Trc khi v biu lc ct v lc dc ta cn kim tra biu m men va tm c
xem c ng khng.
Ngoi cch kim tra s b da vo cc nhn xt v dng ca biu , xt cn bng m
men ti cc nt ta c th kim tra biu m men mt cch chnh xc theo iu kin
chuyn v bng cch tnh chuyn v ti cc lin kt trong h siu tnh m ta bit trc
(thng l bng khng vi trng hp h chu P, t hoc c th khc khng vi trng h
chu chuyn v cng bc ). Ta c th vit li chng thnh iu kin sau:

kP
= M
P

o
k
M = 0

kt
= M
t

o
k
M +
o
kt
= 0 (5-22)

k
= M

o
k
M +
o
k
= chuyn v ti k trn h siu tnh.
T (5-22) ta c cch kim tra biu m men cui cng theo iu kin chuyn v l:
Trng hp ti trng tc dng. Biu M
P
tm c s ng nu
145

kP
= M
P

k
M = 0 (5-23)

Trng hp h chu s thay i ca nhit . Biu M
t
tm c s ng nu:

kt
= M
t

k
M = -
kt
(5-24)

Trng hp h chu chuyn v cng bc ca cc gi ta: Biu M

tm c s
ng nu:


k
= M

k
M = -
k
+ chuyn v thc ti k (5-25)
Trong :
k
M - biu m men n v do n lc X
k
= 1 gy ra trn h c bn. N ng vai tr
o
k
M trong (5-22).

kt
,
k
- s hng t do trong phng trnh chnh tc th k do nhit , ch to khng
chnh xc, chuyn v gi ta gy ra. N ng vai tr , trong (5-22).
o
kt

o
k

Ch :
Nu ta thay
k
M bng
S
M , s c cch kim tra biu m men tng qut hn theo
iu kin chuyn v nh sau:
M
P

S
M = 0
M
t

S
M = -

(5-26)
=

n
1 k
kt
M

S
M = - + cc chuyn v thc ti cc lin kt trn h siu tnh.

n
1 k
k
V d 5-9: Kim tra kt qu tnh ton trong v d 5-3.
kim tra ta v biu m men un tng cng
S
M =
1
M +
2
M nh hnh 5.26.
1. Kim tra cc h s:
Theo hng th nht. Nhn
S
M vi
1
M (xem hnh 5.13a):

S
M
1
M =

+ a a a
2
1
3
a 2
a a
2
1
EJ
1
=
EJ 6
a 5
3

Mt khc

11
+
12

=
EJ 6
a 5
EJ 2
a
EJ 3
a 4
3 3 3
= (ng).
a
M
s

X
1
=1
X
2
=1
Hnh 5.26
146
Hnh 5.13b): Theo hng th hai. Nhn vi
S
M
2
M (

S
M
2
M =

a a a
2 EJ
=


3
1 1 1
EJ

6
a
3
M
21
+
EJ 6
a
EJ 3
a
EJ 2
a
3 3 3
= t khc
22

= + (ng)
s:

Kim tra ton b cc h

S
M
S
M =

+
3
a a
2 EJ

a
3
2
a a
2
1 a 2 1 1
=
EJ 3
a 2
3

EJ
a
EJ 2
a
EJ 2
a
EJ 3
a 4
3 3 3 3
m , k
km
+ =
EJ 3
a 2
Mt khc

=
3
(ng).
cc s hng t do. Nhn biu 2. Kim tra
S
M i
o
P
M (hnh 5.13c v ):

S
M
o
P
M =

a
1 qa 3 qa 1 1
2 2

+
2
a
2
a
4
a
3 3 EJ
=
EJ 8

qa 3
4
M
1P
+
EJ 8
qa 3
EJ 4
qa
EJ 8
qa 5
4 4 4
= t khc
2P
= (ng).
3. Kim tra kt qu cui cng. Biu m men trn hnh 5.14a sau khi kim tra v
dng kim tra chnh xc kin chuyn v bng biu thc u
ca (5-26). Ta c:
v cn bng nt ta s theo iu
M
P

S
M =

a
2
1
a
8
qa
3
2
a
3
2
a
14
qa
2
1
EJ
1
2 2

a
3
1
a
28
qa
2
1
a
3
2
a
14
qa 1
EJ
1
2 2

=

42
1
42
1
EJ
qa 2
2
= 0
(chng t M
P
v ng).
u m men ng, ta suy ra biu
lc ct v l c.
b phn bng cch ct mt phn bt
v ngoi lc c tho mn cc phng tnh cn bng hay khng. V
d kim tra Q hnh 5.14b, ta thc hin mt ct qua C v tit din gia ca
T bi v
c d
Sau kim tra Q
P
, N
P
theo iu kin cn bng
k ca h xem ni lc
P
thanh AB v kim tra mt phn ca h nh hnh 5.27.
, N
P
trn
a
0,5a
q
Hnh 5.27
C
B
7
4qa
28
3qa
7
3qa
28
3qa
28
qa
2

147
X = + qa -
7
4
qa -
7
3
qa = 0
Y = +
28
3
qa -
28
3
qa = 0
Q a i dung h by trn ta t
dng nh ng v n tn t
u cc n trn hy tuy cch kim tra c u im l c lp vi
cc php tnh n c i mt vi khuyt im sau:
g b mc sai lm v
nguy on
v n
nn cc iu kin kim tra ni trn thng s khng ng nht bng khng hoc bng
nhau
Trong thc t ta thng hay gp nhng h siu tnh bc cao. Khi tnh ton cc h ny
ta c tnh v gim nh khi lng
tnh
g sai s khi phi lm trn cc s liu tnh ton s c nh hng n kt qu
cui t chnh xc n m
con
c, phng php
chuy
tt. l h c bn khi chu cc nguyn nhn bn ngoi s pht sinh cc
ni lc v chuyn v khng chnh lch nhiu so vi ni lc chuyn v trong h siu tnh.
Cch kim tra cn phc tp, khi lng cc php tnh dng kim tra cn ln.
Cch kim tra ch c th tin cy c khi ngi thc hin khn
n tc tnh ton. V iu kin kim tra vn c th c tha mn khi ngi tnh t
gi kim tra cng mc sai lm nh nhau trong cc bc v biu hoc nhn biu
.
Ngoi ra trong thc hnh tnh ton cn lu , do hu qu ca php lm trn cc s
liu
. Lc ny ta cn nh gi sai s theo quy cch trnh by trong phn kim tra kt qu
gii h phng trnh chnh tc.
5.5.3. Mt s ch khi tnh h siu tnh bc cao
n tm cc bin php nng cao chnh xc ca kt qu
ton.
1. Cc bin php nng cao chnh xc ca kt qu tnh ton
Nhn
cng. Thng thng, mun bo m cho kt qu cui cng
s thuc phn thp phn, cc s liu tnh ton trung gian cn t chnh xc ti thiu
n m + 2 con s thuc phn thp phn. Tuy vy, khi tnh h siu tnh bc cao ta phi gii
mt s lng ln cc phng trnh chnh tc th vn ny cng cn phi lu khi nghim
ca h phng trnh chnh tc khng n nh. Nhng nghim c gi l khng n nh
khi ta thay i rt nh gi tr ca cc phn t ca h phng trnh s gy ra nhng thay i
ln i vi kt qu cn tm. khc phc vn ny ngoi cc bin php ton hc, v mt
c hc kt cu ta c th nu ra mt vi cch khc phc nh sau:
Chn phng php tnh sao cho s lng n s l t nht. i vi mi bi ton c
th ta nn cn nhc xem trong s cc phng php nh phng php l
n v, phng php hn hp (xem cc Chng sau)... nn chn phng php no i
hi s n t nht.
Khi dng phng php lc ta nn chn h c bn sao cho h lm vic cng st vi
h siu tnh cng
148
Lc
ng cao th khi lng tnh ton, c bit l khi lng
gii h phng trnh cng tng ln gp bi. Bi vy, cn ch vn dng cc bin php
di
l t nht ( ni trn).
c bn tnh nh m
chn h
Bin php chn h c bn siu tnh cho php ta thay th vic gii h n phng trnh
n hn gii mt h c s phng trnh l
nh cht
i x ng. Cc bin ph c trnh by trong mc 5.6 di y.
nhiu h s ph
bng khng.
trong phm vi c hc kt cu, ta c th vn dng cc bin php sau:
n phi bt bin hnh. Vic chn dng h c bn ny hay h c bn khc c
nh ng tnh ton trong cc bc sau: xc nh ni lc (v
biu
ny cc n lc X ch gy ra mt phn nh hng nh n kt qu cui cng. Tt nhin,
bin php ny i hi ngi thit k phi c nhiu kinh nghim.
Dng cc bin php gim thiu s lng cc phng trnh cn phi gii, s trnh
by trong phn tip theo di y.
2. Cc bin php gim nh khi lng tnh ton
Khi tnh cc h siu tnh bc c
y gim nh khi lng tnh ton.
a. Cc bin php gim thiu s lng phng trnh cn gii
Chn phng php tnh sao cho s n s
Khi tnh h siu tnh theo phng php lc ta khng chn h
c bn siu tnh c bc thp hn.
bng cch gii hai h c s lng phng trnh l n
1
v n
2
vi n
1
+ n
2
= n. Gii hai h c s
phng trnh n v n i hi tn t thi gia
1 2
n = n
1
+ n
2
.

Trong trng hp h siu tnh cho l h i xng, nn trit s dng t
p c th s
b. Cc bin php n gin ha cu trc ca h phng trnh chnh tc
H phng trnh chnh tc c cu trc n gin l h phng trnh c
Gii h phng trnh c cng nhiu h s ph bng khng th khi lng tnh ton
cng c gim nh so vi khi gii h phng trnh c y cc h s ph. t c
mc ch ,
Nu h c tnh cht i xng, nn trit s dng tnh cht i xng (xem mc
5.6 di y).
Chn h c bn hp l.
Tng ng vi mi h siu tnh ta c th chn h c bn theo nhiu cch khc nhau
min l h c b
hng quan trng n khi l
), xc nh cc h s v s hng t do v c bit l trong bc gii h phng trnh
chnh tc.
Nh vy, h c bn hp l l h c bn chn sao cho vic tnh ton c n gin
trong cc khu nu trn.
149
t c yu cu , ta nn chn h c bn bng cch ct h thnh nhiu b phn
c lp vi nhau.
Lc ny, cc biu n v s phn b cc b, vic xc nh cc h s ca h phng
trnh chnh tc s n gin v trin vng c nhiu h s ph bng khng.
X
1
=1, biu
V d vi h siu tnh trn hnh 5.28a, ta c th nu ra hai cch chn h c bn nh
trn hnh 5.28b v c so snh.
H c bn hnh 5.28b: Ni lc trong h ny ni chung phn phi trn ton h (chng
hn, di tc dng ca ring lc
1
M phn b trn ph
phn b trong hai b phn ln cn ca h c b
n ln cc thanh ca h
c b
ch n.
8

=
19

= 0).
c
5.6 d

n). Do , xc nh cc h s v s hng t do mt nhiu cng sc, tt c cc h s
ph u tn ti.
H c bn hnh 5.28c: H c bn ny gm nhiu b phn c lp vi nhau, mi biu
ni lc n v
Do , vic v cc biu n v s n gin hn, xc nh cc h s v s hng t
do cng d dng v nhanh chng, nhiu h s ph bng khng (
17

=
1
Vy h c bn hnh 5.28c hp l hn h c bn hnh 5.28b.
Bin i v tr v phng ca cc n s. Bin php ny s c trnh by trong m
i y.
150


P
a)
Hnh 5.28












X
1

X
2

X
3

P
b)
X
4
X
5

X
6
X
7
X
8

X
9
c)
X
1

X
3

X
2

X
4

X
6
X
5
X
7

X
9
X
8
X
1
X
2

X
3
X
X
5

X
7
X
8

4
X
6
X
9
5.6. CC BIN PHP N GIN HO KHI TNH H SIU TNH
C S I XNG
Trong thc t ta thng gp nhng h c hnh dng, kch thc hnh hc v cng
i xng qua mt trc. Nu bit cch vn dng tnh cht i xng ca h th khi lng
tnh ton s c gim nh kh nhiu. Khi tnh cc h siu tnh i xng ta c th dng
mt s bin php c th di y n gin ha tnh ton.
5.6.1. Chn s h c bn i
xng
T h siu tnh c s i xng,
loi b lin kt ti cc v tr nm trn
trc i xng ca h, ta c h c bn
c tnh i xng.
V d vi h khung siu tnh trn
hnh 5.29a, nu chn h c bn c s
i xng nh hnh 5.29b, ta c
1
M v
3
M i xng (Hnh5.30a,c) v cc cp
n X
1
, X
3
. i xng.





Cn
2
M phn i xng (Hnh 5.30b) nn bit ngay:

12
=
21
=
1
M
2
M = 0;

23
=
32
=
2
M
3
M = 0.
Ngoi ra chn h c bn nh trn cn rt tin li cho vic v cc biu n v, nhn
biu n gin hn. Qu trnh gii h phng trnh nhanh gn hn do c nhiu h s ph
bng khng. Nhng u im ny khng c nu chn h c bn c cu to bt k.
5.6.2. S dng cc cp n s i xng v phn i xng
Gi s xt h siu tnh i xng nh trn hnh 5.31a. Chn h c bn cng c tnh
cht i xng nh trn hnh 5.31b. Cc n s trong h c bn i xng gm hai loi:
Loi n s c tnh cht i xng hay phn xng. V d cp n s X
2
c tnh i
xng, cp X
3
c tnh phn xng.
Hnh 5.29
J J
2J
a a
h
a)
C
A B
b)
X
1

X
2

a a
h
A B
X
3

X
1
X
2

X
3

Hnh 5.30
h
X
1
= 1
M
1

a)
X
2
=1
M
2
b)
X
2
=1
a
a
X
3
= 1
M
3

c)
1
1
151
Loi n s ch c v tr i xng cn v tr s th khc nhau. V d hai n s X
1
v
X
4
.
trit s dng tnh cht i xng, ta phn tch hai n s c v tr i xng thnh
hai cp n s: mt cp i xng v mt cp phn xng. V d, phn tch hai n s X
1
v X
4

thnh hai cp: cp Y
1
i xng v cp Y
4
phn xng (Hnh 5.31c). Tt nhin hai cp n s
mi Y
1
v Y
4
phi tha mn iu kin:
Y
1

+ Y
4
= X
1
; Y
1

- Y
4

= X
4
.
Cch phn tch ny lun lun c th thc hin c v Y
1
v Y
4
l nghim duy nht
ca cc n s X
1
v X
4
.

Hnh 5.31
a)
Y
1
=
2
1
(X
1
+ X
4
);
P
Y
2
=
2
1
(X
1
- X
4
)
Sau khi phn tch nh trn ta s thc hin tnh
ton vi cc cp n s mi Y
1
, Y
4
v cc cp n s v
bn cht mang tnh cht i xng hoc phn i
xng X
2
v X
3
.
H phng trnh chnh tc c dng:

11
Y
1

+
12
X
2

+
13
X
3

+
14
Y
4

+
1P

= 0

21
Y
1

+
22
X
2

+
23
X
3

+
24
Y
4

+
2P

= 0

31
Y
1

+
32
X
2

+
33
X
3

+
34
Y
4

+
3P

= 0

41
Y
1

+
42
X
2

+
43
X
3

+
44
Y
4

+
4P

= 0
Trong trng hp ny, cc cp n s Y
1
v X
2
i xng do cc biu
1
M v
2
M
i xng. Cc cp n s X
3
, Y
4
phn xng do cc biu
3
M v
4
M phn xng. Nh
bit, kt qu nhn biu i xng vi biu phn xng s bng khng. Do cc
chuyn v
km
s bng khng khi mt ch s ca n biu th cp n s i xng cn mt ch
s biu th cp n s phn xng. C th l cc chuyn v:

31

=
13

=
41

=
14

=
23

=
32

=
24

=
42

= 0
Lc ny h phng trnh chnh tc s chia ra thnh hai h phng trnh c lp:

11
Y
1

+
12
X
2

+
1P

= 0
33
X
3

+
34
Y
4

+
3P

= 0

21
Y
1

+
22
X
2

+
2P

= 0
43
X
3

+
44
Y
4

+
4P

= 0
Mt h (h a) ch cha nhng cp n s i xng cn mt h (h b) ch cha nhng
cp n s phn xng.
(a) (b)
P
X
3

X
3

X
2
X
2

X
1
X
4
b)
P
X
3

c)
X
3

X
2
X
2

Y
1 Y
4
Y
4 Y
1

152
Vi h siu tnh i xng bc n, nu p dng cc cp n s i xng v phn xng
nh ni trn th ta c th a h phng trnh chnh tc v hai h phng trnh c
lp: mt h c n
1
phng trnh v mt h c n
2
phng trnh vi n
1

+ n
2
= n.
Kt lun va thu c trn khng ph thuc vo nguyn nhn tc dng, ngha l
nguyn nhn tc dng c th bt k. Trong trng hp c bit khi:
Nguyn nhn tc dng (P, t, ) i xng: Chng hn h chu ti trng tc dng i
xng, lc ny i xng nn
3P

=
4P

= 0.
o
P
M
Thay vo h (b) ta c h phng trnh thun nht, v nh thc cc h s ca h
phng trnh chnh tc trong phng php lc lun lun khc khng nn
X
3

= Y
4
= 0
Nh vy, ta c th kt lun: nu h i xng chu nguyn nhn tc dng i xng th
cc cp n s phn xng bng khng.
Nguyn nhn tc dng (P, t, ) phn i xng: Chng hn h chu ti trng tc dng
phn i xng, lc ny phn xng nn
1P

=
2P

= 0. Gii h (a) ta c Y
1

= X
2
= 0.
o
P
M
Cng l lun tng t nh trn, ta i n kt lun sau: nu h i xng chu nguyn
nhn tc dng phn xng th cc cp n s i xng bng khng.
Ch :
Khi tnh h siu tnh c s i xng chu nguyn nhn tc dng i xng ta ch
cn tm cc cp n s i xng (cc cp n s phn xng bng khng) hoc ngc li.
Trong trng hp h c hai trc i xng, nu cng vn dng bin php nh ni
trn vi c hai trc i xng th h phng trnh chnh tc s phn thnh bn h phng
trnh c lp. Gi n
1
, n
2
, n
3
, n
4
- ln lt l s phng trnh ca bn h ni trn, ta c:
n
1

+ n
2

+ n
3

+ n
4

= n.
5.6.3. Phn tch nguyn nhn tc dng bt k thnh i xng v phn i xng
Vi mt h siu tng chu nguyn nhn tc dng bt k (Hnh 5.32a) bao gi ta cng
c th a v tng ca hai h chu nguyn nhn tc dng i xng v phn i xng nh
hnh 5.32b,c.

Hnh 5.32
b) c)
P
2
q
2
P
2

P
a)





q
t
o


P
2
q P
2
2

2

2
t
o
2
+
t
o
2
+
t
o
2
+
t
o

2
-
q
2

2
2
153
Trn c s nguyn l cng tc dng, ni lc v chuyn v trong h cho c xc
nh bng tng i s cc ni lc v chuyn v trong h chu nguyn nhn tc dng i
xng v h chu nguyn nhn tc dng phn i xng.
u im ca h chu tc dng ca nguyn nhn i xng (hoc phn i xng)
dc cp trong mc B trn v bin php bin i s tnh sau y.
5.6.4. Bin php bin i s tnh
Bin php ny p dng cho h c s tnh i xng tng ng vi hai bi ton h
chu nguyn nhn i xng v h chu nguyn nhn phn i xng. Ni dung ca bin
php ny l thay th vic tnh h i xng bng vic tnh na h vi s tnh tng
ng bo m sao cho ni lc v bin dng trong c hai trng hp l nh nhau. Sau khi
tm c kt qu trn mt na h ta d dng suy ra kt qu trn na h cn li theo cc tnh
cht sau:
Trong cc h i xng chu nguyn nhn i xng: ng bin dng, m men un,
lc dc c tnh cht i xng, cn lc ct c tnh cht phn xng.
Trong cc h i xng chu nguyn nhn phn xng: ng bin dng, m men
un, lc dc c tnh cht phn xng cn lc ct c tnh cht i xng.
Cc tnh cht trn c rt ra trn c s l lun v tnh cht chn (i xng) hoc l
(phn xng) ca cc hm ng thi lu n cc lin h vi phn quen bit gia cc
hm ti trng, ni lc v chuyn v.
So vi cc bin php khc, bin php bin i s tnh cho php gim nh khi
lng tnh ton rt lng k nn hay c p dng. Sau y ta s nghin cu cch tm s
tnh tng ng thc hin tnh ton vi mt na h.
1. H i xng chu nguyn nhn tc dng i xng
Gi s xt h siu tnh i xng qua trc A-A, chu lc i xng nh hnh 5.33a.








Hnh 5.33
P
c)
P
B
a)
EF
A
P
C
D
A
(n=9)
q
P
B
b)
P
P/2 P/2
C
(n=5)
q
EF/2
q
154
Trong trng hp ny h c thanh CD trng vi trc i xng. m bo tnh i
xng ca kt cu, thanh CD khng th b un cong tc l m men un trong thanh CD
khng c. T y ta ct i h ti B v C xt mt phn i xng.
Phn tch chuyn v ca tit din B v C trong h nguyn thm lin kt cho ph hp
vi chuyn v: Do ng n hi c tnh i xng, nn tit din B v C nm trn trc i
xng s khng c chuyn v gc v chuyn v ngang. Ti C nu b qua bin dng nn n
hi trong thanh CD th chuyn v ng cng s bng khng. Vy thm lin kt ngm trt
ti B v ngm cng ti C l tha mn (Hnh 5.33b). Nh vy tnh h siu tnh cho vi
n = 12 lc ny ta ch cn tnh h siu tnh vi n = 5. Nu xt c bin dng nn n hi ca
thanh CD th s tnh s nh hnh 5.33c.
2. H i xng chu nguyn nhn tc dng phn i xng
Gi s c h siu tnh chu lc phn i xng nh hnh 5.34a.

B
a)
EJ
M
o

C
D
(n=9)
q
P
q
B
b)
M
o

Q
M
N
Q
P
Q
M
N
C
Q
M
N
d)
M
N
B
c)
EJ/2
M
o
/2
C
D
(n=4)
q
P/2


C
P/2
Q
M
N
e)




Hnh 5.34
Thanh CD trng vi trc i xng, trong trng hp ny c m men un (v thanh CD
vn c th b un cong). Do , khi a v s h mt na phi xt c thanh CD. T
ng n hi ca h ta thy tit din B c chuyn v ngang v xoay m khng c chuyn
v ng. thy r c cc chuyn v trn ti B, ta tch nt B vi cc ni lc c quy
lut nh hnh 5.34b.
S tnh ton l mt phn i xng ca h cho, ti B t thm lin kt thanh
chng theo phng ng, cng trong thanh CD b b i bng mt na cng thanh
CD trong h nguyn (Hnh 5.34c).
V thanh CD khng c lc dc nn ti nt C (Hnh 5.34a) khng c chuyn v ng
m ch c chuyn v ngang v chuyn v xoay. cc chuyn v ny chnh l chuyn v ti u
C ca thanh cng xn CD khi c tch ring bit (Hnh 5.34d) do cc cp lc M, Q, N v
ti trng gy nn. Khi a v s mt na (Hnh 5.34e) thanh cng xn CD ch cn chu
tc dng ca mt na cc lc trn, do m bo chuyn v ti nt C trn hnh 5.34c
bng chuyn v ti C trn hnh 5.34a th cng EJ ca thanh CD ca s mt na bng
mt na cng EJ ca thanh CD trong h nguyn.
155
Nh bin php n gin ha nn tnh h 9 bc siu tnh, ta ch cn tnh h c 4 bc
siu tnh v t suy ra ni lc ca h nguyn cho vi lu ni lc trong thanh CD
(trng vi trc i xng) bng gp i cc gi tr tm c trn s mt na.
5.6.5. Bin php thay i v tr v phng ca cc n lc
Ni dung chnh ca bin php ny l dng cc thanh tuyt i cng, a h cho v
h tng ng thc hin tnh ton. Vi bin php ny ta c th kho chn v tr v
phng ca cc n sao cho cu trc ca h phng trnh chnh tc c n gin, ngha l
c nhiu h s ph bng khng.
Xt h siu tnh trn hnh 5.35a. Gi s ct h ti mt tit din bt k ri dng lin kt
hn gn vo hai tit din C v C.
C C
c)
Hnh 5.35
C C
a)
Hn
C C
b)
B
B
C C
d)
hai bn tit din b ct ta gn hai
thanh CB v CB c cng bng v
cng. Nu ni hai thanh tuyt i cng ny
vi nhau bng mt mi hn ti BB nh
trn hnh 5.35b, lc ny ta a c cc
n lc C n v tr mi B. Tng t ta
c th ni hai thanh tuyt i cng bng
mt khp v mt thanh (hnh 5.35c), hoc
bng ba thanh (hnh 5.35d) th h mi v h
cho s lm vic hon ton nh nhau.
Tht vy, di tc dng ca cc nguyn nhn bn ngoi, cc thanh tuyt i cng
khng b bin dng nn hai tit din C v C phi chuyn v nh nhau, ngha l cc chuyn
v tng i gia chng bng khng. iu hon ton thng nht vi cch lm vic ca
h cho ban u.
Sau khi a h v h tng ng, ta chn h c bn bng cch ct cc lin kt ni
gia hai thanh tuyt i cng v thc hin tnh ton trn h tng ng nh thng l. V
c nhiu cch lp h tng ng nn ta cng c nhiu cch chn h c bn tng ng vi
nhiu cch chn v tr v phng ca cc n lc. Nh vy, ta c th chn la sao cho h
phng trnh chnh tc c cng nhiu h s ph bng khng cng tt.
thy r c hiu qu ca bin php ny, ta kho st mt d n gin sau.
V d 5-10: Chn h c bn cho khung trn hnh 5.36a sao cho tt c cc h s ph
u bng khng.
H tng ng v trn hnh 5.36b, v h c bn tng ng nh hnh 5.36c. Cc biu
n v v trn hnh 5.36d,e,f.
Theo tnh cht i xng:
12

=
21

=
23

=
32

= 0.
156
Mun cho
13

=
31

= 0 ta chn c = 2h/3 v khi tung trn
3
M tng ng vi
trng tm ca
1
M trn thanh ng s bng khng.
Hnh 5.36
h
l
a)
P
P
c
c=2h/3
b)
P
P
X
1

c)

P
P

X
X
3
X
X
2
X
2

h
X
1
= 1
1

3

M
1

d)
X
2
= 1
M
2
e)
l
2
l
2
c
X
3
= 1
M
3

f)




5.6.6. Tm n hi
i vi nhng h siu tnh bc ba to thnh
mt chu vi kn (Hnh 5.37) ta c th s dng khi
nim tm n hi. Bin php tm n hi l mt
trng hp c bit ca bin php s dng thanh
tuyt i cng nu trn.
Gi s xt h siu tnh cho trn hnh 5.38a.
Bin i h cho bng cch t thm thanh
tuyt i cng nh trn hnh 5.38b.
H c bn tng ng v trn hnh 5.38c. Vn t ra l tm v tr ca im C v
phng ca cc lc X
1
, X
2
sao cho tt c cc h s ph u bng khng. Lc ny h
phng trnh chnh tc c dng:

11
X
1

+
1P

= 0

22
X
2

+
2P

= 0 (5-27)

33
X
3

+
3P

= 0
v vic gii h phng trnh ny s rt d
dng. im C c v tr tha mn vi yu
cu trn gi l tm n hi.
V tr ca tm n hi C v phng ca
cc lc X
1
, X
2
c xc nh theo cc iu
kin
km

= 0. Trc khi vit cc iu kin
ny, ta cn thit lp cc biu thc gii tch
ca m men un n v.

Hnh 5.37
Hnh 5.38
a) P b) P
c
E J=
z
y
X
2

z
y
k c)
c
X
1
X
3

c
h-c h-c
157
T hnh 5.38c, ta c:
1
M = -1.y;
2
M = 1.z ;
3
M = 1.
T cc iu kin
km
= 0, v gi thit b qua nh hng ca lc ct v lc dc khi tnh
chuyn v ta c:

13
=
31
=

=
s
0
s
0
3 1
ds
J E
1
) y ( ds
J E
1
M M = 0

23
=
32
=

=
s
0
s
0
3 2
ds
J E
1
z ds
J E
1
M M = 0

12
=
21
=

=
s
0
s
0
2 1
ds
J E
1
) y ( ds
J E
1
M M = 0
Nu gi dv = ds/EJ l vi phn ca ti trng n hi th cc iu kin trn s c dng:
= 0

ydv
= 0 (5-28)

zdv
= 0

yzdv
ngha ca (5-28) nh sau: nu ti mi trng tm ca mt phn t chiu di ds ca
kt cu ta quy c t mt ti trng n hi dv c gi tr dv = ds/EJ th:
Hai cng thc u ca (5-28) biu th iu kin m men tnh ca cc ti trng n
hi i vi h trc yz bng khng. Do , tm n hi C phi l trng tm ca cc ti
trng n hi v.
Cng thc cui ca (5-28) biu th iu kin m men qun tnh ly tm ca cc ti
trong n hi i vi h trc yz bng khng. Do h trc vung gc yz phi l h trc
qun tnh chnh.
V vy ta c th s dng cng thc xc nh trng
tm v trc qun tnh chnh ca cc lc tm v tr ca
im C v phng ca y, z theo th t sau:
Hnh 5.39
z
y
X
2

z
y
k
EJ=
c
X
1

X
3

z
c

y
c

z
o

y
o
o
z
oc
y
oc
1. Chn h trc bt k y
o
, z
o
(Hnh 5.39), xc nh
ta y
oc
v z
oc
ca im C theo cng thc xc nh
ta trng tm quen bit:
y
oc
=

dv
dv y
o
; z
oc
=

dv
dv z
o
(5-29)
2. Sau khi bit v tr ca C ta chn h trc ta y
c
, z
c
i qua tm n hi v xc nh
gc nghing gia h trc qun tnh chnh y, z vi h trc trung tm y
c
, z
c
theo cng thc:

=
dv z dv y
dv y z 2
2 tg
2
c
2
c
c c
(5-30)
158
Ch thch:
Khi h gm cc thanh thng v cc tit din trong tng on thanh khng i, to
y
oc
v z
oc
c tnh theo biu thc n gin sau:
y
oc
=

=
=
n
1 i i
i
n
1 i i
i
z
EJ
EJ
S
l
; z
oc
=

=
=
n
1 i i
i
n
1 i i
i
y
EJ
EJ
S
l
(5-31)
Trong : , l m men tnh ca on thanh th i i vi trc z, trc y (bng tch s
ca chiu di on thanh th i vi khong cch t trng tm ca n n trc z, y ).
i
z
S
i
y
S
Vic xc nh v tr ca tm n hi C tng i d dng nhng vic xc nh
phng ca trc chnh thng phc tp. Do , i vi nhng h khng i xng ta ch
nn tm v tr ca C c c hai cp h s ph
13
=
31

= 0 v
23

=
32

= 0 m khng
tm phng ca trc chnh (lc ny
12

=
21

0), lc h phng trnh chnh tc c
dng:

11
X
1

+
12
X
2

+
1P

= 0

21
X
1

+
22
X
2

+
2P

= 0 (5-32)

33
X
3

+
3P

= 0
Tm n hi v cc trc qun tnh chnh ca cc ti trng n hi c y tnh
cht ca trng tm v ca cc trc qun tnh chnh ca ti trng. Chng hn:
Hai trc qun tnh chnh lun lun vung gc.
Nu h i xng th mt trc chnh trng vi trc i xng ca h cn tm n hi
cng nm trn trc i xng .
Chnh v vy bin php tm n hi thng p dng cho h c t nht l mt trc i
xng (Hnh 5.40a), tm n hi C nm trn trc i xng, mt trc chnh trng vi trc
i xng cn trc chnh th hai s i qua C v vung gc vi trc i xng.
Khi h c hai hoc nhiu trc i xng (Hnh 5.40b,c) tm n hi C l giao im ca
hai trc i xng v phng ca hai trc chnh y v z trng vi phng ca hai trc i
xng vung gc.

Hnh 5.40
z
c
z
b)
c
y
c
y
a)
o
y
c

z
c
y
c
y
z
c
z
c
z
c)
c
y
c
y






159
Khi thit lp cc iu kin (5-28) ta gi thit b qua nh hng ca bin dng
dc trc v bin dng trt. Nu k n cc nh hng ny th hai iu kin u dng
xc nh v tr ca tm n hi s khng thay i v lc ny N
3

= Q
3

= 0; cn iu kin cui
cng s khc i. Tuy nhin nh hng ny ni chung rt nh.
V d 5-11: Tm tm n hi ca h khung siu tnh bc ba c mt trc i xng nh
trn hnh 5.41a.

a)
Hnh 5.41
b)







Khung c mt trc i xng nn tm n hi nm trn trc i xng y v ta ch cn
tm tung y
oc
. p dng cng thc (5-29), ta tm c:
y
oc
=
3
a
EJ
dy
2
EJ
dz
EJ
dy
y 2
EJ
dz
y
EJ
ds
EJ
ds
y
dv
dv y
a
0
DE
a
a
BD
a
0
DE
DE
a
a
BD
BD
o
o
=
+
+
= =

p dng cng thc (5-31), ta c:
y
oc
=
3
a
EJ
2
EJ 2
EJ
2
a
2
EJ 2
0
J E
EJ
S
DE BD
DE
BD z
=
+

l l
l
l
l

Sau khi tm c tm n hi C, mt trc qun tnh chnh y trng vi trc i xng
cn mt trc z vung gc vi trc trn v i qua C. Trn hnh 5.41b,c trnh by hai kiu
chn h c bn bng cch dng thanh tuyt i cng a cc n s v tm n hi. H
phng trnh chnh tc c dng (5-27), cc bc tnh tip theo quen thuc.
5.7. TNH VM SIU TNH
5.7.1. Khi nim v vm siu tnh
Vm siu tnh chia thnh ba loi: Vm khng khp (Hnh 5.42a), vm mt khp
(Hnh5.42b) v vm hai khp (Hnh5.42c).
c
X
1
X
2
X
3
c)
y
oc
X
3

y
oc
=a/3
a c
0
X
2
X
1

X
3

X
2

X
1

y
oc

yy
o

z
z
o

J
a a
J
2J
P
A
B D
E
160

c) b)
a)
(n=3)
y
z
Hnh 5.42
(n=2)
(n=1)






Vm l mt loi kt cu ph hp vi khu nhp ln, c th lm bng nhng vt liu
c sn a phng nh gch, v.vTrong ba loi vm k trn vm khng khp c
dng nhiu nht v ni lc c phn b u n hn theo chiu di ca vm.
Khi thit k vm ta cn quan tm n hai vn l dng trc ca vm v tit din
vm:
Chn dng trc ca vm sao cho vi th tch vm l nh nht m vn m bo iu
kin bn. Ngi ta cng chng minh c i vi vm siu tnh khng tn ti vm
khng c m men nu k n bin dng nn n hi trong vm. Hin nay ngi ta thng
chn dng trc vm siu tnh theo dng hp l ca vm ba khp.
Qui lut bin thin ca tit din vm cn chn sao cho ph hp vi s phn b ni
lc trong vm m trc ht l m men un v lc dc.
i vi vm hai khp (Hnh 5.43a) p dng qui lut J = J
o
.cos. Tit din ngang ca
vm s tng dn t chn ti nh. S bin thin ca tit din ph hp vi qui lut phn b
ca m men t chn ti nh vm.
i vi vm khng khp (Hnh 5.43b) n gin trong tnh ton thng p dng qui
lut: J =
cos
J
o

Trong :
J - m men qun tnh ti tit din bt k c honh z (gc chn nh vm).
J
o
- m men qun tnh ti tit din nh vm.
- gc nghing ca ng tip tuyn vi trc vm ti tit din c honh z so vi
phng ngang.






Hnh 5.43
y
z
Trc vm
a)
J
o
, F
o

z
b)

c

J
c
J
o
, F
o

J
J

161
Vi qui lut trn tit din vm tng dn t nh ti vm.
Khi tnh vm siu tnh theo phng php lc cn ch ti hai vn sau:
Khi tnh chuyn v trong vm theo cng thc tng qut (4-6) khng c b qua
nh hng ca lc ct v lc dc.
i vi vm c cong ln (
h

< 10), khi tnh chuyn v cn p dng cng thc c

k n cong.
5.7.2. Tnh vm khng khp
Trong phn ny ta s nghin cu cch tnh vm khng khp i xng v vm khng
i xng thng t dng v nguyn tc tnh ton cng tng t nh vm i xng.
Gi s cn xc nh ni lc trong vm siu tnh khng khp cho trn hnh 5.44a. Vn
dng phng php lc tnh. Dng bin php tm n hi vi h c mt trc i xng:
1. Xc nh to tm n hi C theo (5-29) ta c:
y
oc
=

=
2
2
2
2
0
o
0
o
0
0
EJ
dz
EJ
dz
y
EJ
ds
2
EJ
ds
y 2
l
l
l
l
;

=
cos
J
J ;
cos
dz
ds
o
(5-33)
2. Chn h c bn v a n s v tm n hi nh hnh 5.44b.
3. H phng trnh chnh tc c dng:
a)
z
o

P
o
2
t
o
1
t
y
o
y
2
l
2
l

11
X
1

+
1P

+
1t

= 0

22
X
2

+
2P

+
2t
= 0

33
X
3

+
3P

+
3t
= 0
4. Xc nh cc h s
kk
:

kk

=

s
0
k k
EJ
ds
M M +
b)
+

+
s
0
k k
s
0
k k
EF
ds
N N
GF
ds
Q Q
V vm i xng nn ta ch cn tnh cho
mt na vm, sau nhn i cc kt qu (cc
biu thc ni lc c ghi trn hnh 5.45).
Hnh 5.44
y
oc
z
o
2
l
P
X
1

X
2

X
3

o
2
t
o
1
t
X
1

2
l
X
2
X
3
o
2
t
o
1
t
162
Khi tnh cc tch phn trn ta cn biu din cos theo z:
cos =
2
dz
dy
1
1

+


Hnh 5.45
( )
c
1 y - y 1 M =
( ) cos 1 N
1
=
( ) sin 1 Q
1
=
y
k
yy
o

z

a)
z
o

2
l
X
1
=1
y
oc

sin - N
2
=
z M2 =
cos Q
2
=
y
k
yy
o
z

b)
z
o
2
l
X
2
=1
y
oc









Cc s hng t do
km
c xc nh theo cng thc (5-17). Cc bc tnh cn li
quen thuc.
Ch :
i vi vm siu tnh m trc v chiu cao ca tit din ngang bin i khng theo
qui lut ca cc hm s cp th vic xc nh tm n hi, cc h s v s hng t do bng
cng thc tch phn s rt phc tp. Trong trng hp ta c th p dng hai cch tnh
gn ng sau y:
Tnh gn ng cc tch phn.
Bin i s vm mt cch gn ng, a trc vm c dng ng cong v dng
ng gy khc vi cc im chia 0, 1, 2.,n c khong cch theo phng ngang nh
nhau. Vi mi on gy khc ta xc nh chiu di s, gc nghing v khong cch t
trng tm ca on n trc z. Sau p dng cng thc (5-31) tm tm n hi.
V d 5-12: V biu m men un trong vm khng khp trn hnh 5.46.
Phng trnh trc vm y =
2
2
z
f 4
l
. Lut bin thin ca tit din J(z)=
cos
J
o
. B qua
nh hng ca lc ct v lc dc.
H vm i xng c bc siu tnh n = 3. Chn h c bn nh trn hnh 5.46b vi C l
tm n hi. Tung y
oc
ca tm n hi c xc nh theo (5-29):
y
oc
=

=
2
2
2
2
0
0
0
0
cos EJ
dz
cos EJ
dz
y
dv 2
ydv 2
l
l
l
l
=

2
2
0
o
0
o
EJ
dz
EJ
dz
y
l
l
=

2
2
0
0
2
2
dz
dz z
f 4
l
l
l
=
3
f

0 = Q N
3 3
=
1 M
3
=
X
3
=1
y
k
yy
o

z

c)

z
o

2
l
y
oc
163
H phng trnh chnh tc:

11
X
1

+
1P

= 0
a)
q
0
z
o

f
l
y
o
y
0
y
oc

b)
c X
1

z
o
y
o
y
X
3

X
2
X
1
X
2
X
3
Hnh 5.46
a = ql
2
/128 d = l/8;

22
X
2

+
2P

= 0

33
X
3

+
3P

= 0
Xc nh cc h s chnh v s hng t
do vi:
q

1
M = (y - y
oc
) ;

2
M = z ;

3
M = 1.
= -
o
P
M
2
qz
2
vi (-
2
l
z 0);
d d d d d d d d
= 0 vi (0 z
o
P
M
2
l
)

11

=

cos EJ
dz
) y y ( 2
2
0
2
oc
l
=
=
o
0
2
2
2
EJ
dz
3
f
z
f 4
2
2

l
l
=
o
2
EJ 45
f 4 l


22

=

cos EJ
dz
z 2
2
0
2
l
=
o
0
2
EJ
dz
z 2
2

l
=
o
3
EJ 12
l


33

=

2
0
cos EJ
dz
2
l
=

2
0
o
EJ
dz
2
l
=
o
EJ
l


1P

=

cos EJ
dz
M ) y y (
o
P oc
=
o
0
2
2
2
EJ
dz
2
qz
3
f
z
f 4
2

l
l
=
o
3
EJ 180
f ql


2P

=

cos EJ
dz
M z
o
P
=
o
0
2
EJ
dz
2
qz
z
2

l
=
o
4
EJ 128
ql


3P

=

cos EJ
dz
M
o
P
=
o
0
2
EJ
dz
2
qz
2

l
=
o
3
EJ 48
ql

Thay cc h s
kk
v
kP
vo h phng trnh chnh tc v gii phng trnh ta c:
X
1
=
f 16
q
2
l
; X
2
=
32
q 3 l
; X
3
=
48
q
2
l

Vn dng nguyn l cng tc dng (5-19) ta c biu thc gii tch ca m men un
trong vm cho:
a

M
P
a

2
a

0

0

0

2
a

a

a

c)
164
Trong phn tri ca vm, on (-l/2 z 0)
M(z) =
32
z q 3
4
qz
2
l

Trong phn phi ca vm, on (0 z l/2)
M(z) =
32
z q 3
4
qz
2
l

Thay cc gi tr c th cch u theo z ta c biu m men un ca vm cho nh
trn hnh 5.49c.
5.8. TNH DM LIN TC
a)
b)
Hnh 5.47
c)
5.8.1. Khi nim
Dm lin tc l h ch c mt thanh thng
t trn nhiu gi ta, trong s gi ta ln
hn hai.
Trn hnh 5.47a,b,c l ba loi dm lin tc
thng gp trong thc t:
- Dm lin tc n gin (Hnh 5.47a)
- Dm lin tc c u tha (Hnh 5.47b)
- Dm lin tc c u ngm (Hnh 5.47c).
Tr trng hp c bit trn hnh 5.48 dm
l tnh nh, cn ni chung dm lin tc l siu
tnh.
Hnh 5.48
Bc siu tnh ca dm lin tc c tnh theo cng thc (1-3) nu Chng 1. Tuy
nhin, nu ch l mt dm tnh nh ch cn ni vi tri t bng ba lin kt thanh sp
xp hp l th ta c th tnh ngay c bc siu tnh ca dm lin tc theo cng thc n
gin sau:
n = C - 3
Trong :
n - Bc siu tnh ca dm lin tc;
C - S lin kt ta tng ng lin kt thanh.
V d, vi h dm lin tc trn hnh 5.47c ta c C = 8 do bc siu tnh ca h l
n = 8 - 3 = 5.
Trong thc t, dm lin tc thng chu ti trng thng ng (vung gc vi trc
thanh) nn thnh phn ph lc ngang bng khng, lc khng c s phn bit gia gi
ta c nh v gi ta di ng, gia ngm cng v ngm trt nu b qua nh hng ca
bin dng dc trc. V vy trong trng hp ny ta c th tnh bc siu tnh n ca dm theo
cng thc n gin sau:
n = C
g

+ N (5-34)
165
Trong :
C
g

- s gi ta trung gian (khng tnh hai lin kt ngoi cng) ca dm, khng cn
phn bit l gi di ng hay gi ta c nh;
N - s ngm ca dm, khng cn phn bit l ngm cng hay ngm trt.
V d, trong trng hp ti trng tc dng
thng ng:
b)
a)
Hnh 5.49
Vi h trn hnh 5.49a, ta c
C
g

= 4; N= 2, do n = 4 + 2 = 6;
Vi h trn hnh 5.49b, ta c
C
g

= 2; N= 0, vy n = 2.
Ch :
m bo cho dm lin tc khng bin hnh, t nht phi c mt lin kt ni vi tri
t c kh nng ngn cn chuyn v theo phng dc trc, chng hn mt ngm hay mt
gi ta c nh.
Dm lin tc l mt loi kt cu siu tnh c s dng sm v rng ri trong kt cu
cng trnh. N c th l nhng b phn chu lc ch yu nh cu giao thng, cu cng tc,
dm cu trc trong trm bm, nh my hoc ch l mt cu kin trong cng trnh nh x
g, dm ph trong cu ca van v..vC nhiu phng php tnh dm lin tc. y ta s
nghin cu hai phng php thng dng trong thc t l phng php lc v phng
php tiu im m men.
5.8.2. Cch tnh dm lin tc theo phng php lc - phng trnh ba m men
Dm lin tc ch l trng hp c bit ca h siu tnh ni chung nn c th vn
dng phng php lc nghin cu tnh ton. V dm lin tc rt hay gp trong thc
t xy dng nn ta c th c th ha h phng trnh chnh tc ca phng php lc nhm
phc v cho vic tnh ton c nhanh chng v n gin hn.
Trc tin, ta nghin cu cch tnh dm lin tc n gin, trn c s d dng suy ra
cch tnh dm lin tc c u tha hoc u ngm.
Xt dm lin tc c tit din khng i trong tng nhp, chu tc dng ng thi ca
ti trng (P), s bin thin nhit (t) v chuyn v cng bc (z) ti cc gi ta nh trn
hnh 5.50a.
Gi s dm c n gi ta trung gian tc l c (n + 1) nhp; ta nh s th t cc gi ta
tng dn t tri qua phi, cc nhp v cc c trng trong nhp ly tn theo s th t ca
gi ta phi nh trn hnh 5.50a. Vi cch nh s nh vy, theo (5-34) bc siu tnh ca
h s bng n.
166











Chn h c bn nh trn hnh 5.50b vi cc n s X
i
l cc m men un M
i
ti gi ta
th i. Nh vy h phng trnh chnh tc s biu th iu kin cc gc xoay tng i gia
hai tit din hai bn mi gi ta trung gian bng khng.
H c bn va chn c u im l chia dm thnh nhiu b phn c lp vi nhau nn
s cho nhiu h s ph bng khng. Tht vy, di tc dng ca ring n s M
i
= 1, bin
dng ch xy ra trong hai nhp ln cn th i v th (i + 1) (Hnh 5.50c) do ch tn ti cc
chuyn v xoay tng i gia hai tit din (chuyn v tng ng vi cc n s) hai bn
gi ta trung gian th (i - 1), th i v th (i + 1). Nh vy, vi h c bn chn ta c cc
tnh cht sau:

ki

=
ik

= 0 khi k (i - 1), i v (i + 1);

ki
=
ik

0 khi k = (i -1), i v (i+1).
Lc ny, phng trnh th i ca h phng trnh chnh tc biu th iu kin gc xoay
tng i gia hai tit din hai bn gi ta trung gian th i bng khng, s c dng n
gin nh sau:

i(i-1)
M
(i-1)
+
ii
M
i
+
i(i+1)
M
(i+1)
+
iP
+
it
+
i
= 0 (5-35)
Phng trnh (5-35) c ba n m men nn gi l phng trnh ba m men. Trong :

i(i-1)
,

ii
,

i(i+1)

- Gc xoay tng i gia hai tit din hai bn gi ta th i ln lt
do cc m men n v M
i-1
,
M
i
v M
(i+1)

gy ra trong h c bn;

iP
,
i
,
it
- Gc xoay tng i gia hai tit din hai bn gi ta th i ln lt o
ti trng, do chuyn v cng bc ti cc gi ta v do s bin thin nhit gy ra trong
h c bn.
a)
0 1 2 i-1 i+1 i n n+1
l
1

t
1
t
2
z
i-1
z
i+1
z
1
z
i
l
2
l
i-1
l
i
l
i+1
l
n
l
n+1

b)
M
1

t
1
t
2
z
i-1
z
i+1
z
1
z
i
0
M
2
M
i-1 M
i
M
i+1 M
n
Hnh 5.50

(i-1) i
c)
0
M
i
=1
i-1 i+1 n+1

(i+1) i
167
thun li cho vic tnh
ton, ta thit lp sn cc h s
v s hng t do ca h phng
trnh chnh tc. Khi xc nh
cc i lng ny ta b qua nh
hng ca bin dng trt, cn
bin dng dc trc s khng tn
ti vi s tnh chp nhn
v khi dm ch chu ti trng
vung gc vi trc dm.
Trn hnh 5.51a,b,c,d l s
tnh v cc biu m men
un n v cn thit trong h c
bn xc nh cc h s.
Xc nh cc h s:
Thc hin nhn cc biu n
v, ta c:

i(i-1)
=
i
M
1 i
M


=
i
i i
i
EJ 6 3
1
2
1
EJ
1 l l
=

ii
=
i
M
i
M
=
1 i
1 i
i
i 1 i
1 i
i
i
EJ 3 EJ 3 3
2
2
1
EJ
1
3
2
2
1
EJ
1
+
+ +
+
+ = +
l l l l


i(i+1)
=
i
M
1 i
M
+
=
1 i
1 i 1 i
1 i
EJ 6 3
1
2
1
EJ
1
+
+ +
+
=
l l

Xc nh s hng t do
iP
do ti trng gy ra trong h c bn
Gc xoay tng i
iP
gia hai tit din hai bn gi ta th i do ti trng gy ra
trong h c bn c xc nh theo cng thc

iP
=
i
M
o
P
M
Trong l biu m men un do ti trng gy ra trong h c bn (Hnh 5.50e).
Thc hin nhn biu ta c:
o
P
M

iP

=
1 i 1 i
1 i 1 i
i i
i i
EJ
b
EJ
a
+ +
+ +

l l

Trong :

i
v
i+1

- din tch biu m men un ti nhp i v nhp (i+1) do ti trng gy
ra trong h c bn;
o
P
M
1
1
i
1
t
i
2
t
M
i

J
i+1
J
i

1 i
1
t
+

1 i
2
t
+

M
i-1 M
i+1

a)
l
i+1

l
i
b)

i(i-1)
M
i-1
=1
M
i-1
c)
1
M
i
=1
M
i
l
i

1
l
i+1
1
l
i+1

1
l
i

1
M
i+1
i(i+1)
d)
M
i+1
=1
e)
a
i
b
i
a
i+1
b
i+1

i+1
M
P
o
f)
z
i z
i-1
z
i+1
i+1

i

Hnh 5.51
168
a
i
,
b
i

- khong cch t trng tm ca biu m men un trong nhp i n gi ta
tri v gi ta phi ca nhp ;
o
P
M
a
i+1
,
b
i+1
- khong cch t trng tm ca biu m men un trong nhp (i+1)
tnh n gi ta tri v gi ta phi ca nhp .
o
P
M
Xc nh s hng t do
i
do chuyn v gi ta gy ra trong h c bn
Gc xoay tng i
i
gia hai tit din hai bn gi ta i do chuyn v cng bc
ca cc gi ta gy ra trong h c bn c xc nh theo (5-13):

k
=

j
j
m
j
k
R
Trong :
j
m

-
chuyn v cng bc cho bit ti gi ta th j ca dm siu tnh;
j
k
R - phn lc ti gi j ca h do m men M
i

= 1 gy ra trong h c bn .
Nu quy c cc chuyn v ln xung di l dng ta c:

i
= -

+ +
+
+ +
1 i
1 i
i
1 i
i
i
1 i
i
1 1 1 1
l l l l

hay
i
=

+

+
+
1 i
i 1 i
i
i 1 i
l l

Trong :
i-1
,
i
,

i+1

- ln ti cc gi ta th (i-1), th i v th (i+1) vi quy c
hng xung pha di l dng.
Mt khc qua hnh 5.51f, ta thy
i
l tng hai gc
i
v
i+1
hai bn gi ta i:

i
=
i
+
i+1
tg
i
+ tg
i+1
=

+

+
+
1 i
i 1 i
i
i 1 i
l l

Xc nh s hng t do
it
do s thay i nhit gy ra trong h c bn
Gc xoay tng i
it
gia hai tit din hai bn gi ta th i do s thay i nhit
gy ra trong h c bn c xc nh theo cng thc (5-12).
Vi ch lc dc trong dm bng khng, ta c:

it
=

+ +
+
+
) t t (
h 2
) t t (
h 2
) 1 i ( 1 ) 1 i ( 2
1 i
1 i
i 1 i 2
i
i
l l

Trong :
h
i
,

h
i+1

- chiu cao ca tit din dm ti nhp th i v (i+1);
t
1i
,
t
1(i+1)

- bin thin nhit ti th trn ca nhp th i v (i+1);
t
2i
,
t
2(i+1)

- bin thin nhit ti th di ca nhp th i v (i+1).
169
Thay cc tr s va tnh c vo phng trnh chnh tc (5-35) v rt gn phng
trnh trn bng cch nhn hai v vi 6EJ
o
, k hiu:
i
= l
i
i
o
J
J
;
i+1
= l
i+1
1 i
o
J
J
+
;
Trong :
J
o
- l m men qun tnh ca mt nhp no c chn lm chun chung.

i
,
i +1
- Gi l chiu di qui c ca nhp th i v (i +1).
Ta c phng trnh ba m men vit cho gi trung gian th i khi dm chu tc dng
ng thi ca ti trng, s thay i nhit , v chuyn v gi ta:

i
M
i-1
+ 2(
i
+
i+1
)M
i
+
i+1
M
i+1
+ 6J
o

+ +
+ +
1 i 1 i
1 i 1 i
i i
i i
EJ
b
EJ
a
l l
+
+ 6EJ
o

+

+
+
1 i
i 1 i
i
i 1 i
l l
+ 6EJ
o

+ +
+
+
) t t (
h 2
) t t (
h 2
) 1 i ( 1 ) 1 i ( 2
1 i
1 i
i 1 i 2
i
i
l l
= 0 (5-36)
Trng hp dm c tit din khng i trong tt c cc nhp (J = const) ta c th ly
J
o

= J, lc phng trnh ba m men s c dng:
l
i
M
i-1
+ 2(l
i
+ l
i+1
)M
i
+ l
i+1
M
i+1
+ 6

+
+ +
1 i
1 i 1 i
i
i i
b a
l l
+
+ 6EJ

+

+
+
1 i
i 1 i
i
i 1 i
l l
+3EJ

+
+ +
+
+
) t t (
h
) t t (
h
) 1 i ( 1 ) 1 i ( 2
1 i
1 i
i 1 i 2
i
i
l l
= 0 (5-37)
ng vi mi gi trung gian ca dm lin tc ta c mt phng trnh ba m men, nh
vy vi dm lin tc c bc n siu tnh bng ta s vit c n phng trnh ba m men cho
n gi trung gian, xc nh n n s M
i
.
Trng hp dm lin tc c u tha
Hnh 5.52
P
M
o
=-P.c
b) qd
n+1 n 1 0
M
n+1
=-
2
qd
2
P
q
n+1 n 1 0
d c l
1
l
n
l
n+1
a)
Ta c th a dm c u tha chu ti
trng (Hnh 5.52a) v dm lin tc n gin
(Hnh 5.52b) bng cch ct b cc u tha v
thay tc dng ca phn u tha bng nhng
ngoi lc t cc gi bin ca dm lin tc
n gin.
Ni lc ca dm lin tc n gin trn
hnh 5.52b c xc nh bng cch s dng
phng trnh ba m men vi m men un ti
cc gi bin ca dm bit, chng c gi tr
bng m men tp trung M
o
v M
n+1
.
Ta cng c th coi cc m men tp trung hai u dm nh ngoi lc t trong nhp
th nht v th (n+1). Lc ny, m men ta M
o
v M
n+1
s bng khng cn cc i lng
170

1
v
n+1
cn c b sung phn nh hng do cc m men tp trung gy ra. Cch ny
thng phc tp nn t c s dng.
Trng hp dm lin tc c u ngm
Trong trng hp dm lin tc c u
ngm trn hnh 5.53a, ta tng tng thay
ngm v ngm trt bng hai nhp hai
u c chiu di bng khng hoc c
cng EJ = v c s lin kt tng ng
vi ngm (Hnh 5.53b).
a)
Hnh 5.53
b)
1 2 n
l
2
l
n

EJ= EJ=
1 2 n
l
2
l
n
l
n+1
=0 l
1
=0
n+1
o
Ta a bi ton dm lin tc c u
ngm v bi ton dm lin tc n gin v
c th p dng c phng trnh ba m
men nh thng l.
Nh vy, vi mi dm lin tc bt k khi quy v dm lin tc n gin tng ng, ta
thit lp c h phng trnh ba m men vit cho tt c cc gi trung gian. Sau khi gii h
phng trnh s tm c tt c cc m men un ti cc gi ta gi l m men ta.
Mun xc nh gi tr m men un v lc ct ti
mt tit din bt k trong cc nhp ca dm lin tc. Ta
xem mi nhp dm lin tc nh mt dm n gin t
t do trn hai gi hai u nhp, chu ti trng v cc
m men un xc nh c t h phng trnh ba
m men. p dng nguyn l cng tc dng (Hnh 5.54)
ta s tm c biu thc m men un ti mt tit din
bt k k c honh z trong nhp th i ca dm lin tc
nh sau:
Hnh 5.54
M
k

l
i

P
1

i-1 i
P
2

k
l
i
-z
z
M
i

M
i-1

a)
M
i-1
M
i-1

c)
P
1
P
2

b)
d

l
i

l
i
-z
M
i-1
M
i

d)
M
i

l
i

z
M
i

M
k
=
i
i
1 i
i
i d
k
M
z
M
z
M
l l
l
+

+

(5-38)
Trong - m men un ti tit din k do ti
trng gy ra trong dm n gin t t do trn hai gi
ta hai u nhp.
d
k
M
Ly o hm biu thc trn ta s c biu thc
lc ct ti tit din k ca dm lin tc:

i
1 i i d
k
k
k
M M
Q
dz
dM
Q
l

+ = = (5-39)
Trong l lc ct ti tit din k do ti trng gy ra trong dm n gin t t do
trn hai gi ta hai u nhp.
d
k
Q
tm phn lc ti gi ta bt k th i, ta ch cn xt cn bng ca phn dm b ct xung
quanh gi ta th i.
171
Trnh t tnh dm lin tc theo phng php phng trnh ba m men c trnh by qua
v d sau.
V d 5-13: V biu m men un trong dm lin tc trn hnh 5.55a.
1. Ct b u tha, thay tc dng ca phn u tha bng cc lc t gi bin bn
tri v thay ngm bn phi bng mt nhp c chiu di l
3

= 0 ta c s tnh tng
ng nh trn hnh 5.55b l dm lin tc n gin.
2. nh s th t cc gi ta v nhp t tri qua phi nh trn hnh 5.55b.
Chn J
o

= J, chiu di quy c ca cc nhp s l:

1

=
J 2 , 1
J 12
o
= 10 ;
2

=
J
J 10
o
= 10 m ;
3

= 0.

M=90kNm
P=10kN
6m 2m


















3. Vit phng trnh ba m men cho cc gi trung gian (gi 1 v gi 2), ta c
Gi 1 (i = 1):
1
M
o
+ 2(
1

+
2
)M
1

+
2
M
2
+ 6J

J
b
J 2 , 1
a
2
2 2
1
1 1
l l
= 0
Gi 2 (i = 2):
2
M
1
+ 2(
2

+
3
)M
2
+
3
M
3
+ 6J

3 3
3 3
2
2 2
J
b
J
a
l l
= 0
10m
1,2J
a)
6m
J
q=24KN/m
10kN
20kNm
3 2 1
0
b)
l
1
=12m l
2
=10m l
3
=0
90kNm
q=24KN/m
45
c)
45
300
'
1
a =4m
'
1
b =8m
a
2
=5m b
2
= 5m
"
1
a =8m
"
1
b =4m
(kNm)
M
P

o
Hnh 5.55
d)
20
300
263,2
73,6
90
1,8
91,8
131,6
(kNm)
M
P

172
4. V biu m men un do ti trng gy ra trong h c bn. Kt qu nh trn
hnh 5.55c.
5. Xc nh cc i lng trong s hng t do ca h phng trnh ba m men

1
a
1
=
8 .
2
6 . 45
4 .
2
6 . 45
a . a .
"
1
"
1
'
1
'
1
= + = - 540 kNm
3


2
a
2
=

2
b
2
=
3
2
.300.10.5 = 10000 kNm
3


3
= 0; b
3
= 0.

6. Thay tr s ca cc h s vo h phng trnh ba m men, vi ch M
o
= - 20 kNm;
ta c:
- 10.20 + 2(10+10)M
1
+ 10M
2
+ 6

10
10000
2 , 1 . 12
540
= 0
10M
1
+ 2(10+0)M
2
+ 0 + 6.
10
10000
= 0
Rt gn, ta c:
4M
1
+ M
2
+ 557,5 = 0
M
1
+ 2M
2
+ 600 = 0.
7. Gii h phng trnh, ta c M
1
= - 73,6 kNm; M
2
= - 263,2kNm.
8. V biu m men un trong dm lin tc cho bng cch v biu do cc n
m men ta (ng t nt), sau treo biu trong tng nhp ca dm. Kt qu v
trn hnh 5.55d.
o
P
M
V d 5-14: Vit phng trnh ba m men dng s tnh dm lin tc chu tc dng
ca nhit thay i v gi ta di ch cho trn hnh 5.56a.
S dm lin tc
n gin tng ng thay
th cho dm cho trong
tnh ton c v trn
hnh 5.56b. Ngm 1 b
xoay mt gc thun chiu
kim ng h c thay th
bng nhp tng ng c
chiu di l
1
0 v gi 0
dch chuyn ln pha trn
mt on
z
o
= .l
1
=
l
l
1
.

Hnh 5.56
=
1
2 3
4 +3t
o
+2t
o

l l
l
,h,EJ=const
a)

l

1 2 3
4 +3t
o
+2t
o
l
2
l
3
l
4
b)

o
l
1
=0
4
=
o
=-.l
1
173
Vit phng trnh ba m men cho cc gi trung gian 1, 2, 3. Ln lt thay i = 1, 2, 3
vo (5-37) ta c:
l
1
M
o
+ 2(l
1
+ l)M
1
+ lM
2
+ 6EJ

l l
l
l
0 0
0
.
1
1
= 0
lM
1
+ 2(l

+ l)M
2
+ lM
3
+ 3EJ [l(0 - 0) + l(2t - 3t)] = 0
h

lM
2
+ 2(l

+ l)M
3
+ lM
4
+ EJ [l(2t - 3t) + l(0 - 0)] + 6EJ = 0
h

l l
0 0 0
Cho l
1
0 v M
o
= M
4
= 0. Rt gn ta c h phng trnh cn tm:
2lM
1
+ lM
2
-
l
EJ 6
= 0
lM
1
+ 4lM
2
+ lM
3
-
h
t EJ 3 l
= 0
lM
2
+ 4lM
3


-
h
t EJ 3 l
+
l
EJ 6
= 0
V d 5-15: V biu m men un
trong dm lin tc chu s bin thin nhit
nh trn hnh 5.57a. Cho bit
EJ = const; h = const.
a)
3 2 1 o +3t
l l l
+t
b)
M
t

1,6a
0,4a
Hnh 5.57
a =
Phng trnh ba m men vit cho gi 1
v gi 2:
h
EJt
l
1
M
o
+ 2(l
1

+ l
2
)M
1

+ l
2
M
2
+
+ 3EJ

+ ) t t (
h
) t t (
h
12 22
2
2
11 21
1
1
l l
= 0
l
2
M
1
+ 2(l
2

+ l
3
)M
2
+ l
3
M
3
+3EJ

+ ) t t (
h
) t t (
h
13 23
3
3
12 22
2
2
l l
= 0
Trong : l
1
= l
2

= l
3

= l; M
o
= M
3

= 0; h
1
= h
2
= h
3

= h;
t
21

= + t ; t
11

= +3t; t
22

= t
12

= t
23

= t
13

= 0.
Thay cc s liu trn vo h phng trnh v gii ra ta c:
M
1
=
h 5
t EJ 8
; M
2
= -
h 5
t EJ 2
.
Biu m men un cn tm v trn hnh 5.57b.
174
5.8.3. Cch tnh dm lin tc theo phng php tiu im m men
Xt mt dm lin tc chu ti trng ch t trn mt nhp. Dng phng trnh ba m
men ta v c biu m men nh trn hnh 5.58a. Nhn xt cc nhp khng t ti ta
thy m men gi ta ln lt i du v cng xa nhp c ti trng th tr s cng gim.
Trong mi nhp ny giao im ca ng biu din m men vi ng chun gi l tiu
im m men. Cc im F
2
, F
3
thuc cc nhp pha tri ca nhp t ti gi l cc tiu
im tri, cn cc im , , thuc cc nhp pha bn phi ca nhp t ti gi l cc
tiu im phi. V tr ca tiu im c xc nh bi t s gia on ln v on nh do
tiu im chia trong mi nhp gi l t s tiu c K. Nu k hiu cc khong cch t tiu
im ti gi tri ca nhp l u (hoc u) v ti gi phi ca nhp l v (hoc v) th khi nhp
th i pha tri ca nhp t ti, c t s tiu c tri (Hnh 5.58b):
'
5
F
'
6
F
'
7
F




o
1
2
3 4
5
6
F
2

7
F
3
F
5
F
6

M
2

F
7

M
3
M
4
M
1

M
5
M
6

M
7
, ,
,
a)
b)
F
i
M
i-1

M
i
i-1
F
i
,
i
u
i
v
i
u
i
v
i
l
i

, ,
Hnh 5.58








1 i
i
1 i
i
i
i
i
M
M
M
M
u
v
K

= = = (5-40)
v khi nhp i pha phi ca nhp t ti, c t s tiu c phi:

i
1 i
i
1 i
i
i '
i
M
M
M
M
u
v
K

= = = (5-41)
Nh vy, vi dm trn, nu xc nh c cc t s tiu c tri v phi (K v K) v
cc m men gi ta hai u hai nhp c t ti (M
3
, M
4
) th c th tnh c tt c cc
tung m men gi ta ca biu m men cui cng:

3
3
2
K
M
M = ;
2
2
1
K
M
M = ;
'
5
4
5
K
M
M = ;
'
6
5
6
K
M
M = ;
'
7
6
7
K
M
M = .
175
1. Xc nh cc t s tiu c:
thit lp cng thc xc nh t s tiu c tri K
i
ca nhp th i pha tri ca nhp
c t ti trng (Hnh 5.59), ta vit phng trnh ba m men cho gi ta th (i-1):

i-1
M
i-2
+ 2(
i-1
+
i
)M
i-1
+
i
M
i
= 0
Chia c hai v cho M
i-1
:
0
M
M
) ( 2
M
M
1 i
i
i i 1 i
1 i
2 i
1 i
= + + +

Thay cc t s m men bng cc t s tiu
c tri, c:
0 K ) ( 2
K
i i i 1 i
1 i
1 i
= + +

T rt ra biu thc tnh t s tiu c tri ca nhp i:

+ =

1 i i
1 i
i
K
1
2 2 K (5-42)
Cng thc trn c tnh truy hi v mun tnh c K
i
phi bit K
i-1
l t s tiu c tri
ca nhp th i-1 k pha tri nhp i, ..., do trc ht phi tm c t s tiu c tri nhp
tn cng pha tri, tc l K
1
ca nhp thc nht.
Xt nhp th nht c hai trng hp:
- Nu gi ta u tin l khp (Hnh 5.60a) th:
= = =
0
M
M
M
K
1
o
1
1

- Nu gi ta u tin l ngm (Hnh 5.60b) ta c th thay n bng mt nhp tng
tng c di nhp l lo v cng b hoc J
o
= (Hnh 5.60c), khi :
= =
1
o
o
M
M
K v o = 0;
Theo (5-43) tm c:

+ =
o 1
o
i
1
2 2 K = 2
Tng t cch lp lun trn ta cng lp c
cng thc tnh t s tiu c phi ca nhp th i
pha phi nhp c t ti:
'
i
K

+ =
+
+
'
1 i i
1 i '
i
K
1
2 2 K (5-43)
v trc ht phi tm c ca nhp cui
cng th n:
'
n
K
M
i-1

M
i-2
i-1
i
l
i-1
Hnh 5.59
l
i

M
i

i-2
M
o
1
a)
l
1
l
2
M
1

o
M
o
1
b)
M
1

o
M
1

M
o
1
c)
o
Hnh 5.60
-1
l
1
0
(EJ
o

l
1
l
2
)
176
- Nu gi n cui cng l gi khp, c = .
'
n
K
- Nu gi n cui cng l ngm, c = 2.
'
n
K
2. Xc nh cc m men gi ta hai u nhp c ti trng
Gi s trn dm ch c nhp i c ti trng tc dng (Hnh 5.61). xc nh cc m
men gi ta M
i-1
v M
i
ta vit phng trnh ba m men cho cc gi ta th i-1 v i:

M
i-1

M
i-2

i-1 i
l
i-1

Hnh 5.61
l
i
M
i

i-2
l
i+1
M
i+1

i+1




0
J
J b 6
M M ) ( 2 M
i i
o i i
i i 1 i i 1 i 2 i 1 i
=

+ + + +

l

0
J
J b 6
M M ) ( 2 M
i i
o i i
1 i 1 i i 1 i i 1 i i
=

+ + + +
+ + +
l

Trong hai phng trnh trn c bn n m men gi ta m ta ch cn tm M
i-1
v M
i
,
do c th biu din cc m men gi M
i-2
v M
i+1
qua cc t s tiu c v hai n cn li:

1 i
1 i
2 i
K
M
M

= ;
'
1 i
i
1 i
K
M
M
+
+
= ;
Thay chng vo h phng trnh, chia cc v cho
i
v rt gn, c:
0
J
J b 6
M
K
1
2 2 M
i i
o i i
i
1 i i
1 i
1 i
=

+ +

l

0
J
J a 6
K
1
2 2 M M
i i
o i i
'
1 i i
1 i
i 1 i
=

+ +
+
+

l

p dng cng thc (5-42), (5-43) v thay th
i
o
i i
J
J
= l c:
0
J
b 6
M K M
i
2
i
i i
i i 1 i
=

+ +

l

0
J
a 6
K M M
i
2
i
i i '
i i 1 i
=

+ +

l

177
Gii h phng trnh trn, tm c cc m men gi ta hai u ca nhp i c ti
trng tc dng:

) 1 K K (
) a K b ( 6
M
'
i i
2
i
i
'
i i i
1 i

l


) 1 K K (
) b K a ( 6
M
'
i i
2
i
i i i i
i

=
l
(5-44)
Trng hp nhp ngoi cng c ti trng tc dng v gi ta ngoi cng l khp,
chng hn nhp th nht chu ti v gi ta s 0 u tin l khp, ta c K
1
= , M
o
= 0 v
M
1
theo (5-44) c dng v nh. Chia c t s v mu s ca biu thc cho K
1
kh dng
v nh , ta c:

'
1
2
1
1 1
1
'
1
2
1
1
1
1 1
1
K
a 6
K
1
K
K
b
a 6
M
l
l

= (5-45)
Tng t, nu nhp c ti trng l nhp cui cng (nhp th n) v gi ta cui cng l
khp, ta c:
M
n
= 0 v M
n-1
=
n
2
n
n n
K
b 6
l

(5-46)
Khi trn dm c mt s nhp chu ti, theo nguyn l cng tc dng, biu m men
s l tng cc biu xy dng cho cc trng hp ti trng tc dng ring trong tng
nhp.
V d 5-14: V biu m men cho dm trn hnh 5.62a vi J = const; c
i
= l
i
.
Theo cc cng thc (5-42) v (5-43) tnh cc t s tiu c tri v phi cn thit cho cc
nhp:
K
1
= 2; 5 , 3
2
1
2
5
5
2
K
1
2 2 K
1 2
1
2
=

+ =

+ =
l
l

14 , 4
5 , 3
1
2
4
5
2 K
3
=

+ = ; = 0;
'
5
K
4
1
2
4
5
2 K
'
4
=

+ = ; 75 , 3
4
1
2
4
4
2 K
'
3
=

+ =
Xc nh cc m men gi ta ca nhp c ti trng tc dng theo (5-44):
178

12
4 5
12
q
3
3
3
3

= =
l
= 80 kNm
2
; a
3
= b
3
= 2m

) 1 75 , 3 14 , 4 ( 4
) 2 75 , 3 2 ( 80 6
M
2
2


= = - 11,4 kNm

) 1 75 , 3 14 , 4 ( 4
) 2 14 , 4 2 ( 80 6
M
2
3


= = - 3 kNm

2
l
1
=5m
1
l
2
=5m l
3
=4m l
4
=4m l
5
=5m
o 5 4 3
q=20kN/m
M
P
1,0
Hnh 5.62
11,4
3,2
13,0
3,2
30,0
a)
b)











Xc nh m men gi ta ti cc nhp khng chu ti:

5 , 3
4 , 11
K
M
M
2
2
1

= = = 3,2 kNm

2
2 , 3
K
M
M
1
1
o
= = = - 1,6 kNm

4
13
K
M
M
'
4
3
4

= = = + 3,2 kNm
Biu m men v c trn hnh 5.62b.
BI TP CHNG 5
1. V biu M, Q, N cho cc khung trn hnh 5.63, hnh 5.64.
2. V biu M cho cc khung trn hnh 5.65, hnh 5.66.
3. V biu M, Q, N cho cc khung trn hnh 5.67, hnh 5.68.
4. Xc nh chuyn v ng ti K, chuyn v ngang ti D cho cc khung trn
hnh 5.63, hnh 5.67, hnh 5.68.
5. V biu M cho cc khung trn hnh 5.69, n hnh 5.72.
179
6. Chn s tnh hp l v vit h phng trnh chnh tc dng s cho cc h trn
hnh 5.73, n hnh 5.77.
7. Vit h phng trnh chnh tc dng s cho cc h trn hnh 5.78, hnh 5.79.
8. Dng phng trnh ba m men v biu M, Q cho cc dm lin tc trn hnh 5.80,
n hnh 5.83.
9. V biu M cho cc dm trn hnh 5.84 n hnh 5.86.
10. Xc nh chuyn v ng ti K, chuyn v gc xoay ti D cho cc h trn hnh 5.80,
hnh 5.82, hnh 5.83, hnh 5.85.












P=2qa
Hnh 5.63
J
2J
J
q
a a
2a
D
M=qa
2

EJ=const
Hnh 5.64
P=2qa
4a
q
2a 2a 3a
q = 30 kN/m
Hnh 5.65
2J
2J
F=2J
2J
2J
4m
6m 6m






















Hnh 5.66
J
2J
J
q=1kN/m
6m
6m
Hnh 5.67
K
, EJ=const
h=a /10
+25
o

-15
o
-15
o

a
a/2 a/2

Hnh 5.68
K
EJ=const a
a/2 a/2
=

a

Hnh 5.69
J
2J
J
l
l
h = l/10
2t
o

t
o

Hnh 5.71
J
2J
J
l
l
+80
o

+80
o

, h, EJ = const
+80
o

+80
o

+80
o

+80
o

l
2l 2l l
Hnh 5.70
180













































q=2kN/m
2J 2J
J
J
J
Hnh 5.72
3m 3m
4m
P
q
J J
J J
Hnh 5.73
a a
J J
a/2
a/2
P=2qa
q
4J
Hnh 5.74
y
q
EJ=const
y =
2
z 9
3m 3m

3m
J
J
J
J
2J
2J 2J
2J
q=2kN/m
Hnh 5.76
6m 6m 6m 6m
4m
2m
3m
2m

EJ=const
F
Hnh 5.75
0,03m
6m 6m
5m
5m
Hnh 5.77
P=12kN
q=2kN/m
3m
F, J
Hnh 5.78
P
EF=const
a a
a
Hnh 5.79
P=6kN
F
1
F
1
F
1

F
1
F
1

F
2
, J
2

6m 3m 3m
3m
Hnh 5.80
K
EJ=const
P
P=40kN
q=20kN/m
6m 3m 3m 2 2 2
181

J
P=20 kN
q=30kN/m
Hnh 5.81
2J
6m 6m 2m
Hnh 5.82
+2t
o

, h, EJ = const
+2t
o

- t
o
- t
o
D
l l l







Hnh 5.83
D
=/a
a a

J/3
P= 80kN q=20kN/m
M= 750kNm
Hnh 5.84


182











J J
20m 40/3
3 10m 20/3
Hnh 5.85
P=2qa
q
P=2qa
EJ=const
6m 6m 6m 6m
Hnh 5.86
q=3kN/m
EJ=const
3m 3m
1m
CHNG 6
TNH H SIU TNH PHNG
THEO PHNG PHP CHUYN V
6.1. KHI NIM
Phng php chuyn v cng nh phng php lc, l cc phng php c bn
tnh h siu tnh. Phng php lc p dng tng qut cho cc h dm, khung, vm, dn v
h lin hp, cn phng php chuyn v p dng ph hp cho h dm v khung. Ngoi hai
phng php c bn trn tnh h siu tnh cn c cc phng php khc nh phng
php hn hp, lin hp, phn phi m men Khi tnh ton h siu tnh iu quan trng l
bit chn phng php tnh no t kt qu nhanh nht v vic chn thng xut pht
t s lng n s ca mi phng php.
Phng php lc chn n s l phn lc lin kt hoc ni lc nhng tit din no ,
cn phng php chuyn v, n c chn l chuyn v ti hai u ca cc on thanh ca
h. C cc chuyn v ny ( theo phng php thng s ban u hay phng php lc
trnh by Chng 5), ta hon ton xc nh c ni lc v chuyn v ca tng on
thanh. Cc bc xc nh biu m men un ca phng php lc nh th no th
trong phng php chuyn v cng nh vy (xc nh s n, lp h c bn, t n s, xc
nh v gii h phng trnh chnh tc, dng phng php cng tc dng v biu m
men un). Cc yu cu cn li nh xc nh lc ct, lc dc, chuyn v trnh by trong
Chng 5
Hnh 6.1
A
B
C
D
6.1.1. Cc gi thit
Ngoi cc gi thit chung bit, trong phng php
chuyn v gim s n s ta chp nhn thm ba gi thit.
Trong h thanh cc u thanh qui t ti cc nt. Nt c th l
nt cng, nh A, B, C hoc nt khp nh D ca hnh 6.1.
Gi thit 1: Coi cc nt cng trong h l tuyt i cng, do cc thanh qui t ti nt
u xoay mt gc nh nhau v gi l gc xoay ca nt.
Gi thit 2: Trong khung v dm c th b qua nh hng ca bin dng do lc ct,
lc dc so vi nh hng ca bin dng un (gi thit ny khng ng vi nguyn nhn
nhit ).
Gi thit 3: Trc v sau bin dng, khong cch gia hai u mt on thanh theo
phng ban u ca thanh l khng i (gi thit ny khng ng vi nguyn nhn nhit
).
6.1.2. Xc nh s n chuyn v ca mt h
chnh l xc nh s chuyn v gc ca cc nt cng v chuyn v thng c lp
ca cc nt. Nu gi n
g
l s chuyn v gc ca cc nt cng v n
t
l s chuyn v thng
c lp ca cc nt th s chuyn v ca mt h s l:
n = n
g
+ n
t
(6-1)
183
T gi thit 1 th n
g
chnh bng s nt cng ca h
Xc nh s n n
t
c kh khn hn. Phn tch chuyn dch ca cc nt trn c s gi
thit 3 hoc xc nh theo phng php thc hnh sau y:
Thay cc nt cng v ngm cng ca h siu tnh cho bng cc khp ta s nhn
c h khp.
- Nu h khp bt bin hnh th n
t
= 0
- Nu h khp bin hnh th n
t
s bng s lin kt thanh chng thm vo va cho
h khp tr thnh h bt bin hnh( tc cc nt c c nh ).
Vi h cho trn hnh 6.1, sau
khi thay tt c cc nt cng v ngm
bng khp, ta c h khp nh
hnh 6.2a. H khp bin hnh, sau khi
thm hai thanh chng nh hnh 6.2b
h bt bin hnh lin kt nn s
chuyn v thng c lp ca nt n
t
=2.
Hnh 6.2
b) a)
Ta bit rng cc dm siu tnh mt nhp c EJ = const nh
hnh 6.3, chu tc dng ca ti trng, nhit v chuyn v ca
lin kt ta (P, t, ), bng phng php lc ta hon ton xc
nh c phn lc v ni lc v lp thnh bng tra sn (xem
bng 6-1). H siu tnh trn hnh 6.4a, nu ta bit thm chuyn
v gc v chuyn v thng ca nt B ( v ) th biu m
men trong 2 thanh AB, BC c th v theo cch tra Bng 6-1.
Hnh 6.3
- Dm hai u ngm cng chiu di 2a, cng EJ chu tc dng ng thi ca 3
nguyn nhn P, , (hnh 6.4b)
- Dm mt u ngm cng, mt u khp (thanh chng) c chiu di a, cng 2EJ,
chu tc dng ng thi ca 2 nguyn nhn q v (hnh 6.4c).









Hnh 6.4
a
q
a
P
a
A
B
C

2EJ
EJ
a)

c)
P
a a
A
B EJ
b)

P2a
8

2EJ
2a

4EJ
2a

6EJ
(2a)
2

qa
2
8
q
q

a
2EJ

3(2EJ)

a

B
C
184
Bng 6-1
TT



M
A
M
B
Q
A
Q
B
1




12
q
2
l

12
q
2
l

2
ql

2
ql

2

2
2
Pab
l

(
8
Pl
)
2
2
Pab
l

(
8
Pl
)
3
2
) a 2 ( Pb
l
l +

(
2
P
)
3
2
) a 2 3 ( Pa
l
l

(
2
P
)
3

) b a 2 (
Mb
2

l

)
4
M
(
) a b 2 (
Ma
2

l

)
4
M
(
M
ab 6
3
l

)
M
2
3
(
l

M
ab 6
3
l

)
M
2
3
(
l


4

l
EJ 4

l
EJ 2

2
EJ 6
l

2
EJ 6
l


5





2
EJ 6
l

2
EJ 6
l

3
EJ 12
l

3
EJ 12
l


6



h

(t
2
-t
1
)EJ
h

(t
2
-t
1
)EJ
0 0


7





8
q
2
l

0
l q
8
5
l q
8
3



8

) a 2 (
2
Pab
2
l
l
( l P
16
3
)

0

(0)

)
b
3 (
2
Pb
2
2
l l

( P
16
11
)
)
a
3 (
2
Pa
2
2
l l

( P
16
5
)


9

)
b
3 1 (
2
M
2
2
l

(
8
M
)

0

(0)
- )
b
1 (
2
M 3
2
2
l l

(
l 8
M 9
)
- )
b
1 (
2
M 3
2
2
l l

(
l 8
M 9
)
A
B
EJ
l
q
ql
2
8
a P
Pab
l

b
M
a b


q
ql
2
8
Pab
l

a P b
M
a b
h t
1

t
2

185
(tip theo) Bng 6-1
TT
A
M
B
Q
A
Q
B

M
10

l
EJ 3

0

2
EJ 3
l

2
EJ 3
l


11






2
EJ 3
l

0

3
EJ 3
l

3
EJ 3
l


12





h 2
3
(t
2
-t
1
)EJ
0

h 2
3
(t
2
-t
1
)
l
EJ


h 2
3
(t
2
-t
1
)
l
EJ


13

)
2 l
a
2 (
Pa

( l P
8
3
)
l 2
Pa
2

(
8
l P
)
P 0





14






3
q
2
l


6
q
2
l


ql


0

15

l
Mb

(
2
M
)
l
Ma

(
2
M
)
0 0





16







l
EJ

l
EJ


0 0

17









h

(t
2
-t
1
)EJ

h

(t
2
-t
1
)EJ
0 0





a P b
Pab
l

ql
2
8
q
a
M
b

A
B
EJ
l


h t
1

t
2

h t
1

t
2

186
6.2. NI DUNG PHNG PHP CHUYN V TNH H SIU TNH
CHU TI TRNG BT NG
Nguyn l tnh h siu tnh theo phng php chuyn v cng nh phng php lc:
ni lc ca h siu tnh cho c xc nh qua ni lc ca h c bn tng ng
(tng ng v lc v chuyn v) vi h siu tnh. Trong phng php chuyn v n l
chuyn v nt, h c bn l h siu tnh thm lin kt, bn cht ca phng trnh c bn l
phn lc.
6.2.1. H c bn
Cng nh phng php lc, khi tnh h siu tnh theo phng php chuyn v ta
khng tnh trc tip trn h cho m tnh trn mt h khc bit cch tnh gi l h c
bn.
Khc vi phng php lc, khi lp h c bn theo phng php chuyn v, ta t thm
vo cc nt ca h cc lin kt ngn cn ht tt c cc chuyn v cn li ca cc nt c
trong h, nhm bin cc thanh trong h thnh cc dm mt nhp c lp tng t nh cc
thanh dm trong bng 6-1.
ngn cn chuyn v xoay ca nt cng ta a vo cc lin kt cht hay lin kt
ngm. Lin kt ny ch c tc dng ngn cn xoay ca nt m vn cho php nt c
chuyn v thng, do trong lin kt ch pht sinh mt phn lc m men, v vy lin kt
ngm cn c gi l lin kt m men. S lin kt m men c thm vo bng s nt
cng c trong h. Vi kt cu cho trn hnh 6.5a, nt D c thm vo mt lin kt m
men v biu din lin kt ny nh hnh 6.5b.

a) b)




ngn cn chuyn v thng ca nt, ta t vo nt lin kt thanh chng. Loi lin kt
ny ch c tc dng ngn cn chuyn v thng m vn cho php nt cng xoay c , do
trong lin kt ch pht sinh mt phn lc dc theo thanh chng. S lin kt thanh thm vo
bng s chuyn v thng c lp ca cc nt. Trn hnh 6.5a nt cng D c chuyn v gc
v chuyn v thng ngang l , ngn cn hai chuyn v ny ta thm lin kt m men
ti nt D v lin kt thanh t ti C nh hnh 6.5b v l h c bn ca phng php
chuyn v.
Trn hnh 6.5b gm cc thanh AD, BD ging nh s dm hai u ngm cng
(ngm trt ti A khng c chuyn v ngang nn hon ton nh ngm cng); thanh DC
A
B
C D
Hnh 6.5

A
B
C
D
P

c)
Z
1

P
C D
A
Z
2

P
B
187
ging nh s dm mt u ngm cng mt u khp (lin kt m men ti D khng c
chuyn v ng v ngang nn hon ton c th coi nh ngm cng).
Lin kt thanh chng theo phng ngang t ti C hoc A hoc nt D u c cng
mt tc dng l ngn cn chuyn v ngang ca nt D, do vi 3 cch t thanh chng h
c bn vn ch l mt. Nh vy, vi cch thm y cc lin kt th h c bn ca
phng php chuyn v l duy nht (khc vi h c bn ca phng php lc).
6.2.2. H phng trnh chnh tc
H c bn trn hnh 6.5b khc vi h siu tnh cho trn hnh 6.5a l cha c lc tc
dng v khng c cc chuyn v v ca nt D. h c bn ging vi h siu tnh
cho ta t ti trng P, cho lin kt m men xoay cng bc mt gc Z
1
v cho lin kt
thanh chng dch chuyn cng bc mt on Z
2
nh hnh 6.5c. V cha bit chiu thc
ca Z
1
, Z
2
nn ta chn chiu quay ca Z
1
, chiu dch chuyn ca Z
2
l tu .
Nu Z
1
, Z
2
ng bng , th h c bn hon ton tng ng vi h cho v ni
lc ca h c bn tng ng chnh l ni lc cn tm ca h siu tnh hnh 6.5a. Thc t
chuyn v ca nt D l cha bit nn Z
1
, Z
2
l hai n s cn phi tm. iu kin tm Z
1
,
Z
2
l phn lc m men ti lin kt D v phn lc thanh chng thm vo trn h c bn
tng ng phi bng phn lc tng ng trn h ban u tc bng khng. Ta c 2
phng trnh c bn:
0 R
) P , Z , Z ( 1
2 1
=
(6-2) 0 R
) P , Z , Z ( 2
2 1
=
Phng trnh c bn tng qut ca h c n n s ti lin kt thm vo th k c dng:
0 R
) P , Z ,..., Z , Z ( k
n 2 1
= ( k = 1,2,...,n) (6-3)
H phng trnh (6-3) gi l h phng trnh c bn ca phng php chuyn v.
p dng nguyn l cng tc dng ta c th vit (6-3) c th hn:
0 R R ... R R R
kP kZ kZ kZ ) P , Z ,..., Z , Z ( k
n 2 1 n 2 1
= + + + + =
Trong :
- R
kZm
l phn lc ti lin kt thm vo th k trn h c bn do n chuyn v ti lin
kt thm vo th m l Z
m
gy ra
- R
kP
l phn lc ti lin kt thm vo th k trn h c bn do ti trng cho gy ra
trn h c bn.
Nu gi r
km
l phn lc n v ti lin kt thm vo th k do n chuyn v Z
m
=1 gy ra
trn h c bn ta c :
R
kZm
= r
km
Z
m
H phng trnh c bn (6-3) c th vit li nh sau:
r
k1
Z
1
+ r
k2
Z
2
+...+ r
kn
Z
n
+ R
kP
= 0 (6-4)
188
Cho k= 1,2,...,n ta c h phng trnh chnh tc ca phng php chuyn v
r
11
Z
1
+ r
12
Z
2
+...+ r
1n
Z
n
+ R
1P
= 0
r
21
Z
1
+ r
22
Z
2
+...+ r
2n
Z
n
+ R
2P
= 0
..... (6-5)
r
n1
Z
1
+ r
n2
Z
2
+...+ r
nn
Z
n
+ R
nP
= 0
Trong :
r
kk
gi l h s chnh
r
km
gi l h s ph
R
kP
gi l s hng t do
Cc h s v s hng t do l phn lc, s mang du dng khi n cng chiu vi
chiu ca n chuyn v v ngc li. Cc h s chnh r
kk
lun lun dng, cn cc h s
ph v s hng t do c th dng, m v bng khng.
H phng trnh chnh tc (6-5) c th biu din gn di dng ma trn:
[K]{} + {R} = 0
Trong
[K] l ma trn cc h s
{} l vct cc n chuyn v
{R} l vct cc s hng t do
6.2.3. Xc nh cc h s v s hng t do
Cc h s r
km
(vi m=1,2,...,n) v s hng t do R
kP
ca phng trnh chnh tc th
k l phn lc ti lin kt thm vo th k do ln lt lin kt thm vo th 1,2,...,n chuyn
v cng bc bng n v v do ti trng cho gy ra trn h c bn. Cc phn lc trn
c th l phn lc m men (nu lin kt thm vo th k l lin kt m men), phn lc thng
(nu lin kt thm vo th k l lin kt thanh). C nhiu phng php xc nh chng,
song v n l phn lc nn n gin nht l s dng cc iu kin cn bng b phn.
Sau khi v ng cc biu m men un do cc nguyn nhn Z
m
=1 v ti trng
gy ra trn h c bn (bng cch tra bng 6-1) ta d dng xc nh cc phn lc trn nh
sau:
- Nu lin kt thm vo th k l lin kt m men th r
km
v R
kP
c xc nh t iu
kin cn bng mmem ti nt K ca cc biu
m
M (do Z
m
=1 gy ra trn h c bn) v
(do ti trng gy ra trn h c bn). Chiu dng ca r
km
v R
kP
ly theo chiu

xoay
gi thit ca n Z
K
.
o
P
M
- Nu lin kt thm vo th k l lin kt thanh chng th r
km
, R
kP
c xc nh t
phng trnh cn bng hnh chiu ca mt phn kt cu trn h c bn ln lt do Z
m
= 1
v do ti trng cho gy ra. Chiu dng ca cc phn lc trn ly theo chiu dch
chuyn ca n Z
K
. T cc biu
m
M v c, ta cn xc nh thm lc ct hoc
lc dc va tham gia trong phng trnh cn bng hnh chiu.
o
P
M

189
T h siu tnh trn hnh 6.6a ta c h phng trnh chnh tc:
r
11
Z
1
+ r
12
Z
2
+ R
1P
= 0
r
21
Z
1
+ r
22
Z
2
+ R
2P
= 0
Hnh 6.6b,c,d,e l h c bn tng ng, v biu m men tra bng ln lt do
Z
1
=1, Z
2
=1, ti trng (P, q) gy ra trn h c bn
Hnh 6.6g,h th hin cch xc nh cc h s r
11
, r
22
, r
12
v s hng t do R
1P
, R
2P
ca
h phng trnh chnh tc.
















6.2.4. V biu m men un
Sau khi gii h phng trnh chnh tc, tm c cc n chuyn v Z
1
, Z
2,
... Z
n
, ta c
th xc nh m men un cui cng theo nguyn l cng tc dng bit:
M
P
= 1 M .Z
1
+ 2 M .Z
2
+...+ n M .Z
n
+ (6-6)
o
P
M
Trong :
1 M , 2 M ,... n M , l cc biu m men n v v biu do ti trng trn h
c bn (cc biu ny c sn).
o
P
M
2J
J
D
A
B
C
a)
P=4ql
q
l l/2 l/2
l
l
2J
M=2ql
2
M
Hnh 6.6
h)
r
22
3EJ
2l
3
r
22
=
3EJ
2l
3
R
2p

2ql
R
2p
= 2ql
Z
1

Z
2
b)
P
q
M
M
8EJ
Z
1
=1 c)

l
4EJ
l
2EJ
l
EJ
l
6EJ
l
M
1

e) Z
2
=1
ql
2
g)
r
11
8EJ
l
2EJ
l
6EJ
l
r
11
=
16EJ
l
r
12

3EJ
2l
2

r
12
= -
3EJ
2l
2

M
R
1p

ql
2

12
ql
2
ql
2

4
R
1p
= -
8ql
2
3
d)
3EJ
2l
2

M
2

3EJ
2l
2

12
ql
2
ql
2

4
ql
2
2ql
2
o
M
p

190
Thc hin (6-6) ti hai u ca tng on thanh sau ni thng ri treo biu s
c biu m men trong h siu tnh cho. T m men suy ra lc ct, t lc ct suy ra
lc dc nh trnh by trong phng php lc.
kim tra biu m men un cui cng theo phng php chuyn v ta c th ch
cn xt dng, xt cn bng m men nt, xt cn bng b phn l .
6.2.5. V d p dng
V d 6-1: V biu m men un cho khung trn hnh 6.7a.





















a) Xc nh s n, lp h c bn, t n s:
Khung cho c mt n chuyn v gc v mt n chuyn v thng

n = n
g
+ n
t
=1 + 1 = 2
Lp h c bn, t n s nh hnh 6.7b.
2J
3J
D
A
B C
a)
20kN
20kN
b)
3m
H
J
40kNm
E
3J
40kN
10kN/m
4m
3m
3m
2m
r
11
= 4,5EJ
r
11
EJ
2EJ
3EJ
2
Z
1
=1
c) EJ
2EJ 3EJ
2
M
1

EJ
EJ
6
r
22
=
EJ
24
5EJ
24
30
R
2p
=-2,5
12,5
20
Hnh 6.7
Z
1

Z
2

40kNm
E
40kN
10kN/m
EJ
EJ
2
r
12
= -

2
d)
EJ
2
Z
2
=1
M
2

EJ
2
EJ
4
20
40
R
1p
=-90
30
60
45
e)
30
30
20
40
40
o
M
p

45
60
45
9,1
40
43,6
g)
12,7
18,2
12,7
9,1
43,6
40
40
M
p

45
191
b) H phng trnh chnh tc c dng:
r
11
Z
1
+ r
12
Z
2
+ R
1P
= 0
r
21
Z
1
+ r
22
Z
2
+ R
2P
= 0
- V cc biu , , v xc nh cc h s, s hng t do nh hnh 6.7c,d,e.
- H phng trnh dng s:
4,5EJ.Z
1
0,5EJ.Z
2
- 90 = 0
-0,5EJ.Z
1
+ 0,208EJ.Z
2
- 2,5 = 0

) Rad (
EJ
09 , 29
Z
1
= ) m (
EJ
82 , 81
Z
2
=

V biu m men bng cng tc dng, kt qu nh hnh 6-7g
c) Kim tra biu :
- Dng hp l
- Nt D cn bng m men: M
D
= 40 + 12,7 43,6 -9,1 = 0
Phn v biu lc ct t m men, biu lc dc t lc ct v tnh ton chuyn v
trnh by trong Chng 5.
6.3. CCH XC NH CHUYN V THNG TNG I GIA
HAI U THANH THEO PHNG VUNG GC VI TRC THANH
TRONG H C CC THANH NG KHNG SONG SONG
Trong qu trnh v biu m men cui cng nu h c chuyn v thng, th ta phi
v biu m men do cc chuyn v thng bng n v gy ra trn h c bn. Trong
trng hp h c cc thanh ng song song (Hnh 6.7) th cc nt u thanh ng cng
c mt chuyn v thng tng i theo phng vung gc vi trc ca thanh ng, cn cc
thanh ngang u di chuyn tnh tin nn khng sinh ra chuyn v tng i gia cc u
thanh; cho nn vic v biu n v cng nh dng phng trnh cn bng hnh chiu
xc nh cc h s, s hng t do u rt d dng. Song cn c nhng h thanh ng khng
song song nhau nh trn hnh 6.8, khi n chuyn v thng tc dng trn h c bn th cc
thanh c bin dng li c phng khng vung gc vi phng ca n. Bi vy mun v
biu m men n v ta phi tm xem di tc dng ca chuyn v thng cng bc n
v cho, tng thanh ca h s c chuyn v thng tng i gia hai u thanh theo
phng vung gc vi trc thanh l bao nhiu tra bng ra biu n v.
Xt h trn hnh 6.8a: trn h c bn (Hnh 6.8b) khi lin kt thanh 2-c c chuyn v
thng cng bc Z
2
=1 th nt 1 khng dch chuyn ngang ti v tr 1 m ti v tr I, lm
cho cc thanh trong h ln lt c cc chuyn v thng tng i gia hai u thanh theo
phng vung gc vi trc thanh l
A-1
;
1-2
v
B-2
; Chng u c tr s khc vi n
chuyn v Z
2
. v biu m men n v
2
M ta cn phi xc nh cc chuyn v tng
i trn. Tng t nh trc y ta c th xc nh chng trn h khp tng ng khi lin
kt thanh 2-c c chuyn v cng bc Z
2
=1 (Hnh 6.8c)
M
2
M
1
M
p
o
M
p

192


















Khi lin kt thanh 2-c c chuyn v cng bc Z
2
= 1 th hnh chiu chuyn v ca nt
1 v 2 trn phng ngang l cc on 1-1 v 2-2 cng bng 1. Mt khc cc thanh A-1 v
B-2 chuyn ng, do cc im A,B c nh nn im 1 v 2 di ng theo 1-I v 2-II c
phng vung gc vi trc thanh ban u. V vy im I l giao im ca hai ng
vung gc vi hai thanh A-1 v 1-2 ln lt k t 1 v 1. im II l giao im vung gc
vi hai thanh B-2 v 2-1 ln lt k t 2 v 2 (II 2). Xc nh c v tr cc im I v
II ta s tm c chuyn v thng tng i gia cc u thanh theo phng vung gc vi
trc thanh ca mi thanh trong h.
d dng xc nh cc chuyn v trn ta c th p dng kin thc C hc l thuyt
phn tch vn tc ca cc im trong c cu v v s chuyn v cc im nt nh sau
(Hnh 6.8d):
Ly mt im tu tng trng cho tt c cc im ni c nh vi nt A, B, C. Khi
lin kt thanh 2-c c chuyn v cng bc Z
2
= c-c = 1, tc im c nh C di ra v tr c
nh mi C, trn s k c-c song song vi chiu tng ng v bng mt n v theo t
xch chn. Chuyn v ca im 2 sinh ra do hai thanh 2-C v 2-B quay xung quanh C
v B, nn v tr mi ca 2 l II, trn s chuyn v l giao im ca hai ng vung gc
3EJ
16
M
2

EJ
4
e)
3EJ
4
3EJ
4
Hnh 6.8
f)
r
22
=
N
2-B

3EJ
10
3EJ
64
79EJ
240
N
1-A

3EJ
10
EJ
12
N
1-2

J
2,5J
A B
a)
3m
J
1
4m
2
3m
2II
Z
2
=1
C
I

A-1
A B
b)
1
1 2
31EJ
64

B-2

1-2


C
2II
Z
2
=1
C
I
A B
c)
1
1 2
C
1
d)

A-1
=1,25

1-2
=0,75

B-2
=1
I
A,B,C C,II
193
vi hai thanh 2-C v 2-B, k t C v B (C 2 II). i vi thanh 1-2, lc ny im c
nh mi l II; Do im I tng trng cho im 1 trn s chuyn v l giao im ca
hai ng thng vung gc vi 2 thanh 1-A v 1-2 k t A v II. Trn s chuyn v, cc
on A-1, I-II, II-b ln lt l cc chuyn v tng i
A-1
;
1-2
v
B-2
gia hai u thanh
ca cc on thanh A-1; 1-2, 2-B. Vi v d trn
A-1
= 1,25;
1-2
= 0,75 v
B-2
= 1. Biu

2
M ch ra trn hnh 6.8e.
tnh cc h s l phn lc thng trong lin kt thanh thm, khng th lp mt
phng trnh cn bng tnh trc tip c v c thm thnh phn lc dc trong thanh.
Chng hn, tnh r
22
trc ht tch nt 1 ca biu M
2
v t phng trnh hnh
chiu ln phng ng tm c lc dc trong thanh 1-A: N
1A
= EJ
240
79
, sau c th
dng mt ct qua hai thanh ng v dng phng trnh cn bng hnh chiu ln phng
ngang ta tm c r
22
(Hnh 6-8f).
6.4. TNH H SIU TNH KHI C CHUYN V GI TA
p dng nguyn l ca phng php chuyn v nu trn, khi tnh h siu tnh c
chuyn v gi ta (), phng trnh chnh tc th k c dng :
r
k1
Z
1
+ r
k2
Z
2
+ ...+ r
kn
Z
n
+ R
k
= 0 k = 1,2,...n (6-7)
Cch xc nh cc h s r
km
trnh by 6.2. Vn mi cn gii quyt y l
cch v biu (do gi ta di ch gy ra trn h c bn) t xc nh s hng t
do R
k
.
o
M

R
k
l phn lc ti lin kt thm vo th k do chuyn v gi ta gy ra trn h c bn.
R
k
cng c xc nh t cn bng b phn ca biu
o
M

Gii h phng trnh chnh tc xc nh cc n s Z

k
(k = 1,2,. . .,n) v v biu m
men un ca h cho bng phng php cng tc dng :

o
n n 2 2 1 1
M Z M ... Z M Z M M + + + + = (6-8)
Sau y ta xt mt v d minh ho t h siu tnh trn hnh 6.9a: gi C b ln mt
on bit l v ngm B b xoay mt gc l
l

= . Cn v biu M

theo EJ, l,
n s ca phng php l 2, h c bn tng ng nh hnh 6.9b.
H phng trnh chnh tc :
r
11
Z
1
+ r
12
Z
2
+ R
1
= 0
r
21
Z
1
+ r
22
Z
2
+ R
2
= 0
Tra bng biu , v xc nh cc h s r
11
, r
22
, r
12
c hnh 6.6c,d,g,h.
Tra bng biu v xc nh s hng t do R
1
, R
2
nh hnh 6.9c,d.
M
2
M
1


M

o
194


















H phng trnh chnh tc:

1
Z
EJ
16
l
-
2
2
Z
2
EJ 3
l
-
2
EJ 5
l

= 0 Z
1
= +0,552
l

-
1
2
Z
2
EJ 3
l
-
2
3
Z
2
EJ 3
l
-
3
EJ 3
l

= 0 Z
2
= +2,552
Gii h phng trnh, tm c Z
1
, Z
2
v p dng biu thc cng tc dng (6-8) tm
m men ti cc u thanh v ni thng s c biu m men un M

do gi ta chuyn
v ca h cho (Hnh 6.9c).
6.5. TNH H SIU TNH KHI C NHIT THAY I
Khi tnh h siu tnh do thay i nhit , h phng trnh chnh tc c dng:
r
k1
Z
1
+ r
k2
Z
2
+ ... + r
kn
Z
n
+ R
kt
= 0 k = 1, 2, ..., n (6-9)
Trong s hng t do R
kt
l phn lc ti lin kt thm vo th k do s thay i nhit
gy ra trn h c bn, c xc nh t biu M
t
o
.
y ta ch xt bi ton trong trng hp tha nhn hai gi thit:

Hnh 6.9
R
2

3EJ
l
3

R
2
= -
3EJ
l
3


R
1


EJ
l
2

6EJ
l
2

R
1
= -
5EJ
l
2


d)
Z
2

Z
1

b)


2J
J
D
A
B
C
a)
l
2l

l

c)
o
M

EJ
l
2


6EJ
l
2


2EJ
l
2

e)
M

2EJ
l
2

( )
4,416
2,208
2,688
1,724
1,276
195
- Nhit thay i nh nhau dc theo chiu di tng thanh ca h.
- Nhit thay i bc nht theo chiu cao tit din.
Vi mt thanh bt k, nu k hiu s thay i nhit ca th trn l cn th di
l , th bin dng do s thay i v nhit ca thanh bao gi cng c th xem t hp ca
hai bin dng c bn:
o
1
t
o
2
t
+ Trc thanh b un cong v pht sinh mmen un do s thay i nhit chnh lch
hai th: th trn v th di (t).
+ Trc thanh b dn ra (hay co li) do s thay i u ca nhit dc theo trc thanh
( ). Trong trng hp tit din thanh i xng vi trc x th:
o
c
t
2
t t
t
o
1
o
2 o
c

= . S thay i
chiu di cc thanh s lm cho cc nt ca h c bn chuyn v, do cc thanh b un
cong v pht sinh mmen un.
Nh vy, biu do nhit thay i gy ra trn h c bn chnh l tng ca hai
biu m men gy ra do hai tc dng:
o
t
M
+ Tc dng ca s thay i khng u nhit gia hai th ca thanh gy nn '
trn h c bn.
M
o
t
+ Tc dng ca s thay i u nhit lm dn (hay co) cc thanh gy nn trn
h c bn.
' ' M
o
t
Nhit thay i khng u gia hai th t = lm trc thanh b un cong m
khng b co (dn) nn trong h c bn cc nt khng c chuyn v thng, cc thanh tr
thnh cc dm c lp vi nhau v b un do t trong tng thanh gy ra. Tc dng ca s
thay i khng u nhit gia hai th ca thanh gy nn biu . Dng bng 6-1 ta
v c ' . Vi khung trn hnh 6.10, biu do nhit thay i khng u trn
h c bn v c trn hnh 6.10c.
o
1
t -
o
2
t
' M
o
t
M
o
t
' M
o
t
Nhit thay i ti th trc lm cho cc thanh b dn (hay co). Do chiu di cc
thanh thay i nn cc nt c chuyn v thng, t gy nn chuyn v thng tng i
gia hai u mi thanh v to ra m men un trong cc thanh.
o
c
t
Gi thit cc thanh ca khung trn hnh 6.10a u c tit din i xng nn nhit
ti th trc ca mi thanh c tnh v ghi trn tng thanh tng ng (Hnh 6.10d). Do
trc thanh CD dn di l
(CD)t
= tl
CD
v thanh BD b co ngn l
(BD)t
= tl
BD
, nn nt D
chuyn v ti D. Khi D dch chuyn, nt E cng b y ngang ti E
1
(EE
1
= DD
2
), tip
thanh ED b dn di vi l
(ED)t
= tl
ED
nn nt E b dch thm on EE
1
v c v tr mi
l E. T hnh v ta thy chuyn v tng i gia hai u mi thanh
CD
= DD
1
;
196

BD
= DD
2
;
ED
= DD
2
;
AE
= DD
2
+ EE
1
. Cn c vo cc chuyn v tng i ny tra
bng 6-1 ta v c biu mmen un . ' ' M
o
t
Cc chuyn v tng i trn c th xc nh bng cch v s chuyn v
(Hnh 6.10e).
Chn mt im bt k tng trng cho cc im c nh ban u (a, b, c). Nt D c
chuyn v ti D c cc thnh phn chuyn v theo phng ca hai thanh CD, BD bng cc
on l
(CD)t
v l
(BD)t
. Trn s chuyn v chng c biu th bng cc on CD
1
v
BD
2
theo mt t xch chn v c phng song song cng chiu tng ng.
J
2J
A B
a)
J +2t
o

l
l
C
D
E
h=const
3 l
J
-t
o

-t
o

+t
o

+3t
o

l
h =
5
30
o

b)
6EJ
l
M
1

Z
1
=1
4EJ
l
2EJ
l
d)
t
2
-t
o

+t
o

A B
C
D
E
D
D
2
D
1
+
E
1 E
c)
16EJt
l
' M
o
t

10EJt
l
16EJt
l
7,3EJt
l
h)
10,4EJt
l
' ' M
o
t

10,4EJt
l
3EJt
l
e)
E
A
B
C
D
D
E
1

E
D
1

D
2

Hnh 6.10
37,7EJt
l
f)
0,4EJt
l
o
t
M
20,4EJt
l
12EJt
l
5,2EJt
l
43,7EJt
l
k)
cc
t
M
17,92EJt
l
4,56EJ t
l
5,2EJ t
l
197
Giao im D ca hai ng vung gc vi phng ca hai thanh k t D
1
v D
2
xc nh
vc t CD v BD c hnh chiu ln lt ln phng vung gc vi cc thanh CD v BD
cho ta cc chuyn v thng tng i gia hai u thanh ca cc thanh . im D li c
coi l im c nh ban u ca thanh DE khi xt chuyn v nt E. Trn s chuyn v,
dn di l
(DE)t
ca thanh DE c biu th bng on DE
1
c phng v chiu tng
ng. Thanh AE khng c bin dng nn E
2
trng vi A. Giao im E ca hai ng
vung gc vi thanh ED v EA k t E
1
v E
2
xc nh vc t E ' D v ' AE c hnh chiu
ln phng vung gc vi trc thanh cho chuyn v tng i gia hai u ca cc thanh
ED v EA.
Trong v d trn cc chuyn v tng i gia hai u thanh
BD
=
CD
= tl 3 ;

ED
= tl;
AE
= tl + tl 3 = (1 + 3 )tl.
Biu v c trn hnh 6.10h. ' ' M
o
t
Biu v c trn hnh 6.10f. ' ' M ' M M
o
t
o
t
o
t
+ =
T tm c R
1t
= 1,24
o
t
M
l
t EJ
. Kt hp vi r
11
= 10
l
EJ
xc nh t biu
1
M
(Hnh 6.10b), ta c phng trnh chnh tc:
10
l
EJ
Z
1
+ 12,4
l
t EJ
= 0
Gii ra tm c Z
1
= -12,4t (rad).
Biu M
t
trn h siu tnh cho c xy dng theo nguyn l chung trong 6.2.
Kt qu ch ra trn hnh 6.10k.
6.6. TNH H SIU TNH THEO PHNG PHP HN HP V
PHNG PHP LIN HP
6.6.1. Phng php hn hp
Chng ta nghin cu hai phng php c bn tnh h siu tnh: Phng php lc v
phng php chuyn v. u im ca hai phng php ny th hin tnh tng qut ca
chng. V mt l lun chng cho php ta c kh nng tnh bt k mt h no mt cch
chnh xc d h phc tp n u. V ng li gii quyt trong hai phng php l
ging nhau song khc nhau v ngha v cch gii quyt c th. Vi h dm v khung tnh
theo phng php chuyn v thng n gin hn v lp h c bn, v biu m men n
v v biu m men do ti trng gy ra trn h c bn, xc nh cc h s v s hng t
do cng nh gii h phng trnh chnh tc l d dng hn so vi phng php lc. Song
phng php chuyn v c hn ch ln khi xt n nh hng ca bin dng do lc dc v
lc ct khi p dng tnh dn khp v thanh cong.
198
Vi khung siu tnh la chn phng php tnh thng thng trc ht cn c vo s
n xc nh theo mi phng php. Chng hn cc khung siu tnh trn hnh 6.11a,b dng
phng php chuyn v tnh v s n t hn; vi khung trn hnh 6.11c dng phng
php lc tnh li hn.
Trong thc t cn gp phi nhng kt cu c phn ny dng phng php lc li hn,
cn phn kia th dng phng php chuyn v li hn. T t ra vn c th kt hp
c hai phng php cng tnh cho mt h. l xut pht im ca phng php hn
hp sau y.







Xt h trn hnh 6.12a, ta thy khung bn tri ABC nu tnh theo phng php chuyn
v ch c mt n, song theo phng php lc c ba n; cn i vi phn khung bn phi
BDEF nu tnh theo phng php chuyn v s c 3 n song theo phng php lc ch c
mt n. Do ta c th dng phng php hn hp vi ni dung phn khung bn tri tnh
theo phng php chuyn v, cn phn khung bn phi tnh theo phng php lc, nh vy
s n ch cn hai (khung ny nu tnh theo phng php lc s n = 4 v tnh theo phng
php chuyn v s n n = 4).
H c bn dng tnh thay h cho trn mi phn khung c lp theo mi cch ca
mi phng php (hnh 6.12b). phn khung bn tri ta a thm lin kt m men
ngn cn s xoay ca nt B, v k hiu chuyn v gc xoay cha bit l Z
1
. phn khung
bn phi loi b lin kt thanh F v thay bng n lc X
2
.
iu kin cho h c bn trn hon ton tng ng vi h cho v mt lc v
chuyn v l :
- Phn lc lin kt m men thm nt B phi bng khng tc l 0 R
) P , X , Z ( 1
2 1
=
- Chuyn v ca tit din F theo phng thng ng phi bng khng tc l
= 0
) P , X , Z ( 2
2 1

p dng nguyn l cng tc dng v trin khai cc iu kin trn, ta c h hai

phng trnh chnh tc sau:
r
11
Z
1
+ X
2
+ R
1P
= 0
12
r&
Z
1
+
22
X
2
+
2P
= 0 (6-10)
21

&
Hnh 6.11
Phng php lc n = 9
P.Php chuyn v n = 1
a)
b)
c)
Phng php lc n = 12 Phng php lc n = 1
P.Php chuyn v n = 4 P.Php chuyn v n = 8
199
















Z
1

b)
P
X
2

q
Hnh 6.12
4m 6m
4m
1m
2J
D
A
B
C
a)
F
J
P=40kN
E
J
q=30kN/m
J
2J
EJ
2EJ
EJ
2
M
1

EJ
Z
1
=1
c)

21
M
p

f)
60
42,86
31,42
1,43
2,86
8,58
34,28
(kNm)
40
o
M
p

e)
60
40
40
(kNm)
M
2

d)
X
2
=1
6
6
(m)
trong cc h s chnh r
11
,
22
v cc s hng t do R
1P
,
2P
c ngha v cch tnh
nh bit trong mi phng php.
r
11
, R
1P
phn lc thm vo th 1 (nt B) ln lt do Z
1
=1 v ti trng cho gy nn
trn h c bn, c xc nh bng cch tch xt cn bng m men ti nt B trn biu
1
M v
o
P
M

22
,
2P
- chuyn v ti tit din F theo phng n lc X
2
ln lt do X
2
=1 v ti trng
cho gy nn trn h c bn, c xc nh theo cng thc Mo vit di dng nhn biu
nh sau:

22
= M
2
M
2

2P
=
- v cc h s ch xut hin trong phng php hn hp (k hiu c du chm);
12
r&
21

&
12
r& l phn lc lin kt thm vo th nht do n lc X
2
= 1 gy nn trn h c bn,
c xc nh bng cch tch xt cn bng ti nt B trn biu 2 M ;
M
2
M
p

o
200
21

&
l chuyn v ti tit din F theo phng n lc X
2
do n chuyn v Z
1
= 1 gy nn
trn h c bn. tnh chuyn v ny ta dng cng thc M
o
tnh chuuyn v do gi ta di
ch do lin kt ta di ch (

=

=
n
1 i
i
m
i
k k
R ). Ta nhn thy trn h c bn, khi lin kt
ngm xoay mt gc Z
1
= 1rad, phn khung bn phi BDEF khng b bin dng m ch
xoay xung quanh nt B, do cng c th tnh bng phng php hnh hc thng
thng (Hnh 6.12c) hoc theo nh l tng h gia phn lc n v v chuyn v n v,
ta c quan h = -
21

&
21

&
12
r&
Gii h phng trnh (6-9) s xc nh c cc n Z
1
v X
2
. Theo nguyn l cng tc
dng, biu m men cui cng trn h siu tnh cho s l :

o
P 2
2
1
1
P
M X M Z M M + + =
Vi v d c th tnh khung cho trn hnh 6.12a, v biu m men n v 1 M , 2 M
(Hnh 6.12c,d) v biu m men do ti trng cho trn h c bn (Hnh 6.12e). Theo
nguyn tc tnh trn ta tm c cc h s, s hng t do v h phng trnh chnh tc l:
3EJ.Z
1
+ 6.X
2
+ 0 = 0
0
EJ
120
X .
EJ
72
Z . 6
2 1
= +
Gii h phng trnh tm c
rad
EJ
86 , 2
Z
1
= ; X
2
= 1,43kN
Biu m men cui cng trn h siu tnh v c trn hnh 6.12f.
6.6.2. Phng php lin hp:
Nhng bi ton v dm, khung ph hp vi phng php hn hp u c th p dng
phng php lin hp. S n s ca phng php hn hp v lin hp l nh nhau song
phng php lin hp c u im hn l chia h phng trnh chnh tc lm hai nhm
phng trnh c lp v t gii h phng trnh n gin hn. Phng php lin hp
a h v hai bi ton c lp, mt bi ton theo phng php lc mt bi ton theo
phng php chuyn v. Trong phng php lin hp c th thc hin mt trong hai cch
sau y. y trnh by 2 cch thng qua mt v d c th l khung siu tnh trn
hnh 6.13a c s n theo phng php hn hp l hai, phn ABC ph hp vi phng php
chuyn v, phn CDE ph hp vi phng php lc.
Cch 1: Bi ton lm theo phng php lc , chn h c bn bng cch ch loi b
lin kt ca phn h ph hp vi phng php lc, ta c h c bn tng ng nh
hnh 6.13b. Nh vy h c bn l h siu tnh vi phng trnh chnh tc:
11

1
+
1P
= 0;
201
11
P 1

11
= ;
1p
= ; X
1
=
Biu ni lc cui cng:
M
P
= 1 M X
1
+
0
P
M
Vn cn gii quyt y l v , nh th no trong phn siu tnh ABC,
cn phn tnh nh CDE v d dng. v v cho phn ABC l phn ph hp vi
phng php chuyn v, ta p dng phng php chuyn v t h ban u l h c bn ca
phng php lc ln lt vi hai nguyn nhn l X
1
=1 v ti trng P, q cho. Vi v d
c th ny ta s thc hin hai bi ton ph c lp:
- Vi X
1
= 1 ta c h c bn tng ng, phng trnh chnh tc nh hnh 6.13c.
- Vi ti trng cho, c h c bn tng ng, phng trnh chnh tc nh
hnh 6.13d.
- Tip tc cc bc ca phng php chuyn v s c biu , trong phn ABC
- Hnh 6.13e,g l dng ca biu , theo phng php lc ban u.















Cch 2: Bi ton lm theo phng php chuyn v, chn h c bn bng cch thm
lin kt cho phn h ph hp vi phng php chuyn v, ta c h c bn tng ng nh
hnh 6.14a v c phng trnh chnh tc:
r
11
Z
1
+ R
1P
= 0
M
1
M
p
o
M
1
M
1
M
p
o
M
1
M
1
M
p
o
M
1
M
p

o
M
1
M
p
o
D
A
B
C
a)
l
P
EJ=const
E
l
l
l
q
b)
P
X
1
q
Hnh 6.13
d)
P
q
Z
2

r
22
.Z
2
+ R
2p
= 0
o
M
p

g)
P
q
Z
2

r
22
.Z
2
+ R
2p
= 0
c)
X
1
=1
M
1

e)
X
1
=1
202

Hnh 6.14
a)
P
q
Z
1
Z
1
=1

22
.X
2
+
2
= 0
b)
X
2
c)
P
q

22
.X
2
+
2p
= 0
M
1

d)
Z
1
=1
o
M
p

e)
P
q
D
E
A
C
B
X
2











r
11
v R
1P
c xc nh t iu kin cn bng ca , . y ta li tm cch v
. , ca phn h ph hp vi phng php lc CDE, cn phn ABC tra bng d
dng.
o
M M
p 1
M
1
M
p

o
v biu ca phn CDE, ta p dng phng php lc t h ban u l h c bn
ca phng php chuyn v ln lt vi hai nguyn nhn l chuyn v xoay ti lin kt
ngm C bng n v v ti trng cho. Vi h trn hnh 6.12a, ta s thc hin hai bi ton
ph c lp:
- Vi Z
1
= 1 ta c h c bn tng ng, phng trnh chnh tc ca phng php
lc nh hnh 6.14b.
- Vi ti trng cho, c h c bn tng ng v phng trnh chnh tc nh
hnh 6.14c.
Tip tc hai bi ton theo phng php lc s v c biu , trong phn
CDE. Hnh 6.14d,e l dng ca biu , theo phng php chuyn v ban u.

M
1
M
p

o
M
1
M
p
o
203
BI TP CHNG 6
1. Xc nh s n s theo phng php chuyn v gii cc khung cho trn cc hnh
t hnh 6.15 n hnh 6.17.
2. V biu M,Q,N cho cc khung t hnh 6.18 n hnh 6.21. Tnh chuyn v ng
ti K v chuyn v ngang ti D ca cc khung trn.
3. Chn phng php v biu m men cho cc khung t hnh 6.22 n hnh 6.25.
4. V s chuyn v cho khung trn hnh 6.26.
5. Vit h phng trnh chnh tc dng s gii khung siu tnh cho trn hnh 6.27
bng phng php chuyn v.
6. V biu M cho cc kt cu cho trn hnh 6.28 n hnh 6.31. Tnh gc xoay ca
tit din C.
7. Dng phng php hn hp v cc biu m men, lc ct cho cc khung trn
hnh 6.32 v hnh 6.33.

J 2J
Hnh 6.17
EJ=

J





Hnh 6.15
J
J
2











J
1

J
2

J
1

Hnh 6.16
EJ=const
q=20kN/m
P=20kN
K
2J
6m
Hnh 6.18
6m 2m 2m
3J
2J J
EJ=const
q=20kN/m
P=160kN
K
M=60kNm
6m
3m
Hnh 6.19
3m 3m 3m
204


q=40kN/m
P=80kN
D
2J
Hnh 6.20
2m
J
4m 2m 4m
J
2J
2m
M=60kNm
q=40kN/m

K
2J
Hnh 6.21
2m
J
4m 4m
J
2J
2m


























P=60kN
J
Hnh 6.22
5m
J
2m
J
2J
2m 2m 2m
J
P=60kN
EJ=const
q=20kN/m
Hnh 6.23
5m
4m 3m 3m 4m
q=20kN/m
P
J
Hnh 6.24
a
J
a a
J
2J J
M=60kNm
EJ=const
q=20kN/m
Hnh 6.25
4m
4m 4m
q=20kN/m
M=60kNm
45
o

Hnh 6.26
P
6m
8m 4m 4m
Hnh 6.27
205

,h=const
J
3t
o
2l
Hnh 6.28
l
t
o
t
o

t
o

J
4J
2J
C
Hnh 6.29
J
M=ql
2
q
l l/2 l/2 l/2
P=2ql

C
2J
Hnh 6.31
J
l l l
J
=

l
2J
Hnh 6.30
J
-2t
o

l l l
J
-2t
o

+3t
o

C
q=20kN/m
M=60kNm
2J
Hnh 6.33
4m
6m 4m
3J
3J
2J
4m
2J
J
q=20kN/m
P=100kN
Hnh 6.32
4m
4m 6m
4J
4m
4m
J
3J
206
CHNG 7
TNH H SIU TNH THEO PHNG PHP
PHN PHI M MEN (H.CROSS)
7.1. KHI NIM V BI TON C BN CA PHNG PHP
7.1.1. Khi nim
Khi tnh cc h siu tnh theo phng php lc v phng php chuyn v trn c s
cc gi thit nu, kt qu nhn c l chnh xc; song vi cc kt cu siu tnh phc
tp th khi lng tnh ton kh ln v phi gii h nhiu phng trnh. Khi khng c iu
kin p dng cc cng c tnh ton hin i, rt ngn thi gian m vn m bo
chnh xc cn thit, ngi ta nghin cu v xut nhiu phng php tnh ng dn
cho cc h siu tnh.
Phng php phn phi m men (cn gi l phng php H.cross) nghin cu trong
chng ny l mt trong nhng phng php . N l mt trong nhng phng php c
bn lm c s cho vic nghin cu cc phng php tnh ng dn khc. Phng php
phn phi m men c xy dng trn c s ca phng php chuyn v.
V khng phi v cc biu trung gian nn
phng php phn phi m men c quy c li
du ca m men un ti cc u thanh nh sau:
M men quay thun kim ng h quanh nt cng
hoc ngm c quy c l dng v ngc li
l m (hnh 7.1). Quy c du ca lc ct cng
nh trc y.
M
K
>0
Phng php phn phi m men c nhng u im sau:
Tnh ton n gin, khng cn dng cc cng c ton hc phc tp. Hu ht cc php
tnh trong phng php ch l cc php tnh cng hoc nhn, do c th tnh bng tay
hoc dng my tnh ph thng cng thc hin.
Phng php ny i hi phi gii rt t phng trnh so vi s lng phng trnh
tnh theo cc phng php chnh xc, c trng hp khng cn gii phng trnh no. y
l u im cn bn ca phng php. Vi u im ny, phng php phn phi m men
rt thch hp vi h siu tnh bc cao. Cc hn ch ca phng php phn phi m men
tng t nh phng php chuyn v. Trn thc t n ch p dng c cho h dm hoc
khung.
7.1.2. Bi ton c bn v cc cng thc ca phng php
Ta xt bi ton c bn sau y lm c s cho phng php ny l tnh khung siu tnh
mt nt cng, khng c chuyn v thng, chu m men tp trung tc dng ti nt nh
hnh 7.2a.
Hnh 7.1
M<0
K M>0
M>0
M<0
M<0
207
Theo phng php chuyn v ta c biu m men un nh trn hnh 7.2c (Hnh 7.2b
l h c bn tng ng vi

= 0). Ta phn tch biu M
P
tm ra quan h gia m
men ni lc ca 3 u thanh quy t ti nt vi m men ngoi lc M
K
, cng nh lin h
gia m men ti cc u A, B, C vi m men ca cc u thanh tung ng ti K:
o
P
M








Nu t
KA
KA
KA
EJ
l
= ;
KB
KB
KB
4
EJ 3
l
= ;
KC
KC
KC
4
EJ
l
=
Xt cn bng m men nt K c :
0 Z ) ( 4 M
1 KC KB KA K
= + +
) ( 4
M
Z
KC KB KA
K
1
+ +
=

K KA K
KC KB KA
KA
KA
M . M M =
+ +

=

K KB K
KC KB KA
KB
KB
M . M M =
+ +

=

K KC K
KC KB KA
KC
KC
M . M M =
+ +

=

Kj
l h s khng ph thuc vo ti trng, ch ph thuc chiu di, cng thanh Kj
v lin kt ti u j ca thanh. N chnh l h s phn phi ca m men nt cng M
K
cho
cc u thanh quy t ti nt K:
M
Kj
gi l m men phn phi ti u K ca thanh Kj, ta c:
M
Kj
= -
Kj
. M
K
(7-1)

Kj
gi l h s phn phi ti u K ca thanh Kj, vi:

=
K
Kj
Kj


(7-2)
Kj
l cng n v quy c ca thanh Kj c xc nh nh sau:
M
KA
K
M
K
M
KB
M
KC
Hnh 7.2
A
B
C K
a)
M
K

M
K
Z
1

b)
A
B
C
K
M
p

4EJ
KA

Z
1

c)
l
KA

2EJ
KA

EJ
KC

Z
1
l
KA
Z
1 3EJ
KB

l
KC

Z
1

l
KB

A
B
C K
208

Kj
Kj
EJ
l
Nu u j l ngm cng
=
Kj

Kj
Kj
EJ
4
3
l
Nu u j l khp (7-3)

Kj
Kj
EJ
4
1
l
Nu u j l ngm trt theo phng vung gc trc thanh

K
l tng s cc cng n v quy c ca cc thanh quy t ti nt K.
T biu M
P
ta thy m men phn phi M
Kj
v m men ti cc u i din M
jK
c
quan h vi nhau theo mt t l no :

KA AK
M
2
1
M = ;
KB BK
M . 0 M = ;
KC CK
M M =
(lu quy c mi v du ca m men)
Nu gi M
jK
l m men truyn th: M
jK
=
Kj
M
Kj
(7-4)

Kj
gi l h s truyn:

2
1
Nu u j l ngm cng
0 Nu u j l khp (7-5) =
Kj
-1 Nu u j l ngm trt theo phng vung gc trc thanh
Tm li vi phng php phn phi m men tnh h ch c mt nt cng khng c
chuyn v thng v chu mt m men tp trung M ti nt, ni dung v trnh t tnh ton nh
sau:
- Tnh cng n v quy c
Kj
ca cc thanh theo (7-3) v cc h s phn phi m
men
Kj
ti mt K theo (7-2)
- Tnh m men phn phi cho cc u thanh M
Kj
theo (7-1)
- Tnh m men truyn cho cc u i din vi nt l M
jK
theo (7-4)
Tng cc m men u thanh tnh c chnh l gi tr m men cui cng cn tm.
Cch gii quyt v cc cng thc rt ra trong bi ton trn c ly lm c s tnh
cc h siu tnh phc tp khc.
7.2. TNH H SIU TNH GM CC NT KHNG C CHUYN V THNG
7.2.1. H siu tnh ch c mt nt cng
Gi s cn tnh h siu tnh ch c mt nt cng khng c chuyn v thng chu ti
trng bt k nh hnh 7.3a. Bi ton ny khc vi bi ton c bn ch ngoi lc khng
phi l mt m men tp trung t ti nt (cn gi l m men nt cng). Ta a v bi ton
c bn bng cch coi h cho l t hp ca hai h sau:
209

R
BP

+
M
B







H th nht (Hnh 7.3b): chnh l h c bn ca phng php chuyn v nn tra bng
d dng.
H th hai (hnh 7.3c) l bi ton c bn ca phng php phn phi m men vi m
men nt cng:
M
B
=

(7-6)
j
0
Bj
M
(tng m men tra bng ca cc u thanh quy t ti nt B)
V d 7-1: V biu m men un ca khung siu tnh cho trn hnh 7.3a theo q, l,
EJ bit.
- Tnh cng n v quy c
Bj
ca ba thanh quy t ti B theo (7-3)

l l
EJ 2 ) J 2 ( E
BA
= = ;
l l 2
EJ
2
) J
3
4
( E
4
3
BD
= = ;
l l 2
EJ
) J 2 ( E
4
1
BC
= =
- Tnh h s phn phi cho cc u thanh ti nt B theo (7-2)

3
2
2
EJ
2
EJ EJ 2
EJ 2
BA
=
+ +
=
l l l
l
;
6
1
2
EJ
2
EJ EJ 2
2
EJ
BD BC
=
+ +
= =
l l l
l

) 1
6
1
6
1
3
2
(
B
= + + =

Cc h s phn phi tnh c, c ghi ti cc u thanh tng ng trn s tnh
(Hnh 7.4b)







Hnh 7.3
2J
4J
3 l
l
q
P=2ql
A
D
C B
a)
l l
2J
q
P
b) c)
=
b)
M
p

ql
2

6
q
A
D
C
B
a)
3ql
2

4
ql
2

3
o
Hnh 7.4

+5
36
+5
18
+1
3
+5
72
+29
72
1
6
2
3
1
6
-3
4
+5
72
-49
72
-5
+1
6
72
+7
72

(ql
2
)
1
M
p

c)
29
72
5
36
49
72
(ql
2
)
1
8
5
18
A
D
C B
+7
72
210
- Ngm nt B, tra bng biu nh hnh 7.4a v xc nh gi tr m men ti cc
u thanh theo quy c du ca m men:
o
P
M

3
q
M
2
0
BC
l
+ = ;
2 0
BD
q
4
3
M l = ;
6
q
M
2
0
CB
l
+ =
Cc gi tr ny c ghi vo cc u thanh ca s tnh (Hnh 7.4b)
- Tnh m men nt cng ti B:
2 2
2
o
BD
o
BC B
q
12
5
q
4
3
3
q
M M M l l
l
= = + =
- Thc hin bi ton c bn, phn phi m men ti nt B theo (7-1) v ghi ln s :

2 2
BA
q
18
5
q
12
5
3
2
M l l + =

= ;
2 2
BD BC
q
72
5
q
12
5
6
1
M M l l + =

= =
- Tnh m men truyn ti cc u i din ca nt B theo (7-4) v ghi ln s :

2 2
AB
q
36
5
q
18
5
2
1
M l l + =

+ = ; 0 M
DB
= ;
2 2
CB
q
72
5
q
72
5
1 M l l =

+ =
- Gi tr m men cui cng ti mi tit din u thanh bng tng i s cc tr s
ghi ti : ; (7-7)
pp
Bj
0
Bj Bj
M M M + =
tr
jB
0
jB jB
M M M + =
Biu m men c v trn hnh 7.4c
7.2.2. H siu tnh c nhiu nt cng
Gi s cn tnh h c hai nt cng, khng c chuyn v thng, chu ti trng bt k v
trn hnh 7.5a. Tng t nh trn, a v dng bi ton c bn ta bin khung siu tnh
cho thnh tng ca hai khung trn hnh 7.5b v hnh 7.5c. Cc gi tr m men u thanh
ca khung hnh 7.5b tnh c nh tra bng 6-1. Di y ta ch xt cch tnh khung trn
hnh 7.5c bng phng php phn phi m men. Cc cng thc phn phi m men thit
lp trn l ch i vi h ch c mt nt cng v cc u i din l lin kt ngm, khp
hoc ngm trt m khng phi l nt cng xoay c.






Hnh 7.5
q
P
a)
A D
C
B
E
R
DP

q
P
b)
A D
C
B
E
R
EP

=
M
D
= -R
DP

c)
A D
C
B
E
M
E
= -R
EP
+
Do vi h gm nhiu nt cng (hnh 7.5c) ta phi bin i gii quyt tng b
phn ca h, trong ch c mt nt cng xoay. Chng hn mun phn phi M
D
(ca nt
D), ta thm vo nt E mt lin kt m men ngn cn s xoay ca nt E (cht nt E). Khi
b phn khung ABDE ging bi ton c bn (hnh 7.6a). Theo cng thc t (7-1)
n (7-5), ta tnh c cc h s phn phi m men v thc hin phn phi v truyn m
men ta c:
211
M men phn phi M men truyn
1
DA
'
M M =
1
D DA
1
DA
M . M =
1
D DB
1
DB
M . M =
1
D DE
1
DE
M . M =
AD
0 M
'
BD
=


1
DE
'
ED
M .
2
1
M =
Trong ch s 1 v du biu th tng ng vi ln phn phi th nht ca nt.

Hnh 7.6
a)
A
D
C
B
E
M
D

b)
A
D
C
B
E
M
E






Nt D sau khi phn phi cn bng m men, nhng ti nt E do t thm lin kt
m men nn m men nt cng M
E
lc ny thm lng M

ED
mi truyn ti ngha l:

'
ED E
1
ED
M M M + =
thc hin phn phi m men nt E tng t nh phn phi m men nt D, ta phi
tho b lin kt a thm vo nt E v a thm lin kt m men ngn cn s xoay
ca nt D (cht nt D). Nh vy b phn khung DEC li ging bi ton c bn (hnh 7.6b).
Thc hin phn phi v truyn m men cho b phn khung DEC, ta c:
M men phn phi M men truyn
1
E ED
1
ED
M . M =

1
E EC
1
EC
M . M =
1
ED
'
DE
M .
2
1
M =
1
EC
'
CE
M .
2
1
M =
Nt E sau khi phn phi cn bng m men, nhng ti nt D li c lng m men
M

DE
mi truyn ti, nn ti li xut hin m men nt cng khng cn bng .
M men nt cng D lc ny b hn nhiu so vi trc y ( ). n y, ta thc
hin xong mt chu trnh phn phi m men. bi ton ny, ta thy sau mt chu k phn
phi th nht, ti nt D li xut hin m men nt cng khng cn bng . Bi vy ta
phi tip tc tin hnh chu k phn phi th 2, qu trnh tnh ton hon ton nh chu k
trc, ngha l:
'
DE
2
D
M M =
1
D
2
D
M M <<
2
D
M
Phn phi m men nt cng (tm cht nt E v tho cht nt D) ta c:
2
D
M
M men phn phi M men truyn
2
DA
' '
AD
M M =
2
D DA
2
DA
M . M =
2
D DB
2
DB
M . M =
2
D DE
2
DE
M . M =

0 M
' '
BD
=
2
DE
' '
ED
M .
2
1
M =
212
Trong ch s 2 v du biu th tng ng vi ln phn phi th hai ca nt.
Nt D sau khi phn phi ln th hai cn bng, nhng nt E li cn cht v c m
men nt cng , do li phi phn phi tip. Qu trnh c ln lt tip din
mi, sau mi ln phn phi, m men nt cng gim dn, cho ti khi t ti tr s khng c
ngha trong thc tin na th dng li.
' '
ED
2
E
M M =
Sau n chu k phn phi, m men cui cng u mi thanh ca h trn hnh 7.5c
bng tng gi tr i s m men phn phi v m men tch ly dn. Kt qu cng chnh
xc khi qu trnh tnh ko di. tin li, vic tnh ton c hai h trn hnh 7.5b c th
hin chung trn mt s . Ta s tm hiu k thm cch lm ny thng qua v d sau.
V d 7-2: V biu m men un v lc ct cho khung siu tnh trn hnh 7.7.
a) Tnh cng n v quy c ca cc thanh v h s phn phi m men t mi
nt ra cc u thanh: Trong qu trnh tnh, cc nt cng c c nh nn c coi nh
lin kt ngm khi tnh v .
- Ti nt E:
6
EJ
EA
= ;
4
EJ
8
EJ 2
EF
= =
4 , 0
4
EJ
6
EJ
6
EJ
EF EA
EA
EA
=
+
=
+

= ; 6 , 0
4
EJ
6
EJ
4
EJ
EF EA
EF
EF
=
+
=
+

=
Kim tra :
E
=
EA
+
EF
= 0,4 + 0,6 = 1
- Ti nt F:
4
EJ
FE EF
= = ;
4
EJ
6
EJ 2
.
4
3
FB
= = ;
40
EJ 9
10
EJ 3
.
4
3
FC
= =

FB FE
345 , 0
40
EJ 9
4
EJ
4
EJ
4
EJ
= =
+ +
= ;
FC

= 0,31
Kim tra :
F
=
FE
+
FB
+
FC
= 0,345+ 0,345 + 0,31 =1
Cc h s phn phi m men ghi trong cc vung trn s (hnh 7.7b)
b) Tnh cc m men u thanh do ti trng cho trong h c nt b cht:
Tra bng 6-1 c:
; ; kNm 120 M
o
EF
= kNm 120 M
o
FE
= kNm 250 M
o
FC
=
Cn . Chng c ghi trn cc u thanh tng ng trn s
tnh (hnh 7.7b).
kNm 100 2 . 50 M
o
ED
= =


213

J
50kN

a)
A
B
120kN
20kN/m
2J
2J
3J D C E
F
2m 4m 4m 10m
6m
0,31





































c) Tnh cc m men nt cng cho chu k phn phi th nht v tnh h gm cc m
men t ti nt (tnh loi h nh hnh 7.5c)
- Ti E: kNm 20 120 100 M
1
E
= + =
- Ti F: kNm 130 250 120 M
1
F
= + =
b)
+1,0
F E
0,345
0,345 0,6
0,4
+0,5
-100
+99
+1,5
-22,5
+120,0
-164,4
-0,3
+0,8
-44,9
-120,0
-44,9
-0,3
-45,2
+209,5
-0,2
-40,3
+250,0
c)
100
M
p

99 240
164,4 209,5
250
1,0
0,5
45,2
(kNm)
Hnh 7.7
d)
50
Q
p

51,8
68,2
121,0
79,0
0,25
+
+
7,53
+
_ _
_
_
(kN)
214
tng tc ca qu trnh lp ta chn nt F c m men nt cng ln hn phn phi
trc.
- Cht nt E phn phi nt F ln mt vi kNm 130 M
1
F
=
M men phn phi M men truyn
kNm 9 , 44 130 . 345 , 0 M
1
FE
= =
kNm 9 , 44 M
1
FB
=
kNm 3 , 40 130 . 31 , 0 M
1
FC
= =
kNm 5 , 22 ) 9 , 44 (
2
1
M
'
EF
= =
0 M
'
BF
=
0 M
'
CF
=
Chng c ghi ln cc u thanh tng ng v sp thnh ct cng vi cc gi tr ghi
trc (hnh 7.7b)
- Cht nt F, m nt E, phn phi nt E ln 1 vi kNm 5 , 2 5 , 22 20 M
1
E
= =
M men phn phi M men truyn
kNm 5 , 1 ) 5 , 2 .( 6 , 0 M
1
EF
= =
kNm 1 ) 5 , 2 .( 4 , 0 M
1
EA
= =
kNm 8 , 0 ) 5 , 1 (
2
1
M
'
FE
= =
kNm 5 , 0 ) 0 , 1 (
2
1
M
'
AE
= =
Cht nt E m nt F, phn phi nt F ln hai vi kNm 8 , 0 M M
'
FE
2
F
= =
M men phn phi M men truyn
kNm 3 , 0 8 , 0 . 345 , 0 M
2
FE
= =
kNm 3 , 0 M
2
FB
=
kNm 2 , 0 8 , 0 . 31 , 0 M
2
FC
= =
kNm 15 , 0 ) 3 , 0 (
2
1
M
' '
EF
= =
0 M
' '
BF
=
0 M
' '
CF
=
M men truyn qu nh so vi cc gi tr m men c trong h,
nn khng cn chuyn tip na v ta dng qu trnh phn phi y.
kNm 15 , 0 M
' '
EF
=
d) Tnh cc gi tr cui cng ca cc m men u thanh v v biu m men cho h
siu tnh cho (hnh 7.7c). Cng i s tt c cc gi tr m men ghi u mi thanh,
chng hn:
M
FE
= -120 44,9 +0,8 - 0,3 = -164,4 kNm
Ton b qu trnh ny th hin trn hnh 7.7b.
Biu M
P
c v trn hnh 7.7c.
Biu Q
P
c suy ra t M
P
tng t phng php lc. Kt qu v trn hnh 7.7d.
V d 7-3: V biu m men un cho dm lin tc cho trn hnh 7.8a.
Dm cho c tnh cht i xng, chu ti trng i xng, do ta ch cn tnh cho
na dm theo s trn hnh 7.8b.
215














Hnh 7.8
a)
6m
5kN
B
2kN/m
3,5kN
C D
A
5kN
B
2kN/m
7kN
C
D
A
2kN/m
5kN
2,25m 2,25m 2,25m 2,25m
6m 3m 3m
5,625
5,32
9,0
5,69
10,5
5,69
9,0
5,32
5,625
b)
c)
+5,32
-0,01
+0,03
-0,20
+0,40
-0,90
+6,00
d
M
p
(kNm)
a) Xc nh cng n v quy c v h s phn phi :

6
EJ
5 , 4
EJ
.
4
3
BA
= = ;
6
EJ
CB BC
= = ;
12
EJ
3
EJ
.
4
1
CD
= =
- Nt B:
BC BA
2
1
6
EJ
6
EJ
6
EJ
= =
+
=
- Nt C:
3
2
12
EJ
6
EJ
6
EJ
CB
=
+
= ;
3
1
6
EJ
12
EJ
12
EJ
CD
=
+
=
b) Tnh m men u thanh trong h c nt b cht. Tra bng 6-1
; 0 M
o
AB
= kNm 22 , 4
16
5 , 4 . 5 . 3
16
P 3
M
o
BA
= = =
l

kNm 6
12
6 . 2
12
q
M M
2 2
o
CB
o
BC
= = = =
l
; kNm 25 , 5
2
3 . 5 , 3
2
P
M M
o
DC
o
CD
= = = =
l

c) Tnh m men nt cng:
M
B
= 6 4,22 = 1,78 kNm
M
C
= -6 + 5,25 = - 0,75 kNm
C B
M M > nn ta tin hnh phn phi m men nt B trc.
)
1/2
B C
1/2 2/3 1/3
-5,32
-0,01

-0,2

-0,90
-4,22
-5,69
+0,06
-0,10
+0,80
-0,45
-6,00
+5,69
+0,04
+0,40
+5,25
+4,81
-0,04
-0,04
+5,25
216
d) Thc hin phn phi v truyn m men nh hnh 7.8d.
Cng cc kt qu tnh ton trong tng ct, s c m men ni lc ti cc u thanh.
Ta v biu m men cho na dm bn tri v suy ra biu m men cho na dm bn
phi theo nguyn tc i xng. Biu M
P
v trn hnh 7.8c.
V d 7-4: V biu m men un cho h trn hnh 7.9a.
y l bi ton phn phi m men cho h siu tnh c nt khng chuyn v thng do
gi ta di ch gy ra.

+0,5
b)







a) Tnh cng n v quy c ca cc thanh v h s phn phi m men (, )

l
EJ
BC BA
= =
2
1
EJ EJ
EJ
BC BA
=
+
= =
l l
l

Cc h s phn phi m men ghi trn s (hnh 7.9b)
b) Tnh m men u thanh do ln gi ta cho gy ra trong h c nt b cht.
Tra bng 6-1 c:
o
CB
2
o
BC
M
EJ 6
M = =
l

Cc tr s ny c ghi trn u thanh tng ng trn s (hnh 7.9b).
c) Thc hin phn phi v truyn m men nh hnh 7.9b. Do h ch c mt nt cng
khng c chuyn v thng nn qu trnh phn phi v truyn m men ch thc hin mt ln.
Cng cc kt qu tnh ton trong tng ct s c tr s m men ti cc u thanh. Biu
M

ca khung v c trn hnh 7.9c.

7.3. TNH H SIU TNH GM CC NT C CHUYN V THNG
Xt khung cho trn hnh 7.10a, h c hai chuyn v thng c lp. Ging nh phng
php lc v phng php chuyn v trc y ta thay vic tnh h siu tnh cho bng h
bit cch tnh gi l h c bn. Trong phng php phn phi m men, ta chn h gm
cc nt khng c chuyn v thng lm h c bn bng cch a vo cc nt ca h mt s
thanh chng va ngn cn ht cc chuyn v thng ca cc nt (bng n
t
trong phng
php chuyn v). H c bn ny khc vi h c bn ca phng php chuyn v l cc nt
vn xoay c.
Hnh 7.9
a)
EJ=const

A
B
C
l
l
0,5
0,5
-0,5
c)
+1,0 C
A
6EJ
l
2
) (
B
+1,0
-0,25
+0,75
-0,5
-0,25
M

3EJ
l
2

1,5EJ
l
2


4,5EJ
l
2


217
h c bn ging vi h cho v mt chuyn v, cn to cho cc lin kt thanh
chng thm (1,2) nhng chuyn v cng bc (Z
1
, Z
2
). l nhng n cn tm ca
phng php phn phi m men.
Tng t nh phng
php chuyn v, iu kin
xc nh n trn l phn lc
ti mi lin kt thm trn
h c bn do tt c cc n
chuyn v thng (Z
1
, Z
2
) v
ti trng cho gy ra bng
khng. Vi v d trn
hnh 7.10a iu kin ny
c vit l:
Hnh 7.10
a)
q
Z
2
P
Z
1
b)
q
Z
2
P
Z
1
0 R
) P , Z , Z ( 1
2 1
=
0 R
) P , Z , Z ( 2
2 1
=
H phng trnh trn l h phng trnh c bn ca phng php phn phi m men.
S dng nguyn l c lp tc dng, khai trin h phng trnh c bn ta c h
phng trnh chnh tc ca phng php phn phi m men. Vi h c n chuyn v thng
c lp ca cc nt , h phng trnh chnh tc c dng ging nh (6-4). C th l:
0 R Z r ... Z r Z r
P 1 n n 1 2 12 1 11
= + + + +
0 R Z r ... Z r Z r
P 2 n n 2 2 22 1 21
= + + + +
..... (7-8)
0 R Z r ... Z r Z r
nP n nn 2 2 n 1 1 n
= + + + +
Trong :
r
km
(k=1,2...,n) l phn lc ti lin kt thanh chng thm vo th k do lin kt thanh
chng thm vo th m chuyn v cng bc bng n v (Z
m
=1) gy ra trn h c bn
ca phng php phn phi m men.
R
kP
(k=1,2,...,n) l phn lc ti lin kt thanh chng thm vo th k do ti trng gy
ra trn h c bn ca phng php phn phi m men.
xc nh cc phn lc ny, ta cng p dng iu kin cn bng nh lm trong
phng php chuyn v, ch khc l cc biu m men n v
K
M (k = 1,2,...,n) v biu
m men do ti trng gy ra trn h c bn c c khng phi bng cch tra bng nh
trong phng php chuyn v, m phi tin hnh gii bi ton phn phi m men cho h c
nt khng c chuyn v thng (h c bn) do ln lt cc lin kt thm vo c chuyn v
cng bc Z
m
=1 v do ti trng cho gy ra (nh lm 7.2). V d trn hnh 7.10a, c
h c bn nh hnh 7.10b. H phng trnh chnh tc l:
0 R Z r Z r
P 1 2 12 1 11
= + +
0 R Z r Z r
P 2 2 22 1 21
= + +
218
Chng hn xc
nh r
12
ta dng phng
trnh cn bng hnh
chiu ln phng ngang
(X = 0) i vi phn
khung c cha lin kt 1
c tch ra v do Z
2
= 1
tc dng trn h c bn
(hnh 7.11a); tnh R
2P

ta dng mt ct tch phn
khung c lin kt 2 trn
h c bn do ti trng tc
dng (hnh 7.11b).
Hnh 7.11
a)
Z
2
=1
r
12
r
22
b)
q
P
R
1p
R
2p
Mun vy phi v cc biu m men n v ln lt do cc n Z
1
= 1, Z
2
= 1 v biu
m men un do ti trng gy ra trn h c bn.
o
p
M
Sau khi xc nh c cc h s v s hng t do gii h phng trnh chnh tc (7-8),
tm c cc n chuyn v thng Z
1
, Z
2
..., Z
n
.
Biu m men cui cng c xy dng trn c s cng tc dng bit:

o
P n
n
2
2
1
1
P
M Z M .. Z M Z M M + + + + = (7-9)
Ch thch:
Trng hp h siu tnh chu s bin thin nhit hoc chuyn v cng bc cc gi
ta, nguyn tc tnh ton hon ton tng t nh trng hp ti trng, ch vic thay
bng hoc l cc biu m men do s thay i nhit v chuyn v cng bc
cc gi ta gy ra trn h c bn ca phng php phn phi m men.
o
p
M
o
t
M
o
M

V d 7-5: V biu m men un cho khung siu tnh cho trn hnh 7.12a.
a) Lp h c bn v h phng trnh chnh tc

H cho (Hnh 7.12a) c mt chuyn v thng c lp nn h c bn nh trn hnh
7.12b, phng trnh chnh tc c dng:
0 R Z r
P 1 1 11
= +
xc nh r
11
v R
1P
ta phi v 1 M v bng cch phn phi m men trn h c
bn. Cc h s phn phi m men trn h c bn tnh c trong v d 7-2 v biu
chnh l v c trn hnh 7.7c (v khung cho trn hnh 7.12 chnh l khung
lm v d 7-2 vi gi khp c nh C c thay bng thanh ng CG)
o
p
M
o
p
M
P
M
b) V biu m men 1 M do n chuyn v Z
1
=1 gy ra trn h c bn.
y l bi ton phn phi m men cho h siu tnh vi nt khng chuyn v thng do
gi ta di ch gy ra. Biu 1 M chnh l tng ca hai biu sau:
219

J
50kN
a)
A













- Biu do Z
1
=1 gy ra trn h c bn ca phng php chuyn v (cc nt b
cht), c c nh tra bng 6-1 (Hnh 7.13b). Vi quy c v du ca m men, ta c:

6
EJ
6
EJ 6
M M
2 AE EA
= = = ;
6
EJ
6
J 2 . E . 3
M
2 FB
= = ;
12
EJ
M
GC
=













Cc tr s trn c ghi trn s tnh (hnh 7.14a). Trong lin kt m men t thm
vo ti cc nt E v F xut hin cc phn lc m men (hnh 7.13b):
B
120kN
20kN/m
2J
2J
3J D C E
F
2m 4m 4m 10m
6m
G
J
Z
1

Hnh 7.12
J
50kN
b)
A
B
120kN
20kN/m
2J
2J
3J D C E
F
G
J
=
Z
1
=1
A
C E
F
B
D
G
Hnh 7.13
M
E
= r
E1

A
B
D C E
F
G
M
F
= r
F1

+
Z
1
=1
A
B
D C E
F
G
r
E1
r
F1

a)
b)
c)
220
6
EJ
M r
EA 1 E
= = = - i

6
EJ
M r
FB 1 F
= = = - i
- Biu do cc m men nt cng M
E
= -r
E1
= i v M
F1
= -r
Ei
= i t ti nt trn h c
bn ca phng php phn phi m men (nt khng b cht) (hnh 7.13c) bng phng
php phn phi m men nh trnh by 7.2, vi phn phi u tin xut pht t nt E.
Cc gi tr m men phn phi v m men truyn ghi trn s tnh hnh 7.14a. Biu
1 M do n Z
1
= 1 gy ra trn h c bn ch ra trn hnh 7.14b.
c) Tnh h s r
11
v R
1P
:
- Tnh r
11
: bng cch tch v xt cn bng phn khung trn biu 1 M (hnh 7.14b,c).
T phng trnh cn bng hnh chiu ln phng ngang:


a)
0,31

























Hnh 7.14
0,65
b)
0,83
0,65
0,51
0,75
0,23
0,5
c)
EJ
6
0,125
EJ
6
0,247
EJ
6
0,083
EJ
6
r
11
=0,455
0,25
d)
R
1p
=-7,28kN
7,53 0
M
1

EJ
6
( )
F E
0,345 0,6
0,4
+0,5
0,345
-100
-0,65
+0,07
-0,12
-0,60
-0,51
-0,01
+0,04
-0,24
-0,30
+1,00
-0,24
-0,01
+0,75
-0,23
-0,01
-0,22
Z
1
=1
A
B
D C
G
+1,00
-0,40
+0,05
+0,65
EJ
6
( )
+0,83
+0,03
-0,20
+1,00
M
1

221
X = r
11
Q
EA
Q
FB
Q
CG
= 0
r
11
= 0,247i + 0,125i + 0,083i = 0,455i
Tnh R
1P
bng cch tch xt cn bng phn khung trn biu M o ti trng gy ra.

o
p
d
Cc gi tr lc ct ny chnh l cc gi tr lc ct ca v d 7-2 (hnh 7.7d). T phng
trnh
= 0
c vo phng trnh ta c:

cn bng hnh chiu ln phng ngang ta c:

X = R
1P
Q
EA
Q
FB
Q
CG
R
1P
= 0,25 7,53 + 0 = 7,28 kN
d) Gii h phng trnh chnh tc:
Thay cc gi tr r
11
v R
1P
tnh
0,455iZ
1
7,28 = 0
) m (
i
16 28 , 7
i 455 , 0
Z
1
= =
e) V biu ni lc cui cng theo cng thc (7-9).
biu M v c ta s suy ra biu Q
P
v N
P
nh

trnh by trong
Ch
Kt qu cho trn hnh 7.15.

100
88,6 240
172,6 205,8
250
11,4
13,8
33,2
Hnh 7.15





M
p

(kNm) 8,0



T
P
ng 5.
222
BI TP CHNG 7
Dng phng php phn phi m men v biu M, Q, N cho cc khung sau:









Hnh 7.16
q=12kN/m
(EJ=const)
P=80kN
2m 6m 1,5m
6m
1,5m
2J
J
Hnh 7.17
q=10kN/m
P=30kN
2m 6m
6m
2m
J



3J
Hnh 7.19
q=10kN/m
P=20kN
2m 6m
6m
J
2m
2J
2J
(EJ=const)
Hnh 7.18
q=10kN/m
P=40kN
5m
6m
5m
6m
M=80kNm
(EJ=const)
Hnh 7.20
q=12kN/m
P=20kN
2m 3m 2m 2m 2m 2m 3m
P=20kN M=80kNm

J 1,5J
3m 4m
J
4,5m
Hnh 7.21
223

P=20kN
J
Hnh 7.23
P=10kN
6m
1,5l
224

Hnh 7.22
l
J
2J
F=2J
9m
3m
F=2J
2J
6m 2J
CHNG 8
H KHNG GIAN
8.1. CC LOI LIN KT TRONG H KHNG GIAN
H thanh khng gian l h m trc thanh v ti trng khng cng nm trong mt
phng. Trong thc t hu ht cc cng trnh c s tnh l h khng gian. Ging nh h
phng, mt h khng gian mun c kh nng chu ti trng phi c cu to thnh h bt
bin hnh. Khi nghin cu cu to hnh hc ca h khng gian, thay khi nim ming cng
trong h phng ta a vo mt khi nim mi gi l vt th. Vt th l mt h khng gian
bt bin hnh mt cch r rt. Trong khng gian, mt vt th ny i vi mt vt th khc
c coi l bt ng c su bc t do, l ba chuyn v tnh tin v ba chuyn v xoay.
Mt h khng gian gm nhiu vt th ni vi nhau bng cc lin kt. Cc loi lin kt
thng dng trong h khng gian nh sau:
8.1.1. Thanh hai u c khp l tng (Hnh 8.1a)
Lin kt ny kh c mt chuyn v thng ca vt th theo phng dc trc thanh
(phng y), tc kh c mt bc t do; song vn cho php vt chuyn v thng trong mt
phng vung gc vi thanh v quay quanh ba trc bt k. Trong lin kt c th pht sinh
phn lc dc theo trc thanh.
Lin kt thanh c khp cu hai u l loi lin kt c bn thng dng nht trong h
khng gian. Mi lin kt khc thng l t hp ca mt s lin kt loi ny.

c)
o
x
y
z
f)
e)
h)
g)
Hnh 8.1
b)
a)
d)





8.1.2. Hai thanh c mt khp cu chung mt u (Hnh 8.1b)
Lin kt ny kh c hai bc t do l nhng chuyn v thng ca vt th trong mt
phng ca hai thanh, song vn cho php n chuyn v thng theo phng vung gc vi
mt phng ca hai thanh v quay quanh ba trc bt k. Ti lin kt c th pht sinh hai
thnh phn phn lc (phng x v y).
225
8.1.3. Hai thanh song song (Hnh 8.1c)
Lin kt ny kh chuyn v thng ca vt th theo phng dc trc thanh v chuyn v
xoay trong mt phng ca hai thanh. Ti lin kt c th pht sinh phn lc dc theo hai
thanh v phn lc m men nm trong mt phng ca hai thanh.
8.1.4. Ba thanh khng cng trong mt mt phng, c khp cu chung
mt u (Hnh 8.1d)
Lin kt ny kh c c ba chuyn v thng ca vt th theo cc phng, tc kh
c ba bc t do; song vn cho php vt th xoay quanh ba trc i qua khp chung.
Trong lin kt c th pht sinh phn lc i qua khp chung, lc ny c th phn thnh ba
thnh phn (phng x, y, z)
8.1.5. Ba thanh song song khng cng nm trong mt mt phng (Hnh 8.1e)
Lin kt ny kh chuyn v thng ca vt th theo phng dc trc thanh v hai
chuyn v gc quay quanh cc trc nm trong mt phng vung gc vi cc thanh (trc x,
z). Ti lin kt c th pht sinh phn lc dc theo ba thanh v hai phn lc m men.
8.1.6. Ba thanh cng trong mt mt phng, trong hai thanh song song
v thanh th ba c u khp chung vi mt trong hai thanh trn (Hnh 8.1f)
Lin kt ny kh chuyn v thng v chuyn v xoay ca vt th trong mt phng ca
cc thanh (mt phng xoy). Ti lin kt c th pht sinh cc phn lc dc theo trc thanh
v mt m men nm trong mt phng ca cc thanh.
8.1.7. Mi hn (Hnh 8.1g)
Lin kt ny kh ton b cc chuyn v ca vt th, tc kh tt c su bc t do.
Trong lin kt ny c th pht sinh ba phn lc theo phng ba trc ca h ta v ba
phn lc m men trong ba mt phng ca h ta . Mi hn tng ng vi su
thanh.
Trn y l by loi lin kt c bn thng dng. Ngoi ra cn c th t hp cc lin
kt thanh c cc lin kt loi khc, chng hn nh khp ta (Hnh 8.1h)
Trng hp mi hn hay khp cu ng thi ni mt s vt th th lin kt l lin
kt phc tp. phc tp ca lin kt phc tp bng s vt th c ni tr i mt.
8.2. CU TO HNH HC CA H KHNG GIAN
8.2.1. Cch ni hai vt th thnh mt h bt bin hnh
Mun ni hai vt th thnh mt h bt bin hnh cn phi dng lin kt kh ht su
bc t do ca vt th n i vi vt th kia; do cn s dng s lin kt t nht phi tng
ng vi su thanh v sp xp hp l; nu khng h s bin hnh hoc bin hnh tc thi.
Di y l mt s trng hp su thanh sp xp khng hp l cn trnh:
226
1. Su thanh cng ct mt ng thng (ng ab Hnh 8.2a): ng thng l trc
quay ca vt th n i vi vt th kia, tc h b bin hnh hoc bin hnh tc thi.
2- S thanh ng quy mt im hoc song song ln hn ba (Hnh 8.2b): cc thanh
ng quy (hoc song song) ch kh c ti a ba bc t do nn s thanh cn li t hn ba
khng kh ht ba bc t do na, do h bin hnh.

b)
b
a
c)
a
b
a)
b a






Hnh 8.2
3- Ba thanh cng trong mt mt phng v ng quy mt im (Hnh 8.2c): Khi
ba thanh ny ch kh c hai bc t do, nn ba thanh cn li khng kh nt bn bc
t do na, v vy h bin hnh.
8.2.2. Cch ni nhiu vt th thnh mt h bt bin hnh
Trc ht thnh lp iu kin ni V vt th thnh mt h bt bin hnh. Coi mt
trong s cc vt th l bt ng th i vi vt th , h c 6(V - 1) bc t do cn kh. Gi
T l s lin kt thanh tng ng vi s lin kt c trong h. Vy iu kin cn v s
lng lin kt ni cc vt th vi nhau thnh mt h bt bin hnh nh sau:
6(V - 1) T (8-1)
Trng hp h khng gian ni t bng s lin kt ta quy ra s lin kt thanh tng
ng l C:
6V T + C (8-2)
Nu khng m bo iu kin trn, tc thiu lin kt, h s bin hnh. Trng hp
iu kin cn m bo vi du =, h va lin kt, nu sp xp lin kt hp l kh
ht bc t do, s bt bin hnh, ta c h khng gian tnh nh. Cn ng vi du < l h
tha lin kt, nu sp xp hp l th h bt bin hnh, ta c h khng gian siu tnh.
nhn bit vic sp xp cc lin kt c hp l hay khng, vi cc h khng gian n
gin thng gp, cng tng t nh h phng, ta tm cch a v trng hp hai vt th
ni vi nhau trn xem xt hoc pht trin dn t mt vt th ra ton h.
227
8.2.3. Cu to hnh hc ca dn khng gian
Tng t nh trong dn phng, do c im v cu to ch gm cc thanh thng ni
vi nhau bi cc khp cu hai u nn i vi dn khng gian cng c th lp c cng
thc iu kin cn n gin hn nhiu.
Gi s trong h dn c T thanh v M mt. i vi dn khng ni t, ta quan nim
mt tam gic khp l vt th bt ng, nh vy trong h cn li M - 3 mt cn ni vo vt
th bt ng v c T - 3 thanh ni. i vi dn ni t bng C lin kt ta tng ng
lin kt thanh, coi tri t l vt th bt ng, trong h c M mt cn ni vo vt th bt
ng v c T + C thanh ni. Ta c iu kin cn v lin kt nh sau:
i vi dn t do: 3M T + 6 (8 - 3)
Hnh 8.3
i vi dn ni t: 3M T + C (8 - 4)
ngha cc du tng t nh trng hp trn
Dn khng gian thng gp l loi dn li
(Hnh 8.3), c cc thanh dn u nm trn cc mt
phng bin ca mt a din kn v mi mt l mt h
phng bt bin hnh. Ngi ta chng minh c rng
mt a din li l bt bin hnh khi tt c cc mt bin
ca n u l h phng bt bin hnh.
8.3. XC NH PHN LC V NI LC TRONG H KHNG GIAN TNH
NH
8.3.1. Xc nh phn lc
Nu mt h bt bin hnh ni c nh vi t bng su thanh, th c th xc nh phn
lc t h su phng trnh cn bng tnh hc, thng thng hay dng hai nhm phng
trnh sau:
1. Nhm su phng trnh gm ba phng trnh cn bng hnh chiu v ba phng
trnh cn bng m men:
X = 0; Y = 0; Z = 0;
M
1
= 0; M
2
= 0; M
3
= 0. (8-5)
Trong cc trc X, Y, Z hay cc trc ly m men 1, 2, 3, phi khng c song song
vi nhau hoc khng c cng nm trong mt mt phng.
2. Nhm su phng trnh cn bng m men:
M
1
= 0; M
2
= 0; M
3
= 0;
M
4
= 0; M
5
= 0; M
6
= 0. (8-6)
228
Trong cc trc phi tha mn cc iu kin sau:
- Cc trc khng c ct qua mt ng thng.
- Khng c c qu ba trc song song vi nhau
- Nu c ba trc ct nhau ti mt im th ba trc cn li khng c song song vi
nhau.
Nu cc iu kin trn khng c bo m th mc d cc phng trnh (8-5), (8-6)
tha mn nhng vt th vn khng nm trong trng thi cn bng.
Ngoi hai nhm phng trnh cn bng tnh hc thng dng nu trn cn c th c
nhiu nhm phng trnh cn bng khc. Cn ch n vic chn trc chiu hoc trc ly
m men, cng nh th t phng trnh sao cho mi phng trnh c t n phn lc nht.
V d 8-1: Xc nh cc phn lc ca h cho trn hnh 8.4
Dng cc phng trnh cn bng vi cc th t sau y:
Y = -P + R
4
= 0 R
4
= P
M
cd
= P.4 -R
6
.12 = 0 R
6
=
3
P

X = R
3
- R
6
= 0 R
3
= R
6
=
3
P

M
bc
= P.3 - R
5
.12 = 0 R
5
=
4
P

M
cg
= R
1
.4 - R
6
.3 = 0 R
1
=
4
P

Z = R
1
+ R
5
- R
2
= 0 R
2
=
2
P

8.3.2. Xc nh ni lc
xc nh ni lc ti mt tit din trong h khng gian vn p dng nguyn l mt
ct. Nguyn tc chung l dng mt ct i qua tit din cn tm ni lc v chia kt cu ra hai
phn ring bit. Thit lp cc phng trnh cn bng tnh i vi mt phn kt cu c
tch ra, ta xc nh c cc ni lc cn tm. Xt cn bng mt b phn trong khng gian,
ta lp c su phng trnh cn bng tnh, nn s ni lc cha bit khng c qu su.
V vy, tr trng hp c bit, thng thng i vi khung, mt ct khng c i qua
hai tit din, i vi dn khng c ct qu su thanh. Ring i vi dn, nu tch xt cn
bng phn dn ch c mt mt (phng php tch mt) th vi h lc ng quy cn bng
ch lp c ba phng trnh; Do thng thng tch mt dn khng qu ba thanh.
Tng t i vi dn phng, ta cng c nhng nhn xt thng dng t phng php tch
mt i vi dn khng gian nh sau:
- Nu ti mt c ba thanh qui t v khng c ti trng tc dng th lc dc trong c ba
thanh u bng khng.
3
a
b
Hnh 8.4
e
h
f
g
d
c
4
12
1 2
3
4
5
6
P
229
- Nu ti mt ct c n thanh qui t, trong c (n - 1) thanh
nm trong cng mt mt phng th lc dc trong thanh cn li
bng khng khi ti mt khng c ti trng tc dng hoc ti
trng nm trong mt phng ca (n - 1) thanh k trn.
1
Hnh 8.5
4m
P
3
2
4
6
5
3m

V d 8-2: Xc nh ni lc trong cc thanh dn trn hnh 8.5.
S dng phng php tch mt cng cc nhn xt v theo
th t sau:
Tch mt 2, c: N
23
= 0;
Tch mt 3, c: N
31
= N
35
= N
36
= 0
Tch mt 1, c: N
14
= N
16
= 0; N
12
= - P
Tch mt 6, c: N
24
=
sin
P
; N
25
= - Pcotg
Tch mt 5, c: N
54
= 0
V d 8-3: V biu m men un v xon ca khung cho trn hnh 8.6a.

Hnh 8.6
q=20kN/m
A
a)
8m
4m
4m
P=50kN
B
C
D
b)
400
480
560
160
160
M
un

c)
M
xon

160
560




Thanh CD c m men un trong mt phng YOZ do q gy nn. Thanh CB c m men
un trong mt phng XOZ do q gy nn. Thanh AB c m men un trong mt phng XOZ
do q v trong mt phng XOY do P. Biu m men un ca khung v c trn
hnh 8.6b.
Lc phn b cn gy nn m men xon trong cc thanh BC, AB v biu v c
trn hnh 8.6c.
8.3.3. Tnh dn khng gian bng cch phn tch thnh nhng dn phng
Nu dn khng gian gm nhiu dn phng bt bin hnh ghp li th ta c th phn
tch thnh cc dn phng tnh ring. C s l lun ca vic phn tch ny l: Trong dn
khng gian, nu ti trng ch tc dng trong mt phng ca tng dn phng bt bin hnh
ring bit m cn bng vi nhau, hoc cn bng vi cc phn lc ta ca h thuc trong
mt phng y, th lc dc ch pht sinh trong nhng thanh thuc dn phng , cn cc
thanh khc ca dn khng gian khng nm trong mt phng y s c lc dc bng khng.
230

1
2
3
4
5
6
P
1

7
8
9
10
11
12
P
2
2
P
2

2
P
2

b)
a)







Chng hn xt dn khng gian cho trn hnh 8.7a, ta nhn thy ch c cc thanh trong
hai dn thng ng c ni lc khc khng v c xc nh bng cch tnh ring tng dn
nh trn hnh 8.7b.
Kt qu tnh dn trong v d 8-2. cho thy lc dc ch
sinh ra trong cc thanh ca dn phng bt bin hnh 1-2-4-5
v kt qu hon ton ging vi kt qu khi tnh ring dn
phng y.
Trng hp ti mt bin ni gia cc dn phng c h
lc tc dng mt cch bt k th ta c th phn tch thnh cc
thnh phn nm trong tng dn phng mt sau s tnh
cho tng dn ring bit. V d lc P bt k ti mt 1 ca dn
cho trn hnh 8.8. c phn tch thnh cc lc P
1
, P
2
, P
3
.
P
1
ch gy ra cc ni lc trong cc thanh ca dn phng
a-5-1-4-8-d.
P
2
gy ra ni lc trong cc thanh ca dn phng a-5-1-2-6-b.
P
3
c phng trng vi giao tuyn ca hai mt dn nn c th tnh trn s ca mt
trong hai dn trn. Ni lc trong cc thanh a-5 v 5-1 xut hin trong c ba s tnh trn
s bng tng cc kt qu ring r.
8.4. XC NH CHUYN V TRONG H THANH KHNG GIAN
Nguyn tc xc nh chuyn v trong h thanh khng gian cng ging nh h phng,
ch khc l cng thc tnh phc tp hn do phi xt n c su thnh phn ni lc: M
x
, M
y
,
M
z
, Q
x
, Q
y
, N
z
(Hnh 8.9).
Tng t cch chng minh trong h thanh phng, cng thc tnh chuyn v trong h
thanh khng gian c cong nh, do ti trng tc dng nh sau:
Hnh 8.7
2
P
2

3
1
6
4
5
8
9
10
7
12
11
2
P
2

2
P
2

P
1

Hnh 8.8
5
1
P
2

3
4
a
c
b
d
2
P
1

P
3

7
8
6
231

kP
=

s
0 x
xP xk
EJ
ds
M M +

s
0 y
yP yk
EJ
ds
M M +

s
0 xoan
zP zk
GJ
ds
M M +
+

s
0
P k
EF
ds
N N +

s
0
xP xk x
GF
ds
Q Q +

s
0
yP yk y
GF
ds
Q Q (8-7)
Trong : GJ
xon
cng ca tit din khi chu xon. Vi tit
din vung c J
xon
0,1426a
4
; Vi tit din ch nht hp (a > b)
c: J
xon
) b 63 , 0 a (
a
b
3
; Vi tit din trn J
xon
=
2
r
4

; Q
x

Hnh 8.9
x
Q
y

M
x

M
y

N
z

M
z

y
z Cc tch phn trn c th c tnh bng cch nhn biu
Vrsaghin nh trong h phng. Vi dm khung, tit din ch yu
l un, thng b qua nh hng ca lc ct v lc dc.
Vi h dn, cng thc tnh chuyn v vn nh trc y trong chng 4.
Cc nh l v cng v chuyn v rt ra trong h phng vn ng cho h khng
gian.
8.5. TNH H KHNG GIAN SIU TNH
Tnh h khng gian siu tnh theo cc phng php c bn - phng php lc v
phng php chuyn v, v nguyn tc ging nh khi tnh h siu tnh phng, nhng phc
tp hn do:
- S n trong h khng gian nhiu hn.
- S ni lc trong cc thanh nhiu hn.
8.5.1. p dng nguyn l chung ca phng php lc
S n ca h bng s lin kt tha v c suy ra t cng thc (8-1). n gin ta
thng p dng cch loi b lin kt tha c h khng gian tnh nh, va ng thi
lp c h c bn.
Hnh 8.10
a) b)
H c bn ca h cho trn hnh 8.10a, lp
c bng cch ct qua bn thanh ngang ta s c
bn cng sn tnh nh (Hnh 8.10b). Ti mi tit
din b ct xut hin su n ni lc, nh vy s n
lc ca ton h l 6.4 = 24.
Vi h siu tnh bc n, tng t trc y, ta lp c h phng trnh chnh tc:

11
X
1
+
12
X
2
+ ... +
1k
X
k
+ ... +
1n
X
n
+
1P
= 0

21
X
1
+
22
X
2
+ ... +
2k
X
k
+ ... +
2n
X
n
+
2P
= 0
...

n1
X
1
+
n2
X
2
+ ... +
nk
X
k
+ ... +
nn
X
n
+
nP
= 0
232
Trong ngha ca phng trnh, ca cc h s v s hng t do vn nh trong h
phng. H s v s hng t do c xc nh theo cng thc (8-7)

ik
=

s
0 x
xk xi
EJ
ds
M M +

s
0 y
yk yi
EJ
ds
M M +

s
0 xoan
zk zi
GJ
ds
M M +
+

s
0
k i
EF
ds
N N +

s
0
xk xi x
GF
ds
Q Q +

s
0
yk yi y
GF
ds
Q Q

iP
=

s
0 x
o
xP xi
EJ
ds
M M +

s
0 y
o
yP yi
EJ
ds
M M +

s
0 xoan
o
zP zk
GJ
ds
M M +
+

s
0
o
P i
EF
ds
N N +

s
0
o
xP xi x
GF
ds
Q Q +

s
0
o
yP yi y
GF
ds
Q Q
Chng cn c th xc nh qua cch nhn biu v b qua nh hng ca lc ct,
lc dc. Vi dn siu tnh:

ik
=

j j
j kj ij
EF
l N N


iP
=

j j
j
o
Pj ij
EF
l N N

Sau khi gii h phng trnh chnh tc tm c cc n lc, ni lc cui cng trong h
siu tnh c xc nh theo nguyn l cng tc dng:
S =
1
S X
1
+
2
S X
2
+ ... +
n
S X
n
+
o
P
S
V d 8-4: V biu m men un v xon ca khung siu tnh trn hnh 8.11b. Bit
xoan
GJ
EJ
=1, J
x
= J
y
= J.










x
a)
P
6m
y
z
6m
6m
o
b)
P
6P
M
x,p
M
p
6
c)
X
1
=1
M
z,1

M
x,1

M
1

6
6
Hnh 8.11
6
d)
X
2
=1
M
z,2

M
y,2
M
2

6
6
M
y,2

e)
M
x
=
M
p

16
66P
P
M
z
=
16
12P
16
18P
16
30P
233
H c bn v biu m men do ti trng v trn hnh 8.11b. Cc biu m men
n v v trn hnh 8.11c,d.Cc h s v s hng t do xc nh theo cch nhn biu :

11
= =
EJ
360
GJ
6 . 6 . 6
EJ
1
. 6 .
3
2
.
2
6 . 6
EJ
1
. 6 .
3
2
.
2
6 . 6
xoan x x
= + + M
1
M
1


22
= =
EJ
360
GJ
6 . 6 . 6
EJ
1
. 6 .
3
2
.
2
6 . 6
EJ
1
. 6 .
3
2
.
2
6 . 6
xoan y y
= + + M
2
M
2


12
= =
EJ
216
GJ
6 . 6 . 6
xoan
= M
1
M
2


1P
= =
EJ
P 72
EJ
6
.
3
2
.
2
P . 6 . 6
= ;

2P
= = 0;
H phng tnh chnh tc:
360X
1
+ 216X
2
- 72P = 0;
216X
1
+ 360X
2
+ 0 = 0;
T tm c: X
1
= P
16
5
; X
2
= P
16
3
;
p dng biu thc (8-13) c biu m men trn h siu tnh (Hnh 8.11e). Kim tra
biu cui cng:
= 0
GJ
6
. 6 .
16
P 12
EJ
6
.
3
2
.
2
6
.
16
P 66
EJ
6
.
3
2
.
2
6
.
P 30

16
xoan
= +
8.5.2. Tnh khung siu tnh phng chu lc khng gian
Trong trng hp khung siu tnh phng (Hnh 8.12), cc n lc trong mt phng ca
h (X
1
, X
2
, X
3
) ch gy ra cc chuyn v trong mt phng , m khng gy ra cc chuyn
v theo phng cc n cn li (theo X
4
, X
5
, X
6
). H phng trnh chnh tc lun lun tch
thnh hai nhm c lp: Nhm th nht gm ba phng trnh vi ba n lc nm trong mt
phng ca h (X
1
, X
2
, X
3
), v nhm th hai gm ba phng trnh vi ba n lc cn li (X
4
,
X
5
, X
6
). Nh vy vic gii su phng trnh su n s l n gin i rt nhiu.





Mt khc, nu ta cng phn tch ti trng cho thnh ti trng tc dng trong mt
phng ca h (P
ng
trong hnh 8.12a) v ti trng thng gc vi h (P

trong hnh 8.12b) th

M
1
M
p

o
M
2
M
p

o
M
1
M
p
a)
Hnh 8
P
ngang
x
.12
y
z
X
1
X
1

X
2
X
2

X
3

X
3

P
ng X
4
b)
X
4
X
5
X
6
X
6
X
5
234
khi lng tnh s hng t do cng gim i ng k. Ti trng nm trong mt phng ca h
ch gy nn nhng n lc trong mt phng ca h (X
1
, X
2
, X
3
), cn ti trng vung gc ch
gy nn cc n cn li (X
4
, X
5
, X
6
).
V d 8-5: V biu m men un ca khung cho trn hnh 8.13a, bit tit din ca
thanh hnh trn c
G
E
= 2,5;
J
J
xoan
= 2.
H c bn v trn hnh 8.13b. T tnh cht i xng, khung siu tnh ch c mt n lc
X
1
(m men un ti tit din b ct). Biu do X
1
v do ti trng v trn hnh 8.13c,d.
Phng trnh chnh tc:
11
X
1
+
1P
= 0
H s
11
v s hng t do
1P
xc nh c:

11
= =
EJ
5 , 13
2 .
J . 2 . G
1 . 3 . 1
EJ
1 . 3 . 1
=

+ M
1
M
1


1P
= =
EJ
P 75 , 15
2 .
J . 2 . G
1
. 3 .
2
P 3
EJ
1
.
2
3
.
2
P 3
=

+
M
1
M
p

o
T phng trnh: 13,5X
1
- 15,75P = 0, tm c X
1
= 1,167P. Biu m men un
cui cng v trn hnh 8.13e.













V d 8-6: V biu m men un trong h dm trc giao cho trn hnh 8.14a.
H dm trc giao c th a v s tnh n gin nh trn hnh 8.14b. Do h c
bn lp c trn hnh 8.14c, u gm cc dm n gin chu cc lc tc dng trong mt
phng ca tng dm. Cc biu n v v biu do ti trng v trn hnh 8.14e, f.
Hnh 8.13
a)
x
y
z
P

J
6m
3m 3m
3m
J
J
X
1

b)
2
P

2
P

X
1
M
x,1
1
M
z,1

c)
M
1

X
1
=1
1
M
x,p

M
p

o
d)
P

2

P

2

M
z,p

M
z,p
3P

2

3P
2

3P
2

P
M
p
e)
3P

2

M
z
=0,333P

0,333P
1,167P
3P
2

M
z
=0,333P
235
H phng trnh chnh tc:

11
X
1
+
12
X
2
+
1P
= 0

21
X
1
+
22
X
2
+
2P
= 0
Cc h s v s hng t do:

11
= =
EJ 9
97
EJ 2
1
.
3
4
.
3
2
.
3
4
. 4 .
2
1
3
4
.
3
2
.
3
4
. 2 .
2
1
EJ 5 , 0
2
.
2
3
.
3
2
.
2
3
. 3 .
2
1
=

+ +

;

22
= =
EJ 9
40
;

12
= =
EJ 27
42
;

1P
= =
EJ 3
P 46
EJ 5 , 0
2
2 . 2
5
. P 2 . 1 1 .
3
2
. P 2 . 2 .
2
1
=

;

2P
= = 0;



















Hnh 8.14
2m
P
A
a)
P
2m
2m
2m
2m
2m
2m
3m 3m
B
C
D
E F
2J
0,5J
0,5J
P
b)
P
P
c)
P
X
2

X
1

M
1

d)
X
1
=1
2J
0,5J
3
2
4
3
M
2

e)
X
2
=1
1
2J
0,5J
4
3
o
M
p

f)
P P
2P 2P
M
2
M
2

M
1
M
1

M
1
M
2

M
1
M
p

o
2
M M
p

o
236
H phng trnh chnh tc dng s:
Hnh 8.15
M
p

1,6483P
0,5244P
0,2988P
0,246P
0,5106P 0,5106P

9
97
X
1
+
27
42
X
2
-
3
46
P = 0

27
42
X
1
+
9
40
X
2
- 0 = 0
T tm c: X
1
= 1,4984P,
X
2
= -0,5244P.
Biu m men un cui cng v trn hnh 8.15.
8.5.3. Tnh h khng gian siu tnh theo phng php chuyn v
Tng t nh h phng, cc n s trong phng php chuyn v l cc chuyn v gc
xoay v chuyn v thng ca cc nt khung. Mi nt khung khng gian c th c su
chuyn v: Ba chuyn v gc xoay quanh ba trc ta v ba chuyn v thng hng theo
ba trc .
Vi cc gi thit nh s dng trc y, ta c s n chuyn v gc bng ba ln s
nt cng trong h (v mi nt cng c ba n gc xoay); cn s n chuyn v thng bng s
chuyn v thng c lp c trong h. Cng ging nh i vi h phng, xc nh s n
chuyn v thng ta a h cho v h khp bng cch thay tt c cc nt cng v lin kt
ngm bng khp ri xt tnh bin hnh ca h khp . S n chuyn v thng bng s lin
kt thanh chng thm vo va c nh cc nt ca h khp theo cc phng. H
cho trn hnh 8.16a c 12 n chuyn v gc v 4 n chuyn v thng.

Hnh 8.16
a)
b)




H c bn l h cc cc nt hon ton c c nh, lp c bng cch a cc
lin kt ngm chng xoay (theo ba trc) vo cc nt cng v t thm cc lin kt thanh
chng ngn chuyn v thng ca nt. H c bn ca khung cho c v trn hnh 8.16b.
Trn hnh 8.17. v mt s biu do ti trng, do n chuyn v n v tc dng trn h
c bn. Khi n chuyn v gc xoay tc dng cc thanh ni vi nt u bin dng: Cc
thanh nm trong mt phng gc xoay b un, cn cc thanh khc vung gc vi mt phng
b xon. M men xon do gc xoay n v bng:
M
z
= i
EJ
GJ GJ
xoan xoan
=
l
; i =
l
EJ

237
H phng trnh chnh tc c dng nh trc y:
r
i1
Z
1
+ r
i2
Z
2
+ ... + r
in
Z
n
+ R
iP
= 0 (i = 1, 2, ... n)
ngha phng trnh, cc h s v s hng t do vn nh trong h phng.
Gii h phng trnh chnh tc tm c cc n chuyn v v m men cui cng c
xc nh theo biu thc cng tc dng:
M
P
=
1 1
Z M +
2 2
Z M + ... +
n n
Z M +
o
P
M

l
i
1

l
1

P
h
a)
Pl
1

8
Pl
1
8
i
2

2i
1

z =1
b)
M
z

4i
1
2i
2
4i
2
Hnh 8.17

238