CHNG 1: NGUYN TC C BN CA KNH TRUYN THI GIAN

BIN I.
1.1 Gii thiu chng
Cc h thng truyn thng khng dy, tc l cc h thng truyn thng tin
qua sng in t hoc sng m thanh, tr nn rt ph bin. Mt s trong cc h
thng ny, my pht hoc my thu l di ng. Thm ch c hai lin kt u cui u
tnh, tn x, tc l cc i tng phn x, khc x hoc nhiu x sng lan truyn, c
th dch chuyn vi vn tc ng k. Nhng tnh hung ny tng s bin i thi
gian ca knh truyn v tuyn do hiu ng Doppler. Cc b dao ng ni khng l
tng l ngun gc khc nhau ca s bin i knh truyn tm thi, ngay c nhng
trng hp knh hu tuyn. V s ph hp thc t ca chng, cc knh thi gian
thay i tuyn tnh (LTV linear time-varying) thu ht s quan tm ng k
trong cc lnh vc x l tn hiu, truyn thng, lan truyn, thut ton thng tin, v
ton hc. Theo hnh thc chung nht ca chng, cc knh LTV cng c gi l
phn tn thi gian tn s (time frequency - TF) hoc phn tn kp (doubly), cng
nh chn lc TF hoc chn lc kp.
Chng 1 ln lc trnh by cc tnh cht vt l ca knh thi gian bin i,
cc m t xc nh (Hm tri ph, min tr Doppler, hm truyn, p ng xung ca
knh truyn) v m hnh khai trin c s (BEM).
1.2 Tnh vt l ca knh thi gian bin i
1.2.1 S lan truyn sng
Trong truyn thng khng dy, thng tin c truyn bi s bc x mt sng
in t c iu ch ti tn s sng mang nht nh bng mt anten pht v n
nng lng ca sng bc x bng mt anten thu. Hnh vi ca sng v tuyn c
xc nh bi mi trng truyn theo phng trnh Maxwell. Vi hu ht cc trng
hp quan tm, gii phng trnh Maxwell l khng kh thi (ngay c khi mi trng
truyn c bit hon ton, n cng him khi xut hin trong thc t). iu ny l
do trong thc t ngoi tr lan truyn sng trong khng gian t do, sng tng tc
vi cc i tng in ly hoc mi trng truyn. Cc tng tc ny thng c
phn loi nh phn x, truyn dn, tn x, nhiu x.
1.2.2 S lan truyn a ng v s phn tn thi gian
S xut hin ca nhiu vt tn x (ta nh, xe c, ngn i, ...) gy ra cc
ngun pht sng v tuyn khc nhau theo nhng con ng khc nhau v kt thc
u nhn. Do , anten thu nhn c mt s chng chp ca nhiu bn sao suy
yu ca tn hiu pht. Hin tng ny c gi l lan truyn a ng. Do cc
chiu di khc nhau ca ng truyn, cc thnh phn a ng ring l tri qua
cc thi gian tr khc nhau. Do ni nhn thu c mt phin bn tri ra tm thi
ca tnh hiu pht. Mc d chnh cc vt trung gian l khng phn tn vt l (ngha
l theo cc tn s khc nhau th truyn vi vn tc khc nhau), cc knh truyn nh
vy c gi l thi gian phn tn (time-dispersive).
Cc knh thi gian phn tn l la chn tn s, ngha l i vi cc tn s
khc nhau suy gim khc nhau. Nhng s khc bit trong s suy gim ngy cng
tr nn nghim trng khi s khc nhau ca thi gian tr ng truyn ln v s suy
hao ng truyn l nh.
S lan truyn a ng khng ch l ngun gy phn tn thi gian duy nht,
ngun tim nng hn na l s khng hon ho ca my pht v my thu, chng
hn nh l p ng xung truyn v nhn khng p ng tiu chun Nyquist, phc
hi thi gian khng hon ho, hin tng ly mu rung pha (sampling jitter).
Mc d lan truyn a ng thng c xem nh s lm suy yu truyn
dn, ngy nay c mt xu hng xem xt n nh l c li v n cung cp t do
cng thm, iu c gi l phn tp tr (delay diversity) hoc phn tp tn s
(frequency diversity) v c th khai thc thc hin li phn tp (diversity
gains) hoc trong cc h thng a anten, thm ch l li ghp knh (multiplexing
gains).
1.2.3 Hiu ng Doppler v s phn tn tn s (Doppler Effect and Frequency
Dispersion)
Trong cc h thng khng dy, my pht, my thu v cc vt tn x l duy
chuyn. Trong tnh hung nh vy, sng pht ra ph thuc vo hiu ng Doppler v
do tri qua s dch tn s. u tin vi my pht tnh, khng tn x v mt my
thu di chuyn vi vn tc u. Trong trng hp ny, mt sng sin vi tn s f
c
c
thu nh mt sng sin vi tn s
0 0
cos cos
1 1
cos
c c
f f
c c
u | u |
u |
| | | |
| |
\ . \ .
~
+
(1.1)
Trong | l gc ti ca sng tng i so vi hng chuyn ng ca
thit b nhn,
0
c l vn tc nh sng. Vi tn hiu truyn tng qut ( ) s t vi bin i
fourier l ( ) S f , tn hiu nhn c l (vi h l h s suy gim phc):
( ) ( ) R f hS f o = , ( )
h t
s r t
o o
| |
|
\ .
= ,
0
cos
1
c
u |
o = (1.2)
iu ny cho thy kt qu ca hiu ng Doppler trong s co gin thi gian,
ph. Trong mt s trng hp c th, tn hiu truyn c gii hn di hiu qu
xung quanh tn s sng mang. Tnh gn bng
0 0
cos cos
c
f f f f f
c c
u | u |
o = ~ (
chnh xc tng ln khi bng thng chun ha /
c
B f gim) ngha l
( ) ( ) R f hS f v ~ ,
2
( ) ( )
j vt
r t hs t e
t
~ vi
0
cos
c
v f
c
u |
= (1.3)
y, hiu ng Doppler c bn dn n mt s dch tn s, vi tn s dch
Doppler t l thun vi vn tc u v tn s sng mang
c
f .
Trng hp tng qut ca lan truyn a ng v my pht, my thu, vt tn
x di chuyn, thnh phn a ng nhn c tri qua s dch Doppler khc nhau
do gc n/ri v vn tc tng i lin quan vi thnh phn a ng ring l l
khc nhau. Do tn hiu c truyn c tri ra trong min tn s - c gi l
s phn tn tn s (frequency dispersion).
1.2.4 Suy hao ng truyn v fading
Knh v tuyn c c trng bi s bin ng nghim trng ca cng sut
thu, ngha l trong mc trng in t ti v tr my thu. Cng sut thu thng
c m hnh ha nh mt s kt hp ca ba hin tng: suy hao ng truyn,
fading co dn ln v fading co dn nh.
Suy hao ng truyn m t s suy hao cng sut ph thuc vo khong
cch ca sng in t. M hnh ha h s suy gim nh l d
|
, vi d l khong
cch lan truyn sng, | biu th s m suy hao ng truyn, thng c gi nh
trong khong 2 v 4. Suy hao ng truyn n v decibels (dB) thu c l
10
10 ( ) log
L
P d | = .
Hai my thu c t cng khong cch d so vi my pht vn c s khc
nhau ng k cng sut thu nu sng v tuyn lan truyn qua mi trng khc
nhau. c bit, chng ngi vt nh ta nh hay thm thc vt c th chn hoc
lm suy yu cc ng lan truyn v kt qu tng ng l shadowing v suy gim
hp th. Loi ny ca fading c gi l fading co gin ln v nh hng trong
cng sut thu l khng i vi cc vng a l c kch thc l bc ca 10
c
,,
100
c
, tc l ln hn so vi di bc sng
c
. Bng chng thc nghim cho thy
rng, trong mt s h thng, fading co dn ln c th c m hnh nh mt bin
ngu nhin vi s phn phi xc sut nhiu bin ngu nhin c lp nh (log-
normal distribution).
S giao thoa v trit tiu ca cc thnh phn trng tng ng vi cc ng
lan truyn khc nhau l nguyn nhn ca s dao ng cng sut thu trong vng nh
c kch thc l bc ca vi bc sng. Fading co gin nh c th thay i qua
nhiu thp k v thng c m hnh ha bi h s knh truyn vi phn b xc
sut Gauss. ln ca cc h s knh truyn l phn b Rayleigh cho h s knh
truyn zero-mean v phn b Rice cho h s knh truyn nonzero-mean. Fading
Rician thng c gi nh khi tn ti mt ng ngm.
1.2.5 c tnh khng gian
Trong hon cnh a ng, gc khi hnh (angle of departure-AoD) ca
ng lan truyn cho thy hng m mt phng sng tng ng vi s sai lch
ng truyn t my pht. Tng t nh vy, gc n (angle of arrival-AoA) cho
thy hng sng i n ti my thu. AoA v AoD l cc c tnh knh truyn
khng gian c th o c bng cch s dng mng anten ti lin kt cui tng
ng. S gii quyt gc ca mt anten mng c xc nh bng s anten ring bit,
s sp xp ca chng v khong cch ca chng. S chuyn i gia vector mng
tn hiu v min lng gic ph thuc vo vector li mng. Trong trng hp ca
mng tuyn tnh thng nht, s chuyn i ny l bin i Fourier ri rc (discrete
Fourier transform - DFT).
1.3 M t xc nh
Mt h thng khng dy hot ng vi tn s sng mang
c
f , n gin
chng ta s m ti h thng ny trong min dy nn phc tng ng (mt ngoi
l l h thng bng rng c xt mc 1.3.2). Knh LTV s c xem xt v biu
th nh mt ton t tuyn tnh H hot ng trn tn hiu truyn ( ) s t v trng tn
hiu nhn ( ) ( )( ) r t s t = H .
1.3.1 Min tr Doppler hm tri ph
Nh cp trc y, cc nh hng vt l c bn ca knh LTV ch
yu l lan truyn a ng v hiu ng Doppler. Do mt c tnh vt l v tnh
trc quan ca knh LTV l v s tr thi gian v dch tn s Doppler. Gi s u
tin mt knh H vi P ng lan truyn ring bit. Tn hiu nhn c
( ) ( )( ) r t s t = H c biu din bi cng thc sau

2
1
( ) ( )
p
P
j v t
p p
p
r t h s t e
t
t
=
=

(1.6)
Vi
p
h ,
p
t v
p
v ln lt l h s suy gim phc, tr thi gian v tn s Doppler
kt hp vi ng th p. Phng trnh (1.6) m hnh ha s nh hng ca phn
tn phn chiu ri rc (Phn tn im l tng). Biu thc ny c th c tng
qut cho mt s lin tc ca vt tn x nh
2
( ) ( , ) ( )
p
j v t
r t S v s t e d dv
t
t t t


=
} }
H
(1.7)
Hm trng lng (the weight function) ( ) , S v t
H
c gi l hm tri ph (spreading
function) ca knh LTV H v n m t s tri ph ca tn hiu truyn trong thi
gian v tn s. Gi tr ca hm tri ph ( ) , S v t
H
ti im tr Doppler ( ) , v t c
trng cho s suy gim phc tng th v vt tn x kt hp vi tt c cc ng
truyn tr t v Doppler v , v n m t phin bn tr v dch Doppler
2
( )
p
j v t
s t e
t
t
ca tn hiu truyn ( ) s t gp phn vo tn hiu nhn c ( ) r t . Nh vy, hm tri
ph th hin c tnh phn tn TF ca knh truyn. Nh vy, n l mt s tng qut
ca p ng xung ca h thng thi gian bin i, m t phn tn thi gian.
Vit li phng trnh (1.7)
2
( ) ( , ) ( ) ( )
v
j vt
r t S v s t d r t dv e dv
t
t t t


(
=
(

=
} } }
H
,
chng ta thy knh LTV H c xem nh mt kt ni song song lin tc ca h
thng tham s ha bi tn s Doppler v . Tn hiu ng ra ca h thng ny l
2
( ) ( )
v
j vt
v
t r t r e
t
= vi ( ) ( , ) ( )
v
t r S v s t d t t t

=
}
H
.
Nh vy mi h thng bao gm mt b lc bt bin thi gian vi p ng
xung ( , ) S v t
H
, theo sau bi mt b iu ch (b trn) vi tn s v .
Vi mt knh bt bin thi gian vi p ng xung ( ) h t , hm tri ph bng
( ) ( ) ( , ) h v S v o t t =
H
, phng trnh (1.7) rt gn thnh php chp ca ( ) s t v ( ) h t .
iu ny ch ra mt cch chnh xc s bin mt ca dch Doppler (phn tn tn s).
Trong hai trng hp ca mt knh truyn khng la chn tn s, tc l
( ) ( ) ( ) t s t r t h = , c ( ) ( , ) ( ) S v H v o t t =
H
vi
2
( ) ( )
j vt
t dt H v h e
t

=
}
, n ch ra mt
cch chnh xc s bin mt ca s phn tn thi gian.
1.3.2 Min tr co gin Hm tri ph tr co gin (Delay-Scale Domain
Delay-Scale Spreading Function )
Trong khi i vi cc h thng bng hp ( / 1
c
B f ), hiu ng Doppler c
th c i din bi s dch tn s, n phi c c trng bi s co gin thi gian
(nn/gin n) trong trng hp h thng bng rng. Phng trnh (1.6) c vit
li
1
1
( )
p
p
p
p
p p
t
r t a s
t
o o
=
| |
=
|
|
\ .

vi
0
cos( )
1
p
p
v
c
|
o =
Khi qut mt s lin tc ca cc vt tn x, ta c
0
1
( ) ( , )
t
r t F s d d
t
t o
o o
t o

| |
=
|
\ .
} }
H
. (1.8)
y ( , ) F t o
H
biu th hm tri ph tr co gin ca knh LTV H. Ging
phng trnh (1.7), biu thc (1.8) c th i din cho bt k knh LTV no, nh n
hiu qu nht cho cc knh bng rng.
1.3.3 Min thi gian tn s - Hm truyn thi gian bin i (Time-Frequency
Domain Time-Varying Transfer Function)
Nh gii thch mc 1.2, s phn tn thi gian (time-dispersiveness)
tng ng vi la chn tn s, s phn tn tn s (frequency-dispersiveness) tng
ng vi la chn thi gian. S la chn TF chung ca mt knh LTV c c
trng bi hm truyn TF
2 ( )
( , ) ( , )
j tv f
L t f S v e d dv
t t
t t

} }
H H
(1.9)
Bin i Fourier 2D ny quan h gia min dch v min trng lng m
rng quan h bin i Fourier 1D
2 )
( ) ( )
j f
h d H f e
t t
t t

=
}
ca cc knh thi gian
bt bin n trng hp thi gian thay i. Theo phng trnh (1.9), s vng li ca
TF c m t bi ( , ) S v t
H
tng ng vi s dao ng TF ca ( , ) L t f
H
, n l mt
m t TF ca fading co gin nh.
Thay (1.9) vo (1.7) v tnh tch phn theo t v v dn n quan h gia vo
v ra ca knh l
2
( , ) ( ) ( )
j tf
L t f S f e df r t
t

=
}
H
(1.10)
Mc d ging nhau r rng ca n vi gi tr
2
( ) ( ) ( )
j tf
H f S f e df r t
t

=
}
cho
knh thi gian bt bin, biu thc (1.10) din di mt cch cn thn. C th, (1.10)
khng phi l mt hm o Fourier n gin v ( , ) ( ) L t f S f
H
cng ph thuc t.
Vi trng hp c bit ca knh thi gian bt bin (khng phn tn tn s),
hm truyn TF rt gn thnh p ng tn s, ( , ) ( ) L t f H f =
H
, v (1.10) tng ng
vi ( ) ( ) ( ) R f H f S f = . N phn nh chnh xc s la chn tn s thun ty ca
knh truyn. Trong c hai trng hp ca mt knh khng phn tn thi gian, hm
truyn TF n gin ha theo ( , ) ( ) L t f h t =
H
, v (1.10) do rt gn thnh quan h
( ) ( ) ( ) r t h t s t = , n m t s la chn thi gian thun ty ca knh truyn.
1.3.4 Min thi gian tr - p ng xung thi gian thay i (Time-Delay
Domain Time-Varying I mpulse Response)
Trong khi hm tri ph c thc y bi m hnh vt l c th (lan
truyn a ng, hiu ng Doppler), n p dng thc s cho mt s h thng LTV.
Pht trin biu thc (1.7) ta c
2
( , ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( , )
j tv
S v e dv s t d s t d r t h t v
t
t t t t t

(
=
(

=
} } }
H
(1.11)
Vi
2
( , ) ( , )
j tv
dv h t v S v e
t
t

=
}
H
l p ng xung (thi gian thay i) ca knh
LTV H. Hm tri ph v hm truyn TF c th c vit li theo p ng xung
2
( , ) ( , )
j vt
h t dt S v e
t
t t

=
}
H
, (1.12)
2
( , ) ( , )
j f
d L t f h t e
t t
t t

=
}
H
. (1.13)
T (1.12) v (1.13), ta suy ra cho mt tn hiu truyn l mt p ng xung
0
( ) ( ) s t t t o = , tn hiu nhn c
0 0
( ) ( , ) ( , ) r t k t t h t t t = = . p ng xung c th
c gii thch nh mt ng tr khai thc lin tc (continuous tapped delay
line): cho mt my c nh tr t , ( , ) h t t nh mt hm ca t m t hm trng
lng tap thi gian thay i nhn vi tn hiu truyn b tr ( ) s t t . Trong trng
hp c bit ca knh thi gian bt bin, ( , ) h t t rt gn thnh hm ca ch t , v cho
knh khng chn tn s, n rt gn ( , ) ( ) ( ) h t h t t o t = .
1.3.5 M rng cho cc h thng a anten
Xem xt mt h thng khng dy a ng vo a ng ra MIMO (multiple-
input multiple-output) vi anten pht
T
M v anten thu
R
M . Cc tn hiu pht ra t
anten pht th j v thu bi anten nhn th I s c k hiu ln lt l ( )
i
r t . Mi tn
hiu nhn ( )
i
r t l s chng chp ca cc phin bn mo m ca tt c cc tn hiu
truyn, ngha l
ij
1
( ) ( )( )
T
j
M
i
j
r t t s
=
=

H , i=1,,
R
M ,
Vi
ij
H biu th knh LTV gia anten pht j v anten thu i. Xc nh di
vector tn hiu pht
1
( ) ( ( )... ( ))
T
T
M
s t s t s t = v di vector tn hiu thu
1
( ) ( ( )... ( ))
R
T
M
r t r t r t = , tt c quan h vo ra c th c t hp nh sau
( ) ( )( ) r t t s = H vi
11 1
1
T
R R T
M
M M M
| |
|
|
|
\ .
H H
H
H H
(1.14)
Tr Doppler, TF, v c trng thi gian tr ca cc knh mt anten c th
tng qu cho trng hp MIMO. nh ngha ma trn
T
M x
R
M ( , ) v t
H
S , ( , ) t f
H
L v
( , ) t t H , phn t (i,j) ca ma trn ln lt l hm tri ph tr Doppler, hm truyn
TF v p ng xung ca
ij
H .
2
( ) ( , ) ( )
j vt
r t v s t e d dv
t
t t t


=
} }
H
S (1.15)
( , ) ( ) t s t d t t t

=
}
H ,
Vi
2
( , ) ( , )
j vt
v t e dt
t
t t

=
}
H
S H (1.16)
Hn na,
2 ( )
( , ) ( , )
j tv f
t f v e d dv
t t
t t

=
} } H
H
L S (1.17)

2
( , )
j f
t e d
t t
t t

=
}
H
S khc nhau chnh gia cc mi tng quan ny v bn mt anten l
phn gii khng gian c cung cp bi m ca cc mng anten. Mng pht v
mng nhn lm cho n c th gii quyt mc nht nh tng ng l AoD v
AoA, ca cc ng ring bit. phn gii khng gian hoc nh hng ny c
xc nh bi cc vector li mng xc nh mt bin i n min gc.
S phn tn khng gian/gc ca cc knh MIMO, tc l s pha trn ca cc
tn hiu pht ra t tt c cc anten pht, c th c xem nh mt s bt tin i hi
phi cn bng khng gian. Tuy nhin, phn tn khng gian thc s cung cp mc
b xung ca s t do c th c khai thc thc hin s a dng khng gian. S
a dng ny l tng t nh s a dng tr do s phn tn thi gian v a dng
Doppler do s phn tn tn s.
1.4 Cc m hnh khai trin c s (Basis Expansion Models - BEMs)
1.4.1 M hnh BEM
Mt lp ph bin ca cc m hnh knh truyn bc thp s dng mt khai trin i
vi thi gian n ca mi chn ca p ng xung knh truyn | | , h n m vo trong mt
c s
| | { }
0,..., 1
i
i I
u n
=
, ngha l
| | | | | |
1
0
,
I
i i
i
h n m c m u n

=
=

. (1.18)
M hnh khai trin c s (BEM) ny c thc y bi s quan st rng bin thi
gian (n) ca
| |
, h n m thng kh bng phng (smooth) do tri ph Doppler gii hn
ca knh truyn, do | | { }
0,..., 1
i
i I
u n
=
c th c chn nh mt tp hp nh ca cc
hm smooth. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, BEM (1.18) c xem xt ch trong
mt khong hu hn, sau khi gi nh rng l [0,N-1] khng mt i tnh tng qut.
H s th i cho chn th m trong (1.18) c cho bi
| | | | | | | |
1
0
, , ,
N
i i i
n
c m h m u h n m u n

-
=
= =

,
Trong | | { }
0,..., 1
i
i I
u n
=
l c s song trc giao cho khong thi gian ca
| | { }
0,..., 1
i
i I
u n
=
(ngha l ,
i i ii
u u o
' ' '
= cho tt c , i i' ). Trong trng hp c bit, chn
cc m phc v a thc cho cc kt qu
| |
i
u n ln lt trong chui Fourier v
Taylor. S hu dng ca (1.18) l do s tht rng phc tp ca
| |
, h n m c trng
trong khong
| |
0, 1 N c gim t
2
N xung
2
MI N . Tuy nhin phi ch
rng trong hu ht cc trng hp c th, mt s m rng ca khong thi gian s
yu cu mt s tng cn xng trong bc m hnh BEM.
Kt qu l
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
1 1 1 1
0 0 0 0
M I I M
i i i i
m i i m
r n c m u n s n m u n c m s n m

= = = =
= =

.
Do , knh truyn c th c xem nh mt bc ca b lc thi gian bt bin I vi
p ng xung
| |
i
c m , cc ng ra ca chng
| |
i
r n c nhn vi hm c s
| |
i
u n v
c cng li. Kt ni song song ny ca cc nhnh php nhn chp c m t
hnh 1.1.

Hnh 1.1 S khi rt gn BEM ca mt knh LTV
Thc hin bin i Fourier ri rc (DFT) di N ca (1.18) i vi m hoc
n, ta t c biu thc di cho hm truyn thi giant hay i ri rc v hm tri
ph ri rc
| | | | | | | |
1 1
2
0 0
, , e
lm
N I
j
N
i i
m i
L n l h n m C l u n
t

= =
=
H
, (1.19)
| | | | | | | |
1 1
2
0 0
, , e
dn
N I
j
N
i i
m i
S m d h n m c m U d
t

= =
=
H
. (1.20)
Vi l v d ln lt biu th tn s ri rc v Doppler ri rc, v
| |
i
C l v
| |
i
U d ln
lt biu th DFT ca
| |
i
c m v
| |
i
u n . Do hm tri ph ca knh truyn khng dy
thc t c tp trung quanh ngun, (1.20) cho thy rng hm
| |
i
U d phi c tp
trung quanh ngun l tt, do cc hm c s
| |
i
u n phi l smooth.
Biu thc (1.18), (1.19) v (1.20) ng rng cc ma trn N N H, L v S
vi cc thnh phn ln lt l
| | | |
1, 1
,
n m
h n m
+ +
= H ,
| | | |
1, 1
,
n l
L n l
+ +
= L
H
, v
| | | |
1, 1
,
n l
S m d
+ +
= S
H
l tng ca I cp kt qu, do , rank ca chng l I. Cho mt ma
trn knh truyn a ra, s xp x bc thp tt nht c a ra bi cc ch chi
phi ca s phn tch gi tr n (the singular value decomposition-SVD) ca ma
trn . Khng may, cc vector n ph thuc r rng vo s thc hin knh truyn
v thiu mt cu trc thun li tnh ton. BEMs c th c xem nh cc xp x bc
thp ca SVD ca knh truyn s dng mt tp hp c xy dng tt v ph hp
ca cc hm.
1.4.2 C s hm m phc (Complex Exponential (Fourier) Basis)
BEM thng c s dng trong thc t s dng mt c s ca cc hm m phc.
iu ny c th c thc y bng vic xem xt DFT o ca (1.20), ngha l
| | | |
1
2
0
1
, , e
nd
N
j
N
d
h n m S m d
N
t

=
=
H
.
Gi s
| |
, 0 S m d =
H
khi d D > , vi D biu th dch Doppler ln nht, cc kt qu
c gi l BEM hm m phc (complex exponential (CE) BEM). y, bc m
hnh bng 2 1 I D = + , v hm c s v cc h s ln lt c cho bi
| |
( )
2
e
i D n
j
N
i
u n
t

= v
| | | |
1
,
i
c m S m i D
N
=
H
. Khng may l s gi nh ca mt dch
Doppler ri rc ln nht vn cha c chng minh ngay c khi knh truyn lin
tc c bn c mt hm tri ph c h tr chc ch. iu ny l v ca s thi
gian gp ln nhiu ln (ngha l, s gii hn thi gian trong khong
| |
0, 1 N ) dn
n (1.20) tng ng vi mt php chp trong min Doppler. iu ny gy ra r r
Doppler v do yu cu mt D kh ln t c chnh xc m hnh tt p.
Mt s ni suy lp t c bng cch lu rng cc tn s Doppler ri rc cch
nhau u / d N (ngha l, phn gii Doppler 1/N) thng khng trng vi cc tn
s Doppler thc t ca knh truyn lin tc. Trong min thi gian (n), vn ny
th hin nh mt hin tng Gibbs (hoc ringing), n lm gim cht lng ca CE-
BEM c bin l gn nhng ranh gii khong thi gian.
gim thiu vn phn gii Doppler v hin tng Gibbs, ly mu chng
chp c xut. Cc hm c s c cho bi
| |
( )
2
0,..., 1
e
i qD n
j
qN
i
i I
u n
t

=


=
`

)
, trong
2 1 I qD = + , vi tha s ly mu chng chp qe . Mt BEM thm ch tng
qut hn da vo cc hm m phc
| | | |
1
2
0
, e
I
j n
i
i
h n m c m
t

=
=

, (1.21)
Trong
{ }
0,..., 1 i I

=
,
( ) 1/ 2,1/ 2
i
e , l mt tp hp ty ca tn s Doppler chun
ha. Trng hp ly mu nghim trng v trng hp ly mu chng chp vi
khong cch Doppler khng ng u c kh nng t c chnh xc m hnh
ha tt hn, vi iu kin cc tn s Doppler active
i
c xc nh xp x. Mt
sa i khc ca CE-BEM m ci thin chnh xc m hnh ha s dng cc k
thut ca s ha.
1.4.3 C s a thc (Polynomial Basis)
Cc BEM a thc tng ng vi mt khai trin chui Taylor. C th hn, p ng
xung ca knh truyn thi gian lin tc c th c xp x t mt s thi gian tc
thi
0
t l
( ) ( )
1
0 0
0
, ,
I
i
i
i
h t t c t t t t

=
+ ~

, vi ( )
( )
0
0
,
1
,
!
i
i i
t t
h t
c t
i t
t
t
=
c
=
c
.
i vi nhng knh truyn underspread m tin trin thun li vi thi gian, ln
ca cc h s chui Taylor
( )
0
,
i
c t t gim nhanh khi tng i sao cho mt bc nh I
thng xp x knh truyn trong mt khong thi gian (t) ngn. Phin bn ri
rc thi gian ca m hnh khai trin c s trong khong thi gian
| |
0, 1 N , s dng
0
0 t = , sau c a ra bi
| | | |
1
0
,
i
I
i
i
n
h n m c m
N

=
| |
=
|
\ .

, (1.22)
Trong
| | ( )( ) 0,
i
i i s s
c m c mT NT = .
Mt cch khc n thc
i
t lm c s cho (1.22) c xut. y,
| |
2
1
i i
n
u n P
N
| |
=
|
\ .
, trong
( )
i
P t l a thc Legrendre thi gian lin tc ca bc i
c nh ngha nh sau
( ) ( )
2
1
1
2 !
i
i
i i i
d
P t t
i dt
= .
Mc d tt c cc BEM a thc vi m hnh ng nht bc I l tng ng v mt
ton hc trong ngha cc hm c s tri rng cng khng gian ph, cc a thc
Legendre n nh hn v s lng so vi cc a thc n. c bit, chng ta c u
im ca tnh trc giao trong khong thi gian
( ) 1,1 .
V mt trn t m hnh c a ra, cc a thc c xu hng thay i t hn
theo thi gian, so vi cc hm m phc, mt BEM a thc l thun li trn mt CE-
BEM cho cc tri Doppler thp.
1.5 Kt lun chng
Chng 1 cho ci nhn tng quan v cc tnh cht ca knh truyn thi gian
bin i, cc hiu ng Doppler v phn tn thi gian, tn s, gii thiu cc hm
truyn t thi gian bin i v m hnh BEM.