Bo Co Ti Sy Chui

M U
Thc phm i vi con ngi chng ta l v cng quan trng, con ngi cn c thc
phm sng, tn ti v pht trin. Trong nn cng nghip thc phm th gii ni chung v
Vit Nam ni ring v ang pht trin ngy cng hon thin v cht lng cng nh mu
m. cho thc phm, sn phm nng sn, t c cht lng tt, an ton cho sc khe con
ngi th mt trong nhng bin php l ch bin v bo qun nh: gia nhit, ng lnh,
trong sy l mt trong cc qu trnh bo qun m s dng nhit cao lm gim lng
nc trong sn phm lm gim s pht trin ca vi sinh vt, in hnh nh nm mc. V d
nh sn phm nng sn la, go cn phi c sy khng, lm gim m trnh mc pht
trin cng nh ht la ny mm. V sau y chng ta s tm hiu v qu trnh sy chui lm
r hn v qu trnh sy.
I. Tm hiu chung v vn sy:
1. nh ngha:
Sy l qu trnh tch m ra khi vt liu nhm trnh h hng trong qu trnh bo qun,
tng bn cho sn phm. Di thi i cng nghip, sy c xem l mt qu trnh cng ngh
c ng dng rt rng ri trong nhiu ngnh cng, nng nghip.
2. Mc ch:
Gim trng lng.
Gim chi ph chuyn ch v ng thi cng lm gia tng gi tr cm quan cho sn phm.
Vi sinh vt (vi khun, nm mc v nm men) cn nc trong thc phm pht trin.
Sy hiu qu ngn cn chng sng st trong thc phm.
Loi b phn nc t do trong sn phm, lm gim hot ca nc, lm chm bt cc
qu trnh sinh hc --> bo qun sn phm thc phm.
3. Phn loi:
Ty tng kiu vt liu m ta c nhng cch sy khc nhau, chnh v th ny sinh nhiu k
thut sy mi ra i nh: sy phun, sy tip xc, sy tng si, sy thng hoa,
4. Nguyn tc sy:
a s cc my sy trc tip (hoc i lu) khng kh nng c s dng cung cp
nhit cho s bc hi v mang i hi m bc ra t sn phm. Trng hp ngoi l ng ch l
my sy chn khng hu nh ch c s dng sy kh sn phm nhy cm vi nhit, nhng
my sy chn khng t hn my sy hot ng gn p sut kh quyn. Trong trng hp nht
nh, chng hn nh trong sy cc sn phm nho, mt s hoc tt c c cung cp nhit gin
tip.
5. u im v nhc im qu trnh sy:
u im:
Hm lng nc trong sn phm cn rt t (2-4%).
Khng lm thay i cc t cht t nhin ca sn phm.
Bo qun thc phm sy kh lu.
ng dng rng ri, r tin.
Nhc im:
Yu cu k thut ch to my, cng ngh sy kht khe.
K thut ng gi phi m bo mi trng ng gi c m thp (<30%) v nhit
thp (<20%).
Bao b phi dng PE, bao lp nhm v c cha nit.
II. Qu trnh sy chui:
1. nh ngha, cu to, tnh cht vt l, thnh phn ha hc ca chui:
1.1 nh ngha:
Sy chui l mt qu trnh trao i nhit v m gia pha kh (tc nhn sy) v
pha rn (chui) v cng phc tp. Hiu qu ca qu trnh ny ph thuc nhiu vo
yu t nh: nhit , tc , m, p sut ca tc nhn sy, bn cht v kch thc
ca chui.
1.2 Phn loi cc loi chui chnh Vit Nam
Chui c nhiu loi nhng c 3 loi chnh:
Chui tiu (cn gi l chui gi)
Chui gong (cn gi l chui ty, chui s, chui xim).
Chui bom.
1.3 Cu to qu chui:
Ci chui
V chui
Rut chui
2. Nhn t nh hng n chui trong qu trnh sy:
Trong qu trnh sy chui qu xy ra mt lot bin i ha sinh, ha l, cu trc c hc
v cc bin i bt li khc, lm nh hng ti cht lng sn phm.
2.1 Nhng bin i c hc:
Nhng bin i c hc bao gm s bin dng, nt, cong queo, bin i xp.
2.2 Nhng bin i ha l:
S thay i h keo do pha rn (protein, tinh bt, ng,) b bin tnh thuc v
nhng bin i ha l.
2.3 Nhng bin i ha sinh:
Nhng bin i ha sinh trong qu trnh sy l nhng phn ng to thnh
melanoidin, caramen, nhng phn ng oxy ha v polymer ha cc hp cht
polifenol, phn hy vitamin v bin i cht mu. Hm lng vitamin trong chui
qu sy thng thp hn trong chui qu ti (v chng b ph hy mt phn trong
qu trnh sy v x l trc khi sy). Trong cc vitamin th acid ascorbic v carotene
b tn tht l do qu trnh oxy ha. Riboflavin nhy cm vi nh sng, cn thiamin
b ph hy bi nhit v s sunfit ha.
trnh hoc lm chm cc bin i khng thun nghch y, cng nh to iu kin
m thot ra khi chui qu mt cch d dng, cn c ch sy thch hp cho
tng loi sn phm.

Nhit sy: Nhit sy cng cao th tc sy cng nhanh, qu trnh cng c hiu
qu cao. Nhng khng th s dng nhit sy cao cho sy chui qu v chui qu
l sn phm chu nhit km. Trong mi trng m, nu nhit cao hn 60oC th
protein b bin tnh; trn 90oC th fructoza bt u b caramen ha, cc phn ng
to ra melanoidin, polime ha cc hp cht cao phn t xy ra mnh. Cn nhit
cao hn na, chui qu c th b chy V vy, sy chui qu thng dng ch
sy n ha, nhit sy khng qu cao.
3. Hot tnh enzyme oxy ha trong chui:
Trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun chui thng gp hin tng thm en vi tc
khc nhau cc th chui v chn khc nhau. Bn cht ca hin tng thm
en c th l enzym hoc phi enzym.V mt enzim ngi ta thng quan tm nhiu
nht ti peroxydaza (PO) v polyphenoloxydaza (PY).PY c trong nm mc v thc
vt bc cao l mt prtin c ng. Chnh tc ng ca PY l nguyn nhn thm en
trn b mt vt ct rau qu (to, chui .....) cng nh trong qu trnh ch bin rau qu.
PO l enzim 2 thnh phn, c cha st ni bi 4 vng phenol dng hematyl.FO cng
vi PY c th oxy ho thnh quinon v t c th to ra cc sn phm xm mu
khc nhau. PO c th oxy ho cc hp cht bng peroxyhydro hay bng peroxy ca
cc hu c khc. N oxy ho polyphenol v mt s amin vng, amin thm to
peroxy.
4. Cng ngh sy chui:
4.1 chin nguyn liu:
Chui khi thu hi phi gi ngha, l c th t chn. Tuy nhin chui t chn
th chui chn chm v khng ng lot. Dm d l cch chui chn u v
nhanh. chn ca chui nguyn liu l mt yu t quyt nh n cht lng
chui sy. C nhiu cch xc nh chn, trong cch xc nh theo mu v l
ph bin nht. Trong ch bin hoc n trng ming chui thng c dng theo 3
chn sau y:
- V vng hai u xanh v ngt m , hi cht, hi cng, cha tht thm, v
cn chc, chui c hm lng ng axit cc i, cn c tinh bt v tanin.
- V vng hon ton v ngt, cht gim, thm,v d bc. ng v axit bt
u gim, tinh bt v tamin cn t.
- V vng c mu chm nu v ngt, thm, khng cht, mm v d gy. ng,
axit hu c gim, tinh bt hu nh khng cn, tamin cn rt thp.

4.2 H tr vic ra bt chui bng ha cht:
Trn b mt chui c mt lp bt bao quanh nu khng c loi b s lm chui
c mu trng loang l v x x. loi b lp bt ny ngi ta xoa chui bng tay
trong chu nc cha khong 3kg chui /3 lt nc, mi m cn 2 3 pht.Vic chn
ho cht h tr cng vic ny nhm 2 mc ch:
- Gim thi gian thao tc.
- Ci thin mu sn phm
Ho cht c chn phi r, khng c, khng gy mi v cho sn phm,
khng nh hng ti ngi thao tc v dng c, lm bong nhanh lp bt, c tnh
kh. Thng thng chn mt s ho cht ph bin sau:hn hp dung dch (NaHSO3
v HCl) hoc hn hp dung dch (NaHSO3 v Al2(SO4)3).... T hp dung dch
hiu qu nht l HCl 0,05 % + Al2(SO4)3) 0,5 % . HCl nng trn khng nh
hng xu n ngi sn xut v phng tin bo h lao ng, d mua, d x l, chi
ph thp. C tc dng thay i mi trng cc phn ng ho sinh khng c li v st
trng nh. Phn chua nng trn cng c tc dng st trng nh, tng cng b
mt cu trc cho chui, khng gy v cht, gi r, d s dng.


4.3 Hiu qu dit khun tia cc tm:
Sau khi sy kh chui c lm ngui v phc hi trng thi do ht m tr li c
mm do nht nh ( do sy n m di 20 % ) ri mi ng gi. Thi gian
ny thng t vi gi n vi ngy. Trong mi trng kh quyn thng thng v
khng thc hin nghim chnh v sinh cng nghip, sn phm d b nhim vi sinh
vt. Nhiu c s s dng n tia cc tm dit khun coi l bin php an ton
cn thit cho v sinh thc phm.
4.4 Xc nh m cn bng ca chui sy:
m cn bng ca chui sy l hm lng nc ca n trong mi trng xc
nh ( t v xc nh ca khng kh ) m khng xy ra qu trnh nh nc ( bc hi
) hay ht nc ( hp th ) gia n v mi trng.Chui sau khi sy n m di
m cn bng thng l 16 18 % sau vi gi n vi ngy ngoi khng kh
s tng hm lng m ti m cn bng. Xc nh m cn bng ca chui sy
nhm chn m c li khi kt thc sy v ra cch x l ng gi, bo qun ph
hp.Mun bo qun chui sy tt cn gi m ca n di 25 % tt nht l 20
22 %. Do vy sau khi sy kh nn qut ngui v la chn ng gi ngay, khng nn
ngoi khng kh lu s lm cho m ca chui sy thp hn m cn bng.
Nu cha la chn bao gi ngay th tr trong bao kn ni kh mt hm sau x
l. Bao b cn lm t vt liu chng khng kh m i qua v dn kn.
4.5 Cc ch tiu cht lng ca chui sy xut khu:
4.5.1 Ch tiu cm quan
- Trng thi : Mm do, n hi, khng c qunh, chc, cng, sng.
- Mu sc : T nu n vng , tng i ng u trong mt ti, khng c thm
en, nu xn, nu , khng c loang l.
- Mi v :V ngt v mi c trng ca chui sy, khng c cht hay chua do ln
men
4.5.2 Ch tiu l ha
- Kch thc : Loi nguyn qu di k qu 7cm
- m : 20 22%
4.5.3 Ch tiu vi sinh vt cn trng:
Lng vi sinh vt tnh bng s t bo/g sn phm
5. Quy trnh sy chui qu
Yu cu i vi chui nhin liu: Chui pht trin y , ti tt, nguyn vn, sch
s. V chui mng, d bc, c mu t vng ton tri n vng c chm nu. Rut
chui mm nhng cha nh, hng thm, v ngt, khng cht.





























Quy trnh sy chui.



Chui nguyn liu (thu hoch)
La chn
Bc v
Ra bt
Xp v
Sy (3 giai on)
Phn loi
X l n tia t ngoi (nu c)
ng gi
Bo qun
III. Gi tr dinh dng ca chui:
Chui chin bao gm nhiu cht bt, cht x, cht m, sinh t v khong cht. Chui l
mt loi qu c thnh phn ca hu ht nhng vi cht cn thit cho s bin dng ca c th.
Ngoi ra, chui c th iu ha hot ng ca h thn kinh v lm gim nguy c nhng bnh v
tim mch.
n chui chn c th lm h huyt p m khng s xy ra nhng phn ng ph. Ch cn
n 2 qu mi ngy trong 1 tun cos th gim c 10% ch s huyt p. Chui cn l mt ngun
thc phm b sung rt tt cho nhng vn ng vin v nhng ngi lm vic nng nhc.
V vy, chui sy vn gi c gi tr dinh dng nh: cht x, ng, cht khong,
vitamin v nng lng.
IV. Kt lun:
Sy l mt trong nhng qu trnh c thc hin ph bin nht i vi thc phm trc
khi a vo khu bo qun. Do iu kin kh hu nc ta l kh hu nhit i m nn kh nng
gy h hng thc phm l rt cao, chnh v vy sy l mt qu trnh khng th thiu trong cng
ngh thc phm.