HD Phan Tich Va Xu Ly So Lieu Bang SPSS

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Phan tch va xu ly so lieu bang SPSS Tran quang Trung - ao hoai Nam
TO CHUC CO SO DU LIEU

I. KIEM TRA VA MA HOA BANG CAU HOI
1. Kiem tra
ay la buoc kiem tra chat luong bang cau hoi nham bao dam khong co bang cau hoi
nao thieu thong tin can thiet theo yeu cau thiet ke ban dau, buoc nay can thiet duoc
thuc hien truoc khi tien hanh ma hoa va nhap du lieu vao may tnh. Nguoi kiem tra
phai bao dam tnh toan ven va tnh chnh xac cua tung bang cau hoi & tung cau tra loi.
Thong thuong kiem tra bang cau hoi la kiem tra nhung dac tnh sau cua bang cau hoi:
Tnh logic cua cac cau tra loi
Tnh day du cua mot cau tra loi va cua mot bang cau hoi
Tnh hop ly va xac thuc cua cac cau tra loi

Thu nhat la tnh logic cua cac cau tra loi trong mot bang cau hoi. oi khi trong bang
cau hoi, do yeu cau nghien cuu se co nhung duong dan, nhung dieu kien de nguoi tra
loi hoac co the tra loi tat ca cac cau hoi hoac co the bo qua mot vai cau hoi nao do.
Kiem tra tnh logic cua bang cau hoi cho phep nha nghien cuu loai bo nhung cau tra
loi thua, cung nhu kip thoi bo sung nhung phan thieu trong bang cau hoi. Tnh logic
cua cau tra loi con phu thuoc vao su ket noi va lien he lan nhau giua cac cau hoi trong
mot bang cau hoi, dan den doi khi mot cau tra loi la co y ngha neu dung rieng mot
mnh no nhung lai vo ngha neu ket hop so sanh voi cac cau tra loi truoc hoac sau no

Thu hai la kiem tra tnh day du cua mot cau tra loi va cua mot bang cau hoi. Mot cau
hoi trong nghien cuu thi truong doi khi bao gom nhieu cau hoi nho, nhu doi voi cau hoi
ve muc do dong y doi voi nhung cau noi the hien nhung dac tnh ve mot san pham cu
the nao do se bao gom nhieu dac tnh khac nhau, neu nhu thieu mot danh gia ve mot
dac tnh nao do th co the xem nhu cau tra loi do khong hoan chnh. Hay doi voi cac
cau hoi mo, doi khi nguoi tra loi do khong hieu ro cau hoi, hay do su thieu nhiet tnh
cua nguoi tra loi, cau tra loi cua ho thuong rat chung chung va vo ngha doi voi muc
tieu nghien cuu. Kha canh khac la tnh day du cua bang cau hoi, mot bang cau hoi ch
co gia tri neu nhu tat ca nhung cau hoi theo yeu cau deu duoc tra loi day du. Moi cau
hoi trong bang cau hoi deu co mot gia tri nhat dinh, do do thieu mot cau tra loi cho
mot cau hoi nao do se lam mat di gia tri cua bang cau hoi

Cuoi cung la kiem tra tnh hop ly va xac thuc cua cau tra loi. Mot cau tra loi day du
chua han la cau tra loi co gia tri, do tnh chan thuc va hop ly cua cau tra loi cung quyet
dinh den gia tri cua cau tra loi va cua bang cau hoi, dac biet la cac cau hoi cham
diem, cau hoi mo va cac cau hoi mang tnh logic

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Qua trnh kiem tra, ra soat lai bang cau hoi la nham muc dch kiem tra, phat hien, sua
chua va thong bao kip thoi cho nguoi thu thap du lieu tranh nhung sai sot tiep theo.
Mot so sai sot thuong gap nhu sau:
Nhung cuoc phong van gia tao
Nhung cau tra loi khong day du
Nhung cau tra loi thieu nhat quan
Nhung cau tra loi khong thch hop
Nhung cau tra loi khong doc duoc

e xu ly cac loi trong kiem tra va hieu dnh, ta co the lua chon cach xu ly nhu sau tuy
thuoc vao muc do sai sot cu the:
Tra ve cho bo phan thu thap du lieu de lam sang to van de
Suy luan tu cac cau tra loi khac
Loai bo toan bo bang cau hoi

2. Ma hoa
La qua trnh chuyen dich cau tra loi thuc cua nguoi tra loi vao tung nhom, tung mau
dai dien voi cac gia tri tuong ung nham lam cho qua trnh tom tat, phan tch va nhap
lieu duoc de dang va hieu qua hon
Tien ma hoa: La viec ma hoa cho cac cau hoi dong, cau hoi nhan hieu. Do dac
diem cua cac loai cau hoi nay la nha nghien cuu da co san cac cau tra loi tu
truoc, nguoi tra loi ch viec lua chon cau tra loi nao phu hop nhat, do do viec
ma hoa cho cac cau hoi nay thuong duoc tien hanh tu truoc, o giai doan thiet
ke bang cau hoi
Ma hoa: Trong bang cau hoi ngoai nhung cau hoi dong neu o tren, con nhung
cau hoi mo, la nhung cau hoi ma nha nghien cuu de cac khoang trong trong
bang cau hoi cho nguoi tra loi tu do dua ra cau tra loi theo suy ngh va dien giai
cua chnh ho. oi voi cac cau hoi mo, do cac cau tra loi khong duoc liet ke
truoc, nen kho xac dinh duoc cac cau tra loi thuc cua nguoi tra loi. Cac bang
cau hoi nhan ve thuong co nhung cau tra loi rat khac nhau, rat da dang. Do do
cong viec ma hoa nhung cau tra loi nay la can thiet cho qua trnh kiem tra,
nhap lieu, tom tat va phan tch sau nay

Muc dch cua ma hoa la tao nhan cho cac cau tra loi, thuong la bang cac con so.
Ma hoa con giup giam thieu so luong cac cau tra loi bang cach nhom cac cau tra
loi thanh nhung nhom co nhung dac diem giong nhau, nhu nhung nhom ve mau
sac, ve chat luong, . khi danh gia ve mot nhan hieu san pham cu the nao do. Tien
trnh ma hoa co the duoc tien hanh nhu sau:

au tien, xac dinh loai cau tra loi cho nhung cau hoi tuong ung. Nhung cau tra
loi nay co the thu thap tu mot mau cac bang cau hoi da hoan tat, thuong la 25%
tren tong so bang cau hoi

Tiep theo la xay dung mot danh sach liet ke cac cau tra loi, cac cau tra loi
duoc liet ke co ban dua tren nhung cau tra loi xac dinh o tren, va co tien hanh
nhom cac cau tra loi theo nhung nhom dac trung. Nhung cau tra loi duoc nhom
lai theo nhung yeu to nhu su giong nhau ve dac tnh, tan suat xuat hien, .

Cuoi cung, nhung nhom cau tra loi nay duoc gan cho mot nhan hieu, mot gia
tri, thuong la mot con so cu the

II. NHAP DU LIEU, DINH BIEN VA CAC THAO TAC TREN BIEN
1. Nhap du lieu
Mot cau truc du lieu dien hnh trong SPSS se bao gom:
Cot
Cac cot trong man hnh data SPSS se quan ly cac bien (variables). Moi cot
trong man hnh bang tnh SPSS se dai dien cho mot cau tra loi trong bang cau
hoi. Tuy nhien chu y den hai loai bien, bien mot tra loi va bien nhieu tra loi
Loai bien mot tra loi:
Moi cot trong bang tnh se la bien dai dien cho ket qua duy nhat cua cau hoi
mot tra loi.
Loai bien nhieu tra loi:
oi hoi phai su dung nhieu cot de quan ly cho cac ket qua khac nhau co the co
cho cau hoi nhieu tra loi. Phai bao dam khai bao du so cot (so bien) nham chua
dung du cac cau tra loi co the xay xa.
Dong
Cac dong trong man hnh bang tnh SPSS se quan ly cac bang cau hoi, hay mot
quan sat (observation). Moi dong se duoc xem nhu mot bang cau hoi, so luong
mau nghien cuu phai bang voi so luong dong chua thong tin.

Du lieu duoc nhap ngay trong man hnh bang tnh cua SPSS nhu hnh 1:

Hnh 1: Man hnh data

Chung ta co the tien hanh nhap du lieu nhu sau:
Khai bao ten bien chua dung thong tin can nhap vao thanh ben tren moi cot
(ten mac dinh cua cac cot nay trong SPSS la var0001, var000x). Phan nay se
duoc de cap chi tiet trong phan dinh bien.
Chon o can nhap du lieu, la phan giao nhau giua cot va hang. O can nhap se co
khung vien chung quanh bao cho nguoi nhap biet do la o dang hoat dong, ten
bien va so hieu hang duoc hien o goc trai cua cua so.
Go gia tri can nhap vao khung da chon, gia tri nay duoc hien trong thanh sua
doi (cell editor) nam o tren cua so. Chu y khi nhap du lieu phai bao dam dung
voi kieu bien da duoc dinh ngha. Thong thuong cac kieu bien duoc khai bao la
dang chuoi (dai toi da 8 ky tu) hoac dang so, nham bao dam tnh tuong thch
cho viec phan tch sau nay.
2. Dinh bien
Bien (variable):
La tap hop nhung tra loi cho 1 cau hoi. Co hai loai bien nhu sau:
Theo yeu cau bang cau hoi.
Bien mot tra loi: Bien danh cho cau hoi co mot tra loi
Bien nhieu tra loi: Cac bien danh cho nhieu cau tra loi tra loi dong thoi trong
cau hoi nhieu tra loi
V du nhu trong bang cau hoi co hai cau hoi sau:
Cau hoi 1: Hay cho biet ban o nhom tuoi nao trong so nhung nhom tuoi sau:
Nhom tuoi code
Duoi 18 1
19 den 30 2
31 den 40 3
41 den 50 4
Tren 50 5
Cau hoi 2: Noi den dien thoai di dong, ban biet duoc nhung nhan hieu nao trong
danh sach liet ke duoi day
Nhan hieu code
Ericson 1
Motorola 2
Nokia 3
Siemens 4
Panasonic 5
..V.V
Co the thay doi voi cau hoi 1, nguoi tra loi ch co the dua ra mot cau tra loi duy
nhat ve tuoi cua mnh, do do bien chua dung cau tra loi cua cau hoi 1 la bien mot
tra loi. Trong khi xem xet cau hoi 2, nguoi tra loi co the neu ra nhieu nhan hieu ma
ho co biet qua do do phai co nhieu bien chua dung cac tra loi co the co, ta goi bien
do la bien nhieu tra loi.
Theo kieu du lieu.
Bien dinh luong (quantitative variable): La bien co the mo ta bang mot con so
va con so do co the dung de tnh toan thanh nhung gia tri so hoc nhu gia tri
trung bnh.
Bien dinh tnh (qualitative variable): La cac bien the hien trang thai cua bien
nhu mau sac, gioi tnh. Loai bien nay co the duoc ma hoa thanh cac con so
nhung lai khong co gia tri tnh toan so hoc.
Ta co the xem xet bang mo ta cac loai phong trong mot khach san sau:

Loai
phong
Gia
(ong/phong)
So luong
phong
Mo ta
Tivi Tu lanh May dieu hoa
Loai A 500,000 10 Co Co Co
Loai B 300,000 20 Khong Co Co
Loai C 150,000 50 Khong Co Khong
Ta co the phan loai bien trong bang tren nhu sau:
Bien dinh luong: Bien gia va so luong phong
Bien dinh tnh: Bien Loai phong va cac bien mo ta.
Nhung cap do do luong (levels of measurement)
Nhu da de cap o tren, bien dung de chua cac ket qua tra loi, nhung hien tuong
duoc quan sat sau khi cac ket qua hay hien tuong tren da duoc gan thanh nhung du
kien luong hoa (con so) hay nhung ky ma (code). Viec gan nhung du lieu nay doi
hoi chung ta phai phat trien mot dang thang do phu hop voi dac tnh cua du lieu.
Co bon loai thang do:
Thang do dinh danh (nominal measurement)
Thang do thu tu (ordinal measurement)
Thang do quang (interval measurement)
Thang do ty le (ratio measurement)
Thang do dinh danh: Trong loai thang do nay cac con so duoc su dung don thuan
nhu mot gia tri xac dinh mot loai, hang (category) khac nhau va ch duoc dung nhu
mot cai ten hay nhan cho loai, hang do. oi voi loai thang do dinh danh cac gia tri
so duoc su dung nhu la ky so nhan dang va khong co gia tri ve mat so hoc nhu so
sanh, cong, tru, nhan, chia.
Thang do thu tu: Trong thang do nay du lieu duoc xap xep thu tu cac gia tri theo
mot tieu chuan nao do. Moi gia tri co vi tr cao hon hoac thap hon so voi gia tri
khac, nhung khong dien ta duoc cao hay thap hon bao nhieu. Dang cau hoi nhom
tuoi cua nguoi tra loi (1: nho hon 18 tuoi; 2: 19-30 tuoi, .) hay khoang thu nhap
(1: duoi 1 trieu dong/thang, 2: Tu 1 trieu dong den 2 trieu dong/thang) la v du ro
nhat ve dang thang do nay. Tom lai thang do thu tu bao gom ca thong tin dinh danh
dong thoi cung cap luon quan he thu tu giua cac gia tri nhung khong do duoc
khoang cach giua cac gia tri do.
Thang do quang: Giong nhu dac tnh cua thang do thu tu, nhung thang do quang cho
phep ta do duoc khoang cach giua cac gia tri. Tuy nhien do thang do quang khong
xac dinh diem 0, do do ta ch co the noi gia tri nay lon hon gia tri kia bao nhieu don
vi nhung khong the ket luan gia tri do lon hon gia tri kia bao nhieu lan. V du nuoc
o nhiet do 80
o
C chenh lech ve nhiet do so voi nuoc o 40
o
C giong nhu muc do
chenh lech ve nhiet do cua nuoc o 50
o
C va nuoc o 10
o
C, nhung ta khong the noi
nuoc o 80
o
C nong gap doi nuoc o 40
o
C
Thang do ty le: ay la thang do co du cac dac tnh thu tu va khoang cach. Ngoai ra
viec xac dinh ty so giua cac gia tri la co the thuc hien do o thang do nay diem 0
duoc xac dinh mot cach co y ngha. V du khi ta thu thap so lieu ve thu nhap hang
thang cua mot ho o thanh pho Ho ch Minh, ta co the so sanh thu nhap cua hai ho
A va B co thu nhap lan luot la 4 trieu va 8 trieu nhu ho B co thu nhap gap doi ho
A, hay ho A co thu nhap bang phan nua ho B
Dinh bien
Sau khi da khao sat ve bien va cac dang gia tri trong bien, chung ta can phai co
cong doan gan nhan cho cac bien va gan y ngha cho cac gia tri cua bien
Trong SPSS co hai cong cu dinh bien dinh bien rieng biet va dinh bien chung.
inh bien rieng biet (define variable): Thong thuong duoc dung de dinh bien
mot tra loi.
inh bien chung (template): Mot cach lam ngan gon, tiet kiem thoi gian khi
dinh cac bien co nhung dac tnh giong nhau (kieu bien, nhan cua cac gia tri
trong bien) nhu cac bien trong cau hoi nhieu tra loi
Voi phien ban SPSS 10.05, ta co cach dinh bien don gian hon nhieu bang cach
su dung Variable View
Dinh bien rieng biet
e dinh moi hoac thay doi ten, loai va cac dac tnh khac cua mot bien, co hai
cach:
Double-click len ten bien hien thi tren dau moi cot tren man hnh data cua SPSS
Hoac chon bat ky o nao trong cot cua bien va chon tren menu: Data/Define
Variable.Hop thoai Define Variable duoc mo ra nhu hnh 2:

Hnh 2: Hop thoai Define Variable
Khai bao ten bien, ten bien nay se hien thi tren man hnh data cua SPSS va bi han
che ve so ky tu hien thi, do do can thiet phai khai bao ngan gon va de goi nho,
thong thuong nen dat theo thu tu cau hoi trong bang cau hoi nhu q1, q3, q4a, .Co
mot so qui uoc sau day phai tuan theo khi khai bao ten bien :
Bat dau bang mot chu cai va khong bat dau bang dau cham(.).
Ten bien khong duoc qua 8 ky tu
Khong duoc chua khoang trang va cac ky tu dac biet nhu (!), (?), (*).
Cac tu khoa sau day khong duoc dung lam ten bien:
ALL, NE, EQ, TO, LE, LT, BY OR, GT, AND, NOT, GE, WITH
e dinh ra loai bien, an thanh type trong hop thoai define variable, ta se co hop
thoai Define Variable Type nhu hnh 3:
Hnh 3: Hop thoai Define Variable Type
Tuy thuoc vao yeu cau cua du lieu, ma ta se dinh loai bien cho bien, SPSS mac
dinh loai bien la kieu so (numeric).
Tiep theo la gan nhan cho cac bien. Ta tro lai hop thoai define variable va nhan
vao thanh labels de co duoc hop thoai nhu hnh 4:

Hnh 4: Hop thoai Define Lables
Cong viec dau tien trong hop thoai define labels la tien hanh gan nhan cho bien
(variable labels), nhan cua bien se duoc hien thi voi chieu dai toi da 120 ky tu,
duoc dung de mo ta them y ngha cua bien. Thong thuong ta co the dung nhung
cau hoi trong bang cau hoi de su dung lam nhan cua bien, dieu nay giup ta de
dang trong viec doc va hieu so lieu phan tch sau nay.
Tiep theo la gan nhan cho cac gia tri cua bien (Value labels) va day chnh la khai
bao y ngha cua cac gia tri cua bien. Khai bao nhan cua bien tren hop thoai
Variable lable. Voi nhan cua gia tri (value lables) co ba thao tac:
Gan mot nhan moi:
Nhap gia tri vao hop thoai Value
Nhap mot nhan vao hop thoai Value Label
An nut Add
Sua doi mot nhan:
Di vet sang den nhan can sua doi
Nhap ten nhan moi, an nut Change de thay doi
Loai bo mot nhan:
Di vet sang den nhan can loai bo
An nut Remove de loai bo
Gia tri khuyet (Missing values) duoc dung de khai bao cac gia tri ma ta cho phep
chung dai dien cho cac truong hop trong du lieu, khi do cac gia tri nay se khong
duoc su dung trong qua trnh xu ly thong ke sau nay. inh ngha Missing Values
thuong duoc su dung de biet tai sao thong tin bi thieu. Chang han ta co the muon
phan biet thong tin bi thieu do nguoi tra loi tu choi tra loi hay do cau hoi khong
thch hop doi voi doi tuong do

Trong hop thoai tren ta co the nhap ba gia tri khuyet khac nhau, mot khoang gia tri
khuyet hay mot khoang va mot gia tri khuyet khac. inh ngha bang khoang ch co
the duoc dung khi bien lay gia tri so
Ta khong the dinh ngha gia tri khuyet cho cac bien chuoi dai hon tam ky tu. Tat ca
cac gia tri chuoi, ke ca trong hay khoang trang, duoc xem nhu co gia tri tru khi ta
dinh ngha do la gia tri khuyet. e dinh ngha trong hay khoang trang la gia tri
khuyet, ta nhap mot khoang trang (single space) vao mot trong ba vung cua
Discrete missing values
Ta con co the phan tch cac gia tri khuyet bang cong cu Missing Value Analysis.

Missing Value Analysis co ba chuc nang chnh
1. No la cong cu giup mo ta quy luat cua cac gia tri khuyet: cac gia tri khuyet
nam o dau, co nhieu gia tri khuyet khong, co nhung cap bien co xu huong bi
thieu gia tri o cac bang cau hoi khac nhau khong, cac du lieu qua lon hay qua
nho, hay co phai cac gia tri bi thieu mot cach ngau nhien
2. Uoc luong trung bnh, do lech chuan, hiep phuong sai, va he so tuong quan
bang cac phuong phap listwise, pairwise, regression, or EM (expectation-
maximization). Phuong phap listwise bo qua cac truong hop co gia tri khuyet o
bat ky bien nao, trong khi pairwise ch bo qua cac truong hop co gia tri khuyet
o cap bien dang xu ly. Phuong phap EM uoc luong cac gia tri khuyet bang qua
trnh lap. O moi buoc lap co mot buoc E tnh gia tri trung bnh cua cac tham so
va mot buoc M tnh cac uoc luong hop ly nhat ( maximum likelihood
estimates). Phuong phap hoi quy th uoc luong cac gia tri khuyet bang thuat
toan hoi quy.
3. ien cac gia tri bi thieu bang cac gia tri uoc luong cho boi hoi quy hay EM

Missing value analysis giup giai quyet nhieu van de gay ra do thieu du lieu. Nhung
truong hop bi thieu gia tri khac mot cach he thong voi nhung truong hop co day du
gia tri co the lam cho ket qua kho hieu, mo ho. Cac du lieu bi thieu co the lam
giam do chnh xac cua cac thong ke duoc tnh v co t thong tin hon du tnh ban
dau. Mot van de nua la cac gia thiet dang sau nhieu thu tuc thong ke dua tren cac
truong hop co du thong tin, va cac gia tri khuyet co the lam phuc tap them phan ly
thuyet su dung
Measurement. Tuy thuoc vao dang thang do duoc su dung trong bien ma ta khai
bao trong cong cu measurement, chu y khai bao scale duoc dung chung cho dang
thang do quang va thang do ty le
Dinh bien chung
ay la cong cu dinh bien nhanh cho cung mot luc nhieu bien co cung chung kieu
bien-type hoac/va cung chung kieu ma hoa du lieu (cac gia tri cua bien giong
nhau-value labels). Truoc tien ta danh dau khoi cac bien (tu cot) ma ta muon dinh
bien chung tren man hnh Data cua SPSS. Tu data tren thanh menu ta nhap
template de co duoc hop thoai nhu hnh 5
Hnh 5: Hop thoai Template
Sau khi co hop thoai template, nhan thanh Define>> trong hop thoai de khai bao
ten bien o hop thoai Name, phan ten khai bao nay se duoc luu tru trong template
va ta co the lay ra su dung trong truong hop khai bao cac bien khac co cung dang.
Phan define template duoc dung khai bao loai, cac gia tri cua bien,. cho cac bien
dang dinh ngha loai bien va gan nhan cho cac gia tri cua bien. Phan apply trong
hop thoai cho ta lua chon nhung phan chung cua cac bien. Sau do nhan Add de xac
nhan viec dinh bien chung nay. Neu phan dinh nghia nay da duoc luu trong
template sau nay khi muon dem no ra de dinh ngha cho cac bien khac co su giong
nhau ve loai hay nhan gia tri, . ta ch viec lua chon ten template da duoc luu
trong cong cu template (mac dinh la default)
4. Tao lap them cac bien
Tap hop 1 so bien (tra loi) khac nhau de tao thanh mot bien moi co y ngha cho
thong ke hay phan tch hon. Ngoai cac bien da duoc khai bao trong qua trnh nhap
du lieu, mot so bien khac co the duoc tao ra do nhu cau xu ly va phan tch du lieu.
Co mot so cong cu thuong duoc su dung nhu Recode, Compute, Count
Recode
Recode into same variables: Recode tren cung mot bien, tuc la dinh lai nhung gia
tri cua nhung bien hien tai hoac rut ngan bot day cac gia tri ton tai thanh nhung gia
tri moi tren cung nhung bien do. Nhap transform/recode tu thanh menu chnh. O
day ta lua chon into same variable de tien hanh dinh lai gia tri cho bien tren cung
mot bien. Ta co hop thoai nhu hnh 6

Hnh 6: Hop thoai recode into same variables
Chuyen cac bien can dinh lai gia tri sang hop thoai variables. Nhan thanh Old and
New Values de dinh cac gia tri cu can thay doi thanh cac gia tri moi. Nhan thanh If
de xac dinh cac dieu kien de thuc hien lenh Recode
Tiep theo nhan thanh old and new values tu hop thoai Recode ta se co hop thoai
nhu hnh 7

Hnh 7: Hop thoai Old and New Values
Old value dung de khai bao gia tri cu can chuyen doi. Gia tri cu nay co the la mot
ga tri don le, mot gia tri khuyet, mot day cac gia tri. New value dung de khai bao
gia tri moi se thay the cho gia tri cu tuong ung. Nhan thanh Add de luu su chuyen
doi nay. Cac gia tri chuyen doi co the sua chua hoac loai bo bang cach di chuyen
vet toi den bieu thuc the hien su chuyen doi trong hop thoai Old->New va nhan
thanh Change cho su thay doi hoac Remove de loai bo.
Neu viec dinh lai gia tri cua cac gia tri cua bien co mot so dieu kien kem theo, ta
co the dung cong cu if de dinh ra cac dieu kien cho lenh recode. Nhan thanh if tu
hop thoai ta co hop thoai con nhu hnh 8

Hnh 8: Hop thoai If cases
Trong hop thoai If Cases, mac dinh la khong co dieu kien nao ca, phep dinh lai gia
tri cua bien duoc thuc hien cho tat ca cac quan sat, o day hien thi la Include all
cases. Chon lenh include if case satisfies condition de xac dinh dieu kien trong viec
dinh lai gia tri cua bien. Chuyen ten bien can dinh lai cac gia tri vao hop thoai ben
phai. Luc nay phep dinh lai gia tri cua bien noi tren ch duoc thuc hien doi voi cac
quan sat nao thoa man duoc bieu thuc dieu kien duoc the hien.
Recode into different variables: Trong truong hop dinh lai gia tri hien tai cua mot
bien thanh mot gia tri moi trong mot bien khac ta se lua chon transform/recode/
into different variable va ta co hop thoai nhu hnh 9:

Hnh 9: Hop thoai Recode into Different Variables
Chuyen cac bien can dinh lai gia tri vao trong hop variables. Khai bao ten bien
moi va nhan bien moi trong hop thoai Output variable. Sau do nhan thanh change
de xac nhan. Cac cong cu If va Old and New Values cung co y ngha va thao tac
giong nhu truong hop dinh lai gia tri cho cung mot bien.
Compute
Cong cu compute duoc dung de tnh cac gia tri moi tu cac bien san co trong cau
truc du lieu. Ket qua tnh toan thuong duoc chua dung trong mot bien moi, hoac la
mot bien khac san co hoac bien chua dung gia tri dang tnh toan. Truy xuat cong
cu compute variable tu transform tren thanh menu ta co hop thoai nhu hnh 10,
Hop thoai Target variable chua dung ten bien se nhan gia tri duoc tnh. Ta co the
khai bao kieu va gan nhan cho cac gia tri cua bien bang cach nhan vao thanh
Type&label. Hop thoai Numeric Expression chua dung cac bieu thuc so duoc dung
de tnh gia tri cho bien dch (bien chua dung gia tri moi), bieu thuc nay co the dung
ten cac bien san co, cac hang, cac toan tu va cac ham so. Chung ta co the go vao
va soan bieu thuc tnh toan tuong tu nhu voi mot van ban, va co the su dung cac
cong cu duoc hien thi trong hop thoai nhu cac phiem (+), (-), Function,.
Cong cu If dung de dinh ra nhung dieu kien can thiet kem theo trong tnh toan neu
co, duoc su dung giong nhu cong cu If trong hop thoai Recode

Hnh 10: Hop thoai Compute Variable
Count
Cong cu nay duoc dung de tao ra mot bien moi chua tong so lan xuat hien cua mot
gia tri hay cac gia tri da duoc dinh ra danh sach cac bien duoc chon. Tu menu ta
chon Transform/count de co duoc hop thoai nhu hnh 11

Hnh 11: Hop thoai Count
Mot bien moi se duoc tao ra khi ta thuc hien thu tuc Count goi la bien dch (Taget
variable) se chua dung gia tri cong don moi khi gap duoc gia tri can dem trong mot
hoac nhieu bien da duoc khai bao truoc trong hop thoai Numeric variables. Gia tri
can dem se duoc dinh ro trong phan Define values. Gia tri khai bao de dem co the
la nhung gia tri cu the nao do (Value), hoac nhung gia tri rong (System missing)
hoac la mot day cac gia tri (range). Sau khi khai bao gia tri can dem ta dung thanh
Add de xac nhan gia tri can dem vao trong hop thoai Values to count. Su dung
Change hoac Remove de thay the hoac loai bo gia tri can dem (gia tri da duoc
danh dau bang vet den). Hnh 12:

Hnh 12: Hop thoai define values

Cong cu If dung de xac dinh cac dieu kien neu co khi thuc hien lenh Count, (giong
nhu cong cu If trong phan Recode da duoc de cap o tren)
Dinh nghia nhom bien nhieu tra loi (define multiresponse sets)
Trong cau hoi nhieu tra loi se bao gom nhieu bien chua dung cac tra loi co the co,
nhung bien nay goi la bien so cap. Do do de xu ly, chung ta phai gop cac bien so
cap nay thanh mot bien gop chua cac bien so cap. Sau do trong cac phan tch thong
ke lien quan den cau hoi nhieu tra loi, chung ta se dung ten bien gop nay thay the
cho tat ca cac bien so cap. Bien gop nay chua dung toan bo cac gia tri trong cac
bien so cap cua mot cau hoi nhieu tra loi.
Chon menu Statistics/Multiple Response/Define sets. se mo hop thoai Define
Multiple Response Sets nhu hnh 13:


Hnh 13: Hop thoai Define Multiple Response Sets
Chon tat ca nhung bien so cap lien quan den mot cau hoi nhieu tra loi o hop thoai
ben trai chuyen sang hop thoai Variables in Set, ch dinh cach ma hoa cac bien do
(dichotomy hay category), day gia tri ma hoa Range .Through, xac dinh ten nhom
da tra loi roi an thanh Add de dua ten nhom vua xac dinh vao hop Mult Response
Sets. Sau khi moi nhom duoc dinh ngha, cac bien chon se duoc tra ve hop thoai
thoai ben trai, cho phep ta co the dung nhieu bien tuong tu cho nhieu nhom da tra
loi khac nhau
Trong khung Variable Are Code As, chung ta co the chon mot hay hai muc sau day
tuy theo phuong phap ma hoa:
Dichotomies: ay la trang thai mac dinh, moi bien so cap ch co hai gia tri, va
chung ta nhap gia tri nao cua bien can dem vao hop Counted Value
Category: Moi bien so cap co nhieu hon hai gia tri, va chung ta nhap cac gia tri nho
nhat va lon nhat cua day gia tri ma hoa vao cac o Range va thourgh
Chung ta dat ten cho nhom da bien (toi da 7 ky tu) va nhan (toi da 40 ky tu) vao
cac hop Name va Label. Luu y la ten cua cac nhom da bien ch duoc su dung trong
cac thu tuc xu ly bien nhieu tra loi ma thoi. e loai bo va sua doi viec dinh ngha
mot nhom bien da tra loi nao do ta di chuyen vet sang den ten nhom do va nhap
thanh Remove de loai bo va thanh Change de thay doi.
Lap bang cho bien nhieu tra loi
e tien hanh lap bang cho cac bien nhieu tra loi, ta su dung cac ten nhom da bien
da duoc dinh ngha bang cong cu Define Multi Response Sets da duoc de cap o
phan tren sau do vao Statistics\Multiple response va chon Frequencies hoac
Crosstabs tuy theo nhu cau lap bang mot chieu hay da chieu.
Ngoai ra khi chung ta tien hanh lap bang cho ket qua cuoi cung cua van de nghien
cuu co the dung cac cong cu trong statistics / custom table de tao ra cac bang bieu,
co the la bang mot chieu, bang nhieu chieu va cac bang bieu mo ta thong ke tuy
theo yeu cau cua van de nghien cuu
Bang bieu the hien tan so xuat hien (Tables of frequencies): cho phep chung ta tao
ra nhung bang bieu the hien tan so xuat hien cua mot hay nhieu bien don
Dang bang bieu co ban (Basic tables): The hien cac du lieu nghien cuu theo
dang bang cheo (cross-tabulation) giua hai bien hoac giua mot bien va mot
nhom cac bien.
Dang bang da bien (Multiple response tables): Giong nhu basic tables the hien
tan suat xuat hien va bang cheo, tuy nhien dang bang bieu nay cho phep ta xay
dung bang bieu cho cac cau tra loi da bien
Dang bang bieu tong hop (General tables): Giong nhu bang bieu co ban va da
tra loi. Cac du lieu duoc the hien duoi dang bang cheo, tuy nhien o dang bang
bieu nay cho phep nguoi phan tch the hien moi lien he giua mot bien voi
nhieu bien khac tren cung mot bang
e lap bang tan so cho bien nhieu tra loi ta dua bien vao hop thoai sau

Hnh 14: Hop thoai Multiple Response Frequencies

Sau day la ket qua tnh toan tu SPSS

Group $NOI_XEM (Noi xem bong da)

Pct of Pct of
Category label Code Count Responses Cases

Nha 1 164 63.1 97.6
Quan cafe 2 50 19.2 29.8
Bar 3 4 1.5 2.4
San van dong 4 41 15.8 24.4
Quan nhau 6 1 .4 .6
------- ----- -----
Total responses 260 100.0 154.8

0 missing cases; 168 valid cases

e lap bang cheo cho bien nhieu tra loi, ta chon mot bien don (khong nhat
thiet phai la bien thanh phan cua bien gop) va mot bien gop (Multiple
Response sets) dua vao cac hang va cot roi chon cac ket qua can tnh trong
Options, co the tnh t le phan tram theo so nguoi dieu tra trong mau hay so ket
qua tra loi. Ta co the tach bang cheo thanh nhieu lop dua vao cac gia tri cua
bien Layer(s)

Hnh 15: Hop thoai Multiple Response Crosstabs

Ket qua tnh toan cho trong bang sau day

* * * C R O S S T A B U L A T I O N * * *

$NOI_XEM (paired group) Noi xem bong da
by Q15B_1 A/C thch xem au nhat?

Q15B_1

Count Nha Quan cafe Bar Sn van Nha van
Row pct dong hoa Row
Col pct Total
Tab pct 1 2 3 4 5
$NOI_XEM
1 80 19 3 59 2 163
Nha 49.1 11.7 1.8 36.2 1.2 63.2
86.0 42.2 50.0 53.2 66.7
31.0 7.4 1.2 22.9 .8

2 9 18 1 20 1 49
Quan caf 18.4 36.7 2.0 40.8 2.0 19.0
9.7 40.0 16.7 18.0 33.3
3.5 7.0 .4 7.8 .4

3 0 3 1 0 0 4
Bar .0 75.0 25.0 .0 .0 1.6
.0 6.7 16.7 .0 .0
.0 1.2 .4 .0 .0

4 4 5 1 31 0 41
Sn van dong 9.8 12.2 2.4 75.6 .0 15.9
4.3 11.1 16.7 27.9 .0
1.6 1.9 .4 12.0 .0

6 0 0 0 1 0 1
Quan nhau .0 .0 .0 100.0 .0 .4
.0 .0 .0 .9 .0
.0 .0 .0 .4 .0

Column 93 45 6 111 3 258
Total 36.0 17.4 2.3 43.0 1.2 100.0

Percents and totals based on responses

167 valid cases; 1 missing cases

MO TA CO SO DU LIEU

I. MO TA DU LIEU BANG BIEU DO
1. Scatter
Chon mot bien cho Y-axis va bien khac cho X-axis. Cac bien nay phai la so
nhung khong nen o dinh dang ngay thang
Co the chon bien cho vao Set Markers. Moi gia tri cua bien nay se duoc danh
dau bang ky hieu khac nhau tren bieu do scatter. Bien nay co the la so hay
chuoi ky tu
Ta cung co the chon bien so hay chuoi ky tu dua vao Label Cases de dat nhan
cho cac diem tren bieu do
V du

Neu duoc chon, cac nhan gia tri (hay gia tri neu khong dinh ngha nhan) cua
bien nay duoc dung de gan nhan cho cac diem
Neu khong chon, so truong hop co the duoc dung de gan nhan cho cac cuc tri

Hnh 16: Hop thoai Scatterplot
Ta co bon cach de hien thi ket qua cua bieu do: simple la cach hien thi don gian
mot bien theo bien khac, overlay de hien thi nhieu bieu do giua nhieu cap bien
cung mot luc, matrix de hien thi bieu do cua nhieu bien so tung cap voi nhau, 3-D
hien thi bieu do cua ba bien trong khong gian ba chieu. Co the xem cac bieu do
minh hoa duoi day trnh bay lan luot theo thu tu tren

Duoi day ta ch minh hoa truong hop simple scatterplot, cac truong hop khac lam
tuong tu

Hnh 17: Hop thoai Simple Scatterplot

Employment Category
3.5 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 .5
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22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
Gender
Male
Female

2. Histogram
Bieu do histogram nhom cac gia tri cua bien vao cac nhom cach deu nhau vave
bieu do tuong ung voi so truong hop trong moi nhom. So truong hop co the
bieu thi theo phan tram, rat tien cho viec so sanh cac tap du lieu co kch thuoc
khac nhau. So truong hop hay phan tram cung co the duoc tch luy theo cac
nhom
Bieu do histogram co the ch ra cac cuc tri va do lech cua phan phoi. ieu nay
cho biet co the dung cac thu tuc co gia dinh phan phoi chuan de xu ly bien nay
khong

Hnh 18: Hop thoai Histogram
Educational Level (years)
22.0 20.0 18.0 16.0 14.0 12.0 10.0 8.0
200
100
0
Std. Dev = 2.88
Mean = 13.5
N = 474.00

3. P-P Plots
P-P Plots bieu dien phan phoi tch luy cua bien theo phan phoi tch luy cua
phan phoi da chon de kiem tra. Neu cac diem phan bo xung quanh duong
thang, phan phoi cua bien phu hop voi phan phoi da chon. Cac phan phoi co
san de kiem tra la beta, chi-square, exponential, gamma, half-normal, Laplace,
Logistic, Lognormal, normal, pareto, Student`s t, Weibull, va uniform. Tuy theo
phan phoi da chon ma xac dinh do tu do va cac tham so
Co the dung P-P Plots doi voi cac so lieu da duoc bien doi. Cac phep bien doi
co san la natural log, standardize values, difference, va seasonally difference.

Hnh 19: Hop thoai P-P Plots
Detrended Normal P-P Plot of Educational Level (years)
Transforms: natural log, difference (1)
Observed Cum Prob
1.2 1.0 .8 .6 .4 .2 0.0 -.2
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0.0
-.1

Normal P-P Plot of Educational Level (years)
Observed Cum Prob
1.00 .75 .50 .25 0.00
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1.00
.75
.50
.25
0.00

4. Q-Q Plot
Cong cu Q-Q Plot ve do thi cua cac diem phan vi (quantiles) cua phan phoi cua
bien theo cac phan vi cua mot phan phoi muon kiem tra. Cac do thi xac suat
thuong duoc dung de xac dinh xem phan phoi cua bien co phu hop voi phoi
muon kiem khong. Neu phu hop cac diem cua do thi se phan bo quanh mot
duong thang. Cac phan phoi co san de kiem tra la beta, chi-square,
exponential, gamma, half-normal, Laplace, Logistic, Lognormal, normal,
pareto, Student`s t, Weibull, va uniform. Tuy theo phan phoi da chon ma chung
ta xac dinh do tu do hay cac tham so can thiet. Co the dung Q-Q Plots doi voi
cac so lieu da duoc bien doi. Cac phep bien doi co san la natural log,
standardize values, difference, va seasonally difference.

Hnh 20: Hop thoai Q-Q Plots

Detrended Normal Q-Q Plot of Educational Level (years)
Standardized Observed Value
3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
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.2
.1
0.0
-.1
-.2
-.3
-.4

Normal Q-Q Plot of Educational Level (years)
Standardized Observed Value
3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4
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-1
-2
-3
-4

5. Box plot
Cong cu Box plot cho ta chon loai bieu do phu hop: simple hay clustered, va
cach mo ta du lieu tot nhat qua cac lua chon trong phan Data in Chart Are. Y
ngha cua lua chon nay se duoc trnh bay duoi day. Boxplots trnh bay median,
interquartile range, outliers, va extreme cases cua tung bien

Hnh 21: Hop thoai Boxplot
a. Neu chon Simple, ta co the co cac box plots nhu sau:
A. Summaries for Groups of Cases
Mot bien lay gia tri so se duoc tom tat theo ket qua cua mot bien khac. Moi
hop trnh bay median, quartiles, va extreme values cua mot ket qua. Can co
cac xac dinh toi thieu sau:
Bien lay gia tri so can tom tat
Bien tren truc Category

ua cac lua chon tren vao hop thoai sau


Hnh 22: Hop thoai Define Simple Boxplot
Ket qua xu ly cua SPSS

Employment Category

Case Processing Summary

Cases
Valid Missing Total
Employment Category N Percent N Percent N Percent
Educational Level
(years)
Clerical 363 100.0% 0 .0% 363 100.0%
Custodial 27 100.0% 0 .0% 27 100.0%
Manager 84 100.0% 0 .0% 84 100.0%

84 27 363 N =
Employment Category
Manager Custodial Clerical
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22
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6

B. Summaries of Separate Variables
Nhieu bien lay gia tri so duoc tom tat. Moi hop dai dien cho mot bien can tom
tat. Can co cac xac dinh toi thieu sau:
t nhat hai bien lay gia tri so


Hnh 23: Hop thoai Define Simple Boxplot: Summaries of Separate Variables

Ket qua xu ly boi SPSS nhu sau


Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
Educational Level (years) 474 100.0% 0 .0% 474 100.0%
Months since Hire 474 100.0% 0 .0% 474 100.0%

474 474 N =
Months since Hire Educational Level (y
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Manager Manager
Manager

b. Neu chon Scattered, ta co cac box plots nhu sau:
A. Summaries for Groups of Cases
Mot bien lay gia tri so se duoc tom tat trong cac cum duoc xac dinh boi mot
bien khac. Moi hop trong cum dai dien cho mot ket qua cua bien dung de dinh
ngha cum. Can co cac xac dinh toi thieu sau:
Bien lay gia tri so can tom tat
Bien tren truc Category (Category Variable 1).
Bien dinh ngha cum (Cat Var 2)



Hnh 24: Hop thoai Define Clustered Boxplot: Summaries for Groups of Cases

Ta duoc ket qua cho boi SPSS nhu sau

Employment Category*Minority Classification


Cases
Valid Missing Total
Employment
Category
Minority
Classification
N Percent N Percent N Percent
Educational
Level (years)
Clerical No 276 100.0% 0 .0% 276 100.0%
Yes 87 100.0% 0 .0% 87 100.0%
Custodial No 14 100.0% 0 .0% 14 100.0%
Yes 13 100.0% 0 .0% 13 100.0%
Manager No 80 100.0% 0 .0% 80 100.0%
Yes 4 100.0% 0 .0% 4 100.0%

4 13 87 80 14 276 N =
Employment Category
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Minority Classificat
No
Yes

B. Summaries of Separate Variables
Nhieu bien lay gia tri so duoc tom tat. Moi hop trong cum dai dien cho mot
bien can tom tat. Can co cac xac dinh toi thieu sau:
t nhat hai bien lay gia tri so (Var 1, Var 2, etc.)
Mot bien tren truc Category (Category Variable)


Hnh 25: Hop thoai Define Clustered Boxplot: Summaries of Separate
Variables
Ket qua trnh bay trong SPSS nhu sau

Employment Category


Cases
Valid Missing Total
Employment Category N Percent N Percent N Percent
Previous Experience
(months)
Clerical 363 100.0% 0 .0% 363 100.0%
Custodial 27 100.0% 0 .0% 27 100.0%
Manager 84 100.0% 0 .0% 84 100.0%
Months since Hire Clerical 363 100.0% 0 .0% 363 100.0%
Custodial 27 100.0% 0 .0% 27 100.0%
Manager 84 100.0% 0 .0% 84 100.0%

84 27 363 84 27 363 N =
Employment Category
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-100
Previous Experience
(months)
Months since Hire
No
Yes Yes
No
No
No
Yes
No No Yes No
No
No
No Yes
Yes
Yes No No
No
No
No
No
No
No

II. TOM TAT DU LIEU
Trnh bay cac du lieu nghien cuu thanh bang bieu (tabulation) thuong duoc su dung
de tom tat va phan tch cac ket qua nghien cuu. Co hai cong cu chnh su dung trong
viec tom tat va gan loc du lieu nghien cuu marketing:
Cong cu frequencies
Cong cu descriptives
Cong cu explore
1. Lap bang phan bo tan suat (Frequencies)
Cong cu Frequencies su dung cac thong so thong ke de mo ta cho nhieu loai bien,
day la mot buoc tot de chung ta bat dau khao sat du lieu. Chung ta co the khao sat
du lieu thong qua cac cong cu nhu: tan suat xuat hien, phan tram, phan tram tch
luy. Ngoai ra no con cung cap cho ta cac phep do luong thong ke nhu do tap trung
(central tendency measurement), do phan tan (dispersion), tu phan vi (Quartiles) va
cac phan vi (percentiles), phan phoi du lieu (distribution).
Lap bang nay ngoai viec tom tat du lieu, no con giup ta phat hien nhung sai sot
trong du lieu nhu, nhung gia tri bat thuong (qua lon hay qua nho) co the lam sai
lech ket qua phan tch thong ke, nhung gia tri ma hoa bat thuong do sai sot viec
nhap lieu hay ma hoa
e tien hanh lap bang don ta chon cong cu Statistic/sumarize/frequencies ta co hop
thoai nhu hnh 26

Hnh 26: Hop thoai Frequencies
Chuyen bien can mo ta sang hop thoai variable(s), SPSS ch cho phep cac bien
kieu so (numeric) va chuoi ngan - to da 8 ky tu (short string). Ta co the lua chon
mot hoac nhieu bien can khao sat
Cong cu Charts duoc dung de ve do thi cho du lieu, va cong cu Format duoc su
dung dinh ra kieu hien thi cua du lieu, theo thu tu tang dan hoac giam dan
Cong cu Statistics de truy xuat hop thoai nhu hnh 27. Trong hop thoai statistics
nay se bao gom cac cong cu de do luong cac gia tri thong ke cua du lieu nhu vi tr
tuong doi cua cac nhom gia tri, mat do tap trung va phan tan cua du lieu, nhung
dac tnh ve phan phoi cua du lieu (Distribution)


Hnh 27: Hop thoai Frequencies: Statistics
Cac diem phan vi (percentile values). uoc dung de xac dinh cac ranh gioi tuong
doi cua cac nhom quan sat tu mau quan sat, dieu luu y la du lieu can quan sat da
duoc xap xep thep thu tu tu thap den cao. Ta co cac diem chia du lieu thanh 4
phan bang nhau goi la tu phan vi (quartiles). Hoac ta co the chia du lieu theo cac
phan bang nhau cu the bang cach go so phan muon chia vao cong cu cuts points for
equal groups. Hoac ta co the xem cac diem phan vi cu the nao do tu cong cu
percentile(s). Su dung thanh Add de xac nhan so thu tu phan vi can quan sat, su
dung thanh Remove va Change de loai bo hoac thay doi su xac nhan ban dau
Do luong vi tr cua du lieu (central tendency measurement)
Gia tri trung bnh (Mean): La gia tri trung bnh so hoc cua mot bien, duoc tnh
bang tong cac gia tri quan sat chia cho so quan sat. ay la dac trung thuong
duoc dung cho thang do quang va ty le. Gia tri trung bnh co dac diem la chiu
su tac dong cua gia tri cua moi quan sat, do do day la thang do nhay cam nhat
doi voi su thay doi cua cac gia tri quan sat
Trung vi (Median): La gia tri nam giua day quan sat (neu luong quan sat la so
le) hoac la gia tri trung bnh cua hai quan sat nam giua (neu so luong quan sat
la so chan) day quan sat duoc xap xep theo thu tu tu nho den lon. ay la dang
cong cu thong ke thuong duoc dung de do luong muc do tap trung cua dang du
lieu thang do thu tu, no co dac diem la khong bi anh huong cua cac gia tri dau
mut cua day phan phoi, do do rat thch hop de phan tch doi voi du lieu co su
chenh lech lon ve gia tri o hay dau mut cua day phan phoi
Mode: La gia tri co tan suat xuat hien lon nhat cua mot tap hop cac so do, dang
nay thuong duoc dung doi voi dang du lieu thang bieu danh. Giong nhu trung
vi, mode khong bi anh huong boi gia tri dau mut cua day phan phoi
Do luong muc do phan tan cua du lieu (Dispersion)
Phuong sai (Variance): Dung de do luong muc do phan tan cua mot tap cac gia
tri quan sat xung quanh gia tri trung bnh cua tap quan sat do
o lech chuan (Standard deviation): la mot cong cu khac dung de do luong do
phan tan cua du lieu xung quanh gia tri trung bnh cua no. o lech chuan chnh
bang can bac hai cua phuong sai. V phuong sai la trung bnh cua cac bnh
phuong sai lech cua cac gia tri quan sat tu gia tri trung bnh, do do khao sat
phuong sai thuong cho cac gia tri rat lon, kho khan cho viec dien giai ket qua.
Su dung o lech chuan se giup de dang cho viec dien giai do cac ket qua dua
ra sat voi du lieu goc hon.
Khoang bien thien (Range): La khoang cach giua gia tri quan sat nho nhat va
gia tri quan sat lon nhat
Standard Error of Mean: uoc dung de do luong ve su khac biet ve gia tri trung
bnh cua mau nghien cuu nay so voi mau nghien cuu khac trong dieu kien co
cung phan phoi. No co the duoc dung trong so sanh gia tri trung bnh quan sat
voi mot gia tri ban dau nao do (gia thuyet) va ta co the ket luan hai gia tri nay
la khac nhau neu ty so giua hieu so cua hai gia tri doi voi standard error of
mean nam ngoai khoang (-2,+2)
Dac tnh phan phoi (Distribution):
Co hai dai luong do luong nhung dac tnh cua su phan phoi du lieu la;
o lech (Coefficient of Skewness, CS) cho ta biet dang phan phoi cua cac gia
tri quan sat co doi xung hay khong. Cong thuc tnh do lech nhu sau
( )
3
3
n

=
i
x
Skewness
CS = 0: Cac quan sat duoc phan phoi mot cach doi xung xung quanh gia tri
trung bnh
CS > 0: Cac quan sat tap trung chu yeu gan cac gia tri nho nhat (lech phai)
CS < 0: Cac quan sat tap trung chu yeu gan cac gia tri lon nhat (lech trai)
o nhon (Coefficient of Kurtosis, CK) dung de so sanh muc do phan tan cua
duong cong quan sat voi dang duong cong phan phoi chuan. CK cua phan phoi
chuan bang 3. Cong thuc tnh do nhon nhu sau
( )
4
4
n

=
i
x
Kurtosis
Tuy nhien trong cac phan mem ung dung he so Kurtosis la do do muc do phan
tan cua cac quan sat xung quanh gia tri trung bnh. oi voi phan phoi chuan gia
tri nay la 0. He so Kurtosis duong ngha la cac quan sat phan tan nhieu hon va
duoi phan phoi dai hon so voi phan phoi chuan, am ngha la cac quan sat phan
tan t hon va duoi phan phoi ngan hon.
2. Thong ke mo ta (Descriptive)
Su dung Statisticts\Summaries\Descriptives de mo hop thoai mo ta thong ke nhu
hnh 28

Hnh 28: Hop thoai descriptives va options
ay la mot dang cong cu khac co the duoc dung de tom tat du lieu va ch cho phep
thao tac tren dang du lieu so. uoc dung de the hien xu huong tap trung cua du
lieu (central tendency) thong qua gia tri trung bnh cua cac gia tri trong bien
(mean), va mo ta su phan tan cua du lieu thong qua phuong sai va do lech chuan.
Chuyen cac bien can tom tat vao hop thoai variables va nhap thanh options de lua
chon cac thong so thong ke can mo ta, nhu gia tri trung bnh-mean, Gia tri toi
thieu, gia tri toi da, phuong sai va do lech chuan, .
3. Cong cu Explore
Thu tuc Explore cho chung ta cac tom tat so lieu va cac bieu do cua toan bo so
lieu hay cua cac nhom so lieu rien biet. Ta co the dung thu tuc nay luoc qua so
lieu de phat hien cac gia tri bat thuong, xac dinh cac cuc tri (outliers), mo ta, kiem
tra gia thiet de xac dinh xem cac ky thuat thong ke dang dung de phan tch so lieu
co phu hop khong, co can phai bien doi so lieu neu ky thuat dang dung yeu cau so
lieu co phan phoi chuan hay phai dung cac phep kiem phi tham so, thu tuc explore
cung neu ra cac khac biet giua cac nhom nho
Statistics va plots cho ta tnh cac dac trung va ve bieu do cua so lieu. Cac thong ke
duoc tnh la mean, median, 5% trimmed mean, standard error, variance, standard
deviation, minimum, maximum, range, interquartile range, skewness va kurtosis va
standard errors cua chung, khoang tin cay cho trung bnh (confidence interval for
the mean) voi do tin cay tuy y, percentiles, Huber`s M-estimator, Andrew`s wave
estimator, Hampel`s redescending M-estimator, Tukey`s biweight estimator, 5 gia
tri lon nhat va 5 gia tri nho nhat, thong ke Kolmogorov-Smirnov statistic voi muc y
ngha Lilliefors de kiem tra gia thiet chuan, va thong ke Shapiro-Wilk, boxplots,
stem-and-leaf plots, histograms, normality plots, va spread-versus-level plots voi
phep kiem Levene va cac phep bien doi

Hnh 29: Hop thoai Explore

Neu chon Statistics ta co hop thoai sau


Hnh 30: Hop thoaiExplore: Statistics

M-estimator la mot uoc luong cho khuynh huong tap trung co phan biet trong so cho
cac gia tri khac nhau. Cac cuc tri duoc gan trong so thap hon cac gia tri gan tam. Khi
so lieu co phan phoi doi xung trai dai ve hai pha hay co cac cuc tri, M-estimators cho
uoc luong ve vi tr tot hon trung bnh va trung vi. Ta co bon uoc luong la Huber's M-
estimator, Andrews' wave estimator, Hampel's redescending M-estimator, va Tukey's
biweight estimator

M-Estimators

Employment
Category
Huber's M-
Estimator
Tukey's
Biweight
Hampel's M-
Estimator
Andrews'
Wave
Current Salary Clerical 26,748.94 26,355.50 26,767.65 26,349.30
Custodial 30,663.60 30,581.11 30,579.29 30,583.04
Manager 61,388.90 59,820.52 61,059.63 59,780.37

a The weighting constant is 1.339.
b The weighting constant is 4.685.
c The weighting constants are 1.700, 3.400, and 8.500
d The weighting constant is 1.340*pi.

Stem-and-Leaf Plots

Current Salary Stem-and-Leaf Plot for
JOBCAT= Clerical

Frequency Stem & Leaf

2.00 1 . 5
16.00 1 . 66666777
15.00 1 . 8899999
35.00 2 . 00000011111111111
44.00 2 . 2222222222222233333333
53.00 2 . 44444444444444455555555555
55.00 2 . 666666666666677777777777777
35.00 2 . 88888888999999999
30.00 3 . 00000001111111
19.00 3 . 222333333
17.00 3 . 44445555
11.00 3 . 66677
8.00 3 . 8899
8.00 4 . 000&
3.00 4 . 2&
12.00 Extremes (>=43950)

Stem width: 10000
Each leaf: 2 case(s)
& denotes fractional leaves.

PHAN TCH DU LIEU

Co nhieu phep kiem duoc su dung trong SPSS
Neu ta muon so sanh trung bnh cua mau voi mot gia tri co dinh nao do ta su
dung phep kiem One-sample T test.
Hoac neu muon so sanh trung bnh cua hai nhom, ta su dung kiem nghiem
Independent-samples T test.
e so sanh means cua hai bien duoc khao sat tu cung mot mau ta su dung kiem
nghiem Paired-samples T test.
Hoac voi truong hop ta co nhieu hon hai mau doc lap, can kiem nghiem trung
bnh ta co the dung ANOVA mot yeu to (One-way ANOVA).
Trong cac truong hop tren cac bien duoc kiem nghiem trung bnh doi hoi phai la
cac bien dinh luong va phan phoi phai la phan phoi chuan hay mau nghien cuu
phai du lon. Tuy nhien voi nhung truong hop bien quan sat la bien dinh luong
nhung la bien theo thang do thu tu, hoac so luong mau khong du lon hoac khong
thoa man dieu kien phan phoi chuan ta co the tien hanh kiem nghiem bang cong
cu Wilcoxon signed rank test (se tham khao trong phan Nonparametric test se duoc
gioi thieu trong chuong trnh SPSS nang cao)
Truoc tien ta se nghien cuu mot cong cu don gian trong phan tch du lieu la Means

I. MEANS
Cong cu Means dung de tnh toan cac gia tri trung bnh theo cac nhom nho va dua
cac ch so thong ke lien quan cho mot bien phu thuoc trong pham vi cac nhom cua
mot hay nhieu bien doc lap. Ta co the lua chon cac cong cu kem theo nhu phan
tch ANOVA mot yeu to, eta, va cac kiem nghiem tuyen tnh. V du ta co the do
luong muc do danh gia trung bnh ve mot show quang cao cua ba nhom tieu dung
khac nhau, cong nhan, sinh vien va cong chuc. Cong cu nay se cho ta mot bang
cheo the hien su danh gia cua ba nhom nguoi nay ve show quang cao duoc xem.
Cong cu nay don gian ch truy xuat cac ket qua thong ke quan sat duoc, cac phep
kiem khong duoc de cap trong phan nay
e thuc hien cong cu nay ta chon Compare Means/Means.. tu menus, ta co hop
thoai nhu hnh 19. Co the chon mot hay nhieu bien phu thuoc. Di chuyen vet den
den bien chua cac gia tri dinh luong ma ta can quan sat gia tri trung bnh cua cac
gia tri dinh luong do trong cac nhom xac dinh boi bien doc lap. Su dung mui ten
chuyen bien da chon vao hop thoai dependent list.
Cac bien phu thuoc trong bang Means phai la bien dinh luong va cac bien doc lap
thuong la cac bien dinh danh. Cac dai luong thong ke duoc su dung tuy thuoc vao
dang du lieu. Nhu mean va stadard deviation th dua tren ly thuyet phan phoi
chuan va thch hop cho cac bien dinh luong voi phan phoi doi xung. Cac dai luong
khac nhu median va range th thch hop cho cac bien dinh luong ma ta khong biet
lieu no co thoa man cac dieu kien ve phan phoi chuan hay khong. Ta co the lua
chon ANOVA va eta de thuc hien viec phan tch su bien thien mot chieu cho moi
bien doc lap. Eta va eta bnh phuong cho phep do luong cac moi tuong quan
Bien doc lap la bien dung de chia cac gia tri cua bien phu thuoc thanh nhung nhom
nho. Co hai cach de lua chon bien doc lap
Lua chon mot hoac nhieu bien doc lap. Luc nay cac ket qua cung nhu cac dai
luong thong ke kem theo se duoc the hien tren cac bang rieng biet cho moi
bien doc lap
Lua chon bien doc lap theo lop, moi bien doc lap trong mot lop, luc nay cac
ket qua va dai luong thong ke duoc the hien tren chung mot bang

Hnh 31: Hop thoai Means
Cong cu Options (hnh 32). Cho phep ta lua chon cac dai luong thong ke can khao
sat va ANOVA, Eta, va Eta bnh phuong (se duoc de cap chi tiet ve y ngha o phan
sau)


Hnh 32: Hop thoai Options

II. ONE-SAMPLE T TEST
Phep kiem mot mau duoc dung de kiem dinh xem gia tri trung bnh cua mot bien
co khac voi mot gia tri da cho khong. V du mot nha nghien cuu co the kiem dinh
xem ch so IQ trung bnh cua mot nhom sinh vien co bang 100 voi muc y ngha 5%
khong. Phuong phap kiem nghiem nay dung cho cac bien co thang do quang hay t
le.
Gia thiet H va cong thuc tnh t nhu sau
One-sample T test
H: Mean = Test Value
K: Mean Test Value
Ta co quy tac ket luan ve gia thiet H nhu sau:
Sig. nho (< 0.05 chang han) ngha la bac bo gia thiet H, ngha la trung bnh khac
voi test value.
Luu y la quy tac ket luan don gian nay co the ap dung cho hau het cac phep kiem.
tailed) Sig.(2
Mean of Error Standard
Difference Mean
t =
Tu Menus ta chon Compare Mean\One-Sample T Test. ta se co hop thoai

Hnh 33: Hop thoai One-Sample T Test
Lua chon bien can so sanh bang cach di chuyen vet den va chuyen den vao hop
thoai Test Variable(s), nhap gia tri can so sanh vao hop thoai Test Value.
Chon cong cu Options de xac dinh do tin cay cho kiem nghiem, mac dinh la 95%
va cach xu ly doi voi cac gia tri khuyet. Khi kiem nghiem cac bien ta se gap mot
vai gia tri khuyet trong cac bien do va van de o day la ta phai chon cach loai bo
cac gia tri khuyet do
Exclude cases analysis by analysis. Moi kiem nghiem T su dung toan bo cac
truong hop (cases) chua dung gia tri co y ngha doi voi bien duoc kiem nghiem.
ac diem cua lua chon nay la kch thuoc mau luon thay doi theo tung kiem
nghiem
Exclude cases listwise. Moi kiem nghiem T su dung ch nhung truong hop co
gia tri day du doi voi tat ca cac bien . Trong truong hop nay kch thuoc mau
luon khong doi trong tat ca cac phep kiem

Hnh 34: Lua chon cach xu ly gia tri khuyet
e tien hanh kiem nghiem T mot mau doi hoi du lieu phai dap ung gia dinh sau
Du lieu phai la phan phoi chuan, hoac
Kch thuoc mau phai du lon de duoc xem la xap x phan phoi chuan

III. INDEPENDENT-SAMPLES T TEST
Kiem nghiem nay dung cho hai mau doc lap, dang du lieu la dang thang do khang
cach hoac ty le
oi voi dang kiem nghiem nay, cac doi tuong can kiem nghiem phai duoc xep mot
cach ngau nhien vao hai nhom sao cho bat ky mot khac biet nao tu ket qua nghien
cuu la do su tac dong cua chnh nhom thu do, chu khong phai do cac yeu to khac.
V du nhu ta khong the dung phuong phap nay de so sanh thu nhap cua nam va nu
boi v thu nhap con bi anh huong lon boi trnh do hoc van va nghe nghiep. Hoac de
danh gia tac dong cua mot chuong trnh quang cao ta lua chon ra hai nhom khach
hang doc lap, nhom da xem qua chuong trnh quang cao va nhom chua xem qua
chuong trnh quang cao de danh gia muc do ua thch cua san pham da duoc quang
cao. O day ngoai cong cu thu la viec xem quang cao hoac khong xem, nha nghien
cuu phai bao dam khong ton tai yeu to nao dang ke tac dong den su danh gia ve
san pham, nhu gioi tnh, su tieu dung, trnh do, . Tom lai de so sanh gia tri trung
bnh (ve su ua thch, thu nhap, chi tieu, .) cua hai nhom doc lap ta phai thiet ke
th nghiem sao cho cac phan ung thu duoc cua nhom nay khong bi anh huong boi
nhom kia, va ngoai cac tac nhan can danh gia can phai chu y den cac tac dong
khac co the lam thay doi su phan ung thu nhan duoc giua hai nhom
Ve mat quy trnh, truoc khi di vao cac kiem nghiem trung bnh ta can phai tham
khao mot kiem nghiem khac ma ket qua cua no la rat quan trong cho cac kiem
nghiem trung bnh sau nay. Kiem nghiem Levene la phep kiem tnh dong nhat cua
phuong sai. O day ta kiem nghiem gia thuyet cho rang phuong sai cua cac mau
quan sat la bang nhau. Neu ket qua kiem nghiem cho ta muc y ngha nho hon 5%,
ta co the khong chap nhan gia thuyet cho rang phuong sai hai mau bang nhau. Chu
y trong mot so kiem nghiem nhu ANOVA, kiem nghiem t, . doi hoi phai tien
hanh phep kiem Levene truoc de xac dinh tnh dong nhat cua cac phuong sai. Ket
qua nay se anh huong den viec lua chon cac kiem nghiem trung bnh khac (Kiem
nghiem trung bnh voi phuong sai mau bang nhau hoac kiem nghiem trung bnh voi
phuong sai mau khong bang nhau)
Gia thiet H va cong thuc tnh t trong cac truong hop phuong sai bang nhau va khac
nhau nhu sau
Independent-Samples T Test:
H: Mean Difference = 0
K: Mean Difference 0
Lerenes Test:
H: Equal Variance
K: Unequal Variance
Equal Variance:

df = N
1
+N
2
-2
Unequal Variance:

1
2
1
1
N
S
= ,
2
2
2
2
N
S
=

e thuc hien viec so sanh nay ta vao Compare means\Independent sample t-
test.. Cac du lieu can so sanh nam trong cung mot bien dinh luong. e so sanh ta
tien hanh nhom cac gia tri thanh hai nhom nho bien grouping. Tu Menus ta duoc
hop thoai nhu hnh 35

+
+
+
=
2 1 2 1
2
2 2
2
1 1
2 1
N
1
N
1
2 N N
1)S (N 1)S (N
X X
t
=
2
2
2
1
2
1
N
S
N
S
2 1
X X
t
1 N 1 N
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
2 1
+
=
) (
df
tailed) Sig.(2
Difference Mean of Error Standard
Difference Mean
t =
tailed) Sig.(2
Difference Mean
t =

Hnh 35: Hop thoai Independent sample T-test
Di chuyen vet den vao bien dinh luong ma ta can so sanh gia tri trung bnh, chon
bang cach nhan nut mui ten de chuyen bien dinh luong do vao hop thoai Test
variable(s). Ta co the chon nhieu bien dinh luong de so sanh.
Di chuyen vet toi den bien dinh cac nhom can so sanh voi nhau (thuong la bien
dinh danh) di chuyen vao hop thoai Gouping variable. Cong cu Define Groups.
cho phep ta dinh ra hai nhom can so sanh voi nhau, nhu hnh 36

Hnh 36: Hop thoai Define Groups
Co hai cach dinh nhom so sanh:
Su dung gia tri cu the: nhap hai gia tri dai dien cho hai nhom can so sanh trong
bien vao o group 1 va group 2. V du de so sanh thoi gian tu hoc cua hai nhom
sinh vien nam nhat va sinh vien nam cuoi, ta dung bien loai sinh vien voi 4
nhom sinh vien duoc ma hoa nhu sau: sinh vien nam nhat, sinh vien nam hai,
sinh vien nam ba, sinh vien nam cuoi lan luot co ma la 1,2,3,4. Ta nhap gia tri 1
vao Group 1 va nhap gia tri 4 vao group 2. Luc do thoi gian tu hoc trung bnh se
duoc so sanh giua hai nhom sinh vien nam nhat va sinh vien nam cuoi.
Cach thu hai la su dung Cut point: nhap gia tri phan cach cac gia tri trong bien
thanh hai nhom. Toan bo cac truong hop co gia tri nho hon gia tri duoc nhap
vao trong cut point se dinh ra mot nhom, va toan bo cac truong hop co gia tri
lon hon hoac bang gia tri trong Cut point se tao ra mot nhom khac. V du ta
muon so sanh thoi gian tu hoc cua sinh vien hai nam dau va sinh vien hai nam
cuoi, ta nhap gia tri 3 (la gia tri ma hoa cua nhom sinh vien nam thu ba) vao
cut point, luc do ta tao duoc hai nhom sinh vien bao gom, sinh vien hai nam
dau (sinh vien nam thu nhat va sinh vien nan thu hai) va nhom sinh vien hai
nam cuoi (sinh vien nam ba va sinh vien nam cuoi) va se tien hanh so sanh so
thoi gian tu hoc trung bnh tren hai nhom sinh vien nay.
Cong cu Options o day co thao tac va y ngha giong cong cu Options da de cap
trong phan kiem nghiem T mot mau da de cap o phan truoc.
Cac gia dinh phai duoc thoa man khi dung kiem nghiem T cho hai mau doc lap
Khi dung kiem nghiem t cho hai mau co phuong sai bang nhau (co the kiem
dinh gia thiet nay bang thong ke Levene), cac quan sat phai doc lap, duoc lay
ngau nhien tu cac dam dong co phan phoi chuan voi phuong sai bang nhau
Dung kiem nghiem t cho hai mau co phuong sai khong bang nhau khi cac quan
sat phai doc lap, duoc lay ngau nhien tu tong the co phan phoi chuan.

IV. PAIRED-SAMPLES T TEST
ay la dang kiem nghiem dung cho hai bien co lien he voi nhau, du lieu dang
thang do quang hoac ty le. No tnh hieu so cua cac gia tri cua hai bien cho moi
truong hop va kiem nghiem xem hieu so trung bnh co khac 0 hay khong
Loi diem cua viec su dung kiem nghiem T cho mau cap la ta loai tru duoc nhung
yeu to tac dong ben ngoai vao nhom thu. V du de khao sat su ua thch cua hai loai
nuoc hoa chuan bi tung ra thi truong, tien hanh thu nghiem tren cung mot nhom
mau se cho nhung thong tin xac thuc hon ve su ua thch mui vi hai loai nuoc hoa
nay, tu do co the tap trung vao su khac biet tu nhien cua chung. Neu ta tien hanh
so sanh giua hai nhom mau doc lap voi nhau, ket qua khac biet co the do nhung
tac nhan khac gay ra nhu su khac biet ve con nguoi, ve nhan thuc, ve kinh nghiem
cung nhu cac yeu to ben ngoai khac. Phuong phap nay thch hop cho viec kiem
nghiem san pham, no kiem nghiem gia thuyet cho rang su khac biet giua hai trung
bnh mau la bang khong. Ta tu choi gia thuyet nay khi muc y ngha cua ket qua
kiem nghiem (significante) nho hon muc y ngha cho truoc (thuong la 5%).
ieu kien yeu cau cho loai kiem nghiem nay la kch co hai mau so sanh phai bang
nhau. Cac quan sat trong moi mau phai duoc thuc hien trong cung nhung dieu kien
giong nhau. Hieu so cac gia tri cua hai mau phai co phan phoi chuan hoac co mau
du lon de xap x phan phoi chuan. Phuong sai cua hai bien co the bang hoac khong
bang nhau (co the kiem nghiem qua phep kiem phuong sai Levene)
Gia thiet H va cong thuc tnh t nhu sau
Paired-Samples T Test
H: Mean Difference = 0
K: Mean Difference 0
e thuc hien viec so sanh nay ta vao Compare means\Paired-samples t-test..
Tu Menus ta duoc hop thoai nhu hnh 25:

Hnh 37: Phep kiem T cho mau cap

Chon hai bien can so sanh bang cach di chuyen vet den lan luot den hai bien can
quan sat, di chuyen bien can quan sat vao hop thoai Paired Variables bang nut
mui ten. Paired-samples t test con cho ta ket qua ve moi tuong quan giua hai bien
dang quan sat. Cho biet lieu hai bien nay co tuong quan voi nhau hay khong, do
tuong quan va chieu tuong quan (the hien o bang Paired samples correlation).

V. ONE-WAY ANOVA

ANOVA la mot cong cu thong ke dung de so sanh nhieu gia tri trung bnh voi
nhau. V du nhu trong nong nghiep nguoi ta muon biet ngu coc se phat trien nhu
tailed) Sig.(2
Difference Mean
t =
the nao khi su dung cac loai phan bon khac nhau. Nha nghien cuu muon biet lieu
tat ca cac loai phan bon tren co anh huong nhu nhau den su phat trien cua ngu coc
hay mot vai loai phan bon se co tac dung tot hon mot vai loai khac. e lam ro
dieu nay nguoi ta dung ANOVA kiem nghiem toc do phat trien trung bnh (co the
la luong ngu coc thu hoach, chieu cao cua cay, so luong trai trung bnh thu hoach
duoc, .) khi dung cac loai phan bon khac nhau, day chnh la cac gia tri trung bnh
duoc su dung trong thong ke.
ANOVA thuong kiem nghiem so luong mau lon hon hai, neu so luong mau bang 2
ta co the dung phuong phap tuong doi don gian hon la phep kiem t hai mau nhu da
de cap o phan tren. ANOVA duoc su dung rong rai trong thuc te boi v ta se gap
rat nhieu truong hop doi hoi ta phai kiem nghiem nhieu mau cung mot luc. Chu y
neu ta kiem tung cap lan luot bang phuong phap kiem nghiem t hai mau, moi lan
kiem kha nang sai la 5% (tuy thuoc vao muc y ngha ta mong muon). Do do khi
kiem nghiem tat ca cac cap mau lan luot ty le sai sot se tang len theo moi lan,
trong khi ANOVA cho phep ta kiem nghiem tat ca cac mau cung mot luc voi muc
do sai sot la 5%
e thuc hien kiem nghiem ANOVA, du lieu doi hoi phai thoa man mot so gia
thuyet sau:
Cac mau kiem nghiem phai doc lap va duoc chon ngau nhien
Cac mau su dung trong kiem nghiem phai co phan phoi chuan hoac kch thuoc
mau du lon de duoc xem nhu phan phoi chuan.
Phuong sai cua cac mau phai dong nhat (co the kiem nghiem dieu nay bang
phep kiem Levene)
Neu nhu cac mau nghien cuu khong thoa man cac dieu kien tren ta co the dung
phep kiem phi tham so (nonparametric) nhu phep kiem Kruskal-Wallis
Gia thiet H va cac cong thuc tnh toan trong ANOVA nhu sau
ONE-WAY ANOVA:
H:
1
=
2
= ...=
i
=... =
n

Sum of Squares Between Groups = SSB =
i
N
i
8
i
2
- N8
2
df = n -1
Sum of Squares Within Groups = SSW =
i
[
j
N
ij
X
i
2
- N
i
8
i
2
] df = N - n
Sum of Squares Total = SST =
ij
N
ij
X
ij
2
- N8
2
df = N - 1

Neu bac bo H:
1
=
2
= ...=
i
=... =
n,
tien hanh tiep Post hoc de xac dinh cac
trung bnh nao khac nhau. Phai lam Levene test truoc de xac dinh xem cac phuong
sai trong tung nhom co dong nhat khong.
V du minh hoa:
Cac nha che bien va phan pho coffee o thi truong Hoa Ky dang doi mat voi tnh
hnh bat on ve gia cua hat coffee. Trong mot nam gia cua hat coffee bien dong tu
$1.40 / pound (0.373 kg) len $2.50 / pound roi sau do lai tut xuong $2.03 / pound.
Nguoi ta xac dinh su bat on ve gia coffee nay la do tnh hnh hoat dong cua cac
nha che bien va phan phoi coffee va mot yeu to khac rat quan trong la van de han
han o Brazil, boi v Brazil san xuat ra 30% san luong coffee tren the gioi, do do thi
truong coffee rat nhay cam voi nhung bien chuyen ve thoi tiet (nguy co han han) o
Brazil.
e tao su on dinh cho hoat dong cua mnh mot nha phan phoi coffee muon loai bo
mat hang coffee Brazil ra khoi co cau hang hoa cua mnh. Tuy nhien truoc khi thuc
hien quyet dinh nay can phai can nhac lieu loai bo mat hang coffee Brazil co lam
giam doanh so cua cong ty hay khong. V vay cong ty thue mot cong ty nghien cuu
Marketing tien hanh kiem nghiem su ua thch mui vi coffee cua khach hang tieu
dung coffee tren thi truong. Cong ty tien hanh khao sat ba nhom khach hang duoc
chon ngau nhien bao gom nhom khach hang chuyen tieu dung coffee Brazil, nhom
khach hang chuyen tieu dung coffee Colombia va nhom khach hang chuyen tieu
dung coffee Chau Phi (day la 3 loai coffee duoc tieu dung chu yeu cua cong ty).
Chu y cong ty loai tru nhung nhom khach hang tieu dung nhieu loai coffee khac
nhau de bao dam tnh doc lap cua cac mau duoc chon, va do nghien cuu ve mui vi
nen doi hoi phai chon nhung khach hang co gu tieu dung rieng biet. O day cong ty
muon xac dinh xem lieu co su khac biet ve muc do ua thch doi voi ba loai coffee
(se cho khach hanh thu ba loai coffee va khao sat muc do ua thch chung) va neu
co su khac nhau th su khac nhau do xay ra o nhung loai nao.
Dua vao ket qua phan tch ANOVA ta biet lieu muc do ua thch trung bnh cua ba
nhom khach hang tren co giong nhau khong. Neu khac nhau th ta tien hanh tiep
cac phep kiem trong Post Hoc de xac dinh nhung khac biet cua tung nhom khach
hang ve loai coffee da thu.
88653535061.984 9 9850392784.665 92.779 .000
49262960374.356 464 106170173.221
137916495436.340 473
Between
Groups
Within
Groups
Total
Current
salary
Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig.
ANOVA
Sau khi dung ANOVA khao sat su khac biet giua cac mau. Neu ta co du co so de
ket luan la khong co su khac biet giua cac mau, ta co the ket thuc cong viec (viec
loai bo coffee brazil khong gay anh huong den doanh so, nguoi tieu dung co the
chuyen sang coffee comlobia hoac chau Phi mot cach de dang). Tuy nhien khi ta
loai bo gia thiet ve su ngang bang giua cac muc do ua thch, ta phai xac dinh tiep
su khac biet xay ra o dau giua cac mau kiem nghiem. Chung ta can phai xac dinh
huong va do lon cua cac khac biet nay bang cach lan luot so sanh cac mau voi
nhau (nguoi tieu dung coffee brazil co the thch coffee comlombia hon coffe chau
Phi, hoac nguoi tieu dung coffee brazil danh gia coffee brazil ngang bang voi
coffee colombia, trong khi muc do ua thch coffee chau Phi th thap hon do do de
giam thieu su mat doanh so ban coffee brazil khi loai bo mat hang nay cong ty nen
tang luong coffee comlombia tieu thu tren thi truong), cac cong cu thong ke trong
Post Hoc cho phep ta thuc hien cong viec nay.
Phan tch phuong sai mot yeu to la tien trnh phan tch phuong sai mot bien dinh
luong phu thuoc vao mot yeu to don le hay con goi la bien doc lap. Phan tch
phuong sai (ANOVA) duoc dung de kiem nghiem gia thuyet cho rang tat ca cac
gia tri trung bnh deu bang nhau. Ky thuat nay la mot dang mo rong cua kiem
nghiem T hai mau.

e xac dinh su khac biet giua cac gia tri trung bnh chung ta co the muon biet
nhung gia tri trung bnh nao khac biet. Co hai cach de so sanh su khac biet nay la
kiem nghiem priori contrasts va post hoc . Contrasts la kiem nghiem duoc dua ra
truoc khi thuc hien phep thu, va post hoc la kiem nghiem duoc thuc hien sau khi
phep thu da duoc thuc hien. Chung ta con co the kiem nghiem nhung xu huong qua
cac nhom
One-Way ANOVA Contrasts
Chung ta co the chia tong bnh phuong do lech giua cac nhom (SSB) thanh cac
thanh phan the hien xu huong hay xac dinh priori contrasts.
Polynomial chia SSB thanh cac thanh phan the hien xu huong. Chung ta co the
kiem xem bien phu thuoc co thay doi theo cac muc do (theo mot thu tu nao do)
cua bien yeu to theo mot xu huong nao khong. Chang han nhu chung ta co the
kiem xem tien luong co thay doi theo xu huong tuyen tnh qua cac loai cong viec
tu thap den cao khong?
Degree Co the chon da thuc cap 1, 2, 3, 4, hay 5

Coefficients Bang thong ke t chung ta da xac dinh priori contrasts de kiem
nghiem. Nhap cac he so cho tung nhom cua bien yeu to va nhap Add sau moi lan
nhap. Moi gia tri moi duoc dua vao cuoi danh sach he so. e xac dinh them mot
bo contrasts, nhap Next. Dung Next va Previous de xem cac tap contrasts.
Thu tu cua cac he so rat quan trong v no tuong ung voi thu tu tang dan cua cac gia
tri cua bien yeu to. He so thu nhat tuong ung voi gia tri nho nhat va he so cuoi
cung tuong ung voi gia tri lon nhat. Chang han neu co 6 gia tri trong bien yeu to,
cac he so 1, 0, 0, 0, 0.5, va 0.5 se tuong phan nhom thu nhat voi nhom thu nam va
thu sau. Trong hau het cac ung dung, tong cac he so la 0. Neu tong khac 0 quy
trnh cung duoc thuc hien nhung se co thong bao luu y
V du
Banh ran hap thu dau an hay mo theo nhung so luong khac nhau khi ta ran banh
Mot th nghiem duoc thuc hien tren ba loai chat beo gom dau phong, dau ngu coc
va mo lon. Dau phong va dau ngu coc la chat beo khong bao hoa, mo lon la chat
beo bao hoa. Ngoai viec xac dinh luong chat beo hap thu co phu thuoc vao loai
dau su dung hay khong, ta con co the tien hanh kiem nghiem priori contrasts de
xac dinh luong chat beo hap thu co phu thuoc vao tnh chat bao hoa hay khong bao
hoa cua chat beo duoc su dung hay khong. Khi da xac dinh duoc su khac biet giua
cac gia tri trung bnh, cac kiem nghiem post hoc range va pairwise multiple
comparisons co the xac dinh duoc nhung gia tri trung bnh nao khac biet. Range
tests xac dinh duoc nhung nhom gia tri trung bnh dong nhat (khong ton tai su khac
biet giua cac gia tri trung bnh nay). Kiem nghiem Pairwise multiple comparisons
cho biet su khac biet giua cac cap gia tri trung bnh va dua ra mot ma tran danh
dau hoa thi ch ra nhung cap gia tri trung bnh co khac biet dang ke o muc y ngha
5%
Khi gia thuyet ve su dong nhat cua cac phuong sai duoc chap nhan (thong qua
kiem nghiem Levene) ta co cac phuong phap kiem nghiem thong ke sau de so
sanh cac trung bnh:
The least significant difference (LSD) la phep kiem tuong duong voi viec su
dung phep kiem t lan luot cho toan bo cac cap bien. Yeu diem cua phuong
phap nay la no khong dieu chnh muc y ngha cho tuong thch voi viec so sanh
nhieu bien cung mot luc. Do do dan den do tin cay khong cao. Cac kiem
nghiem sau day loai bo duoc yeu diem nay bang cach dieu chnh muc y ngha
khi phai dong thoi so sanh nhieu bien.
Phep kiem Bonferroni va Tukey`s honestly significant difference duoc su
dung cho hau het cac so sanh da boi. Sidak`s t test cung duoc su dung tuong tu
nhu Bonferroni nhung no cung cap nhung gioi han chat che hon (?). Khi tien
hanh kiem nghiem mot so luong lon cac cap trung bnh Tukey`s honestly
significant difference test se hieu qua hon la Bonferroni test. Va nguoc lai
Bonferroni thch hop hon cho cac kiem nghiem co so luong cap so sanh t.
Hochberg`s GT2 cung giong nhu Tukey`s honestly significant difference test
nhung thong thuong Tukey`s test hieu qua hon. Gabriel`s pairwise
comparisons test th giong nhu Hochberg`s GT2 nhung no thuong duoc su
dung khi cac co mau co su sai biet lon
Phep kiem Dunnett`s pairwise duoc dung de so sanh cac gia tri trung bnh cua
cac mau voi mot ga tri trung bnh cu the duoc lay tu trong tap cac mau so sanh.
Thong thuong mac dinh mau cuoi cung la nhom kiem soat, hoac ta co the lua
chon nhom dau tien la nhom kiem soat, luc do cac gia tri trung bnh cua cac
nhom trong bien doc lap se duoc so sanh voi gia tri trung bnh cua nhom dau
tien hoac nhom sau cung cua bien doc lap
Ryan, Einot, Gabriel, and Welsch (R-E-G-W) dua ra hai buoc kiem nghiem.
au tien tien hanh kiem nghiem toan bo cac gia tri trung bnh xem co bang
nhau hay khong. Neu toan bo cac gia tri trung bnh khong bang nhau th buoc
thu hai se kiem nghiem su khac biet giua cac nhom nho voi nhau de tm ra
nhung nhom nao that su khac biet ve gia tri trung bnh. Tuy nhien viec kiem
nghiem nay khong nen thuc hien doi voi truong hop kch co mau cua cac nhom
khong ngang bang nhau
Thong thuong khi kch thuoc mau khong ngang bang giua cac nhom.
Bonferroni va Scheffe la hai phuong phap kiem nghiem duoc lua chon hon la
phuong phap Tukey
Duncan`s multiple range test, Student-Newman-Keuls (S-N-K), va Tukey`s
b cung tuong tu tuy nhien no t duoc su dung nhu cac phuong phap tren.
Kiem nghiem Waller-Duncant duoc su dung khi cac kch thuoc mau khong
bang nhau
Phuong phap Scheffe cho phep kiem nghiem cac ket hop tuyen tnh cua nhung
gia tri trung bnh, khong ch so sanh giua cac cap. Chnh v vay ket qua cua
kiem nghiem Scheffe thuong than trong hon cac phuong phap kiem nghiem
khac, no doi hoi mot su khac biet lon giua cac gia tri trung bnh de bao dam su
khac biet that su
Khi gia thiet ve su dong nhat cua cac phuong sai khong duoc chap nhan ta se
su dung cac phep kiem Tamhane`s T2, Dunnett`s T3, Games-Howell,
Dunnett`s C de so sanh cac cap gia tri trung bnh cua cac nhom
e thuc hien phep kiem ANOVA ta vao Comapre means\One-Way ANOVA. tu
thanh menus de truy xuat ra hop thoai nhu hnh 26. Di chuyen vet toi den cac bien
dinh luong can phan tch, chuyen sang hop thoai Dependent List. Chon bien kiem
soat, con goi la bien doc lap (yeu cau phai co ba gia tri tro len), dua vao hop thoai
Factor. Bien kiem soat nay cho phep ta phan cac gia tri cua bien phu thuoc thanh
nhieu nhom de so sanh. ANOVA cho phep ta dua ra ket luan lieu cac trung bnh
cua cac nhom co bang nhau hay khong.

Hnh 38: Phan tch ANOVA mot yeu to

Neu muc y ngha cua phep kiem ANOVA nho (thuong so voi 5%), ta tien hanh so
sanh tiep cac cap gia tri trung bnh cua cac nhom bang cong cu Post Hoc nhu trong
hop thoai hnh 39 va lua chon cac phuong phap kiem nghiem thch hop

Hnh 39: Cong cu Post Hoc de so sanh cac cap trung bnh trong ANOVA

Lua chon Options cho ta hop thoai nhu hnh 40. Ta co the hien thi cac thong ke mo
ta bang cach chon Descriptive va kiem dinh tnh dong nhat cua phuong sai bang
thong ke Levene (ket qua kiem dinh nay quyet dinh su lua chon phuong phap
kiem nghiem trong phan Post Hoc). Cong cu Means Plot dung de hien thi do thi
ve gia tri trung bnh cua cac nhom. Cong cu Missing Values dung de kiem soat cac
gia tri khuyet nhu da trnh bay o cac phan truoc

Hnh 40: Lua chon Options trong ANOVA

Cac gia dinh phai duoc thoa man khi dung phan tch ANOVA mot yeu to
Cac mau du lieu phai doc lap, duoc chon ngau nhien tu mot tong the phan phoi
chuan
Trong tong the cac phuong sai cua cac mau du lieu phai bang nhau (dieu nay
se duoc kiem nghiem bang thong ke Levene
Lerenes Test:
H: Homogeneity of Variance
Equal Variances:
Co the dung cac tests nhu LSD, Bonferroni, Sidak, Scheffe, Tukey...
Unequal Variances:
Co the dung cac tests nhu Tamhane's T2, Dunnett's T3, Games-Howell...
Test of Homogeneity of Variances
Current Salary
14.473 9 464 .000
Levene
Statistic df1 df2 Sig.

DAI HOC KINH TE TP HCM

PHAN TCH VA
XU LY SO LIEU
BANG SPSS

TH.S TRAN QUANG TRUNG
KHOA QUAN TRI KINH DOANH

DAO HOAI NAM
KHOA THUONG MAI-DU LICH

HD Phan Tich Va Xu Ly So Lieu Bang SPSS

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