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- lc cn khng kh;
P
i
- lc cn dc;
P
j
- lc cn qun tnh.
Tnh cho trng hp xe ln dc (cho dc l 10%): sin = 0,1 => 6
o
Hnh 2.1: Cc lc tc dng ln t trong trng hp tng qut
Trang | 42
- Lc cn ln c tnh:
P
f
= f.Z
1
+ f.Z
2
= G.cos.f
[2.3]
Trong : P
f
- lc cn ln;
Z1,Z2-phn lc php tuyn ca ng tc dng ln bnh xe trc v sau;
G- l trng lng ca t;
Do P
f
=0,015.9810.cos6
o
= 146,34 [N].
- Lc cn khng kh: P
= k.F.v
2
= 0,25.2. 11,11
2
= 61,72 [N].
- Lc cn ln dc c tnh:
P
i
= G.sin - sin l dc ca mt ng, nu dc l 10% (sin = 0,1),
P
i
= 9810.0,1 =981 [N].
-Lc qun tnh: P
j
=
. G a
g
[2.4]
vi a l gia tc ca xe. Chn gia tc a = 0,5(m/s
2
)
P
j
=
500 [N].
T nhng tnh ton trn, thay cc gi tr tnh c vo biu thc [2.2] ta c:
P
k
= 146,34 +61,72+ 981 + 500 =1689,06 (N)
Thc t phng trnh cn bng lc ko ca t in khng nht thit phi xut hin 4
lc cn cng lc.
+Trong trng hp t ln dc chy u v vn tc nh, c th b qua lc qun tnh
v lc cn khng kh
P
k1
= P
f
+ P
i
= 146,34 + 981 = 1127,34(N)
+Trong trng hp t chy ng bng xe chy tc ti a th xem nh
khng tn ti lc cn ln dc v lc qun tnh.
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P
k2
= P
f
+ P
[2.6]
N
kdc
=
[W]
-Chn thng s ng c in
+ in p s dng: DC24V
+ Cng sut ng c in chn l: N
edc
= 2600 W
+ Hiu sut trung bnh ca ng c in l 90%
+ Dng nh mc l 108 A
+ S vng quay: 600 vng/pht
+ Mmen xon cc i: M
emax
=
dm
P
[2.7]
M
emax
=
66
6
138[Nm]
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CHNG 3: THIT K MCH IU KHIN.
3. H IU KHIN.
Hnh 3.1 l s nguyn l phn iu khin BLDC. V tr rotor ca
BLDC c c thng qua 3 cm bin Hall.Tn hiu ny c lc nhiu v m,
sau a vo BLDC controller v mch Hall pulses. Phn BLDC controller
da vo tn hiu t vi iu khin v tn hiu t cm bin Hall ri a ra tn hiu
ph hp n Mosfet driver iu khin ng c. Mch Hall pluses gm 2 cng
X-OR c chc nng ging nh mt encoder, to xung tng ng khi ng c
quay.
Hnh 3.1:S nguyn l mch iu khin BLDC.
IC MC33035 c 24 chn, dng in 3 pha ra trn chn 19,20,21 v tn
hiu ba pha a vo trn cc chn 4,5,6. Cc cng ra khc l chn 24,1,2. Cm
bin dng a vo chn 9 v 15. Mch dao ng nt nh tn theo in tr RT
trn chn 8,10 v t in CT trn chn 10 v masse. Chn 8 l cng ra ca mc
in p chun. Chn 3 nhn tn hiu o chiu quay. Chn 22 chn gc pha ca
cc tn hiu cng ra. Chn 7 kim sot dng cng ra. IC lm vic vi chn 16
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ni masse v ngun Vcc vo chn 18 ( v c trn chn 17). Chn 23 nhn tn
hiu to tc dng phanh. Hnh 3.2.
Hnh 3.2:Cu to IC MC33035.
S khi bn trong MC33035 c trnh by trong hnh 3.3. Tn hiu
iu khin v tn hiu hi tip t cc cm bin Hall c a vo khi Rotor
position decoder. Khi ny gii m tn hiu t ba cm bin Hall v a ra xung
iu khin tng ng nh trong hnh 3.5. MC33035 iu khin tc ng c
bng cch iu rng xung 3 kha tng di.
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Hnh 3.3: S khi chc nng ca IC MC33035.
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Hnh 3.4:Mch in ng dng ca IC MC33035.
S cho thy mch ng dng, dng IC MC33035 lm quay mt
motor cm ng 3 pha. Dng ra ly trn cc chn 21, 20, 19 v 2, 1, 24. Khi vnh
nam chm quay, ta ly tn hiu bng cc IC Hall, cc tn hiu ny cho hi tip
vo trn cc chn 4, 5, 6. Cc chn khc c tc dng chn mode vn hnh v
iu khin lc quay ca motor.
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Hnh 3.5:Gi tr cng ra ca MC33035.
Hnh 3.6:iu rng xung ca MC33035.
rng xung c c do b so snh in p gia chn s 10-chn dao
ng dng tam gic do dao ng trn RT v CT v chn s 13-PWM input. Hnh
3.6 cho thy MC33035 so snh hai tn hiu analog. Trong khi giao tip t vi x
l ti MC33035 l PWM. Do m hnh iu khin tc ng c bng cch
nng tn hiu PWM ln tn hiu p cao, v a vo chn s 13. Nh trong hnh
3.7 vi VA l nhn tn hiu PWM t vi x l, VB=0.
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Hnh 3.7: iu khin PWM theo 2 cng vo.
Trong mch iu khin ng c ny cn c phn bo qu dng in,
nhm bo v FET trong trng hp qu dng.S nguyn l hnh 3.8.
Hnh 3.8: Mch bo v qu dng cho MOSFET.
Mch n gin ch gm khuch i in p trn in tr Rs, in tr o
dng qua MOSFET. in p ti im ITRIP (sau khi c khuch i) ny
mang thng tin dng in qua MOSFET, c so snh vi in p tham chiu
bi op amp LM358. Gi tr tham chiu ny c thit lp sao cho khi ng c
lm vic bnh thng th n ln hn gi tr p trn im ITRIP. Mt khi qu
dng xy ra im ITRIP ny s tc ng lm BLDC controller ngt tn hiu
cng ra. Tn hiu qu dng ny cng c bo v cho vi x l bit qua opto
cch ly Pc917.
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3.1. B iu khin.
3.1.1. S khi mch iu khin xe in.
Hnh 3.9. S khi mch iu khin xe in.
H thng iu khin vi tay khin (quen gi l tay gar, lm tng gim
tc) dng linh kin bn dn lm vic theo hiu ng Hall (1), y l mt dng
linh kin cm ng theo t trng. V kha in c tc dng lm thng xe (2). Xe
hot ng vi ngun c-qui thng l 36V (12V x3), dng mch n p
vi cc transistor v cc diode Zener (13) c cc mc p n nh dng cp
cho cc mch in khc, cn dng mch o mc p ngun (14) cho hin th
bng Led v cng dng mch bo ht ngun (15), v nhiu mch ch bo khc.
Trong mch, dng mt IC iu chnh cng sut theo dng xung iu bin
rng TL494. Trong IC c mch to ra dng sng tam gic (5) (hay dng rng
ca) v mch ly mu chuyn tn hiu ra dng xung iu bin rng PWM
(6). C mch to ra mc p n nh 5V dng lm mc p mu (4) cp cho cc
tng so p. Mch ct ngun khi phanh (3). ng c cn mt ngun quay bng
in, ta dng motor DC hay dng motor cm ng t (11), ngang motor
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phi dng diode (12) dp in p nghch pht ra t cc cun cm trong motor.
Tng cng sut (8) thng l cc transistor MOSFET loi cng sut, n ng
m theo xung iu bin rng (PWM) trn cc Cng, tn hiu ny qua tng
khuch i thc (7) vi cc transistor loi hai mi ni, xung PWM kch thch
vo cc Cng (Gate) ca cc transistor MOSFET. Trn cc Ngun (Source)
ta t mt in tr nh Ohm (9) ly tn hiu cp cho mch to tc ng
hi tip nghch (10). Tc dng hi tip nghch dng n nh hot ng ca
mch iu khin trong IC494, qua mch hi tip ta c th n nh mc
quay ca motor.
3.1.2. Mch iu khin ng c xe in.
Hnh 3.10: Mch iu khin xe in s dng IC MC 33035.
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Trong mch ta s dng IC MC33035 vn hnh mt motor DC, n to
xung iu bin rng PWM cho ra trn chn 19, tn hiu ny kch thch cc
transistor cng sut MOSFET Q1, Q2 cp dng cho motor DC (mc trn
chn Drain). Ngang motor t mch dp in p nghch vi D1, C2 (0.01uF) v
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R2 (56). Chn s 8 cho ra mc p mu cp cho IC Hall H trong tay gar dng
chnh tc quay v cp cho tng so p A hin th trng thi hot ng ca
motor. Tn iu hi tip ly trn in tr R5 (0.05) tr v chn 9 qua mch lc vi
R16 (1K) v t C (4.7uF), tc dng ca ng hi tip l n nh lc quay ca
motor.Ngi ta dng IC HA17555 to tn hiu dng xung a ra trn chn 3
qua tng khuch i vi Q4 v vo chn s 7 tt m mch.Ngi ta dng
Relay ng m tip im l kim nhm tt m motor. Mch dng cc IC n p
LM317T v LM7805 to ra cc ng ngun n p +24V v +5V cp in
cho cc mch khc. Trong mch dng 2 kha in to chc nng phanh t
bn tay tri v t tay phi. Mch lm vic vi ngun c-qui 24V (do 2 c qui
12V ghp ni tip).
Hnh nh mch iu khin ng c :
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ng c BLDC , khng chi than , c IC HALL (250W).
Mch gm cc linh kin:
+) 1 IC MC33035 (1030V).
+)MOSFET: 3 IRF540, 3 IRF9510 (3 thun , 3 nghch).
+) 6 tranzittor: phn cng sut.
+)1 tr cng sut : hi tip dng phn hi cho IC(0,1/ 20W).
+)1 IC n p (15V): cp ngun cho IC MC 33035.
+)1 it chnh lu (10A).
+)1 it n p(12+5).
+)6 it chng dng phn hi t ng c lm nng Tranz hoc chy Tranz.
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Nguyn l hot ng ca mch:
Ngun 24V c cp n it chng ngc, dng in i n mch cu sau n
IC n p (cp ngun cho IC MC 33035 hot ng). IC MC33035 s iu khin 6
mosfet (3 thun, 3 nghch).
IC MC33035 s nhn tn hiu t cm bin Hall t trong ng c iu khin 6
mosfet ng /ngt iu khin ng c.
3.2. M PHNG H TRUYN NG CA NG C.
H truyn ng BLDC c m phng s dng Matlab/Simulink.M hnh
ng c BLDC, ngun 1 chiu,b bin i cng sut IGBT c ly trong th
vin SimPowerSystem ca Simulink,khi gii m tn hiu Hall c ly t
demo ca Matlab.
Hnh 3.11:S m phng h truyn ng BLDC trn Simulink.
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Khi gii m tn hiu Hall:
Hnh 3.12:Khi gii m tn hiu Hall.
Khi iu khin di tr dng in Hysteresis Current Control-HCC:
Hnh 3.13:Khi iu khin di tr dng HCC.
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Kt qu m phng:
Hnh 3.14:p ng tc v moment.
Ta thy rng moment ca ng c tn ti cc nhp nh. Cc nhp nh ny
c th chia thnh 2 loi: nhp nh do khu PWM ca b iu chnh dng v
nhp nh do chuyn mch dng in. Loi th nht l nhp nh do khu PWM
c th b qua v cc nhp nh ny c bin nh v tn s ln, khi ni ng c
vo ti (c tnh cht qun tnh) nhp nh ny gn nh b lc b hon ton. Loi
nhp nh th hai l nhp nh do chuyn mch dng in, c tn s l 6 ln trong
1 chu k. y l nhp nh c bin ln v tn s nh, s gy rung v lc ng
c, khi chy tc thp s kh n nh tc .
Hnh 3.15:Nhp nh moment do PWM v do chuyn mch dng in.
Trang | 58
Sc phn in ng dng sng hnh thang:
Hnh 3.16:Sc phn in ng.
Dng in 3 pha c iu khin:
Hnh 3.17:Dng in 3 pha.
Dng in v sc in ng 3 pha ca BLDC khi v trn cng 1 h trc
ta cho ta thy tnh cht 1 chiu ca ng c:
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Hnh 3.18:Dng in v sc in ng 3 pha.
Qu o t thng ca ng c khi khng ti c dng hnh trn:
Hnh 3.19:Qu o t thng khi khng ti.
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Khi c ti qu o t thng xut hin cc bc ti thi im chuyn mch:
Hnh 3.20:Qu o t thng khi c ti.
Hnh 3.21:S chuyn mch dng in khng l tng v p mch PWM.
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KT LUN
Sau mt khong thi gian ngn thc hin ti n, cng vi n
lc c gng ca bn thn s gip tn tnh ca cc thy c gio, bn b cng
lp, n nay em hon thnh ti ca mnh. Trong ti ca mnh em
tm hiu v thc hin c cc yu cu sau:
- Tm hiu tng quan v h thng iu khin ng c in trn xe in .
- i su vo nghin cu ng c in 1 chiu BLDC (
Brushless DC motor) .
- Tnh ton la chn ng c in.
- Thit k mch iu khin v m phng mch.
Tuy nhin do thi gian c hn cng nh trnh ca bn thn cn nhiu hn
ch nn ti thc hin cn nhiu thiu st nh:
- Tnh ton thit k mch, ngun in, ng c cha ti u ha.
Em rt mong nhn c s ch bo, sa cha ng gp kin ca cc thy
c gio, cc bn trong lp em c th thu hin v hon thnh ti c tt
hn.
Mt ln na em xin chn thnh cm n s ch bo, hng dn tn tnh ca,
Th.S Luyn Vn Hiu, cc thy c trong khoa, cc bn b trong lp gip
em trong qu trnh thc hin ti.
Em xin chn thnh cm n!
Hng Yn, ngy 10 thng 5 nm 2014.
Sinh vin thc hin.
Phm Minh Tun.
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TI LIU THAM KHO
1. GS.TSKH Thn Ngc Hon (2005), My in, Nh xut bn xy dng.
2. GS.TSKH Thn Ngc Hon, TH.S Mai Xun Minh (2008), M phng
ng c mt chiu khng chi than, Tp ch khoa hc v cng ngh
Hng Hi.
3. AN914 (2005), 3-Phase BLDC Motor Control With Sensorless Back
EMF Zero Crossing Detection Using 56F80x, Freescale Semiconductor.
4. AN857 (2002), Bruless DC Motor Control Made Easy, Ward Brown
Microchip Technology Inc.
Cc webside tham kho:
5. http://www.dientuvietnam.net
6. http://www.diendandien.com
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MC LC
LI M U .......................................................................................................... 1
CHNG 1. TNG QUAN V H THNG IU KHIN NG C IN TRN
XE IN............................................................................................................... 2
1.ng c in mt chiu. ................................................................................... 2
1.1. Phn loi ng c in mt chiu. ................................................................ 2
1.2. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca ng c in mt chiu. ..................... 4
1.3. Phng trnh cn bng ca ng c................................................................. 8
1.4. c tnh c ca ng c in 1 chiu. .......................................................... 9
1.5. Khi ng ng c mt chiu........................................................................ 11
1.6.iu chnh tc ng c mt chiu. ............................................................ 12
1.7.Tn hao v hiu sut my in mt chiu...................................................... 14
1.8. Mt s s iu khin ng c mt chiu. ................................................. 15
2. ng c in BLDC. ........................................................................................ 19
2.1. Gii thiu chung v ng c BLDC. ............................................................. 19
2.2. Cu to ng c BLDC.................................................................................. 20
2.3. Cu trc ng c BLDC. ............................................................................... 21
2.4.Phng trnh m hnh ton cho ng c BLDC. ............................................. 24
2.5. Cc phng php iu khin ng c BLDC. ................................................ 27
CHNG 2.TNH TON LA CHN NG C IN.........................................38
2.1.Chn cc thng s chung. 38
2.2.Tnh ton chn ng c in..41
CHNG 3.THIT K MCH IU KHIN V M PHNG MCH...... 44
3. H IU KHIN. ........................................................................................... 44
3.1. B iu khin. ............................................................................................... 50
3.1.1. S khi mch iu khin xe in. ........................................................ 50
3.1.2. Mch iu khin ng c xe in. ............................................................ 51
3.2. M PHNG H TRUYN NG CA NG C................................. 55
KT LUN ............................................................................................................. 61
TI LIU THAM KHO .......................................................................................... 62
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