H thng cng thc L 12 C bn Dng gii nhanh cc cu trc nghim nh lng Trang 1

Thy Hong Ch Hiu Trng H KHTN

I. DAO NG C
1. Dao ng iu ha
Li (phng trnh dao ng): x = Acos(et + ).
Vn tc: v = x = - eAsin(et + ) = eAcos(et + + ).
Gia tc: a = v = - e
2
Acos(et + ) = - e
2
x; a
max
= e
2
A.
Vn tc v sm pha so vi li x; gia tc a ngc pha vi li x (sm pha so vi vn tc v).
Lin h gia tn s gc, chu k v tn s ca dao ng: e = = 2tf.
Cng thc c lp: A
2
= x
2
+
2
2
v
e
=
2 2
4 2
a v
e e
+ .
v tr cn bng: x = 0 th |v| = v
max
= eA v a = 0.
v tr bin: x = A th v = 0 v |a| = a
max
= e
2
A =
2
ax m
v
A
.
Lc ko v: F = ma = - kx.
Qu o chuyn ng ca vt dao ng iu ha l mt on thng c chiu di L = 2A.
Trong mt chu k, vt dao ng iu ha i c qung ng 4A. Trong na chu k, vt i c qung
ng 2A. Trong mt phn t chu k tnh t v tr bin hoc v tr cn bng, vt i c qung ng A,
cn tnh t v tr khc th vt i c qung ng khc A.
Qung ng di nht vt i c trong mt phn t chu k l 2 A, qung ng ngn nht vt i c
trong mt phn t chu k l (2 - 2 )A.
Qung ng ln nht v nh nht vt i c trong khong thi gian 0 < At <
2
T
: vt c vn tc ln
nht khi i qua v tr cn bng v nh nht khi i qua v tr bin nn trong cng mt khong thi gian
qung ng i cng ln khi vt cng gn v tr cn bng v cng nh khi cng gn v tr bin. S dng
mi lin h gia dao ng iu ha v chuyn ng trn u ta c:
A = eAt; S
max
= 2Asin
2
A
; S
min
= 2A(1 - cos
2
A
).
tnh vn tc trung bnh ca vt dao ng iu ha trong khong thi gian At no ta xc nh gc
quay c trong thi gian ny trn ng trn t tnh qung ng As i c trong thi gian v
tnh vn tc trung bnh theo cng thc v
tb
=
t
s
A
A
.
Phng trnh ng lc hc ca dao ng iu ha: x +
m
k
x = 0.
2. Con lc l xo
Phng trnh dao ng: x = Acos(et + ).
Vi: e =
m
k
; A =
2
0 2
0
|
.
|

\
|
+
e
v
x =
2 2
4 2
a v
e e
+ ; cos =
0
x
A
(ly nghim "-" khi v
0
> 0; ly nghim "+"
khi v
0
< 0) ; (vi x
0
v v
0
l li v vn tc ti thi im ban u t = 0).
Th nng: W
t
=
2
1
kx
2
=
2
1
kA
2
cos
2
(e + ).
ng nng: W

=
2
1
mv
2
=
2
1
me
2
A
2
sin
2
(e +) =
2
1
kA
2
sin
2
(e + ).
Th nng v ng nng ca vt dao ng iu ha bin thin tun hon vi tn s gc e = 2e, vi tn s
f = 2f v vi chu k T =
2
T
.
2
t
2
t
2
t
T
t 2
H thng cng thc L 12 C bn Dng gii nhanh cc cu trc nghim nh lng Trang 2
Thy Hong Ch Hiu Trng H KHTN

Trong mt chu k c 4 ln ng nng v th nng bng nhau nn khong thi gian gia hai ln lin tip
ng nng v th nng bng nhau l
4
T
. ng nng v th nng ca vt dao ng iu ha bng nhau ti
v tr c li x =
2
A
.
C nng: W = W
t
+ W

=
2
1
kx
2
+
2
1
mv
2
=
2
1
kA
2
=
2
1
me
2
A
2
.
Lc n hi ca l xo: F = k(l l
0
) = kAl.
Con lc l xo treo thng ng: Al
0
=
k
mg
; e =
0
g
l A
.
Chiu di cc i ca l xo: l
max
= l
0
+ Al
0
+ A.
Chiu di cc tiu ca xo: l
min
= l
0
+ Al
0
A.
Lc n hi cc i: F
max
= k(A + Al
0
).
Lc n hi cc tiu: F
min
= 0 nu A > Al
0
; F
min
= k(Al
0
A) nu A < Al
0
.
ln ca lc n hi ti v tr c li x:
F
h
= k|Al
0
+ x| vi chiu dng hng xung.
F
h
= k|Al
0
- x| vi chiu dng hng ln.
Lc ko v: F = - kx.
Lo xo ghp ni tip: ...
1 1 1
2 1
+ + =
k k k
. cng gim, tn s gim.
L xo ghp song song: k = k
1
+ k
2
+ ... . cng tng, tn s tng.
3. Con lc n
Phng trnh dao ng: s = S
0
cos(et + ) hay o = o
0
cos(et + ); vi s = o.l; S
0
= o
0
.l (vi o

v o
0
tnh
ra rad).
Tn s gc, chu k, tn s: e =
l
g
; T = 2t
g
l
; f =
l
g
t 2
1
.
ng nng: W

=
2
1
mv
2
= mgl(coso

- coso
0
).
Th nng: W
t
= mgl(1 - coso).
C nng: W = mgl(1 - coso
0
).
Nu o
o
s 10
0
th: W
t
=
2
1
mglo
2
; W

=
2
1
mgl(o
2
0
- o
2
); W =
2
1
mglo
2
0
; o

v o
0
tnh ra rad.
C nng ca con lc n dao ng iu ha: W = W
d
+ W
t
= mgl(1 - coso
o
) =
2
1
mglo
2
0
.
Vn tc khi i qua v tr c li gc o: v = ) cos (cos 2
0
o o gl .
Vn tc khi i qua v tr cn bng (o = 0): |v| = v
max
= ) cos 1 ( 2
0
o gl .
Nu o
o
s 10
0
th: v = ) (
2 2
0
o o gl ; v
max
= o
0 gl ;
o

v o
0
tnh ra rad.
Sc cng ca si dy khi i qua v tr c li gc o:
T
o
= mgcoso +
l
mv
2
= mg(3coso - 2coso
0
).
T
VTCB
= T
max
= mg(3 - 2coso
0
); T
bin
= T
min
= mgcoso
0
.
Nu o
0
s 10
0
: T = 1 + o
2
0
-
2
3
o
2
; T
max
= mg(1 + o
2
0
); T
min
= mg(1 -
2
0
2
o
).
Con lc n c chu k T cao h, nhit t. Khi a ti cao h, nhit t th ta c:

2
t
R
h
T
T A
+
A
=
A o
; vi AT = T - T, R = 6400 km l bn knh Tri t, Ah = h - h, At = t - t, o l h s
n di ca thanh treo con lc.
H thng cng thc L 12 C bn Dng gii nhanh cc cu trc nghim nh lng Trang 3
Thy Hong Ch Hiu Trng H KHTN

Vi ng h m dy s dng con lc n: Khi AT > 0 th ng h chy chm, AT < 0 th ng h chy
nhanh. Thi gian chy sai trong mt ngy m (24 gi): At =
'
86400 .
T
T A
.
Con lc n chu thm cc lc khc ngoi trng lc :
Trng lc biu kin:

' P =

P +

F . Gia tc ri t do biu kin:

' g =

g +
m
F

. Khi : T = 2t
' g
l
.
Cc lc thng gp: Lc in trng

F = q

E ; lc qun tnh:

F = - m

a ; lc y acsimet (hng
thng ng ln) c ln: F =
mt
v

m
v
g (m
v
v
v
l khi lng v khi lng ring ca vt
mt
l khi
lng ring ca mi trng).
Cc trng hp c bit:

F c phng ngang th g =
2 2
) (
m
F
g + . Khi v tr cn bng mi lch vi phng thng ng gc
o vi: tano =
P
F
.

F c phng thng ng hng ln th g = g -

m
F
.

F c phng thng ng hng xung th g = g +

m
F
.
Chu k ca con lc n treo trong thang my:
Khi thang my ng yn hoc chuyn ng thng u: T = 2t
g
l
.
Khi thang my i ln nhanh dn u hoc i xung chm dn u vi gia tc c ln l a (

a hng
ln): T = 2t
a g
l
+
.
Khi thang my i ln chm dn u hoc i xung nhanh dn u vi gia tc c ln l a (

a hng
xung): T = 2t
a g
l

.
4. Dao ng cng bc, cng hng
Con lc l xo dao ng tt dn vi bin ban u l A, h s ma st :
Qung ng vt i c n lc dng li: S =
g
A
mg
kA

e
2 2
2 2 2
= .
gim bin sau mi chu k: AA =
k
mg 4
=
2
4
e
g
.
S dao ng thc hin c: N =
mg
A
mg
Ak
A
A

e
4 4
2
= =
A
.
Vn tc cc i ca vt t c khi th nh cho vt dao ng t v tr bin ban u A:
v
max
= gA
k
g m
m
kA

2
2 2 2
+ .
Hin tng cng hng xy ra khi f = f
0
hay e = e
0
hoc T = T
0
.
5. Tng hp cc dao ng iu ho cng phng cng tn s
Nu: x
1
= A
1
cos(et +
1
) v x
2
= A
2
cos(et +
2
) th
x = x
1
+ x
2
= Acos(et + ) vi A v c xc nh bi:
A
2
= A
1
2
+ A
2
2
+ 2 A
1
A
2
cos (
2
-
1
); tan =
2 2 1 1
2 2 1 1
cos cos
sin sin


A A
A A
+
+

H thng cng thc L 12 C bn Dng gii nhanh cc cu trc nghim nh lng Trang 4
Thy Hong Ch Hiu Trng H KHTN

+ Hai dao ng cng pha (
2
-
1
= 2kt): A = A
1
+ A
2
.
+ Hai dao ng ngc pha (
2
-
1
)= (2k + 1)t): A = |A
1
- A
2
|.
+ Nu lch pha bt k th: | A
1
- A
2
| s A s A
1
+ A
2
.
Trng hp bit mt dao ng thnh phn x
1
= A
1
cos(et +
1
) v dao ng tng hp l x = Acos(et + )
th dao ng thnh phn cn li x
2
= A
2
cos(et +
2
) vi A
2
v
2
c xc nh bi:
A
2
2
= A
2
+ A
2
1
- 2 AA
1
cos ( -
1
); tan =
1 1
1 1
cos cos
sin sin


A A
A A

.
Trng hp vt tham gia nhiu dao ng iu ha cng phng cng tn s th ta c:
A
x
= Acos = A
1
cos
1
+ A
2
cos
2
+ A
3
cos
3
+ ; A
y
= Asin = A
1
sin
1
+ A
2
sin
2
+ A
3
sin
3
+
A =
2 2
y x
A A + v tan =
x
y
A
A
.

II. SNG C V SNG M
1. Sng c
Lin h gia vn tc, chu k, tn s v bc sng: = vT =
f
v
.
Nng lng sng: W =
2
1
me
2
A
2
.
Ti ngun pht O phng trnh sng l u
0
= acos(et + ) th phng trnh sng ti M trn phng truyn
sng l: u
M
= acos(et + - 2t

OM
) = acos(et + - 2t

x
).
lch pha ca hai dao ng gia hai im cch nhau mt khong d trn phng truyn: A =

td 2
.
2. Giao thoa sng
Nu ti hai ngun S
1
v S
2
cng pht ra 2 sng ging ht nhau: u
1
= u
2
= Acoset v b qua mt mt nng
lng khi sng truyn i th th sng ti M (vi S
1
M = d
1
; S
2
M = d
2
) l tng hp hai sng t S
1
v S
2

truyn ti s c phng trnh l: u
M
= 2Acos

t ) (
1 2
d d
cos(et -

t ) (
1 2
d d +
).
lch pha ca hai sng t hai ngun truyn ti M l: A =

t ) ( 2
1 2
d d
.
Ti M c cc i khi d
2
- d
1
= k; cc tiu khi d
2
- d
1
= (2k + 1)
2

.
S cc i v cc tiu trn on thng ni hai ngun l s cc gi tr ca k (k e z) tnh theo cng thc
(khng tnh hai ngun):
Cc i: < k < . Cc tiu: : < k < .
Vi: A =
2
-
1
. Nu hai ngun dao ng cng pha th ti trung im ca on thng ni hai ngun l
cc i. Nu hai ngun dao ng ngc pha th ti trung im ca on thng ni hai ngun l cc tiu.
+ S cc i v cc tiu trn on thng ni hai im M v N trong vng c giao thoa (M gn S
2
hn S
1

cn N th xa S
2
hn S
1
) l s cc gi tr ca k (k e z) tnh theo cng thc (khng tnh hai ngun):
Cc i:

M S M S
1 2

+
t

2
A
< k <

N S N S
1 2

+
t

2
A
.
Cc tiu:

M S M S
1 2

-
2
1
+
t

2
A
< k <

N S N S
1 2

-
2
1
+
t

2
A
.
3. Sng dng
Sng ti v sng phn x nu truyn cng phng, th c th giao thoa vi nhau, to ra mt h sng
dng.
Trong sng dng c mt s im lun lun ng yn gi l nt, v mt s im lun lun dao ng vi
bin cc i gi l bng.
t

2
2 1
A
+
S S
t

2
2 1
A
+
S S
t

2 2
1
2 1
A
+
S S
t

2 2
1
2 1
A
+
S S
H thng cng thc L 12 C bn Dng gii nhanh cc cu trc nghim nh lng Trang 5
Thy Hong Ch Hiu Trng H KHTN

Nu sng ti ngun c bin l a th bin ca sng dng ti mt im M bt k cch mt im nt
mt khong d s l: A
M
= 2a|sin
2 d t

|.
Khong cch gia 2 nt hoc 2 bng lin k ca sng dng l
2

.
Khong cch gia nt v bng lin k ca sng dng l
4

.
Hai im i xng nhau qua bng sng lun dao ng cng pha, hai im i xng nhau qua nt sng
lun dao ng ngc pha.
c bng sng ti im M cch vt cn c nh mt khong d th: d = k + ; k e Z.
c nt sng ti im M cch vt cn c nh mt khong d th: d = k ; k e Z.
c bng sng ti im M cch vt cn t do mt khong d th: d = k ; k e Z.
c nt sng ti im M cch vt cn t do mt khong d th: d = k + ; k e Z.
+ iu kin c sng dng trn si dy c chiu di l:
Hai u l hai nt hoc hai bng th: l = k . Mt u l nt, mt u l bng th: l = (2k + 1) .
4. Sng m
Mc cng m: L = lg
0
I
I

Cng m chun: I
0
= 10
-12
W/m
2
.
Cng m ti im cch ngun m (c cng sut P) mt khong R l: I =
2
4 R
P
t
.
Tn s sng m do dy n pht ra (hai u c nh: hai u l 2 nt): f = k
l
v
2
; k = 1, m pht ra l m
c bn, k = 2, 3, 4, , m pht ra l cc ha m.
Tn s sng m do ng so pht ra (mt u bt kn, mt u h: mt u l nt, mt u l bng):
f = (2k + 1)
l
v
4
; k = 0, m pht ra l m c bn, k = 1, 2, 3, , m pht ra l cc ha m.

III. DNG IN XOAY CHIU
Cm khng ca cun dy: Z
L
= eL.
Dung khng ca t in: Z
C
=
C e
1
.
Tng tr ca on mch RLC: Z =
2
C L
2
) Z - (Z R + .
nh lut m: I =
Z
U
; I
0
=
0
U
Z
.
Cc gi tr hiu dng:
0
2
I
I = ;
0
2
U
U = ; U
R
= IR; U
L
= IZ
L
; U
C
= IZ
C
.
lch pha gia u v i: tan =
R
Z Z
C L

=
R
C
L
e
e
1

.
Cng sut: P = UIcos = I
2
R. H s cng sut: cos =
Z
R
.
in nng tiu th mch in: W = A = P.t.
Biu thc ca u v i:
2

H thng cng thc L 12 C bn Dng gii nhanh cc cu trc nghim nh lng Trang 6
Thy Hong Ch Hiu Trng H KHTN

Nu i = I
o
cos(et +
i
) th u = U
o
cos(et +
i
+ ).
Nu u = U
o
cos(et +
u
) th i = I
o
cos(et +
u
- ).
Trng hp in p gia hai u on mch l u = U
0
cos(et + ).
Nu on mch ch c t in th: i = I
0
cos(et + + ) = - I
0
sin(et + ) hay mch ch c cun cm
th: i = I
0
cos(et + - ) = I
0
sin(et + ) hoc mch c c cun cm thun v t in m khng c in
tr thun R th: i = I
0
sin(et + ). Khi ta c: = 1.
Z
L
> Z
C
th u nhanh pha hn i; Z
L
< Z
C
th u chm pha hn i.
Cc i do cng hng in: Khi Z
L
= Z
C
hay e =
LC
1
th u cng pha vi i ( = 0), c cng hng
in. Khi I
max
=
R
U
; P
max
=
R
U
2
.
Cc i ca P theo R: R = |Z
L
Z
C
|. Khi P
max
=
| | 2
2
C L
Z Z
U

=
R
U
2
2
.
Cc i ca U
L
theo Z
L
: Z
L
=
C
C
Z
Z R
2 2
+
. Khi U
Lmax
=
R
Z R U
C
2 2
+
.
Cc i U
L
theo e: e =
2 2
2
2
C R LC
.
Cc i ca U
C
theo Z
C
: Z
C
=
L
L
Z
Z R
2 2
+
. Khi U
Cmax
=
R
Z R U
L
2 2
+
.
Cc i U
C
theo e: e =
2
2
2
1
L
R
LC
.
Mch ba pha mc hnh sao: U
d
= 3 U
p
; I
d
= I
p
.
Mch ba pha mc hnh tam gic: U
d
= U
p
; I
d
= 3 I
p
.
My bin p:
1
2
U
U
=
2
1
I
I
=
1
2
N
N
. Cng sut hao ph trn ng dy ti: P
hp
= rI
2
= r(
U
P
)
2
= P
2
2
U
r
.
Khi tng U ln n ln th cng sut hao ph P
hp
gim i n
2
ln.
Hiu sut ti in: H =
P
P P
hp

.
gim in p trn ng dy ti in: AU = Ir.
T thng qua khung dy ca my pht in: | = NBScos( , n B

) = NBScos(et + ) = u
0
cos(et + ).
Sut ng trong khung dy ca my pht in: e = -
dt
d|
= - | = eNBSsin(et + ) = E
0
cos(et + - ).
Tn s dng in do my pht in xoay chiu 1 pha c p cp cc khi rto quay vi tc n vng/giy
l: f = pn (Hz); khi rto quay vi tc n vng/pht l: f =
60
pn
(Hz).
Trong 1 giy dng in xoay chiu c tn s f i chiu 2f ln.
My pht in xoay chiu 3 pha mc hnh sao: U
d
= 3 U
p
. Mc hnh tam gic: U
d
= U
p
.
Ti tiu th mc hnh sao: I
d
= I
p
. Mc hnh tam gic: I
d
= 3 I
p
.
Cng sut tiu th trn ng c in: I
2
r + P = UIcos.

IV. DAO NG IN T
in tch trn mt bn t trong mch dao ng: q = q
0
cos(et + ).
2
t
2
t
2
0
2
2
0
2
U
u
I
i
+
2
t
H thng cng thc L 12 C bn Dng gii nhanh cc cu trc nghim nh lng Trang 7
Thy Hong Ch Hiu Trng H KHTN

in p gia hai bn t trong mch dao ng: u = U
0
cos(et + ).
Cng dng in trn cun dy: i = q' = I
0
cos(et + + ).
Khi t = 0 nu t in ang tch in: q tng th i = q > 0 < 0. Khi t = 0 nu t in ang phng
in: q gim th i = q < 0 > 0.
Lin h gia q
0
, I
0
v U
0
trong mch dao ng: q
0
= CU
0
=
0
I
e
= I
0
.
Tn s gc, chu k v tn s ring ca mch dao ng: e = ; T = 2t ; f = .
Nng lng in trng tp trung t in: W
C
= =
2
0
q
C
cos
2
(et + ) = Cu
2
.
Nng lng t trng tp trung cun cm: W
L
= Li
2
= Le
2
q
2
0
sin
2
(et + ) =
2
0
q
C
sin
2
(et + ).
Nng lng in trng v nng lng t trng bin thin tun hon vi e = 2e; f = 2f v T = .
Nng lng in t trong mch: W = W
C
+ W
L
=
2
q
C
+ Li
2
= LI
2
0
= CU
2
0
= hng s.
Nu mch c in tr thun R = 0 th dao ng s tt dn. duy tr dao ng cn cung cp cho mch
mt nng lng c cng sut: P = I
2
R =
L
RC U R U C
2 2
2
0
2
0
2 2
=
e
.
Bc sng in t: Trong chn khng: =
f
c
; trong mi trng c chit sut n: =
nf
c
.
Mch chn sng ca my thu v tuyn thu c sng in t c bc sng: =
f
c
= 2tc LC .
Nu mch chn sng c L v C bin i th bc sng m my thu v tuyn thu c s thay i trong
gii hn t
min
= 2tc
min min
C L n
max
= 2tc
max max
C L .
B t mc ni tip: ...
1 1 1
2 1
+ + =
C C C
+
n
C
1
. B t mc song song: C = C
1
+ C
2
+ + C
n
.

V. TNH CHT SNG CA NH SNG.
V tr vn sng, vn ti, khong vn: x
s
= k
a
D .
; x
t
= (2k + 1)
a
D
2
.
; i =
a
D .
; vi k e Z.
Th nghim giao thoa thc hin trong khng kh o c khong vn l i th khi a vo trong mi
trng trong sut c chit sut n s o c khong vn l i =
n
i
.
Gia n vn sng (hoc vn ti) lin tip l (n 1) khong vn.
Ti M c vn sng khi:
i
OM
i
x
M
= = k, l vn sng bc k.
Ti M c vn ti khi:
i
x
M
= (2k + 1)
2
1
.
S vn sng - ti trong min giao thoa c b rng L: lp t s N =
i
L
2

S vn sng: N
s
= 2N + 1 (ly phn nguyn ca N).
S vn ti: Khi phn thp phn ca N < 0,5: N
t
= 2N (ly phn nguyn ca N). Khi phn thp phn ca
N > 0,5: N
t
= 2N + 2 (ly phn nguyn ca N).
Giao thoa vi nh sng trng (0,38 m s s 0,76 m):
nh sng n sc cho vn sng ti v tr ang xt nu:
2
t
LC
LC
1
LC
LC t 2
1
2
1
C
q
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
T
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
H thng cng thc L 12 C bn Dng gii nhanh cc cu trc nghim nh lng Trang 8
Thy Hong Ch Hiu Trng H KHTN

x = k
a
D .
; k
min
=
d
D
ax

; k
max
=
t
D
ax

; =
Dk
ax
; vi k e Z.
nh sng n sc cho vn ti ti v tr ang xt nu:
x = (2k + 1)
a
D
2
.
; k
min
=
2
1

d
D
ax

; k
max
=
2
1

t
D
ax

; =
) 1 2 (
2
+ k D
ax
.
B rng quang ph bc n trong giao thoa vi nh sng trng: Ax
n
= n
a
D
t d
) (
.
Bc sng nh sng trong chn khng: =
f
c
. Bc sng nh sng trong mi trng: =
n nf
c
f
v
= = .
Trong ng Culitgi:
2
1
mv
2
max
= eU
0AK
= hf
max
=
min

hc
.

VI. LNG T NH SNG
Nng lng ca phtn nh sng: c = hf =

hc
.
Cng thc Anhxtanh, gii hn quang in, in p hm:
hf =

hc
= A +
2
1
mv
2
max 0
=
0
hc

+ W
dmax
;
0
=
A
hc
; U
h
= -
e
W
d max
.
in th cc i qu cu kim loi c lp v in t c khi chiu chm sng c s
0
: V
max
=
e
W
d max
.
Cng sut ca ngun sng, cng dng quang in bo ho, hiu sut lng t:
P = n

hc
; I
bh
= n
e
|e|; H =

n
n
e
.
Lc Lorrenx, lc hng tm: F
lr
= qvBsino; F
ht
= ma
ht
=
R
mv
2

Quang ph vch ca nguyn t hyr: E
n
E
m
= hf =

hc
.
S chuyn mc nng lng khi to thnh cc dy quang ph:

Bn knh qu o dng th n ca electron trong nguyn t hir: r
n
= n
2
r
1
; vi r
1
= 0,53.10
-11
m l bn
knh Bo ( qu o K).
Nng lng ca electron trong nguyn t hir: E
n
= -
2
6 , 13
n
(eV).

VII. VT L HT NHN
Ht nhn
X
A
Z
, c A nuclon; Z prtn; N = (A Z) ntrn.
S ht nhn, khi lng ca cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t:
N = N
0
T
t
2
= N
0
e
-t
; m(t) = m
0
T
t
2
= m
0
e
-t
.
S ht nhn mi c to thnh (bng s ht nhn b phn r) sau thi gian t:
N = N
0
N = N
0
(1
T
t
2
) = N
0
(1 e
-t
).
Khi lng cht mi c to thnh sau thi gian t: m = m
0
A
A'
(1
T
t
2
) = m
0
A
A'
(1 e
-t
).
H thng cng thc L 12 C bn Dng gii nhanh cc cu trc nghim nh lng Trang 9
Thy Hong Ch Hiu Trng H KHTN

phng x: H = N = N
0
e
-t
= H
0
e
-t
= H
0
T
t
2
.

Vi:
T T
693 , 0 2 ln
= = l hng s phng x; T l chu k bn r.
S ht nhn trong m gam cht n nguyn t: N =
A
N
A
m
.
Nng lng ngh: W
0
= m
0
c
2
.
Khi lng ng: m =
2
2
0
1
c
v
m

. ng lng tng i tnh: p =

0
2
2
1
m v
v
c

.
Nng lng ton phn ca vt c khi lng tng i tnh m: W = mc
2
=
2
0
2
2
1
m c
v
c

.
ng nng ca vt khi lng ngh m
0
chuyn ng vi vn tc v:
W

= mc
2
m
0
c
2
= m
0
c
2
2
2
1
1
1
v
c
| |
|
|

|
|
\ .
.
Vi phtn: c =
hc

= m
ph
c
2
m
ph
=
h
c
; m
0ph
= m
ph
2
2
1
v
c
= 0 v phtn chuyn ng vi vn tc
bng vn tc nh sng hay ni cch khc khng c phtn ng yn.

ht khi ca ht nhn: Am = Zm
p
+ (A Z)m
n
m
hn
.
Nng lng lin kt: W
lk
= Amc
2
. Nng lng lin kt ring: c =
A
W
lk
.
Cc nh lut bo ton trong phn ng ht nhn:
1
1
A
Z
X
1
+
2
2
A
Z
X
2

3
3
A
Z
X
3
+
4
4
A
Z
X
4
.
Bo ton s nucln: A
1
+ A
2
= A
3
+ A
4
. Bo ton in tch: Z
1
+ Z
2
= Z
3
+ Z
4
.
Bo ton ng lng: m
1

1
v + m
2

2
v = m
3

3
v + m
4

4
v .
Bo ton nng lng: (m
1
+ m
2
)c
2
+
2
1
m
1
v
2
1
+
2
1
m
2
v
2
2
= (m
3
+ m
4
)c
2
+
2
1
m
3
v
2
3
+
2
1
m
4
v
2
4
.
Nng lng ta ra hoc thu vo trong phn ng ht nhn:
AW = (m
1
+ m
2
m
3
m
4
)c
2
= W
3
+ W
4
W
1
W
2
= A
3
c
3
+ A
4
c
4
A
1
c
1
A
2
c
2
.
Cc s liu v n v thng s dng trong vt l ht nhn:
S Avgar: N
A
= 6,022.10
23
mol
-1
.
n v nng lng: 1 eV = 1,6.10
-19
J; 1 MeV = 10
6
eV = 1,6.10
-13
J.
n v khi lng nguyn t: 1u = 1,66055.10
-27
kg = 931,5 MeV/c
2
.
in tch nguyn t: e = 1,6.10
-19
C.
Khi lng prtn: m
p
= 1,0073 u. Khi lng ntrn: m
n
= 1,0087 u.
Khi lng electron: m
e
= 9,1.10
-31
kg = 0,0005 u.